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Chapter 8
8-1
(a)
5 mm
2.5
2.5 mm
25 mm
(b)
Ans.
5 mm
2.5
5 mm
At =
= (d 0.938 194 p) 2 Ans.
4
4
8-3 From Eq. (c) of Sec. 8-2,
P=F
T =
e=
tan + f
1 f tan
Pdm
Fdm tan + f
=
2
2 1 f tan
Fl/(2) 1 f tan
1 f tan
T0
=
= tan
T
Fdm /2 tan + f
tan + f
e
0
0.678
0.796
0.838
0.8517
0.8519
50
, deg.
Ans.
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Chapter 8
8-4 Given F = 6 kN, l = 5 mm, and dm = 22.5 mm, the torque required to raise the load is
found using Eqs. (8-1) and (8-6)
6(0.05)(40)
6(22.5) 5 + (0.08)(22.5)
+
TR =
2
(22.5) 0.08(5)
2
= 10.23 + 6 = 16.23 N m Ans.
The torque required to lower the load, from Eqs. (8-2) and (8-6) is
6(0.05)(40)
6(22.5) (0.08)22.5 5
+
TL =
2
(22.5) + 0.08(5)
2
= 0.622 + 6 = 6.622 N m Ans.
Since TL is positive, the thread is self-locking. The efficiency is
e=
Eq. (8-4):
6(5)
= 0.294 Ans.
2(16.23)
8-5 Collar (thrust) bearings, at the bottom of the screws, must bear on the collars. The bottom segment of the screws must be in compression. Where as tension specimens and their grips must
be in tension. Both screws must be of the same-hand threads.
8-6 Screws rotate at an angular rate of
n=
1720
= 22.9 rev/min
75
(a) The lead is 0.5 in, so the linear speed of the press head is
V = 22.9(0.5) = 11.5 in/min Ans.
(b) F = 2500 lbf/screw
dm = 3 0.25 = 2.75 in
sec = 1/cos(29/2) = 1.033
Eq. (8-5):
2500(2.75)
TR =
2
0.5 + (0.05)(2.75)(1.033)
(2.75) 0.5(0.05)(1.033)
= 377.6 lbf in
Eq. (8-6):
Tc = 2500(0.06)(5/2) = 375 lbf in
Ttotal = 377.6 + 375 = 753 lbf in/screw
Tmotor =
H=
753(2)
= 21.1 lbf in
75(0.95)
Tn
21.1(1720)
=
= 0.58 hp Ans.
63 025
63 025
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206
3"
D.
16
2.406"
3"
1 1
7
= 2.406 in
8 4 32
T = 2.406F
7
7
F = 2.406
F = 2.188F
M= L
32
32
L =3
S y = 41 kpsi
= Sy =
32M
32(2.188) F
=
= 41 000
3
d
(0.1875) 3
F = 12.13 lbf
T = 2.406(12.13) = 29.2 lbf in Ans.
(b) Eq. (8-5), 2 = 60 , l = 1/14 = 0.0714 in, f = 0.075, sec = 1.155, p = 1/14 in
7
1
= 0.3911 in
0.649 519
dm =
16
14
Fclamp (0.3911) Num
TR =
2
Den
Num = 0.0714 + (0.075)(0.3911)(1.155)
Den = (0.3911) 0.075(0.0714)(1.155)
T = 0.028 45Fclamp
T
29.2
Fclamp =
=
= 1030 lbf Ans.
0.028 45
0.028 45
(c) The column has one end fixed and the other end pivoted. Base decision on the mean
diameter column. Input: C = 1.2, D = 0.391 in, S y = 41 kpsi, E = 30(106 ) psi,
L = 4.1875 in, k = D/4 = 0.097 75 in, L/k = 42.8.
For this J. B. Johnson column, the critical load represents the limiting clamping force
for bucking. Thus, Fclamp = Pcr = 4663 lbf.
(d) This is a subject for class discussion.
8-8
= 0.5417 in
8 12
1
29
l = = 0.1667 in, =
= 14.5 ,
6
2
dm =
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Chapter 8
0.1667 + (0.15)(0.5417)(1.033)
= 0.0696F
T = 0.5417( F/2)
(0.5417) 0.15(0.1667)(1.033)
Eq. (8-5):
Eq. (8-6):
16.5
= 161 lbf Ans.
0.1024
10(0.15)(60)
10(37) 12 + (0.10)(37)
+
TR =
2
(37) 0.10(12)
2
= 38.0 + 45 = 83.0 N m
Ans.
8-10
(a) dm = 36 3 = 33 mm, l = p = 6 mm
From Eqs. (8-1) and (8-6)
0.09(90) F
33F 6 + (0.14)(33)
+
T =
2
(33) 0.14(6)
2
= (3.292 + 4.050) F = 7.34F N m
= 2n = 2(1) = 2 rad/s
H = T
3000
H
=
= 477 N m
T =
2
477
F=
= 65.0 kN Ans.
