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Foreword by the Minister

Honourable Tina Joemat-Pettersson (MP) MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES

In a demanding world of constantly and fast-changing economic and social challenges such as increasing food prices, food insecurity and rural development, there are people who, although willing and enthusiastic, cannot realise their full potential. Contributing factors such as lack of skills, resources and opportunities could all play a role in limiting peoples achievements. To reach its full potential the country relies on a vibrant agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector in providing food and employment opportunities. Sustainable agriculture is also vital in the protection of our scarce resources, caring for the land and in plotting the way for future growth. I trust that as we page through the National Agricultural Directory 2011, useful addresses and numbers could become a business linkage tool through knowledge and information sharing. The information in the directory could also be useful in agricultural training and education, as well as empowerment and capacity building. A divergent range of clients, e.g. students, planners and business entrepreneurs, will all find the directory a valuable starting point and orientation in establishing future contacts. By regularly updating the Directory we also aim to ensure that the information remains relevant and focuses on the latest technology. May the Directory, or the websites, publications, and role players mentioned within these pages, provide answers to a wide range of challenges and queries in the agricultural field.

NATIONAL
CONTENTS
Introduction
Africa and agriculture SADC and agriculture South Africa and agriculture The importance of rural development Agriculture and the provinces The urban question

AGRICULTURAL

DIRECTORY
193 198 201 202 205 207 211 217 221 225 228 229 231 233 234 236 240 241 244 246 249 252 258

8 15 20 22 29 34

National issues
Biosecurity Black Economic Empowerment Climate change and global warming Emerging farmer support Energy Food Security HIV and Aids Human Settlements Labour and job creation Land reform People with disabilities Safety and security Water Women Youth 36 43 55 60 70 75 80 83 86 91 97 99 102 108 112

Grain and oilseeds Grapes Groundnuts Herbs and spices Honeybush Horticulture Indigenous Knowledge and African vegetables Indigenous medicinal plants Maize Other fibre crops Other grains and oilseeds Potatoes Rooibos Sorghum Soybeans Subtropical fruit Sugarcane Sunflowers Tea Tobacco Tree nuts Vegetables Wheat

Inputs
Animal feeds Animal health Biocontrol Boreholes and windmills Compost and organic fertiliser Conservation tillage Crop protection Earthworms and vermicompost Fencing Fertigation Fertiliser Fleet maintenance and spare parts Forklifts Fuel and lubricants Grain storage and handling Implements Irrigation Livestock-related equipment Miscellaneous equipment Packaging Pumps and generators Seeds and seedlings Structures and building supplies Tractors, combines, balers Trailers Trucks and heavy machinery Tyres Undercover growing and hydroponics Use of animal power Water storage 4x4s and other vehicles 261 264 269 272 274 276 280 286 288 291 292 300 303 304 309 314 315 320 321 323 325 327 333 334 339 340 341 342 347 349 351

Capacity building, science and technology

Agricultural education and training Careers and employment in agriculture The Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) ICT and agricultural media Mapping Plant breeding and biotechnology Precision farming Precision livestock farming Science and research 116 128 139 140 145 146 152 154 155

Field crops and horticulture

Barley Berries Canola Cassava Chicory Citrus fruit Coffee Cotton Cut-flowers and ornamental plants Deciduous fruit Dry beans Floriculture and nursery crops Forage and pastures Forestry Fruit 159 161 163 164 165 166 170 172 176 178 180 183 184 187 190

Disclaimer: We have tried to make this information mentioned in the relevant chapters. We will not be held responsible for consequences of actions which may arise from information contained in this book.

NATIONAL
CONTENTS
Livestock

AGRICULTURAL

DIRECTORY

Animal Improvement and Breeders Aquaculture Beef Beekeeping Dairy Donkeys Equine industry horses Gamebirds, waterfowl and other poultry Goats Goats mohair Goat and sheep dairy Indigenous breeds Livestock Ostriches Other livestock Pork Poultry Rabbits Sheep Sheep wool Speciality fibre production Wildlife ranching

353 359 366 371 374 378 383 387 389 391 393 394 397 404 407 408 414 420 422 424 428 430

Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

Biodiversity Biological farming Birds and farming Conservancies and farming Environmental Impact Assessments and other legislation Fire Invasive Alien Species (IAS) LandCare Organic farming Permaculture Rainwater harvesting Rangeland / veld Renewable energy Soils Waste management Weather and climate Wetlands Wildlife on farms 542 550 552 555 558 563 566 570 572 580 585 586 591 596 599 603 606 612

Value add and agro-processing

Agro-processing Abattoirs Baking Biofuels Canning and preserving Dairy Dried fruit Essential and vegetable oils Food safety and traceability Hunting Leather Milling Small and micro milling Winemaking 618 628 633 634 638 640 643 644 651 656 658 661 664 666

Marketing and finance

Agribusinesses Agricultural shows and events Auctions livestock Banks Commodity trading Co-operatives Development financial services Embassies and donor programmes Exporting Fibre trading Fresh produce markets Infrastucture and agricultural logistics Intellectual property rights Managing your finances Marketing Providers of financial services Risk management and insurance Supply chain management 434 443 446 448 456 463 468 473 475 481 483 490 493 498 502 508 512 518

Roll of honour: our advertisers

Without you this public resource would not be possible 672

Organised Agriculture and agricultural services

Agricultural consultants Agricultural land valuations Legal aid and legislation Organised Agriculture Tourism and travel in agriculture 520 525 527 531 538

Update your information by calling Rainbow SA at 011 485 2036 or by writing to agriculture@rainbowsa.co.za.

Introduction
Africa and agriculture
1. Introduction
There has been much excitement over growth prospects for Africa, based largely on the oil and raw materials available on this continent. How much of increased investment and foreign interest will filter down to the poor remains to be seen. Agriculture, already the backbone of many of Africas economies, still holds out the greatest promise for making a difference, especially if it were to increase its agricultural industry (or value add / agroprocessing). It is imperative for Africa to sharply and sustainably increase its agricultural productivity. No country in the world has managed to develop its economy and increase standards of living for its people without first significantly increasing agricultural productivity. About 80 per cent of Africans depend on agriculture in one way or another for their livelihood. Yet Africas yield per hectare for food crops is less than half the level in developing countries, less than 10 per cent of its arable land is irrigated, and fertiliser remains scarce only 8kg per hectare as compared to a global average of 100kg per hectare. African policy-makers must embrace technology and develop their own technological solutions. African research institutions are pioneering new forms of irrigation that could transform the way staple foods are cultivated, fertilisers are available that can feed nutrient deficient soils, modern crop varieties can dramatically increase yields and new farming techniques can make processes significantly more efficient. Not only can it be done, but it has been done. In less than six years, the production of maize in Malawi has increased from under two million tons to well over 3.5 million tons, allowing the country to become an exporter of the crop to neighbouring countries. It is why, despite all the obstacles we face, I remain such an optimist when it comes to Africas agricultural development. Our continent has twelve times the land area of India, with only half the population to feed. With few exceptions, the distribution of cultivable land in sub-Saharan Africa is equitable compared to many other regions of the world. Moreover, the technology already exists, demonstrated through the success of improved varieties of cassava, rice and maize. I believe that with the right commitment, policies and technologies, Africa will better the Asian agricultural miracle of the 1970s and 80s doing so in an environmentally sustainable way.
Source: Joachim Chissano, former president of Mozambique, New Vision Online 25 August 2009 (adapted)

MDGs are a framework of 8 goals, 18 targets and 48 indicators to measure progress towards these goals: Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education. Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women. Goal 4: Reduce child mortality. Goal 5: Improve maternal health. Goal 6: Combat HIV/Aids, malaria, TB and other diseases. Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability. Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development.
Source: www.netpublikationer.dk/um/4888/index.htm

Find the latest release of Africa Development Indicators which analyses the progress that African countries have made towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. The document is available on the World Bank website, www.worldbank. org Find the Millennium Campaign pages at www.milleniumcampaign. org. See also the related websites of www.endpoverty2015.org, www.standagainstpoverty.org, www.noexcuse2015.org Accelerating growth in agriculture is critical not only to making progress towards MDG (Millennium Development Goal) 1, but also to sustained growth and industrial diversification in the wider African economy. It is estimated that agriculture accounts for around 75 per cent of employment, 40 per cent of exports and 35 per cent of GDP across the continent and it is clear that there is significant potential for the sector to compete more effectively at a global level. At the same time, in both rural and urban areas, poor people, particularly women, depend directly on agriculture for their livelihoods and food security. Policy makers are currently wrestling with the many complex issues associated with developing Africas agricultural sector. A wide range of well documented obstacles and bottlenecks climatic problems, huge agro diversity, lack of irrigation, decline in rural infrastructure, poor links between local markets to the global economy, coupled to an unfair global trading regime all conspire to repress Africas agricultural potential.
Source: John Purchase, CEO of the Agricultural Business Chamber, writing for a publication by Business Action for Africa 2008 MDGs at the midpoint.

3. Agriculture as a basis for growth

Aid alone will not end poverty in Africa. Market access, fair terms of trade, and a non-discriminatory financial system are equally essential in helping Africans to lift themselves out of poverty and deprivation. The path to prosperity begins at the fields of our farmers. Yet ours is the only continent that cannot feed itself. To address poverty at its core, we need a uniquely African green revolution. Our farmers need better seeds, soils and prices for what they sell. They need access to water, markets and credit. They need national policies that accelerate rural economic growth, investment and job creation.
Former UN secretary general Kofi Annan in the Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture delivered on July 22, 2007 in Johannesburg

2. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

In September 2000, 147 heads of State and Government endorsed the Millennium Declaration at the UN Millennium Summit. The declaration defines a limited number of achievable goals to be reached by the year 2015. The overall objective is to halve the proportion of the worlds population who live in absolute poverty. The entire group of UN member states, international organisations, funds, programmes and specialised agencies have committed themselves to fighting poverty and improving peoples lives.

The agricultural sector constitutes the economic backbone of most African countries, and this sector will remain the mainstay of pro-poor economic growth benefiting Africas poor. The sector is dominated by smallholders with land sizes usually not exceeding 1 hectare, which also includes livestock holders, small-scale agricultural processing enterprises and marketing actors.

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Increased agricultural production is necessary to fight starvation and malnutrition. Most poor people live in the countryside, and experience from high-performing economies shows that rapid growth in agricultural production and productivity is a precondition for economic take-off and sustained poverty reduction. Agricultural production is also critical since agricultural progress generates local demand for other goods and services. It is generally agreed that for every dollar income goes up in the agriculture sector total income in society goes up by around 2.5 US$, and agriculture will have to underpin the export performance of African countries for years to come.
Source: www.netpublikationer.dk/um/4888/index.htm

The vision for agriculture is that the continent should, by the year 2015: attain food security (in terms of both availability and affordability and ensuring access of the poor to adequate food and nutrition); improve the productivity of agriculture to attain an average annual growth rate of 6 percent, with particular attention to small-scale farmers, especially focusing on women; have dynamic agricultural markets among nations and between regions; have integrated farmers into the market economy including better access to markets, with Africa to become a net exporter of agricultural products; achieve more equitable distribution of wealth; be a strategic player in agricultural science and technology development; practice environmentally sound production methods and have a culture of sustainable management of the natural resource base (including biological resources for food and agriculture) to avoid their degradation. NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NPCA) Tel: +27 11 256 3600 / +27 83 704 4506 andrewk@nepad.org www.nepad.org Also go to www.nepad-caadp.net for more on CAADP
Source: The NEPAD Secretariat

The Multi-country Agricultural Productivity Programme (MAPP) was conceived in consultation with NEPAD, Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) and other stakeholders in the African and international community, together with the World Banks Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development (ESSD) Network. The objective of MAPP is to improve agricultural research, technology development and dissemination. The MAPP vision seeks to improve the development and uptake of agricultural technologies to meet the Millennium Development Goals and in support of Pillar 4 of NEPADs Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP). MAPP is implemented in the Africa Region by FARA, and guided by the Framework for African Agricultural Productivity (FAAP) developed by FARA. In Southern Africa, MAPP is currently being implemented by the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR) directorate within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the programme is referred to as the SADC MAPP . Find more at www.sadc.int and www.fara-africa.org

5. Regional Economic Communities (RECs)

Currently there are multiple regional blocs in Africa, also known as Regional Economic Communities (RECs), many of which have overlapping memberships. The RECs consist primarily of trade blocs and, in some cases, some political and military cooperation. Most of these RECs form the pillars of AEC , many of which also have an overlap in some of their member states. Due to this high proportion of overlap it is likely that some states with several memberships will eventually drop out of one or more RECs. Several of these pillars also contain subgroups with tighter customs and/or monetary unions of their own. CEN-SAD (Community of Sahel-Saharan States) www.cen-sad.org Benin Burkina Faso Central African Republic Chad Comoros Cte dIvoire Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Liberia Libya Mali Mauritania Morocco Niger Nigeria So Tom and Prncipe Senegal Sierra Leonne Somalia Sudan Tunisia Togo

4. New Partnership for Africas Development NEPAD

NEPAD Dialogue is available weekly in English, French and Portuguese. If you are not on the regular mailing list and would like to receive free weekly e-newsletters, or you would like to update your subscription details, contact NEPAD by writing to info@nepad.org. Visit www.caadp.net for information on the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). The heads of state and government in Africa have adopted the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) as a framework for the restoration of agriculture growth, rural development and food security in Africa. Through CAADP , NEPAD draws the attention of member governments to a wide range of actions to revitalise African agriculture and provides a framework for harmonised and collaborative responsive action. Five specific opportunities for improving Africas agriculture outlined by NEPAD are: extend the area under sustainable land management and reliable water control systems; improve rural infrastructure and trade-related capacities for market access; increase food supply and reduce hunger; improve agricultural research, technology dissemination and adoption; improve responses to disasters and emergencies. NEPADs overall vision for agriculture seeks to maximise the contribution of Africas largest economic sector to achieve a self-reliant and productive Africa that can play its full part on the world stage. In essence, NEPAD aims for agriculture to deliver broad based economic advancement, to which other economic sectors, such as petroleum, minerals and tourism, may also contribute in significant ways, but cannot achieve on the same mass scale as agriculture. The NEPAD goal for the sector is an agricultural-led development that eliminates hunger, reduces poverty and food insecurity, opening the way for export expansion.

Arab Maghreb Union UMA www.maghrebarabe.org/en/ Algeria Libya Mauritania Morocco Tunisia

Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS www.ecowas.int Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Cte dIvoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

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Economic Community of Central African States ECCAS www.ceeac-eccas.org Angola Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo-Brazzaville Congo-Kinshasa Equatorial Guinea Gabon So Tom and Prncipe

Cameroon (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 460 0341 www.camhicom.co.za Central African Republic (Honorary Consulate-General) Tel: +27 11 970 1355 johan@eriksons.co.za Comores (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 342 0138 Congo-Brazzaville (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 342 5507/8 Cote DIvorie (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 342 6913/4 Democratic Republic of Congo (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 344 6475/6 Egypt (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 344 6042 / 343 1590 egyptemb@global.co.za Equatorial Guinea (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 342 9945 / 6470 Eritrea (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 333 1302 eremb@lantic.net Ethiopia (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 346 3542 Gabon (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 342 4376 www.gabonembassy.org.za Ghana (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 342 5847 ghanahc@iburst.co.za Guinea (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 342 7348 / 0893 embaguinea@iafrica.com Kenya (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 362 2249/50 www.kenya.org.za Lesotho (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 460 7648 Liberia (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 342 2734/5 Libya Tel: +27 12 342 3902 libyasa@telkomsa.net Madagascar (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 342 0983 /4 www.madagascar.org.za Malawi (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 430 9900

Mali (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 342 7464 / 0676 Mauritania (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 362 3578 rimambapretoria@hotmail.com Mauritius (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 342 1283/4 mhcpta@mweb.co.za Morocco (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 343 0230 Mozambique (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 401 0300 www.mozbusiness.gov.mz Namibia (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 481 9100 www.namibia.org.za Nigeria (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 342 0805/ 0688 /0905 nhcp@iafrica.com Rwanda (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 342 6536 ambapretoria@minaffet.gov.rw Senegal (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 460 5263 Sudan (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 342 4538/7903 embassysudan@webmail.co.za Swaziland (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 344 1910 www.swazihighcom.co.za Tanzania (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 342 4393/71 www.tanzania.org.za Trinidad and Tobago (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 460 9688 tthcpretoria@telkomsa.net Tunisia (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 342 6282/3 Uganda (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 342 6031/3 www.uganda.org.za Zambia (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 326 1854 / 47 www.zambiapretoria.net Zimbabwe (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 342 5125 fmaonera@mweb.co.za

Intergovernmental Authority on Development IGAD www.igad.org Djibouti Ethiopia Kenya Somalia Sudan Uganda Eritrea

Eastern African Community EAC www.eac.int Kenya Tanzania Uganda Burundi Rwanda

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA www.comesa.int Burundi Comoros Democratic Republic of Congo Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Libya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Rwanda Seychelles Sudan Swaziland Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

Southern African Developmental Community SADC www.sadc.int Angola Botswana Democratic Republic of Congo Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe

A customs union is a free trade area with a common external tariff. Customs unions exist within these RECs e.g. the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), the East African Community, the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) and the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA). All REC members are not necessarily members of the customs union operating within the REC.

6. Some contacts in Pretoria

Find the directories at www.gcis.gov.za and www.dfa.gov.za. Postal and street addresses are included Algeria (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 342 5074-7 Angola (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 342 4404 Botswana (High Commission) Tel: +27 12 430 9640 Burundi (Embassy) Tel: +27 12 342 4881 ambabusa2009@yahoo.fr

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7. International organisations involved

The bimonthly bulletin from the Forum for Agricultural Research (FARA) is a feast of relevant information. Write to info@fara-africa.org Africa Investor supplies a broad range of investment data, research, broadcast and published content to a growing number of investors with interests in Africa. Find resources and news at www.africa-investor. com. Look for the Agriculture menu option. African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR) www.achpr.org African Union (AU) www.africa-union.org African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF) www.acbf-pact. org, Building sustainable human and institutional capacity for poverty reduction in Africa. Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (Agra) www.agraalliance.org. AGRA is a dynamic, African-led partnership working across the African continent to help millions of small-scale farmers and their families lift themselves out of poverty and hunger. AGRA programmes develop practical solutions to significantly boost farm productivity and incomes for the poor while safeguarding the environment. Business Action For Africa www.businessactionforafrica.org - is an international network of businesses and business organisations from Africa and elsewhere. Find their eLibrary and case studies. CTA (Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation) www.cta.int. Agritrade (see http://agritrade.cta.int), other newsletters and publications are available from them. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) www.cgiar.org. Thousands of agricultural and related industries publications are available on the website. Developing Countries Farm Radio Network www.farmradio. org gathers and researches information about successful, low-cost practices in sustainable agriculture, nutrition, health and community development, and produce radio scripts for broadcast. Diaspora African Forum (DAF) www.diasporaafricanforum.com. The DAF provides the vital linkage for diaspora Africans to become involved in Africas development as well as reap the fruits of African unity. East Africa Farmers Federation (EAFF) www.eaffu.org Economic Partnerships Agreements (EPAs) visit http://epa.tralac. org/ Eldis is one of a family of knowledge services at the Institute of Development Studies, Sussex, UK. Find the Eldis Agriculture and Development Reporter at www.eldis.org. Food, Agricultural and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) www.fanrpan.org Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) www.fao.org Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) www.faraafrica.org Forum on China-Africa Co-operation www.focac.org/eng The G8 countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom and the USA. www.au-appo.org website of the Inter-African Phytosanitary Council International Centre for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development (IFDC) www.ifcd.org International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) www. ifad.org International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) www.ifpri. org International Institute for Sustainable Development www.iisd. org International Trade Centre www.intracen.org Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN) is part of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Find the Africa menu option at www.irinnews.org. Market Access Map making import tariffs and market barriers transparent: www.macmap.org Mo Ibrahim Foundation publishes an annual index of good governance. The list rates sub-Saharan African countries by a set of indicators, including safety and security, rule of law, participation and human rights, sustainable economics and human development. The award, in excess of $5-million, dwarfs the Nobel Peace Prize. The New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) is the AUs blueprint for socio-economic development on the continent. See heading 4.

The NEPAD Business Council is a formation of Africans living in the US and Europe, who have created a vehicle for co-coordinating participation in the development and implementation of the NEPAD programme. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) puts out economic outlooks for countries of the world. The 2009 African Economic Outlook 2009 covered 47 African countries, up from the 35 the previous year. Find reports, statistics and summaries at www.oecd.org/africa. Also take a look at the Bookshop option. Pan-African Parliament www.pan-african-parliament.org Pan African Platform for the farmer of Africa contact SACAU (find details in the SADC chapter). Pax-Africa www.paxafrica.org, African peace and security agenda PROPAC The association representing farmers in Central Africa Most of the REC websites (mentioned under heading 5) have a menu option in which agriculture features. ROPPA (Network of Farmers and Agricultural Producers Organisations of West Africa) www.roppa.info Tokyo International Conference on African Development www.ticad.net United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) www.undp. org.za. Of particular interest is the GEF Small Grants Programme. The contact number in Pretoria is 012 354 8166. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) www.uneca.org United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) www.unido.org Find the current world production, market and trade reports at http:// www.fas.usda.gov/currwmt.asp the Foreign Agricultural Service arm of the US Department of Agriculture. World Bank www.worldbank.org. Its private sector lending arm, the International Finance Corporation, agreed to almost double its investment in agribusiness in Africa in 2009. Find different publications and reports on the website. Its annual report covers the external financing of developing countries. The Africa Competitive Report highlights areas where urgent policy action and investments are needed, while the Africa Development Indicators provide the most detailed collection of data on Africa. A vast stretch of African savannah land that spreads across 25 countries has the potential to turn several African nations into global players in bulk commodity production, according to a study published by FAO and the World Bank in 2009. The book is entitled Awakening Africas Sleeping Giant - Prospects for Commercial Agriculture in the Guinea Savannah Zone and Beyond. World Economic Forum www.weforum.org World Food Programme (WFP) www.wfp.org World Meteorological organization (WMO) www.wmo.ch World Trade Organisation www.wto.org. Find the latest international trade statistics. Some 250 tables and charts depict trade developments from various perspectives.

8. South African roleplayers

Access Congo Intelligence & Facilitation www.accesscongo. com African Economic Research Consortium www.aercafrica.org, providing the evidence base for policy making in Africa. Find the Newsletter and Publications options. Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) www.ai.org.za. This is an independent research organisation and think-tank, focussing on Africa in its research, publications and resource library. AFRICA the good news www.africagoodnews.com looks at stories that the reader may not have noticed. Africa Project Access www.africaprojectaccess.co.za. Read about the role that agribusinesses have to play in releasing Africas agricultural potential on the Agricultural Business Chamber website www.agbiz.co.za. Find the document Accelerated businessled growth and collective action to reach the Millennium Development Goals. AGRIFICA promotes and facilitates agricultural development in Africa. A quarterly magazine The Farm Africa is put out in addition to market research and project promotion. AGRIFICA also runs the Agribusiness Africa Annual Conference and Exhibition. Visit www.agrifica.co.za

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A number of reports related to trade and agriculture in Africa can be found on the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries website www.daff.gov.za. Bizcommunity.com has launched an African edition of its email newsletter for the marketing, media and advertising industries. Countries targeted include: Algeria, Angola, Cote dIvoire, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Seychelles, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe view africa. bizcommunity.com. Read about the African Agricultural Development Programme (AADP), a technical assistance programme (TAP) established by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), at www. daff.gov.za. A number of reports related to trade and agriculture in Africa can be found here too. Find the African Union and NEPAD menu option on the Department of International Relations and Cooperation website www.dfa. gov.za . The Regional Economic Communities option provides links to CEN-SAD, COMESA, ECCAS, ECOWAS, IGAD, SADC and UMA websites. Executive Research Associates puts out a newsletter covering developments in Africa. Visit www.erassociates.co.za for more. Find the column African News in every issue of Farmers Weekly for news on agriculture in Africa. The Foundation for the Development of Africa runs several websites: www.foundation-development-africa.org and www. isupportafrica.com are two of these. Receive newsletters by emailing info@foundation-development-africa.org. Institute for Global Dialogue www.igd.org.za. An independent South African NGO broadly concerned with key issues in international affairs, and how these affect South Africa, Southern Africa and Africa as a whole. The Institute of Security Studies (ISS) website contains a wealth of information relating to Africa, including news headlines, database of African Fact Files, abbreviations, trade agreements, publications and more. Visit www.iss.co.za. Joint Agribusiness Department of Agriculture Forum for Africa (JADAFA) www.jadafa.co.za is a joint venture between agribusiness and the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in South Africa. Science in Africa Africas first on-line magazine: www. scienceinafrica.co.za www.tradeinvestnigeria.com aimed at anyone who may have an interest in doing business or investing in Nigeria and Kenya. Look for the Agriculture and Agri-processing menu option on their newsletters, and for articles like Agrologistics at home and abroad. Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa (TRALAC), www.tralac. org, has an electronic newsletter which often looks beyond Southern Africa to the wider issues on the continent. www.letsgrowafrica.com a South African based site for agricultural products and services Standard Bank has an extensive Africa footprint puts it in an ideal position to facilitate trade flows into and out of Africa. It focuses on a broad range of industries and sectors, including mining and commodities; energy (oil and gas); capital goods (linked to infrastructural spend); and agriculture. Find out more at www.standardbank.co.za

Introduction
Southern African Developmental Community (SADC) and agriculture
1. Overview
Visit www.sadcreview.com for the latest SADC trade, industry and investment reviews and reports. Agricultural production figures/statistics and news are included. The potential of the SADC region in terms of trade and market opportunity is immense, with SADC possessing a market of some 250 million people, compared to South Africas 47 million plus. Three countries (the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa and Tanzania) account for almost two thirds of the total SADC population (64.4%), while the five smallest members (Swaziland, Mauritius, Botswana, Namibia and Lesotho) comprise 4%. The picture is a mixed one. In a region that has abundant resources, 40 % of the people live on less than one US dollar per day. Yet while we know about the booming economic growth of countries like China and India, we are not as aware that some of the fastest growing economies in the world are right on our doorstep e.g. Angola, Botswana, Mauritius and Mozambique. The success of South Africas economy agriculture included is interlinked with that of the region. Strategic Priority 8 of the Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) is pursuing African advancement and enhanced international cooperation. The MTSF is dealt with in the next chapter. The Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP) and the Strategic Indicative Plan of the Organs (SIPO) contain SADCs long-term strategy for: deepening regional integration; contributing to accelerated economic growth; eradication of poverty; and achievement of sustainable pattern of economic growth. Economic integration in SADC is guided by the Trade Protocol, which was signed in 1996 and ratified in 2000. For a background and updates on goods that have been accorded duty-free status according to the Customs and Excise Act, or on what the duties are on your commodity, visit the webpages of the Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa (TRALAC) www.tralac.org. The Southern African Development Community is to have set up a Customs Union by 2010, a Common Market by 2015, and a Monetary Union by 2018. SADC commitments and strategic objectives more specific to agriculture are contained in the Dar-es-Salaam Declaration of 2004. SADC is also in the process of developing a Regional Agricultural Policy (RAP) scheduled to be presented for endorsement in the next two or three years. For more info on the RAP , contact Mr Martin Muchero, the RAP co-ordinator: mmuchero@sadc.int Since most SADC economies are pre-dominantly agricultural based and food dominates agricultural trade among SADC countries, enhanced trade in value-added agricultural products potentially provides a tool for fighting poverty in the region, promoting regional integration, and increasing economic growth and welfare.
Source: www.agro-ind2008.com; President Mwanawasa, 2008 SADC Chairman, addressing the opening of the SADC International Summit Conference on Poverty and Development; Jerry Vilakazi, CEO of Business Unity South Africa (BUSA); Buanews; Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa (Tralac)

9. African country profiles

The Mbendi website, www.mbendi.co.za gives updates on all economic sectors in Africa, including Agriculture. The website has helpful overviews of the different countries. Included on this website are African exchange rates www.mbendi.co.za/cyexch.htm. A regular eNewsletter is available. Visit www.nationmaster.com - take either the Countries A-Z or Agriculture menu options for statistics. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country - notes on wikipedia on agriculture in 108 different countries
Our thanks to Andrew Kanyegirire at NEPAD for feedback on the draft chapter

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The success of agriculture is linked to progress in the region. Agriculture must be competitive and profitable any gap in the market is quickly occupied by foreign competition. We have to look from a southern African perspective, not only from the South African one. Farmers and agribusinesses, our commodities be they crops (e.g. sugarcane and maize) or value-added products will get a boost from regional progress and co-operation. Hans van der Merwe, CEO Agri SA

Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) Tel: +27 11 269 3000 www.idc.co.za

2. Roleplayers
See also the Africa and agriculture and Infrastructure and agrologistics chapters. Numerous SADC roleplayers are also listed in the Science and research chapter Africa Project Access Tel: +27 11 465 6770 www.africaprojectaccess.co.za Africa Trade Centre Tel: +27 72 276 6923 www.africa-trade-centre.com African Micro Mills Tel: +27 31 584 6250 www.africanmicromills.com Electoral Institute of Southern Africa (EISA) Tel: +27 11 482 5495 www.eisa.org.za Department of International Relations and Co-operation Tel: +27 12 351 1000 www.dfa.gov.za

Federation of East and Southern African Road Transport Driving profitable grain milling and Associations (FESARTA) basic food production in SADC www.fesarta.org Agri Inspec see FIRMS Agricultural Business Chamber (ABC) Tel: +27 12 807 6686 www.agbiz.co.za FIRMS Tel: +27 12 843 5640 www.agriinspec.co.za The company has extensive expertise in the field of forensic investigations and market protection and also specialises in matters relating to international trade remedies. Agri Inspec is one of the divisions

The ABC is a roleplayer in bodies such as the NEPAD Business Foundation (NBF) and JADAFA (Joint Agribusiness Department of Agriculture Forum for Africa which aims to eliminate trade blocks and Food, Agriculture and Natural non-tariff barriers to encourage Resources Policy Analysis trade and investment into Africa). Network (FANRPAN) Tel: +27 12 804 2966 / 3186 Agricultural Tours Worldwide www.fanrpan.org Tel: +27 82 447 7718 hestiecb@mweb.co.za To promote effective Food, www.agritoursandtravel.com Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR) policies by: AGRIFICA Tel: +27 12 804 9729 facilitating linkages and www.agrifica.co.za partnerships between government and civil society; Agrifica is an Agricultural building the capacity for policy Intelligence Company with services analysis and policy dialogue in southern Africa, and such as projects, market research, supporting demand-driven networking events to promote policy research and analysis. Agricultural development and encourageTrade and investment Forum for Agricultural Research for farming success in Africa. (FARA) Association of SADC Chambers dgnaro@infocom.co.ug (Chair) of Commerce and Industry mjones@fara-africa.org (Executive Director) (ASCCI) C/o South African Chamber of www.fara-africa.org Commerce and Industry (SACCI) Gordon Institute of Business Tel: 011 446 3800 Science (GIBS) www.sacci.org.za African Leadership Programme (LBF) Business Unity South Africa Tel: +27 11 771 4302 (BUSA) www.gibs.ac.za Tel: +27 11 784 8000 www.busa.org.za

The Industrial Development Corporation has been utilised by The main functions of the FANR South Africa as the primary catalyst Directorate include: for South African investment in Mozambique, South Africas development of sustainable second largest export market in food security policies and programmes; Southern Africa. development, promotion Maputo Corridor Logistics and harmonisation of policies and gender development Initiative (MCLI) strategies and programmes; Tel: +27 13 755 6025 www.mcli.co.za development, promotion and harmonisation of bio-diversity, phytosanitary, sanitary, See also www.mdc.org.za - Maputo crop and animal husbandry Development Corridor policies; development of measures to Mining Industry Associations of increase agricultural output Southern Africa (MIASA) and the development of agrowww.miasa.org.za based industries; development, promotion and NEPAD Business Foundation harmonisation of policies and Tel: +27 11 884 1888 programmes aimed at effective www.nepadbusinessfoundation. and sustainable utilisation org AND www.thenbf.co.za of natural resources such as Water, Wildlife, Fisheries and Programme for Agricultural Forestry; Information Services (PRAIS) development and Tel: +27 51 401 2739 / 225 harmonisation of sound www.uovs.ac.za/prais environmental management policies; PRAIS is a partnership between promotion of trade in the University of the Free State agricultural products. and the CTA (Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural Co-operation based in the Netherlands. See One of the programmes is ICART www.cta.int). PRAIS provides (Implementation &Co-ordination of the SADC Agricultural Systems Agricultural Research & Training in stakeholders with information the SADC Region). Call +267 395 1863 or email kbheenick@sadc.int services on demand. Small Enterprise Development Corporation (SEDCO) Tel: +268 404 2811/2 greenheadf@sedco.co.sz This is a parastatal under the Swazilands Ministry of Enterprise and Employment. SEDCOs role in the SME sector is the promotion of small businesses. A focus is on agrobusinesses: facilitation of business linkages (small & big businesses), value-adding, export / import etc. SADC Banking Association Tel: +27 11 645 6700 www.sadcbanking.org South Africa Angola Chamber of Commerce Tel: +27 11 723 9000 www.sa-acc.co.za South Africa Mozambique Chamber of Commerce Tel: +27 72 145 0129 info@samozacc.co.za www.samozacc.co.za South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) Tel: +27 11 399 2021 www.saiia.org.za African insights perspectives. Global

SADC Secretariat Directorate of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR). Tel: +267 39 51863 (Gaborone) www.sadc.int

Find the link to Public Private Southern African Confederation Partnerships in SADC on this of Agricultural Unions (SACAU) website or visit www.ip3.org Tel: +27 12 644 0808 info@sacau.org SADC Business Forum (SBF) www.sacau.org Mr Maszwe Majola Tel: 076 230 3148/083 984 0512 SACAU is open to all national autonomous farmer-governed SADC Employers Group organisations within the SADC Tel: +27 11 784 8000 region as well as regional Catherine.grant@busa.org.za commodity associations. It is involved in agriculture development SADC Parliamentary Forum in the region by strengthening Tel: +264 612 870000 the capacities of Farmers info@sadcpf.org Organisations, by providing a www.sadcpf.org collective voice for farmers on

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regional and global matters, and by providing agriculture related information to its members and other stakeholders.

is seen as a mechanism to combat crime in SADC, particularly important during the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

3. Websites and publications

Find the websites listed next to roleplayers listed in the Africa chapter

SACAU has currently 14 members Southern African Railways from 10 countries in Southern Association (SARA) Africa: Tel: +263-4-736777/8 www.sararail.org Agri SA and the National African Farmers Union Southern African Regional (NAFU); Poverty Network (SARPN) Botswana Agricultural Union www.sarpn.org.za (BAU); Lesotho National Farmers The Southern Africa Trust supports processes to deepen and widen Union (LENAFU); Fdration Chrtienne participation in policy dialogue with des Paysans Malagasy a regional impact on poverty. Visit (FEKRITAMA) and the www.southernafricatrust.org Coalition Paysanne de Madagascar (CPM); Standard Bank Farmers Union of Malawi Tel: +27 11 299 4701 (FUM) and the National www.standardbank.co.za Smallholder Farmers Association of Malawi Standard Bank services 18 sub(NASFAM); Saharan countries and 21 countries Namibia Agricultural Union on other continents, including the (NAU) ; key financial centres of Europe, the Seychelles Farmers Association United States and Asia. (SEYFA); Agricultural Council of Trade Law Centre for Southern Tanzania (ACT); Africa (Tralac) Zambia National Farmers Tel: +27 21 880 2010 www.tralac.org Union (ZNFU); The Zimbabwe Farmers Union (ZFU) and the Commercial Subscribe to TRALACs newsletters Farmers Union of Zimbabwe to stay abreast of trade issues in (CFU) Africa, SADC in particular. It also closely works with the Swaziland National Agricultural Union (SNAU) and has an MoU with UNAC of Mozambique. Regional commodity bodies include the Eastern and Southern African Dairy Association (ESADA); the Southern Africa Poultry Association (SAPA); SADC Poultry Forum; SADC Cane Growers Association; Horticultural Council of Africa (HCA); Southern Africa Livestock and Meat Forum (SALMF); Eastern Africa Fine Coffee Association (EAFCA); and the African Cotton and Textile Industry Federation (ACTIF). Southern African Enterprise Network Tel: +264 61 272203 Fax: +264 61 271007 In 2009, South Africas Bheki Cele was appointed chairperson of Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organisation (SARPCCO). SARPCCO is seen The Trade Law Chambers (International) Tel: 021 880 2010 www.tradelawchambers.co.za Business focus on Agribusinesses needing to explore the impact of trade agreements (WTO, SADC, SACU, EU) on their businesses and needing advice on market access tariffs, antidumping and anti-subsidies issues or facing SPS barriers, Companies wanting to develop a trade regulatory strategy. University of Pretoria SADC Centre for Land Related, Regional and Development Policy Tel: +27 12 420 4515 nic.olivier@up.ac.za www.sadc-centre.up.ac.za

The official SADC website is www.sadc.int. Visit other websites listed earlier in this chapter e.g. www.sadcpf.org. Take the US-SACU menu option at www.bilaterals.org. www.sadctrade.org The SADC Trade Development Project. Find menu options like SADC Trade Database, Other SADC Trade Resources and more. Find the Member countries option at www.fanrpan.org. Articles and papers are captured from countries in the Southern Africa region. Find the Research papers under the publications option on www.daff.gov. za. A number of these deal with intra-African trade e.g. Trade potential between South Africa and Angola. Included in the latest Abstract of Agricultural Statistics on the same website is the following information: Value of the Southern African Custom Union agricultural products Value of the Southern African Custom Union agricultural products by country of destination Value of the Southern African Custom Union agricultural products Value of the Southern African Custom Union agricultural products by country of origin (SACU) exports of (SACU) exports of (SACU) imports of (SACU) imports of

Find the SADC Information menu option on www.sagis.org.za. This provides information as to the grain situation within the Southern African Development Community. Find websites of the various SADC trade missions e.g. www.zambiapretoria. net and www.swazihighcom.co.za. A list of the embassies/high commissions can be found in the previous chapter. Find the websites of SACAU affiliates like the Zambia National Farmers Union, www.znfu.org.za, and the National Small Farmers Association of Malawi, www.nasfam.org. The magazine Pax-Africa deals with SADC issues. Visit www.paxafrica.org. Regional Hunger and Vulnerability Programme (RHVP) www.wahenga. net Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa (TRALAC), www.tralac.org, has an electronic newsletter which often looks beyond Southern Africa to the wider issues on the continent. Our thanks to Stephanie Aubin of SACAU for valuable feedback

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Introduction
South Africa and agriculture
1. Overview
If you were asked to form a government and lead your country into the next decade, what would you do first? You would probably make a list of priorities, goals to steer your policies. A vibrant economy enables its people to earn a living and to improve on life as we know it. This would include functioning infrastructure, access to credit and entrepreneurial possibilities. Social issues and political stability are vital too safety and security, a functional justice system, political stability, equal opportunities. The environment, something we take for granted, is a priority (see the Resources and Good Agricultural Practice section). It is no good if the resources that support us are degraded and depleted. Many of the issues that face us as national priorities are pointed to in the National Issues category of this publication. This is not to say that other issues are unimportant, of course, and numerous points for debate and concern are touched on elsewhere in the National Agricultural Directory. After the national elections in 2009, Mr Jacob Zuma and his team sat down to plan the way forward for this country. They worked out the five-year Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF), a framework to guide governments programme in the electoral mandate period 2009 2014. It was released by The Presidency and can be downloaded at www.presidency.gov.za (it can also be found elsewhere e.g. www.polity. org.za). The priorities outlined in the MTSF are to be translated into the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of government ministers, against which their performance over this term will be measured. The Strategic Priorities listed in the MTSF are: 1. Speed up growth and transform the economy to create decent work and sustainable livelihoods. 2. Massive programme to build economic and social infrastructure. 3. Comprehensive rural development strategy linked to land and agrarian reform and food security. 4. Strengthen the skills and human resource base. 5. Improve the health profile of all South Africans. 6. Intensify the fight against crime and corruption. 7. Build cohesive, caring and sustainable communities. 8. Pursuing African advancement and enhanced international cooperation. 9. Sustainable Resource Management and use. 10. Building a developmental state including improvement of public services and strengthening democratic institutions.

A standard model of economic growth shows that as a country develops, its primary activities (agriculture included) take a lower percentage in that countrys GDP , secondary activities (e.g. manufacturing and processing) and the services sector taking an increasingly larger share. The fact that agricultures share of the South African GDP is shrinking is to be expected since we have economic growth. Agriculture grows but not at the same speed as other sectors. Because of the linkages with other sectors (see next heading), some sources prefer to view agriculture in a wider context, referring to the agro-food industry instead. Viewed this way, the GDP rises to 14% and higher, depending on which sources one uses. If one includes all the forward and backward linkages (see heading 3), then the contribution grows to between 20% and 30%. Agriculture remains a cornerstone and the countrys lifeblood, whatever its share of the GDP . On a national level we are food secure because of agriculture. It is crucial for a country to maintain its agricultural sector so that its need for basic foodstuff can be met. The First World countries know this. It is not out of spite that they hold onto those (trade-distorting) agricultural subsidies. Their farmers do more than just look after the countryside.

3. Linkages and the farm

Nothing happens in a vacuum, and agriculture is no exception. It is dependent on inputs (often referred to as what is upsteam) and conditions which make it possible, and agriculture in turn provides the raw material for the agro-food industries downstream. By looking at it in context, we see that agriculture allows for much in our world to be what it is. The Careers and Employment in Agriculture chapter recognises this in providing brief overviews of careers that ostensibly have nothing to do with farming. But look closer: Agriculture means that there is a market for inputs, and so we have, along with the businesses that supply tractors, vehicles and equipment, various individuals who are mechanics, managers, accountants, electricians etc. Agriculture creates a market for services. It is an economic industry, and so economists have their role to play in charting the waters and making sense of where the ship is going. Many of these human beings are involved in the trading and marketing of agricultural produce. Financial services are required, and so the individuals who find employment as bankers and financers step up to take their place in the line. Human beings who do social and legal work, and others whom we would designate politicians are also included in the picture because agriculture takes place within a social and political context. Farmers and future farmers require skills enter the human beings who find their living in capacity building, whether this be as extension officers (see Emerging Farmer Support chapter), teachers, AgriSETA training providers or lecturers (see Agricultural Education & Training chapter). Because South Africa operates in a global environment, we require upto-date knowledge to be competitive, otherwise we lose our markets overseas and the local ones will be snapped up by producers from outside our country. Enter the researchers and people looking for innovative ways to produce and do things we have done in the past but to do these things more effectively (lower price, better margins/ profits, less effort etc) Enter, too, the people working in media who keep the agricultural community informed, whether this be about research and technological outputs or agricultural news. We could continue, but having made our point we will leave this for the reader who is intrigued by the idea to explore it further. Agriculture itself is an important source of employment, especially because of the large number of dependants per farm worker (refer to the Labour and job creation chapter). Along with food processing, it is one of the largest suppliers of jobs. Investment in agriculture and promoting the conditions under which agriculture happens is consistent with pro-poor strategies because of agricultures place in the rural areas. Some 65 percent of the poor in South Africa reside here (refer to The Importance of Rural Development chapter).

2. Agriculture and the GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

We need food to survive, and agriculture is central to the process which brings that food to our plates. Much is linked to the spark which is agriculture, and numerous studies point to its multiplier effect on other sectors: a Rand spent in agriculture achieves more than a Rand spent anywhere else (see heading 3). Agriculture provides the economic base on which most of our rural areas are based. Increasingly, it is an urban activity too (see The Urban Question chapter). According to the Census of Commercial Agriculture 2007, the number of farming units is 39 982, as opposed to 45 818 in 2002. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is a measure of economic production and often standard of living of a country. Agricultures share of the GDP is placed at somewhere between 2.8 and 3 percent.

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4. Websites and publications

The reader is pointed to daily and weekly sources of information in the ICT and agriculture media chapter, and relevant publications and websites are listed in almost every chapter of the book. Visit www.info.gov.za for news of government programmes and contact details for the various departments. Find the latest Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report on South Africa. Visit www.oecd.org/ southafrica. Find the quarterly economic overviews on www.daff.gov.za - take the Publications and then economic analysis menu options. The Global, Sub-Saharan African and South African economies are looked at. Find also the Trends in the Agricultural Sector documents at the same place.

5. National strategy and government contacts

Find details of the farmer unions Agri SA, the National African Farmers Union (NAFU SA) and TAU SA in the Organised Agriculture chapter. Roleplayers within the different sectors are listed in the relevant chapters, mostly under the headings Companies Involved, Training and research and Roleplayers. Of particular relevance to agriculture, the following changes were made to government departments after the 2009 election: Agriculture was separated from Land Affairs whilst picking up Forestry and Fisheries. Rural development (a new ministerial mandate) linked up with Land Reform. The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) became the Department of Water and Environmental Affairs. The previous Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) became simply the Department of Tourism.
Find information about and contact details for all government departments at www. info.gov.za

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Switchboard: 012 319 6000 www.daff.gov.za Agriculture is in the process of merging with Forestry and Fisheries, and names of directorates and contact details given in this directory are likely to change during 2010. The reader is encouraged to visit www.daff.gov.za for information. Contact details and names of directorates are available, in January 2010, under the Divisions menu option.

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Introduction
The importance of rural development
1. Overview
Poverty affects millions of people, with the majority of them being women and children living in rural areas. Of the 17 million poor people in South Africa, at least 11 million live in rural areas. The rural economy is inextricably linked to agricultural production. Even if these people are not engaged in agriculture, they rely on nonfarm employment and income that depends in some way or another on agriculture The challenge for the agricultural sector is not only to produce more food, but also to create income-generating employment for poor people inside and outside agriculture, on a sustainable basis.
Source: A paper by Meyer NG, Jooste A, Breitenbach MC and Fenys TI The economic rationale for agricultural regeneration and rural infrastructure investment in South Africa

South Africas Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Strategy (ISRDS) is the main framework for rural poverty reduction with a time frame of 2001-2010. The National Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs is responsible for the ISRDS, and runs a dedicated website at http://isrdp.dplg.gov.za The departments of Water and Environmental Affairs (DWEA); Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF); Transport; Housing; Labour; Trade and Industry (dti); and Social Development at national level all have programmes and mechanisms for rural development. Moreover, each provincial government has completed, or is completing, a rural development plan that identifies focus areas and nodes, based on structured applications of a range of criteria. Included in Governments Poverty Reduction Programmes and Projects are rural-based ones linked to the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP), the Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP) and the Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Programme (ISRDP).

3. Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) and rural development

See the chapter on Black Economic Empowerment Some 85% of rural people live in the former homelands. The rest live on commercial farms and in the small towns. The Integrated and Sustainable Rural Development Strategy (ISRDS) policy document describes a bleak picture of the state of our rural areas: The deepest poverty in South Africa is found in the rural areas. Women form the majority of the rural population and female-headed households are particularly disadvantaged. Three quarters of the children in the rural areas live in households with incomes below the minimum subsistence level. The poorest households also have low levels of literacy and education, difficult and time-consuming access to water, fuel and other services, and few opportunities of gainful employment. This results in high levels of malnutrition, morbidity and mortality of children. An understanding of the sources of rural household incomes provides another perspective on the nature of rural poverty: 4.3% of rural households are totally marginalised and have no income; 11.4% are dependent only on pensions; 16.2% are dependent only on unreliable remittances; and 9.9% are dependent on reliable remittances. Women head the majority of these households. From the BEE Commission Report, earlier this decade, you could add: Rural housing is often substandard or nonexistent, and many people are migrants working in urban areas. Many of them are still living in urban dormitories with attendant difficulties maintaining family and social ties. As a result, the rural-urban continuum takes a particular form in South Africa. The level of interdependence between rural communities and distant large cities is higher than elsewhere, but there is a less organic linkage between rural areas and the towns near them. Rural empowerment is directly relevant to the following elements of the Codes of Good Practice: Ownership. Broad-based groupings are often rural communities or have a rural component. Enterprise Development (ED). While ED is not explicitly directed at rural communities, it is in keeping with the spirit of the Codes to try and channel your ED spending to rural recipients. Consider that R100 of ED spending in a rural community has the potential to impact far more people than the same amount of spending in an urban community. This is because of the high ratios of bread winner to dependents in typical rural communities. Socio-economic Investment

Being born in a rural area or the countryside should not condemn people to a life of poverty and underdevelopment, says President Jacob Zuma. Our vision for the development of rural areas arises from the fact that people in the rural areas also have a right to basic necessities. They have a right to electricity, water, flush toilets, roads, entertainment and sport centres. They have a right to shopping centres, good schools and other amenities like their compatriots in urban areas, said the President. He said that people living in rural areas also have the right to be helped with farming so that they can grow vegetables and raise livestock to be able to feed their families. Achieving this is one of governments top priorities. Speaking at the launch of the Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP) aimed at radically transforming rural areas, the President said government would not rest for as long as there were rural dwellers who were unable to make a decent living from the land on which they live.
Source: Buanews 17 Aug 2009

2. National strategy and government departments

The vision of the Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP) is to enable rural people to play a meaningful role in the economy, thereby dealing effectively with rural poverty through the productive use and management of natural resources at their disposal. To achieve this, a three branched strategy of Agrarian Transformation, Rural Development and Land Reform is planned. DAFF will lead the Agrarian Transformation Programme of the CRDP together with the provinces and local authorities. Read about the CRDP at www.info. gov.za and find updates at www.buanews.gov.za.

