Predicting NOX Emissions of Diesel Engine Based on Fluent

Yang Gao-feng
Department of Thermal Energy Engineering Henan University of Urban Construction Pingdingshan, China yanggaofeng@hncj.edu.cn
Abstractthe calculation model was carried out by use of commercially software Fluent. The distribution of temperature and NOx consistency field under different crank angle was calculated. The results of the analysis found that there was a greater temperature gradient near the cylinder wall. A larger temperature difference in the oil-beam external and internal and a high-temperature region formatted near the nozzle after the fuel spray and before the start of combustion. In the rapid combustion phase, combustion region was mainly focused on the oil-spray periphery. Post-combustion; the main combustion zone near the wall, Areas of high consistency for NOx was concentrated in high-temperature and oxygen-rich region. First, continue to increase, and then declined, and finally remains unchanged were the lows of the total NOx changing in cylinder. Keywords-Diesel Eengine; NOx consistency; Temperature Field; Numerical Calculation

Hu Ming-jiang
Department of Thermal Energy Engineering Henan University of Urban Construction Pingdingshan, China humingjiang@tom.com chamber of the diesel engine was established by the numerical simulation methods; the flow field and the pressure field in combustion chamber were calculated at the calibrating working conditions of the diesel engine by the Fluent simulation software; the changing rules of the flow field movement and the fuel mixture distribution were discussed in the fuel injection process .which provide some theoretical basis on predicting the fuel distribution characteristics. II. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

Calculation process involves the gas flow in the airway and the in-cylinder, the constraint equation is as follows: Mass conservation equation (continuity equation) is:
( u ) ( v ) ( w ) + + + =0 t x y z

I.

INTRODUCTION

Diesel engine is an extremely widely used heat engine; the combustion will have a direct decision of the diesel engine performance and emissions. In recent years, the energy and environmental issues become more prominent, the performance of internal combustion engines have become increasingly demanding. As the diesel engine combustion is a strong and transient process, so it is very important to research on the combustion in designing the diesel engine. For the direct injection diesel engine, the combustion chamber shape has the direct impact on the fuel mixture flowing and forming in the cylinder, and ultimately affects the burning effect. As the cylinder temperature, pressure and mixture ingredients have been changed very rapidly with the space and time, so the traditional performance testing methods can only provide limited information on the fuel mixture flow, the combustion and emission performance of the diesel engine[1 3]. With the development of the technologies, such as, the computer, the image processing and the laser diagnostics, the flow field visualization and numerical simulation techniques have made important development in the diesel engine cylinder. The numerical simulation has several merits on the short cycle, the low cost, informative, research on the varying parameters of the diesel engine, etc. So it is the important means on studying the fuel mixture flowing and combustion process of the diesel engine. In this paper, take the two-valve 1115 combustion chamber as the research object, the combustion model on combustion

In (1), is the density; t is time; u, v and w are the weight of the velocity vector on the x, y, and z direction. Momentum conservation equation (N-S equation) is:
(u) t ( v) t + d iv ( u u ) = p x p y + xx x xy x +
yx

y
yy

zx z zy z

+ Fx

(2a) 2b 2c

+ d iv ( v u ) =

+ Fy

( w) t
xz are

+ d iv ( w u ) =

p z

xz x

yz

zz z

+ Fz

In (2), p is the fluid pressure on the micro-unit; xx, xy and the weight of the viscous stress acting on the surface of the micro-unit; FX, FY and FZ are the volume force on the micro-unit. Energy conservation equation is
(T ) t + d iv ( uT ) = d iv ( kc cp gra dT ) + S T

In (3), cp is the specific heat capacity; T is the temperature; kc is the fluid diathermanous coefficient; ST is the viscous dissipation energy. The standard k- turbulence model is selected in the calculations. Its model equations are [4-5]:

978-1-4244-7161-4/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE

 ( k ) ( kui ) k + = [( + t ) ] t xi x j k x j
+ G k + G b YM + S k
( ) ( ui ) + = [( + t ) ] x j t xi x j
+ C 1

(4a)

(4b)

(G k + C 3 G b ) C 2

Figure 2 is the result comparison between the cylinder pressure test and the simulation at the operating conditions on the 1900r/min and full load of the diesel engine. From figure 2, the error exists between the cylinder pressure test and the simulation, but the trend is basically identical, the error is also within the acceptable range. So the model simulation is credible.