7.34
65.0(6)
Fl
=
= 0.130 Ans.
(b) e =
2 T
2(477)
8-11
1
= 2(0.5) + 0.25 = 1.25 in Ans.
4
(b) From Table A-32 the washer thickness is 0.109 in. Thus,
(a) L T = 2D +
7
= 0.4375 in
16
Ans.
Ans.
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208
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
These lengths are needed to estimate bolt spring rate kb .
Note: In an analysis problem, you need not know the fasteners length at the outset,
although you can certainly check, if appropriate.
8-12
(a) L T = 2D + 6 = 2(14) + 6 = 34 mm
Ans.
(b) From Table A-33, the maximum washer thickness is 3.5 mm. Thus, the grip is,
l = 14 + 14 + 3.5 = 31.5 mm Ans.
(c) From Table A-31, H = 12.8 mm
(d) l + H = 31.5 + 12.8 = 44.3 mm
Adding one or two threads and rounding up to L = 50 mm. The bolt is long enough.
Ans.
(e) ld = L L T = 50 34 = 16 mm Ans.
lt = l ld = 31.5 16 = 15.5 mm Ans.
These lengths are needed to estimate the bolt spring rate kb .
8-13
(a) L T = 2D +
(b) l > h +
1
= 2(0.5) + 0.25 = 1.25 in
4
Ans.
d
d
0.5
= t1 + = 0.875 +
= 1.125 in
2
2
2
Ans.
Ans.
d
d
12
= t1 + = 20 +
= 26 mm
2
2
2
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
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Chapter 8
8-15
Ad = 0.7854(0.75) 2 = 0.442 in2
Atube = 0.7854(1.1252 0.752 ) = 0.552 in2
(a)
kb =
Ad E
0.442(30)(106 )
=
= 1.02(106 ) lbf/in
grip
13
km =
Atube E
0.552(30)(106 )
=
= 1.27(106 ) lbf/in
13
13
C=
(b)
1.02
= 0.445
1.02 + 1.27
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
1 1
1
=
= 0.020 83 in
16 3
48
|P|l
(13 0.020 83)
=
|P| = 9.79(107 )|P| in
|b | =
AE b
0.442(30)(106 )
|P|l
|P|(13)
|m | =
=
= 7.85(107 )|P| in
AE m
0.552(30)(106 )
=
Grip
Original bolt
A
Nut advance
b
Equilibrium
A
|b | + |m | = = 0.020 83
9.79(107 )|P| + 7.85(107 )|P| = 0.020 83
Fi = |P| =
0.020 83
= 11 810 lbf Ans.
+ 7.85(107 )
9.79(107 )
0.020 83
= 21 280 lbf Ans.
9.79(107 )
As a check use Fi = (1 C) P0
P0 =
8-16
Fi
11 810
=
= 21 280 lbf
1C
1 0.445
The movement is known at one location when the nut is free to turn
= pt = t/N
Letting Nt represent the turn of the nut from snug tight, Nt = /360 and = Nt /N.
The elongation of the bolt b is
b =
Fi
kb
The advance of the nut along the bolt is the algebraic sum of |b | and |m |
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Nt
N
Fi
Fi
Nt
+
=
kb
km
N
1
kb + km
1
=
Fi N =
+
Nt = N Fi
kb km
kb km
360
|b | + |m | =
Ans.
As a check invert Prob. 8-15. What Turn-of-Nut will induce Fi = 11 808 lbf?
1
1
+
Nt = 16(11 808)
1.02(106 ) 1.27(106 )
.
= 0.334 turns = 1/3 turn (checks)
The relationship between the Turn-of-Nut method and the Torque Wrench method is as
follows.
kb + km
Fi N
(Turn-of-Nut)
Nt =
kb km
T = K Fi d
Eliminate Fi
Nt =
(Torque Wrench)
kb + km
kb km
NT
=
Kd
360
Ans.
8-17
(a) From Ex. 8-4, Fi = 14.4 kip, kb = 5.21(106 ) lbf/in, km = 8.95(106 ) lbf/in
Eq. (8-27):
t = N Fi
1
1
+
kb km
1
1
= 16(14.4)(10 )
+
6
5.21(10 ) 8.95(106 )
Ans.
Ans.