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Ideas for the Urban Business Public relations value from rural BEE has a high level of credibility because of its inherent challenges, and creative thinking around your business model and strategy can reveal some excellent opportunities to grow your business and benefit rural communities at the same time. The first step lies in understanding your business strategy and seeing where a rural initiative could further your business aims and lead to empowerment with little or no additional expenditure. Take for example a footwear manufacturing company struggling in the city with high levels of competition, sophisticated consumers and high running costs. Sponsorship of a well-planned rural community upliftment project such as an Easter soccer tournament, could: cost very little relative to the cost of sponsoring a similar event in the city; reach a much wider audience many urban dwellers return to their rural homes over Easter anyway; expose a large number of people to the brand for the first time, in a setting where there are few other brands competing for their attention; yield great PR value through press releases and coverage of the event in the urban newspapers. The company could follow this up by building relationships with rural footwear retailers to ensure their products are stocked in anticipation of new orders, and even count some of the cost of the investment in the retailers as Enterprise Development spending (e.g. training, promotional materials, advertising costs). This could be coupled with a bursary scheme (paid for as Socio-economic Investment) that is offered as a prize in a marketing campaign to further extend brand awareness to the local community. Rural empowerment does not therefore have to mean an entirely new BEE strategy, but can be as straight-forward as looking at your current plan and working in a rural impact wherever it makes business sense.
Source: The National BEE Handbook, a piece by Michael Stuart.

Companies
See the agribusiness chapter

Agri-Africa Consultants Tel: 021 886 6826 www.agri-africa.co.za Rural development and food security Agri Mega Empowerment Solutions (AgriMES) Tel: 028 424 2890 / 028 425 2524 www.agrimega.co.za Biogas Power Tel: 086 124 6427 www.biogaspower.co.za Caryki Consulting Tel: 082 456 0396 / 083 445 2662 Fax: 086 503 6166 CASIDRA Tel: 021 863 5000 www.casidra.co.za Den Vet Tel: 033 343 1093 www.denvet.co.za Information talks and presentations done in rural areas Development Services www.devserve.co.za Rural Integrated Engineering Tel: 012 804 5014 / 082 469 4535 pro@rieng.co.za Scientific Roets Tel: 039 727 1515 www.scientificroets.com South African Institute for Entrepreneurship (SAIE) Tel: 021 447 2023 www.entrepreneurship.co.za Sustainable Villages Africa Tel: 012 361 1846 www.sva.co.za Urban-Econ Tel: 031 202 9673 www.urban-econ.com Womiwu Rural Development Tel: 015 297 2107 www.womiwu.com Broad-based rural and agricultural development Many rural areas have significant, if not an abundance of natural and other resources. The major constraints are the restrictive institutional arrangements and lack of skills that prevent the resources (both natural and other) from being mobilized and used sustainably. By mobilising resources, creating enterprises and increasing local economic activity the taxation base for municipalities to increase revenue is also increased, helping these institutions to become more sustainable. The government has, and continues to develop strategies and policies to address rural development. These are generally sound but many fail to impact on the ground. In our opinion it is imperative that rural development is seen as a business, in the sense that the available resources natural, community and financial need to be mobilised, co-ordinated and managed. To have longer term impact the intitiative must be sustainable. Sustainability is synonymous with profit, or better still with some regular perceived net benefit. This mobilisation, co-ordination and management must be at grass roots level ie per village or area, and be the responsibility of a project champion who is tasked with making this happen.
Source: notes written to the editor by Womiwu Rural Development. Visit www. womiwu.com or contact Rusty at 015 297 2107.

4. Roleplayers
Agricultural Colleges
Find details of all Colleges in the Agricultural education and training chapter

Tsolo Agriculture Rural Development Institute (TARDI) Tel/fax: 047 542 0107 Cell: 083 961 3157

Economic Agencies
See also the Providers of financial services chapter

Banks
See the Banks chapter

Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA) Tel: 011 313 3911 www.dbsa.org Standard Bank Tel: 011 636 6162 www.standardbank.co.za

AsgiSA Eastern Cape Tel: 043 735 1673 www.asgisa-ec.co.za Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) Tel: 011 269 3000 www. idc.co.za Invest North West Tel: 014 594 2570 www.inw.org.za Mpumalanga Agricultural Development Corporation (MADC) Tel: 013 755 6328 www.madc.co.za Eastern Cape Rural Finance Corporation Tel: 043 604 7000 www. ecrfc.co.za Ntinga OR Tambo Development Agency Tel: 047 531 0346 www. ntinga.org.za Khula Enterprise Finance Tel: 012 394 5560 www.khula.org.za. Regional office contacts can be found on the website.

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International Roleplayers
Many of these are listed in the Africa and SADC chapters of this section. Here we will mention only eight. Global Donor Platform for Rural Development www.donorplatform. org Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation (CTA) www.cta.int. Sharing knowledge, improving rural livelihoods Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) www.fao.org. Find details on the website about the RuralInvest toolkit comprising training courses, manuals and software. On the FAO website, find out about the SARD initiative (Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development). The Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship www. schwabfound.org United Cities and Local Governments of Africa (UCLGA) www. uclgafrica.org www.rural21.com the International journal for rural development The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) www. ifad.org, Enabling poor rural people to overcome poverty. Rural Finance Learning Centre www.ruralfinance.org

National Government Departments

Contact details for all government departments can be found at www.info.gov.za

Environmental Monitoring Group Tel: 021 448 2881 www.emg.org.za Free State Rural Development Association Tel: 051 448 4628 fsrda@lantic.net The Growth Foundation Tel: 011 587 4000 www.thegrowthfoundation. org Indigo Development and Change Tel: 027 218 1148 www.indigodc.org Insika Rural Development Trust Tel: 035 772 5061 Fax: 035 792 2341 Khanya-aicdd (African Institute for Community Driven Development) Tel: 011 642 5011 www.khanya-aicdd.org LIMA Rural Development Foundation Tel: 033 342 9043 www.lima. org.za Nkuzi Development Association Tel: 012 323 6417 www.nkuzi.org. za Contact details for their branches (Polokwane, Elim, Acornhoek, Modimolle, Makhado and Nylstroom) are available on the website. Promotion of Rural Livelihoods (RULIV) Tel: 043 704 8800 www.ruliv. org.za Rural Development Network (RUDNET) Tel: 021 880 0121 www. rudnet.org.za Rural Education, Awareness and Community Health (REACH) Tel: 021 633 5287 www.reach.org.za Rural Legal Trust Tel: 011 403 4426 www.rlt.org.za Social Change Assistance Trust Tel: 021 418 2575 www.scat.org.za Surplus Peoples Project Tel: 021 448 5605 www.spp.org.za The Rural Action Committee (TRAC) Tel: 013 755 4324 www.trac.org. za TechnoServe Tel: 011 482 6005 www.technoserve.org.za
For an extensive list of NGOs, visit www.ngopulse.org. Find the rural development pages under the Other menu option.

Department of Rural Development and Land Reform www. ruraldevelopment.gov.za Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries www.daff.gov.za Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs www. cogta.gov.za Department of Social Development www.welfare.gov.za Rural development is not simply the responsibility of the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform. There is rural transport, rural education, rural health, rural job creation, rural infrastructure, and so on. One hopes that a cluster of government departments rolls up their sleeves to develop the rural areas and bring hope. Imagine if it were led by the economic powerhouse of government: Treasury, Economic Development, and the National Planning Commission! Find Land Reforms middle ground, an article by Dr Ruth Hall on www. mg.co.za, in which she analyses the challenges of rural development and suggests the above.

Rural Municipalities and Provincial Government

Local Economic Development (LED) is a constitutional mandate of Local Municipalities. Under the Constitution, local government is tasked with facilitating local economic development, including agricultural development. The rural municipalities and provincial government are challenged by the National Spatial Development Framework to facilitate development in line with the economic potential of its area of jurisdiction. Furthermore, the financial reality of non-affordability of municipal services to meet basic needs - owing to weak local economic bases - emphasizes the need for Local Municipalities to actively pursue their LED mandates. This entails creating an enabling environment, stimulating economic growth, job creation, redistribution of economic opportunities, and also, black economic empowerment. The resource base of rural municipalities is mostly agriculture driven and in the long-term the capacity and affordability of these municipalities to improve service delivery is tied to the fortunes of the rural sector.
Source: Growing the Rural Economy through supporting Agriculture, a paper by Dr Nico Meyer

Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs)

The umbrella body for NGOs is the South African NGO Coalition (SANGOCO). Visit www.sangoco.org.za. ACAT Tel: 033 234 4223 www.acatkzn.co.za Afesis-corplan Tel: 043 743 3830 www.afesis.org.za Amangwane King Tel: 011 726 6529 www.firechildren.org. Children of Fire is involved in this rural development initiative near Emmaus (Central Drakensberg area, KwaZulu-Natal). A jam-making cooperative business is being set up in a region suffering from 95% unemployment. The plan includes selling produce to tourists and stores in the region, and so generate revenue and work opportunities. Association for Rural Advancement (AFRA) Tel: 033 345 7607 www. afra.co.za Association for Community Rural Advancement (AnCRA) Tel: 053 712 0791 www.ancra.org.za Biowatch South Africa has rural offices in Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal. Read about their rural work on www.biowatch.org.za Border Rural Committee Tel: 043 742 0173 www.brc21.co.za CALUSA Tel: 047 877 0204 www.calusa.org.za Centani Community District Development Institution (CCDDI) Tel: 047 492 0561 Centre for Integrated Rural Development (CIRD) operates in Western Cape, Eastern Cape and Northern Cape provinces Tel: 021 949 4290 Centre for Rural Legal Studies Tel: 021 883 8032 www.crls.org.za Community Development Resource Association Tel: 021 462 3902 www.cdra.org.za Ekhozi Rural Development Services Tel: 021 853 2691 tphillips@netactive.co.za

The Auditor-General South Africa (AGSA) is responsible for the auditing of provincial state departments and all municipalities www.agsa. co.za. Local Government Business Network visit www.lgbn.co.za or call Tel: 011 021 2768 Rural Doctors Association of Southern Africa www.rudasa.org South African Local Government Association (SALGA) www.salga. net Eastern Cape Tel: 043 7271150 Free State Tel: 051 447 1960 / 3426 Gauteng Tel: 011 276 1150 Limpopo Tel: 015 291 1400 Mpumalanga Tel: 013 752 2366 North West Tel: 018 462 5290 Northern Cape Tel: 053 833 2504/5 Western Cape Tel: 021 944 2120 KwaZulu-Natal Tel: 031 761 6300/1

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Links to all municipalities can be found on the website. South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) www.sassa.gov.za Eastern Cape Tel: 043 707 6460 Free State Tel: 051 409 0809/5/6 Gauteng Tel: 011 241 8353 Limpopo Tel: 015 291 7400 Mpumalanga Tel: 013 753 5400 North West Tel: 014 592 2298 Northern Cape Tel: 053 802 4900 Western Cape Tel: 021 469 0200 KwaZulu-Natal Tel: 033 846 3333 Find contact details of their district offices on the website. Over 13 million citizens received social assistance benefits in 2009, and of these beneficiaries nine million are children. SASSAs mission is to administer quality social security services, cost effectively and timeously using appropriate best practices by: Developing and implementing policies, programmes and procedures for effective and efficient social grants administration system; Paying the right grant amount, to the right person at the right time, and at the most convenient place that he/she may choose; Delivering innovative, cost effective and efficient services to individuals, their families and community groups via multi- and easy access channels using modern technology. Thusong Service Centre www.thusong.gov.za Eastern Cape Tel: 043 722 2602 Free State Tel: 051 448 4504 Gauteng Tel: 011 834 3560 Limpopo Tel: 015 291 4689 Mpumalanga Tel: 013 753 2397 North West Tel: 018 381 7071 Northern Cape Tel: 053 832 1378/9 Western Cape Tel: 021 421 5070 KwaZulu-Natal Tel: 031 301 6787 Services include facilities (fax, phone), training, small business advice and development and more. A 2014 business plan for the initiative seeks to establish a Thusong service Centre in each of South Africas 283 municipalities.

To aid government in its quest to improve the quality of drinking water served in rural communities, the Water Research Commission (WRC) has published a new set of guidelines for small water treatment plant operators. To find out more about On-site Mobile Training of Operators in Rural Water Supplies: An Illustrative Kit, call 012 330 0340 or email orders@wrc.org.za.

Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs)

A number of the Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs) are involved in rural development. These include: The Local Government SETA. Provincial contact details are available at www.lgseta.co.za. The national office may be contacted at 011 456 8579. The agricultural SETA www.agriseta.co.za 012 325 1655 Find details of accredited AgriSETA training providers in the Agricultural Education & Training chapter

Universities
Stellenbosch University Sustainability Institute Tel: 021 881 3196 www.sustainabilityinstitute.net University of Fort Hare Department of Agricultural Economics & Extension Tel: 040 602 2333 University of the Free State Centre for Development Support Tel: 0514012978 Centre for Rural Health Tel: 031 260 1569 www.crh.org.za University of Pretoria Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development: Tel: 012 420 3248 Post Graduate School for Agriculture and Rural Development Tel: 012 420 4833 / 3601

Science Councils of South Africa

The Science Councils of South Africa have programmes which target rural areas e.g. the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) has its Urban, Rural and Economic Development Programme. Find their details in the Science and Research chapter.

Find details of the South African Institute for Agricultural Extension Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and SADC Centre for Land and Rural Development Related, Regional and Development Tel: 051 401 2163 Policy in the Emerging Farmer Support and SADC chapters Lengau Agricultural Centre respectively. Tel: 051 443 8859 University of the Western Cape Department of Agricultural Programme for Land and Agrarian Economics Studies (PLAAS) Tel: 051 401 2250 Tel: 021 959 3733 www.plaas.org.za University of KwaZulu-Natal Centre for Rural Development Systems Tel: 033 260 6802

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5. Sustainability
A sustainable community ideally does not depend on externalities for its functioning and survival. It would incorporate the following:

It grows social capital.

Fosters conditions for society to thrive and enhances its capacity to meet its needs: Level 1: Natural systems are not damaged. To do so will undermine and limit that community sooner or later. Level 2: This relates to conditions at the social system level: a decision made elsewhere might result in people not having access to resources, or to education. Any power that does not recognise interdependence is not sustainable. Level 3: Successful strategies for social sustainability: participation, transparency, responsibility / accountability, honesty. Local knowledge, wisdom, culture are nurtured, tapped; this is reflected in decisions made at this level. Social and ecological implications are linked.

It is economically viable / has an economic base / has an economic reason for being (raison d etre).
Every location / site / social group has something which makes it unique. Its uniqueness becomes its reason for existence, its magnet for attracting investment / for creating a market. New and existing communities should have some primary activity in its economic make-up. This is important for the creation of a diverse local economy. In urban areas, suburbs should be transformed into an economy which is not dependent on the CBD or commercial/industrial areas for survival. Towns should not depend on cities for their survival.

It maintains and fosters diversity.

Biological, social and economic. The degradation of natural systems is taboo (over-harvesting, loss of biodiversity, monocultures, etc). Diversity is natures design framework.

It governs itself.
The smaller and more local the government, the more participation there is and the more legitimate, accountable and effective it becomes.

It is designed with the intention to facilitate all of the above.

Design does not stop at the house, street, landscaping, cadastral subdivisions or planning regulations. It asks questions about what waste is produced, where it goes and how it is managed. It asks questions about how the community is managed and how it earns its keep. It asks questions about how the habitat is enriched by the resident community. In short, the designers (for there are many) must create frameworks which nurture communities and their habitats - not to limit or constrain through regulations, for regulation is a signal of design failure.
Adapted from Louw van Biljons Sustainable Development Manifesto(January 2006). Van Biljon can be contacted at Tel: 058 256 1195 / 082 777 2647. Our thanks to Nelson Mafulo (Department of Rural Development and Land Reform), Rusty Milne (Womiwu Rural Development) and Nico Meyer (DBSA) for feedback on the draft chapter

It does not export waste.

Limit the waste flow. Keep the biological and technological waste streams separate and upcycle it (where waste is used as resource for the next step in the communitys metabolism). This approach follows natures dictum of waste is food: it eliminates pollution. Create jobs from the waste!

It does not import resources.

Resources are seen as: material, energy, labour, knowledge, capital and wisdom. Anything local which can be used as catalyst / multiplier for the local economy should be developed, and regarded as a resource.

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2. Members of the Executive Council (MECs)

Introduction
Agriculture in the provinces
1. Overview
In terms of the Constitution of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996), agricultural support to farmers is vested in the provincial governments, which provide farmers with a range of services. The national government retains the overall regulatory and policy functions and agricultural trade and marketing. Find the links to the Provincial Departments of Agriculture websites at www.daff.gov.za take the Strategic Partnerships menu option. For a list of provincial extension officers, see the Emerging Farmer Support chapter. Find also the enormously useful provincial overviews at www.nda. agric.za/docs/ET/aet_strategy05.htm Although these are reports for the AET Strategy (see Agricultural education and training chapter), they provide their findings within the provincial context. Detail is given on types of vegetation, agricultural activities in the province and much more. Find the details of provincial farmer unions in the Organised Agriculture chapter. The National Council of Provinces (NCOP) provides provinces with a forum in which to engage with the national government on matters concerning areas of shared national and provincial legislative powers. The NCOP also oversees the programmes and activities of national government relating to provincial and local government matters. Find more at www.parliament.gov.za.

Province and MEC

Contact details

Western Cape Mr Gerrit van Tel: 021 483 4700 Rensburg Fax: 021 483 3890 Eastern Cape Mr Mbulelo Sogoni Tel: 040 609 3472/1180 Fax: 040 636 3462

Northern Cape Mr Norman Tel: 053 838 9165 Shushu Fax: 053 832 4328 Free State Ms Motlagomang Qabathe Mamiki Tel: 051 861 8401 Fax: 051 861 8451

North West Mr Boitumelo Tel: 018 389 5056 Tshwene Fax: 018 384 2679 Limpopo Ms Dipuo Letsatsi- Tel: 015 295 7023 Duba Fax: 015 295 7046 Gauteng Ms Nandi Mayathula- Tel: 011 355 1900 Khoza Fax: 011 333 0620 Mpumalanga Malinga Mr Meshack Tel: 013 766 6074 Fax: 013 766 8437

KwaZulu-Natal Ms Lydia Johnson Tel: 031 343 8240 Fax: 033 343 8255
MinMEC is a forum made up from the MECs of agriculture in the nine provinces. It meets four times a year.

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3. Western Cape
Department of Agriculture: Western Cape Website: www.elsenburg.com Physical Address Department of Agriculture Muldersvlei Road ELSENBURG 7607 Head of department Ms Joyene Isaacs Tel: 021 808 5004/5 Fax: 021 808 5000 Director Corporate Services Ms R Wentzel Tel: 021 808 5119 Fax: 021 808 5000 Director Technology, Research and Development Dr I Trautmann Tel: 021 808 5011 Fax: 021 808 5000 Chief Director Veterinary Services Dr G Msiza Tel: 021 808 5001 Fax: 021 808 5000 Chief Director Farmer Support and Development Mr D Adolph Tel: 021 808 5013 Fax: 021 808 525 Postal Address Department of Agriculture Private Bag X1 ELSENBURG 7607 Chief Director Structured Agricultural Training Mr M Paulse Tel: 021 808 5018 Fax: 021 808 7703 Chief Financial officer Mr F Huysamer Tel: 021 808 5007 Fax: 021 808 5000 Director Sustainable Resource Management Mr A Roux Tel: 021 808 5009 Fax: 021 808 5000 Director Agricultural Economics Ms B Matoti Tel: 021 808 5213 Fax: 021 808 5000

The Programme Structured Agricultural Training with its sub programmes: Higher Education Further Education & Training District Managers Cape Metropole Central Karoo Eden West Coast Overberg Boland Tel: 021 948 6966 Tel: 023 414 2126 Tel: 044 803 3710 /31 Tel: 022 433 2330 Tel: 028 424 1439 Tel: 021 883 2560

Information / Communication Services Danie Niemand (acting) Tel: 021 808 7602 / 082 934 5300 Fax: 021 808 5251 danien@elsenburg.com Free publications AgriPROBE. Quarterly news and research magazine. Subscriptions: Magriet de Lange Tel: 021 808 7613 Information sheets. Technical information sheets in Afrikaans, English & Xhosa 100 subjects www.elsenburg.com
Read about Radio Elsenburg in the Agricultural Media chapter.

4. Eastern Cape
www.ecprov.gov.za the website of the Eastern Cape Provincial Government will give you an overview of this province. You will find Agriculture under Departments. Selecting this menu option will take you to www.agr.ecprov. gov.za, website of the Eastern Cape Department of Agriculture.

The services rendered by this Department are aimed towards realising the vision of Global success, Competitive, Inclusive, Socially responsible and in balance with Nature. The services are divided into 6 programmes, supported by Administration (Corporate and Financial services). The Programme Veterinary Services with its sub programmes: Veterinary Lab Services Animal Health Veterinary Public Health & Export Control The Programme Farmer Support and Development with its sub programmes: Farmer Settlement Food Security Farmer Support Services Farm Worker Development

Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (ECDARD)

Tel: 040 609 3474 Fax: 040 636 3555 Private Bag X0040, Bisho, 5608 Head of Department Mr Glen Thomas Tel: 040 609 3471/91 Fax: 040 635 0604 A comprehensive list of contact details is available on the website The districts Alfred Nzo 039 727 4453 www.andm.gov.za Amathole 043 701 4000 www.amathole.gov.za Buffalo City 043 705 2000. An extensive list of contacts is offered on www.buffalocity.gov.za for this municipality of East London, King Williams Town and Bhisho. Cacadu 041 402 6201. A general list of contacts can be found at www.cacadu.co.za Chris Hani 045 808 4600 www.chrishanidm.gov.za Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality 041 506 5555 www. nelsonmandelabay.gov.za OR Tambo 047 531 0258 www.ortambodm.org.za Ukhahlamba 051 611 0071 www.ukhahlamba.gov.za

The Programme Technology, Research and Development Services with its sub programmes: Research: plant production, animal production, resource utilisation Infrastructure Support Services The Programme Sustainable Resource Management with its sub programmes: Agricultural Engineering Services LandCare The Programme Agricultural Economics with its sub programmes: Micro-economics Marketing Macro-economics Statistics

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5. Mpumalamga
Mpumalanga Department of Agriculture, Rural Development and Land Administration (ARDLA)
Tel: 013 766 6067/8 Fax: 013 766 8295 www.mpu.agric.za Postal Address: Private Bag X 11219, Nelspruit, 1200 Witbank Tel: 013 690 1269 Fax: 086 695 3928 Ermelo Tel: 017 819 1155 Fax: 017 819 2828 The office at Drumrock is moving. Phone 084 513 5612/3 to update contact details.

7. KwaZulu-Natal
KZN Department of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs & Rural Development
Tel: 033 355 9100 Fax: 033 355 9122 Website: http://agriculture.kzntl.gov.za Private Bag X9050, Pietermaritzburg 3200 Head of Department Dr Sizwe Mkhize Tel: 033 355 9690 dhodpa@kzndae.gov.za Southern Region Tel: 033 343 8300 Northern Region Tel: 035 780 6700 A full list of contact details for all districts can be found on the website.

6. Gauteng
Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD)
Tel: 011 355 1900 Fax: 011 355 1000 Postal: PO Box 8769, Johannesburg, 2000 Website: www.gdard.gpg.gov.za Agriculture Branch 011 355 1968 Technology Development and Support 011 355 1374 Agricultural Economics and Marketing 011 355 1906 Farmer Support Services 011 355 1447 Farmer Settlement 011 355 1449 Household Food Security 011 355 1453 Integrated Food Security 011 355 1720 / 1265

Department of Economic Development and Tourism

Tel: 031 310 5300 Fax: 031 310 5423 www.kznded.gov.za The KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Department of Economic Development (DED) is continuously developing strategies to support the growth of the agribusiness and agri-processing sector. This involves identifying and packaging agri-business and agri-processing opportunities.

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8. Northern Cape
Department of Agriculture and Land Reform (DALA)
Tel: 053 838 9100 (General Switchboard) Fax: 053 832 4328 enquiries@agrinc.gov.za Website: www.agrinc.gov.za Head office 162 George Street Kimberley Head of the Department: Mr MVD Mothibi vmothibi@agri.ncape.gov.za Tel: 053 838 9118 Fax: 053 831 3635 The municipal districts are Frances Baard, Siyanda, Pixley-Ka-Seme, Namakwa and Kgalagadi. Find contact details on the advert opposite. Find the Telephone Directory on the website. Private Bag X5018 Kimberley 8300

10. North West

Invest North West, the provinces trade and investment promotion agency has identified seven agricultural clusters as key areas to drive the provinces economy and develop existing capacity. These clusters, offering potential investors viable business opportunities include: Renewable energy; essential oil production; goat meat processing; beef beneficiation; edible oils; indigenous medicinal plants and aquaculture. Other opportunities include fruit and vegetable canning and leather production. For additional information on any of these agricultural initiatives contact Invest North West: call 014 594 2570 or visit www.inw.org.za

North West Department of Agriculture, Conservation And Environment and Rural Development (DACERD)
Tel: 018 389 5111 www.nwpg.gov.za/Agriculture Physical Address Agricentre Building, Corner Dr James Moroka Drive and Stadium Road (Opposite Convention Centre), Mafikeng Head Of The Department Tel: 018 389 5146 Fax: 018 389 5722 A list of contact details can be found in the Directory of Services on the website. Postal Address Private Bag X02 Bloemfontein 9300 Agricultural Support Services Tel: 051 506 1622 Fax: 051 447 1659 Postal Address Private Bag X2039 Mmabatho 2735

9. Free State
Free State Department of Agriculture
Tel: 051 506 1400 Fax: 051 448 6138 Website: http://fsagric.fs.gov.za Physical Address ABSA Building C/O Aliwal and Maitland Streets Bloemfontein Head of Department: Tel: 051 506 1614 Fax: 051 430 1542 District Implementation Tel: 051 506 1619 Fax: 051 447 1659 District Directors Xhariep District 051 713 0480 Fezile Dabe 016 976 2009 Motheo 051 875 1161 Lejweleputsa 057 398 1664 Thabo Mofutsanyane 058 714 1430/0 Find the District Profiles on the website The Services menu option will give you general and/or contact information for: Agricultural economics Extension and development Research Soil Conservation and Landcare Geographical Information Service (find overviews of weather, veld types, soil depth etc) Veterinary Services

11. Limpopo
Limpopo Province Department of Agriculture
Tel: 015 294 3000 Fax: 015 294 4504 Website: www.lda.gov.za Physical Address: 67 Biccard Street Polokwane 0700 Postal Address: Private Bag X9487 Polokwane 0700

Head of Department Prof Azwihangwisi Edward Nesamvuni Tel: 015 294 3000 / 3533 Fax: 015 294 4512 Districts Bohlabela 013 773 0032 Capricorn 015 632 6652 Mopani 015 812 3210 Sekhukhune 015 632 4147 Waterberg 014 717 2523 Vhembe 015 963 1653

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Introduction
The urban question
See also the Human Settlements and Food Security chapters

1. Overview
At present we rely on a food delivery chain that is unsustainable at all points but is so remote from our awareness that we take it for granted and seldom question its ethics or environmental impact. How will cities feed themselves as Climate Change and Peak Oil begin to impact on our lives? Prof Michael Rudolph

The rapid urbanisation that is taking place goes together with a rapid increase in urban poverty and urban food insecurity. By 2020 the developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America will be home to some 75% of all urban dwellers, and to eight of the anticipated nine mega-cities with populations in excess of 20 million. It is expected that by 2020, 85% of the poor in Latin America, and about 40-45% of the poor in Africa and Asia will be concentrated in towns and cities. Most cities in developing countries have great difficulties to cope with this development and are unable to create sufficient formal employment opportunities for the poor. They also have increasing problems with the disposal of urban wastes and waste water and maintaining air and river water quality. Urban agriculture provides a complementary strategy. Next to food security, urban agriculture contributes to local economic development, poverty alleviation and social inclusion of the urban poor and women in particular, as well as to the greening of the city and the productive reuse of urban wastes. The importance of urban agriculture is increasingly being recognised by international organisations like UNCED (Agenda 21), UNCHS (Habitat), FAO (World Food and Agriculture Organisation), and CGIAR (international agricultural research centres).
Source: adapted from notes on the RUAF Foundation website, www.ruaf.org

Urban agriculture may take place in locations inside the cities (intraurban) or in the peri-urban areas. The activities may take place on the homestead (on-plot) or on land away from the residence (off-plot), on private land (owned, leased) or on public land (parks, conservation areas, along roads, streams and railways), or semi-public land (schoolyards, grounds of schools and hospitals). Urban agriculture includes food products, from different types of crops (grains, root crops, vegetables, mushrooms, fruits) and animals (poultry, rabbits, goats, sheep, cattle, pigs, guinea pigs, fish, etc.) as well as non-food products (like aromatic and medicinal herbs, ornamental plants, tree products, etc.). or combinations of these. Often the more perishable and relatively high-valued vegetables and animal products and by-products are favoured. In most cities in developing countries, an important part of urban agricultural production is for self-consumption, with surpluses being traded. However, the importance of the market-oriented urban agriculture, both in volume and economic value, should not be underestimated (as will be shown later). Products are sold at the farm gate, by cart in the same or other neighbourhoods, in local shops, on local (farmers) markets or to intermediaries and supermarkets. Mainly fresh products are sold, but part of it is processed for own use, cooked and sold on the streets, or processed and packaged for sale to one of the outlets mentioned above.
Urban agriculture is an integral part of the urban system. Source: adapted from notes on the RUAF Foundation website, www.ruaf.org

3. Publications and websites

Guidelines for Urban and peri-urban animal agriculture, compiled by the Directorate Animal and Aquaculture Production. Call 012 319 7511 Standard Banks AgriReviews frequently topics related to urban agriculture. One such article is referred to under the opening heading. Another article can be found in the 1st quarter of 2008, entitled Urbanisation. Find these at www.standardbank.co.za www.verticalfarm.com a website used cited as a source in the earlier AgriReview article. It contains concepts, presentations and features. www.ruaf.org Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry. Find the publications, videos and other resources. www.idrc.ca/cfp/index_e.html The site of Cities Feeding People, the urban agriculture programme of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Find the different urban option at www.gdrc.org, website of the Global Development Research Center www.cityfarmer.org City Farmer is a non-profit society promoting urban food production and environmental conservation from a small office in downtown Vancouver, British Columbia. www.etcint.org ETC International Group partners with role-players in 75 countries on development programmes www.etc-urbanagriculture.org ETC Urban Agriculture is an advisory group and resource centre in urban agriculture and food security. The recent projects lists work done in Turkey, Canada, South East Asia and Sub Saharan Africa. www.urbanfarming.org a North American website The chapter also serves as a corollary of the Importance of Rural Development chapter. The greater the development in the rural areas (in line with the Integrated and Sustainable Rural Development Strategy ISRDS), the less will be the reason for the rapid urban migration which places such strain on available resources in the urban centres, leading to declining living conditions there. Indeed, it is significant that the governments Urban Renewal Programme (URP) and Sustainable Rural Development Programme (ISRDP) share the same website http://isrdp. dplg.gov.za

2. Urban agriculture
Urban agriculture can be defined shortly as the growing of plants and the raising of animals within and around cities. The most striking feature of urban agriculture, which distinguishes it from rural agriculture, is that it is integrated into the urban economic and ecological system. Such linkages include the use of urban residents as labourers, use of typical urban resources (like organic waste as compost and urban wastewater for irrigation), direct links with urban consumers, direct impacts on urban ecology (positive and negative), being part of the urban food system, competing for land with other urban functions, being influenced by urban policies and plans, etc.

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4. Roleplayers
ABALIMI BEZEKHAYA (Planters of the Home) Tel: 021 371 1653 info@abalimi.org.za www.abalimi.org.za equipment (e.g. tractor at the Atlantis centre). The contact person, based at the Hartebeeskraal Community Centre, Atlantis, is Karel Abels. He can be reached at 021 572 1246 and at Organic micro-farming and karela@elsenburg.com gardening in the townships of Cape Town, the first city in Africa to have City of Johannesburg Metro an approved Urban Agriculture Municipality policy as of 2007. ABALIMI Tel: 011 375 5555 directly interfaces with between www.joburg.org.za 50-200 community projects every year, and up to 3000 micro-farmers City of Tshwane Metro and gardeners every year. Municipality Tel: 012 358 1373 Afesis-corplan japhtam@tshwane.gov.za Tel: 043 743 3830 www.tshwane.gov.za www.afesis.org.za Department of Agriculture, Afristar Foundation Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Tel: 011 706 5614 Directorate: Food Security afristar@telkomsa.net Tel: 012 319 6736 www.afristarfoundation.org DFS@nda.agric.za A Permaculture NGO Creating sustainable solutions for urban development, providing training and skills in alternative energy, appropriate technology, food security, primary and preventative health care using indigenous plants and heirloom seeds for seed sovereignty. Department of Health (DoH) Community Based Nutrition Programme Tel: 012 312 0071 www.doh.gov.za

Planner Bee Plant Care Tel: 011 888 4215 / 083 255 5828 www.fertilis.co.za FERTILIS earthworm castings fertiliser (REG. NO B3664 Act 36/1947) is certified by the Organic Food Federation UK: organic certification no: 00371/01/00. RUAF Foundation Tel: +31 33 432 6055 h.dezeeuw@etcnl.nl www.ruaf.org Resource Centres on agriculture and food security

Sustainable Villages Africa (SVA) Tel: 012 361 1846 / 072 510 0187 info@sva.co.za www.sva.co.za UKUVUNA (Urban farming project cc) Tel: 011 224 0098/ 083 665 3356 jonzira@yahoo.com www.urbanfarming.co.za

Ukuvuna Permaculture is an independent private company that focuses on the development of practical skills. Its Permaculture urban training centre is well established. University of Cape Town African Centre for Cities www.acc.uct.ac.za University of the Free State Department of Agricultural Economics Tel: 051 401 2250 WillemseBJ@ufs.ac.za Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Tel: 051 401 2163 groenei@ufs.ac.za Lengau Agricultural centre Tel: 051 443 8859 mcvdw@telkomsa.net University of KwaZulu-Natal Mike Underwood Tel: 033 260 6088

Siyakhana Food Garden Project c.o. Health Promotion Unit School of Public Health Wits Medical School Tel: 011 717 2241 http://siyakhana.org michael.rudolph@wits.ac.za The main aim of the project is to establish a site for an urban agriculture initiative that showcases a food garden system for food production, education, research, and empowerment of the community, particularly women, through training, employment and income-generating opportunities. Siyakhana conducts inter-andmultidisciplinary research and provides design, training and implementation services to private individuals and to organisations.

Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality Moses Gafane Tel: 011 861 8841 AgriPlanner see South African mosesg@ekurhuleni.com Institute for Entrepreneurship later in this list Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality is set to double the Calabash Trust number of food garden projects Tel: 041 585 9255 set up in the area to respond to the www.calabashtrust.co.za challenge of high food prices and poverty. City of Cape Town Directorate for Economic and Ethekwini Metropolitan Human Development Municipality Urban Agriculture Unit Ms Akhona Ngcobo Tel: 021 550 1201 Tel: 031 311 6278 Stanley.Visser@capetown.gov.za www.dipa.co.za/agribusiness The unit is based at the municipal building in Pienaar Road, Milnerton. The citys Urban Agricultural Policy (a pdf document) can be found on its website www.capetown. gov.za. For updates on the Urban Farmers Association, contact Stanley Visser. There are currently two urban agriculture centres in the city one in Atlantis and one in Phillipi. They have been established by the Provincial Department of Agriculture and supported by the City of Cape Town in terms of providing storage space and Food and Trees for Africa (FTFA) Tel: 011 784 6399 www.trees.org.za Food Gardens Foundation Tel: 011 880 5956/7 fgf@global.co.za www.foodgardensfoundation.org. za Khula Enterprise Finance Tel: 012 394 5560 www.khula.org.za Regional office contacts can be found on the website.

University of South Africa (UNISA) Siyakhana enjoys strong links Victor Mmbengwa with local, provincial and national Tel: 011 471 2566 government initiatives and has vmmbengw@unisa.ac.za recently been endorsed by the Gauteng Department for URBAN FARMER Agriculture, Conservation and Working in collaboration with Environment. Organic Food Gardens Tel/fax: 022 448 1106 Its primary focus is to demonstrate Lisa Perold 082 842 1579 the close link between urban metalpetal@kingsley.co.za permaculture, food and health promotion. Water Research Commission Tel: 012 330 0340 South African Institute for www.wrc.org.za Entrepreneurship (SAIE) Tel: 021 447 2023 sharon@entrepreneurship.co.za www.entrepreneurship.co.za The SAIE develops innovative materials that utilise original, creative methodologies and trains educators, trainers and community-based organisations to convey business skills, uncover entrepreneurship qualities and ensure sustainable economic development and wealth creation.

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Biosecurity has three major components: Isolation, Traffic Control, Sanitation.

National issues
Biosecurity
1. Overview
Biosecurity is a relatively new word, derived from biological security. Biosecurity covers the introduction of animal pests and diseases, zoonoses, plant pests, the introduction and release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their products, and the introduction and management of invasive alien species and genotypes. Biosecurity is a strategic and integrated approach that encompasses the policy and regulatory frameworks (including instruments and activities) that analyse and manage risks in the sectors of food safety, animal life and health, and plant life and health, including associated environmental risk. The information in this chapter is weighted on the part of livestock. The reader is asked to also consult other, related chapters of relevance. These include: Invasive Alien Species, Biodiversity, Biocontrol, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, as well as the obvious Livestock chapters like Animal Health. A farmer that tries to avoid essential preventative treatment and spending is acting unwisely: animal diseases are detrimental to the economy of the country, to say nothing of human and animal health.
Source: www.fao.org/biosecurity, www.arc.govt.nz and Peter Oberem

Isolation. The most important step in disease control is to minimise commingling and movement of cattle. Traffic control includes traffic onto your operation and traffic patterns within your operation. It is important to understand traffic includes more than vehicles. All animals and people must be considered. Animals other than cattle include dogs, cats, horses, wildlife, rodents and birds. Sanitation addresses the disinfection of materials, people and equipment entering the operation and the cleanliness of the people and equipment on the operation.
Source: adapted from Biosecurity Bascics for Cattle Operations and Good Management Practices (GMP) for Controlling Infectious Diseases, published by Institute of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension

Biosecurity systems on farms are to a large extent the responsibility of the individual producers and are designed to protect the producers own interests. Implementation of a biosecurity plan requires an understanding of the epidemiological principles of disease including the host species, agent (disease) and environmental factors which must be managed using objective cost effective decision making processes. For a stock farmer, the four legs of a Biosecurity Programme are: A structured and effective immunisation programme should be in place and adhered to. Minimise contacts with possible infectious agents or animals. Animals introduced into a herd should be certified disease and parasite free. Eliminate sources of infection. Control the movement of people amongst farms and farm animals.

2. Biosecurity and the livestock farmer

For detailed and specific information about applying biosecurity principles to your operation, consult your veterinarian or the relevant commodity/trade association e.g. South African Pork Producers Organisation (SAPPO) The goal of biosecurity is to stop transmission of disease causing agents by preventing, minimising or controlling cross-contamination of body fluids (feces, urine, saliva, etc.) between animals, animals to feed and animals to equipment that may directly or indirectly contact animals. Biosecurity management practices are designed to prevent the spread of disease by minimizing the movement of biologic organisms and their vectors (viruses, bacteria, rodents, flies, etc.) onto and within your operation. Biosecurity can be very difficult to maintain because the interrelationships between management, biologic organisms and biosecurity are very complex. While developing and maintaining biosecurity is difficult, it is the cheapest, most effective means of disease control available, and no disease prevention program will work without it. Infectious diseases can be spread between operations by: the introduction of diseased cattle or healthy cattle incubating disease; introduction of healthy cattle who have recovered from disease but are now carriers; vehicles, equipment, clothing and shoes of visitors or employees who move between herds; contact with inanimate objects that are contaminated with disease organisms; carcasses of dead cattle that have not been disposed of properly; feedstuffs, especially high risk feedstuff which could be contaminated with feces; impure water (surface drainage water, etc.); manure handling and aerosolized manure and dust; nonlivestock (horses, dogs, cats, wildlife, rodents, birds and insects).

3. Roleplayers
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Find notes on all of the directorates at www.daff.gov.za (take the Divisions menu option)

Directorate: Plant Health Tel: 012 319 6505/39 DPH@daff.gov.za This directorate: develops policies, promulgates legislation, sets norms and standards and guidelines to manage plant health risks; ensures compliance with international plant health obligations and responsibilities, thereby creating an environment for safe imports and exports; manages all risks associated with plants and plant products to protect South African agriculture from quarantine and regulated pests. The Plant Health menu option at www.daff.gov.za provides information on the Agricultural Pests Act, 1983 (Act No 36 of 1983) and other regulations which are relevant to this chapter. Find the presentation Phytosanitary requirements for imports and exports of plants, plant products and other regulated articles, given by this Marianna Theyse of this directorate, at www.agbiz.co.za Directorate: Agricultural Product Inspection Serves (APIS) Tel: 012 319 6100 DAPIS@daff.gov.za This directorate: conducts agricultural product inspections and audit services at official ports of entry, and plant and animal quarantine as well as diagnostic services; contributes to safe food and prevents animal and plant pests and diseases from entering the country; secures and maintains national, regional and international markets for agricultural products.

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Directorate: Veterinary Services Tel: 012 319 7456 DVS@daff.gov.za This directorate: manages animal health through the setting and analysis of essential international and national standards; controls and certifies the health status of animals/animal products for import/export, including the provision of quarantine facilities; negotiates protocols on the import and export of animal/animal products.
Provincial contacts are listed in the Animal Health chapter. Find the Contacts menu option at www.daff.gov.za. Profiles, documents (e.g. for export / import), press releases and more can be found at the Food and Veterinary Services pages.

Directorate: Biosafety Tel: 012 319 6199 Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306

National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) Tel: 012 341 1115 www.namc.co.za

The statutory levies for the different sectors address, amongst Directorate: Agricultural Disaster other issues, the health and hygiene Management systems in those sectors. Tel: 012 319 7955

Others
Agri Inspec Tel: 012 843 5630 / 082 879 3955 www.agriinspec.co.za Akshan Consulting Tel: 011 803 7139 / 084 777 4472 www.ashkan.co.za Den Vet Tel: 033 343 1093 www.denvet.co.za South African Animal Health Association (SAAHA) Tel: 011 805 2000 www.saaha.co.za South African National Equestrian Federation (SANEF) Tel: 011 468 3236/8

Animal Health Act, 2002 (Act No.7 Of 2002)

This Act replaced the Animal Disease Act (35 of 1984). Objectives This Act provides for measures to promote animal health and to control animal diseases. It assigns executive authority with regard to certain provisions of this Act to provinces. It regulates the importation and exportation of animals and things and establishes animal health schemes. Main provisions Control measures regarding all animal diseases proclaimed under the Act. Owners of animals must at all times prevent the infection of his or her animals with any animal disease or parasite, the spreading of the disease or parasite and arrange for the eradication thereof. If it has become clear or reasonably suspected that animals have become infected with a controlled animal disease, like rabies or foot and mouth, immediately report of such infection must be given to the nearest State Veterinarian. No person may import or export any animal or animal product into or from the Republic unless the National Executive Officer has issued an import or export permit. If owners of animals finds amongst their animals, any animal, which has strayed or has been unlawfully removed or strayed from outside the Republic of South Africa, the animal must immediately be isolated, detained and the nearest State Veterinarian informed, pending further instructions. In case of any doubt contact the nearest State veterinarian (details in the Animal Health chapter) or in cases of extreme urgency any veterinarian or Police station. The Act is available on www.polity.org.za

South African Ostrich Business Chamber (SAOBC) These distributors of veterinary Tel: 044 272 3336 and associated services also give www.ostrichsa.co.za information talks and presentations in rural areas. They advise farmers, South African Pork Producers agricultural co-ops etc. Organisation (SAPPO) Tel: 012 361 3920 The Livestock Health and www.sapork.com Production Group Tel: 012 346 1590 Southern African Poultry Association (SAPA) National Council of SPCAs Tel: 011 795 2051 Farm Animal Unit www.sapoultry.co.za Tel: 011 907 3590/1/2 South African Veterinary Onderstepoort Biological Association Products Tel: 012 346 1150 Tel: 012 522 1500 www.sava.co.za Fax: 012 522 1591 www.OBPvaccines.co.za South African Veterinary Council Red Meat Industry Forum Tel: 012 342 1612 Tel: 012 667 1189 info@redmeatsa.co.za Veterinary House Hospital www.redmeatsa.co.za Tel: 033 342 4698
Animal health companies manufacture vaccines and promotes biosecurity within the continent. Find their details in the Animal Health chapter.

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4. Training and research

Afrivet Training Services Dr Danie Odendaal Tel: 082 454 0532 training@afrivet.co.za www.afrivet.co.za Three different institutions are located at Onderstepoort, and function separately:

a problem. The responsibility falls on all commercial farmers to protect their own interests through tick control at a level with which they and their advisers are comfortable. Ticks belong to reasonably distinctive name groups e.g. Blue tick, red legged tick, bont tick and so on but in reality, to the uninitiated, the engorged or fully fed adults of different species, which are most easily seen, are difficult to differentiate. Knowledge of the appearance distribution and life cycles of these parasites goes a long way toward identifying individual ticks and helping one select a control measure that will work in a particular circumstance. All ticks lifecycles go through egg, larval, nymphal, and adult stages and depending on the number of hosts supplying feeds to the parasites. They can be grouped into three distinct categories namely single host, two host and three host ticks. The life cycle may be repeated every 21 to 35 days as in the single host blue tick while other species may only complete 2 or 3 life cycles per year. It is this rapid life cycle turnover of the blue tick that enables them to develop resistance to many of the available chemicals. There are essentially 5 groups of chemicals for tick control namely Pyrethroids, Amidines or formadines, organophosphates, growth regulators and Macrocytic lactones which do not hold registration for all the tick species. In a study of ticks and tick-borne pathogens from wildlife in the Free State Province published in 2009 Tonetti N et al reported that Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, the known vector of Babesia bovis (asiatic redwater) in South Africa, was found for the first time in the Free State Province. The significance of this is ominous. Livestock producers should be alert to the dangers of introducing resistant ticks and disease into their herds regardless of their geographical whereabouts and should plan and implement biosecurity principles without delay.
For more information, contact Dr Rick Mapham of Veterinary House Hospital. Call 033 342 4698 or write to rickm@iafrica.com.

ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI) Afrivet Training Services provides Tel: 012 529 8000 a structured approach to primary www.arc.agric.za animal health care and thus to Onderstepoort Biological biosecurity. Products The practical course content is Tel: 012 522 1500 designed for implementation at www.obpvaccines.co.za farm level, and includes courses in early disease identification and University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science treatment, and in on-going disease Tel: 012 529 8000 prevention. www.up.ac.za For specific information pertaining to disease control, please contact the Central Reference Laboratory at 012 529 8000 or write to Private Bag X04, ONDERSTEPOORT, 0110.

