Transfformer

Engineering Encyclopedia
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards
Application Of Transformer Standards And Codes To Selection, Specification And Troubleshooting
Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services. Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramcos employees. Any material contained in this document which is not already in the public domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given, or disclosed to third parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part, without the written permission of the Vice President, Engineering Services, Saudi Aramco.
Chapter : Electrical File Reference: EEX20201
For additional information on this subject, contact W. A. Roussel
Electrical Application of Transformer Standards & Codes To Selection, Specification and Troubleshooting
CONTENTS
PAGES
SAUDI ARAMCO AND INDUSTRY STANDARDS PERTINENT TO SELECTION, ................................................................................................................. 1 SPECIFICATION, AND TROUBLESHOOTING .......................................................... 1 INTERPRETING SAUDI ARAMCO STANDARDS THAT APPLY TO SELECTION, ................................................................................................................. 4 SPECIFICATION, AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF TRANSFORMERS..................... 4 INTERPRETING INDUSTRY STANDARDS THAT APPLY TO SELECTION, SPECIFICATION, AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF TRANSFORMERS........................................................................................................13 WORK AID 1: SAUDI ARAMCO STANDARDS FOR SELECTION, SPECIFICATION, AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF TRANSFORMERS..............................................................................17 WORK AID 2: INDUSTRY STANDARDS FOR SELECTION, SPECIFICATION, AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF TRANSFORMERS..............................................................................18 GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................19
SAUDI ARAMCO AND INDUSTRY STANDARDS PERTINENT TO SELECTION, SPECIFICATION, AND TROUBLESHOOTING Saudi ARAMCO Standards For answers to questions on the selection, specification, and troubleshooting of transformers, an engineer should consult the following Saudi ARAMCO Standards: _ _ _
AES-P-121
AES-P-121 Saudi ARAMCO Material System Specifications Saudi ARAMCO Design Practices
AES-P-121 contains the minimum requirements for the design and installation of transformers, reactors, voltage regulating transformers, and instrument transformers. Do not deviate from the requirements of this standard. Any deviations that reduce the requirements must have written approval from the ARAMCO Chief Engineer, Dhahran. User/specifier requirements that exceed the minimum requirements need no waiver approval, even though they are different. The ARAMCO Chief Engineer also must resolve any conflicts between this standard and other AES's, AMSS's, Codes, Forms, and AMD's. The major topics discussed in this standard are as follows: _ _ _ Material Requirements KVA Rating of Power and Voltage Regulating Transformers Installation
Saudi ARAMCO Material System Specifications (AMSS)
The Saudi ARAMCO Material System Specifications that apply to transformers are: _ _ _ _ 14-AMSS-531 14-AMSS-533 14-AMSS-534 14-AMSS-536
These specifications contain the minimum technical requirements that specific types of transformers must meet for use in Saudi ARAMCO electrical systems. Engineers should use these documents when specifying new transformers. As with the AES's, any deviations that reduce the requirements must have written approval from the ARAMCO Chief Engineer, Dhahran. User/specifier requirements that exceed the minimum requirements need no waiver approval, even though they are different.
Saudi ARAMCO Design Practices (ADP)
The Saudi ARAMCO Design Practices that apply to transformers are: _ _ _ _ _ ADP-P-121 ADP-P-431 ADP-P-433 ADP-P-434 ADP-P-436
These ADP's give the background information needed to explain, amplify, and apply the mandatory requirements of the AES's and AMSS's. The information in the ADP's is not mandatory. You do not need written approval to deviate from the ADP's. Capital letters are used in some of the text in the ADP's. These statements are mandatory because they come from the AES's, AMSS's, and AMD's. Reference the ADP's when you need tutorial or background information on the selection, specification, or troubleshooting of transformers. Industry Standards Saudi ARAMCO Standards often reference Industry Standards. This practice eliminates the need to rewrite all the applicable Industry Standards into Saudi ARAMCO Standards. Instead, the Saudi ARAMCO Standards give exceptions, additions, or deletions to the industry standards. The following Industry Standards contain information that pertains to selection, specification, and troubleshooting of transformers: _ _ _ _ The National Electrical Code The National Electrical Safety Code ANSI/IEEE Standards and Guidelines NEMA Standards
National Electrical Code (NEC)