From Eq. (8-22) for the conical frusta, with d/l = 0.5
0.5774
km
=
= 1.11
Ed (d/l)=0.5 2 ln {5[0.5774 + 0.5(0.5)]/[0.5774 + 2.5(0.5)]}
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Chapter 8
211
Eq. (8-23), from the Wileman et al. finite element study, using the general expression,
km
= 0.789 52 exp[0.629 14(0.5)] = 1.08
Ed (d/l)=0.5
8-19
For cast iron, from Table 8-8: A = 0.778 71, B = 0.616 16, E = 14.5 Mpsi
0.625
6
= 9.12(106 ) lbf/in
km = 14.5(10 )(0.625)(0.778 71) exp 0.616 16
1.5
This members spring rate applies to both members. We need km for the upper member
which represents half of the joint.
kci = 2km = 2[9.12(106 )] = 18.24(106 ) lbf/in
For steel from Table 8-8: A = 0.787 15, B = 0.628 73, E = 30 Mpsi
0.625
6
= 19.18(106 ) lbf/in
km = 30(10 )(0.625)(0.787 15) exp 0.628 73
1.5
ksteel = 2km = 2(19.18)(106 ) = 38.36(106 ) lbf/in
For springs in series
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
+
km
kci
ksteel
18.24(106 ) 38.36(106 )
km = 12.4(106 ) lbf/in Ans.
8-20
Table A-17:
Ad =
(12) 2
= 113 mm2
4
At = 84.3 mm2
Table 8-1:
Eq. (8-17):
kb =
113(84.3)(207)
= 466.8 MN/m
113(15) + 84.3(30)
Steel: Using Eq. (8-23) for A = 0.787 15, B = 0.628 73 and E = 207 GPa
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Eq. (8-23):
km = 1523 MN/m
466.8
= 0.2346
466.8 + 1523
8-22
D3 = 150 mm, A = 100 mm, B = 200 mm, C = 300 mm, D = 20 mm, E = 25 mm.
ISO 8.8 bolts: d = 12 mm, p = 1.75 mm, coarse pitch of p = 6 MPa.
1
(1502 )(6)(103 ) = 10.6 kN/bolt
P=
10 4
l = D + E = 20 + 25 = 45 mm
L T = 2D + 6 = 2(12) + 6 = 30 mm
Table A-31: H = 10.8 mm
l + H = 45 + 10.8 = 55.8 mm
Table A-17: L = 60 mm
D1
dw
20
2.5
45
22.5 25
ld = 60 30 = 30 mm,
Table 8-1: At = 84.3 mm2
lt = 45 30 = 15 mm,
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Chapter 8
Eq. (8-17):
kb =
113(84.3)(207)
= 466.8 MN/m
113(15) + 84.3(30)
Eq. (8-20):
Central Frustum: t = 2.5 mm, D = 41.09 mm, E = 100 GPa (Table A-5) k2 =
52 230 MN/m
Lower Frustum: t = 22.5 mm, E = 100 GPa, D = 18 mm k3 = 2074 MN/m
km = [(1/4470) + (1/52 230) + (1/2074)]1 = 1379 MN/m
466.8
C=
= 0.253
Eq. (e), p. 421:
466.8 + 1379
Eqs. (8-30) and (8-31):
From Eq. (8-18):
Fi = K Fp = K At Sp = 0.75(84.3)(600)(103 ) = 37.9 kN
Eq. (8-28):
8-23
n=
Sp At Fi
600(103 )(84.3) 37.9
=
= 4.73 Ans.
CP
0.253(10.6)
1
(1202 )(6)(103 ) = 8.48 kN
P=
8 4
From Fig. 8-21, t1 = h = 20 mm and t2 = 25 mm
l = 20 + 12/2 = 26 mm
t = 0 (no washer),
L T = 2(12) + 6 = 30 mm
L > h + 1.5d = 20 + 1.5(12) = 38 mm
Use 40 mm cap screws.
ld = 40 30 = 10 mm
lt = l ld = 26 10 = 16 mm
Ad = 113 mm ,
2
12
13
At = 84.3 mm
h 20
l 26
Eq. (8-17):
13
6
113(84.3)(207)
kb =
113(16) + 84.3(10)
t2 25
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k1 = 5316 MN/m
k2 = 15 620 MN/m
Bottom frustum:
C=
744
= 0.256 Ans.
744 + 2158
0.61
1.22
5
8
3
4
0.095
0.860
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Chapter 8
Member stiffness for four frusta and joint constant C using Eqs. (8-20) and (e).
k1 = 33.30 Mlbf/in
Top frustum:
2nd frustum:
3rd frustum:
Fourth frustum:
k2 = 173.8 Mlbf/in
k3 = 21.47 Mlbf/in
0.4225"
0.845"
1.238"
0.5"
0.1725"
1.018"
0.595"
Steel
0.25"
0.75"
kb =
0.625"
Cast
iron
At E
0.1419(30)
=
= 5.04 Mlbf/in Ans.
l
0.845
1
+ 0.095 = 0.595 in
2
l=h+
0.5
d
= 0.595 +
= 0.845
2
2
5.04
= 0.281 Ans.