5. Websites and publications

See the websites of associations involved e.g. see the Biosecurity Plan on the SAPPO website; find the Biosecurity Guidelines for the Ostrich Industry document at www.ostrichsa.co.za; the Disease Management option at www.sapoultry.co.za etc. Find the links on the Food and Veterinary Services pages at www.daff. gov.za (take the Divisions option). Under Epidemiology find options like include Disease Maps, Disease Status, Disease Database, Disease Reporting Forms etc. Find details of the numerous Info Paks available from DAFF in the Animal Health chapter. These can be viewed under the Publications option at www.daff.gov.za, or obtained from either the Resource Centre (012 319 7141) or from the Supply Shop at the ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute. Tel: 012 529 9446. Examples of these publications are Animal Health: Common and Important Diseases in Cattle, Poultry: Disease prevention in chickens etc. See also the other publications in the Animal Health chapter. Find the Comprehensive Atlas at www.agis.agric.za, activate the control zones under Risks and Hazards and find the Animal Disease Control Zones. Find information on Avian Flu on the website of Birdlife International (www.birdlife.org), and the websites of associations mentioned in the Farming and Birds chapter. Technically the Swine Flu outbreak of 2009 was a human flu and using the term Swine Flu is erroneous. Read more at www.swineflusa.co.za Find notes relevant to European Union biosecurity at http://ec.europa. eu/food/animal/bips/index_en.htm Read about African horsesickness (AHS) in the equine chapter. International Plant Protection Convention www.ippc.int www.au-appo.org Inter-African Phytosanitary Council

7. Zoonoses: diseases of livestock that can affect humans

The word zoonosis has its origins in the Greek zoon, meaning animal, and nosos meaning disease. In 1959, the World Health Organisation Expert Committee on Zoonoses, defined zoonoses as those diseases and infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man. Zoonotic diseases are an occupational hazard for all those who work with livestock, including farmers and their workers, veterinary staff, those in the abattoir and dairy industries and, ultimately, the consumers of animal products like meat, dairy products and eggs. Preventing the transfer of zoonotic diseases from animals to humans rests on three pillars. The first of these is keeping animals healthy through good management, vaccinations and parasite control. The second pillar is personal hygiene and attention to healthy working conditions in the livestock industry particularly details like the provision of good ventilation and accessible ablution blocks. The third pillar is food hygiene, maintaining a cold chain and the inspection and quality control of animal products from the farm to the table. If these three pillars are kept in place, the chance or risk of catching any disease from an animal is very low you are much more likely to catch diseases from other people! Prevention is better than cure; however, if you suspect you have a zoonotic disease, it is advisable to consult a medical practitioner as soon as possible. Further details on the symptoms and treatment of zoonotic diseases are obtainable on the World Health Organisation (www.who.int) and the Contagious Diseases Centre (CDC) websites. The table following summarises the most important zoonotic diseases of livestock and gives some idea of how to prevent them being transmitted.

6. Ticks and biosecurity

Some readers may remember the days when livestock movements were strictly controlled and permits were required to transport livestock from one district to another. Much of the legislation behind this came from the late decades of the 19th century where diseases were poorly understood but it was noticed that dipping and movement controls helped to control tick born diseases such as redwater. The serious losses experienced by farmers in those days prompted what was an effective biosecurity system but which also created some controversy. Ticks and tick control will provoke heated debates even today with differing opinions on the proper levels of aggression in tick control; however, even with modern drugs and dips, ticks and the diseases they transmit remain

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Disease Anthrax

How it is transmitted Contact with blood, skins or meat of diseased cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. Contact with diseased birds infected with the virulent strain. Consumption of meat or other foods contaminated with the spores or toxins of Clostridium botulinum. Inhalation of or contact with blood or birth fluids of infected cattle. Drinking unpasteurised milk.

Symptoms in humans Skin, lung and intestinal forms; may be fatal if untreated.

Prevention Vaccinate cattle every year. Notify state vet if there are sudden deaths in livestock. Do not slaughter and eat sick animals. Do not handle dead birds of any species without gloves, face-masks and protective clothing. Vaccinate cattle. Food hygiene and cooking at high temperatures.

Disease Bacterial wound infections

How it is transmitted Cuts and wounds that are exposed to animal manure, pus and would infections of animals

Symptoms in humans Abscesses, gangrene and blood poisoning

Prevention Wash and disinfect all wounds immediately using running water. Cover wounds if working with animals, meat or milk. Rat control. Control fleas on animals including goats, dogs and cats. Food hygiene. Clean drinking water (prevent it being polluted by human and animal excreta). Wash hands after handling animals and before eating. Prevent water being contaminated with human or animal excreta. Wash hands after handling animals and before eating. Do not crush ticks with your fingernails. Use tick repellents when working in areas with high tick levels. Hygiene during milking. Prevent transmission between cows. Personal hygiene wash your hands well and scrub your nails before eating.

Avian Influenza

Influenzalike symptoms; often fatal in people.

Bubonic plague

Bites by rat fleas Bubon forms in inguinal lymphnode, fatal pneumonia. Severe acute gastroenteritis. If caused by Ecoli serotype 0157, severe bloody gastroenteritis and organ failure. Severe chronic diarrhoea, difficult to treat.

Botulism

Flaccid paralysis of muscles; it progresses until the patient cannot sit or stand, eventually unable to breathe. Acute symptoms look like malaria or influenza; Chronic intermittent fever, joint problems. Nodules on the skin and in the lymphnodes; chronic weight loss, severe cough with bloody phlegm. Chronic nervous symptoms that become worse; always fatal as it is incurable.

Colibaccilosis Consumption of food, water or other material containing the organism Escherichia coli

Bovine brucellosis

Vaccination of heifers, regular testing of cattle herd. Hygienic handling of aborted material or afterbirths. Pasteurise milk. Workers in dairies must be checked regularly for TB. Dairy cattle must be tested regularly for TB. Pasteurise milk. Prevent the disease coming into South Africa. Test cattle that die after showing nervous symptoms.

Cryptosporidiosis

Consumption of food, water or other material containing the organism Cryptosporidium Contact with the blood of infected animals or bites by the tick Hyalomma spp., or infected people

Congo Fever

Bovine tuberculosis and human tuberculosis

Inhalation of droplets from coughing cows; drinking unpasteurised milk. Consumption of brain, lymphnodes or spinal tissue of affected cattle

Muscle pains, fever, severe haemorrhage under the skin and internally. Highly fatal.

BSE

Pseudo Cowpox (Bovine Orf) Neuro-cysticercosis

Contact with in- Red inflamed fective nodules nodule on the on cow teats. hands. Consumption of the eggs of the pig tapeworm Taenia solium. Cysts on the brain can lead to epilepsy and madness in people.

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Disease Diamond skin disease (Erysipelas of pigs)

How it is transmitted Contact with the skin, meat or blood of infected or carrier pigs.

Symptoms in humans

Prevention

Disease Rabies

How it is transmitted Bites by infected dogs, jackals, cattle, horses, sheep, wildlife.

Symptoms in humans

Prevention

Large painful Vaccinate pigs nodule on the against Erisipelas. hands. Can also cause vegetative endocarditis (growths on the heart valves). Large cysts on the brain, lungs or in the liver of people. Kidney failure, jaundice and liver failure; responds well to antibiotic treatment. Contagious ecthyma. Red swollen areas of skin of hands or face. Swollen lymphnodes and interstitial pneumonia. Do not feed raw meat, especially cysts from sheep carcasses, to dogs. Control rats (they carry the disease). Test for the disease in livestock if there are abortions. Wash hands well and do not touch your face while working with sheep or goats. Wear masks if working in dusty kraals; protective clothing when working with aborted foetus and uterine fluids. Pasteurise milk. Food hygiene. Prevent contamination of food with animal faeces. Remember personal hygiene and wear protective clothing if working with sick animals or their faeces. Treat and control sarcoptic mange in animals.

Hydatid disease

Consumption or ingestion of the eggs of the tapeworm Echinococcus.

Mania and death Vaccinate all dogs. If cattle or any other animals show symptoms, call the state veterinarian URGENTLY. If bitten, go straight to a clinic or doctor and inform the state vet. Fever, retinitis with haemorrhage and edema, causing blindness. Encephalistis, liver and kidney failure. Can be fatal. Vaccinate sheep if there is an outbreak. Use protective clothing and masks if working with infected animals or carcases. Control mosquitoes. Treat animals with ringworm. Consult a physician if you become infected. Consult a physician for treatment with antibiotics.

Rift Valley Fever

Leptospirosis Contact with pigs or cattle infected with the disease. Contact with infected water. Orf Contact with sheep or goats infected with orf. Inhaling dust in the kraals, contact with aborted material from cattle, sheep and goats; drinking unpasteurised milk.

Mosquito bites during an outbreak, contact with blood or aborted material from infected sheep or cattle.

Ringworm

Contact with in- Round, scaley fected animals. skin lesions

Q-fever

Tick bite fever

Bites by ticks.

Blackened area after 10 days where bitten by a tick. Severe headaches. Granulomas in the brain of HIV positive people. Abnormalities in newborn children if mothers infected while they are pregnant.

Toxoplasmosis

Salmonellosis Consumption of food, water or other material containing the organism Salmonella; contact with animals infected with Salmonella.

Severe gastroenteritis which can be fatal in the very young and the elderly. Sometimes septicaemia and organ failure.

Consumption of poorly cooked mutton or pork. Ingestion of soil contaminated with cat faeces

Cook meat well. Scrub hands and nails before eating, particularly after digging in gardens.

Source: Prof CME McCrindle, Section head of Veterinary Public Health, Deptartment of Paraclinical Sciences, at the Faculty of Veterinary Science of the University of Pretoria. Our thanks to Dr PH Rick Mapham of Veterinary House Hospital for feedback on the draft chapter. Contact him at 033 342 4698.

Sarcoptic mange

Contact with infected pigs, dogs and cats.

Small red itchy areas on the skin due to infection by the mite Sarcoptes scabei. Severe coughing; can result in heart failure and death if untreated.

Psittacosis

Inhalation of the droppings or blood of infected pigeons, parrots, ducks and turkeys.

Have sufficient ventilation when working in pigeon or poultry houses. Use a face mask and gloves if doing necropsies on dead birds.

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National issues
Black Economic Empowerment (BEE)
Also referred to as Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE)

a way to measure the contribution an enterprise was making towards BEE, there would be no way to manage the process. Based on these recommendations, the Government released a strategy document early in 2003. It was in this document that the notion of a BEE scorecard was introduced. For the first time there was a mechanism for measuring the progress towards BEE and so now there was a way to manage and drive that process forward. During 2004, 2005 and 2006, various draft BEE Codes and Scorecards were debated and put out for public comment. Finally, in late January 2007, Business, Government, Labour and Civil Society signed off the final BEE Codes of Good Practice which were gazetted on 9 February 2007 and thus begun at least a ten year period of measurement of Broad-Based BEE so named because it measures a broad number of contributions by an enterprise to social upliftment not just the transfer of ownership and management. In 2009 President Zuma appointed members to the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Council. The functions of the Council, chaired by the President, are to advise government on Black Economic Empowerment. Government plans to hold a national summit in 2010 to address challenges and gaps in the policy. Visit www.thedti.gov.za for updates People who use the term Broad Based BEE (B-BBEE) rather than BEE are emphasising that Empowerment benefit the many as opposed to the few. The scorecard becomes more important than straight forward ownership, because recognition is given to management control, skills development and supplier development, Employment Equity etc.

1. Overview
There has been a global move in the last few years towards requiring businesses to be more accountable for the people they employ; the communities they live in and work amongst; and the businesses with which they do business. Most developed countries and many developing nations have embraced concepts like Triple Bottom-line Accounting, which requires a business to account for the way they treat society (issues like Affirmative Appointments; Skills Development; Corporate Social Investment; Small Business Development and Preferential Procurement) and the way they treat the environment. Other countries make use of Social Responsibility Indexes or Investor in People standards to measure and report on the social responsibility of businesses. First and foremost, BEE is an attempt to encourage all businesses to measure and report on the role they are playing in uplifting the society they are in. It is about encouraging the formal upliftment of the have-nots or previously disadvantaged. That most of the have-nots in South Africa are black (African, Coloured or Indian) is a result of past disadvantage. That is why, in South Africa, our socio-economic empowerment programme is, for the foreseeable future, focused on black South Africans. South Africa is pioneering a model for socio-economic empowerment and it will have successes and failures. Time will show up the mistakes in the policy and these will hopefully be corrected. Lessons like Zimbabwe on our border show what happens when we fail to deal with social imbalances in a structured, international best-practice model. What is true is that if we can fast-track capacity building; create a more-equal sharing of wealth; and continue to grow and be more competitive, we will reap the fruits of these programmes in the years to come. This will be up to individual companies, and the individuals within those companies, as to how well we succeed or how much we fail at becoming more sustainable businesses, communities and a more socially balanced country.
Source: Adapted from an article by William Janisch, Empowerment Services

3. How BEE works

The BEE Codes set principles of how organisations are to be measured as to their social contributions as well as defining Scorecards which allocate targets for each element of the scorecard as well as a certain number of points for achieving that target (also known as a weighting for that element). There are a number of scorecards depending on the size, sector or ownership of the business (e.g. Multinationals or public organizations might have slightly amended scorecards). The Department of Trade and Industry (dti) was responsible for the development of the BEE Codes so the main Codes of Good Practice for BEE and the Scorecards resulting from that document are referred to as the dti Codes. The dti BEE scorecard looks at seven elements of transformation that an enterprise could be measured on. Below we list the points or weightings for larger businesses (those with a turnover of more than R35million per year). Scorecards for smaller businesses, the AgriBEE sector (see heading 4) or organisations with no ownership or government ownership might have different points allocations: 1) Ownership (20) looking at the percentage Black shareholders in a company; 2) Management (10) looking at the percentage of Black top management in a company; 3) Employment Equity (15) looking at the percentage of Black senior, middle and junior management; technical, professional skills and academically qualified workers; 4) Skills Development (15) looking at what is being done to train Black employees; 5) Preferential Procurement (20) looking at how much is purchased from companies that contribute well to BEE; 6) Enterprise Development (15) looking at what a company is doing to invest and/or develop BEE companies; 7) Socio-economic (5) looking at what/how a company is contributing to the black community. The figures in brackets refer to the points or weighting given to the element. This then adds up to a total of 100 points kind of like writing a test on BEE. The details of the formulae and targets are contained in a series of documents called the Codes of Good Practice for BEE. The BEE Codes of Good Practice were gazetted into law in February 2007 and will span at least a ten-year period.

2. Black Economic Empowerment: a history

How does one go about encouraging an economy to achieve a transformation to a more equitable distribution of wealth without destabilising it? Early attempts by corporate businesses to sell stakes to black shareholders often involved intricate mechanisms of finance that either effectively gave no control to the new shareholder or relied heavily on an increase in share price in order for them to gain any material benefit whatsoever. Many of these deals were doomed to fail. Some were successful, but have been criticized for putting much wealth in the hands of very few, while for most previously disadvantaged South Africans the struggle continues. This fact did not go unnoticed and in 1998 the black business bodies established the Black Economic Empowerment Commission, a think tank of politicians, economists and consultants who set about trying to find an answer to the problems that were holding back economic transformation. In 2001 they released a report that changed Governments thinking on Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) and painted some broad strokes about the way forward. Firstly, they recommended that Government should get in the driving seat. Secondly, they pointed out that BEE involved more than just the transfer of assets. There were other aspects such as the development of skills, creating equitable standards in the workplace and the general upliftment of communities. Thirdly, they pointed out that unless there was

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Find the latest on www.dti.gov.za and the other websites mentioned under headings 7 and 8.

In order to calculate the BEE Spend with a company you: multiply the actual amount spent with the company by their recognition level; total these up to calculate the total BEE Spend; divide the result into the total Actual Spend to get a percentage. In this case R720 / R1000 = 72%. This figure is then compared with the target on the scorecard in order to calculate the BEE points. If the target percentage was 70%; in the above case with a score of 72%, this company would get full points for the total spend target (whatever points were allocated to that target. As you can see from the above table, the more a customer spends with a supplier, the greater their influence on the customers score. Ideally, you would want the suppliers you spend the most with to have the best scores.
Source: Empowerment Services

What does a BEE score mean?

Getting a BEE score is voluntary. There is no legal requirement for any company to obtain one. Your companys score will however contribute to your customers BEE scores and so you will probably find that they will request that you give them an official BEE Certificate in order that they can calculate their score under the Preferential Procurement element. By the same token you will need to obtain the BEE Certificates of your suppliers in order to calculate your BEE score. Other drivers behind getting a good BEE Score might include: Those wishing to access government finance might be required to get a certain minimum BEE Score Certain products may receive a BEE Label in stores depending on the score of the producer or grower Prices paid for land under land reform may be adjusted according to BEE scores of the seller Public perception might drive bigger brands to achieve a reasonable score so as not to fall foul of a disapproving public The social imperative. If we do not develop our society so that the vast majority participate meaningfully in the economy as soon as possible, we could suffer social or political collapse and we will continue to suffer the economic consequences high (and violent) crime and high social welfare costs The higher your score, the more you will count towards your customers score. The degree to which a score counts is illustrated on the following table. The Recognition Level is the factor by which a customers spend with you will be multiplied in order to calculate their BEE procurement spend with you. How this works is illustrated in the example below: BEE Score 100+ 85 < 100 75 < 85 65 < 75 55 < 65 45 < 55 40 < 45 30 < 40 < 30 Example: Let us say that you have four suppliers. You spend different amounts with them and they have different BEE scores as illustrated in the table below: Supplier A B (QSE) C D TOTAL Actual Spend R150 R250 R550 R50 R1 000 BEE Level Level 4 Level 7 Level 5 Level 8 Recognition BEE Spend Level 100% 50% 80% 10% R150 R125 R440 R5 R720 BEE Status Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 Level 8 Non-compliant Recognition Level 135% 125% 110% 100% 80% 60% 50% 10%

4. AgriBEE
AgriBEE is the transformation charter or Sector Charter for the agricultural sector. This leads one to question: What is a Sector Charter and why do we need them? All sectors do not use the Department of Trade & Industrys BEE Codes (dti Codes). Some Sectors felt the need to adjust the dti Codes to make provision for specific issues facing their own sector or to reward contributions that their sector was best able to make For example: the finance sector is best able to finance empowerment or bank the un-banked so they have included these as targets in their scorecard. The IT sector can help provide Internet bandwidth and computer centres to schools and communities so they might include that as a target in their scorecard. Agriculture has a very specific contribution to make in terms of agricultural land and has historical issues to deal with including high illiteracy rates and HIV infection rates so chooses to focus attention on these issues amongst others. The dti Codes set specific rules for establishing Sector Charters or Sector Codes because the country cannot afford to have one sector getting away with murder while another sector has very heavy targets. Therefore, in order to keep everyone on the same general playing field, the dti Codes state the following: A Sector Charter (or Section 12 Charter as some call it) is the voluntary gathering together of a sector to set itself transformation targets, which it will attempt to keep. A sector charter can be gazetted for information purposes but has not weight when it comes to determining your BEE score. Even if your sector has a sector charter, you will still be measured on the dti Codes to determine your BEE Status. The Charter targets are more guidelines for what kinds of contributions the sector expects from its stakeholders. A Sector Code (or Section 9 Charter as some call it) replaces the dti Codes for that particular sector! There are strict rules for establishing Sector Codes. They must be significantly aligned with the dti Codes; they must include all seven elements (e.g. Ownership, Skills Development, Procurement etc.) of the dti Codes but can include additional items which will then steal points away from one or more of the other seven elements; the amendments to the dti Codes must be justified and approved by all major stakeholders in the sector as well as put out for general public comment so other sectors can comment on whether they feel the scorecard is fair.

46

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Therefore, in the absence of a Sector Code, one is automatically measured on the dti Codes. The AgriBEE Charter was gazetted as a Sector Charter (Section 12 Charter) and so remains only a guideline and voluntary commitment of the sector (rather than a scorecard) which Verification Agencies will use for measurement. Businesses falling under the scope of the AgriBEE Charter are encouraged to measure their contributions against the indicative AgriBEE Scorecard as well as the dti Scorecard unless AgriBEE were to become a Sector Code (Section 9 Charter). Readers should check the dti website (www.thedti.gov.za) from time to time to determine when / if the AgriBEE Charter is gazetted as a Sector Code in which case the AgriBEE Scorecard will become the official scorecard for the Agri Sector.

Some of the main differences are: Micro businesses (those turning over less than R5million per year) do not get a blanket exemption but are rather encouraged to participate in at least two areas of the scorecard. Qualifying Small Enterprises (QSEs) those turning over between R5million and R35million per year need to choose 5 out of the seven elements of the scorecard each of which is worth 20 points whereas the dti scorecard requires QSEs to select 4 elements worth 25 points each. Employment Equity points are reduced from 15 to 10 points and there is more emphasis on upper management. Skills Development is raised from 15 to 20 points to encourage this element. Points are awarded for having BEE and Skills strategies. Preferential Procurement still awards 20 points but redistributes the points to award points for overall percentage of spend spent on good BEE companies and to reward the purchase of goods and services from small and micro-enterprises. The points in the dti scorecard for purchasing from black-owned and black women-owned businesses are not in the AgriBEE scorecard Enterprise Development is reduced from 15 points to 10 points and the target contribution from 3% Net Profit After Tax (NPAT) to 2% NPAT but 3 bonus points are awarded for leasing productive land to black people. The Socio-Economic Development part of the Scorecard is changed to be called Rural Development, Poverty Alleviation and CSI. It is increased from 5 points to 10 points and the contribution is increased to 1,5% of NPAT from the dtis 1% NPAT. The alternative is to provide 10% of your productive farm land to your black workers for at least 10 years. Land and Farming Businesses are separated and an agri-business or farmer can get points by either selling a stake in their agribusiness OR by selling some of their land OR a combination of a little bit of both. Leasing Land or Capital Assets to BEE beneficiaries for at least 10 years can earn Enterprise Development points. Productive Land can be made available to farm workers under the Rural Development, Poverty Alleviation and CSI section of the Scorecard.

One of the most devastating acts of economic disempowerment in South Africas history was the removal of its indigenous people from the land they had occupied for centuries, initially through force of arms and later through discriminatory laws and a system of taxation designed to force Africans into the industrial labour market. For these communities, loss of land amounted to a loss of economic independence and for many a loss of a viable livelihood. Formalised in the 1913 Land Act and apartheid-era forced removals, this dispossession and its after-effects persist to this day where access to productive agricultural land remains largely the preserve of a racially defined minority. While the industrialisation process of the last century has resulted in largescale urbanisation, there remain significant numbers of South Africans living in rural areas. Land reform and rural development must therefore necessarily form part of any comprehensive BEE strategy.
Source: www.about-south-africa.com

5. BEE and the small business

It is clear that AgriBEE is a process, not a once-off occurrence. Black Economic Empowerment directly affects each business and corporate citizen. It is already the new way of doing business, and organisations that ignore it will definitely be marginalised by the rest of the economy in time and eventually be influenced negatively by the rest of the economy. Farmers should be proactive in their environment to prevent land being repossessed for redistribution to people that have no interest or feeling for agriculture. Producers do not have to give away anything free of charge; a business approach to BEE should be followed continuously. It is, however, very important that everyone realises that a paradigm shift is necessary.
Source: www.senwes.co.za

Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment codes apply to enterprises, defined by their turnover. Businesses turning over more than R35million annually are measured on the Indicative AgriBEE Scorecard while those with an annual turnover of between R5million and R35 million are called Qualifying Small Enterprises (QSEs) and are measured on the AgriQSE Scorecard. On the AgriQSE Scorecard, all elements are worth 20 points and a QSE need only select 5 of the 7 areas in which to comply. (Please note: This may change back to the dti model where each area is worth 25 points and only 4 elements need to be selected but at the time of going to press it was 5 elements each worth 20) Businesses with an annual turnover under R5 million a year are called Emerging Micro Enterprises (EMEs), and are automatically given a good BEE status (level 4 see table under heading 1). EMEs are exempt from having to obtain a scorecard and do not have to comply with the codes. Please Note: The R5million threshold for EMEs is an indicative threshold, which might be changed when an Agri Sector Code is gazetted based on appropriate benchmarking studies, sub-sector inputs or other consultation. Despite the above, the AgriBEE Charter encourages the participation of EMEs in transformation in the following ways: An EME can choose to be measured according to any two elements of the scorecard in which case each element is worth 50 points. Those that achieve a score of between 50 and 70 on the AgriQSE Scorecard will then be given Level 3 BEE status; while those achieving 70 points or more will achieve Level 2 BEE Status. An EME can choose to be measured on any three elements of the scorecard in which case each element is worth 33.3 points. Those that achieve a score of between 45 and 65 on the AgriQSE Scorecard will then be given Level 3 BEE status; while those achieving 65 points or more will achieve Level 2 BEE Status. The BEE status of an EME will be raised by one level if black people hold more than 50% economic interest and voting rights in that business (e.g. If it scores Level 3, it will be raised to level 2) All along the food chain, companies are going to be looking at the BEE credentials of their suppliers.

Who oversees the implementation, measurement and ongoing amendments to AgriBEE?

The AgriBEE Charter envisages the establishment of an AgriBEE Charter Council which will monitor, evaluate and report on BEE to the national BEE Advisory Council which is established by the president. The AgriBEE Charter Council is empowered to revise any provisions in the AgriBEE Charter in consultation with the Ministers of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) and Trade & Industry. The actual measurement of AgriBEE will be done by Verification Agencies who are required to become accredited by the dti to perform this task. A Verification is done annually at a time of your choosing and a certificate is issued stating your BEE Score and BEE Status Level for the year ahead.

What are the main differences between the dti Codes and AgriBEE?
The dti Codes are, needless to say, very generic. They set standards for businesses in general. The AgriBEE Charter (due to become a Code in the future) adjusts the dti scorecard to be better focused on the needs of Agriculture.

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In order to determine your BEE score, your business will need to be verified. This means that you need to get an approved verification agency to go through your paperwork and give you a rating a BEE score. The costs of verification will vary depending on the amount of work involved. The basis for charging will be similar to that of auditors and accountants. It is estimated that for a small business the cost per rating will be between R2 000 and R10 000. Having all the information readily available for verification agents when they arrives will help to keep the cost of your verification down.
Source: Empowerment Services. Find the tables showing the scorecards for large businesses and small businesses at the end of this chapter

7. Websites and publications

The National BEE Handbook. This is a 600 page A4 book dedicated to BEE compliance and best practice published by the publishers of this National Agricultural Directory. The book contains anything and everything you could want to know about BEE finance, verifications etc. See www.rainbowsa.co.za. Everyones Guide to Black Economic Empowerment by Robin Woolley. Order it from Zebra Press (visit www.zebrapress.co.za). Visions of Black Economic Empowerment Xolela Mangcu, Gill Marcus, Khehla Shubane and Adrian Hadland (editors). Broad Based BEE The Complete Guide Vuyo Jack ISBN 978 1920099213. www.businessmap.co.za BusinessMap Investment Strategy Advisors (Pty) Ltd. Standard Bank has an excellent DVD presentation of AgriBEE. Call 011 636 6162. www.itsmybsusiness.co.za for resources that will help you get to grips with BEE. www.senwes.co.za Senwes provides you with information regarding AgriBEE that offers practicable solutions. Take the Corporate Information and Black Economic Empowerment options. Find details of the latest The Way to BEE by Cliffe Dekker on www. cdfm.co.za Family business and broad-based black economic empowerment in South Africa. Tony Balshaw. Toshkryll Publishers. Tel: 043 726 9898. Fax: 043 726 9899. Email gtel@gtec.co.za. This short and concise guide explains BEE in the family business context. The CSI Handbook. Trialogue. Tel: 021 683 7417. www.csimatters. co.za. www.littleblackbook.co.za for a list of black professionals. They may be found by name or by segment (e.g. Advertising/marketing, business, government etc). www.skillsportal.co.za The Skills Portal website. The BEE menu option takes the visitor to a number of useful documents and papers. Visit www.econoscorecard.co.za for an easy-to-use computer program designed to help a business draw up its BEE scorecard.

6. National Strategy
Government is of the view that the B-BBEE framework should reinforce skills and rural development, enterprise and social development while it must also attend to issues of job creation through procurement and entrepreneurship. Department of Trade and Industry (the dti) Tel: 0861 843 384 Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Directorate: Business and Entrepreneur Development Find the BEE menu option on the BEE Policy Unit website www.thedti.gov.za Tel: 012 319 8145 RudolphA@daff.gov.za Association of BEE Verification www.daff.gov.za Agencies (ABVA) Tel: 086 111 2282 www.abva.co.za Other roleplayers are: Government (Provincial and Local), Private sector (Agri-businesses, Commercial Banks), Land Bank, Commercial Agriculture, Emerging farmers and their communities.

8. Roleplayers
AGRI LAND GROUP Tel: 012 345 3911 Tel: 031 583 6600 Tel: 011 699 2000 www.agrilandgroup.com Agri Mega Empowerment Solutions (AgriMES) Tel: 028 424 2890 / 425 2524 www.agrimega.co.za Services to organised agriculture and commodity organisations. BEE. Accredited Training. Labour services. Agricultural Business Chamber (ABC) Tel: 012 807 6686 / 082 441 2308 www.agbiz.co.za Agri-Africa Tel: 021 886 6826 / 082 950 9294 info@agri-africa.co.za www.agri-africa.co.za AgriBEE is one of several areas where Agri-Africa fulfils a consultancy role, reviewing and creating solutions to the challenges offered. Empowerment Services Tel: 011 485 2036 William Janisch 083 256 2777 william@empowermentservices. co.za

What many do not know, as well, is that the development of the BEE Codes was one of the most participative and collaborative processes ever undertaken to develop a socio-economic measurement framework. Public submissions and representations were received from thousands of parties and interest groups; hundreds of workshops were held to debate each and every issue with those who had interesting contributions; and the Codes are the product of draft after draft. The Department of Trade & Industry (dti), which has led the process of Codes development, is also well aware of the implications of increasing the cost of doing business too much seeing that they primarily deal with international trade issues. Foreign Direct Investment would be turned away and South African products and services would become noncompetitive. So they have worked hard to strike a balance between needing South African companies to help invest in the Have-nots and become more socially sustainable; but at the same time, not put burdens on them which are too heavy.
Source: William Janisch, Empowerment Services

One of South Africas leading BEE consultancies having played a role in the development of the BEE Codes and consulted Find the BEE & Transformation to hundreds of organisations. ES menu option on the website has presented on BEE to farming communities across South Africa Agri SA in a fresh, thought-provoking way. Tel: 012 643 3400 www.agrisa.co.za

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Fair Trade Label SA (FTSA) Tel: 021 448 8911 www.fairtrade.org.za Fair Trade Labelling gives BEE ventures a marketing edge. Consumers contribute directly to the soial development of producers and farm workers.

National Empowerment Fund Tel: 011 305 8000 www.nefcorp.co.za New Generation Agri Tel: 021 863 0397

The following have corporate AND SMME client bases: BEESA Consulting Tel: 011 726 3052 www.beesa.co.za BEE Registry Tel: 011 976 1320 www.beeregistry.co.za Black Business Link www.blackbusinesslink.co.za Black Pride Marketing Tel: 011 420 0272 www.blackpride.co.za Businessmap Investment Strategy Advisors info@businessmap.co.za www.businessmap.co.za Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr Tel: 011 290 7000 www.cdfm.co.za EconoBEE Tel: 011 483 1190 www.econobee.co.za Empowerdex Tel: 011 783 0177 www.empowerdex.co.za Empowerlogic Tel: 011 612 3560 / 70 or 0861114003 www. empowerlogic.co.za Ezee-dex Tel: 011 446 3600 www.edx.co.za KPMG Tel: 011 647 7111 www.kpmg.co.za Mpowerratings Tel: 011 486 4814 www.mpowerratings.co.za NERA Tel: 011 678 1482 www.nerasa.co.za SEESA Tel: 012 810 2000/ 021 919 9200 www.seesabee.co.za Transcend Tel: 011 442 2433 www.transcend.co.za Verify Solutions www.verifysolutions.co.za The accreditation of the Verification Agencies has been entrusted to the South African National Accreditation System (SANAS) by the dti.

Black Empowerment and Development company, promoting and facilitating agribusiness in the Food and Allied Workers Union Emerging Farming sector. (FAWU) Tel: 021 637 9040 Phatisa www.fawu.org.za Tel: 011 501 4806 duncanowen@phatisa.com Fort Hare Dairy Trust (FHDT) www.phatisa.com Jeff Every 041 379 4800 Leonard Mavhungu 082 795 If you are the owner of a successful 7455 agri business interested in acquiring, selling or partially realising your FHDT is a partnership between investment; plan to expand your white farmers from the business or fund an acquisition Tsitsikamma and Underberg areas, or need agricultural/agri business through their company Amadlelo advice, consider engaging Phatisa Agri; the University of Fort Hare; as your adviser. 600 workers from 70 dairy farms; and Vuwa Investments. Find the Senwes Agricultural Services archived Business Day article on this Tel: 018 464 7800 Johan.duToit@senwes.co.za enterprise from May 2009 called www.senwes.co.za Producing the cream of the crop. Visit www.businessday.co.za. Find the highly practical notes on the website. Foundation for African Business and Consumer South African Agricultural Services (FABCOS) Processors Organisation Tel: 011 333 3701 / 011 809 4900 Tel: 012 663 1660 www.fabcos.co.za www.grainmilling.org.za Provincial contact details available on the website Futuregrowth Asset Management Tel: 021 659 5300 www.futuregrowth.co.za are Standard Bank General enquiries: 011 636 6162 Fax: 011 636 8218 sbsaagriculture@standardbank. co.za This banks commitment to BEE is about creating an economically sustainable black business sector as the foundation to growth and profitability. They have had excellent results to date and continue to play a role in developing the sector. Read about BEE success stories in their quarterly AgriReview, available on www.standardbank.co.za Helmut Wolff Tel: 011 803 1287 / 082 679 8969 www.iib.ws Womiwu Rural Development Tel: 015 297 2107 rusty@womiwu.com www.womiwu.com

South African Fruit Exporters (SAFE), one of South Africas leading global fruit exporting and logistical services providers, announced a large empowerment transaction funded by Futuregrowth Asset Management in November 2009. The deal involves the sale of 50% of the equity from existing shareholders in SAFE to the United Farmers Fund Trust (UFF), a broad-based BEE trust with a focus on land reform and rural development. Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) Tel: 011 269 3000 www.idc.co.za

Ventex Corporation Wim Venter National African Farmers Union Tel: 051 436 6453 / 079 668 5111 www.ventex.co.za (NAFU SA) Tel: 082 672 2484

General BEE consultants

The following deal with mainly Corporate Client Bases: BEE2Business Tel: 012 365 3699 www.bee2business.co.za Ernst & Young Tel: 011 772 3184 www.ey.com Pricewaterhouse Coopers Tel: 011 797 5641 www.pwcglobal.com

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9. A look at the commercial farmers BEE scorecard

Farmers in South Africa have already made great contributions with respect to the proposed Scorecard. Here is a short explanation of how progress has possibly been made already: Direct BEE Indirect BEE Sectoral focus Human Resource Development Affirmative Action

Other mechanisms
In view of AgriBEE and the requirements that are set against the establishment of new farmers, white South African commercial farmers can make excellent contributions with regard to: mentorship to new beginner farmers to develop technical and business skills; supply mechanisation services for new beginner farmers on contract for compensation OR in exchange for the use of a portion of their land; rent land from new beginner farmers in order to promote their cash flow; donate surplus implements that can be used in a mechanisation pool for rental. To make a success of AgriBEE will require synergy and creative thoughts. The government has already realised that it has world-class expertise in the South African farmer. A team effort is essential for BEE to be successful and it is recommended that as many partners as possible with common goals are involved so as to spread the risks.
Source: www.senwes.co.za

Direct BEE
Management Many farmers already have workers committees on their farms that participate in the management of farming activities. Shareholding Numerous workers at farm level already benefit from profit sharing and performance bonus schemes. HR Development and Affirmative Action Affirmative action at all levels Farm workers have already been promoted to foremen, divisional heads or managers on many farms. Capacity building Many farmers have provided education, bursaries, in job training in agriculture, training in crafts and handiwork, as well as all sorts of mentorship for own and other newcomers on their farms.

Indirect BEE
Preferential procurement All sorts of services and products are already obtained from BEE companies. The supply of fuel, for instance, is mainly from such sources. Sectoral focus Social responsibility South African farmers make great contributions at the rural level with regard to social responsibility and have excelled with respect to: housing clinics recreation centres and sports grounds transport home industries schools other training such as literacy programmes pension and medical schemes

The AgriBEE scorecard for large businesses >R35million turnover

Element Weighting Indicator Category Voting rights Ownership 20% Economic Interest Indicator Exercisable Voting Rights in the Enterprise in the hands of Black People Exercisable Voting Rights in the Enterprise in the hands of Black Women Economic Interest in the Enterprise to which Black People are entitled Economic Interest in the Enterprise to which Black Women are entitled Economic Interest in the Enterprise to which Black designated groups, deemed participants in distribution schemes, participants in co-operatives, are entitled Realisation Points Ownership fulfilment Net Equity Interest Achieved accordingly: 10% of the Target (Year 1) 20% of the Target (Year 2) 40% of the Target (Year 3-4) 60% of the Target (Year 5-6) 80% of the Target (Year 7-8) 100% of the Target (Year 9-10) Involvement in the ownership of the Enterprise of Black New Entrants; Black Disabled People, Black Youth and Black Deemed Participants of Broad-Based Ownership Schemes; or Black Participants in Cooperatives Commercial agricultural land transferred or sold to Black People Bonus Points Contribution to achieving in excess of 30% land transfer Points 3 2 4 2 1 Target 25% + 1 vote 10% 25% 10% 2,5%

No restrictions

Bonus Points

Bonus per each level of 5%

Land Ownership

20%

20 5

30% 30% (Bonus point per each percentage of land transferred above 30% of total land) 50%

Management Control

10%

Board Participation Percentage of exercisable Voting Rights held by Members of the Board who are Black People to the total of all Voting Rights exercised by all members of the Board Executive Members of the board who are Black People Executive Members of the board who are Black Women Top Management Percentage that Senior Top Management who are Participation Black People constitute of the total number of Senior Top Management Percentage that Senior Top Management who are Black Women constitute of the total number of Senior Top Management Percentage that Other Top Management who are Black People constitute of the total number of Other Top Management Percentage that Other Top Management who are Black Women constitute of the total number of Other Top Management Bonus Points Percentage that Black People who are Independent Non-executive Board Members constitute of the total number of Independent Non-executive Board Members

1 1 2

50% 25% 40%

20%

40%

20%

40%

Element
52

Weighting 10%

Indicator Category

Indicator Black People with disabilities employed in by the Measured Enterprise as a percentage of all full-time employees Black People employed by the Measured Enterprise at Senior Management level as a percentage of employees at Senior Management level Black Women employed by the Measured Enterprise at Senior Management level as a percentage of employees at Senior Management level Black People employed by the Measured Enterprise at Professionally Qualified, Experienced Specialist and Mid-management level as a percentage of employees at Professionally Qualified, Experienced Specialist and Mid-management level Black Women employed by the Measured Enterprise at Professionally Qualified, Experienced Specialist and Mid-management level as a percentage of employees at Professionally Qualified, Experienced Specialist and Mid-management level Black People employed by the Measured Enterprise at Skilled Technical and Academically Qualified Workers, Junior Management, Supervisors, Foremen and Superintendents as a percentage of employees at Skilled Technical and Academically Qualified Workers, Junior Management, Supervisors, Foremen and Superintendents level

Points 2

Target 2%

Employment Equity

60%

30%

75%

40%

80%

Skills Development 20%

Skills Development Skills Development spend on Black Employees as Spend a percentage of Leviable Amount; (85% of spend focused on core skills as identified by the enterprise and critical skills as identified by the relevant SETA) Skills Development spend on Black Women as a percentage of Leviable Amount; (85% of spend focused on core skills as identified by the enterprise and critical skills as identified by the relevant SETA) Spend on Black Employees with disabilities as a percentage of Leviable Amount Recognised Training Programmes Number of Black Employees participating in training programmes that lead to recognised qualifications as percentage of total employees Number of Black Women participating in training programmes that lead to recognised qualifications as percentage of total employees Number of people who are members of Black Designated Groups participating in training programmes that lead to recognised qualifications as percentage of total employees (the score in this element will be adjusted directly proportionate to the level of absorption of the participants in training programmes in the measured enterprise until a level of 80% absorption is attained) Organisational Transformation Index Existence of a comprehensive BEE strategy which is being implemented Payment of skills development levy as well as claiming levy money Existence of a policy on non-discrimination widely published within the company and ongoing facilitation of external diversity management training Compliance with relevant employment related legislation Implementation of an effective human resource management plan Existence of a programme designed to give practical effect to the stated policies and programmes Bonus Points Percentage of employees at ABET level 3

2%

0.93%

1 2

0.2% 5%

2.5%

1%

Yes Yes Yes

1% 1% 1%

Yes Yes Yes 2

1% 1% 1% 70%

Element Preferential Procurement

Weighting 20%

Indicator Category Preferential Procurement Spend

Indicator BEE procurement spend from Suppliers based on the BEE procurement recognition system contained in section 5.5 of the Charter BEE procurement spend from Qualifying Small Enterprises in accordance with the BEE procurement recognition system contained in section 5.5 of the Charter BEE procurement spend from Exempted Micro Enterprises in accordance with the BEE procurement recognition system contained in section 5.5 of the Charter

Points 15

Target

53

50%

15%

5%

Enterprise Development

10%

Enterprise Development Spend

Cumulative contributions made by the Measured Entity to enterprise Development as a percentage of cumulative net profit after tax measured from the commencement / Inception Date to the date of measurement Enterprise development contributions that directly increase employment levels in preceding year Lease of 20% of land or capital assets on a long term basis to black persons which meets the criteria of a qualifying transaction as outlined in paragraph 5.1.1.3

10

2%

Bonus Points

1 2 Lease longer than 10 years 1.5% CSI 10% Land

Rural Development, Poverty Alleviation & CSI

10%

Corporate Social Investment Spend and/or Land available to farm workers Bonus Point

Cumulative Rand value of corporate social investment contributions as a percentage of net profit after tax over five years measured from the commencement date of this Charter or the Inception Date over 10 years of the Charter period and/or Land made available to farm workers measured from the commencement date of this Charter or the Inception Date over 10 years of the Charter period Corporate social investment contributions benefiting Black People in rural communities or geographic areas identified in governments integrated sustainable development programme and urban renewal programme

10

The AgriQSE scorecard for small businesses >R5million to <R35million turnover

Element Weighting Indicator Category Voting rights Ownership 20% Economic Interest Realisation Points Indicator Exercisable Voting Rights in the Enterprise in the hands of Black People Economic Interest in the Enterprise to which Black People are entitled Ownership fulfilment Net equity interest 10% of the Target (Year 1) 20% of the Target (Year 2) 40% of the Target (Year 3,4) 60% of the Target (Year 5,6) 80% of the Target (Year 7,8) 100% of the Target (Year 9,10) Bonus Points Involvement in the ownership of the Enterprise of: Black Disabled People Black Youth Black Women and/or Broad-based Ownership Schemes Commercial agricultural land transferred or sold to Black People Bonus Points Contribution to achieving in excess of 30% land transfer Points 5 7 1 7 Target 25% 25% Yes 25%

Bonus per each level of 5%

Land Owners

20%

20 5

30% 30% (Bonus point per each percentage of land transferred above 30% of total land) 25.1%

Management

20%

Owner Management Participation Bonus Points

Black representation at Owner-manager level

20

Black Women representation at Owner-manager level Black representation at Manager-Controller level 6 Black Women representation at Manager-Controller 6 level Black Employees as percentage of total employees Black Women as percentage of total employees 4 4

10% 40% 20% 70% 35% Yes 1%

Employment Equity

20%

Skills Development 20%

Employee enrolment / involvement in Recognised 5 Training Programmes Skills Development spend on Black Employees in 15 addition to Skills Development Levy (except where the enterprise is exempted from payment of the skills development levy) as a percentage of the Leviable Amount (or as a percentage of total annual payroll, for entities exempted from the skills development levy); (85% of spend focused on core skills as identified by the enterprise and critical skills as identified by the relevant SETA). Bonus Points Percentage of employees at ABET level 3 2

70% 50%

Preferential Procurement Enterprise Development

20%

BEE procurement spend from suppliers in accordance 20 with the BEE procurement recognition system contained in section 5.5 of the Charter Cumulative contribution to enterprise development 20 as a percentage of cumulative net profit after tax measured from the Commencement / Inception Date to the date of measurement Bonus Points Lease of 20% land or capital assets on a long term 3 basis to black persons which meets the criteria of a qualifying transaction as outlined in paragraph 5.1.1.3 Cumulative Rand value of corporate social investment 20 contributions as a percentage of net profit after tax over five years and/or Land made available to farm workers measured from the commencement date of this Charter or the Inception Date over 10 years of the Charter period

20%

1%

Lease longer than 10 years 1% CSI 10% (land for farm workers)

Rural Development, Poverty Alleviation & CSI

20%

Corporate Social Investment Spend and/or Land available to farm workers

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National issues
Climate change and global warming
1. Overview
Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) compiles and distributes a weekly digest of news articles relating to agriculture and climate change in Africa. Find out about the Africa-wide Civil Society Climate Change Initiative for Policy Dialogues (ACCID) at www. africaclimatesolution.org and www.fanrpan.org. What is climate change? There is a natural cycle through which the earth and its atmosphere go to accommodate the change in the amount of energy received from the sun. The climate goes through warm and cold periods, taking hundreds of years to complete one cycle. Changes in temperature also influence the rainfall, but the biosphere is able to adapt to a changing climate if these changes take place over centuries. Unfortunately, human intervention is currently causing the climate to change too fast. Plants and animals may not be able to adapt as quickly to this rapid climate change as humans can, and therefore the whole ecosystem is in danger. What causes climate change? The global climate system is driven by energy from the sun. Several gases in the atmosphere act to trap the energy from the sun, thus warming the earth. These gases are called greenhouse gases and the process is the greenhouse effect. Without this there would be no life on earth. Human activities over the last 200 years, particularly the burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) and the clearing of forests, have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This is likely to lead to more solar radiation being trapped, which in turn will lead to the earths surface warming up called the enhanced greenhouse effect.

Limit the availability of water. It is expected that there will be less water available in most parts of Africa. Particularly, there will be a severe down trend in the rainfall in Southern African countries and in the dry areas of countries around the Mediterranean Sea. Exacerbation of drought periods. An increase in temperature and a change in the climate throughout the continent are predicted to cause recurrent droughts in most of the region. Reduction in soil fertility. An increase in temperature is likely to reduce soil moisture, moisture storage capacity and the quality of the soil, which are vital nutrient for agricultural crops. Low livestock productivity and high production cost. Climate change will affect livestock productivity directly by influencing the balance between heat dissipation and heat production and indirectly through its effect on the availability of feed and fodder. Availability of human resource. Climate change is likely to cause the manifestation of vector and vector born diseases, where an increase in temperature and humidity will create ideal conditions for malaria, sleeping sickness and other infectious diseases that will directly affect the availability of human resources for the agriculture sector. The impact of these adverse climate changes on agriculture is exacerbated in Africa by the lack of adapting strategies, which are increasingly limited owing to the lack of institutional, economic and financial capacity to support such actions. Africas vulnerability to climate change and its inability to adapt to these changes may be devastating to the agriculture sector, the main source of livelihood to the majority of the population. The utmost concern should therefore be a better understanding of the potential impact of the current and projected climate changes on African agriculture and to identify ways and means to adapt and mitigate its detrimental impact.
Source: www.ceepa.co.za/Climate_Change

Global warming scenarios strongly suggest that in future southern Africa is likely to be drier than it is now. At present, about half our countrys agricultural production is animal-based, and half of it is crop-based. The crop-based segment accounts for about 70% of water usage, and the animal segment, around 4%. There is also a growing water-resource problem and the implication is that crop production is close to its limit. Indications are that South Africas future agricultural endeavours may increasingly have to rely on animal-based farming. Read more at www. dst.gov.za/publications-policies/magazine/vol6_html/vol6_

2. Africa
Relevant links about African agriculture, climate, relevant links and literature on climate change impacts of African agriculture may be found on www.ceepa.co.za. The information below is taken from this website.