+ S

In (4), Gk is the production item of the rapid kinetic energy (k) caused by the average gradient; Gb is the production item of the rapid kinetic energy (k) caused by the flotage; YM is the fluctuation expansion effects of compressible turbulence; C1 , are the C2 and C3 are the empirical constants; k and respectively Prandtl numbers corresponding to the rapid kinetic energy (k) and the dissipation rate ( ); Sk and S are the source terms on the user-defined;xi,xj and ui are the respectively tensors on the coordinate x and velocity (i, j = 1,2,3). III. MODELING

Figure 2.

Results comparison on experimental and simulation

IV.

SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The numerical simulation of the whole process is from the crank angle (180 CA) to the crank angle (540 CA), namely, the intake TDC crank angle is 0 CA. the injector is made of the uniform four holes, in order to save computing time in the simulation, the geometric model only takes one quarter of the cylinder shape. Due to the situation that the computational domain of the combustion chamber is changed along with the piston movement, so the simulation method of the combustion chamber is the dynamic grids technique, namely, the grids are changed along with crank angle. The model and its simulation calculation steps are as follows: (1) Based on the PRO-E software, when crank angle is (180 CA), the three-dimensional model is established. (2) The three-dimensional model is converted into STEP format, it is imported in Hyper Mesh software in order to plot out the sizing grid; it is exported by the MSH format, and imported into Gambit software in order to set the regional and the border. The grid of the crank angle 180 CA is shown in Figure 1.

A. Temperature Field Analysis Figure 3 is the temperature distribution of the cylinder on the speed of 1500r/min of the full-load for diesel engine (the value unit of the figure is K). From figure 3, in the compression process, except having in larger gradient, the temperature distribution in the cylinder wall is more symmetrical, before the fuel is fired, due to the fuel droplets that are evaporated by absorbing heat, the lower temperature fuel and the mixture in the cylinder Mass is diathermanous and mixed, the spraying fuel temperature difference between external and internal is larger, it is shown in the Figure.3 (b). Through a series of physical and chemical preparations, the evaporating fuel mixture components external the oil are selfignition, in the nozzle, the gaseous components near the fired fuel is most in order to form the high temperature region, it is shown in the Figure.3(c). In the rapid combustion phase of the diesel engine, combustion areas are mainly concentrated in the peripheral fuel bundles; the main reflected features are in the proliferating combustion, which are shown in the Figure.3 (d) and Figure 3(e). At the post-combustion, the main combustion area is near the wall region, which is shown in the Figure.3 (f).From the Figure.3 (f), the main reflected features are in the proliferating combustion.

Figure 1. Grid model in the end point

(3) The grid is imported into the fluent software, the part grids of the combustion chamber are set, and the criteria model on the k- turbulence is selected. The working fluid used the compressible ideal gas, the import and export conditions of pressure, and set the gas temperature in the cylinder; the import and export pressure and temperature are the measured data by the tests respectively. It is calculated by the solver [6].

(a) 340 CA

From figure 4, the NOX formation mainly occurred in the rapid combustion period. The consistency map of NOX and O2 is compared with the temperature map; the high consistency of NOX is the region on the high temperature and the rich O2 .

(b) 350CA

(a) NOx of the maximum combustion pressure point (366 CA)

(c) Fire starting point (356.5 CA)

(b) O2of the maximum combustion pressure point (366 CA)

(d) 360 CA

(c) NOx of the pressure point (400 CA)

(d) NOx of the pressure point (485 CA)

(e) Maximum combustion pressure point (366 CA)
Figure 4. consistency distribution of NOx and O2in the cylinder

Figure 5 is the cumulative value of NOX at different crank angle on the speed of 1500r/min of the full-load for diesel engine. From figure 5, the consistency map of NOX is compared with the temperature map; the consistency distribution and temperature field distribution of the NOX have great similarities, which show that the temperature field has a crucial impact on the NOX distribution. In the early ignition, NOX maximum consistency is 0.4263 10-4, which is corresponding to the temperature region more than 1800K. With the fuel burnt and the piston moved upward, the combusted zone temperature has been increased rapidly, NOx consistencies also increased sharply.