5.04 + 12.87
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8-26
Refer to Prob. 8-24 and its solution. Additional information: A = 3.5 in, Ds = 4.25 in, static
pressure 1500 psi, Db = 6 in, C (joint constant) = 0.267, ten SAE grade 5 bolts.
P=
1 (4.252 )
(1500) = 2128 lbf
10
4
Sp At Fi
85(0.1419) 9.046
=
= 5.31 Ans.
CP
0.267(2.128)
0.6375"
0.065"
E = 14 Mpsi, t = 0.186 25 in
D = 0.5625 + 2(0.065)(0.577) = 0.6375 in
k = 23.46 Mlbf/in
(by computer)
Frustum 3: Frame and Cap
0.8524"
0.25125"
0.5625"
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Chapter 8
For the bolt, L T = 2(3/8) + (1/4) = 1 in. So the bolt is threaded all the way. Since
At = 0.0775 in2
kb =
0.0775(30)
= 4.63 Mlbf/in Ans.
0.5025
8-28
(a) Fb = R Fb, max sin
Half of the external moment is contributed by the line load in the interval 0 .
M
2
Fb R sin d =
Fb, max R 2 sin2 d
=
2
0
0
M
= Fb, max R 2
2
2
from which Fb, max =
Fmax =
M
R2
Fb R sin
M
d =
R2
R sin d =
M
(cos 1 cos 2 )
R
Noting 1 = 75 , 2 = 105
12 000
(cos 75 cos 105 ) = 494 lbf Ans.
(8/2)
2M
M
2
=
Fmax = Fb, max R =
( R)
2
R
N
RN
2(12 000)
Fmax =
= 500 lbf Ans.
(8/2)(12)
Fmax =
(b)
M
12 000
=
= 500 lbf Ans.
6R
6(8/2)
2M
RN
Sp = 600 MPa
Fi = 0.9At Sp = 0.9(245)(600)(103 ) = 132.3 kN
K = 0.18
T = 0.18(132.3)(20) = 476 N m Ans.
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218
(b) Washers: t = 3.4 mm, d = 20 mm, D = 30 mm, E = 207 GPa k1 = 42 175 MN/m
Cast iron: t = 20 mm, d = 20 mm, D = 30 + 2(3.4) tan 30 = 33.93 mm,
E = 135 GPa
k2 = 7885 MN/m
Ad At E
314.2(245)(207)
=
= 1290 MN/m
Ad lt + At ld
314.2(12.8) + 245(34)
Sp = 600 MPa,
Fi = 132.3 kN
Sp At Fi
600(0.245) 132.3
=
= 15.7 Ans.
C( P/N )
0.2489(15/4)
At = 245 mm2
Table 8-11
Sp = 600 MPa
Ad = (20) 2 /4 = 314.2 mm2
Fp = 245(0.600) = 147 kN
Fi = 0.90Fp = 0.90(147) = 132.3 kN
T = 0.18(132.3)(20) = 476 N m Ans.
46
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Chapter 8
kb =
219
Ad At E
314.2(245)(207)
=
= 1251.9 MN/m
Ad lt + At ld
314.2(14) + 245(34)
30
24
24
30
Given pmax = 6 MPa, pmin = 0 and from Prob. 8-20 solution, C = 0.2346, Fi = 37.9 kN,
At = 84.3 mm2 .
For 6 MPa, P = 10.6 kN per bolt
i =
Fi
37.9(103 )
=
= 450 MPa
At
84.3
Eq. (8-35):
a =
CP
0.2346(10.6)(103 )
=
= 14.75 MPa
2At
2(84.3)
Se (Sut i )
129(830 450)
=
= 51.12 MPa
Sut + Se
830 + 129
nf =
Sa
51.12
=
= 3.47 Ans.
a
14.75
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2
2
Sa =
Sut Sut + 4Se (Se + i ) Sut 2i Se
2Se
1
=
830 8302 + 4(129)(129 + 450) 8302 2(450)(129)
2(129)
= 76.99 MPa
nf =
76.99
= 5.22 Ans.
14.75
D2 p
(0.92 )(550)
pA
=
=
= 9.72 kN/bolt
N
4N
4(36)
Table 8-1:
Table A-31:
L l + H = 45 + 8.4 = 53.4 mm
Choose L = 60 mm from Table A-17
ld = L L T = 60 26 = 34 mm
lt = l ld = 45 34 = 11 mm
kb =
Ad At E
78.5(58)(207)
=
= 332.4 MN/m
Ad lt + At ld
78.5(11) + 58(34)
15
20
22.5
2.5
25
22.5
10
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Chapter 8
k1 =
ln
0.5774(207)(10)
15 + 10
1.155(20) + 15 10
1.155(20) + 15 + 10
15 10
= 3503 MN/m
Frustum 2: Middle, E = 96 GPa, D = 38.09 mm, t = 2.5 mm, d = 10 mm
0.5774(96)(10)
k2 =
38.09 + 10
1.155(2.5) + 38.09 10
ln
1.155(2.5) + 38.09 + 10
38.09 10
= 44 044 MN/m
could be neglected due to its small influence on km .