The purpose of the NEC is the practical safeguarding of persons and property from the hazards of using electricity. The Code only contains provisions needed for safety. It does not guarantee an efficient, convenient, expandable installation.
National Electrical Safety Code (NESC)
The purpose of the rules in the NESC is the practical safeguarding of persons during the installation, operation, or maintenance of electric supply and communication lines, and associated equipment. The rules contain the basic provisions needed for the safety of employees and the public under the specified conditions. Part 1, Section 15 has specific information on transformers. General Safety rules related to troubleshooting and maintaining industrial/utility type electrical equipment is found throughout the text.
ANSI/IEEE Standards and Guidelines
IEEE standards give information on how to produce, test, measure, and buy equipment. This information is the consensus opinion of a group of subject matter experts. The requirements and procedures given in the standards are useful when selecting, specifying, and troubleshooting transformers. ANSI has adopted most of the IEEE standards that relate to transformers. C57 is the name of this collective group of standards. C57 contains information on distribution, power, and regulating transformers. You should use these standards when Saudi ARAMCO Standards reference them. ANSI does not write standards. It adopts standards written by other organizations. ANSI standards give a uniform method of manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, and using a given piece of equipment. This information is useful when selecting, specifying, or troubleshooting transformers.
NEMA Standards
NEMA is a trade association for manufacturers of products used in generation, transmission, distribution, and end-use of electricity. These standards are useful when selecting and specifying electrical equipment. NEMA designates the specifications that various pieces of electrical equipment must be built to meet. If these are the same specifications needed by a Saudi ARAMCO installation, you can specify the equipment to comply with the given NEMA classification. This eliminates the need to restate all the individual equipment parameters. You should use NEMA standards when Saudi ARAMCO Standards reference them.
INTERPRETING SAUDI ARAMCO STANDARDS THAT APPLY TO SELECTION, SPECIFICATION, AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF TRANSFORMERS Saudi ARAMCO Engineering Standards
AES-P-121
The title of AES-P-121 is "Transformers, Reactors, Voltage Regulators." This standard has six chapters. Figure 1 shows the table of contents.
AES-P-121 Table of Contents Figure 1 Figure 2 shows a sample of the type of information contained in AES-P-121.
Sample Information From AES-P-121 Figure 2
Saudi ARAMCO Material System Specifications Most transformer specifications contained in the AMSS's are taken from the ANSI standards. The Saudi ARAMCO material system specifications give the exceptions, deletions, or additions to these standards. The AMSS to be used to select or specify a transformer depends on the type of transformer needed.
14-AMSS-531
The title of 14-AMSS-531 is "Power Transformers." Figure 3 shows the table of contents.
14-AMSS-531 Table of Contents Figure 3
14-AMSS-531 Table of Contents (Con't) Figure 3 Figure 4 shows a sample of the type of information found in 14-AMSS-531.
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 7
Sample Information 14-AMSS-531 Figure 4
14-AMSS-533
The title of 14-AMSS-533 is "Three-Phase Dry-Type Power Transformers." It has the same type of information as 14-AMSS-531. The information simply applies to a different type of transformer.
14-AMSS-534
The title of 14-AMSS-534 is "Overhead-Type Distribution Transformers." It has the same type of information as 14-AMSS-531. The information simply applies to a different type of transformer.
14-AMSS-536
The title of 14-AMSS-536 is "Pad-Mounted Three-Phase Distribution Transformers." It has the same type of information as 14-AMSS-531. The information simply applies to a different type of transformer. Saudi ARAMCO Design Practices
ADP-P-121
The title of ADP-P-121 is "Transformers." This design practice has two parts. Part one has a single page. The statements on the page give the rationale for the technical requirements in AESP-121 that are not obvious. The basis of the rationale is many years of ARAMCO's experience. Part two contains twelve chapters of information. Figure 5 shows the Table of Contents. This part of the ADP has tutorial information. You can use this information to clarify the technical requirements given in the AES's and AMSS's. The sections that follow give the scope of each chapter.
ADP-P-121 Table of Contents Figure 5
10
Chapter One describes the selection, application, and general specifications of transformers for use in Saudi ARAMCO installations. Chapter Two contains the requirements and general guidelines for the following types of
transformers used by Saudi ARAMCO: _ _ _ _ _ _ Power Distribution Auxiliary Power Non-Flammable Insulating Liquid Filled Conventional Dry-Type Cast-Resin Type
Chapter Three covers the thermal aspects of transformers. This includes temperature rise,
service conditions, and methods of cooling.