3. South Africa
More information on climatic and atmospheric change in South Africa is provided within the National State of Environment Report see www. environment.gov.za South Africa is already a climatically sensitive and water-stressed country. Much of the country is arid or semi-arid and the whole country is subject to droughts and floods. Any variation in the rainfall or temperatures would thus exacerbate the already stressed environment. Most South African crops are grown in areas that are only just climatically suitable and with limited water supplies. The impacts of climate change will thus worsen the serious lack of surface and ground water resources, exacerbate desertification and may well alter the magnitude, timing and distribution of storms that produce floods. The combination of the impacts of climate change on the environment as well as South Africas large GHG emissions have been a key stimulus to the detailed studies and documents on the impacts of climate change produced by the South African government. The intention of many of these studies is to establish mitigation measures that would reduce the countries emissions.

Climate change, especially indicated by prolonged drought, is one of the most serious climatic hazards affecting the agricultural sector of the continent. As most of the agriculture activities in African countries hinges on rain fed, any adverse changes in the climate would likely have a devastating effect on the sector in the region, and the livelihood of the majority of the population. Five main climate change related drivers: temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, atmospheric carbon dioxide content and incidence of extreme events, may affect the agriculture sector in the following ways: Reduction in crop yields and agriculture productivity. There is growing evidence that in the tropics and subtropics, where crops have reached their maximum tolerance, crop yields are likely to decrease due to an increase in the temperature. Increased incidence of pest attacks. An increase in temperature is also likely to be conducive for a proliferation of pests that are detrimental to crop production.

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On the African continent only South Africa has emissions of greenhouse gases to an extent that can justify a general strategy on CO2 mitigation. South Africa produces 1.4 % of the worlds total CO2. However, our CO2 emissions per person are more than double the world average. This is mainly because we have cheap energy, and so we use it inefficiently. Burning coal is the main source of CO2 (through burning it to generate electricity, or burning it directly for heating, cooking etc.) What are the annual CO2 emissions per person? World: 4 tons Africa (excl. SA): 2,5 tons South Africa: 10 tons! Typical household contributions to CO2 emissions come from the sources listed below: Every unit (kWh) of electricity used produces 0.5 kg of CO2. Every litre of petrol burnt contributes 3kg of CO2 (~0.3 kg / km). Everyday consumer goods production and distribution results in substantial CO2 output. What can we do to slow the process down? The enhanced greenhouse effect can be slowed down by following two guidelines: (1) increase sinks; and (2) decrease sources of greenhouse gases. A sink is a process which removes greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. For example: growing a tree where one did not previously exist provides a sink for carbon dioxide, because the tree extracts carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. A source is a place or activity from which greenhouse gases are emitted e.g. a process such as coal burning.
Source: Earthlife; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), Directorate: Agricultural Risk and Disaster Management (ARDM), Early Warning Unit;

5. Mitigation
Mitigation entails all human interventions that reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases (adapted from the IPCC definition). The energy sector is the largest single source of greenhouse gases in South Africa. Integrated energy planning at the national level should ensure the optimum overall mix of energy sources, with clean coal technologies expected to be part of such a mix for the medium-term future. Technologies currently being investigated include: Renewable energy sources (such as hydroelectric power, wind power, solar power and biomass); Non-greenhouse gas emitting energy sources such as nuclear power; Technologies are also being investigated and developed to make coal power stations less polluting and more efficient; Peaks in electricity demand can also be reduced by management of the demand for energy and providing electricity more efficiently by introducing new supply technologies and adjusting pricing policies. There is also potential for importing energy, such as gas and hydroelectricity, from other countries in the region.
Source: www.environment.gov.za

6. Livestock and agriculture

While demand for meat increases, the contribution of livestock farming to climate change has been under the spotlight. As cattle chew and re-chew their food, their gastric eruptions produce methane, a greenhouse gas more potent than carbon dioxide. This has led to UN estimates that the worlds livestock system is a bigger part of the problem than transportation. This issue is covered at the annual World Meat Congresses, and by the organisers, the International Meat Secretariat. Visit www.meat-ims.org Clearing forests to make space for livestock and crops, and the fossil fuels required for tillage and transport are issues related to agriculture. Food miles, the distance from the gate to plate, has become a consideration with a growing movement in the Developed World to eat local. Mitigation related to agriculture and rural areas includes: less deforestation and the planting of more trees the reduction of tillage to increase soil cover to improve grassland management (we need thicker savannah) better manure management to optimise herd composition and feed intake. to reduce the burning of agricultural residues to reduce the frequency of fires

4. The Kyoto Protocol and Copenhagen (COP15)

Information on the Kyoto Protocol can be found on its official website Kyoto Protocol www.kyotoprotocol.com and on the UNFCCC Climate Change Information Kit Kyoto Protocol Fact Sheet visit http://unfccc.int

The Kyoto Protocol is an extension of the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the worlds first treaty to attempt to address global warming by limiting greenhouse gas emissions. The Protocol deals in detail with its first commitment period, by the end of which most developed countries pledged to reduce their emissions by agreed amounts. This period is due to expire at the end of 2012. The treaty came into force on February 16, 2005. Discussions on how to proceed beyond Kyotos first period have been ongoing as part of the UNFCCC process. In December 2009, the scheduled conference happened in Copenhagen, Denmark, to work out an action plan for when the Kyoto protocol expires in 2012. The conference was the 15th in a series of the UN meetings that stem from the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio, and so is known as COP15. The talks secured bare-minimum agreements that fell well short of original goals to reduce carbon emissions and stem global warming, after lengthy negotiations failed to paper over differences between rich nations and developing economies.
Source: Reuters

Agriculture employs more people and uses more land and water than any other human activity. It has the potential to degrade the earths land, water, atmosphere and biological resources - or to enhance them - depending on the decisions made by the more than 2 billion people whose livelihoods depend directly on crops, livestock, fisheries or forests. Ensuring appropriate incentives for these people is essential.
Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organisations 2007 annual report, The State of Food and Agriculture

For those who are interested in finding out how much their favourite meal contributes to global warming, visit www.eatlowcarbon.org

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7. Government roleplayers
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Agricultural Risk & Disaster Management (ARDM) Assistant Manager (Agro-Meteorologist): Early Warning Unit, Tel: 012 319 6768 MatigaM@daff.gov.za Mr Matiga Motsepe is involved in many projects related to Climate Change including the 1st sectoral GHG inventory. Directorate: Land Use and Soil Management (LUSM) Tel: 012 319 7686 Department of Water and Environmental Affairs (DWEA) Chief Directorate: Air Quality Management and Climate Change Tel: 012 310 3710 plukey@environment.gov.za www.environment.gov.za On the website, find the response to Copenhagen (COP15) as well as information and various documents on climate change. Department of Energy Tel: 012 317 8000 www.dme.gov.za The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the two projectbased flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol (see heading 4). Under the rules of the CDM, each host country must establish a Designated National Authority (DNA). The DAN for the CDM in South Africa is located in the Department of Energy, and its webpages may be found on the departments website. The National Treasury is considering the following economic instruments to address Climate Change: emission charges tradeable permits tax incentives for cleaner production technologies reform of vehicle taxes to encourage fuel efficiency

The Central Energy Fund (CEF) seeks to diversify the countrys energy inputs, drive increases in energy efficiency, invest in new technologies e.g. solar and promote alternatives as part of a general move to a more rational energy strategy. It has also set up its own carbon trading operation in London to ensure that South Africa benefits from the carbon trading trade. Visit www.cef.org.za Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa (CEEPA) Based at the University of Pretoria Tel: 012 420 5228 dalene.duplessis@up.ac.za www.ceepa.co.za/Climate_Change Regional Climate, Water and Agriculture: Impacts on and Adaptation of Agro-ecological Systems in Africa, are found on CEEPA e-Library at its website link (www.ceepa.co.za/ discussionp2006.html) and can also be accessed directly through the project link (www.ceepa.co.za/ Climange_Change/project.html).

trading carbon credits under the Clean Development Mechanism or Voluntary Carbon Markets and offers two broad ranges of services: Climate Change Advisory and Carbon Trading Advisory services. National Business Initiative Sustainable Futures Tel: 011 544 6017 hermien@nbi.org.za Palmer Development Group Tel: 011 484 9992 mike@pdg.co.za SRK Consulting Tel: 012 361 9821 www.srk.co.za A consultancy at the forefront of a government-commissioned South Africa Environment Outlook report in 2007. They have 12 offices in Southern Africa contact details can be found on the website. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) Guy Midgley midgley@sanbi.org

The Minister also announced that R2 billion would be set aside over the period 2008 2011 to support programmes aimed at: encouraging more efficient use of electricity; generation from renewable sources; installation of electricity saving devices.

8. Roleplayers
ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate BUSA calls on its membership to: And Water (ISCW) Tel: 012 310 2500 participate vigorously in www.arc.agric.za debate around instruments which promote cost effective carbon reduction; Research is done on the sustainable develop company and use and management of the natural sector level greenhouse gas resources. Drought monitoring is inventories for inclusion in the included. national inventory; explore every avenue of Business Unity South Africa energy efficiency in the (BUSA) workplace. Tel: 011 784 8000 www.busa.org.za

Midgley can also provide Council for Scientific and information on the activities of the Industrial Research (CSIR) South African Scientific Committee Natural Resources and the on Global Change (SASCGC). Environment Tel: 012 841 4425 South-South-North www.csir.co.za Tel: 021 425 1464/5 www.southsouthnorth.org Earthlife Africa Sustainable Energy & Climate They seek to place poverty Change Project reduction efforts at the centre of all Tel: 011 339 3662 climate change issues. We pursue seccp@earthlife.org.za direct structural poverty reduction www.earthlife.org.za and the sustainable development The Sustainable Energy and of poor communities of the South Climate Change Project seek a just who suffer the most from the transition to renewable energy and impacts of climate change. a low-carbon economy. University of the Free State Energy Research Centre Prof JG van As Tel: 021 650 3230 Department Zoology and www.erc.uct.ac.za Entomology Tel: 051 401 2427 Imbewu Enviro-Legal Specialists University of Pretoria see Tel: 011 214 0660 Centre for Environmental www.imbewu.co.za Economics and Policy in Africa (CEEPA) Mechantec Capital Carbon Advisory/Trading Water Research Commission Tel: 083 751 4345 Tel: 012 330 0340 Merchantec has expertise www.wrc.org.za across the full project lifecycle, from identifying and quantifying greenhouse gas emissions to

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9. International business environment

Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee www. ipacc.org. On this website you can access all the IPACCs materials for COP15. This includes the Marrakech conference report on adaptation and mitigation, and the Bujumbura joint statement from East and Central Africa. For reports, views and the latest on Africas role in international climate policy, view www.africa-adapt.net. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights www.ohchr. org passed a resolution in 2008 recognising that the worlds poor were particularly vulnerable and gave the go-ahead to a study into the impact of climate change on human rights. The Carbon Trust www.carbontrust.co.uk is a UK-based company working to accelerate the move to a low carbon economy. Included in its strategy is a Carbon Reduction Label, displayed on products, which measures the carbon footprint of a product from source to store and product disposal. The measuring of distance from source to store has the potential to work against imports from countries like South Africa. Recognising the problem of potential global climate change, the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988. The IPCC assesses scientific, technical and socio- economic information relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation. It is open to all Members of the UN and of WMO. The IPCC consists of thousands of leading scientists, nominated by their governments, who collate, sift and assess the tens of thousands of peer-reviewed papers and evidence relating to climate change. Roughly every five years the IPCC brings out an authoritative report following an exhaustive process, a report that is further reviewed by experts in every country in the world. Guy Midgeley (SANBI), Dr Bob Scholes (CSIR), Prof Bruce Hewitson (UCT) and Prof Roland Schulze (UKZN) have all been members. Visit www.ipcc.ch for updates on Climate Change. World Business Council For Sustainable Development www. wbcsd.org (find the Energy & Climate menu option). The WBCSD is expecting agricultural production in Africa to halve over the next years as a result of climate change. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change http://unfccc.int IUCN-The World Conservation Union www.iucn.org The Energy and Resources Institute www.teriin.org The Working Group on Climate Change and Development. This is a coalition of 17 environmental and aid agencies e.g. ActionAid, Christian Aid, Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace and Oxfam. In a report entitled Up in Smoke? Threats from, and Responses to, the Impact of Global Warming on Human Development, the coalition called for urgent action to avert the threat. The effects of climate change due to global warming have already taken a toll on poor communities, jeopardising efforts to reduce poverty. As a reaction to the on-going COP-15 Climate Summit in Copenhagen, a coalition of German organisations interested in agrobiodiversity and agriculture have written a position paper on agriculture and climate change. For details refer to their website - www.save-foundation.net or e-mail: office@save-foundation.net. For information on Global Research Groups, go to the Climate Change pages on www.panda.org/climate. For IPCC Special Reports on Climate Change www.grida.no/climate/ ipcc/index.htm N/C Quest Inc (NCQ) Emissions Technology recycles machinery exhaust fumes into fertiliser! www.bioagtive.com

www.climatewire.org Find the environment menu option at www.sacsis.org.za, the SA Civil Society Information Service Eldis Climate Change and Development Reporter www.eldis.org. In particular, look out for Climate in peril: a popular guide to the latest IPCC reports and Closing the gaps: disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change in developing countries. Find the climate scorecards (amongst other information) on www. panda.org e.g. what grades do the G8 countries get on climate performance? Find the poster on water, wetlands, biodiversity and climate change at www.ramsar.org Agriculture maps of SA www.esri.com/mapmuseum/mapbook_ gallery/volume19/agriculture3.html. African Drylands Commodity Atlas www.unccd.int/knowledge/docs/ Atlas%20web.pdf Africa-wide Database links www.africaclimatesolution.org/links.php For agro-climate information www.agis.agric.za/climate Find the African Carbon Trust on www.interactiveafrica.com Climate Change and African Agriculture. Value of agricultural land and climate change in Africa. www.ceepa.co.za The IMBEWU Sustainability Legal Newsletter and Legislation Update frequently covers climate change. Write to admin@imbewu.co.za Some publications: Scorched: South Africas Changing Climate by Leonie S. Joubert Boiling Point: People In A Changing Climate by Leonie Joubert Cleaner Energy Cooler Climate by Harald Winkler Various publications are available from the Energy and Development and Research Centre. Visit www.erc.uct.ac.za or call 012 650 3230. A climate change atlas The South African Risk and Vulnerability Atlas (SARVA) was released in 2010 by the CSIR in electronic and hard-copy format. Dr Bob Scholes, CSIR systems ecologist and principal investigator in the Southern African Millennium Assessment considers risk and vulnerability to represent a common currency between the researchers and decision-makers from various government sectors concerned with global and climate change. The atlas not only contains updated maps, but is an easy-to-navigate, interactive spatial product and includes case studies and other narratives to inform global change adaptation responses and planning. The end product is a widely encompassing storehouse of information about global change. Further enquiries Wida Basson at 012 841 4652. Collette Vosloo is another contact Tel 012 841 4652; email: cvosloo@csir.co.za.

11. Climate Change and South African agriculture: impacts and adaption options
Contact CEEPA (details under heading 8) for the full James KA Benhin report.

Included in the paper is an analysis of farmers perceptions, following a questionnaire. The responses showed that most farmers across the country are aware of a change in the climate. Below is an excerpt from the report, showing what strategies farmers are using to deal with these changes.

10. Websites and publications

Visit websites mentioned earlier in this chapter e.g. visit www.environment. gov.za, www.ceepa.co.za, www.grida.no/climate etc. Other relevant websites include: Website of the Carbon Neutral Company (UK) www.carbonneutral. com The Global Environment Facility (GEF) www.gefweb.org www.climatecrisis.net, the Inconvenient Truth website. October 2007 saw both Al Gore and the IPCC, comprising about 3 000 experts, jointly win a Nobel prize for their roles in highlighting climate change. www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org

(a) Adjustments in farming operations

Some of the adjustments made by farmers in their operations include changes in the planting dates of some crops, planting crops with a shorter growing period such as cabbage, and planting short season maize (120 days 140 days). Others include the increased use of crop rotation and the early harvesting of some crops. In KwaZulu-Natal for example, farmers prefer to cut their sugarcane at an early stage to avoid the loss of production due to the dryness of the cane (as a result of increased temperature) if they have to wait for the cane to mature in the field. With the current situation of heavier rainfall, concentrated in shorter periods and starting earlier (previously early September and now late October in

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some provinces), farmers have responded by (i) delaying the start of the planting period, (ii) increased use of modern machinery to take advantage of the shorter planting period, (iii) collection of rain water by making furrows near the plants, and (iv) increased use of irrigation. In response to higher temperatures, farmers have resorted to using (i) heat tolerant crop varieties, (ii) crop varieties with high water use efficiency, (iii) early maturing crop varieties, and increased crop and livestock farming (mixed farming). For example, because of the high temperatures, sugarcane farmers have shifted to producing macadamia nuts and tea, which they consider easier to irrigate than sugarcane. Livestock farmers have also adopted numerous practices aimed at efficient use of water and scarce fodder. There is a general tendency to resort to more heat tolerant breeds rather than the traditional ones, and most livestock farmers now also produce their own fodder, such as lucerne or maize, and stock it for use during the long dry seasons. In response to the long drought periods, farmers have adjusted the stocking intensity of their livestock by selling their animals at younger ages. Another practice is to change the timing, duration and location of grazing.

built their own boreholes to make effective use of underground water. There has also been increased use of wetlands for agricultural production.

(d) Shade and shelter

When it is hot, livestock farmers plant trees to provide natural shades for their livestock or as a wind or hail storm break. In South Africa, farmers generally plant pine trees and Acacia karoo and Celtis africana trees for this purpose. In some instances, farmers use fishnets, grass, and plastics as coverings to protect their plants against dryness and heat, and cold and frost. Heating provided by firewood and paraffin heaters is also used by livestock farmers to protect their animals against the cold.

(e) Conservation practices

In response to the increased occurrence of droughts farmers have adopted various soil conservation practices in order to maintain or improve soil moisture and fertility. Principally to fight erosion, farmers have built many small dams or planted trees around their farms. Farmers have also increased their fallow periods by as much as one to two agricultural seasons (instead of continuous cropping), to allow the land to restore its nutrients. Another conservation technique farmers use to protect the soil against erosion is to keep the crop residues of the previous harvest on the land. To preserve soil moisture, cool the soil surface and stabilize soil temperature, they used mulching (layers of muck, peat, compost and plastics) to cover the land. To avoid excessive extraction of nutrients in the soil of their farms, farmers have also reduced the density of crops or livestock on their land.

(b) Increased chemical application

With higher temperature and increased evapotranspiration, farmers have resorted to increased application of chemicals such as Erian to slow down evapotranspiration. They also apply more farm manure to keep the moisture content of the soil higher and retain the soil fertility. More lime is also applied to maintain the soils correct pH balance.

(c) Increased use of irrigation

With water being the most important factor limiting agriculture in South Africa, irrigation appears to be the most appropriate adaptive strategy. Hence 65% of the respondents choose irrigation as an option to adjust to climatic changes. Farmers have also shifted from flood irrigation to sprinkler irrigation for an efficient use of the limited water. Several farms have also

(f) Other practices

To reduce the risk of losing income when farm produce decreases as a result of the increased variability in the climate, some (especially largescale farmers) have insured their farms, while others (especially smallscale farmers) are increasing their involvement in non-farm activities. Most large-scale farmers have also opted to taking lower risks by reducing their cropping areas to manageable sizes.

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National issues
Emerging farmer support
1. Overview
After 1994, the government set as its target the transferal of 30% of agricultural land to formerly disadvantaged South Africans by 2015. The challenge for agriculture has been to support the emerging Black commercial farmer in such a way that such a farmer becomes an active participant in the commercial farming sector. The transferal of land alone (without the skills to farm being imparted) will make a mockery of the goodwill which exists in the country. Support for our Emerging Farmers is a national issue.

DAFF devised several agriculture-related development programmes to respond to urgent priority issues such as food security, poverty alleviation, food safety, economic growth and environmental conservation. These issues are captured under the following strategic programmes, which form the focus areas of extension:

Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP)

The aim of this programme is to provide post-settlement support to the targeted beneficiaries of land reform and to other producers who have acquired land through private means and are, for example, engaged in value-adding enterprises domestically or involved in export. The programme is a core focus for the department and makes interventions in six priority areas: Information and technology management Technical and advisory assistance, and regulatory services Marketing and business development Training and capacity building On/off farm infrastructure and product inputs Financial support

2. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Moving black farmers from the second to the first economy fulfills the vision of the Accelerated Shared Growth Initiative of South Africa (AsgiSA).

Land and Agrarian Reform Programme (LARP)

The Land and Agrarian Reform Project (LARP) provides a new Framework for delivery and collaboration on land reform and agricultural support to accelerate the rate and sustainability of transformation through aligned and joint action by all involved stakeholders. It creates a delivery paradigm for agricultural and other support services based upon the concept of One-Stop Shop service centres located close to farming and rural beneficiaries. LARP was pronounced by the President during his State of the Nation Address (SONA) of February 2008 as Apex Priority 7 of 24 Presidential priorities. By redistributing land, increasing tenure security and black entrepreneurship, improving access to support services, and increasing production and trade, LARP will directly contribute to the overall goals of the Agricultural Sector Plan, and to the White Paper on South African Land Policy.

Owing to the merging of Forestry and Fisheries with Agriculture, the names and contact details of some directorates are due to change. Please consult www.daff.gov.za should you find that the information below is no longer valid.

Directorate: Education, Training projects in support of land and and Extension Services agrarian reform programmes, and Tel: 012 319 7028 evaluates the land and agrarian reform programme. Facilitates and supports education and skills training in the sector. Directorate: Food Security Tel: 012 319 6736 Directorate: Research and DFS@daff.gov.za Technology Development Tel: 012 319 6078 Facilitates departmental and sectoral contributions to the Develops and monitors the Integrated Sustainable Rural implementation of suitable policies Development Programme (ISRDP) and strategies for research and and Urban renewal Programme development, technology transfer (URP). in the agricultural sector. Directorate: Agricultural Directorate: Land Settlement Development Finance Tel: 012 319 8496 Tel: 012 319 7295 The Directorate provides a national policy framework for the settlement of new farmers. It facilitates the planning and implementation of Determines and formulates policies, strategies and programmes on agriculture/rural finance and cooperative development in the sector.

Other programmes
These include: Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Strategy (ISRDS) Integrated Food Security Nutrition Programme (IFSNP) National Land Care Programme Marketing and Entrepreneurship Development

Find more at www.daff.gov.za (take the Key Programmes menu option) or call 012 319 7553

EXTENSION OFFICERS IN THE PROVINCES

The offices whose contact details we were not able to confirm are marked with a . Where a head office contact detail is not given, please find relevant contact details in the Agriculture in the Provinces chapter.

Eastern Cape
Head Office Tel: 040 609 3490/1 Fax: 040 635 1222

Alexandria Tel: 046 653 0249 Fax: 046 653 0796 Alice Tel: 040 653 1153 Fax: 040 653 1930 Aliwal North Tel: 051 633 3011 Fax: 051 633 3324

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Barkly East Tel: 045 971 0039 Fax 045 971 0978 Bathurst Tel: 046 625 0601 Fax: 046 625 0883 Burgersdorp Tel: 051 653 1846 Fax: 051 653 1846 Butterworth Sub region Tel: 047 491 3615 Fax: 047 491 3608 Butterworth Tel: 047 491 3742 Fax: 047 491 0029 Cala Tel: 047 877 0045 Fax: 047 877 0304/0045 Comfimvaba Tel: 047 874 0026 Cradock Tel: 048 881 1211 Fax: 048 881 1238 East London Tel: 043 706 8700 Fax: 722 0914 Elliot Tel: 045 931 1054 Fax: 045 931 2087 Graaff-Reinet Tel: 049 891 0132 Fax: 049 891 0152 Humansdorp Tel: 042 291 0596 Fax: 042 291 0603/049 836 0344 Jansenville Tel: 049 836 0084 Fax: 049 836 0162 Joubertina Tel: 042 273 1342 Fax: 042 773 2657 / 273 2657 Keiskammahoek Tel: 040 658 0051 Fax: 040 658 0474 KirkwoodTel: 042 230 0174 Fax: 042 230 0509 Lady FrereTel: 047 878 0074 Fax 047 878 0073 Libode Tel: 047 555 0037 Mdantsane Tel: 043 761 2167 Mqanduli Tel: 047 573 0033 Fax: 047 573 0203 Port Elizabeth Tel: 041 402 6200 Port St Johns Tel: 047 564 1178/9 Queenstown Tel: 045 839 5211 Fax: 045 807 7083 Qumbu Tel: 047 553 0080 Fax: 047 553 0429 Somerset East Tel: 042 243 1149 Fax: 042 243 3320 Sterkspruit Tel: 051 611 0071 Fax: 051 611 0568 Stutterheim Tel: 043 683 1323 Fax: 043 683 1323 Uitenhage Tel: 041 992 4818 Fax: 041 992 4461 Umtata Tel: 047 531 0258 Whittlesea Tel: 040 842 2313 Fax: 040 842 2 969 Zwelitsha Tel: 040 654 2219 Fax: 040 654 2214 Extension offices also exist at Dordrecht, Elliot Dale, Engcobo, Idutywa, Kentani, Middelburg, Nqamakwe, Ngqeleni, Peddie, Seymour, Grahamstown, Tsolo and Tsomo.

Mahlabathini Tel: 035 873 0322 Fax: 035 873 0096 Maphumulo Tel: 032 481 2008 Fax: 032 481 2232 Ndwedwe Tel: 032 533 4018 Fax: 032 532 3406 Nkandla Tel: 035 833 0068 Nongoma Tel: 035 831 0051 Fax: 035 831 0941 Nongoma Tel: 035 831 0326 Fax: 035 831 0844 Nyangwini Training Centre Tel: 039 699 1773 Fax: 039 699 1786 Pongola Tel: 034 413 1370 Fax: 0866714183 Port Shepstone Tel: 039 682 2045 Fax: 039 682 3325/039 682 2089 Stanger Tel: 032 552 5302 Fax: 032 551 5788 Umzumbe Tel: 039 699 1761 Fax: 039 699 1786 Underberg Tel: 039 834 1022 Fax: 039 834 1352 Vryheid Tel: 034 980 9098 Fax: 034 981 5242 Extension offices also exist at Bergville, Durban, Howick, Ingwavuma, Inkanyezi, at the Kwa Gubeshe Training Centre, Kokstad, Ladysmith, Mpumalanga, Ongoye (Mthunzini District), Simdlangentshe, Ubombo, Pietermaritzburg, at the Msunduzi Training Centre, Pinetown, Umbumbulu, Umzinto, Hilton, Essex Farm, Greytown, Osizweni, Mnambithi, Thukela Estates, Verulam, Vulamehlo and Vulindela

North West
Lichtenburg Tel: 018 632 7400/1 Fax: 018 632 6171 Vryburg Tel: 053 927 0435 Fax: 053 927 0436 Mafikeng Tel: 018 381 1392/4 Fax: 018 381 2525 Wolmaransstad c/o Tel: 018 389 5441

Gauteng
Head Office Tel: 011 355 1447 Fax: 011 337 2292

Germiston Tel: 011 821 7700 Fax: 011 821 7759 Randfontein Tel: 011 411 4300 Fax: 011 412 4013

Free State
Head Office Tel: 051 506 1622 and 051 448 5008

Limpopo
Chuenespoort Tel: 015 632 4145 Fax: 015 632 4387 Polokwane Tel: 015 287 9940 Thulamahashi Tel: 013 773 0333 Fax: 013 773 1632/ 773 0332 There are also offices at Giyani and Sibasa.

Bethlehem Tel: 058 303 5579 Fax: 058 303 7669 Bloemfontein Tel: 051 409 2600 Fax 051 409 2650/29 Brandfort Tel/fax: 051 821 1023 Ficksburg Tel: 051 933 2109 Fax: 051 933 6523 Harrismith c/o Tel: 058 714 1430; 622 2150/1009 Fax: 058 714 1447 Heilbron c/o Tel: 056 212 3126 Fax: 056 215 1903 Koffiefontein Tel: 053 205 0030 Fax: 053 205 0033 Kroonstad Tel: 056 212 3126 Fax: 056 212 7296 Ladybrand c/o Tel: 051 875 1160/1 Fax: 051 875 2271 Odendaalsrus Tel: 057 398 1664 Fax: 057 398 1666 Parys Tel: 056 817 1095 Fax: 056 817 1095 Petrusburg Tel: 053 574 0108 Fax: 053 574 0214 Qwaqwa (Witsieshoek) Tel: 058 714 1430 Fax: 058 714 1446 Reitz Tel: 058 863 2591 Fax: 058 863 3319 Vrede Tel: 058 913 1467 Fax: 058 913 29063 Zastron Tel: 051 673 1100 Fax: 051 673 1299

Mpumalanga
Head Office Tel/fax: 013 947 2551

Nelspruit, Lydenburg Tel: 013 235 2073 Fax: 013 235 2078 Nelspruit, Hazyview Tel: 013 737 6408 Fax: 013 737 6408 There are also offices at Kabokweni and Kwalugedlane.

Northern Cape
Calvinia Tel: 027 341 1083 Fax: 027 341 1720 Fraserburg Tel: 023 741 1116 Fax: 023 741 1244 Upington Tel: 054 337 8000 Fax: 054 337 8001 Springbok Tel: 027 712 1315 Fax: 027 712 2270 There is also an office at Keimoes.

KwaZulu-Natal
Also find a list of extension officers in the sugar cane chapter

Babanango Tel: 035 835 0027 Dundee Tel: 034 212 1108 Enseleni (Lower Umfolosi) Tel: 035 794 2381 Fax: 035 794 3605 Eshowe Tel: 035 474 2163 Fax: 035 474 4917 Estcourt Tel: 036 352 3033 Fax: 036 352 5487 Hlabisa Tel: 035 838 1044 Fax: 035 838 1027 Hlanganani Tel: 039 832 0022 Fax: 039 832 0038 Izingolweni Tel: 039 433 0110 Fax: 039 433 0110 Ixopo Tel: 039 834 1032 Fax: 039 834 1412 Jozini Tel: 035 572 1280 Fax: 035 572 1236 Loskop Tel: 036 431 8134 Fax: 036 431 8134

Western Cape
Elsenburg Tel: 021 808 5100 Fax: 021 808 5251

Swartland Region Piketberg Tel: 022 913 1112 Fax: 022 913 2193 Malmesbury Tel: 022 482 2265 Fax: 022 487 2331 Worcester Tel: 023 347 1121 Fax: 023 342 6779 An office also exists at Moorreesburg

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North West Region Vredendal Tel: 027 213 2000 Fax: 027 213 2712 Klein-Karoo Region Laingsburg Tel: 023 551 1034 Fax: 023 551 1637 Beaufort West Tel: 023 414 2126 Fax: 023 414 4386 Oudtshoorn Tel: 044 272 6077 Fax: 044 279 1910 Ladismith Tel: 028 551 1017 Fax: 028 551 1332 South Coast Region Caledon Tel: 028 212 1158 Fax: 028 212 1878 Swellendam Tel: 028 514 1196 Fax: 028 514 1342 Riversdale Tel: 028 713 2442 Fax: 028 713 2442 An office also exists at George.

The South African Journal of Agricultural Extension is published annually by the South African Society for Agricultural Extension (SASAE). The Journal appears on AJOL at www.ajol.info. The contact number for the Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development is 012 420 3246. All contributions and correspondence should be directed to: The Editor: SASAE Publications Dept. of Agric. Economics, Extension and Rural Development University of Pretoria PRETORIA 0002 Find the regular articles in the Farmers Weekly, in particular the New on the land pages. Visit www.farmersweekly.co.za for archived articles like Going commercial with Grain SA. The ARC has leaflets and booklets too. For the complete list, visit www.arc.agric.za The Infotoons, colourful, simply laid-out, may be viewed at www.agis. agric.za take the AGIS and Skills Development options. Companies and associations involved often have useful material e.g. SAKATA Seeds have grower guidelines for those wishing to plant vegetable crops. www.technoserve.org Business Solutions to Rural Poverty. An international organisation which has many small-scale farmer initiatives. South Africas Agricultural Commodity Markets: understanding the rules of the game in five commodity markets with the intention of creating opportunities for emerging farmers by Nomonde Qeqe and Anton Cartwright of the Surplus Peoples Project. Find the document at www.spp.org.za The Leisa newsletters frequently cover small-scale farming issues throughout Africa and the world. View these at www.leisa.info It can be revealing to find out what is happening in the rest of Africa. Take a look at www.naads.or.ug, Kenyas National Agricultural Advisory Services. See also the websites of international groupings mentioned in the Science and research chapter e.g. RUFORUM and the African Highlands Initiative. Access different papers at www.prolinnova.net. Two examples are Bridging the gap between scientific theory and the diverse farming practices of smallholders (Willem A. Stoop and Tim Hart), and Across the divide: the impact of farmer-to-farmer linkages in the absence of extension services (Tim Hart & Roberta Burgess).

Research and Development (R & D) and Extension

A strong extension and advisory service is important in linking research outputs with the farming community. DAFF has developed norms and standards for the extension and advisory services of South Africa, to address constraints including the insufficient numbers of frontline extension workers, which hinders the efficient transfer of technology to farmers by means of well planned (in collaboration with the farmers) extension programmes at provincial level. Other targets include: promoting collaboration between stakeholders (the ARC, University faculties of Agriculture, Provincial Departments of Agriculture etc); improving the linkage between R&D and extension; strengthening mechanisms for making R&D outputs easily accessible by the client base, especially those in the second economy. Best Practice In Research and Development and Extension in the provinces: Technical assistance, advisory service, knowledge transfer through various modes including: demonstrations that involve interaction with farmers on a participatory basis i.e. practical, face-to-face; the taking of farmers to centres of excellence to learn about farming methods/technologies; farmers days and/or information days where farmers interact with researchers.

4. Training
Also consult the chapter on Agricultural Education and Training The Provincial Departments of Agriculture work closely with the Agricultural Colleges to provide training for emerging and smallscale farmers. Here short courses (FET Further Education and Training) on crop, goat and dairy production, map reading, farming systems approach, entrepreneurial training, irrigation as well as health and food safety are provided. Commodity Associations (these are mentioned in the relevant chapters e.g. Cotton, Dairy etc) are involved with capacity building programmes, as do district farmer unions affiliated to organised agriculture. Find out if there is a district study group in your area e.g. The Kopanang Study Group is a group for Emerging Farmers in the Kroonstad, Steynsrus and Edenville areas. The study group gathers six times annually. Courses include veld management, herd management, establishment and management of pastures and more. AgriSETA accredited training providers find the complete list in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Some of these are mentioned here. Universities run a number of short courses designed for the Emerging Farmer. The method of studying at UNISA distance learning along with practical modules at a centre near you makes this an ideal method of studying or upgrading your qualifications if you are an extension officer, potential farmer or entrepreneur. The various agribusinesses are involved in training. Find details under heading 5. The Science Councils e.g. the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) offer training. Find details in the Science and Research chapter.

3. Websites and publications

NuFarmer & African Entrepreneur is a free monthly publication which won the 2005 Africa Economic Developer award. Contact Johan Swiegers at 012 804 5854, 082 882 7023, nufarmer@pop.co.za Pula Imvula is the Grain SA magazine for developing producers. Contact Grain SA at 056 515 2145 or visit www.grainsa.co.za Farming SA is Southern Africas first mainstream magazine for smallscale farmers. Visit www.farmingsa.com or contact the editor at 012 424 6381/2. Ubisi Mail is a magazine for emerging farmers and farm workers, in which technical agricultural information transfer takes place by way of user-friendly articles and illustrations with instructions in five languages. Call 012 843 5702 or visit www.ubisimail.co.za The BuaNews newsletters frequently give reports of agricultural developments details of land settlement and emerging farmer news. Subscribe to the newsletters at www.buanews.gov.za Peoples Farming Handbook 2nd edition David Phillip IBSN0 86486 2310. Technical information for the farmer. Small-scale livestock farming Carol Ekarius Storey Publishing Find the Agricultural Marketing Extension training papers on www. daff.gov.za (take the Publications and then General Publications menu option). Also find the Info Paks (booklets of several pages, written simply), which are also available from the Resource Centre at 012 319 7141.

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Buhle Farmers Academy Tel: 013 665 4001 buhlefarmers@telkomsa.net Elgin Community College Tel: 021 848 9413 www.elf1.co.za Grain SA Tel: 056 515 2145 / 082 854 7171 www.grainsa.co.za See green block to the right.

The University of Fort Hare establishes development projects with local communities as partners through University and external funding. The products we provide/ develop are agribusiness related i.e. Nguni Cattle, dairy farming, dried soups, fresh vegetable production, animal traction, etc. We provide technical services related to agriculture and human development skills required.

Grain SA has a Farmer Development Programme that is funded by the grain trusts Maize, Sorghum, Winter Cereals and Oil and Protein Seeds Development Trust. The programmes include the formation of and service to study groups, planting of best practice demonstration trials, farmers days, Farmer of the Year Competition, individual support to advanced (semi-commercial) farmers, training courses, radio broadcasts and a monthly newsletter. Various week long training courses are presented, at various suitable venues: Introduction to the Production of Maize / Sorghum / Wheat / Sunflowers / Groundnuts Advanced Maize Production and Marketing Course for Agricultural Contractors Tractor and Farm Implement Maintenance Course Basic Engine Repair Course Resource Assessment and Farm Planning Skills Development Course (planter and sprayer calibration) Farm Management for Profits Maize Production under Irrigation Barley Production under Irrigation Maintenance on High Application Tractors Contact persons: Dr Willie Kotze, Specialist : Training 082 535 5250 Danie van den Berg, Specialist Field Services 071 675 5497 Johan Kriel Free State: 079 497 4294 Amos Njoro Gauteng: 072 640 6561 Tonie Loots North West: 083 702 1265 Jerry Mthombothi Mpumalanga: 084 604 0549 Lawrence luthango Eastern Cape: 083 389 7308 Jurie Mentz KZN: 082 354 5749

Agricultural Information Centre Koue Bokkeveld Training Centre Tel: 040 602 2432 Tel: 023 317 0983 Mr PM Mbokodi 082 200 3550 Fax: 023 317 0597 University of the Free State Mpofu Training Centre Centre for Sustainable Agriculture Tel: 040 664 9064 and Rural Development Fax: 040 664 9051 Tel: 051 401 2163 groenei@ufs.ac.za Mthonyama www.ufs.ac.za/censard Tel: 043 643 3429 Fax: 043 643 5376 Lengua Agricultural Centre Tel: 051 401 2163 North West Agricultural mcvdw@telkomsa.net Development Institute Tel: 018 299 6500 / 32 Tsolo Agricultural Rural Development Institute (TARDI) Skills for Africa Tel: 047 542 0025 Tel: 012 379 4920 Mr Ntsabo 082 301 9829 www.skillsafrica.co.za Crop production, animal SA Agri Academy (SAAA) production, food and catering Tel: 021 880 1276 entrepreneurship training. www.agriacademy.co.za University of KwaZulu-Natal South African Institute for Farmer Support Group Entrepreneurship (SAIE) Dr Maxwell Mudhara Tel: 021 447 2023 Tel: 033 260 6275 www.entrepreneurship.co.za www.fsg.org.za Find details of agri projects countrywide on the website Stellenbosch University Sustainability Institute Tel: 021 881 3196 www.sustainabilityinstitute.net University of Fort Hare Tel: 040 602 2126 agripark@ufh.ac.za African Centre for Food Security Tel: 033 260 5708 University of Pretoria Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development Tel: 012 420 3248 / 51 Continuing Education Tel: 012 420 5051 www.ceatup.com

5. Roleplayers
Agriculture is a tool for political change, to raise consciousness and the reducing of socio-economic equalities and this road one cannot travel alone. No single organisation or individual can on its own reverse the legacy of our past without assistance and partnerships. Motsepe Matlala, previous President of NAFU SA

Ackerman Pick n Pay Foundation Tel: 021 658 1561 www.picknpay.co.za

where five experienced farmers train emerging farmers on how to produce vegetables. The vegetables are sold to the supermarket.

Pick n Pay is the main funder of the AFGRI Farming is a new division African Farming Franchise project within AFGRI. Contact 011 706 in the North West province, 7897 or visit www.afgri.co.za

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Afrivet Training Services Tel: 082 454 0532 training@afrivet.co.za www.afrivet.co.za

Agri Start Tel: 018 642 1596 / 083 265 6210 cois@agristart.co.za www.agristart.co.za

Provides the skills and tools needed Identifies and develops farmers against livestock disease and who have the potential to become production loss. commercial farmers. Find the archived article Kick-starting new AGRI LAND GROUP farmers on www.farmersweekly. Tel: 012 345 3911 co.za which reviews his project. Fax: 012 345 3949 www.agrilandgroup.co.za Agricultural Business Chamber Tel: 012 807 6686 / 082 441 2308 Services include: www.agbiz.co.za Agricultural Risk Analysis Reports Interventions and The Agricultural Research affirmations Council (ARC) has a mandate to Agricultural Development support resource poor farmers. Project and Business Plans Find details of the different Comprehensive Benchmarked Agricultural Land Guideline research institutes in the Science and Research chapter, or visit Values Nationally Land Reform Process www.arc.agric.za Management Agricultural Risk Analysis ANTSWISA and Valuation Methodology Tel: 079 230 4999 workshop facilitation and www.antswisa.co.za Training Business development and They assist emerging farmers to incubation of SMMEs prepare necessary documents to access Government Funding Asgisa Eastern Cape Tel: 043 735 1673 programmess as well as accessing http://asgisa-ec.co.za private sector finance. Agriculture and agro-processing Agri Mega Empowerment have been identified as one of six Solutions (AgriMES) key programmes based on land Tel 028 424 2890 / 028 425 2524 transformation that hold the key www.agrimega.co.za to a vibrant and sustainable rural economy focused on food security. Services to organised agriculture As such, AsgiSA EC aims not only and commodity organisations. to exploit the Eastern Capes BEE. Accredited Training. Labour agricultural potential, but to ensure that beneficiation or value adding services. activities through the processing of agricultural produce of the rural Agri SA communities is established. Read Tel: 012 643 3400 more on the website. www.agrisa.co.za Agri SA is involved through BALIMI BONKE its provincial affiliates. See the Tel: 082 736 2638 balimibonke@webmail.co.za Organised agriculture chapter.

BALIMI BONKE helps with the refurbishment of dairy parlours; infrastructure establishment feedlot, dairy, small stock; project coordination; emerging farmer training. Bethlehem Farmers Trust Tel: 058 303 0560 Biowatch Tel: 082 435 5812 www.biowatch.org.za Read about Biowatchs work with the Phadima Agricultural Association and the KwaNgwanase Farmers Organisation on the website. Bushveld Eco Services Tel: 014 717 3819 www.bushveldeco.co.za Short courses presented on topics such as Farm planning, Veld management, Veld condition and grazing capacity assessment, Grass identification and more. Cactis Agencies Tel: 083 407 7060 turnaround@telkomsa.net CASIDRA Tel: 044 871 0134 www.casidra.co.za Commodity associations are listed in the relevant chapter e.g. find Cotton SAs details in the cotton chapter, the National Wool Growers Association of South Africa (NWGA) in the wool chapter etc. DFM Software Solutions Tel: 021 904 1154 www.dfmsoftware.co.za

ECI Promoting Agribusiness Linkages (PAL) Tel: 011 602 1200 www.eciafrica.com EPA Tel: 011 315 8255 Infrastructure development, business planning, programme management, project-revival interventions, training for emerging farmers. Farmers Support Group (FSG) See University of KwaZulu-Natal under heading 4 Fresh Produce Exporters Forum Tel: 021 526 0474 www.fpef.co.za The Grain Farmer Development Association (GFDA) is a body to support new entrants into the grain industry and to help them become independent grain farmers. The GFDA was launched by the Agricultural Business Chamber, the Maize Trust, the Sorghum Trust, Grain SA, Omnia fertiliser, Pannar Seed, L&L Agricultural Services, Syngenta SA, Tongaat Hulett Starch, the National Chamber of Milling, the SA Chamber of Baking and the Winter Cereal Trust. Find the GFDA menu option at www. grainmilling.org.za Grain SA Tel: 056 515 2145 www.grainsa.co.za Find the Developing Agriculture option on the website. See also the notes under the previous heading. GWK Ltd Tel: 053 298 8267 www.gwk.co.za

DFM supplies its Farm Management software to BEE farms free of Kaap Agri charge with only a small license fee Barend Sulvester Tel: 022 482 8000 / 109 payable per year. www.kaapagri.co.za

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Kaap Agri offers better prices on production inputs, advice and information on production and marketing, as well as liaison with organisations providing other services. It also provides training to emerging farmers and farm workers on an ongoing basis through its training academy in Porterville as well as on site. In addition, Kaap Agri also provides financing for the production needs of emerging farmers. This programme is open to all indiviuals or groups within the service areas of Kaap Agri. Kei Farmers Support Centre Association (KFSCA) Tel: 047 532 4343 Fax: 047 532 2580 kfsca@intekom.co.za Khula Enterprise Finance Tel: 012 394 5560 www.khula.org.za Provincial and regional office contacts can be found on the website and in the co-operatives chapter of this directory. The Maize Trust Tel: 012 807 3958 www.maizetrust.co.za The Maize Trust has expanded its pilot project to assist emerging farmers with the cost of initial soil correction (the costs of a soil analysis and lime) and production risk (Crop insurance premiums). The Trust makes use of agribusineses to mentor the farmers. MGK Group Tel: 012 381 2922 www.mgk.co.za www.temoagri.co.za The Magaliesburg Grain Cooperative has a division, Temo, which focus its attention on the development of new farmers who are engaging in grain farming

(maize, sorghum or sunflowers) in mainly the North West Province. Whilst MGKs core business is in secondary agriculture, Temo renders a continued service to new farmers in the primary agricultural sector. Magidi Agri Development Tel: 016 422 7342 magidiagrid@telkomsa.net National African Farmers Union of South Africa (NAFU SA) Tel: 082 672 2484 NAFU SA and DAFF launched NAFUs electronic membership registration system in August 2007. The electronic membership registration system will operate in the form of a database. This will enable the administrators to: quantify black farmers; compile reliable data that can be used to address the specific needs of the developing sector; plan development programmes and services; communicate with these farmers; negotiate loyalty rewards from input suppliers on behalf of NAFU members. Read more about NAFU SA in the Organised Agriculture chapter. National Emergent Red Meat Producers Organisation (NERPO) Tel: 012 361 9127 www.nerpo.org.za New Generation Agri Tel 021 863 0397 Black Empowerment and Development company, promoting and facilitating agribusiness in the Emerging Farming sector.