Frustum 3: Bottom, E = 96 GPa, t = 22.5 mm, d = 10 mm, D = 15 mm
k3 =
ln
0.5774(96)(10)
15 + 10
1.155(22.5) + 15 10
1.155(22.5) + 15 + 10
15 10
= 1567 MN/m
1
= 1057 MN/m
(1/3503) + (1/44 044) + (1/1567)
332.4
C=
= 0.239
332.4 + 1057
km =
Fi
36.1(103 )
=
= 622 MPa
At
58
Se (Sut i )
162(1040 622)
=
= 56.34 MPa
Sut + Se
1040 + 162
nf =
56.34
= 2.82 Ans.
20
2
2
+ 4Se (Se + i ) Sut
2i Se
Sut Sut
Sa =
2Se
1
=
1040 10402 + 4(162)(162 + 622) 10402 2(622)(162)
2(162)
= 86.8 MPa
221
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222
CP
0.239(9.72)(103 )
a =
=
= 20 MPa
2At
2(58)
nf =
Sa
86.8
=
= 4.34 Ans.
a
20
Sa =
nf =
8-33
84.90
= 4.24 Ans.
20
ro = 2 in,
rc = 1.5 in
= 1.457 107 in
2 1.5 1.52 0.52
e = rc rn = 1.5 1.457 107 = 0.042 893 in
co = ro rn = 2 1.457 109 = 0.542 893 in
ci = rn ri = 1.457 107 1 = 0.457 107 in
A = (12 )/4 = 0.7854 in2
If P is the maximum load
M = Prc = 1.5P
rc ci
1.5(0.457)
P
P
1+
1+
= 21.62P
=
i =
A
eri
0.7854
0.0429(1)
a = m =
i
21.62P
=
= 10.81P
2
2
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223
Chapter 8
Since no stress concentration exists, use a load line slope of 1. From Table 7-10 for
Gerber
2
2
93.7
2(21.5)
= 20.47 kpsi
1 + 1 +
Sa =
2(21.5)
93.7
Note the mere 5 percent degrading of Se in Sa
Sa
20.47(103 )
1894
nf =
=
=
a
10.81P
P
Thread: Die cut. Table 8-17 gives 18.6 kpsi for rolled threads. Use Table 8-16 to find
Se for die cut threads
Se = 18.6(3.0/3.8) = 14.7 kpsi
Table 8-2:
At = 0.663 in2
= P/At = P/0.663 = 1.51P
a = m = /2 = 1.51P/2 = 0.755P
From Table 7-10, Gerber
Sa =
120
1 +
2(14.7)
1+
2(14.7)
120
2
= 14.5 kpsi
Sa
14 500
19 200
=
=
a
0.755P
P
Comparing 1894/P with 19 200/P, we conclude that the eye is weaker in fatigue.
Ans.
nf =
(b) Strengthening steps can include heat treatment, cold forming, cross section change (a
round is a poor cross section for a curved bar in bending because the bulk of the material is located where the stress is small). Ans.
(c) For n f = 2
P=
8-34
1894
= 947 lbf, max. load Ans.
2
41
= 2.41 in . Use L = 2 12 in Ans.
64
(b) Four frusta: Two washers and two members
1.125"
0.134"
D1
1.280"
0.75"
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224
Sa =
The stress components are
a =
CP
0.320(6)
=
= 2.574 kpsi
2At
2(0.373)
m = a +
nf =
Fi
25
= 2.574 +
= 69.6 kpsi
At
0.373
Sa
7.11
=
= 2.76
a
2.574
Ans.
10.78
= 4.19
2.574
85
= 1.17 Ans.
2.654 + 69.8
Ans.
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Chapter 8
8-35
At = 0.1419 in2
Sp = 85 kpsi, Sut = 120 kpsi
Se = 18.6 kpsi
4.94
= 0.236
4.94 + 15.97
a =
CP
0.236P
=
= 0.832P kpsi
2At
2(0.1419)
Sa
7.55
=
=2
a
0.832P
Sa
11.32
=
=2
a
0.832P
From which
P=
11.32
= 6.80 kip Ans.
2(0.832)
Sp At Fi
85(0.1419) 9.046
=
= 1.88 Ans.
CP
0.236(6.80)
Table 8-2:
Table 8-9:
Table 8-17:
Fi
9.046
=
= 1.74 Ans.