Chapter Four covers the selection of transformer impedance values and tap ranges. Chapter Five gives guidance on the selection of transformer withstand levels, voltage surge
suppression, insulating liquids, and oil preservation techniques.

Chapter Six covers the selection of enclosures for transformers. Chapter Seven covers general requirements and conventions relating to terminal
connections. The information applies to all transformer types, except instrument. It also covers the operation of transformers in parallel and disconnecting facilities.
Chapter Eight gives guidance on the selection of transformer accessories. This includes tap
changers, monitoring, and protection equipment.

Chapter Nine covers the requirements for tolerances, losses, and noise levels. It also gives
guidance on how to capitalize losses.

Chapter Ten deals only with the general requirements and policies adopted with regard to
factory testing and inspections.

Chapter Eleven covers the requirements of current transformers and inductively coupled
voltage transformers.
Chapter Twelve covers reactors and special types of power transformers.
11
ADP-P-431
ADP-P-431 gives the rationale for the technical requirements of 14-AMSS-531 that are not obvious.
ADP-P-433
ADP-P-434
ADP-P-436
12
INTERPRETING INDUSTRY STANDARDS THAT APPLY TO SPECIFICATION, AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF TRANSFORMERS NEC
SELECTION,
The specific section of the NEC that contains information pertinent to the selection and specification of transformers is Article 450. The title of Article 450 is "Transformers and Transformer Vaults". This article applies to all transformers except the following: _ _ Current transformers. Dry-type transformers that constitute a component part of other apparatus and comply with the requirements for such apparatus. Transformers that are an integral part of an X-ray, high-frequency, or electrostatic-coating apparatus. Transformers for use with Class 2 or Class 3 circuits that comply with Article 725. Transformers for sign and outline lighting that comply with Article 600. Transformers for electric-discharge lighting that comply with Article 410. Transformers for use with power-limited fire protective signaling circuits that comply with Part C of Article 760. Liquid-filled or dry-type transformers for use in research, development, or testing, where effective arrangements are provided to safeguard unqualified persons from contacting high-voltage terminals or energized conductors.
_ _ _
Article 450 is divided into three major sections: part A, part B, and part C. Part A contains the general provisions for all covered transformers. Part B contains specific provisions applicable to different types of transformers. Part C contains the provisions for transformer vaults.
13
NEMA Standards The specific NEMA standards that contain information pertinent to the selection and specification of transformers are: _ _ _
DC-20
DC-20 ST-1 ST-20
The title of NEMA standard DC-20 is "Residential Controls - Class 2 Transformers". NEMA DC-20 covers transformers intended primarily for use in low voltage control circuits (30 volts rms maximum). DC-20 contains definitions, electrical ratings, performance data, mounting dimensions, and marking requirement for the covered transformers.
ST-1
The title of NEMA Standard ST-1 is "Specialty Transformers (Except General-Purpose Type)". ST-1 covers control, machine-tool, class 2, signalling, ignition, and luminous-tube transformers. ST-1 contains service conditions, tests, classifications, performance characteristics, and construction data for the covered transformers.
ST-20
The title of NEMA Standard ST-20 is "Dry-Type Transformers for General Applications". NEMA ST-20 applies to single-phase and polyphase dry-type transformers (including auto transformers and noncurrent-limiting reactors) for supplying energy to power, heating and lighting circuits. ANSI/IEEE Standards The Industry Standards used most often in selection, specification, and troubleshooting of transformers are ANSI/IEEE Standards. All the applicable standards are available in a single book titled "C57." The sections below give the scope of the most frequently referenced ANSI/IEEE standards.
C57.12.00
The title of C57.12.00 is "General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power and Regulating Transformers." This standard gives the basis for the establishment of performance, limited electrical and mechanical interchangeability, and safety requirements. It also gives assistance in selecting the right equipment.
14
C57.12.01
The title of C57.12.01 is "General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers Including Those With Solid Cast and/or Resin-Encapsulated Windings." This intent of this standard is to establish the basis for performance, interchangeability, and safety requirements of the equipment covered. It also gives assistance in selecting the right equipment.
C57.12.10
The title of C57.12.10 is "230 kV and Below 833/958 through 8333/10,417 kVA, Single-Phase, and 750/862 through 60,000/80,000/100,000 kVA, Three-Phase Without Load Tap Changing; and 3750/4687 through 60,000/80,000/100,000 kVA with Load Tap Changing-Safety Requirements." This standard covers certain electrical, dimensional, and mechanical characteristics. It considers certain safety features of 60-HZ, two-winding, liquid-immersed transformers of the ratings covered.