NWK Ltd Tel: 018 633 1000 www.nwk.co.za In 2008 the Provincial Department of Agriculture entered into a Public Private Partnership with NWK which has benefited 92 farmers in the Ngaka Modiri Molema communities. The project is mentored by Cois Harman of Agristart. Oos Vrystaat Kaap Tel: 051 923 4500 www.ovk.co.za Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) Tel: 021 930 1134 www.ppecb.com The PPECB runs the South African Pesticide Initiative Program (SA PIP), a database of emerging horticultural export producers and those producing exportable fruit and vegetables. These are placed in contact with existing well organised commercial producer associations, namely the Citrus Growers Association, Deciduous Fruit Producers Trust and Subtropical Fruit Producers Association. Planner Bee Plant care Tel: 011 888 4215 / 083 255 5828 www.fertilis.co.za

Rainman Landcare Foundation Tel: 031 783 4412 Raymond@rainman.co.za www.rainman.co.za A huge number of small farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa implement farming practices that are close to organic practices. Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) serve small producers and contribute effectively to the development of a local market by linking producers and consumers and educating consumers about organic farming by encouraging them to participate in the guarantee system of the organic products they purchase. Find out more by contacting either Dr Auerbach of Rainman, or Joelle Katto-Andrighetto at j.katto@ifoam.org Santam Agriculture Tel: 012 369 1202 www.santam.co.za Santam is involved with different co-ops and agribusinesses in their emerging farmer crop insurance programmes. Find details of the Senwes AgriBEE and Developing Agriculture programmes at www.senwes. co.za

Small-Scale Farmers Networking Forum Organic fertiliser for vegetables Tel: 015 268 4907 and crops crce@ul.ac.za Programme for Agricultural Information Services (PRAIS) Tel: 051 401 2739 / 225 www.uovs.ac.za/prais PRAIS is a partnership between the University of the Free State and the CTA (Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural Co-operation based in the Netherlands. See www.cta.int). PRAIS provides information services on demand. South African Institute for Entrepreneurship (SAIE) Tel: 021 447 2023 www.entrepreneurship.co.za Find details of their agri projects on the website. South African Society for Agricultural Extension (SASAE) www.sasae.co.za

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South African International University of the Free State Business Linkages (SAIBL) see find details under heading 4. ECI Africa Umnga Farmers Development Surplus Peoples Project Company (Ltd) Tel: 021 448 5605 Tel: 045 933 1318 www.spp.org.za Vrystaat Koperasie Bpk Terratek Piet Potgieter and Moses Maine Tel: 018 581 1000 Tel: 058 863 8111 www.suidwes.co.za www.vkb.co.za Toyota runs the Toyota New Harvest of the Year Award competition to recognise historically disadvantaged farmers who have triumphed over adversity to grow successful, competitive farming enterprises. Details on www.toyota.co.za Umlimi Tel: 021 888 9100 www.umlimi.co.za Water Research Commission Tel: 012 330 0340 www.wrc.org.za Wesmeg Tel: 018 581 1000 arlenelr@suidwes.co.za Womiwu Rural Development Tel: 015 297 2107 www.womiwu.com

needed to promote market-led agriculture. It is now widely believed that, if well-managed, contract farming offers a potential solution to some of the development problems of the agriculture sector in Africa. The Food and Agriculture Organisation recommends that no contract farming venture should be initiated unless there is a market that is profitable for all and can sustain both the demand and supply on a longterm basis. In addition, contract farming must be backed by suitable laws to support the contract as well as an efficient legal system for enforcing the laws. African Governments need to facilitate the development of dependable institutions to provide efficient market information and intelligence that would enhance contract farming activities. Information is also needed on the opportunities for contract farming, the potential investors, production and marketing trends of major products, etc. The Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) implementation consultations with stakeholders and the relevant literature agree that contract farming is one way to facilitate the commercialisation of agriculture production among smallholder farmers in Africa. The challenge ahead is how to define and implement strategies that minimise the negative effects and address the challenges to the promotion of contract farming.
Source: NEPAD Dialogue Focus on Africa; Issue 113 20 October 2005

Womiwu Rural Development does investigations, feasibility/ viability studies, business plans, proposals, farm planning and resource conservation, project United South African implementation, turnkey Agricultural Association management and BEE ventures/ (USAAA) initiatives. Where necessary they Tel 028 424 2890 / 028 425 2524 determine training programmes and use local accredited trainers Home to emerging farmers in the in general management and fields Western Cape. related to agricultural production. Umtiza Farmers Co-op Tel: 043 722 4215 www.umtiza.co.za Support packages may pump out money, inputs and implements, but all this is futile if you dont develop people. Jane McPherson, Programme coordinator of Grain SAs farmer development programme

7. Commercial farmer points of interest

The perspective of Commercial Agriculture is to link the success of Farmer Support Programmes to agriculture as a whole. It is vital to have a favourable policy climate for the industry as a whole. In view of AgriBEE and the requirements that are set against the establishment of new farmers, white South African commercial farmers can make excellent contributions with regard to: mentorship to new beginner farmers to develop technical and business skills; supply mechanisation services for new beginner farmers on contract for compensation OR in exchange for the use of a portion of their land; rent land from new beginner farmers in order to promote their cash flow; donate surplus implements that can be used in a mechanisation pool for rental. To make a success of AgriBEE will require synergy and creative thoughts. The government has already realised that it has world-class expertise in the South African farmer. A team effort is essential for BEE to be successful and it is recommended that as many partners as possible with common goals are involved so as to spread the risks.
Source: www.senwes.co.za (adapted)

6. Two strategies
Owing to economic pressure from declining profit margins, farmers have resorted to diversifying their operations (to spread the risk) and value adding. Strategies have often led to larger operations to reach economies of scale. Does this changing face of agriculture mean that there is an implicit barrier to many potential new entrants? Agricultural co-operatives in South Africa are an important structure for supporting new farmers (find the chapter on co-operatives). Collective action is in many respects logical to empowering farmers. By working together, farmers identify members needs and consolidate their demands, aggregate their economic power and address market failures. Existing co-operatives can play an important role, and the establishment of cooperatives in poor rural communities should also be encouraged. Contract farming has been identified as one of the priority investments that could quickly contribute to increased agriculture sector growth, farmer incomes, and agribusiness profit. Contract farming, sometimes referred to as out grower schemes, is a type of farming with agreed upon terms between farmers and an investor, for example, a processing and/or marketing firm, to produce and supply agricultural products with specific characteristics at predetermined prices. It is fundamentally a way of allocating risk between producer and contractor in that the farmer takes the risk of production and the contractor the risk of marketing. One of the major strengths of contract farming is that it provides backward and forward market linkages that are

Mechanised, commercial agriculture is a bonus to any country, because that will allow for significant production at low cost. What is important is that we dont forget the duality of agriculture in the region, where we have a group of farmers who through no fault of their own are marginal and communal The message is, we need to balance the two. Source: Ajay Vashee, Vice-President of the International Federation of Agriculture Producers
Our thanks to Professor Fanie Terblanche at the University of Pretoria for feedback on the draft chapter.

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National issues
Energy
See the separate Renewable Energy, Biofuels, and Fuels and Lubricants chapters

Department of Energy www.dme.gov.za

Department of Public Enterprises Tel: 012 431 1000 / 21 The Department has developed www.dpe.gov.za a programme addressing energy poverty Integrated Energy Department of Science and Centres (IeCs) which is a Technology community driven institution which Tel: 012 843 6300 delivers not only energy products, www.dst.gov.za but also provides information and capacity building services.

3. Roleplayers 1. Overview
Overviews of the different sources of energy can be found on the internet e.g. www. en.wikipedia.org and www.newscientist.com/popuparticle.ns?id=in157

Business Unity South Africa (BUSA) Tel: 011 784 8000 www.busa.org.za Agriculture (Agri SA) is represented on the National Electricity Response Team (NERT) through BUSA, who advocated that agriculture requires special consideration as electricity consumption is seasonal and cuts during some parts of the harvesting processing can result in a years production being lost. CSIR Energy Business Area Tel: 012 841 2911 / 317 9225 www.csir.co.za Rural Energy for Economic Development (REED) is a longterm CSIR research project to improve the understanding of linkages between poverty alleviation and the provision of energy. It includes researching how rural communities can add value to natural or renewable energy resources. Solving energy problems in a rural community leads to a host of economic development spin-offs such as higher paying employment opportunities that are also more productive, and the ability for rural communities to add more value to raw materials and natural resources for export. Write to Steve Szewczuk (Project Leader) at sszewczuk@csir.co.za. Electricity Monitor Tel: 087 550 0870 www.electricitymonitor.co.za Electro Mechanica Tel: 011 249 5000 www.em.co.za Energizer Tel: 011 802 2424 Tel: 031 303 9540 Tel: 021 531 4436 www.energizer.co.za

Energy Research Centre University of Cape Town Tel: 021 650 3230 www.erc.uct.ac.za ESETA Energy Sector & Training Authority Gauteng: 011 689 5300 Eastern Cape: 041 363 8279 www.eseta.org.za ESI-AFRICA.COM, the online power journal of Africa Eskom Tel: 086 003 7566 www.eskom.co.za The website provides contact details for Eskom power stations and visitor centres. Fax numbers, email addresses and numbers to which smses can be sent are provided for the Central Region (Gauteng), Eastern Region (KwaZulu-Natal), Northern Region (Limpopo), North West Region (North West, Free State, Northern Cape), Southern Region (Eastern Cape) and Western Region (Western Cape). Under its Medium-Term Power Purchase Programme (MTPPP), Pilot National Cogeneration Programme (PNCP) and the Multisite Base Load Independent Power Producer Programme (Base Load IPP Programme), Eskom will consider buying power from you (if you are generating power with a biodigester, a sugar mill etc). A range of value-adding and agroprocessing options is available from Eskom. A visit to their website (take the Customer Services menu option) or a read through inserts which appear periodically in agricultural magazines will give an indication of some possibilities. ETA Awards, turning ideas into energy visit www.eta-awards. co.za

Energy is a central element to the economy and life as we know it. Rich in coal resources, South Africas total electricity generating fleet is 80% coal-based, which itself poses major climate change challenges. Increased prices of electricity will be an incentive to reduce consumption and to use energy more efficiently (the last heading of this chapter consists of tips to farmers on how to do this). It is also an incentive to independent power producers, especially with renewable energy sources, to generate power. One of the draw cards when attracting investment in the past was the price of electricity. In the future it will be having the capacity from which a sufficient supply of energy can be guaranteed. The agro-food industry not only consumes and uses electricity in significant quantities, but is also extremely dependent on a continuous and uninterrupted supply right through the year in order to ensure that, among others, the so-called cold chain in handling especially fruit and other perishable products is not broken. It is in other words an electricity-sensitive industry that is also responsible for ensuring national food security. As such, issues around electricity supply and costs have a profound and fundamental impact on the competitiveness and sustainability of the agro-food industry.
Source: Agricultural Business Chamber letter to the National Energy Regulator of South Africa, 27 Nov 2009. Find it on www.agbiz.co.za

2. National Strategy and government contacts

Electricity falls under the second priority identified in the Medium Term Strategic Framework, issued by government in July 2009 i.e. the massive programme to build economic and social infrastructure. The countrys Power Conservation Programme (PCP) seeks to ensure that South Africa reduces its electricity consumption by at least 10% in the next three years. The Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) is to be a guide to government on how it will meet the countrys electricity demands. The Multi-Year Price Determination (MYPD) refers to the planned way in which the price is to be increased. Energy plays a vital role in health and social welfare, quality of life, economic development and environmental sustainability, so it is not surprising that extending the supply of electricity to the poor has been one of governments priorities. The progress made in this country features in the 2009 World Energy and Climate Policy Assessment (find this report under the Publications option at www.worldenergy.org). The report mentions that electrification in urban areas in South Africa has risen from 36% in 1994 to 90% at present. The number or rural households with electricity has risen from 12% in 1994 to 52% in 2005.

Maiden Electronics Tel: 011 468 1619 Batteries are an essential part www.maidenelectronics.co.za of life, and Energizer is a world leader in battery technology. Power solutions for Africa

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National Electricity Regulator South African Pipeline Gas (NERSA) Association (SAPGA) Tel: 012 401 4600 Tel: 011 431 2016 www.nersa.org.za www.sapga.co.za The National Emergency Response Team (NERT) is a partnership between government, business, labour and civil society to address the power shortages. Agriculture is represented here through BUSA. VOLTEX Tel: 011 879 2000 www.voltex.co.za

4. Renewable Energy
Find the separate Renewable Energy chapter.

The Department of Energy has set a target of 10 000 GWh of renewable energy (RE) to be produced by 2013. Currently, this is being modelled on a mix of wind, solar, small-scale hydro and landfill gas. The Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariff (Refit) guidelines are an incentive structure aimed at encouraging the adoption of renewable energy through government legislation, and are expected to stimulate large-scale investment in the sector. These will enable renewable energy to play a significant role in South African power supply, while also reducing harmful emissions that contribute to global warming. This is expected to increase the opportunities for private entities (e.g. farmers) to supply the national grid with power). Find out more in the Renewable Energy chapter. Optimal use of farm-level generated byproducts as accomplished with bio-digesters will not only facilitate a reduced carbon footprint, but may also offer reduced costs and possible additional income streams. In the current inflationary environment, with pressing costs and increases of up to 30% in the price of electricity, these savings will be welcomed. A lot of these new technologies or changes in current practices will require an initial capital outlay, and individuals will need to do their own cost-benefit analysis to determine the viability of the various options.
Source: AgriReview 3rd quarter 2009, available on www.standardbank.co.za

The contract for the Medupi Power Station (at Lephalale in Limpopo) Nuclear Industry Association of was awarded to the Medupi Power Station joint venture, a consortium South Africa (NIASA) made up of Murray and Roberts, Tel: 012 641 1071 Grinaker-LTA Civil Engineering and www.niasa.co.za Concor. Pebble Bed Modular Reactor The first unit is scheduled for (PBMR) completion in 2012 with the Tel: 011 680 1553 entire station completed by 2015. www.pbmr.co.za It will be the biggest dry-cooled Siyenza is the organiser of the power station in the world with an annual Energy Indaba. Visit www. installed capacity of approximately energyafricaexpo.com or call 011 4 800 Megawatts. 463 9184. South Africa National Energy Association (SANEA) Tel: 012 346 6004 www.sanea.org.za

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5. Nuclear
For information on nuclear energy, find the links at www.pbmr.co.za

7. International business environment

The Southern African Development Community (SADC) has joined hands to ensure that South Africa has enough electricity during the 2010 Soccer World Cup. Under the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) banner, the countries have pledged to support South Africa in areas of power generation, transmission, customer contributions and demand side management. The SAPP members include: Empresa National de Electricidade (Angola) Botswana Power Cooperation Societe National dElectricite (Democratic Republic of Congo) Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi Electricidade de Mozambique, Hydro Cahora Bassa and Mozambique Transmission Company (Mozambique) Copperbelt Energy Corporation and Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited NamPower (Namibia) Swaziland Electricity Company Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority Eskom

Nuclear energy already provides the world with 17% of its electricity, and South Africa will probably be going ahead with building its second nuclear power station.The United States and South Africa signed a bilateral agreement in September 2009, the Agreement on Co-operation in Research and Development of Nuclear Energy being signed by South African Minister of Energy, Dipuo Peters, and US Secretary of Energy, Steven Chu. A specific area of cooperation is expected to be research in the South African Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) as part of the multilateral Next Generation Nuclear Plant and Very High Temperature Gas Reactor programmes. Pro-nuclear arguments include the points that nuclear energy: has a low contribution to global warming, as there is little greenhousegas emission; could reduce the dependence on fossil fuels; could generate a high amount of energy from a single plant; and is available and not subject to fluctuations in energy production experienced with solar or wind energy. The case against nuclear energy includes: We have not found a way to deal with radioactive waste. Even with the best security and safety standards, accidents can still happen. It is foolish to compare nuclear waste to other chemicals. Unlike other substances, the waste from nuclear energy has to be looked after for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. So we may not give the Earth a death sentence by the climate-change noose, but by a lethal injection of nuclear waste instead. Nuclear power is just not sustainable. Not only does it take many years to develop a nuclear power station, but uranium (the energy source for nuclear power) is also in short supply. It is believed that the supply of uranium is estimated to last for only 30 to 60 years, depending on the demand. So in the short term the technology may be available, but in the long term it will also be subject to fluctuations. It just does not make business sense to invest billions in something that has such a short life span and that will be such a liability to the environment.
Source: Ferrial Adam on www.thoughtleader.co.za (adapted)

The big players in the coal industry are China, with 42.5% of world production, the USA (18%) and Australia (6%). Turning to electricity, the big nuclear players are the USA (31% of world nuclear generation), France (18%), Japan (9%) and Russia (6%); China, Canada and Brazil together produce more than 50% of the worlds hydropower; and world electricity generation from all sources in 2007 was up 1.3%.
Source: BPs annual Statistical Review of World Energy (2009). Find it on www. mbendi.co.za, along with an analysis of where Africa fits into the mix.

World Energy Council www.worldenergy.org International Energy Agency www.iea.org International Atomic Energy Agency www.iaea.org www.afdb.org - the African Development Bank (AFDB) has approved the funding of 16 projects in South Africa. The Eskom loan is the biggest ever approved by the AFDB. Energy Watch Group www.energywatchgroup.org Find the Energy Access Situation of Developing Countries report from the United Nations Development Programme and World Health Organisation at www.polity.org.za Find the energy menu option on www.africa-adapt.net (click on explore themes)

6. Hydrogen
Water is split into oxygen and hydrogen. Their later recombination releases energy. Hydrogen and fuel cell technology promises a cleaner, more environment-friendly, oil-independent future. South Africa has a significant competitive advantage in developing hydrogen and fuel cell technologies since it has considerable deposits of platinum which is a key catalytic material used in fuel cell and reformation technologies for the production of electricity and hydrogen, respectively. The Department of Science and Technology has launched the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Research, Development and Innovation Strategy (HFCT and RDI), which aims to build sufficient capacity in research, development and innovation to supply 25 percent of the global hydrogen and fuel cell markets platinum group metals catalyst demand by 2020. The country looks to position itself as a significant player in the development of HFCT, which is part of the global agenda to integrate energy systems. Still in the experimental stage is a hydrogen-powered tractor range from New Holland. These form part of New Hollands energy-independent farm concept.

8. Energy-smart farming
As a farmer you are also a businessman, someone who is just as concerned about keeping operational costs under control as you are about your fields, crops and cattle. As a farmer, you also know that energy costs are rising and adding significantly to operating costs. Controlling these costs means becoming more aware of energy and the ways you can use electricity more effectively without compromising your farms productivity. By making small changes to the way you use power, you can ensure that you get the best value for your energy rand and also play a part in reducing the demand for power especially in peak periods when the possibility of load shedding is always present. You can make a start on effective power saving by looking at your operation and assessing the equipment you use and the tasks you use it for.

Getting optimum performance from dryers

If you use dryers on your farm, remember that they can be shut down during the drying process, or can even be switched off completely. Alternatively, heating elements can be switched off and only the fans left running. Fans can be switched off for short periods without causing damage to produce such as grains, oil seeds and lucerne in the dryer. Only use the heating elements in the case of emergencies, for example during continuously rainy days and at night during the off-peak hours. When using heat, it is essential to recirculate the heated air to the inlet of the fan as this will save energy and costs. When heating elements are used, it is advisable to insulate the ducting to minimise heat loss through the sides. It is vital that there should be no leaks in the ducting.

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Irrigation
Making it less costly means that you should match the pipe and nozzle sizes. You should also remember that pipes with a small diameter operate at higher friction levels. More electricity is therefore needed to increase the rate of water delivery and overcome the friction. The nozzle sizes of sprayers should be checked on a regular basis. If you reduce the wear and tear, you reduce water losses due to leaking pipes. Leaking pipes mean that pumps have to deliver more water and this increases the electricity consumption. By carrying out regular maintenance, you benefit from reduced power costs and water savings. Did you know that using cellphone and computer technology could result in major savings? Its a fact that if you use these methods to schedule irrigation, you can save up to 30% of the energy you generally use. Making sure that water is pumped to storage dams above irrigated areas means that you can use gravity flow, even when power is not available.

Insulation of greenhouses
When you build greenhouses, bear in mind that a double-insulated plastic cover retains more heat and warmth in greenhouses. Keeping air and soil temperatures constant through insulation means that less energy has to be used to create warmth in the greenhouse environment.

Farming using alternative energy sources

As a farmer you can take steps to utilise the waste generated through normal farming operations to create energy. Harnessing the power of the sun can also save energy costs - over the years, these can add up to considerable savings and transform the way you do business. Where considerable amounts of animal waste are present, you could investigate the possibility of using biogas installations to generate heat and electricity. These installations take the heat generated by animal waste and enable it to be piped into feedlots and piggeries for use as heating, or used for the production of cheap electricity.

Electric motors
Electric motors consume vast amounts of power. The older your motors are, the higher the chances are that they use more electricity than they should. You can reduce your bills significantly by replacing these motors with new generation high efficiency electric motors (Eff 1). Make sure that the motors you install can run at 3/4 of their capacity to perform everyday jobs. Running at full load for long periods requires much more power.

Generating power
If you wish to generate emergency power for short periods, consider purchasing a standby generator. Running off petrol or diesel, these generators are custom-made for various outputs. You should consider the amount of energy you will need and seek advice from an expert when considering an installation. Keep in mind that generators should only be used in well-ventilated spaces (be careful of the carbon monoxide build-up!) and should be far enough away from buildings so that their noise does not disturb people or animals.

Dairy parlours
Saving power in the dairy parlour means rinsing the milking machines with cold water directly after milking. A complete washing cycle should take place outside Eskoms peak hours. Ice bank cool tanks can be used to build the ice bank during off-peak hours to pre-cool and cool milk during Eskoms peak hours.

Energy from the sun, wind and water

There are a number of options available to utilise solar power. You should investigate which of the various options available would suit you best. Solar panels can be used to supply electricity for pumping, charging batteries for lights and any other low wattage use. However, they can be expensive, have a lifespan of approximately ten years and are vulnerable to hail and theft. They also need to be cleaned regularly as dust can reduce their efficiency. Effective water heating can be provided through a network of black polythene and copper piping through which water is pumped. This can be installed on a roof and used to heat water for the house and/or swimming pool. Wind energy can be used to charge batteries that can supply power to low wattage equipment in households. Where water flows constantly from a high point, the water flow can be used to generate electricity.

Coldrooms
Coldrooms are major users of electricity. If you take several simple steps, however, cold losses can be minimised and you will benefit from lower electricity costs. You save electricity by keeping the doors to cold rooms properly sealed. Opening doors only when required cuts down on cold air being leaked into neighbouring areas. You should always also remember that overfilled coldrooms actually have a lower cooling efficiency. Air does not flow as easily between and under produce in overfilled rooms. This means that it takes longer to cool down your produce and that more electricity is needed to reach the storage temperature. Condensers should be well ventilated to deliver the best performance. For greatest effectiveness, compressor rooms and condensers should be installed on the southern side of a building, where they are not affected by direct sunlight. You should check filters and coils regularly and see that they are always clean, and also make sure that there is enough gas in the air conditioning plant. The proper use of air curtains will also reduce the loss of conditioned air.

Using dual fuel systems for efficiency

Dual fuel systems are generally used for heating air or water in a heating system. They are frequently used for drying and intensive animalhousing operations. The working principle is based on using heating elements during Eskoms off-peak hours and alternative fuel during Eskoms peak hours. Alternative fuel options are coal, gas, diesel, oil, paraffin, wood, stalks or any other medium that is readily available in the area. The bottom line for energy efficiency is that we all bear the responsibility of doing what we can to save power. As a farmer, you have a significant role to play. You will also benefit by making your operations more cost-effective and energy-efficient - saving money while you help our country.
Source: www.eskom.co.za/dsm Our thanks to Eskom for feedback on the draft chapter

Reducing the energy needs of animal housing

Reducing the cost of animal housing begins with the building itself. Proper roof insulation ensures a cool environment throughout the year and means that less money has to be spent on additional energy to regulate temperatures. Painting a roof silver will also reflect more heat off the structure. When using natural ventilation for animal housing, buildings should not be wider than 12 metres for optimum utilisation of wind cooling. If you are building animal housing, remember that the long walls of the building should face north and south and the short walls should face west and east. This will help to dispel the heat that builds up inside buildings during the day.

Increasing the energy efficiency of animal feed processing plants

Animal feed processing plants usually have large numbers of electric motors. By installing a capacitor bank you can generally improve the electrical efficiency of a plant. A plant can be managed so that cleaning and operations requiring low electricity can be done during peak hours, and scheduling the actual operations outside Eskoms peak hours.

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Perspectives:

National issues
Food security
There are many other relevant chapters in this publication!

In the longer term, the international community, particularly the leaders of the international community, should sit down together on an urgent basis and address how we can, first of all, improve these economic systems, distributions systems, as well as how we can promote the improved production of agricultural products, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. Read what Jacques Diouf, director general of the UNs Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), had to say at the World Grain Forum of 2009. The article World needs better food plan, says FAO chief can be found in the archives at www.farmersweekly.co.za Affordable food in the long term depends on viable local agricultural sectors which receive fair prices for their products and are able to pay fair prices for farm requisites. The long-term survival of local agriculture is endangered by subsidies paid to producers in developed countries. The recent reintroduction of export subsidies in the EU and USA clearly show developed countries only pay lip service to trade liberalistion. While South Africas strong stand against export subsidies as a member of the Group of 20 is commendable, we also need national protection against the effect of export subsidies on import prices.
Source: Dr Koos Coetzee writing in Farmers Weekly, 3 July 2009. Find the article What can we do about high food prices at www.farmerweekly.co.za

1. Overview
All life economic, political, cultural depends on food security as a starting point. Food security is the assurance that individuals, households, communities and nations have access to enough safe, quality food at all times. It goes without saying that food security is covered in the Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF), the guide for government programmes for 2009 2014. Food insecurity is the absence of food security and is characterised by the presence of hunger, starvation, malnutrition and/or the fear of facing food shortages. In South Africa, 2.2 million households are regarded as food insecure and vulnerable, utilising more than 60% of their income on purchasing food. The UNs Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) says that there are one billion hungry people in the world. That another 100 million were expected to fall into this category by the end of 2009 cannot bode well for international peace.
Source: African Centre for Food Security (ACFS); Rob Small in an article Can community-based organic micro-farming create food security?; http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/World_Summit_on_Food_Security_2009; Buanews 16 November 2009 World overviews of food insecurity are given by the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS-NET) visit www.fews.net

High-tech agriculture is not readily taken up at community level as it is capital intensive and requires a high level of skill. Based on supertechnology, huge crops can be grown quickly. Food Aid organisations can channel market surplus to ensure food security. This works if there is enough free money to buy or subsidise massive amounts of food on a regular basis. In theory, high tech agriculture can meet food security needs. Recent years do expose weaknesses, though. What happens when there is not enough free money to channel market surplus to the hungry?
Source: Rob Small of Abalimi, writing for a Trialogue publication on CSI projects

2. Food Prices
This is a new face of hunger. There is food on shelves but people are priced out of the market. Josette Sheeran, the head of the UNs World Food Programme (WFP) Reasons attributed for the global increase in the price of basic foods include: The booming Asian economy has driven up prices for most food commodities. Protein consumption in increasingly prosperous countries has soared, pushing up demand for the grain needed by cattle, pigs and poultry. The use of more land and agricultural produce for biofuels (in 2008, onethird of the US maize crop was earmarked for biofuels) and demand for food crops such as maize for biofuels has increased demand. High oil prices pushed up the price of fuel and fertiliser. For example, about 36% of the cost of producing a loaf of bread is driven by the price of fuel (petrol, diesel and electricity). The gradual reform and liberalisation of agricultural subsidy programmes in the US and Europe have reduced the butter and grain mountains of yesteryear by eliminating overproduction but reducing strategic global reserves to the lowest in 25 years. Agricultural subsidies in developed countries have kept prices low, forcing many people especially in Africa to stop producing food. This practice has damaged the food supply chain. Partly due to erratic weather patterns attributed to global climate change, some key food producing regions and nations (notably Asia, Australia and New Zealand) are suffering from severe droughts. Over-confident speculation added to the volatility of prices. The global financial crisis has had many effects internationally especially regarding the capacity of international aid agencies to respond (through cash and/or food) to countries in crisis.

[Commercial farmers have the know-how and technology to produce food on the required scale] ... consumer resistance to genetically modified (GM) crops is limiting food production. Hungry people dont have the luxury of choosing non-GM foods and those opposed to it must realise that their stance contributes to famine in African countries.
Source: Dr Koos Coetzee in the article Urbanisation poses challenges for agriculture at www.farmerweekly.co.za

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find the Food Security Statistics and information on Integrated Food Security and Nutrition Programme (IFSNP) and other DAFF interventions at www. daff.gov.za Directorate: Food Security Tel: 012 319 6736 DFS@daff.gov.za The Policy Analysis and Development Unit develops and promotes national policy for food security The Food Security Programmes Unit co-ordinates the design, planning and implementation of food security programmes The Food Security Information Unit monitors food security programmes and facilitates agricultural (rural/urban) development. Find the Food Security Atlas (Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information Mapping System FIVMS) on the Agricultural Geo-Referenced Information System website www.agis.agric.za. FIVIMS is a system, tool and

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information source that assists government in designing national and subnational food security interventions and targeting of the right beneficiaries through collection, analysis and dissemination of information on people who are food insecure and vulnerable. The target goal of the Integrated Food Security Strategy (IFSS) is to reduce the number of food-insecure households by half by 2015 (also an MDG goal). One of the strategic objectives to reach this target is to increase domestic food production by providing support services to farmers. The Illima/Letsema campaign distributed agricultural starter packs to poor households and mobilised communities to utilise all land available to ensure food security.

qualifications in food security. ACFS is the African Union Commission/ New Partnership for Africas Development Food Security Lead Institution and a SADC Centre of Excellence. The centre offers degree qualifications, capacity development, policy advice and conducts evidence-based research to solve food insecurity in South Africa and the continent. African Micro Mills Tel: 031 584 6250 www.africanmicromills.com

Childrens Feeding Trust (CFT) Tel: 041 581 4371 Disaster Management, Training and Education Centre for Africa (Dimtec) Tel: 051 401 2721 dimtec@ufs.ac.za Economic Justice Network is a faith-based network on inter alia food security. Visit www.ejn.org.za

Others
Other government departments are involved in the area of food security. Some examples: Department of Science and Technology www.dst.gov.za Under The Poverty Relief Programme of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) rural communities are guided in the production of oyster mushrooms to diversify and add to their food base. Through further funding by DST to the ARC-PPRI, beekeepers from 40 rural communities from all over South Africa are trained in the basics of beekeeping and related industries. Honeybees provide a direct source of food (honey) and have a major impact on crop production through pollination. Department of Social Development www.dsd.gov.za This is the department in charge of social grants (find details of the South African Social Security Agency SASSA in the Importance of Rural Development chapter or at www.sassa.gov.za). Over 13 million citizens are currently receiving social assistance benefits and of these beneficiaries, nine million are children. Government has recognised social grants remain the most effective form of poverty alleviation, especially during the current financial downturn. Competition Commission Tel: 012 394 3332 www.compcom.co.za Theoretically, competition keeps prices down (because the client can go elsewhere if she or he does not like your prices). Price fixing between players in the food industry is bad news for food security. The Competition Amendment Act holds major implications for directors and senior management. The Act introduces provisions to hold personally accountable, and criminally liable, individuals who cause firms to engage in cartel activity. Find the document on www.compcom.co.za and www. thedti.gov.za.

F & G Trust (Farm and Garden national trust) Driving profitable grain milling and Tel: 021 801 9677 www.farmgardentrust.org basic food production in SADC The African Organic Farming Food, Agriculture and Natural Foundation (AOFF) Resources Policy Analysis ged@africanorganics.org Network (FANRPAN) www.africanorganics.org Tel: 012 804 2966 / 3186 www.fanrpan.org AOFFs mission is to reduce poverty among Southern Africas FANRPANs vision is A food secure rural communities through the southern Africa free from hunger introduction of organic farming, and poverty. Find the Food better nutrition, agro-enterprise systems option under Thematic development and management of thrusts. natural resources. Food and Agriculture Agri Iphepeng Organisation (FAO) Tel: 018 642 1596 / 083 265 6210 Tel: 012 354 8000 coishar@gds.co.za www.fao.org Trains people to establish vegetable The Food and Agriculture gardens and produce their own Organisation of the United Nations basic food at home. leads international efforts to defeat hunger. The FAO celebrates World Agricultural Business Chamber Food Day each year on 16 October, Tel: 012 807 6686 / 082 441 2308 the day on which the organisation admin@agbiz.co.za was founded in 1945. Find details of other United Nations initiatives Find the latest Southern African e.g. its World Food Programme food security outlook under the Trade intelligence option at (WFP) at www.un.org www.agbiz.co.za. Also see The Farms Race: The rush for food FoodBank South Africa Tel: 021 447 8150 security in Africa. info@feedback.org.za Agricultural Colleges working www.feedback.org.za with the Provincial Departments of Agriculture offer basic training Foodgardens Foundation courses in food security. Find their Tel: 011 880 5956/7 details in the Agricultural Education www.foodgardensfoundation.org. za and Training chapter. Agricultural Research Council (ARC) www.arc.agric.za The need for sufficient, safe and nutritious food permeates the strategic imperatives of government and therefore the goals of the ARC. Its core activities are all related to food security in some way. Bessemer Tel: 011 762 5341/2/3/4 www.bessemer.co.za Grain storage Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) Tel: 012 420 4583 / 021 808 7725 www.bfap.co.za Food & Trees for Africa Tel: 011 803 9750 www.trees.co.za The GSI Group Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 794 4455 www.gsiafrica.co.za Grain storage Heifer International Tel: 031 777 1374/5 www.heifer.org.za Heifer International-South Africa is a development organisation with the mission of alleviating hunger, poverty and environmental degradation through the provision of food producing animals to families in need.

4. Roleplayers
Abalimi Tel: 021 371 1653 www.abalimi.org.za ABALIMI is a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) working to empower the disadvantaged through urban agriculture and environmental programmes and projects. ABC Hansen Tel: 012 803 0036 www.abchansenafrica.co.za Grain storage ACAT Tel: 033 234 4223 www.acatkzn.co.za Help rural farmers and families to improve their quality of life beginning with low cost food. African Centre for Food Security (ACFS) Tel: 033 260 5855 acfs@ukzn.ac.za www.acfs.ukzn.ac.za The ACFS is a Centre of the University of KwaZulu-Natal. It offers accredited transdisciplinary

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Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) Centre for Poverty, Employment and Growth Tel: 012 302 2721 www.hsrc.ac.za International Water Management Institute Tel: 012 845 9100/32 www.iwmi.cgiar.org

Provincial Departments of Agriculture details in the Agriculture in the Provinces chapter have on-going Food Security Projects aimed at providing livelihood means to vulnerable communities particularly in the rural areas. These projects are also aimed at creating sustainable agricultural small-macro-medium enterprises (SMME).

Umthati Training Project Tel: 046 622 4450 www.umthathi.co.za University of the Free State (UFS) Department of Agricultural Economics Tel: 051 401 2250 Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Tel: 051 401 2163

URBAN FARMER Tel/fax: 022 448 1106 Lisa Perold 082 842 1579 We consult around Food Security in rural communities, and engage in training where invited to do so. Wizzard Worms Tel: 033 413 1837 www.wizzardworms.co.za

Improving water and land Reach Out Vegetable resources management for food, Production livelihoods and the environment Tel: 072 624 9498 Kalahari Kid Corporation Tel: 011 807 5624/5 (JHB office) www.kalaharikid.co.za Food security training in the Western Cape

Wizzard Worms supplies an innovative, simple system to Food Garden Management is a convert vegetable and organic training video available from the waste into products that will UFS. Call 051 401 2557. essentially sustain a vegetable growing operation.

South African New Economics National Agricultural Marketing Network (SANE) Council (NAMC) Tel: 021 762 5933 Tel: 012 341 1115 www.sane.org.za www.namc.co.za South African Institute for Find the Quarterly Food Price Entrepreneurship (SAIE) Trends reports on the website Tel: 021 447 2023 www.entrepreneurship.co.za North West University Morogo Research Programme The AgriPlanner programme (MRP) contributes to Governments Tel: 018 299 2319 overall objective of ensuring Retha.VanDerWalt@nwu.ac.za sustainable food availability for all through schools and communities Strategies to reduce food-insecurity growing food naturally. The in rural settings should acknowledge further development of vegetable Africas indigenous food culture gardens builds income generation which is based on the utilisation of capabilities. naturally-occurring food-plants and subsistence cropping of traditional Southern African Regional Poverty Network (SARPN) vegetables. info@sarpn.org www.sarpn.org According to the International Fund for Agricultural Development Connecting people, ideas and (IFAD), household food-security information to fight poverty. comprises not only food adequacy, but should also comply with nutrient Find details of the South African and safety requirements as well as Social Security Agency cultural preferences. Enquire from (SASSA) in the Importance of the MRP how African vegetables Rural Development chapter or at are nutritionally superior to their www.sassa.gov.za Western counterparts. Stellenbosch University Department of Conservation Operation Hunger Ecology and Entomology Tel: 011 902 4000/865 5203 Tel 021 808 3728 www.operationhunger.co.za samways@sun.ac.za Operation Hunger concentrates its efforts on the poorest of the Department of Horticultural Science poor. Tel 021 808 4900 hortsci@sun.ac.za Planner Bee Plant Care Tel/fax: 011 888 4215 Department of Food Science www.fertilis.co.za Tel: 021 808 3578 voedselw@sun.ac.za Fertilis earthworm castings is used as a fertiliser for ALL soils and is Sustainability Institute ideal for food gardens. Tel: 021 881 3196 www.sustainabilityinstitute.net

5. International business environment

Article 25.1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and wellbeing of him and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care. The first of the Millennium Development Goal is to halve poverty and hunger by 2015.

Roleplayers
www.africa-union.org African Union (AU). Twenty of the thirty-one countries in food crisis in May 2009 were in Africa. The AU/NEPAD Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Plan (CAADP) sets out Africas plan of action to attain food security. Africare www.africare.org The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) is endorsed by African Heads of State and Government as a vision for the restoration of agricultural growth, food and nutrition security, and rural development in Africa. A specific goal of CAADP is to attain an average annual growth rate of 6 percent in agriculture. To achieve this goal, CAADP directs investment to four mutually reinforcing pillars. The third pillar is increasing food supply, reducing hunger, and improving responses to food emergency crises. Visit www.caadp.net for more information. The Framework for African Food Security (FAFS) addresses the challenges of CAADP Pillar 3, which specifically targets the chronically food insecure the people with inadequate access to food or the means to purchase or acquire nutritious food. For more information, contact the Director of the African Centre for Food Security (see heading 4). Comite Permanent Inter Stat de Lutte Contre la Secheresse au Sahel (Permanent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel - CILSS) www.cilss.bf Visit www.fao.org, website of the UNs Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO). Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS-NET) www.fews.net - provides world overviews. Find the food security status reports. Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) www.fanrpan.org Food First Institute for Food & Development Policy www.foodfirst. org - rejects the Green revolution. Read more on their website. Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping Systems (FIVIMS) www.fivims.net Fortifying Africas Future (FORTAF) www.fortaf.org. Find practical information on fortifying basic foods (i.e. addressing mineral and vitamin deficiencies) in Africa. www.thehungersite.com the Hunger Site is online activism International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) www.agassessment.org. Reports like

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Agriculture at a Crossroads are available for sale at www.amazon. com International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) www.ifrc.org responds to food crises as well as to other disasters. International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IAMA) www.ifama.org Your Global Food System Network International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) www.ifpri.org International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) www.iied.org. Included amongst their publications is Towards Food Sovereignty, a book that looks at the concept of food sovereignty, the growing movement behind it and the transformation necessary to regenerate a network of diverse local food systems. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) www.iisd. org International Ocean Institute www.ioinst.org The New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) www. nepag.org was designed to address the current challenges facing the African continent. Oxfam GB is a development, relief, and campaigning organisation that works with others to find lasting solutions to poverty and suffering around the world. An Oxfam electronic newsletter is available. Find details on the website. Visit www.oxfam.org.uk. Regional Hunger and Vulnerability Programme (RHVP) www. wahenga.net ReliefWeb www.reliefweb.int is the global hub for time-critical humanitarian information on Complex Emergencies and Natural Disasters. Updated reports on Food Security issues are included. Southern African Regional Poverty Network (SARPN) www.sarpn. org.za

There are regular features on food security (and food prices) at www. worldbank.org, website of the World Bank. The UNs World Food Programme (WFP) www.wfp.org feeds 73 million people in 78 countries, less than a tenth of the total number of the worlds undernourished. Worldwide AgriCultures Network supports efforts to build up knowledge on small-scale family farming. It puts out one global publication and seven regional editions. Visit www.leisa.info
A thank-you to the African Centre for Food Security for feedback on the draft chapter

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National issues
HIV and Aids
1. Overview
There were an estimated 5.2 million people living with HIV in South Africa in 2008, according to the National HIV Prevalence, Incidence and Communication Survey conducted by the Human Science Research Council from June 2008 to March 2009. The survey says that South Africas HIV/Aids epidemic has stabilised and there are signs of a declining prevalence among children and teenagers. It is the third in a series of national population based surveys conducted to help monitor the countrys response as a nation to the HIV/Aids epidemic. Currently some 700 000 people are on governments antiretroviral (ARV) programme, and the Medium Term Expenditure Framework provides for an increase to 1.4 million by 2011/12. South Africa is currently implementing the largest ARV treatment programme in the world. South Africa ranked second in the world in terms of domestic spending on Aids programmes. Each individual had a responsibility to help achieve the goals of the National Strategic Plan (NSP) for HIV/Aids. South Africans must get involved in the national plan on HIV/Aids by talking openly about the disease and getting tested regularly. The HIV epidemic is more than a social or humanitarian issue, because it also presents one of the most significant threats to Africas ongoing economic growth and development. HIV/Aids affect business and enterprise at every level, from increased absenteeism, reduced productivity through to the loss of knowledge and essential skills. HIV is everyones business. Thats why public-private partnerships have become so central to mounting an effective response to the disease. This epidemic is a priority business issue for many companies and the workplace is a key environment in which to tackle it.
Source: Various Buanews newsletters (find these at www.buanews.gov.za); Business Action For Africa report on the Millenium Development Goals (adapted). Visit www. businessactionforafrica.org.

Farmers have not yet realised the cost of the pandemic. Training people is expensive and there is a significant impact on productivity. Many farmers still believe that replacement workers keep queuing up around the corner for jobs. Life in the farms is very cloistered. People live near each other. Lack of awareness and high levels of stigma are problems. One of the most important questions of farm workers is the fear to be fired if tested positive. Another concern is confidentiality, notably related to the stigma. Farm workers dont want the farmer or their peers to know their status. Before starting awareness sessions for the farm workers in our programmes, the farmer will speak to his workers, indicating his commitment and stipulating his assurance that people will not be fired. By implementing an HIV programme he hopes that his workers are more knowledgeable about the importance of a healthy life style. The stigma, different misconceptions and the fear to die alone if diagnosed with HIV, especially in rural settings, necessitate that a HIV/ Aids policy needs to be built upon trust and confidence amongst all the players/stakeholders. Involvement of all stakeholders in an early stage helps building the necessary team approach.
Source: Gretha Kostwinder. Contact her at 012 343 5117 or visit www.agriaids. org.za

3. The Subsistence Farmer

HIV/Aids accelerates rural impoverishment and the breakdown of extended family relations that have over many years been the foundation of traditional safety-net mechanisms. Subsistence agriculture makes for a hard life, particularly in areas that are badly hit by HIV. Put farming and Aids together, add drought or disease, and you have a diabolical mixture of circumstances. Subsistence farmers typically work in remote areas with poor access to markets and agricultural services. Poverty is widespread. The burden of tending to family members with Aids-related diseases and the frequent death of these persons leads to a decline in production among subsistence households, as human and financial resources are invested in taking care of people rather than crops and animals. Lower production, in turn, causes food insecurity that exacerbates the effects of Aids and heightens the likelihood of HIV exposure and infection. A vicious cycle is set in motion. Because HIV largely affects the population group aged between 15 and 49 years, it is often parents that are lost to the pandemic. As a result, farming skills that would normally be passed from mothers and fathers to their children tend to be lost, with the new generation left ill-equipped to continue with agriculture. Advice to subsistence or small-scale farmers would include: Grow millet and sorghum. These crops can grow without irrigation no small matter in an aids-affected household with little labour or money to spare. Invest more in the farming of indigenous livestock e.g. Nguni cattle. A local breed that copes better with dry African weather than other breeds and which has greater resistance to ticks and diseases. European breeds need expensive medication and vaccinations, and that they are sometimes unable to survive the South African climate. Chicken farming, which requires less expertise than cattle breeding, could also prove useful for families struggling to cope with aids. In addition, poultry is a cheap source of the protein that is vital in maintaining the immune system of HIV-positive persons for as long as possible.
Adapted from an article in the Mail & Guardian, 7 June 2005

An important message to the person finding out that they are infected is that continued life is possible (dont give up!) ARV medication holds out a lifeline, and studies point to the importance of nutrition, basic food safety and attitude.

2. HIV/Aids and the farmer

Farm workers are the most under-serviced labourers in South Africa. Poor access to health care and health related information is partly due to their remote location of work. The high incidence of poverty and low level of education makes the farm worker even more vulnerable to the impact of HIV/Aids. Estimates from the International Labour Organisation suggest that South Africas agricultural workforce could decline by more than 15% by 2020 due to HIV/Aids. Gretha Kostwinder, director of AgriAids and former agricultural counsellor at the Dutch embassy, says more can be done on South African farms to tackle HIV/Aids. She makes two observations:

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4. National strategy
Find the National Strategic Plan (NSP) for HIV/Aids and Sexually Transmitted Infections, adopted by Cabinet in 2007, on the websites of roleplayers e.g. www.doh.gov.za and www.tac.org.za The Comprehensive Plan for the Treatment, Management and Care of HIV/Aids aims to reduce the rate of new HIV infections by 50 percent by the year 2011. The Maseru Declaration on HIV/Aids was signed by SADC heads of state in 2003. Department of Health Aids Toll free Helpline: 0800-012322 www.doh.gov.za/aids The National Health Council (NHC) is made up of the Minister of Health, the MECs for Health from all provinces, the South African Local Government A list of the different responsibilities Association (SALGA) and South and contacts at national level, as African Military Health Services. well as contact details for provincial contacts are available on the website. South African Medical Association (Sama) Department of Science and www.samedical.org.za Technology (DST) Tel: 012 843 6300 South African National Aids www.dst.gov.za Council (SANAC) Tel: 012 312 0131 Department of Social www.sanac.org.za Development Tel: 012 312 7500 SANAC officially brings together www.dsd.gov.za the government and civil society in the fight against HIV and aids. A Medicines Control Council National Strategic Plan on HIV/Aids (MCC) exists, which should see the halving www.mccza.com of new infections by 2011. The MCC co-ordinates grants from the United Nations Global Fund to fight Aids, tuberculosis and malaria. HIV positive people with TB will get ARV medication when their CD4 (indication for the strength of your immune system) is 350 instead of 200 as it used to be. This could save the lives of many people because a weak immune system makes you vulnerable for all kind of illnesses, including TB. The same regime will be applicable for pregnant woman. This change of national policy responds to the needs activists all experience and see on a daily base working with HIV/Aids patients, especially in the rural areas the need for earlier access to treatment and support is obvious. Hopefully it will be applicable to ALL HIV-positive people in the near future with a CD4 count of 350 or less, as it is a worldwide standard.
Source: December 2009 AgriAids newsletter

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) ckuun@csir.co.za jmasalesa@csir.co.za Cotlands www.cotlands.co.za

Lifesense Disease Management Tel: 0860 506 080 www.lifesenseonline.co.za Medical cover for HIV/Aids

National Institute for Communicable Diseases The Philagogo project provides Tel: 011 386 6000 income generating opportunities www.nicd.ac.za to home-based care givers in rural areas. Many of these are A division of the National Health grandmothers who use their small Laboratory Service pensions to care for HIV children and grandchildren. There are South African Business Coalition branches in Gauteng, the Western on HIV/Aids (SABCOHA) Cape, the Eastern Cape and in Tel: 011 880 4821 KwaZulu-Natal. www.sabcoha.org ePap Tel: 011 726 5634 basilb@iafrica.com Good nutrition is of enormous importance to HIV-positive people. ePap is more than 29 times more nutritionally dense than refined maize and is packed with 28 micro and macro nutrients. Over 2 million portions of ePap are distributed into 12 African countries every month. A toolkit helps a business owner to train Aids champions in the company. South African Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SACCI) Tel: 011 446 3800 Workshops and guidance on implementing HIV/Aids policies

5. Roleplayers
The UNaids Directory of UN Regional Responses to HIV and aids in Eastern and Southern Africa presents succinct information on the regional work of UN entities which provide technical assistance or other services on HIV and aids in the region. Visit www.unaids.org Find contact details of over 170 organisations when you do an HIV/aids search on www.prodder.org.za ACAT Tel: 033 234 4223 www.acatkzn.co.za AgriAids Tel: 012 460 3762 www.agriaids.co.za Aids Law Project Tel: 011 356 4100 Legal issues regarding HIV/Aids CareCross network@carecross.co.za www.carecross.co.za Involved in programmes at several farms in the Eastern Cape. Centre for HIV/AIDS Networking (HIVAN) Tel: 031 260 3331 www.hiv911.org.za

South African AIDS Vaccine Initiative (SAAVI) Health Professions Council of Tel: 021 938 0826 South Africa (HPCSA) www.saavi.org.za Tel: 012 338 9301 www.hpcsa.co.za The South African HIV/Aids Research and Innovation Platform International Organisation for (SHARP) is aimed at increasing Migration (IOM) quality products to diagnose HIV/ Tel: 012 342 2789 Aids. The platform will be based www.iom.org.za and managed at LIFElab, one of the three Biotechnology Regional In particular IOM works with Innovation Centres (BRICs). It sectors that traditionally employs a will be funded by the Department relatively large number of migrant of Science and Techology. A pdf workers including the commercial on SHARP can be downloaded at agriculture sector. Within the www.dst.gov.za. sector IOM has: Southern Africa AidsTrust undertaken behavioural www.satregional.org surveillance study among farm workers living and working Find details of country programmes in the South African border on the website. region with Mozambique; developed on behalf of Southern African HIV SADC Regional Guidelines on Clinicians Society HIV/Aids in the Commercial Tel: 011 341 0162 Agriculture sector; www.sahivsoc.org facilitated and co-ordinated an on-the-ground pilot Southern Africa Trust project aimed at reducing HIV vulnerability amongst farm Tel: 011 318 1012 workers in the Hoedspruit www.southernafricatrust.org area in the Limpopo Province. Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) Khululeka Tel: 021 447 2593 Tel: 021 633 5287 www.tac.org.za www.khululeka.org Provides training, materials and USAid support for pre-schools and care- HIV Prevention Adviser wbenzerga@usaid.gov givers across a wide region. USAids through PEPFAR has subsidised NPOs who do HIV testing, and many of these offer Voluntary Details of offices and crisis lines Counseling and Testing (VCT) across the country are available on free-of-charge in the rural areas. the website. Lifeline (HIV/Aids) www.lifeline.org.za

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Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) Numerous clinics and hospitals around the nine provinces do VCT. Lists of these are available on www.aidshelpline.org.za. You can also call the National Aids Helpline and ask for the nearest voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) centre. The number is 0800-012-322.