(1 C) P
6.80(1 0.236)
At
At
Sp
Se
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226
Eq. (8-42):
i =
Fi
53.78
=
= 55.5 kpsi
At
0.969
a =
CP
0.30P
=
= 0.155P kpsi
2At
2(0.969)
Sa =
1
105 1052 + 4(16.3)(16.3 + 55.5) 1052 2(55.5)(16.3) = 9.96 kpsi
2(16.3)
nf =
Sa
9.96
=
=2
a
0.155P
From which
P=
9.96
= 32.13 kip Ans.
0.155(2)
9.96
= 33.42 kip Ans.
0.149(2)
Percent improvement
33.42 32.13
.
(100) = 4% Ans.
32.13
8-37
At = 561 mm2
Table 8-11:
Sp = 600 MPa
Sut = 830 MPa
Table 8-17:
Se = 129 MPa
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Chapter 8
227
252.45(103 )
= 450 MPa
561
a =
CP
0.33(80)(103 )
=
= 23.53 MPa
2At
2(561)
Eq. (8-42):
Sa =
1
830 8302 + 4(129)(129 + 450) 8302 2(450)(129) = 77.0 MPa
2(129)
Sa
77.0
=
= 3.27 Ans.
a
23.53
Sp At Fi
600(103 )(561) 252.45
=
= 3.19 Ans.
CP
0.33(80)
Fi
252.45
=
= 4.71 Ans.
(1 C) P
(1 0.33)(80)
8-38
(a) Table 8-2:
Table 8-9:
Table 8-17:
Unthreaded grip
At = 0.0775 in2
Sp = 85 kpsi, Sut = 120 kpsi
Se = 18.6 kpsi
Ad E
(0.375) 2 (30)
kb =
=
= 0.245 Mlbf/in per bolt Ans.
l
4(13.5)
Am =
(b)
0.245
= 0.102
0.245 + 2.148
a =
CP
0.102(4.189)
=
= 2.77 kpsi
2At
2(0.0775)
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18.6(120 63.75)
= 7.55 kpsi
120 + 18.6
nf =
Sa
7.55
=
= 2.73 Ans.
a
2.77
Sa
11.32
=
= 4.09 Ans.
a
2.77
8-39
This analysis is important should the initial bolt tension fail. Members: Sy = 71 kpsi,
Ssy = 0.577(71) = 41.0 kpsi. Bolts: SAE grade 8, S y = 130 kpsi, Ssy = 0.577(130) =
75.01 kpsi
Shear in bolts
(0.3752 )
= 0.221 in2
As = 2
4
As Ssy
0.221(75.01)
Fs =
=
= 5.53 kip
n
3
Bearing on bolts
Ab = 2(0.375)(0.25) = 0.188 in2
Ab S yc
0.188(130)
Fb =
=
= 12.2 kip
n
2
Bearing on member
Fb =
0.188(71)
= 5.34 kip
2.5
Tension of members
At = (1.25 0.375)(0.25) = 0.219 in2
0.219(71)
= 5.18 kip
3
F = min(5.53, 12.2, 5.34, 5.18) = 5.18 kip Ans.
Ft =
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Chapter 8
8-40
Members: S y = 32 kpsi
Bolts: S y = 92 kpsi, Ssy = (0.577)92 = 53.08 kpsi
Shear of bolts
(0.375) 2
= 0.221 in2
As = 2
4
Fs
4
=
= 18.1 kpsi
As
0.221
n=
Ssy
53.08
=
= 2.93 Ans.
18.1
Bearing on bolts
Ab = 2(0.25)(0.375) = 0.188 in2
4
b =
= 21.3 kpsi
0.188
n=
Sy
92
=
= 4.32 Ans.
|b |
|21.3|
n=
S yc
32
=
= 1.50 Ans.
|b |
|21.3|
Bearing on members
Tension of members
At = (2.375 0.75)(1/4) = 0.406 in2
4
t =
= 9.85 kpsi
0.406
Sy
32
n=
=
= 3.25 Ans.