C57.12.20
The title of C57.12.20 is "Overhead-Type Distribution Transformers, 500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34,500 Volts and Below; Low Voltage, 7970/13, 800Y and Below." This standard is intended for use as a basis for determining the performance, interchangeability, and safety of the equipment covered. It also helps in selecting the right equipment.
C57.12.26
The title of C57.12.26 is "Pad-Mounted Compartmental-Type, Self-Cooled, Three-Phase Distribution Transformers for Use with Separable Insulated High-Voltage Connectors, High Voltage, 34,500 Grd Y/19,920 Volts and Below; 2500 kVA and Smaller." This standard is intended for use as a basis for determining performance, interchangeability, and safety of the equipment covered. It also helps in selecting the right equipment.
C57.12.90
The title of C57.12.90 is "Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers and Guide for Short-Circuit Testing of Distribution and Power Transformers." This standard describes the methods for performing tests specified in C57.12.00. It also describes other standards applicable to liquid-immersed distribution, power, and regulating transformers. It is intended for use as a basis for performance, safety, and proper testing of transformers.
15
C57.12.91
The title of C57.12.91 is "Standard Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers." This standard describes methods for performing tests specified in C57.12.01. It also describes the general requirements and other referenced standards applicable to dry-type distribution and power transformers. It is intended for use as a basis for performance, safety, and proper testing of transformers.
C57.13
The title of C57.13 is "Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers." This standard is intended for use as a basis for performance, interchangeability, and safety of the equipment covered. It also helps in selecting the right instrument transformers.
C57.92
The title of C57.92 is "Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil Immersed Power Transformers Up to and Including 100 MVA with 55oC or 65oC Average Winding Rise." This standard covers the general recommendations for loading mineral-oil immersed power transformers.
C57.94
The title of C57.94 is "Recommended Practice for Installation, Application, Operation, and Maintenance of Dry-Type General Purpose Distribution and Power Transformers." This standard covers the general recommendations for the application, installation, operation, and maintenance of single and poly-phase, dry-type, general purpose, distribution, power, and autotransformers of the following types: _ _ _ Ventilated, indoor and outdoor, self-cooled or forced air cooled Nonventilated, indoor and outdoor, self-cooled or forced air cooled Sealed, indoor and outdoor, self-cooled
16
WORK AID 1:
SAUDI ARAMCO STANDARDS FOR SELECTION, SPECIFICATION, AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF TRANSFORMERS
Saudi ARAMCO Engineering Standards _ AES-P-121: Transformers, Reactors Voltage Regulators
Saudi ARAMCO Materials System Specification _ _ _ _ 14-AMSS-531 : Power Transformers 14-AMSS-533 : Three-Phase Dry-Type Power Transformers 14-AMSS-534 : Overhead-Type Distribution Transformers 14-AMSS-534 : Pad-Mounted Three-Phase Distribution Transformers
Saudi ARAMCO Design Practices _ _ _ _ _ ADP-P-121 : Transformers ADP-P-431 : Power Transformers ADP-P-433 : Three-Phase Dry-Type Power Transformers ADP-P-434 : Overhead-Type Distribution Transformers ADP-P-436 : Pad-Mounted Three-Phase Distribution Transformers
17
WORK AID 2:
INDUSTRY STANDARDS FOR SELECTION, SPECIFICATION, AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF TRANSFORMERS
C57.12.00 :
General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers 230 kV and Below 833/958 through 8333/10,417 kVA, Single-Phase, and 750/862 through 60,000/80,000/100,000 kVA, Three-Phase without Load Tap Changing; and 3750/4687 through 60,000/80,000/100,000 kVA with Load Tap Changing Safety Requirements Overhead-Type Distribution Transformers, 500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage 34,500 Volts and Below; Low Voltage, 7970/13,800 Y and Below Pad-Mounted Compartmental-Type, Self-Cooled, Three-Phase Distribution Transformers for Use with Separable Insulated High-Voltage Connectors, High Voltage, 34,500 Grd Y/19,920 Volts and Below; 2500 kVA and Smaller Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers and Guide for Short-Circuit Testing of Distribution and Power Transformer Standard Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Power Transformers Up to and Including 100 MVA with 55oC or 65oC Average Winding Rise Recommended Practice for Installation, Application, Operation, and Maintenance of Dry-Type General Purpose Distribution and Power Transformers
C57.12.01 : C57.12.10 :
C57.12.20 :
C57.12.26 :
C57.12.90 :
C57.12.91 : C57.13 C57.92 : :
C57.94
18
GLOSSARY
assistance consensus deviation performance performing proper rationale
supply help agreement in opinion, testimony, or belief turn away from some accepted norm or belief completing an action to do in a formal manner or according to prescribed ritual in a thorough manner explanation of controlling principles or practices, an underlying reason
19