7. Websites and publications

The following Info Paks are available at www.daff.gov.za, website of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF). Alternatively, contact their Resource Centre at 012 319 7141. HIV/Aids and nutrition [Eating the right food can help your immune system to fight infection] HIV/Aids and the farm worker [Basic information on HIV and aids] HIV/Aids: Caring for people with Aids [Basic guidelines to caring for people with HIV and aids] HIV/Aids: Know your rights [The rights of a person suffering from HIV and aids] HIV/Aids: Staying healthy [Basic guidelines on how to stay healthy when you are HIV positive] HIV/Aids: What women should know [Information for women about HIV and Aids] Find the Training Manual Operational plan for comprehensive HIV and Aids care, management and treatment for South Africa on the Department of Healths website. Other HIV/Aids documents are also available here. Visit www.doh.gov.za Have you wondered about how the recession has affected the progress on fighting HIV? Find the June 2009 report The Global Economic Crisis and HIV Prevention and Treatment Programmes: Vulnerabilities and Impact on www. unaids.org. Numerous other reports can also be accessed here e.g. HIV/ Aids, Security and Conflict: New Realities, New Responses a report on the links between security, conflict, peacebuilding and HIV/Aids. Find the journals at the Southern African HIV Clinicians Society website, www.sahivsoc.org Business-specific HIV/Aids prevention plus posters and tool-kits: Health Economics and HIV aids Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 031 260 2592 or www.heard.org.za The HIV/Aids Emergency A Guideline for Educators available in four languages (English, Afrikaans, Sesotho, isiXhosa). This is available from the Department of Basic Education. The Invisible Cure: Africa, the West and the Fight against Aids Helen Epsteins Viking/Penguin Silent Hunger: Policy Options for Effective Responses to the Impact of HIV and Aids on Agricultural and Food Security in the SADC Region is a book based on a study commissioned by the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) on the impact of HIV/Aids in the seven most affected countries in Southern Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It can be found at www.fanrpan.org HIV Prevention: Community Responses to Immediate Drivers of HIV is one of the latest publications from Southern African AIDS Trust (SAT) on HIV prevention. Find it at www.satregional.org Released in May 2009 is the third in a series of population-based studies on HIV/Aids by the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC). Find South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence, Behaviour and Communication Survey, 2008 amongst the free downloads on www.hsrcpress.ac.za www.africaid.co.uk the Maruva Trust works with HIV positive children and adolescents in Zimbabwe. The World Development Reports reveal that most people affected by the HIV/ Aids pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa depend on agriculture, and that up to 26 percent of the agricultural labour force in east and southern Africa be lost within two decades. Find these annual reports at www.worldbank.org Find the HIV/Aids option at the website of Consultancy Africa Intelligence, www.consultancyafrica.com. LoveLife www.lovelife.org.za The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and aids (UNAids) www.unaids.org World Health Organisation www.who.org The Global Fund to fight aids www.theglobalfund.org and www. jointheglobalfund.org International Aids Society www.iasociety.org The Student Global Aids Campaign www.fightglobalaids.org

6. Training and research

Africa Centre for HIV/Aids Management Tel: 021 808 3002/6 www.aidscentre.sun.ac.za Based at Stellenbosch University AgriSETA accredited training providers cover HIV/Aids Awareness. Find their details in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. An Amnesty International study showed that poor, rural women bear the brunt of South Africas HIV pandemic. Visit www.amnesty. org Call the Rain Tel: 021 919 4365 /082 228 7355 www.calltherain.co.za Foundation for Professional Development Tel: 012 481 2193 www.foundation.co.za HEARD has developed a toolkit to assist local governments to deal with the challenges of the HIV/Aids pandemic. Find details under the Publications and Websites heading. Medical Research Council National Programme: Infection & Immunity HIV Prevention Research Unit Tel: 021 938 0911 www.mrc.ac.za Project Literacy Tel: 012 323 3447 www.projectliteracy.org.za/HIV. asp Project Literacy operates countrywide. Find contact details on the website. Right to Care Tel: 011 276 8850 www.righttocare.org

Stellenbosch University Bureau for Economic Research The HIV/Aids Clinical Management Tel: 021 887 2810 Course supports the professional growth of physicians, nurses and University of the Free State health care workers. AgriAids and Department of Agricultural FPD work together to provide VCT Economics (Voluntary Counselling and Testing) Tel: 051 401 2250 on farms with mobile units. The Valley Trust Health Economics and HIV/Aids Tel: 031 716 6800 Research Division (HEARD) www.thevalleytrust.org.za Tel: 031 260 2592 www.heard.org.za

Other training providers

Aids Consortium Tel: 011 403 0265 Education, Training and Counselling Tel: 011 640 7410 www.edutc. co.za Free to Grow Tel: 021 852 4445 www.free-to-grow.co.za HIV/aids Workplace Programme Tel: 021 400 2630/021 424 7715 Imfundo Ngengculaza Nezocanci Tel: 011 673 0263 Learn Scape Tel: 011 475 4777 www.learnscapes.co.za Tillys Tavern \ Aids at Work Tel: 011 476 7442 Wellness in Business Tel: 072 621 5976 What we should say in a campaign about Aids and HIV should be clear and factually based. You can contract HIV through unprotected sex. You and your partner should get tested before having sex and this should be very early on in your relationship. HIV has a window period and this means it may not show up on the first test. You must talk with your partner about sex, condom use and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). If you are HIV positive there is support for you. Do not feel alone, seek help and medical treatment.
Source: Jennifer Thorpe on www.thoughtleader.co.za

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www.redribbon.co.za the one-stop web portal focusing on HIV and Aids in Southern Africa www.aidsdirectory.co.za to facilitate networking and referral as key components of the national response to HIV/Aids www.aidsportal.org is supported through a global network. Subscribe to their newsletter. Regional Aids Training Network (RATN) www.ratn.org www.achap.org Botswanas African Comprehensive HIV/Aids Partnership Children in Distress Network (CINDI), a multi-sectoral network of civil society and government agencies collaborating in the interests of children affected by HIV/Aids in KwaZulu-Natal www.cindi.org.za Also helping to support the ordinary lives of Aids orphans: www. childrenofthedawn.org.za, www.heartbeat.org.za, www.noahorphans. org.za and www.starfishcharity.org

National issues
Human settlements
See also the Importance of Rural Development and other relevant chapters.

1. Overview
Human settlements is not just about building houses. It is about transforming our cities and towns and building cohesive, sustainable and caring communities with closer access to work and social amenities, including sports and recreation facilities President Jacob Zuma There were many reasons for the migration of people to the cities, which began decades ago: Pull factors included the rush to work on the diamond and gold mines, access to jobs and work opportunities, access to urban facilities, the attraction of the bright lights, to be closer to loved ones. Landlessness, joblessness, poverty and the imposition of unfair taxes on rural people were push factors. These have been augmented lately by the global economic meltdown, the local recession and concomitant job losses, and the movement across our border of human beings looking for a better life in this country. The government has, since 1994, provided 2.8 million housing units to 13 million families, and the Human Settlements Department will have had nearly R15 billion to spend in the 2009/2010 financial year, but the problem of informal settlements will be with us for some time. The reality is that these informal settlements are essentially internal economic refugee zones. This situation is a potential human calamity. Delivering on the mandate of human settlements will require a paradigm shift, and a new spirit among all of us.
Source: Minister Tokyo Sexwale, writing in The Star newspaper, August 14, 2009.

8. Stages of HIV infection and disease

It is now recognised that it may take between 7 and 10 years and possibly longer for Aids to develop after infection. There are four stages: acute infection, the silent phase, early symptomatic disease, and finally Aids. Details of these stages are available on www.redribbon.co.za

9. Nutrition and food safety

No specific food or nutrient can destroy the virus, but a healthy eating pattern and life style will strengthen the immune system. Good nutrition will help you to fight infections and delay the development of full-blown Aids. This will improve well being and prolong life. It seems prudent for all HIV infected individuals to consume an adequate vitamin intake from food, but in those with a poor dietary intake, a multivitamin and mineral supplement should be used. Food hygiene is important in HIV-positive individuals with poor immune function as they are at an increased risk of food poisoning. Special care should be taken with uncooked products such as eggs, fish, meat and milk products. Food Safety Precautions Wash hands thoroughly before handling or eating food. Avoid raw/ unpasteurised milk. Meat, fish or chicken should always be well cooked. Avoid raw eggs in uncooked foods e.g. drinks, mayonnaise, etc. Discard cracked eggs. Do not buy prepared salads with chicken, fish, meat, egg or mayonnaise from the supermarket. Leftover food should be refrigerated as soon as it has cooled. It should be reheated once and should be hot all the way through. Wash all fruit and vegetables well. Store food in a cool, dry place. Moderate exercise should be encouraged and will assist in the toning or development of muscle.
Source: Marianne E.Visser, Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, University of Cape Town. Our gratitude goes to Gretha Kostwinder of AgriAids for feedback on the draft chapter

The United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UN-HABITAT, is the United Nations agency for human settlements. It is mandated by the UN General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of providing adequate shelter for all (see www.unhabitat.org). South Africa has international commitments under Agenda 21 and the Habitat Agenda to meet.

2. National strategy
Department of Human Settlements Tel: 012 421 1311 www.housing.gov.za Breaking New Ground in Housing Delivery In terms of section 26 of the Constitution everyone has the right to have access to adequate housing [Section 26(1)]. The state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of this right [Section 26(2)]. The legislation that the Department of housing has promulgated and implemented falls squarely within this Constitutional imperative. Section 2 of the Housing Act, 1997 (Act No. 107 of 1997) compels all three spheres of government to give priority to the needs of the poor in respect of housing development [Section 2(1)(a)].

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In addition all three spheres of government must ensure that housing development: provides as wide a choice of housing and tenure options as is reasonably possible; is economically, fiscally, socially and financially affordable and sustainable. is based on integrated development planning; and is administered in a transparent, accountable and equitable manner, and upholds the practice of good governance [Section 2(1)(c)]. Though its legislation, existing and future, and the Housing Code, the Department of Housing is carrying out its legislative imperative as set out in the Housing Act, 1997. Find Act No. 107 of 1997 and the Housing Code at www.housing.gov.za. Also find the subsidy information, documents, delivery statistics, details of housing programmes etc on the website.

Contact details for branches in the Free State, Western Cape, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal, as well as a list of training providers may be found on CETAs website. Take the Training Provider menu option. Consulting Engineers South Africa www.cesa.org.za Council for the Built Environment Tel: 012 346 3985 www.cbe.org.za CSIR Built Environment Tel: 012 841 2034 www.csir.co.za

Master Builders South Africa (MBSA) Formerly Building Industries Federation of South Africa (BIFSA) Tel: 011 205 9000 www.mbsa.org.za Moladi Tel: 041 372 2152 www.moladi.net Low cost housing National Home Builders Registration Council (NHBRC) Tel: 011 317 0000 www.nhbrc.org.za

Also involved:
Department of Co-operative Governance & Traditional Affairs Tel: 012 334 0600 www.cogta.gov.za Previous Department of Provincial and Local Government. Contact details of provincial offices are available on the website. Department of Public Works Tel: 012 337 2000 www.publicworks.gov.za Under Key Issues on the South African Government Information website www.info.gov.za, the following infrastructure programmes are listed: National Urban Reconstruction and Housing Agency Peoples Housing Partnership Trust National Home Builders Registration Council Rural Housing Loan Fund Social Housing Foundation National Housing Finance Corporation

3. Roleplayers
AGAMA Energy (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 701 3364 www.agama.co.za AGAMA Energy delivers green energy services and projects which satisfy the need for more sustainable social and economic development e.g. the supply and installation of insulated ceilings, energy efficient lighting and solar water heating for existing low-income homes in Khayelitsha (a baseline study for a larger project). Agrment South Africa Tel: 012 841 3708 www.agrement.co.za Alternative African Energy Tel: 084 941 3993 www.aae.co.za Association of South African Quantity Surveyors www.asaqa.co.za Bembani Sustainability Training Tel: 011 312 1480/7 www.bembani.com Breathecoat Paints Tel: 0861 000 435 www.breathecoat.co.za Clay Brick Association Tel: 011 805 4206 www.claybrick.org.za Natural tones and textures of the earth CASIDRA Tel: 021 863 5000 www.casidra.co.za

National Housing Finance Corporation (NHFC) The CSIR offers expertise in Tel: 011 644 9800 www.nhfc.co.za sustainable human settlements. Find the article CSIR develops National Urban and improved low-income house at Reconstruction Agency www.sagoodnews.co.za (NURCHA) Tel: 011 214 8700 Development Action Group www.nurcha.co.za Tel: 021 448 7886 www.dag.org.za Niall Mellon Townships Initiative Enviro Options Tel: 021 426 2540 Tel: 011 762 1624 www.townshiptrust.org.za www.envirooptions.co.za Planact Tel: 011 403 6291 Effective sanitation solutions www.planact.org.za FinnBUILDER Rural Housing Loan Fund Tel: 011 705 1897 (RHLF) www.finnbuilder.co.za Tel: 011 621 2500/17 www.rhlf.co.za Habitat for Humanity Tel: 011 836 0710 SANGONET is the development www.habitat.org.za information portal for NGOs in A non-profit housing organisation South Africa. Find the listings of dedicated to the elimination of NGOs at www.ngopulse.org. The poverty housing in South Africa report Success at a Price: How and committed to making decent NGO advocacy led to changes in shelter a matter of conscience and South Africas Peoples Housing Process can be found on the action. website too. Harding Treated Timbers SERVCON Tel: 039 433 1805 Tel: 011 689 1800 Suppliers of building, fencing, Simply Sustainable telephone, transmission and boma Tel: 072 487 1733 poles. CCA and Creosote treated. www.simplysustainable.co.za Housing Development Agency Tel: 021 487 9211 Social Housing Foundation (SHF) Tel: 011 274 6200 The agency is to work with www.shf.org.za municipalities, private sector developers and provinces to ensure South African Civil Society government reaches its target to Information Service double the current delivery rate of fazilafarouk@sacsis.org.za over 250 000 houses to over 500 www.sacsis.org.za 000 units per year. South African Federation of Independent Development Civil Engineer Contractors Trust (SAFCEC) Tel: 012 845 2000 Tel: 011 409 0900 www.idt.org.za www.safcec.org.za Jabulani Emvelo Eco Projects Nico Venter 073 973 4342 Pancho Ndebele 083 707 3410 South African Institute of Architects www.saia.org.za

Ecovillage development, alternative Cement and Concrete Institute design and construction. www.cnci.org.za Aluminium Federation of Southern Africa (AFSA) Tel: 011 455 5553 www.afsa.org.za Construction Education & Training Authority (CETA) Tel: 011 265 5900 www.ceta.org.za

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SPATIUM Environmental Design Louw van Biljon Tel: 058 256 1195 / 082 777 2647

University of the Free State Department of Quantity Surveying and Construction Management Tel: 051 401 3322

For further information refer to: Straw Bale Construction Basics www.i4at.org/lib2/strwbale.htm and www.strawbale.com The International Journal of Straw Bale and Natural Building www. thelaststraw.org Earth construction Houses built with traditional earth technologies using indigenous knowledge make up the largest number of houses in the informal housing sector in South Africa. The following materials are looked at on www.strawbalecentral.com: Living roof; Natural Plasters and Finishes; Paper Blocks; Rammed Earth; Recycled Building Materials; Straw Bale Construction; Thatch; Wattle and Daub; Wood; Adobe; Bamboo; Cob; Compressed Earth Blocks; Earthbags; Earthen Floors; Earthships; Hybrid Structures; Light Straw-Clay (Leichtlehm); Hemp and other Fibres. General www.shelterpub.com. Shelter Online illustrates even more imaginative ways to put a roof over ones head. www.greenhomebuilding.com building with Cob. Beyond this Of value would be the inclusion and pursuit of: passive architecture alternative energy systems ecosanitation waterwise gardening

Housing and ISO 14001 environment Women for Housing management systems are included Tel: 011 275 0268 www.khuthaza.org.za in his area of expertise. Stellenbosch University Department of Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Prof Michael Samways Tel: 021 808 3728 Sustainable Energy Africa Tel: 021 702 3622 www.sustainable.org.za Women for Housing facilitates opportunities for women within the housing sector. They aim to provide women with both the tools and the ongoing support they need to become successful economic participants, decision makers, and housing consumers.

International:

An energy efficient house will help UN-HABITAT you save money, be healthy and www.unhabitat.org safe. The United Nations Human Sustainability Institute Settlements Programme, UNTel: 021 881 3196 HABITAT, is the United Nations www.sustainabilityinstitute.net agency for human settlements. It is mandated by the UN General A one-week course Ecological Assembly to promote socially Design for Community Buildings and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of Sustainable Living Centre providing adequate shelter for all. www.sustainable.co.za The main documents outlining The No. 1 site for sustainable the mandate of the organisation are the Vancouver Declaration living info and products on Human Settlements, Habitat Istanbul Declaration Sustainable Villages Africa (SVA) Agenda, Tel: 012 361 1846 / 072 510 0187 on Human Settlements, the Declaration on Cities and Other www.sva.co.za Human Settlements in the New Thubelisha Homes see Social Millennium, and Resolution 56/206 Housing Foundation

Take a look at what is happening in China, Japan, India and elsewhere on www.suntank.com The Jabulani Eco Home is a spacious 54 m2, 2-3 bedroom affordable home, with a kitchen, a lounge, a bathroom with a shower and toilet. The house is energy independent, energy efficient and has a low carbon footprint. The Jabulani Eco Homes is manufactured in a factory and delivered to the building site for assembly. Once the foundations have been prepared it will take a day to assembly up to 6 homes. This approach can accelerate the delivery of green affordable homes and has the potential to contribute to the governments Breaking New Ground housing settlements programme for urban, peri-urban and rural communities. Find contact details for Jabulani Eco Home under heading 3.

4. The case for natural building

Find the Construction subheading in the Permaculture chapter www.ecospecifier.co.za is an online data base of more than 1 000 lifecycle-assessed ecological- and health-preferable products, materials and technologies for the built environment. Natural building is any building system which places the highest value on social and environmental sustainability. It assumes the need to minimise the environmental impact of our housing and other building needs while providing healthy, beautiful, comfortable and spiritually-uplifting homes. Natural materials like stone, wood, straw and earth, on the other hand, are not only non-toxic, they are life-enhancing. Clay, one of the most useful natural building materials, is also prized for its ability to absorb toxins and restore health. There is a good feeling we get from natural buildings which is difficult to describe. Even though conditioned to prefer the new, the shiny, and the precise, we respond at a deep level to unprocessed materials, to idiosyncrasy, and to the personal thought and care expressed in craftsmanship.
Source: Adapted from www.networkearth.org and www.greenbuilding.co.za

Alternative Construction Materials:

Straw bale construction Cape Town architect Etienne Bruwer has pioneered the use of this material in South Africa, using it to build his office in Constantia, Cape Town. Since then a number of projects have been built in the country, including a guesthouse in the Cederberg. Visit www.oudrif.co.za for a photo album and project description.

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National issues
Labour and job creation
Also find the Legal Aid and Legislation chapter

Legislation regarding minimum wages and security of tenure has been introduced to protect poor and illiterate individuals from being exploited. Unfortunately these measures are also unintended disincentives for hiring permanent workers and accommodating them on farms in terms of housing. The number of seasonal workers has increased at the expense of permanent positions. The average number of farm labourers per farming unit is 20, according to the latest Census of Commercial Agriculture (2007). Although this is an increase from 1993, there are fewer farming units. Farming units have grown in size and mechanisation has increased. To be able to survive economically in a highly competitive environment, farm management must be of the highest order. This includes the need to manage the labour force professionally and with the necessary sensitivity. A farmer is often employer, human resource manager, social worker and even mentor all roles originating from a close relationship and involvement in the lives of labourers and their families. As dairy farmer Steve Roberts has written (see heading 4), when we focus exclusively on the share price (and our own bottom line), we dont value people, which means we dont value much.
Sources: Adapted from AgriReview 2nd quarter 2009, 2nd and 3rd quarters 2008 (find these at www.standardbank.co.za); Mr Lourie Bosman, previous Agri SA President; Steve Roberts in the article Corporate greed inflates food prices, not minimum wages at www.farmersweekly.co.za.

1. Overview
The first of the ten Strategic Priorities of the Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF), the framework to guide governments programme in the electoral mandate period (2009 2014), is Speeding up growth and transforming the economy to create decent work and sustainable livelihoods. The government has taken various steps to support the economy emerge from the recession. These include sustaining public spending and government employment programmes; helping state-owned enterprises to increase their investments; bolstering municipal capital spending through development finance institutions; maintaining expansionary fiscal and monetary policies for only as long as necessary and reinforcing the social-security net. Yet the countrys biggest challenge remains job creation, and the Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan is on record as saying that if the country does not find a way to resolve this problem, there will be catastrophic implications for social stability and future growth. Only 42 percent of the population between the 15 and 64-years-old are in some form of employment. In the former homelands only 30 percent of adults have jobs. This compares unfavourably with fellow emerging economies, Brazil and China, where about two thirds of the adult population have work. The countrys labour absorption rate is also lower than Ghana, South Korea, Brazil, China and India.
Source: Buanews 27 October 2009

3. Roleplayers
Companies involved
Afriklok Tel: 012 654 5804 www.clock.co.za Labour-Related Software Agri Mega Empowerment Solutions (AgriMES) Tel 028 424 2890 / 028 425 2524 www.agrimega.co.za The Donish Group Tel: 032 945 3368 Essential First Aid Kits Donkerhoek Data Tel: 021 874 1047 www.donkerhoekdata.co.za Payroll software

Perspectives Jobs provide self-respect, independence and fulfilment. Productive work is the bedrock of democracy and human development. South Africa needs jobs: it needs them more urgently than ever, and it needs them in the kind of numbers we have never created before.
From the report Five million jobs: how to add five million jobs to the South African economy over the next five years. Find it on the Centre for Development and Enterprise website, www.cde.org.za

Studies conducted show that on average every worker in South Africa supports a minimum of five dependents on their meagre wages. This means every time a single worker losses a job, five or more persons who are plunged into crises of poverty, loses their dignity and a sense of belonging. Social cohesion of communities in the process is destroyed.
Source: Joint statement by Zwelimzima Vavi and Bobby Godsell, Co-Chairs of the Millennium Labour Council, on preserving current jobs and avoiding retrenchments (08/12/2009)

Services to organised agriculture Maxi Control and commodity organisations. Tel: 021 762 7576 BEE. Accredited Training. Labour www.maxicontrol.co.za services. Labour productivity systems ALCO-Safe Tel: 012 342 1020/3/4 NOSA www.alcoholtesting.co.za Tel: 012 683 0200 www.nosa.co.za BANBRIC BUILDING Cell. 072 242 9129 A global supplier of occupational www.banbric.co.za risk management services and products, NOSA has offices Labour compounds countrywide. DFM Software Solutions Tel: 021 904 1154 www.dfmsoftware.co.za Payroll software Plan-A-Head Software Tel: 033 342 7888 www.planahead.co.za Payroll software

2. Labour in agriculture
Difficult farming conditions and the absence of subsidies have led the farmer to weigh every workers productivity carefully. Producer prices in the agricultural sector have not kept pace with farming requisites. Commercial agriculture has become more concentrated, and the increased use of technology has led to reduced employment opportunities. These changes were necessary for farmers to remain competitive and profitable in the global environment.

Legal aid
See the legal aid chapter

Agricultural Employers Organisation (AEO) Tel: 0861 10 18 28 info@lwo.co.za www.lwo.co.za

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The AEO was founded in 1990 as a non-profit labour organisation and represents some 5 000 farmers, as well as employers of all other sectors, countrywide. It offers specialised benefits and services to all employers of South Africa, but specifically to agricultural employers.

Training and research

Agricultural Employers Organisation (AEO) details above AstroTech Tel: 0861 ASTROT (0861 278768) www.attraining5.co.za Training in labour legislation COIDAtrain Tel: 012 333 7880 www.coidatrain.co.za The HSRC also has offices in Cape Town and Durban. Research areas include labour markets and social policy, employment monitoring and employment-orientated industry studies

The Food and Alied Workers Union (FAWU) is a section 21 company (non-profit organisation) registered at the Department of Labour. It is also an affiliate of the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU).

National Economic Development & Labour Council (NEDLAC) Tel: 011 328 4200 www.nedlac.org.za

University of the Free State Department of Agricultural Economics Training for businesses in CIODA Tel: 051 401 2250 (Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act No. 130 Urban-Econ of 1993). Tel: 031 202 9673 www.urban-econ.com Human Science Research Council (HSRC) Tel: 012 302 2000 www.hsrc.ac.za The courses presented by companies like Protea Training Centre (on your premises) include training in labour relations for your supervisors. Call 021 948 1275 / 082 670 1636 or write to protea@kingsley.co.za
Take a look at the Agricultural Education and Training chapter for a full list of training providers.

At Nedlac, Government comes together with organised business, FAWU organises workers in organised labour and organised all sectors of the food industry, community groupings on a national level to reach consensus on issues including the fishing, beverage, of social and economic policy. tobacco and hotel and catering industries. Subsequent to its merger NUFBWSAW National Union with the South African Agriculture, Food Beverage Wine Spirits Plantation and Allied Workers and Allied Workers Union Union (SAAPAWU), it also recruits in the primary agriculture sector Parliamentary Monitoring amongst farm workers and workers Group (PMG) in the forest industry. Tel: 021 465 8885 www.pmg.org.za Federation of Trade Unions of South Africa (FEDUSA) SAFATU South African Food Tel: 011 279 1800 and Allied Trade Union www.fedusa.org.za Solidarity Together with NACTU they form Tel: 0861 25 24 23 www.solidaritysa.co.za SACOTU International Labour Organisation (ILO) www.ilo.org International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC-Africa) info@ituc-africa.org www.ituc-africa.org South African Confederation of Trade Unions (SACOTU) is a confederation consisting of FEDUSA and NACTU South African Farm Workers Association (SAFWA) Tel: 084 739 4401 shawnmac@lantic.net

Unions, business and government roleplayers

Find details for all government departments at www.info.gov.za

The South African government is to extend its Expanded Public Works programme fourfold in the next five years, spending R4 billion (US$440 million) to create 4.5 million job opportunities by 2014. If successful, this will give work to roughly 10% of the countrys population. The EPWP uses public funds to boost job creation and skills development. It puts the unemployed to work on labour-intensive public projects such as road building, thereby not only providing them with short-term jobs but also helping them learn the skills they need for more permanent employment.
Source: www.mediaclucbsouthafrica.com new report on 8 April 2009

Business Unity South Africa (BUSA) Tel: 011 784 8000 www.busa.org.za BUSA brings together the Black Business Council (BBC), and Business South Africa (BSA). The members of the BBC and BSA are all founder members of BUSA. Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) Tel: 0861 16 16 16 www.ccma.org.za

Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) Tel: 011 339 4911 Fax: 011 339 5080/6940 www.cosatu.org.za Department of Labour (DoL) Tel: 012 309 4262 Page.boikanyo@labour.gov.za www.labour.gov.za The Food and Alied Workers Union (FAWU) Tel: 021 637 9040 / 4 Fax: 021 637 6164 www.fawu.org.za

Millenium Labour Council (MLC) South African Human Rights www.mlc.org.za Commission (SAHRC) A body set up in 2 000 to Tel: 011 484 8300 analyse and tackle the causes of www.sahrc.org.za unemployment. South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) National Council of Trade www.sassa.gov.za: Unions (NACTU) Tel: 011 833 1040-3 Contact details for provincial and www.nactu.org.za district offices can be found on the Together with FEDUSA they form website. the SACOTU Sugar Manufacturing and Refining Employment National Education Health Association & Allied Workers Union Tel: 031 508 7300 (NEHAWU) Tel: 011 833 2902 Towards the Elimination of www.nehawu.org.za Child Labour (TECL) National Bargaining Council for Tel: 012 431 8829/7/6 the Sugar Manufacturing and www.child-labour.org.za Refining Industry United Association of South Tel: 031 508 7331/2 Africa trade union (UASA) Tel: 0861 00 8272 www.uasa.org.za

4. Publications
See also the legal aid chapter The Farmworker magazine, published by Agri Promo, is a magazine for the farm worker community. Contact 028 424 2890 / 028 425 2524 or visit www.agrimega.co.za

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If you produce for export, you will need to be familiar with the GlobalGAP Risk-Assessment on Social Practices (GRASP) checklist. These involve the conditions of labour on the farm. Find these at www. globalgap.org Google for Arbeid (labour) on www.landbou.com, the electronic arm of the Afrikaans agricultural weekly Landbouweekblad. Find the article Corporate greed inflates food prices, not minimum wages, an archived article by dairy farmer Steve Roberts on www. farmersweekly.co.za Find World of Work Report 2009: The Global Jobs Crisis and Beyond on www.ilo.org, website of the International Labour Organisation. The Standard Bank publication Finance and Farmers speaks of a new agriculture emerging where farmers, as opposed to being productionorientated (as in the past), need to produce what the market demands. It speaks of the need to know more about the global picture and consumer preferences, developing marketing intelligence, financial management etc. One of the issues where a new perspective is called for is labour. Old agriculture saw labour as a cost, and equipment as an investment; New agriculture sees labour as an investment and equipment as a cost. For updates on the Census of Commercial Agriculture 2007, visit www. statssa.gov.za/agriculture Statistics can be found at www.daff.gov.za, website of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF). Look under Publications. Included are: Number of farm employees and domestic servants on farms; Employment in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing. Agricultural Workers and their Contribution to Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development. Written by Peter Hurst in collaboration with Paola Termine and Marilee Karl. Produced by the FAO, ILO and IUF. Illuminating book on farm workers available Going for broke: The fate of farm workers in arid South Africa is published by the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC). The book is on sale at R260.00 or can be accessed on the Internet at www.hsrcpress.ac.za The book offers a comprehensive overview on the fate of farm workers. It goes back to the early Cape history of the master-servant relationship to a discussion of the professionalisation of farm workers, which has gained momentum over some time. Chapters are devoted to important issues like the extension of labour laws to farm workers and the introduction of a minimum wage, life on the farm, service delivery in the rural areas and concludes with the question A journey to somewhere? The book is a most useful source of information and offers wellconsidered opinions on a number of issues and deserves a place on all farmers bookshelves. Trade unions and NGOs will certainly also benefit from reading the book.
Source: Kobus Kleynhans, Agri SA

Application for financial assistance for electrification of worker houses This is for Eskom customers extending an existing supply point, or making a new supply point to supply electricity to worker house. Eskom will assist financially by paying an incentive towards the costs of electrification for each worker house electrified. Find details of Eskom branches in the Energy chapter, or visit www.eskom.co.za Agricultural Villages (Agri Villages) The development of agri-villages is a partnership between the farmer, the farm worker and the state. It is pointed to in the governments LARP document (the Land and Agrarian Reform Project find it on www.daff.gov.za under the Key Programmes menu option) and in Agri SAs proposals regarding permanent off-farm housing and economic opportunities for farm workers. The economic, financial and political context of the agricultural sector will determine what government and farmers are able to invest in the development of agri-villages. An agri-village is considered a private settlement of restricted size, established and managed by a legal institution situated within and/or near an agricultural area and where residence is restricted to bona fide farm workers and their dependants on the farms involved in the development. Under these arrangements, security of tenure does not include right of ownership, but can include trust, communal property association or sectional title. Housing subsidies The institutional subsidy under the Department of Housing can help to raise the standard of farm worker housing. Details of housing subsidies can be found on the Department of Housings website www.housing. gov.za - look for the Subsidy Info menu option. The Government Gazette of 8 January 2009 published amendments to the Income Tax Act, allowing for better tax deduction on farmworker housing.Find out more from your bookkeeper or from Mr Johan Pienaar at Agri SA. Find out about the Settlement and Production Land Acquisitions Grant (SPLAG). This grant is worth R111 125 per individual, and aims to help farm dwellers and workers own their own homes. Government buys houses or land and provides the beneficiaries with the title deeds. Other programmes like the Peoples Housing Project (PHP) also offer financial support. Find the story Farm workers get roofs over their heads on www.buanews.gov.za in which 118 houses had been transferred to farm workers. Farmer Carl Henning of Mununzwu Newco helped the Limpopo Department of Local Government and Housing to build the houses. Sixty people were employed during the construction at a cost of R4 million to the department. Deducting housing from a farm workers salary Legally this can be done when the farm workers house meets the following requirements (and not before): the house has a roof that is durable and waterproof; the house has glass windows that can be opened; electricity is available inside the house if the infrastructure exists on the farm; safe water is available inside the house or in close proximity, which is not more than 100m, from the house; a flush toilet or pit latrine is available in, or in close proximity, to the house; and the house is not less than 30 square meters in size.

5. Staff training
Read about the AgriSETA involvement in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter or at www.agriseta.co.za. In accordance with laid-down rules, they will fund certain training. Learnerships offer you, the employer, certain tax breaks and a labour force which is more skilled. Also find details of the AgriSETA accredited training providers in the chapter, as well as some notes on Adult Basic Education and Training (ABET).

6. Farm worker housing

Read about the Extension of Security of Tenure Act [ESTA] in the Land Reform chapter, and also under the last heading in the Legal Aid chapter. Housing for farm workers is an integral part of many farming operations in South Africa, farmers usually providing on-farm housing for their workers. This housing is part of the terms of the employment contract. The housing ranges from mud huts to conventional brick houses. Housing is often overcrowded and unhygienic, and services (electricity, running water) poor

7. Labour-related legal legislation

Consult the separate legal chapter for a full list of roleplayers, including groups which provide legal aid for farm workers and farm dwellers. Labour Acts Occupational Health & Safety Act (1993) Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act (No. 130 of 1993) Labour Relations Act (No. 66 of 1995 and No. 42 of 1996) Unemployment Insurance Act (1996) Basic Conditions of Employment Act (No. 75 of 1997) Employment Equity Act (No. 55 of 1998) Skills Development Act (No. 97 of 1998)

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Land Acts Land Reform Act (No. 3 of 1996) Extension of Security of Tenure Act (ESTA) (No. 62 of 1997) Prevention of Illegal Eviction and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act (PIE) (No. 19 of 1998) The Agricultural Employers Organisation conducts short courses for you, the employer, on what the law expects of you. Find details on their website www.lwo.co.za or contact them at 0861 101 828. The courses presented by companies like Protea Training Centre (on your premises) include training in the Occupational Health & Safety Act (1993). Call 021 948 1275 / 082 670 1636 or write to protea@kingsley. co.za

(Find out about Prior Learning Assessments from AgriSETA in which a worker can receive recognition for what he already knows). In the same way, if people have been trained for First-aid, they should be certified. Other areas of non-compliance include failure to pay minimum wages, not issuing payslips, making deductions for accommodation, failure to record workers particulars properly and failing to pay overtime work on Sundays. Farmers who do not comply with the Act are given notices and after 21 days inspectors return to check for compliance. Generally speaking, the Department of Labour has found farmers to be very co-operative in the matter of inspections. Find the Checklist for Inspections form on www.agrisa.co.za (take the documents menu option) Health and safety issues in the South African agricultural sector are becoming increasingly important, following an international trend that focuses on this field. The health and safety of workers is also important in terms of compliance with labour law and for the prevention of occupational injuries. Measures to improve health and safety on site include enforcing workers to wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), for example: hard hats to be worn by all persons within 10 m of areas where lifting or hoisting equipment is being used, or where head injury is possible; protective gloves to be worn by all persons engaging in handling of heavy or sharp edged materials, welding or gas cutting activities, and handling of corrosive chemicals; safety boots to be worn by all persons in the active working area; and safety goggles to be worn when operating equipment under dusty conditions, when cutting, welding or grinding, and when handling hazardous chemicals. Effective use of signage also contributes to compliance with health and safety standards and should be easily visible to all active working areas. Signage should be diagrammatic in nature, so that its meaning is easily understood by people of different education levels / home languages. Signs can be used for a number of different purposes, such as: to designate specific areas for specific uses e.g. chemical storage area, vehicle parking area, fire escape routes; to indicate requirements of specific areas e.g. hard hats / gloves / goggles required; to indicate danger e.g. presence of corrosive materials, overhead danger or slippery surfaces; and to indicate restrictions e.g. no smoking, no use of cell phones, no eating or drinking. Effective health and safety on site also requires the designation of responsible persons for a specific task, e.g. fire marshal in charge of a fire evacuation exercise. In this way, management of specific events can be controlled more efficiently.
Source: Janet Edmonds Consulting. Call 082 828 7953.

8. Skeleton of Sectoral Determination 13: Farm Worker Sector

Find the notes on this, set out in a user-friendly manner, at www.agrisa.co.za (take the documents menu option). Find a Contract of Employment too. This is part of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act, 1997, and it deals specifically with Farm Workers in all farming activities in the Republic of South Africa. It is available on www.labour.gov.za Every employer on whom this sectoral determination is binding must keep a copy of the sectoral determination or a summary, available in the workplace in a place to which the farm worker has access. Minimum wages for farm workers 1 March 2009 to 28 1 March 2010 to 28 1 March 2011 to 29 February 2010 February 2011 February 2011 Hourly rate (R) 6.31 Hourly rate (R) Previous years wage + CPIX + 1% Previous years wage + CPIX + 1% Hourly rate (R) Previous years wage + CPIX + 1% Previous years wage + CPIX + 1%

Weekly rate (R)

284.23

Weekly rate (R)

Weekly rate (R)

Monthly 1231.70 rate (R)

Monthly Previous rate (R) years wage + CPIX + 1%

Monthly Previous rate (R) years wage + CPIX + 1%

Find the reference to SASSA under heading 3. Farm workers are eligible for social grants from the government e.g. child support and disability. Most workers work on either formal or informal farms and earn less than R1 500 a month. Their low wages automatically qualify them for government assistance.

9. Inspections: Occupational Health and Safety Act

It is important for farmers to maintain certain standards with regard to labour regulations not only to protect farm workers, but also themselves. Where the risk cannot be removed, it certainly can be minimised. Occupational safety and the use of child labour on farms are very much the focus of the labour world, not only in South Africa, but also Internationally through the International Labour Organisation. Farmers should take particular care in this regard. Specific concerns in the past have been around administration, safety regulations and training. Although farmers spend substantial time on on-thejob training for their workers, there is a general lack of formal training. Farm workers should be able to obtain formal certificates. Farm workers often illegally work with electricity without having the necessary qualifications.

10. The Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF)

What is the Unemployment Insurance Fund? The UIF has been established to provide short-term relief to workers, subject to certain conditions, when they become unemployed, or are unable to work because of illness, maternity leave and also to provide relief to the dependants of deceased contributors. How is the money obtained to operate the Fund and pay benefits? The Fund is being financed through the monthly contributions of employers of workers. Government is the underwriter of the Fund and is expected to provide financial assistance to meet shortfalls experienced during times of high unemployment.

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Should all workers contribute to the UIF? The following categories of workers are excluded from contributing to the Fund: workers who work less than 24 hours a month; Public Servants as defined under Section 1 (1) of the Public Servants Act, 1994; workers in receipt of a monthly State Social Pension (old age) pension, but excluding a disability or maintenance grant; a worker who enters into an employment contract with an employer for the sole purpose of entering a learner ship agreement as contemplated in Section 18 (2) of the Skills development Act of 1998; people who enter the Republic of South Africa for the purpose of carrying out a Contract of Service, Apprenticeship or Learner ship within the Republic if upon termination thereof the employer is required by law or by the Contract of Service, Apprenticeship or Learner ship, or by any other agreement or undertaking, to repatriate that person, or that person is so required to the leave the Republic, and his/her employer; workers who are remunerated solely on a commission basis. Do you have to contribute to the Fund if you earn a high salary? Yes, all workers, except those mentioned under point 3.3 above must contribute to the Fund. The Fund on an annual basis sets maximum earnings levels for contributions. All those workers who earn above the maximum level will only contribute up to the maximum and when they become unemployed will then receive benefits at the rate of their income. This means that every worker, from the lowest level to the company director, must contribute to the Fund. Must all employers contribute to the fund? All employers who employ any person and in return provide them with remuneration in either cash or in kind must register with the Fund as soon as they commence activities as an employer. It is the responsibility of the employer to register the business and make the necessary deductions from the remuneration of the workers. If the employer fails to do this there are severe penalties that will be applied in terms of the Unemployment Insurance Contributions Act, 2002. If any employer refuse to register with the Fund and does not want to make the deductions, workers are advised to contact the nearest office of the Labour Department. Employers are urged to comply with the provisions of the Act, as the Fund provides relief to their ex-workers who are left with limited means or no means of support due to their services being terminated. What is regarded as remuneration? All monies received from the employer, whether in cash or in kind. This includes overtime and bonuses and contributions must be based on this. In addition, all allowances that are received are regarded as remuneration e.g. entertainment allowances, food and accommodation allowances. More information on remuneration can be found in the EMP10 guidelines for employers obtainable from the South African Revenue Services (SARS). How much should be contributed to the Fund? A worker should contribute 1% of his/her monthly remuneration. In addition to the 1% that is paid by the worker, the employer also contributes 1% in respect of each worker in his/her employment. The total contribution that is paid is therefore 2%. For instance, if a worker earns R1000 per month, the employer must deduct 1% of the R 1000 which is R10. In addition, the employer must pay R10 in respect of the worker who is in his/her employment. The total of R20 must therefore be forwarded to the UIF or SARS whichever is applicable. Contributions must be deducted for the current month only and the employer is not allowed to deduct more than one months contributions. If the employer failed in the past to deduct monthly contributions, then 2% for arrear contributions is due by the employer and the worker is not suppose to contribute.
Source: Agricultural Employers Organisation. Call 0861 10 18 28

11. Occupational Injuries

Important Notice:
Please note that a certified copy of an employees identity document was required as from 1 January 2004 in order to register a claim with the Compensation Fund. If a copy of the identity document is not submitted the claim will not be registered but will be returned to you to attach a certified copy of the employees identity document. Furthermore, all supporting documentation sent to this office must reflect the identity number as well. If it is not reflected the documents will not be processed but will be returned to the sender to add the ID number. All persons, who employ one or more persons in connection with their business or farming activities, are required to register and to pay annual assessments to the Compensation Fund. These amounts may not be recovered from employees. A separate registration is necessary for each separate branch of a business unless an arrangement for combined registration has been made.

GUIDE IN RESPECT OF CLAIMS

Who is an employee? Any person who has entered into a contract of service with an employer. The service contract can be in writing, expressed or implied and applies to temporary, permanent and under aged workers and is defined in section 1 of the Act. This Act is not applicable to domestic employees employed as such in a private household. Who is an employer? Any person including the State, who employs an employee. What is an Occupational Injury (ACCIDENT) It is an occurrence of which a date, time and place can be determined that arises out of and in the course of an employees employment and resulting in personal injury. Which Occupational Injuries (ACCIDENTS) must be reported? All occupational injuries or alleged occupational injuries that entail medical expenses and/or absence from work for more than three days must be reported within seven days in the prescribed manner. The delay to report an accident or alleged accident is a criminal offence. The Commissioner may also impose a penalty on the employer which could be the full amount of the claim. Procedure when reporting an Occupational Injury (ACCIDENT): Step 1: Complete PART A of form W.Cl.2 Employers report of an Occupational Injury, sign it and provide date where indicated. Step 2: Detach PART B where perforated and forward it without delay to the doctor or hospital concerned. In minor cases, PART B must accompany the employee. Step 3: Complete PART A, page 2, in full. Step 4: Forward the completed form W.Cl.2 PART A, pages 1 and 2 without delay to: Compensation Commissioner PO Box 955 Pretoria 0001 The employer is liable for the payment of compensation for the first three months from the date of the occupational injury. The compensation paid by the employer shall be reimbursed by the Commissioner.

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National issues
Land reform
See also the Importance of Rural Development, Emerging Farmer Support, Black Economic Empowerment, and Agricultural Land Valuation chapters

Land reform cannot benefit the country if poor people have to buy land on the open market without assistance. To achieve this, government assists the needy to purchase and develop land and provides services. Government acknowledges the need to maintain public confidence in the land market while redistributing land to the poor. The redistribution programme has depended largely on transactions between willing buyers and willing sellers. People who qualify for the land redistribution programme include: labour tenants women farm workers emerging farmers the urban and rural landless poor

1. Overview
In 1994, the new democratic Government of South Africa inherited a racially highly skewed land distribution: whites owned 87 and blacks 13 percent of agricultural land. Undoing the legacy of apartheids unequal land distribution and ensuring the continued productive use of agricultural land transferred to Black ownership is a national priority. The third priority of the Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) is Comprehensive rural development strategy linked to land and agrarian reform and food security. It is an imperative that the pace of land reform be accelerated and the sustainability of individual emerging farming enterprises dramatically improved.

The Redistribution Programme has different components or subprogrammes, namely: Agricultural development to make land available to people for agricultural purposes; Settlement to provide people with land for settlement purposes; Non-agricultural enterprises to provide people with land for enterprises such as eco-tourism projects.

Land Tenure
Land tenure describes the way in which people own or occupy land. In South Africa, registered ownership is more secure than other ways of holding land. Apartheid laws made it impossible for black people to get registered ownership rights, or any other rights to land in most parts of the country. This created a severe land shortage for black people and many people established homes in areas where they had no legal rights. Tenure reform must: resolve problems of insecurity, inequality and lawlessness; remove development bottlenecks; resolve tenure disputes, overlapping tenure rights and conflicting claims; balance systems of group rights with individual rights; give all rights holders under communal ownership systems, including women, adequate representation in decision-making processes; put in place an adequate system of land administration to support individual and communal land tenure; provide for law enforcement agencies to intervene in land rights disputes in order to be flexible and allow for change and adaptation. Fundamental Principles of Land Tenure Reform The property clause in the Constitution also applies to tenure reform. This states: a person or community whose tenure of land is legally insecure as the result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices is entitled, to the extent provided by an Act of Parliament, either to tenure which is legally secure, or to comparable redress. Who qualifies for tenure reform? All people who hold land under forms of tenure that do not give them the same level of security as registered ownership, in particular this includes: farm workers labour tenants people living in informal settlements
More information is available at www.ruraldevelopment.gov.za. Find updates (e.g. the anticipated Green Paper on land reform) here and on other roleplayer websites.

2. The three Land Reform programmes

The three comprehensive and far-reaching land reform programmes are: Land Restitution Land Redistribution Tenure Reform

Land Restitution
Parliament passed The Restitution of Land Rights Act, No. 22 of 1994, to restore or compensate people for land rights they lost because of socially discriminatory laws passed since 19 June 1913. Restitution can mean restoring the land itself or providing alternative land or monetary compensation or other relief. The form restitution takes depends on the circumstances of each claim. Alternative compensation applies if the claimant prefers it, or if it is no longer feasible to restore the actual land. The claimants are always involved in negotiating the settlement. Individuals, communities or their descendants who lost land rights due to racially discriminatory laws or practices on or after 19 June, 1913 qualify for restitution in terms of the Act. Examples of racially discriminatory laws include the Native Land Act of 1913, the Native Administration Act of 1927, the Development Trust and Land Act of 1936, the Asiatic Land Tenure Act of 1946, the Group Areas Acts of 1950 and 1966, the Rural Coloured Areas Act of 1963 and the Community Development Act of 1966.