At
9.85
8-41
Members: Sy = 71 kpsi
Bolts: S y = 92 kpsi, Ssy = 0.577(92) = 53.08 kpsi
Shear of bolts
F = Ssy A/n
Fs =
53.08(2)(/4)(7/8) 2
= 35.46 kip
1.8
Bearing on bolts
Fb =
2(7/8)(3/4)(92)
= 54.89 kip
2.2
Fb =
2(7/8)(3/4)(71)
= 38.83 kip
2.4
Bearing on members
229
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Tension in members
Ft =
(3 0.875)(3/4)(71)
= 43.52 kip
2.6
Members: Sy = 47 kpsi
Bolts: S y = 92 kpsi, Ssy = 0.577(92) = 53.08 kpsi
Shear of bolts
(0.75) 2
= 0.442 in2
4
20
s =
= 15.08 kpsi
3(0.442)
Ad =
n=
Ssy
53.08
=
= 3.52 Ans.
s
15.08
Bearing on bolt
20
= 14.22 kpsi
3(3/4)(5/8)
Sy
92
= 6.47 Ans.
n= =
b
14.22
b =
Bearing on members
F
20
=
= 14.22 kpsi
Ab
3(3/4)(5/8)
Sy
47
= 3.31 Ans.
n= =
b
14.22
b =
Tension on members
F
20
=
= 6.10 kpsi
A
(5/8)[7.5 3(3/4)]
Sy
47
n=
=
= 7.71 Ans.
t
6.10
t =
8-43
Members: S y = 57 kpsi
Bolts: S y = 92 kpsi, Ssy = 0.577(92) = 53.08 kpsi
Shear of bolts
(3/8) 2
= 0.3313 in2
As = 3
4
F
5.4
s =
=
= 16.3 kpsi
A
0.3313
Ssy
53.08
=
n=
= 3.26 Ans.
s
16.3
Ans.
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Chapter 8
Bearing on bolt
5
3
= 0.3516 in2
Ab = 3
8
16
F
5.4
b =
=
= 15.36 kpsi
Ab
0.3516
Sy
92
= 5.99 Ans.
n= =
b
15.36
Bearing on members
Ab = 0.3516 in2 (From bearing on bolt calculations)
b = 15.36 kpsi (From bearing on bolt calculations)
Sy
57
= 3.71 Ans.
n= =
b
15.36
Tension in members
Failure across two bolts
3
5
3
2 2
= 0.5078 in2
A=
16 8
8
F
5.4
=
= 10.63 kpsi
A
0.5078
Sy
57
n=
=
= 5.36 Ans.
t
10.63
8-44
2.8 kN
350
By symmetry, R1 = R2 = 1.4 kN
350
R2
R1
RA
200
1.4 kN
A
50
RB
M B = 0 1.4(250) 50R A = 0
MA = 0
200(1.4) 50R B = 0
As =
n=
Ssy
242.3
=
= 2.72
89.13
R A = 7 kN
R B = 5.6 kN
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Bearing on member:
7(103 )
= 70 MPa
100
Sy
370
= 5.29
n= =
70
b =
Strength of member
M = 1.4(200) = 280 N m
At A,
1
I A = [10(503 ) 10(103 )] = 103.3(103 ) mm4
12
Mc
280(25)
A =
=
(103 ) = 67.76 MPa
3
IA
103.3(10 )
Sy
370
=
n=
= 5.46
A
67.76
At C, M = 1.4(350) = 490 N m
IC =
1
(10)(503 ) = 104.2(103 ) mm4
12
C =
490(25)
(103 ) = 117.56 MPa
3
104.2(10 )
n=
Sy
370
=
= 3.15 < 5.46
C
117.56
C more critical
Fs
P
Fs = 3000 lbf
3000(3)
P=
= 1286 lbf
7
3"
3000 lbf
7"
3"
Pivot about
this point
O
7
in
16
1 1
l = + + 0.095 = 1.095 in
2 2
L l + H = 1.095 + (7/16) = 1.532 in
H=
1"
2
l
1"
2
3"
4
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Chapter 8
Use 1
3"
bolts
4
1
= 2(0.5) + 0.25 = 1.25 in
4
= 1.75 1.25 = 0.5
= 1.095 0.5 = 0.595
(0.5) 2
=
= 0.1963 in2
4
= 0.1419 in
L T = 2D +
ld
lt
Ad
At
Ad At E
Ad lt + At ld
0.1963(0.1419)(30)
=
0.1963(0.595) + 0.1419(0.5)
= 4.451 Mlbf/in
kb =
0.75"
t 0.5475"
0.5"
4.451
= 0.2205
4.451 + 15.733
Sp = 85 kpsi
Fi = 0.75(0.1419)(85) = 9.046 kip
i = 0.75(85) = 63.75 kpsi
b =
C P + Fi
0.2205(1.286) + 9.046
=
= 65.75 kpsi
At
0.1419
s =
Fs
3
=
= 15.28 kpsi
As
0.1963
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8-46
2Fs
2P(200) = 12(50)
12 kN
2P
50
12(50)
= 1.5 kN per bolt
2(200)
= 6 kN/bolt
= 380 MPa
P=
200
Fs
Sp
At
Fi
69.83(103 )
= 285 MPa
i =
245
C P + Fi
0.30(1.5) + 69.83
(103 ) = 287 MPa
b =
=
At
245
Fs
6(103 )
=
=
= 19.1 MPa
Ad
314.2
= [2872 + 3(19.12 )]1/2 = 289 MPa
m = Sp = 380 289 = 91 MPa
Thus the bolt will not exceed the proof stress.