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Engineering Encyclopedia

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Application Of Transformer Standards And Codes To Selection, Specification And Troubleshooting

Chapter : Electrical File Reference: EEX20201

For additional information on this subject, contact W. A. Roussel

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Saudi ARAMCO Material System Specifications (AMSS)

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Saudi ARAMCO Design Practices (ADP)

National Electrical Code (NEC)

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

National Electrical Safety Code (NESC)

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Sample Information From AES-P-121 Figure 2

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

14-AMSS-531 Table of Contents Figure 3

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Sample Information 14-AMSS-531 Figure 4

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

ADP-P-121 Table of Contents Figure 5

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

service conditions, and methods of cooling.

suppression, insulating liquids, and oil preservation techniques.

changers, monitoring, and protection equipment.

guidance on how to capitalize losses.

factory testing and inspections.

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

DC-20 ST-1 ST-20

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

SAUDI ARAMCO STANDARDS FOR SELECTION, SPECIFICATION, AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF TRANSFORMERS

Saudi ARAMCO Engineering Standards _ AES-P-121: Transformers, Reactors Voltage Regulators

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

INDUSTRY STANDARDS FOR SELECTION, SPECIFICATION, AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF TRANSFORMERS

C57.12.91 : C57.13 C57.92 : :

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

assistance consensus deviation performance performing proper rationale

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

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