Land Redistribution
The purpose of the land redistribution programme is to provide the poor with access to land for residential and productive use to improve their livelihoods.

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Extension of Security of Tenure Act, no 62 of 1997 better known as ESTA ESTA aims to realise the following objectives: Protect people who live on rural or peri-urban land with the permission of the owner or person in charge of that land. The ESTA gives them a secure legal right to live on and use the land. Protect the owners by spelling out the responsibilities of occupiers. Stabilise and improve relationships between owners and occupiers by creating fair procedures for evictions. Create procedures for occupiers to attain land ownership through the assistance of owners and government. Communal Land Rights Act (CLARA), no 11 of 2004 Included in CLARAs aims are: to provide for legal security of tenure by transferring communal land, including KwaZulu-Natal Ingonyama land, to communities, or by awarding comparable redress; to provide for the conduct of a land rights enquiry to determine the transition from old order rights to new order rights; to provide for the democratic administration of communal land by communities; to provide for Land Rights Boards; to provide for the co-operative performance of municipal functions on communal land.

Other programmes include: Proactive Land Acquisition Strategy (Plas) the thinking here is for it to be state driven (as opposed to beneficiary driven). The state targets land, acquires it and matches it with the demand/need for land. Black people are the beneficiaries, and while PLAS is pro-poor, it also caters for emergent and commercial farmers. Land is leased from the state. The Settlement and Implementation Support (SIS) Strategy places land and agrarian reform at the centre of local government, ensuring that all projects are located in the Integrated Development Plans, in the Local Economic Development Plans and in the Provincial Growth Development Strategies.

5. Department of Rural Development and Land Reform

Vibrant, Equitable and Sustainable Rural Communities Tel: 012 312 8911 www.ruraldevelopment.gov.za Chief Land Claims Commissioner Tel: 012 312 9244 The postal and physical addresses of all offices national, provincial and district are available on the website. REGION OFFICE Pretoria East London CONTACT DETAILS Tel: 012 310 6500 Fax: 012 328 3127 Tel: 043 743 4689 Tel: 043 743 3824 Fax: 043 743 4786 Tel: 041 363 7888 Fax: 041 363 8588 Tel: 047 532 5959 Fax: 047 532 5968 Tel: 045 839 2296 Fax: 045 838 6066 Tel: 051 400 4200 Fax: 051 430 2392 Tel: 051 400 4270 Fax: 051 430 2392 Tel: 058 303 3021 Fax: 058 303 3055 Tel: 057 357 1734 Fax: 057 357 1806 Tel: 033 355 4300 Fax: 033 394 3753 Tel: 036 631 2741 Fax: 036 638 9406 Tel: 039 682 2295 Fax: 039 682 0004 Tel: 035 789 1035 Fax: 035 789 1092 Tel: 034 980 9469 Fax: 034 980 9454 Tel: 053 927 4128 Fax: 053 927 4174 Tel: 053 831 4090 Fax: 053 831 4095 Tel: 013 755 3499 Fax: 013 755 3529 Tel: 013 752 2064/9 Fax: 013 752 2079

3. Commonages
Municipalities throughout the country are empowered to set aside land they own for the pasturage of stock and for the purposes of establishing garden allotments. A municipality may make by-laws to regulate and control the use and protection of commonage land and the kinds of stock which may be depastured, restrict the number of stock per householder, restrict or prohibit the use of certain of the councils lands for pasturage, and prescribe appropriate charges for use of lands. Municipal legislation both empowers local authorities to act as agents of development and ensures that management is devolved to the lowest possible level. The municipality as the land holding entity is not a topdown, absentee landlord, but a key agent of local economic development. Ongoing demand for commonage, and the relatively few step up cases from commonage into LRAD projects indicate that there is substantial demand for land for non-commercial purposes. These include the safety net purposes of fuel collection, income supplementing through running stock, depasturing stock for sale for weddings and funerals, holding stock for sons bridewealth, and vegetable production for food security and additional income. Noncommercial purposes does not mean non-economic. A commonage is critical for relieving poverty, particularly in areas where there are no other livelihood options. For all of these reasons it is important that commonage be considered, not as a nursery for commercial farming and freehold tenure, but as a form of tenure and resource for production in its own right. Municipal commonage is clearly not the mainspring for addressing major inequities in land holding in South Africa, but it has a critical and dynamic role to play in any land tenure system in South Africa. Adapted from Evaluating land and agrarian reform in South Africa: municipal commonage, by Megan Anderson and Kobus Pienaar of PLAAS. The full paper can be found on www.ijr.org.za

Gauteng Eastern Cape

District Office District Office District Office Free State District Office District Office District Office KwaZuluNatal District Office District Office District Office District Office Northern Cape District Office Mpumalanga District Office

Port Elizabeth Umtata Queenstown Bloemfontein Bloemfontein Bethlehem Welkom Pietermaritzburg Ladysmith Port Shepstone Richards Bay Vryheid Vryburg Kimberley Nelspruit Nelspruit

4. Sub-programmes
Find notes on Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development (LRAD), Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP) and the Land and Agrarian Reform Project (LARP) on www.daff.gov.za

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District Office District Office North West District Office District Office Limpopo

Ermelo Witbank Mmabatho Klerksdorp Brits Polokwane

Tel: 017 819 1373 Fax: 017 819 3566 Tel: 013 656 0848 Fax: 013 656 0375 Tel: 018 392 1070 Fax: 018 384 1485 Tel: 018 462 9341 Fax: 018 462 9083 Tel: 012 252 3505 Fax: 012 252 4100 Tel: 015 297 3539 Tel: 015 287 0800 Fax: 015 297 4988 Tel: 021 426 2947/30 Fax: 021 426 2702 Tel: 044 874 1839 Fax: 044 874 1878 Tel: 023 342 0107 Fax: 023 342 0202

As a first step it is important to deal efficiently with land reform to ensure rural stability and market certainty. The process of economic empowerment in South African agriculture starts with improved access to land and the vesting of secure tenure rights in people and to areas where these do not exist. To deal effectively with land reform, it is important that all avenues of land access such as restitution, redistribution and tenure reform be given adequate attention. These processes will include, but are not to become the focus of this strategic sector plan, land uses for non-agricultural purposes such as housing, etc. All possible options to secure rapid and sustainable land reform will be pursued. This will entail the disposal of publicly-owned agricultural land as the first area to focus attention. These will be complemented by measures such as equity sharing schemes, contract farming, rental farming, tenure reform in communal areas and private land acquisition. Because the majority of the rural poor live and farm on communal land, issues of tenure security have to be urgently addressed. It is critical to provide improved incentives and investment opportunities in these areas. And because this is a sensitive matter, a process of continuous engagement with traditional authorities to ensure the success of this process will be undertaken. This will be accompanied by the rehabilitation of irrigation schemes in the former homeland areas and the transfer of their management and ownership to qualified farmers and communities. Although land reform is the critical point of departure in ensuring broadbased participation in the agricultural mainstream, a number of support services need to be addressed simultaneously to ensure that the process of access and empowerment is successful and sustainable.
Source: The Strategic Plan

Western Cape District Office District Office

Cape Town George Worcester

Communication Officers
National: Pulane Molefe Western Cape: Franz Zottl Sandile Nene Gauteng: Vuyani Nkasayi North West: Popie Mongae KwaZulu-Natal: Thokozani Sokhela Nokuthokoza Ndlela Mpumalanga: Zithini Dlamini Limpopo Province: Motlatsi Lebea Avhashoni Magada Eastern Cape: Ncumisa Sikunyane Kholekile TK Sonjica Free State: Percy Raseobi Northern Cape: Eddie Nkomazana Tel: 012 312 8452 PJMolefe@ruraldevelopment.gov.za Tel: 021 426 2930 ext 221 fgzottl@ruraldevelopment.gov.za Tel: 021 426 2947 snene@ruraldevelopment.gov.za Tel: 012 310 6500 VENKasayi@ruraldevelopment.gov.za Tel: 018 384 9607 MPNtsane@ruraldevelopment.gov.za Tel: 033 342 6955 nndlela@ruraldevelopment.gov.za Tel: 033 355 4300 / 8400 TBSokhela@ruraldevelopment.gov.za Tel: 013 755 8100 ZWDlamini@ruraldevelopment.gov.za Tel: 015 287 0200 melebea@ruraldevelopment.gov.za Tel: 015 297 3539 ANMagada@ruraldevelopment.gov.za Tel: 043 743 3824 nvsikunyana@ruraldevelopment.gov.za Tel: 043 743 0407 KTSonjica@ruraldevelopment.gov.za Tel: 051 400 4200 KPRaseobi@ruraldevelopment.gov.za Tel: 051 403 0700 / 053 831 4090 OENkomazana@ruraldevelopment.gov.za

7. Roleplayers
AGRI LAND GROUP Tel: 012 345 3911 Fax: 012 345 3949 www.agrilandgroup.co.za AGRI LAND GROUP consists of the following companies: ALPRO, ALPROP and ALPIX. It assists emerging farmers in preparation of documentation in support of Government Funding programmes as well as accessing private sector finance. Its services are: Land Reform Process Management Professional Property Valuation Reports and Arbitration Services Agricultural Risk Analysis Reports Interventions and affirmations Agricultural Development Project and Business Plans Comprehensive Benchmarked Agricultural Land Guideline Values Nationally Agricultural Risk Analysis and Valuation Methodology workshop facilitation and Training Agri Land Group is the preferred supplier and specialist advisory service to the National African Farmers Union NAFU on accelerated land reform. Research is done on Accelerated Land Restitution and Development practices. Agri SA Tel: 012 643 3400 www.agrisa.co.za Although Agri SA is fully aware of the need for rapid progress with land reform, the organisations view has always been that land reform should be economically viable and that the resource and production should not be adversely affected in the process. It is critical that administrative and bureaucratic bottlenecks that delay processes be eliminated and that new farmers be supported adequately to enable them to farm successfully on a sustainable basis. The Chairman of the Land Affairs Committee is Dr Theo de Jager, while Annelize Crosby is the Agri SA Land Policy Advisor. Agri-Africa Tel: 021 886 6826 / 082 950 9294 info@agri-africa.co.za www.agri-africa.co.za Consulting in agribusiness, financial and technical farm management; agricultural marketing; agricultural development; project design and management.

Details of Regional Land Claims Commissioners can be found at www. ruraldevelopment.gov.za

6. Relevant Directorate within the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF)
Find contact details and information on the different directorates at www. daff.gov.za

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AgriSETA and AgriSETA accredited providers are involved in post-settlement programmes. Contact Sello Khoza at 012 301 5619. Also consult the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Association for Rural Advancement (AFRA) Tel: 033 345 7607 www.afra.co.za Association for Community Rural Advancement Tel: 053 712 0791/2/3 Border Rural Committee Tel: 043 742 0173 www.brc21.co.za

Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) Tel: 011 313 3911 www.dbsa.org In 2007, the DBSA and The Commission on Restitution of Land Rights (CRLR) signed a five-year Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that will see the two parties working together to provide support to land restitution projects and their beneficiaries. Free State Rural Development Association Tel: 051 448 4628

National African Farmers Union of South Africa (NAFU SA) Mr NJ Gondo (President) Tel: 082 672 2484 Nkuzi Development Association Tel: 015 297 6972/4 www.nkuzi.org.za Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) Tel: 021 959 3961/ 3733 plaas@uwc.ac.za www.uwc.ac.za/plaas The Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) is a research and teaching unit located at the University of the Western Cape.

SADC Regional Land Reform Technical Support Facility (SRLRTSF) Tel: +267 3951863 snanthambwe@sadc.int www.sadc.int Southern Cape Land Committee Tel: 044 803 9900 Surplus Peoples Project (SPP) Tel: 021 448 5605 www.spp.org.za Transkei Land Service Organisation (TRALSO) Tel: 047 531 2851/2 www.tralso.co.za

A land rights service NGO. FSRDA focuses on institutional building CASIDRA activities and provided services to Tel: 044 871 0134 communities through community www.casidra.co.za development work, legal, paralegal Implements rural development and land reform projects. planning and implementation with Institute for Justice and a specific focus on land reform and Reconciliation SMME support services. Tel: 021 763 7138 www.ijr.org.za Centre for Development and Enterprise (CDE) Khula Enterprise Finance Tel: 011 482 5140 Tel: 012 394 5560 www.cde.org.za www.khula.org.za Find the Land Reform menu Regional office contacts can be option. found on the website and in the Centre for Rural Legal Studies co-operatives chapter. Tel: 021 883 8032 Land Access Movement of SA www.crls.org.za (LAMOSA) The CRLS promotes land and Tel: 011 833 1063 labour interests of men and women Fax: 011 834 8385 farmworkers in the Western, Fax to email: 086 516 4936 Eastern and Northern Cape of South Africa through Training, Information The Land Research Action Network dissemination, research, advocacy, (LRAN) is a network of researchers legal intervention and development and social movements committed facilitation. Research projects to the promotion and advancement are linked to general projects, of the fundamental rights of and results are incorporated into individuals and communities to training packages and advocacy land, and to equitable access to the work. For research publications resources necessary for life with available, see the heading 9. human dignity. www.landaction.org

TAU SA Tel: 012 804 8031 Other universities, like the www.tlu.co.za University of KwaZulu-Natal, also do research into the Land Reform Read more in the Organised Agriculture chapter. process. Resource Consulting Services (SA) Tel: 058 622 1499 info@rcs-sa.com www.rcs-sa.com Projects include the integration of commercial and emerging or developing commercial farm enterprises reflecting the objectives of land reform. SA Agri Academy Tel: 021 880 1276 www.agriacademy.co.za TRAC North West Province Tel: 018 381 6802 TRAC Mpumalanga Province Tel: 013 755 4324 Mentorship and development geared University of the Free State Lengua Agricultural Centre Tel: 051 443 8859 mcdvw@telkomsa.net

Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Eighty percent of its core business Tel: 051 401 2163 is focused on the commercialisation www.ufs.ac.za/censard of the new SME farmer sector (as beneficiaries of the LRAD Department of Quantity Surveying programme) as new entrants to and Construction Management Tel: 051 401 2250 the agricultural sector. Other organisations include Biowatch, BAWSI, the Development Action Group, the Landless Peoples Movement, Ndabeni Community Property Trust, Olive Peoples Trust, Restoration Farmers, SACADO, Trust for Community Outreach and Education, and the Women on Farms Project.

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Sources of finance
See also the Development Financial Services chapter AGRI LAND GROUP assists emerging farmers in preparation of documentation in support of Government Funding programmes as well as accessing private sector finance. Find their details on page 93. Commercial Banks assist clients to access funds. Find out about finance available under LRAD. Call 012 319 7020 or consult your nearest Land Affairs or Agricultural Provincial offices. The Land Reform Credit Facility at KHULA Toll free help line: 0800 11 8815 Fax: 011 315 7436 helpline@khula.org.za www.khula.org.za Khula is a wholesale facility, wholesaling funds to commercial banks and other high credit-rated institutions at preferential rates for on-lending to Land Reform projects. LRCF funds are made available to the commercial banks and other high credit rated institutions on the submissions of a viable business plan. Target Group: The previously disadvantaged farm workers, neighbouring communities and emerging farmers to acquire land through mortgage finance and control of land based productive assets through equity share schemes. Requirements/criteria: For accessing the LRCF, the project /applicant has to first submit their business plan to the commercial bank of their choice which will evaluate the applications viability, using their own criteria and only when the bank is satisfied, will the application be passed on to the LRCF to assess whether or not the application meets the basic empowerment and Land Reform criteria. Once the bank and the LRCF have approved a loan application from any project, the land reform beneficiaries on that project automatically qualify for a grant to finance the organisational development and capacity building of the new shareholder partners in the enterprise. This grant is called the Community Facilitation and Support Fund. The grant can be accessed by LRCF funded projects only. Enables meaningful participation of historically disadvantaged individuals and communities in high value agricultural, agro processing and eco-tourism enterprises. Find out about finance available under Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development (LRAD) and the Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP). European Union and other countries some times fund land reform e.g. the Belgian government donated 7.5 million (R83.6 million) to further land reform in South Africa in 2008. US Aid Tel: 012 452 2246 www.usaid.gov In the agriculture sector, USAID has programs that are working to increase Black ownership of assets.

8. Deeds registration
See the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform website www. ruraldevelopment.gov.za or the Agricultural Land Valuation chapter for contact details of the provincial Deeds Offices

9. Websites and publications

Numerous publications, policy documents etc are available at www. ruraldevelopment.gov.za Find the Land reform option at www.sabinetlaw.co.za Find the relevant publications and documents on the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries too www.daff.gov.za e.g. Land redistribution for Agricultural Development, available in isiZulu, Afrikaans, Tshivenda, English and isiXhosa. The following are available from the AGRI LAND GROUP (contact details on page 93): Land Reform Process Management Training Manual Agricultural Valuation Methodology Training Manual Agricultural Finance Training Manual Technology Applications Training Manual

The Centre for Rural Legal Studies has discussion papers, briefing papers, conference proceedings, and research publications. Call 021 883 8032/3 or visit www.crls.org.za Details of PLAAS publications are available on www.uwc.ac.za/plaas. Several publications, notably Policy Briefs and Research Reports are downloadable. The websites of the roleplayers (see heading 7) make for good reading.
Our thanks to Nelson Mafulo (Department of Rural Development and Land Reform) for feedback on the draft chapter

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National issues
People with Disabilities
1. Overview
Today, South Africa must rate as one of the most equity and diversity conscious countries in the world. Within this local universe must exist every conceivable variation and reflection of a larger world including race, interrace, gender, culture, nationality, language, religion, sexual orientation, class, political affiliation and status. It is in this context that we need to identify and examine one of the largest yet remarkably invisible components of this demographic soup disability. With perhaps the exception of HIV/Aids, Disability is unique in that it can, and does, cut across every variable in humanity socio-economic, political, cultural, racial, gender etc without exception. The fight for disability rights is just the request of one human to another that his or her humanity be acknowledged beyond the mask of the disability. If we remain blind to disabled people by refusing them access to our workplaces and shopping malls, we will never get to see or acknowledge the human behind the disability. Who then is more blind, the one who refuses to see, or the one who cannot see but wishes to be seen?

Several other mechanisms have been used with differing degrees of success to integrate people with disabilities, principally: The Employment Equity Act The Skills Development Act The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act The Labour Relations Act The Integrated National Disability Strategy (white paper) The National Building Regulations In 2009, the Minister in the Presidency launched the South African Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. It is an inescapable fact that much more needs to be done in the area of integrating people with disabilities into the mainstream economy and society. Find the full discussion on Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) as a precursor to a National Disability Empowerment Strategy in the National BEE Handbook.

3. Roleplayers
Further directories and contact lists of suppliers and service providers are available from these organisations. DeafSA, by way of example, provides contact lists for educational facilties, research, sign language classes and interpreting services, videos and tv programmes, tours, clubs, schools, sports, clinics, churches etc. The South African Disability Alliance (SADA) is made up from the following roleplayers: the QuadPara Association of South Africa (QASA), the National Council for People with Physical Disabilities in South Africa (NCPPDSA), Cheshire Homes, National Council for People with Cerebral Palsy, Deaf Federation of South Africa, Disabled Childrens Action Group (DICAG), Down Syndrome South Africa, Autism SA, South African Federation for Mental Health (SAFMH), Epilepsy SA, South African National Council for the Blind (SANCB), Disabled People South Africa (DPSA) and Deafblind South Africa. Find their details below (affiliates are marked with a ): Amasondo Investments (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 767 0348 info@qasa.co.za E Cape 041 457 1466 Free State 051 448 1868 KwaZulu-Natal 031 309 2012/3 Mpumalanga 013 243 1186 Gauteng 011 331 8509 This is an empowerment North West 018 381 4796 company established to engage in business ventures in the context Limpopo 015 297 0231 of Broad Based Black Economic Association for People with Empowerment. Amasondo Disabilities (APD) Investments provides persons with www.disabilitypretoria.org.za disabilities who have the skill and www.apdfreestate.co.za integrity to serve on the boards of www.apdmpumalanga.org entities and companies it invests in. Address enquiries to Ari Seirlis at Pretoria 012 328 6447 QASA. Port Elizabeth 041 484 5426 East London 043 722 1811 Age-in-Action (formerly the SA Bloemfontein 051 444 2883/4 Council for the Aged) Pietermaritzburg 031 403 7041 Tel: 021 426 4240 Polokwane 015 291 1787 www.age-in-action.co.za Nelspruit 013 741 4767 Kimberley 053 833 3315 W Cape 021 423 0204/5 Rustenburg 014 533 0593 N Cape 053 831 1830

2. The Disability Struggle

Everyone on earth lives with a disability ... Those living with a physical or mental disability we treat with rejection. In this way we seek to distance ourselves from our own hidden disabilities. One day we will understand that we all have disabilities and then we will not reject each other. In accepting each other we will find a deeper healing of our disabilities than any medical or counselling intervention could provide. Michael Stuart The United Nations Convention on the Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) was ratified by 20 countries in 2008. The disabled have arrived on the world stage in terms of being recognised not only as victims of discrimination and abuse, but as independent members of the citizenry of the world, entitled to equal rights and dignity. This kind of thinking shows marked shifts away from traditional welfare approaches so typical of earlier days, where a person with a disability was seen as a victim who needed to be supported and helped in a patronising manner that was itself disabling. This shift was already demonstrated in 1991 with the promulgation of the Americans with Disabilities Act, followed by the UKs and Australias Disability Discrimination Act in 1995. Since then many countries have attempted a variety of Disability specific, anti-discrimination legislation. It is significant that since then there has been an undeniable change in attitude in many parts of the world towards the rights of people with disabilities, demonstrated largely, but not limited to, improved physical access to an increasing ranges of facilities. South Africa attempted to influence all future legislation with the breadth and scope of its new Constitution in 1996. It has to be said that to this day our Constitution is still one of only a hand full that actually acknowledge Disability by name.

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Autism South Africa Tel: 011 484 9909 www.autismsouthafrica.org Cheshire Homes Tel: 021 685 6169 Fax: 021 685 6066 / 086 565 1677 Deaf South Africa Tel: 023 342 0757 Fax: 023 342 0088 Deaf Federation of South Africa (DEAFSA) Tel: 011 482 1610 www.deafsa.co.za Gauteng 011 333 9661/3 Mpumalanga 013 656 1996 Limpopo 015 291 5248 E Cape 043 761 4636 W Cape 021 683 4665/6 N Cape 054 332 2605 North West 018 581 3480 Free State 051 447 4705 KwaZulu-Natal 031 201 2261 Department of Higher Education and Training www.education.gov.za The National Skills Development Strategy aims to deliver learnerships and other skills programmes along an equitable demographic distribution, with a target of 4% for people with disabilities. Department of Women, Children and Persons with Disabilities Tel: 012 300 5575 / 16 Tel: 021 464 2203 www.wcpd.gov.za Disability Empowerment Concerns (DEC) Trust info@dectrust.co.za www.dectrust.co.za

East London 043 743 1579 Welkom 057 353 3091 Johannesburg 011 331 1190 Durban 031 701 2951 Nelspruit 013 794 1711 Mafikeng 018 381 5054 Polokwane 015 291 5326 Disability Solutions Tel: 021 872 1101 www.disabilitysolutions.co.za Down Syndrome South Africa (DSSA) Tel: 0861 369 672 www.downsyndrome.org.za Eco-Access Tel: 011 477 3676 www.eco-access.org Eco-Access focuses on using the environment in their work with visually impaired people, in terms of sensitisation, leadership courses, food gardens at schools, hydroponic gardens, etc. Epilepsy South Africa Tel: 021 447 3014 www.epilepsy.org.za W Cape 021 703 9420 Karoo 044 382 2155 North East 013 254 0161 KwaZulu-Natal 033 394 1041 Gauteng 011 816 2040 Free State & North West 056 811 5959 JobAccess.co.za Tel: 076 193 9868 tertia.calitz@jobs.co.za www.jobaccess.co.za

National Council for People with Cerebral Palsy Tel: 011 726 8040

Skills for Africa Tel: 012 379 4920 www.skillsafrica.co.za

An online database of disabled workseekers CVs that are matched to vacancies that are uploaded The objectives of DEC are: by employers and recruitment to develop a sustainable source agencies. of income for the underlying beneficiary organisations (from BEE), in order to assist in Interface funding the work programmes W Cape 021 854 7758 in human rights, welfare and KwaZulu-Natal 031 708 1785 development conducted by Gauteng 011 432 4481 the organisations in favour of people with disabilities. Living Link to promote the employment Tel: 011 447 7183 of people with disabilities. www.thelivinglink.co.za Disabled People South Africa (DPSA) Living Link works towards the Tel: 021 422 0357 economic inclusion and social www.dpsa.org.za justice for people with intellectual impairments.

National Council for People with Disabilities in South Africa An AgriSETA-accredited training provider (NCPPDSA) Tel: 011 762 8040 South Africa Federation for www.ncppdsa.org.za Mental Health (SAFMH) Tel: 011 781 1852 Oasis Association Fax: 011 326 0625 Tel: 021 671 2698 www.oasis.org.za South African Human Rights Runs the Claremont Bakery for Commission (SAHRC) people with intellectual disabilities Tel: 011 484 8300 www.sahrc.org.za Occupational Therapy The SAHRC has a unit which Association of South Africa monitors the human rights of (OTASA) people living with disabilities. Tel: 012 362 5457 www.otasa.org.za SA National Council for the The Office on the Status of Blind (SANCB) Disabled Persons (OSDP) find Tel: 012 452 3811 the earlier listing of the Department www.sancb.org.za of Women, Children and People SANCB is the umbrella organisation, with Disabilities comprising 104 organisations of and for the blind across all provinces. It Progression offers a range of services, details of Tel: 011 606 3035 which can be found on the website. www.progression.co.za There are self-help groups, coProgression offers consulting ordinated through their Skills services, which afford people Development division. There with disabilities the opportunity is also a Community Based to be successfully integrated into Rehabilitation (CBR) programme the workplace. Simultaneously, which facilitates the empowerment they partner with businesses to of blind and partially sighted plan, implement and shape a total persons. Depending on the needs disability equity management and interests of the group, this can capability with a view to impacting range from rehabilitation, group formation, entrepreneurial training on a businesss bottom line. (such as bead work, food gardens, QuadPara Association of South detergent making and bee keeping). Africa (QASA) Tel: 031 767 0348 South African Spine Society www.qasa.co.za Tel: 021 910 3322 www.saspine.org E Cape 041 364 2271 Thabo Mbeki Development Free State 051 874 2905 Trust for Disabled People Gauteng North 012 329 2572 (TMDT) Gauteng South 011 782 7511 Tel: 011 726 4481 KwaZulu-Natal 031 702 2723 www.mbekitrust.co.za North West 018 468 8303 N Cape 071 277 5169 W Cape 021 975 6078

4. Research
What is the National Accessibility Portal (NAP)? The National Accessibility Portal (NAP) is a five-year research & development project aimed at addressing the marginalisation of people with disabilities from the mainstream economy and society. The project was conceptualised and developed by the CSIR in partnership with a representative group of Disabled Persons Organisations (DPOs) and the Office on the Status of Disabled Persons (OSDP) in the Presidency.

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NAP will be a one-stop information, services and communications channel that will support everyone involved in the disability field persons with disabilities, caregivers, the medical profession, and those offering services in this domain. Read more at www.napsa.org.za

National issues
Safety and security
1. Overview
Crime destroys value, destroys lives and leaves deep scars. We all know this, and many of us have the experience of it. Fear can lead to a siege mentality and a negative spiral that goes nowhere creative. Advice given in many quarters is not to be fearful but to be security conscious and aware (see heading 7 for examples of security tips). There are some who go beyond this, who ask how we can expect there to be less crime when our society is characterised by almost 40% unemployment and a vast wealth gap between the haves and the have-nots. These 40 % are marginalised as they have little real hope of a job and a meaningful life. They have no skills or value to the economy and they are unlikely to get them in a hurry. Some farmers have involved themselves in assisting with skills development, education, small business development, access to land and equipment, access to markets and ownership opportunities. And some of them were doing this before AgriBEE, which encourages farmers to do this, came along. These are the farmers who are a positive force in the community and who are probably doing the most to deal with crime at its roots.

5. International roleplayers
Working with its 182 member States, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) seeks to ensure that labour standards are respected in practice as well as principle. Key ILO instruments relating to the right to decent work of persons with disabilities and prohibiting discrimination on the basis of disability include: ILO Convention No. 159 on Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons), 1983, and its accompanying Recommendation No. 168. Convention No. 159 has been ratified by 80 countries (as at June 2008). Visit www.ilo.org The United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is a significant international instrument adopted in 2006 which, together with ILO Convention No. 159 and other international, regional and national initiatives, will contribute to improving the living conditions and status of people with disabilities around the world today and in years to come. Article 27 on Work and Employment will promote opportunities for persons with disabilities to gain a living through decent work in the labour market. The CRPD entered into force on 3 May 2008 and, as with Convention No. 159, is legally binding on ratifying countries. For more information on ILO Convention No. 159 and Recommendation No. 168, visit www.ilo.org/employment/disability. For additional information on the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities visit www.un.org/ disabilities.

2. Roleplayers
AfriForum Community Safety: Nantes Kelder Tel: 012 644 4409 www.afriforum.co.za www.afriforum911.co.za Agri SA Agri Securitas: Kobus Visser Tel: 012 663 9935 www.agrisa.co.za see the Agri Securitas menu option Agri SA and its members are committed to South Africa and subscribe to the Constitution and Bill of Rights. Agri SA would like to see a stable rural environment where everybody enjoys quality of life and where there are economic opportunities for all. Therefore it encourages and equips its members to respect human rights and has on various occasions condemned human rights violations in rural areas. identify the projects that are to be financed. The overall objective of the Trust Fund is to contribute to the protection of rural areas and to improve the alertness of the rural community by: financing approved projects initiated at grassroots level in the interests of the relevant community so that such community can improve its own safety in the process; providing information to promote own alertness and the protection of homesteads; making contibutions towards approved trust funds created to assist financially those children who are orphaned as a result of a farm attack; and making contributions towards Agri Securitas Trauma Scheme premiums in order to assist members of Agri SA to make financial provision for medical expenses incurred after farm attack or accident.

Visit the following international websites:

The http://v1.dpi.org/ website is a portal to disabled groupings worldwide. Some of these are Disabled People International www. dpi.org; Pan African Federation of the Disabled (PAFOD) http:// africa.dpi.org/ ; Danish Council of Organisations of Disabled People www.disability.dk Healthlink Worldwide www.healthlink.org.za Disability Knowledge and Research (KAR) www.disabilitykar.net Inclusion International www.inclusion-international.org Swedish Organisations of Disabled Persons International Aid Association (SHIA) (find the weblink on www.dpsa.org.za) Certain overseas development agencies are involved in the empowerment of the disabled e.g. The United Kingdoms Department for International Development (DFID), Overseas Development Group (managed by the University of East Anglia in the UK) etc. The World Health Organisation devised new guidelines (the ICF International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) www.who.org The European Disability Forum www.edf-feph.org Centre for Accessible Environments www.cae.org.uk World Federation of the Deaf www.wfdeaf.org

The persistently high incidents of farm murders and attacks, has meant that the security of the farming community is one of the The list of approved projects and highest priorities of Agri SA. some notes on each can be found Members of Agri SA serve on on www.agrisa.co.za various levels in the rural protection plan from where operations are Business Against Crime (BAC) Tel: 011 883 0717 planned and carried out.

A team of expert agricultural, Provincial contact details, statistics business and public leaders manages and reports can be found on their the Agri Securitas Fund. They website www.bac.org.za

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Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation Tel: 011 403 5650 Tel: 021 447 3661 www.csvr.org.za Conserv Security Tel: 011 957 0048 www.conservsecurity.com Crime Line SMS to 32211 www.crimeline.co.za Your anonymous crime tip-off line CSIR Defence, Peace, Safety and Security Tel: 012 841 2297 / 4487 www.csir.co.za Institute for Security Studies Tel: 012 346 9500/2 www.iss.co.za

South African Intruder Detection Services Association (SAIDSA) Tel: 011 845 4870 www.saidsa.co.za South African National Security Employers Association (SANSEA) Tel: 011 498 7468 www.sansea.co.za South African Police Services (SAPS) Emergency Tel: 10111 Crime Stop Tel: 08600 10111 www.saps.gov.za National Firearms Call Centre Tel: 012 353 6111 firearms@saps.org.za

3. National strategy
Priority 6 of the Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF), the framework to guide governments programme in the electoral mandate period (2009 2014), is Intensify the fight against crime and corruption. Safety and security leads to increased confidence in the economy and social structures, and so this priority helps government achieve success with many of the other ten priorities listed.

Farm security features regularly in the Strategic Plan for Agriculture a document arrived at by the then National Department of Agriculture, Agri SA and NAFU SA. The Plan sets out the following critical issues which are to receive priority attention in the short and medium term: Formation of a National Peace and Security Forum drawing members from all key rural stakeholdersto complement existing initiatives in combating rural violence, crime, social suspicion and tension that dominates rural areas and to promote good working conditions, good neighbourly relations and greater confidence within the different communities. Revitalisation of the criminal justice system and support structures of the system to be seen and experienced as a deterrent to crime. The staffing of the SAPS and SANDF as well as the part-time forces with adequately trained and experienced police and defence force personnel to enhance the capabilities of these forces to combat criminal activities in the country, especially in the rural areas. Specific human and financial reserves to be dedicated to the SAPS and SANDF to enable the security forces to execute their mandate in terms of crime prevention and the implementation of the rural safety plan. These funds will be prioritised and allocated to be used in operations and activities to combat farm attacks and rural crime. The strategic importance of the National Operational Co-ordinating Committee (NOCOC) Priority Committee, as co-ordinating structure of all role-players in the rural protection plan, will be reinforced by the necessary human and financial resources to enable it to implement the rural protection plan and to coordinate activities between role-players and Government. The Implementation of the safety and security strategy to bring rural stability and confidence is prioritised in the Plan. Linked to this is the fasttracking of land redistribution for agricultural development.
Details for the Department of Correctional Services, Department of Justice and all government departments can be found on www.gov.za

TAU SA Formerly Transvaal Agricultural Union Tel: 012 804 8031 National Firearms Education veiligheid@tlu.co.za www.tlu.co.za and Training Institute Tel: 031 301 0220 TAU SA has developed a security policy to support members, their Policing Association of South families and neighbours to create Africa (POLSA) a safe environment which will Tel: 012 429 6808 promote economic agricultural practices. Where possible, coPrivate Security Industry operation with the authorities Regulatory Authority (PSIRA) is recommended, but it is also Tel: 012 337 5510 /20 /30 www.sira-sa.co.za realised that mutual support in rural areas can do much to ensure SASSETA (Safety and Security the safety of life and property. Education and Training Authority) TAU SA conducts training for Tel: 086 110 2477 members during which selfwww.sasseta.org.za defence, legal matters, first aid and fire fighting receive priority Secretariat for Safety & attention and these aspects are Security integrated to ensure a practical Tel: 012 393 2500 protection plan. www.nationalsecretariat.gov.za This provides government with civilian policy management capacity, independent of the vested and occupational interest of the Police Service. Security Association of South Africa (SASA) Tel: 031 764 6681 www.sasecurity.co.za Solidarity Tel: 012 644 4300 www.solidariteit.co.za www.solidariteitradio.co.za Their website has a menu option which provides statistics of farm attacks and stock theft and more. The strategic objectives of this organisation may also be found here. University of Johannesburg (RAU) Centre for the Study of Economic Crime (CENSEC) Tel: 011 489 2134

4. Companies involved
Armour Systems & Projects Tel: 011 447 9220 www.armoursystems.co.za Big Brother CCTV Tel: 011 788 7750 www.bigbrother.co.za

Leigh Matthews Stress and Trauma Centre In September 2009 the names of Tel: 011 226 2200 victims of farm attacks were read www.leighmatthews.co.za out on Solidariteit Radio. The UNISA broadcast took eight hours. College of Law School of Criminal Justice South African Human Rights Department of Security Risk Council (SAHRC) Management Tel: 011 484 8300 Tel: 011 471 2054 www.sahrc.org.za www.unisa.ac.za Details of SAHRC regional offices are on the website.

Bullet resistant conversions to Infra-red sensitive cameras etc bakkies CrisisOnCall Beka Tel: 012 335 3776 Tel: 011 238 0000 www.beka.co.za A 24-hour countrywide call-centre to deal with any crisis. One feature Floodlights, emergency lighting and is the trip monitoring service which other luminaries. Contact details of provides total peace of mind to branches nationwide can be found farmers and their families when on the website. travelling back to their farms. CrisisOnCall contributes on a Bernhard Agencies monthly base to the Agri Securitas Tel: 011 802 1783 Trust Fund and thus contributes www.bernhardagencies.co.za to the safety of people in the country. Application forms can They provide night-vision be downloaded on the Agri SA equipment e.g. binoculars. website: www.agrisa.co.za

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CSS & KSS Security Tel: 018 468 8506/ 056 213 3295 Various security equipment including Cellsecure - where you may automate and regulate your security by means of your cell phone e.g. any breach of security sends an SMSs to (up to) five numbers. Defence Concepts Tel: 011 444 0830 www.defcon1.co.za

Nemtek Tel: 011 462 8283 www.nemtek.co.za Electric Fencing Products ROBOGUARD Tel: 018 297 1488 www.togra.co.za Find the Farm security systems menu option on the website. SecuCell Tel: 016 982 4393 www.secucell.co.za

6. Security tips
A number of safety tips have been passed on to farmers. Some of these, particularly over firearms, are contradictory. The ones offered here are more a suggestion, a checklist; and many of you would be able to add tips of your own to this list. Read over this to see how safety-aware you are.

Attitude & Routine

Be alert at all times. Vary your routine. This applies especially after doing a cash withdrawal in town: this should never be done on a predictable basis. If you have two entrances to your farm, you have the advantage. Make a habit of not going to sleep immediately after switching off the lights. Stay awake for a while. Dogs Farmers should keep well-trained dogs on the premises, with some kept inside the house at night. Pay attention to their behaviour e.g. if they become inexplicably sick, or if their behaviour is different upon your return to the house (if they are fearful or bark at a particular place). On which part of the yard do they spend most of their time? The other side might well deserve some attention as it makes you vulnerable.

Reinforcing windows: protection from forced entry, natural disaster, Early warning security systems bullet resistant etc Waters Firearms Competency HOTSURE Assessment and Training Tel: 0861 265 537 Centre (FCATC) Fax: 086 640 5744 Tel: 011 955 2451 / 082 920 5090 info@hotsure.co.za www.fcatc.co.za www.hotsure.co.za Training is offered through a Safety first. Whether it be your own countrywide network of centres. life, the life of your family, workers and animals. Dont take safety for Xpanda granted. Dont gamble with risk, Helpline 0861 972 632 leave nothing to chance. Install a www.xpanda.co.za house alarm monitoring system, track your vehicles, monitor your Branches countrywide animals and assets. Employ best farming practice. Limit your risk by acting pro-actively.

Strangers
Be wary of strangers who wish to buy livestock, certainly if you do not sell livestock as a rule. Or they may be looking for work, or making enquiries about somebody who is in your employ.

Equipment
Keys should be carefully controlled to prevent their duplication. Remove all keys from all vehicles when not in use. Be aware if keys disappear or re-appear without explanation.

Labour

5. Websites and publications

See the websites mentioned elsewhere in this chapter.

www.muur.co.za lists the names of victims of farm attack Security Focus the official magazine of the Security Industry of Southern Africa. The online version, as well as other security publications may be found at www.secpub.co.za www.sahrc.org.za the SA Human Rights Commission website. A copy of their report on farms and farm attacks may be found here. www.saps.gov.za South African Police Services. The Crime Prevention option takes you Farm Attacks. www.crimeline.co.za, a Primedia initiative which had led to the arrest of nearly 900 criminals by December 2009. Tip-offs can also be smsed to 32211. www.mjhood.co.za the FAQ option takes you to questions relating to firearm licences. www.dcs.gov.za website of the Department of Correctional Services. www.doj.gov.za Department of Justice The Open Society Foundation for South Africa (OSF) www.osf.org.za has a Criminal Justice Programme. www.ifsecsa.com IFSEC South Africas Securex is South Africas largest security event. National Directory on Services for Victims of Violence and Crime contains the information of more than 1500 organisations and government services in all nine provinces. The directory can be used as a quick resource to access specialised services for victims, court preparation and support, protection and investigation services, social services centres as well as shelters and crisis centres. It can be accessed at the national department of Social Development (DSD) as well as at all non-governmental organisations working with the department. Visit www.dsd.gov.za for contact details. Perpetrators of farm attacks: An Offender Profile, D Mistry & J Dhlamini, 2001. Institute for Security Studies. Oorwin Plaasaanvalle, Lukas Swart. Order it at www.akska.co.za

Good relations and communication with farm workers is crucial. Know every person, who his/her family is, where they come from. Depending on your relations with them, they could be included in a farm watch system. Certainly they should be encouraged to be alert on security matters and to report anything unusual alien motor cars, strangers on the farm etc. Reward your workers for useful hints and information. Have copies of your workers identity documents. Be aware of unusual behaviour and activity on their part especially if you have just hired or retrenched somebody e.g. if they vacate their posts without any reason.

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Money
As far as possible, avoid keeping large sums of money on the premises.

National issues
Water
See the separate chapters on Water Storage, Boreholes and Windmills, Irrigation, and Waste Management

Phones
Always have a cellphone as an alternative to your landline. Cellphones should have the telephone numbers of the police and farm watch keyed in for easy access during an emergency. Test your telephones, sirens and alarm systems regularly.

House
An electric perimeter fence is a good idea. Failing that, a four-foot fence to keep the dogs around the house. Have security chains on the doors, and peepholes to see who is at the door. Dont sleep in a place where you are visible from the outside. Security gates should be installed at the sleeping quarters inside the house as well as outside. (It goes without saying that you should have burglarproofing and an effective alarm system). Dont go outside at night to investigate noises. Call the police or farm watch. Erect a fence, rather than a wall, around the house, to ensure better visibility. Have a first aid kit; know what is in it. Have a torch or two handy, preferably in a strategic place in the house.

1. Overview
South Africa is semi-arid, with the climate varying from desert and semidesert in the west to sub-humid along the eastern coastal area, with an average rainfall of about 450 mm per year, well below the world average of about 860 mm per year. Evaporation is high and as a result, South Africas water resources are, in global terms, scarce and extremely limited. Water resources in South Africa are comprised of the following three sources in the order of magnitude: surface water (77%), return flows (14%) and groundwater (9%). The following table presents the water resource allocations per water user group: Water user/sector Agriculture Domestic Urban Rural Industrial Afforestation Mining Power generation Proportion of allocation 62% 27% 23% 4% 3,5% 3,5% 2,5% 2%

Communication & Social

Have an emergency plan and practice it with your family so that each one of them know what to do. Let your family know what your movements are. Liaise with your local police station or agricultural union on what the law allows you to do. Be attentive when you hear conversations of unusual events. Encourage a safety consciousness amongst your colleagues.

Farm Layout
Dont plant trees or shrubs near gates. These are hiding places for perpetrators. Be aware of gates that are closed when they ought to be open.
Sources: Perpetrators of farm attacks: An Offender Profile, D Mistry & JDhlamini, 2001; www.agrisa.co.za; www.saps.gov.za and Kobus Visser (Agri SA).

Source: Water for Growth and Development (WfGD) Framework, 2009

The agricultural sector is the largest water user in the country, consuming some 62% of the entire available water resources (do we need to point out to the reader that this contributes to jobs, rural welfare and the countrys food security?) The challenge is to achieve a higher output with the same or less water. It is essential to enhance the productivity of water, and thereby improve the competitiveness of domestic agriculture in the global economy. Agriculture is also facing increasing competition for water resources from domestic and industrial users. The quality of our water is a national issue. Water use behaviours which have a detrimental effect on our water resources include industrial and mining pollutants and poor maintenance of waste water treatment works. Farmers export markets are threatened, and the price water tariffs increase owing to the costs of the treatment systems required to make increasingly toxic water fit for human consumption. The necessity for water makes it a human security issue. Water-centred knowledge and consciousness are vital. Water Conservation and Demand Management (WCDM) should be high on our agenda.

2. Associations involved
Agricultural Business Chamber Tel: 012 349 1315 / 082 441 2308 www.agbiz.co.za Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) Tel: 011 486 1102 www.ewt.org.za

Find the Energy & Resources menu option on the website. The EWT runs the Healthy Rivers Programme.

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Environmental Monitoring Group (EMG) Tel: 021 448 2881 www.emg.org.za

purification and distribution of water for domestic, institutional, agricultural and industrial, commercial and other use. Most of them are members of the SAAWU Their aim is to strengthen the the South African Association of degree of participation, ownership Water Utilities. and responsibility of organisations and communities in the Water Institute of South Africa management of their environment. (WISA) Their focus is on relationships Tel: 011 805 3537 between individuals, groups and www.wisa.org.za government particularly where www.ewisa.co.za these relationships impact the natural environment. The Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA) is a voluntary The Mvula Trust non-profit association of 2 300 Tel: 011 403 3425 members comprising water www.mvula.co.za sector professionals, interested parties, companies, government The largest NGO supporting water departments, educational & and sanitation development in research institutions, local South Africa authorities and associated organisations. National Water Forum (NWF) TAU SA (Louis Meintjies) WISA aims to build expertise, Tel: 012 804 8031 share knowledge & improve quality CSIR (Dr Paul Oberholser) of life by providing platforms for Tel: 012 841 3957 / 477 the promotion, integration and application of scientific, engineering The newly formed NWF (2009) has & management knowledge and invited food retailers, agro-chemical skills in the water-cycle through its companies and mining companies to newsletters, magazines, workshops, help battle water pollution in South conferences and websites. Africa will be spearheaded by the TAU SA. It will look at ways to save WISA has 6 regional Branches and water, address water pollution by 11 Technical Divisions. farmers and secure quality water for agriculture. Water Users Associations (WUAs) include all sectors South African Association of dependent on a specific water Water Utilities (SAAWU) resource which they utilise. Tel: 011 455 0591/0176 Notes on the WUAs may be www.saawu.org.za found on www.dwaf.gov.za - take the Documents, Legislature There are 19 autonomous Water and National Water Act menu Boards, responsible for the options.

Schedule 4 of the Constitution vests the responsibility for water and sanitation services in local government. National government, however, is responsible for the regulatory function. To facilitate the management of water resources, the country has been divided into 19 catchment-based water-management areas (currently these are under revision). Eleven water-management areas share international rivers. Catchment-management agencies (CMAs) are being established to perform water-resource management functions currently performed by the departments regional offices, while water-service delivery and operations are being transferred to water-services authorities (WSAs). The department remains focused on the phased implementation of the National Water Act, 1998, (Act 36 of 1998), with a particular emphasis on implementing a new organisational structure, which includes: the National Water Resource Strategy (NWRS), published in September 2004, sets out the procedures, guidelines and overall strategy for managing water resources; developing and testing a strategy for compulsory water-use licensing to facilitate equitable access to water resources for historically disadvantaged individuals; enhancing water-use efficiency; ensuring compliance with dam-safety regulations and enhancing public safety at water resource installations; investigating and implementing appropriate institutional arrangements for the optimal management of the Working for Water (WfW) Programme; building national capacity to monitor the state of water resources, so that accurate information is used in decision-making about the use and management thereof; creating the National Water Resource Infrastructure Agency (NWRIA) to manage and develop national infrastructure. DWAs new Blue Drop Certification System hopes to encourage municipalities to improve their drinking water quality management while empowering the public with the right information about what is coming out of their taps. The inaugural National Blue Drop Report 2009 may be accessed by visiting : www.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/DWQR All water users are required by law (since 1 April 2002) to register their water use (through a Water User Association, any bulk water supplier or directly with DWA. Water-resource development and management in South Africa have, over the years, continuously evolved to meet the needs of a growing population and a vibrant economy, within the constraints imposed by nature. These developments have largely been made possible by recognising water as a national asset, thereby allowing its transportation from where it is available to where the greatest overall benefits for the nation can be achieved. All new uses of water must be licensed according to the National Water Act of 1998 this includes abstraction (amongst others for the purposes of irrigation, industry, domestic use, etc.), storage, discharge, recreation etc. The licence will specify the amount allowed to be used, with conditions attached. Even the use of water from boreholes must be registered and/or licensed.