(f) 400 CA
Figure 3. Temperature distribution in the cylinder of the diesel engine

B. Consistency Distribution of NOX and O2 Figure 4 is the consistency distribution of NOX and O2 on the speed of 1500r/min of the full-load for diesel engine (the value corresponding to contour map is the gas component mass fraction).

difference between external and internal is larger; In the rapid combustion phase of the diesel engine, combustion areas are mainly concentrated in the peripheral fuel bundles; At the postcombustion, the main combustion area is near the wall region, the main reflected features are in the proliferating combustion. (2) The distribution of the temperature field has a crucial impact on the NOX formation, the high consistencies of NOX is the region on the high temperature and the rich O2. (3) The variation of the total NOX in the cylinder is that it is increased continually, then declined, and finally remained unchanged. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Education Department of Henan Province (No. 2008A470008 and 2010B470003).The contents of this paper reflect the view of the authors who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented in herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of Henan University of Urban Construction. This paper does not constitute a standard, specification or regulation. REFERENCES
[1] Lin Xuedong,Wang Haijun,and Wan Xiaodon. Evaluation for Configuration Characteristic of Reentrant Combustion Chamber on Heavy-duty DI Diesel Engine, Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering. vol. 28, pp. 5660, Mar 2007. LV Ji-zu,BAI Min-li. Reaearch on Influence of Fuel Spray Atomization and Combustion on Air Flow in Cylinder, Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering. vol.28,pp. 2529, Jun 2007. YE jian, LIANG Gui-hua, and LIU Li-hu. Simulation of the effect on the combustion capability of135diesel engines by changing the combustion chamber, Journal of Dalian Maritime University. vol. 34, pp. 6167, Jun 2008. ZHAO Chang-pu,SONG Chong-lin,and LI Xiao-juan. Effects of Fuel Injection Timing and Combustion Chamber Geometry on Combustion Process and Emissions of Diesel Engine, Journal of Combustion Science and Technology. vol. 15, pp. 393398, Oct 2009. LIN Xuedong,CONG Chunmei,and CHEN Xuemei. Geometric characteristic of DI diesel engine shallow reentrant combustion chamber and its effect on emissions, Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition). vol. 35, pp. 1823, Jan 2005. YANG Xu-yuan, ZUO Cheng-ji. Influence of Offset of Combustion Chamber on Combustion Processes of Diesel Engine, I.C.E&Powerplant. vol. 30, pp. 13, Feb 2009

Figure 5. Cumulative value of NOx at different crank angle

As the burning progressed, at first, the mixed gas in the burning flame reaction zone is burnt out, the temperature of this part area began to decline, and the regional of the NOX largest consistency is transferred from the flame to the wall. The highest consistency regions of the figure are the maximum temperature zone (above 1800K). To the TDC, the piston move down, the temperature in the cylinder and the NOX consistencies began to decline, but the NOx total is raising due to the fact that generated amount of the NOX in the cylinder are gathered in the time and space. According to the calculation of the amount of NOX generated in the cylinder, all the generated amount of the NOX from the ATDC16 to ATDC20 begun to decline at the ATDC30 , the most gas temperature in the cylinder declined to 1500K. At this time, the highest consistency and the total generated volume of the NOx in the cylinder are continuously descended after the ATDC60, the total generated volume of the NOx remained basically unchanged. Through simulating the spraying process of the oil particles by the CFD method, the great deal of visual information is obtained in order to analyze the familiar development process of the oil particles, which provides a theoretical basis on designing and improving the diesel engine. The compression air of the combustion chamber has a great impact on the fuel mixture process, the pit makes the flow field of the cylinder to generate the strong radial squeeze flow at the compress end, the strong radial squeeze makes not only the swirl in the combustion chamber greatly increase, but also have a very strong local turbulent field at the entrance of the pit top. Therefore, as the compression is progressed, the impact of the initial the flow field generated by the intake process becomes smaller and smaller, the turbulence characteristics in the combustion chamber are largely determined by the geometry of the combustion chamber, the turbulent structure is non-uniform and anisotropic. V. CONCLUSIONS

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

Based on analyzing the temperature field and NOX consistency field in the combustion chamber of the diesel engine, the results show that: (1) in the compression process, except having in larger gradient, the temperature distribution in the cylinder wall is more symmetrical, before the fuel is fired, due to the fact that fuel droplets are evaporated by absorbing heat, the lower temperature fuel and the mixture in the cylinder Mass is diathermanous and mixed, the spraying fuel temperature