8-47
Ans.
28
5
16
3
8
24
24
At
T /d = 11 475At
0.0364
417.7
1.75
0.058
665.55
2.8
0.0878
1007.5
4.23
The factor of safety in the last column of the table comes from
2 f (T /d)
2(0.12)(T /d)
n=
=
= 0.0042(T /d)
0.18Fx
0.18(1000)
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Chapter 8
26
F'A
50
A
F'C
F'B
50
B
M
F"A
F"C
152
Bolts:
The shear bolt area is A = (122 )/4 = 113.1 mm2
Ssy = 0.577(420) = 242.3 MPa
Ssy
A
242.3(113.1)(103 )
=
= 4.18 kN
F=
n
2.343
2.8(2.343)
Bearing on bolt: For a 12-mm bolt, at the channel,
Ab = td = (6.4)(12) = 76.8 mm2
Sy
Ab
420 76.8(103 )
=
= 4.92 kN
F=
n
2.343
2.8
2.343
Bearing on channel: Ab = 76.8 mm2 , S y = 170 MPa
170 76.8(103 )
= 1.99 kN
F=
2.8
2.343
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Bearing on cantilever:
Ab = 12(12) = 144 mm2
190 (144)(103 )
= 4.17 kN
F=
2.8
2.343
Bending of cantilever:
I =
1
(12)(503 123 ) = 1.233(105 ) mm4
12
I
1.233(105 )
=
= 4932
c
25
4932(190)
M
=
= 2.22 kN
F=
151
2.8(151)(103 )
So F = 1.99 kN based on bearing on channel
8-49
Ans.
F'A 4 kN
A
F"A 37.5 kN
Ans.
32
F'O 4 kN
Ans.
O
Bolt shear:
As =
(12) 2
= 113 mm2
4
37.7(10) 3
=
= 334 MPa Ans.
113
32
F'B 4 kN
F"B 37.5 kN
Bearing on member:
Ab = 12(8) = 96 mm2
=
37.7(10) 3
= 393 MPa Ans.
96
3
bh 3 bd 3
bd
2
I =
2
+ a bd
12
12
12
8(12) 3
8(136) 3 8(12) 3
2
2
+ (32) (8)(12)
=
12
12
12
= 1.48(10) 6 mm4
Ans.
M = 12(200) = 2400 N m
=
2400(68)
Mc
(10) 3 = 110 MPa Ans.
=
I
1.48(10) 6
a
h
a
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Chapter 8
8-50
M 16.5(300)
4950 lbf in
300 lbf
16 1"
2
1 1"
2
O
V 300 lbf
4950
= 1650 lbf
3
FB = 1800 lbf
FA = 1500 lbf,
FA = FB =
Shear of bolt:
As =
Bearing on bolt:
1 3
= 0.1875 in2
Ab =
2 8
=
53.08
n=
= 5.79 Ans.
9.17
n=
F
1800
=
= 9600 psi
A
0.1875
92
= 9.58 Ans.
9.6
54
= 5.63 Ans.
9.6
0.375(2) 3 0.375(0.5) 3
= 0.246 in4
12
12
Mc
4500(1)
=
= 18 300 psi
I
0.246
54(10) 3
n=
= 2.95 Ans.
18 300
1"
2
2"
8-51
3"
8
The direct shear load per bolt is F = 2500/6 = 417 lbf. The moment is taken only by the
four outside bolts. This moment is M = 2500(5) = 12 500 lbf in.
Thus F =
12 500
= 1250 lbf and the resultant bolt load is
2(5)
F = (417) 2 + (1250) 2 = 1318 lbf
Bolt strength, S y = 57 kpsi; Channel strength, S y = 46 kpsi; Plate strength, S y = 45.5 kpsi
As = (0.625) 2 /4 = 0.3068 in2
Shear of bolt:
n=
Ssy
(0.577)(57 000)
=
= 7.66 Ans.
1318/0.3068
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238
n=
57 000
= 5.07 Ans.
1318/0.117
46 000
= 4.08 Ans.
1318/0.117
45 500
= 5.40 Ans.
1318/0.1563
1"
4
Bending of plate:
0.25(7.5) 3 0.25(0.625) 3
I =
12
12
5
0.25(0.625) 3
1
2
(2.5) = 6.821 in4
2
+
12
4
8
5 "D
8
5"
1"
2
8-52
Specifying bolts, screws, dowels and rivets is the way a student learns about such components. However, choosing an array a priori is based on experience. Here is a chance for
students to build some experience.
8-53
Now that the student can put an a priori decision of an array together with the specification
of fasteners.
8-54