3. National water strategy

The commercial agricultural sector utilises some 60% of this countrys water use for irrigation purposes. In a country poor in water resources, this places a considerable responsibility on all in the agricultural sector to operate within the National Water Act No 36 of 1998. Department of Water Affairs (DWA) Tel: 012 336 7500 www.dwaf.gov.za The Minister is the custodian of South Africas water and forestry resources. It is responsible for the formulation and implementation of policy governing these two sectors. While striving to ensure that all South Africans gain access to clean water and safe sanitation, the water sector also promotes effective and efficient water resources management to ensure sustainable economic and social development. South Africas Constitution and the Bill of Rights enshrine the basic human right to have access to sufficient water and a safe and healthy environment. The two Acts that enable government to fulfill these rights through the DWA are: the National Water Act, 1998, which aims to ensure that water resources are protected, used, developed, conserved, managed and controlled in a sustainable manner, for the benefit of everyone in South Africa; the Water Services Act, 1997 (Act 108 of 1997), which created a regulatory framework within which water services could be provided.

All enquiries about the registration, licensing and use of water should be directed to the following Regional Office responsible for any particular area:
Head Office Chief Director: Regional Coordination and Support Chief Director: Eastern Cape Private Bag X7485 King Williams Town 5600 Director: Operation and Maintenance Director: Institutional Development Tel: 012 336 8798 makhayap@dwa.gov.za Tel: 043 604 5402 / 082 908 6756 mnukwan@dwa.gov.za Tel: 041 586 4884 / 083 627 5920 coetzeed@dwa.gov.za Tel: 043 701 0309 / 082 807 4971 kekez@dwa.gov.za

Eastern Cape

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Director: Water Sector Support Regional Director: Forestry Director: Corporate Services

Tel: 043 604 5407 / 083 627 5929 Mbambisag@dwa.gov.za Tel: 043 604 5411 Mtobac@dwa.gov.za Tel: 043 604 5414 starkeya@dwa.gov.za Free State Tel: 051 405 9281 / 082 803 3204 ntilit@dwa.gov.za Gauteng Tel: 012 392 1301 Fax: 012 392 1304 SmitH@dwa.gov.za KwaZulu-Natal Tel: 031 336 2861/2 Fax: 031 336 2849 BadenhorstT@dwa.gov.za Tel: 031 336 2700 / 082 808 9914 BadenhorstT@dwa.gov.za Tel: 031 336 2715 / 082 804 2722 moothelalp@dwa.gov.za Tel: 031 336 2926 / 082 803 1817 ReddyJ@dwa.gov.za Tel: 031 336 2926 / 082 888 2954 MkhizeV@dwa.gov.za Tel: 013 759 7310 / 083 628 7614 MntambF@dwa.gov.za Tel: 013 759 7329 Fax: 013 755 1678 North West

The European Union is a partner to government, having provided a package of some R1.25 billion to DWEAs Masibambane programme for the period 2007-2012. It has helped fund the programme since its inception in 2001. The different acts regarding water are available under the documents menu option on www.dwaf.gov.za. Go to the Parliamentary Monitoring Group website www.pmg.org.za for Annual Reports and briefings of the Department and Water Boards.

PO Box 528 Bloemfontein 9300 Chief Director: Gauteng Private Bag X995 Pretoria 0001 Chief Director: KwaZuluNatal PO Box 1018 Durban 4000 Director: Water Services Director: Water Use and Regulation Director: Institutional Establishment Director: Corporate Services

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF)

Director: Water Use and Irrigation Development Mary Jean M Gabriel Tel: 012 846 8567/9 Fax: 012 846 8576 DWUID@daff.gov.za
Source: www.gcis.gov.za/docs/publications/yearbook/water_forestry.pdf. Refer to the latest yearbook on www.gcis.gov.za for a comprehensive overview of National Strategy.

4. Training and research

Find the education option under Publications on the Water Research Commission (WRC) website www.wrc.org.za. It includes the career guide Water@Work - focusing on potential careers in the water sector. ARC Institute for Soil, Climate and Water (ISCW) Tel: 012 310 2500 Fax: 012 323 1157 www.arc.agric.za In South Africa, with low and erratic rainfall, water is the biggest constraint to agricultural production. This is exacerbated by a high evaporation rate, runoff and deep drainage. A large percentage of research and technology development at the ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water (ARCISCW) is focused on water use efficiency in both dryland and irrigated crop production. Due attention is also paid to the effect of declining water quality on crops. Areas of water management such as improving dryland water use efficiency through water harvesting and conservation agriculture; managing water quality in the environment and for agricultural use; drought and flood monitoring and response farming to climatic conditions are but a few water issues addressed. ARC-ISCW is committed to improving water management in South Africa with its ever-increasing water shortages. CSIR Water, Environment & Forestry Technology Tel: 012 841 3225 www.csir.co.za International Water management Institute (IWMI) Tel: 012 845 9132 www.iwmi.cgiar.org Improving water and land resources management for food, livelihoods and the environment Local Government SETA (LGSETA) Tel: 011 456 8579/0 www.lgseta.co.za This is the Sector Education and Training Authority (SETA) related to water. National Nuclear Regulator www.nnr.co.za A National Nuclear Regulator (NNR) report in the beginning of 2008 suggested serious problems with the countrys water supply, including radioactive contamination, unsafe dams, waste spills, and the possibility of radioactive material entering the food cycle. University of Pretoria Water Institute Prof Eugene Cloete Tel: 012 420 3265 eugene.cloete@up.ac.za

Mpumalanga Chief Director: Mpumalanga Private Bag X11259 Nelspruit 1200 Director: Water Services Support

Chief Director: North West Private Bag X5 Mmabatho 2735 Chief Director: Northern Cape Private Bag X6101 Kimberley 8300

Tel: 018 387 9547 / 083 629 8991 lobokengc@dwa.gov.za

Northern Cape Tel: 053 830 8804 / 082 809 2306 snydersl@dwa.gov.za

Limpopo Province Chief Director: Limpopo Region Private Bag X9506 Polokwane 0700 Director: Organisation and Development Director: Operations and Maintenance Director: WRM Tel: 015 295 1237 / 082 807 5643 Matukaa@dwa.gov.za

Tel: 015 290 1216 Cell: 083 627 5914 shakerm@dwa.gov.za Tel: 015 290 1230 / 082 804 2886 shakerm@dwa.gov.za Tel: 015 290 1463 / 083 293 6331 KomapeM@dwa.gov.za Western Cape Tel: 021 950 7208 / 082 809 2218 khanr@dwa.gov.za

Chief Director: Western Cape Private Bag X16 Sanlamhof 7532

In addition to research and education, a short short course of water quality management and effluent treatment is also presented. For more information contact Elmarie Otto at Tel: 012 Technologies for environmental 420 3824 or email elmarie.ott@up. assessment and management, ac.za terrestrial resource, forestry, water resource management, coastal The Capacity-building and development and forest products. knowledge-sharing arm of WISA can be found at www.ewisa.co.za

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Water Research Commission (WRC) Tel: 012 330 9058 www.wrc.org.za

The WRC has been particularly active in building learning networks, a good example being its leadership role regarding the Water Information Network Find the Research menu option (WIN), which aims to strengthen on the WRC website. the capacity of water services at local government level. Capacity building through water research projects is no longer The WRC has been involved in confined to academic institutions. many initiatives which are Africa Increasingly, science councils and based and Africa focused. It has even smaller firms of consultants expanded its role as an active have been including significant member of the Global Water numbers of students in the research Research Coalition (GWRC). teams they appoint to undertake contract research for the WRC.

The Institute of Landscape Architecture: www.ila.org and the University of Pretorias School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture are two other contacts. The great journal/magazine Urban Green File runs articles and news for the environmental design/planning fraternity. In this journal, many articles on actual projects where stormwater management have been deliberately applied have appeared over the last few years. Contact the editor for their archive (accessible on-line) and permission to access it: infrastructure@brookepattrick.co.za or www.brookepattrick.com

6. Companies involved
Find the directory of companies on www.ewisa.co.za, the Capacity-building and knowledge-sharing arm of WISA (the Water Institute of South Africa). Also find the companies in the Water Storage, Irrigation and Waste Management chapters. ABC Hansen Tel: 012 804 2033 www.abchansenafrica.co.za Carin Bosman Sustainable Solutions Tel: 087 940 2771 www.cbosss.com

5. Websites and publications

Charting Our Water Future: Economic frameworks to inform decision making (November 2009). This report from the 2030 Water Resources Group shows that one-third of the worlds population will have a 50% deficit in water supply by 2030 if no action is taken, but that growing water scarcity can be mitigated affordably and sustainably if action is taken now. Find the executive summary at http://us-cdn.creamermedia. co.za The Water Wheel is a two-monthly magazine on water and water research. Tel: 012 330 9058 The booklet Water Resources Management Charges is available from the Department: Water and Environmental Affairs. Hundreds and hundreds of publications are available from the Water Research Commission. Contact them at 012 330 0340 or email orders@wrc.org.za. Visit www.wrc.org.za to see what is available. On www.eldis.org find the report Water and the rural poor: interventions for improving livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa, authored by J Faures and G Santini and produced by the Land and Water Development Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Addressing the linkage between water and rural poverty in the region, it discusses conditions for success and proposes water-based, context-specific, and livelihood-centred approaches to poverty reduction in rural areas. A publication WATER Sewage & Effluent, a monthly magazine published by Brooke Pattrick Publications, can be obtained by contacting 011 603 3960. www.brookepattrick.com Water & Sanitation Africa (an alternate monthly publication) is published by 3S Media. Call 011 531 3300 or visit www.3smedia.co.za The following Info Paks (booklets) can be accessed at www.daff.gov. za/publications: Collecting rainwater from your roof and Wetland Values and Functions. Relevant websites would include: The Department of Water Affairs www.dwaf.gov.za. A twenty-one page report Water conservation and Water Demand management Strategy for the Agricultural Sector may be found here. Numerous other reports and resources can be accessed here including State-of-River Reports (part of the River Health Programme) and Groundwater guidelines. www.wisa.co.za and www.ewisa.co.za Water Institute of South Africa www.africanwater.org an independent initiative dedicated to the promotion of sustainable water resources management and use www.worldwatercouncil.org The World Water Council See also the websites of the different Water Boards e.g.www.umgeni. co.za and www.magalieswater.co.za The World Wildlife Fund Sanlam Living Waters Partnership blueprint was launched in 2009, and outlines specific actions to ensure that healthy freshwater ecosystems underpin economic and social wellbeing in South Africa. Find it at www.panda.org.za/livingwaters

Included in ABC Hansens products is equipment for wastewater Quality and value today for a treatment. sustainable tomorrow Absolutely Water Tel: 011 907 8377 www.absolutelypurewater.co.za Water purifying systems Agri-Africa Consultants Tel: 021 886 6826 / 082 950 9294 www.agri-africa.co.za Clear Water Technology Tel: 051 446 1581 www.clearwatersa.co.za Water treatment systems Crystal Clear Tel: 011 640 6445 info@crystalclear.co.za

Water management is one of their Water Treatment Processes and areas of expertise. Environmental Training services Agro-Hytec Distribution (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 863 2884 www.agrohytec.co.za Eco Aqua Technology Tel: 021 853 1388 www.ecoaquatech.co.za

Water purification systems Importers and distributors of organic and environmentally FBF Organics friendly water and irrigation Tel: 033 346 1444 treatment products www.fbforganics.com Akwasolv Tel: 082 903 4457 / 072 084 1441 www.akwasolv.co.za Water recycling solutions Aquamat Tel: 012 346 3242 / 011 472 1311 www.aquamat.co.za Water purification Applied UV Tel: 021 448 6721 www.applieduv.co.za Remediation of wastewater from mills, breweries, abattoirs and pig slurries Free Water Systems Tel: 0860 728 392 www.freewater.co.za Water Conservation Systems Hanna Instruments Tel: 011 615 6076 www.hannainst.com

To do with storm water management:

Landscape SA Karyn Richards (editor). Tel: 011 268 6904. Email karyn@eaglepub.co.za Environmental Management Carol Knoll (editor). Tel: 011 268 6732. Email carolk@global.co.za

Water quality measurement and control technology: technically A non-chemical method to treat advanced yet easy-to-use contaminated water equipment for the agricultural industry Biobox Systems Tel: 012 803 7601 Hemcro Africa www.biobox.co.za Tel: 012 841 4958 www.hemcro.co.za Water recycling Water Treatment Projects and Biolytix project management Tel: 044 532 7544 / 082 333 5720 www.biolytix.co.za A wastewater treatment system

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Janet Edmonds Consulting Tel: 082 828 7953 Janet.jec@edelnet.co.za

Senter 360 Tel: 018 469 1331 www.senter360.co.za

7. International overview
African Water Association www.afwa.org Africa Adapt Knowledge sharing for Climate Change adaption. Visit www.africa-adapt.net Global Water Research Coalition (GWRC) www.globalwaterres earchcoalition.net International Water Management Institute (IWMI) produces public goods tools and knowledge to help developing countries gain more crop per drop from water used to grow food. Visit www. iwmi.org World Water Council, a global movement for a water secure world www.worldwatercouncil.org The latest World Water Development Report, the third published since 1999, provides a comprehensive analysis of the state of the worlds freshwater resources. To access the full report, go to http:// webworld.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdrwwdr3/Index.shtml A report released by the World Economic Forum in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland on 29 January 2009 stressed the urgency of the water crisis. The following points were highlighted in the report: By 2025, water scarcity could affect annual global crop yield to the equivalent of losing the entire grain crops of India and the US combined (30% of global cereal consumption); but food demand will grow 70-90% by 2050. Glaciers, which are a source of water for many rivers, are slowly disappearing and the majority is anticipated to disappear by 2100. Rivers are also close to being drained as they supply water to irrigation systems and reservoirs. The result is that the environment suffers. Within two decades, water will become a main investment opportunity. With good regulation, this will enable the mobilisation of finances for water infrastructure and technology.
Source: NEPAD Business Foundation

Permit applications: Water Use Irrigation equipment Licenses South African Bureau of JoJo Tanks Standards (SABS) Tel: 013 262 3012 Tel: 012 428 6844 www.jojotanks.co.za Water Analysis Provincial contact details are available on the website. Southern Trident (South Africa) MBB Services International Tel: 041 467 0871 Tel: 021 887 1026 www.southerntrident.com www.mbb.co.za Suppliers of Aquasafe, a low tech NviroTek Labs solution in ensuring safe drinking Tel: 012 252 7588 water www.nviroteklabs.co.za SRK Consulting Independent analysis of soil, water, Tel: 011 441 1111 www.srk.co.za plants, fertiliser and feed P & B Lime Works Tel: 028 424 1157 www.pandblime.co.za Terrapin Tel: 011 516 4000 www.terrapinn.com

The event managers responsible for Clarifying and purifying domestic the annual Africa Water Congress and general purpose water (find the Water option on their website). Water for Africa Tel: 012 336 9800 Roundabout Water Solutions www.waterforafrica.com Tel: 011 807 4280 www.playpumps.org

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2. Roleplayers

National issues
Women
1. Overview
Improving the status of women is a vital step necessary to alleviate poverty and reduce population growth in Southern Africa. In most African countries, women are the main producers of agricultural products, especially staple foods. They generally work longer and harder than men. If development is to be pursued in an efficient manner, women must be provided with much better opportunities and support. All societies experience gender asymmetries. In no region of the developing world are women equal to men in social and economic terms. Although legislation sometimes awards women the same formal rights as men, actual practice is to the disadvantage of women in the sense that practice originates from tradition, which prioritises the man and his family. Therefore, women and girls bear the largest and most direct costs of these inequalities, but the costs cut more broadly across the society. The last half of the 20th century saw great improvements in the absolute status of women and in gender equality in most developing countries. With few exceptions, female education levels improved considerably. The primary enrolment rates of women nearly doubled in Africa, rising faster than boys enrolment rates. Womens life expectancy in developing countries has increased by 15-20 years, and more women have joined the labour force. In much of Africa, however, women still obtain land rights chiefly through their husband as long as the marriage endures, often losing these rights when they are divorced or widowed. Women continue to have systematically poorer command over a range of productive resources, including education, land information, and financial resources. Moreover, young and particularly married women are suffering from HIV/Aids epidemic, which reduces the workforce and productivity in agriculture and leave many children as orphans. Gender inequalities impose large costs on the well being of men, women and children, profoundly affecting their ability to improve their lives. In addition to these personal costs, gender inequalities reduce productivity in farms and enterprises, thus impeding prospects for reducing poverty and achieving economic progress. Gender inequalities weaken a countrys governance and hence, the effectiveness of its development policies. Gender inequalities also impose costs on productivity, efficiency, and economic progress. By hindering the accumulation of human capital in the home and the labour market, and by systematically excluding women or men from access to resources, public services, or productive activities, gender discrimination diminishes an economys capacity to grow and to raise living standards.
Source: A Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs report which can be found at www. netpublikationer.dk/um/4888/index.htm

Agri-Expo gives financial support to the South African Womens Agricultural Union (SAWAU), assistance to its congress and training to its show judges. Call 021 975 4440/1 or visit www.agriexpo. co.za Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) Tel: 012 804 2966 / 3186 sndema@fanrpan.org www.fanrpan.org In 2009 FANRPAN launched its three-year pilot project on Women Accessing Realigned Markets WARM.

South African Womens Agricultural Union (SAWAU) Tel: 013 282 4626 www.savlu.org Some SAWAU members are directly involved with farming, whether part time or full time. Crops include fruit, vegetables and seedlings, livestock and poultry. The adding of value to products is also common drying, preserving, bottling fruit; making jam; selling eggs; and the processing of feathers and wool.

Opportunities are set to increase, particularly as tourism becomes better established in the country. National strategy, which would have more women involved in National Women in Agribusiness agriculture, is also advantageous and so it is possible for women to Co-operative (NAWACO) Tel/fax: 035 870 3978 exploit opportunities and access Tel: 072 140 9379 help, finance and skills. Based in KwaZulu-Natal, Nawaco targets women with an interest in agribusiness. It provides information on how women can take advantage of the agribusiness sector. Sanlam COBALT Tel: 021 947 4506 agri@sanlam.co.za www.salam.co.za Women are capable plan-makers, especially those on farms who help keep the farming business going with their innovative entrepreneurial activities. But regardless of their considerable contribution to wealth creation on the farm and the knock-on effect in job creation for the neighbouring communities, their work is not often lauded. This national umbrella organisation has branches in towns across the country and in Namibia. Women in Agriculture and Rural Development (WARD) structures exist in most provinces. Contact your Provincial Department of Agriculture. Alternatively, a contact is Ms C Molo. Fax her at 043 683 1011 or call 083 521 9630. Women on Farms Project Tel: 021 887 2960 /1/2 www.wfp.org.za

Builds organisation amongst women in agriculture by building their capacity as agents of change and as leaders. Womens programmes include health, cooperatives, labour rights, land and housing, Find details of the annual search for trade justice, social security and the top women entrepreneurs on trade competencies. Subscribe to the website. their Plasfokus newsletter. General contacts of relevance to women Awesome South Africa Tel: 033 347 2247 www.awesomesa.co.za Black Sash Tel: 021 461 7804 http://blacksash.org.za Their Wonderful Women Gathering addresses the role of women in tackling negative perceptions and influencing positive change in the country The Black Sash has regional offices in the Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal

It is not for nothing that we speak of Mother Earth. The female designation is logical for that which gives, supports and nurtures life. Women have always been involved in agriculture. Whether this is in the role of stand-by-your-man, the wife who is intricately involved in activities on the farm, or whether she runs an agricultural enterprise on her own, women and the land go together.

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Business Womens Association (BWASA) Tel: 011 486 0186 info@bwasa.co.za www.bwasa.co.za

With branches across the country, the BWASA is the largest association of professional and businesswomen in SA. It helps women to grow in confidence with career guidance and business opportunities. It also facilitates the matching of suitable mentors with mentees. Its Development Fund assists with education, development, growth, empowerment and uplifting of women. The aim of the Commission, as set out in section 187 of the Constitution, is to promote gender equality and to advise and make recommendations to Parliament or any other legislature with regard to any laws or proposed legislation which affects gender equality and the status of women. Find out about the Women Development Programme.

South African Women Entrepreneurs Network (SAWEN) Tel: 012 394 1657 / 06 www.sawen.org.za

This dti initiative is a networking forum for individuals and organisations that are committed to the promotion and advancement of women entrepreneurs through the facilitation of access to business opportunities. SAWEN is a Public Private Partnership which is run by Women In Business.

Commission on Gender Equality Tel: 011 403 7182 Tel: 015 291 3070 Tel: 021 426 4080 Tel: 043 722 3489 Tel: 031 305 2105 Tel: 051 430 9348 www.cge.org.za Foundation for the Development of Africa Tel: 082 490 5584 www.foundationdevelopment-africa.org Gender Justice Tel: 021 423 7088 www.genderjustice.org.za

South African Women in Dialogue (SAWID) Tel: 012 845 2041 / 33 www.sawid.co.za Technology for Women in Business programme (TWIB) Tel: 012 394 9500 www.thedti.gov.za/thedti/ twib.htm Thuthuzela Care Centres (TCC) Tel: 012 801 2717 Tel: 047 568 6274 An initiative aimed at improving the availability of comprehensive services for rape and sexual assault survivors in South Africa. There are 10 TCCs to date, and a further 7 are planned by the end of 2012. To end violence against women

Their flagship project is the One Man Can Campaign which supports men and boys to take action to end domestic and sexual violence and to promote healthy, equitable relationships that men and women can enjoy passionately, respectfully and fully. Based at the University of Pretoria

Tshwaranang Legal Advocacy Centre Tel: 011 403 8230 Tel: 013 795 5294 www.tlac.org.za WDB Investment Holdings Tel: 013 795 5429

Institute for Womens and Gender Studies Tel: 012 420 3898 marinda.maree@up.ac.za

WDB Micro-Finance is a not-for-profit organisation which has been providing rural women with capital in the form of group loans and basic training for over a decade. This network extends across the housing and construction professions, housing finance institutions, government, nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), and academic institutions.

Isivande Womens Fund (IWF) The Fund provides finance for startTel: 0861 843 384 ups, business expansion, business rehabilitations and turnarounds, franchises and bridging finance. Find more under the Gender & Women Empowerment option at www.thedti. gov.za. Masisizane Womens Housing & Financial Services Cooperative Tel: 083 720 9525 Nafcoc Womens Chamber Tel: 011 807 6644 www.nafcoc.org.za NISAA Institute for Womens Development Tel: 011 854 5804/5 contact@nisaa.org.za www.nisaa.org.za People Opposing Women Abuse (POWA) Tel: 011 642 4345 carrie@powa.co.za www.powa.co.za South African Council for Business Women Tel: 021 975 1794 South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) Tel: 011 484 8300 www.sahrc.org.za This is a Community-Based Non-Profit NGO which focuses on the abuse of women and womens issues. They run a production loan scheme for small agricultural projects and food security projects.

Women for Housing Tel: 011 275 0268 www.womenforhousing. org.za Women in Finance Tel: 084 353 9865 www.womeninfinance.co.za Women in Oil & Energy of SA (WOESA) Tel: 011 880 7479 info@woesa.com www.woesa.com Women in Research Dr Siphokazi Koyana Tel: 012 481 4156/54/66 www.nrf.ac.za/wir Womens Legal Centre (WLC) Tel: 021 4424 5660 info@wlce.co.za www.wlce.co.za Womens Net Tel: 011 429 000 www.womensnet.org.za

A non-profit organisation that promotes women in the oil and energy sector.

An NGO undertaking research into gender-based violence (GBV) in Africa

The WLC seeks to advance the struggle for equality for women, particularly black women, who suffer socio-economic disadvantage, through the promotion and development of human rights for women. Using ICTs strategically to create a society where women and girls are agents of social change

The SA Council for Businesswomen is a dynamic, vibrant and powerful agent of change and development for all levels of businesswomen.

There are numerous other sector-specific womens associations e.g. Women in Information Communication and Technology (WICT), Womens International Shipping and Trading Association (WISTA), Association of South African Women in Science and Engineering (SA-WISE), African Women Chartered Accountants (AWCA), Women in Nuclear (WIN).

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3. National strategy
The disempowerment of black women predates even apartheid, and the arrival of the Dutch and English colonialists in the 17th century. Black women were disempowered through customary laws and practices such as polygamy and patriachalism, which made the role of women vastly inferior to that of men. During apartheid the majority of black women suffered the triple oppression of race discrimination, gender discrimination and class discrimination. The National Machinery for Advancing Gender Equality (often abbreviated as NMG) was developed following the 1995 World Conference on Women in Beijing, as part of a National Gender Policy. Key components within the NMG are: Ministry of Women, Youth, Children and People with Disabilities situated within the Presidency Gender Units or Focal Points (GFP) situated in line departments Joint Monitoring Committee on Improvement of Quality of Life and Status of Women (JMC) Commission on Gender Equality (CGE) NGOs who work in the field advance gender equality Most government initiatives e.g. AsgiSA, the Expanded and Public Works Programme (EPWP) favour women.
Source: Excerpts from the National BEE Handbook covers women empowerment admirably.

Department of Trade & Industry (DTI) Gender & Womens Empowerment Unit Tel: 012 394 1604
Find the Gender & Women Empowerment menu option at www.thedti.gov.za

Ministry of Women, Youth, Children and People with Disabilities Tel: 012 300 5575 / 16 / 80 www.wcpd.gov.za Provincial Governments run programmes of which women may take advantage. Find out what is happening in your province.

4. International business environment

An international website www.womeninagriculture.com Find the African Women in Agricultural Research and Development programme at www.genderdiversity.cgiar.org Leading Women in Africa www.leadingwomenofafrica.com is a pan-African movement uniting women leaders in order find ways and means to contribute to the maintenance of peace and stability in the continent through the unity and Economic empowerment of Women of Africa in the 21st century. www.fcem.org the World Association of Women Entrepreneurs (Les Femmes Chefs dEnterprises Mondiales FCEM) www.icrw.org International Centre for Research on Women. This site includes information about international research projects, seminars, social policy issues, grants, advocacy efforts, and publications. The focus is primarily on women in developing and transition countries. Feminist theory website includes 5 000 bibliographic references, nearly 600 internet links, material on feminism in 130 different countries and indepth profiles of 80 internationally-known feminists. www.cddc.vt.edu./feminism Links to womens studies and gender research www.nikk.uio.no Gender, Science and Technology for Development http://gstgateway. wigsat.org Women for Women International helping women survivors of war rebuild their lives www.womenforwomen.org Women Organizing for Change in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (WOCAN) www.wocan.org UNIFEM www.unifem.org is the United Nations Development Fund for Women. It provides financial and technical assistance to innovative programmes and strategies to foster womens empowerment and gender equality. The Southern Africa Regional Office is based in Johannesburg. Contact details and an online contact form can be found on the website. The African Womens Development Fund (AWDF) www.awdf.org is a grant-making foundation which supports local, national and regional organisations in Africa working towards womens empowerment. Email address for general enquiries, grants department, fundraising department and the capacity building unit are given on the website. Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW) is the largest international organisation for rural women. Visit www.acww.org.uk Rural Women New Zealand www.ruralwomen.org Of all the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs), goal number five preventing womens deaths during pregnancy and childbirth is generating the least resources and lagging furthest behind. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) www.unfpa.org - is an international development agency supporting countries to use population data for policies and programmes to reduce poverty and to ensure that every pregnancy is wanted, every birth is safe and every girl and woman is treated with dignity and respect. World Congress of Rural Women is a global event held every four years to discuss challenges facing rural women. The last event was in South Africa (2007). Rural women are one of the most marginalised groups in the world. They make up a quarter of the total world population, but own 2% of the land and receive 1% of all agricultural credit (Markinor Survey reported in Mail & Guardian 2 May 2007).

All national departments are involved in empowering women. The weighting on the BEE scorecard underscores this. Industry-specific programmes are run, and some tenders are set aside for women. Find out what is available by contacting the different departments or by visiting their websites. Find contact details at www.info.gov.za Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Directorate: Gender Mainstreaming Tel: 012 319 7211 The annual Female Farmer of the Year competition was initiated by the former national Department of Agriculture in 1999 in partnership with provinces and the private sector. The aim was to empower women in the agricultural sector by recognising their contributions and increasing their visibility. Whereas women were originally involved in food production mainly for subsistence, they are now competitors in local and international markets and positively making a qualitative contribution to poverty alleviation. Owing to the expanded mandate of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, the competition changed its name to take into account female producers/entrepreneurs of all sectors. From 2010 , it is now Female Entrepreneur of the year. Entry forms, reports and guiding documents may be found on www.daff. gov.za. One of the objectives of Strategic Plan for South African Agriculture is to enhance access and participation to agricultural opportunities for all, especially those not traditionally being part of agriculture. Focus will be on, amongst other things, start-up support packages for these new entrants to farming. Women, Black people, the disabled and the youth of all races are the focus of this objective. The Strategy aims to promote new entrants into the agricultural sector, without penalizing existing commercial farmers. Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Strategy (ISRDS) Agricultural development is a vital element of the ISDRS. A successful agricultural sector will form an important component of integrated and sustainable rural development and vice versa. All three tiers of government have to contribute directly to this strategy by providing appropriate and integrated agricultural support services to the rural poor and new and emergent farmers. Women, young people and the disabled feature as the main targeted groups in this regard.
Source: From the Strategic Plan for Agriculture.

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5. Local business environment

While the governments of developing countries are becoming more aware of the role of women in food production and food security, macro-economic and agricultural policies and programmes in many countries have not adequately helped rural women to make use of resources. Governments policy support must include improving rural womens access to agricultural, financial and social services such as education, health, sanitation and clean water supply. Moreover, womens access to land needs to be considered as the foundation of all economic activities and social development. Awareness must be fostered among policy makers, planners, village heads and male farmers of the benefits resulting from womens access to land in terms of family and national food security. Institutions providing education, training and other resources and services to improve the agricultural productivity of farmers must be strengthened, particularly in the provision of these services and resources to women. Retraining of male extension workers is recommended, in order to strengthen their skills in working with women farmers. There should also be retraining of female extension workers to make their knowledge and work more relevant to the major productive activities of women farmers. An overhaul is needed of rural financing systems and adjustments should be made to national credit and financial policies, including relaxing the requirements for collateral and co-signing by a womans husband for a loan, and allowing for alternative forms of collateral including group guarantee. Improved technology is required to improve women farmers productivity to decrease labour demand and drudgery and to maintain or rehabilitate soil conditions and fertility. Small-scale women farmers are creditworthy and need financial support to acquire the improved technology with which they can improve their socio-economic situation and thus, the food security of their families. Innovative collaborations should be established between autonomous, decentralised rural financing systems and agricultural and rural development programmes, whereby the latter are responsible for providing technical assistance for increased productivity and the former are responsible for providing credit for improved inputs, based upon local savings capacities, to ensure ownership of development and sustainable progress.

Lack of marketing opportunities is an important constraint to increased production by women food producers in particular. Credit for working capital and crop storage will aid producers to sell at high seasonal prices. Improved access to marketing groups, small-scale traders cooperatives and expanded availability of appropriate storage in local and regional markets, market information and training in marketing, accounting and management skills are required to eliminate the existing marketing constraints that women farmers face. Research should therefore be directed to identifying possibilities for surplus food production by subsistence farmers and marketing opportunities for non-officially priced agricultural produce. Collaboration between governments and intergovernmental organisations with civil society organisations can strengthen the efforts of all to improve services, education and training aimed at increasing the productivity of women farmers and hence, food security. NGOs play a pivotal role in mobilising the rural population and specifically rural women. Because they function through a more informal structure, rural people find it easier to use NGOs as their representatives in negotiations with more formally organised government institutions. The role NGOs play in supporting and representing rural populations therefore needs to be recognised. A better dialogue is needed to find out how government institutions can establish an enabling environment to further the impact of existing NGO collaboration with rural people and in particular rural women. Better training opportunities need to be made available to rural women in order to: - improve their knowledge of improved agricultural practices and crop varieties; - strengthen their leadership skills and abilities to participate better in peasant associations and decision-making processes with regard to agricultural services and inputs; - assist them in mobilising their demand for credit, agricultural research on improved crop varieties, appropriate technology extension support and other services relevant for the food security and well-being of themselves and their families.
Source: Women & The Agricultural Sector compiled by Chana Majake. The above is adapted from the original article, which can be found at www.cge.org.za

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2. National strategy

National issues
Youth
The United Nations (UN) has proclaimed an International Year of Youth starting on 12 August 2010. Find out about the UNs Programme on Youth at www.un.org/youth

Find the National Youth Development Agency Act (Act No. 54 or 2008) at www.nyda.gov.za and the National Youth Policy 2009 2014 document at www.info.gov.za Previous legislative policy framework such as the National Youth Commission (NYC) Act 1996 and NYD 2000 outlined institutional arrangements for youth development. These were reviewed by various stakeholders from 2007, and in April 2009 cabinet approved the National Youth Policy (NYP) for 2009-2014 which details a number of policy imperatives. This is to be followed up with an Integrated Youth Development Strategy that sets out specific plans to give effect to the policy propositions. National attempts to empower youth focus on employment initiatives and small business development support, in the belief that solving the economic problems of youth will in turn make them less vulnerable to other social problems. Work experience opportunities include internships, learnerships, apprenticeships and national youth service. The establishment of a National Youth Service has been viewed as a mechanism to encourage voluntary and service activities by young people to support community and national developments, whilst simultaneously accessing new opportunities for skills development, employment and income generation. Read more at www. nysu.org.za Forty percent of the youth between the ages of 18 and 24 are neither in employment, education institutions nor in workplace training. This means that they are not productively engaged due to, among others, very limited access to post-school education and training opportunities, poor resources, the lack of financing and the restricted availability of jobs. This is a huge wastage of human potential and a squandered opportunity for social and economic development.
Source: A speech by Dr Nzimande, Minister of Higher Education and Training, reported in Buanews 30 June 2009

1. Overview
Challenges faced by youth can become national crises in ten or twenty years time. But while youth can represent the threat of social unrest, they also represent the opportunity for lasting change and transformation. In a way that is impossible to achieve through our current systems and institutions, youth bring the potential for new mindsets and approaches to old problems, with the chance to permanently erase systemic faults in our world that no amount of social engineering can change. The built-in willingness of youth to try new solutions and to challenge ageold problems can be channelled towards highly creative developments in any society that is willing to be youth-focused. South Africa will experience a youth bulge in its population curve for the next four decades. This is called a demographic dividend because it boosts the size of the working population and is an opportunity to boost economic growth and innovation. After the youth bulge, South Africa will face other challenges, and hopefully will have built up the strength to move more of the economy over to technology and knowledge intensive activities. Against this backdrop, the importance of changing perceptions about agriculture among the youth has been highlighted, particularly by government. There is more to agriculture than simply planting crops. Agriculture is a science and a business.
Source: Michael Stuart, writing for the National BEE Handbook

The challenge is to create jobs for the people we have now, not those we hope to have one day when our education system is vastly improved. This means focusing both on lower-wage, start-up jobs and strategies to provide access to work for the young and unskilled and not only on formal, higher paid employment. About three-quarters of the unemployed are young. The official unemployment rate for people between the ages of 15 and 24 is almost 20% higher than the rate for the population as a whole. In 2007, 72% of 15- to 30-year-olds who wanted a job had never worked before. Unemployment at an early age often scars people for life. Young people excluded from the labour force for long periods are deprived of on-thejob learning, leaving them with permanent skills deficit. On the other hand, young people are the quickest learners. Skills acquired in youth are deeply ingrained. If we cant find everyone a job and the truth is that we cant we should focus on the young.
Source: extracts from the Centre for Enterprise Developments 5-Million Jobs document at www.cde.org.za

Recognising that youth is a challenge beyond any one ministerial mandate, all government departments have some youth focus, be this bursary schemes, internships, mentorships and incubator programmes (in mid 2009, the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries announced a budget of over R22 million for its envisaged National Youth Service for Agriculture programme). Find contact details and websites for government departments at www.info.gov.za The Buanews newsletter is an excellent way to stay in touch with various initiatives for youth. Visit www.buanews.gov.za to subscribe.

3. Other roleplayers
See the Agricultural Education and Training and Careers and Employment chapters. National Young Farmer of the Year competitions are run through the channels of organised Agriculture (find details of the different farmer unions in the Organised Agriculture chapter). Find the information under heading 6. An annual Young Farmer Conference is run by Agri SA. Commodity organisations like NERPO (see the Beef chapter) are also involved.

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Agri-Expo Tel: 021 975 4440 www.agriexpo.co.za Business Today Training Tel: 011 873 8240 Gordon@businesstoday.co.za Centre for Development and Enterprise (CDE) Tel: 011 482 5140 www.cde.org.za Centre for Youth Development (CYD) Tel: 011 410 6837 / 8 www.cyd.org.za Childrens Institute University of Cape Town Tel: 021 689 5404 www.ci.org.za Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) Tel: 011 313 3911 reubenm@dbsa.org www.dbsa.org Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) Tel: 012 302 2000 tmasilela@hsrc.ac.za www.hsrc.ac.za/ypi The June 16 1976 Foundation www.june16.org.za Junior Achievement SA (JASA) Tel: 011 832 2632 www.jasa.org.za Offices exist in all provinces (find contact details on the website) JumpStart Handbook Tel: 011 517 4076 info@jumpstarthandbook.co.za www.jumpstarthandbook.co.za National Youth Commission (NYC) National Youth Development Agency Tel: 08600 96884 Fax: 011 805 9709 www.nyda.gov.za Find provincial and municipal contact details on the website.

Agri-Expo initiated the National Agricultural Youth Show Association in 1999 and is still involved. Entrepreneurship and fascinating Life Choices training for youth. Find research reports on youth e.g. South Africas door knockers: Young people and unemployment in metropolitan South Africa and the more recent 5-Million Jobs.

Santam Agriculture Tel: 012 369 1202 Hannes.duplessis@santam.co.za www.santam.co.za

Santam Agriculture has been supporting young farmers for the past five years at the annual Young Farmer of the Year competition. It also recently established, together with 40 young farmers, the Western Cape Young Farmer Forum. SLOT is an NGO that has a success rate of 45 60% in either placing their students in formal employment, or helping them start their own ventures. They are specialists in job preparation and job creation. NERPOs subsidiary youth development and agribusiness entity

School Leavers Opportunity Training (SLOT) Tel: 033 398 0508 / 9 / 10 www.slot.co.za

The Childrens Institute is a leader in child policy research and advocacy in South Africa. Run through its Young Professionals Programme, Siyenza Manje is aimed to support the growth of skills at local government level. The HSRC runs a Youth Policy Initiative. Several resources on its website will be useful to people planning youth empowerment projects.

South African Youth Agribusiness Co-operative (SAYA Co-op) Mr Aggrey Mahanjana Tel: 012 361 9127 / 348 8566 Strategy & Tactics Tel: 021 424 4837 www.s-and-t.co.za

S&T managed the task team that drafted the white paper on the National Youth Service, its attendant business plans and implementation strategy. Find the Youth Development Unit option on the website. See National Youth Development Agency A NERPO project with other strategic partners to help unemployed young agricultural graduates enter the agricultural sector.

Tshwane Municipality Tel: 012 358 4493 / 768 www.tshwane.gov.za Umsobomvu Youth Fund (UYF) Young Agribusiness Entrepreneurial Development Programme (YAEDP) Mr Aggrey Mahanjana Tel: 012 361 9127 / 348 8566 Youth in Agriculture and Rural Development (YARD) Mr N Phungo 072 676 4306 phungon@webmail.co.za Youth Development Network (YDN) Tel: 011 836 2172 www.ydn.org.za

Details of all programmes are on their website. Of special interest here is the Enterprise Dynamics Programme which runs for 3 hours, once a week for 11 weeks. It costs a commitment fee of R50.

A career guide and life skills annual targeted at Grade 9 to Grade 12 learners in schools countrywide. See National Youth Development Agency The agency is a result of a merger between Umsobomvu and the Youth Commission. Part of its functions are to facilitate the roll-out of youth economic participation, undertake policy, research and development, provide advisory and information services and promote access to funding. The agency will fast-track the implementation of programmes that affect young people in areas of entrepreneurship, skills development, education, rural development, health as well as the fight against crime.

A national network of six youth developmental organisations operating in South Africa. YDN has an excellent website with resources including manuals, tools, publications, and research. Find the national and international links to other youthrelevant roleplayers. This is a project of the Free State Youth Commission to provide information and news for youth development. The website provides information on job opportunities, political rights, basic financial skills, health and sexuality, education and careers, starting a business, and safety and the law. Youth Managers is a private entity which provides consulting services focused on Youth Development in Financial Literacy, Enterpreneurship and Leadership.

Youth Information Service (YIS) Tel: 051 400 8301/021 683 4515 www.yis.org.za

Youth Managers Clement 076 273 7416 Mabutho 079 551 1662 Sandile 072 783 0811 http://youthmanagers.co.za

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4. National Agricultural Youth Show

The future of agriculture lies within the attitude of the youth towards agriculture. The National Agricultural Youth Society is a non-profit organisation that strives to encourage youth and to engender a love for agriculture. Each province has its own trial where the two best contestants per section proceed to the nationals. Currently there are ten provinces that participate in the championship. A full provincial team consists of 87 children if they participate in all fifteen sections. Each section has two age groups juniors for children under 14, and seniors for children under 18. All participants must be scholars and they compete for the province where they attend school. There are fifteen classes in which children compete i.e. beef catle, dairy cattle, meatgoats, milchgoats, fibregoats, woolsheep, muttonsheep, horses, pigs, chickens, rabbits, fancypigeons, racingpigeons, home industries and dairy products. Each class is judged in different sections. This is one of the most wonderful opportunities for children to work with animals and as a positive introduction to agriculture. All children are welcome. For further information, contact Hennie Prinsloo at 082 671 9712.
Source: Aubrey Pistorius

The programme starts each year with an invitation to educators to attend a free one-day permaculture workshop. Educators who acquire permaculture skills become food security champions in their communities. They are encouraged to develop food gardens that yield much-needed food for hungry school children. School grounds are transformed into healthy, greened environments and educators are empowered to share their food gardening skills with learners, other educators and members of the school community. Once schools have developed gardens, they enter their projects into a national competition. They receive ongoing support and advice from permaculture experts who visit schools and then select 63 finalists. All finalist schools win a cash prize as well as environmental, health and gardening resources. Additional prize money and resources are awarded to the winners of the emerging, intermediate, advanced and provincial categories. EduPlant is run by Food & Trees for Africa. Contact details for schools wishing to participate in EduPlant Tel: 011 803 9750 Email: info@trees. org.za Website: www.trees.co.za. Educational materials for schools linking permaculture to the active learning curriculum are also available.
A DVD documentary showcasing the Woolworths Trust EduPlant programme as a model of a systemic-solution that works towards the eradication of poverty in our time is available from the Woolworths Trust. Contact Jackie Busch, 021 424 1530, jackie@liquidlingo.co.za

5. Toyota SA National Young Farmer of the Year

For details of their young farmer work, contact other farmer unions like TAU SA and NAFU SA (details in the Organised Agriculture chapter). Entry requirements: The candidate must be 35 years of age or younger on the day that entries for the competition closes. The enterprise size and compilation of the candidate is not important, i.e. the chances of a game/livestock farmer, grain/fruit/wine farmer or a mixed farmer are equal to win the competition. The candidate may farm on his/her own or in association with others. In the latter case, the candidate must have specific allocated responsibilities and decision-making authority on which he/she will be judged. Candidates can only enter the competition as individuals (e.g. brothers are not allowed to enter as a team but they can enter as individuals and compete against each other for the title). The candidate must be a fully paid member of the Provincial Agricultural Union. Winners may not enter the competition again. The evaluation panel is compiled from unbiased experts on specific agricultural fields and they use an objective scientific method to appoint a national winner based on certain predetermined international management criteria. The panel of judges will visit all finalists on their farms. The decision of the panel of judges is final and no reasons or comments will be given to candidates. The competition runs along provincial lines (through the Provincial Agricultural Unions e.g. Free State Agriculture). The finalists from the provinces go through to national level. Budgets and financial records, production management and marketing, risk management, maintenance, labour relations and organisation, and community involvement are all factors considered by the judges.
Source: Adapted from notes sent by Free State Agriculture

The South African Youth Charter

Preamble Recognising South Africas legacy of oppression, particularly against its youth, and forging ahead in our new democracy, youth and government commit to upholding a Youth Charter for enhancing youth development and participation in our country. Recognising that youth, as defined by National Youth Commission legislation, are not homogenous, the Youth Charter upholds rights of all youth irrespective of race, gender, sex, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth. Upholding South Africas Constitution, the National Youth Policy and other legislation, the Youth Charter espouses values of youth as critical resources in our democracy and active citizens in building millennium communities. In realising this vision, youth and government will: develop and implement local youth policy and agenda; create a conducive environment for youth development and participation, including creating institutional support for youth development; allocate resources (human and financial) for achieving vision of effective and efficient implementation of youth policy; create and sustain communication mechanisms that facilitate clear, accessible and transparent dialogue between all relevant stakeholders; ensure optimal participation and consultation of all youth in government planning processes; develop and implement programmes, in consultation with youth, for the advancement of youth development and service; periodically review and evaluate governments implementation of youth policy and programmes; establish mechanism for affirming and educating youth about governance and national youth service; support youth structures and work with youth to address critical socio-economic and developmental challenges facing communities; create and sustain spaces for cultural, recreational and sports activities. This Youth Charter is a testament to our struggle, as youth, for a democratic South Africa. It binds all South African youth, in all their diversity, and government, to ensure the effective realization of National and Local Youth Policy.
Source: www.gautengonline.gov.za

6. The Annual Woolworths Trust EduPlant Programme

The Woolworths Trust EduPlant programme, in association with the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, LandCare SA and SABC Education, promotes and supports schools in the growing of good food in a sustainable way. For more than a decade, EduPlant has helped thousands of schools to enhance food security in their communities and to improve the nutrition of their learners.

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Capacity building, science & technology

Agricultural education and training
1. Overview
The reader is referred to the separate chapter on agricultural careers and employment. Along with the provision of skills and the capacity to perform, the spin-offs of education and training go beyond the workplace and staff morale: people become agents of change and positive participators in the development of their communities. It is for good reason that education and training feature in the Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) scorecard and also receive the largest share of the national budget. The provision of Adult Basic Education and Training (ABET) is a cornerstone in the work of the Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs). Certainly generating literacy amongst farm workers remains one of the greatest challenges to our investment in people.

4. Agricultural schools
Three branches of agriculture studies are offered at these schools: Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Technology and Agricultural Management Practices, the last two being practical in nature. Agricultural Sciences is the study of the relationship between soils, plants and animals in the production and processing of food, fibre, fuel and any other agricultural commodities that have an economic, aesthetic and cultural value. It is an integrated science that combines the knowledge and skills from Physical Sciences, Life Sciences, Social Sciences, Earth Sciences, Engineering, Mathematics and Economics. This subject must be seen within the holistic science framework rather than as an isolated science. Agricultural Management Practices is the study and application of economic and management principles that are used in the production, transformation and marketing of food and other agricultural products. The foregoing principles are used in the production and value adding of high quality agricultural products that have economic, aesthetic, social and cultural value. Agricultural Technology focuses on technological processes used in agriculture to create an understanding of how processes, equipment and structures are used with people, soil, plants, animals and their products to use the environment, to sustain and maintain quality of life and to promote economic, aesthetic and sound cultural values. Schools that offer all three (Agricultural Schools) are listed here. For a list of other schools which offer Agricultural Sciences but are not classed as Agricultural Schools, contact Mr EP Nel (details under heading 2). Schools where we were unable to confirm contact details are marked with .

2. Associations Involved
South African Agricultural Teaching Association (SAATA) Chair: Mr EP Nel Tel: 056 216 3826/ 083 556 5947 nelepn@edu.fs.gov.za Association of Principals of Agricultural Colleges (APAC) Marius Paulse Tel: 021 808 5018/9 judig@elsenburg.com Agriculture Sectoral Education and Training Authority (AgriSETA) Jerry Madiba Tel: 012 301 5600 www.agriseta.co.za The AgriSETA Board offers financial support to you as employer and employee in respect of training and development programmes. See heading 9.

Mpumalanga
School Contact Details

Beestepan Agricultural High School Tel: 013 297 1697 / 082 682 2923 (Middleburg) Fax: 013 246 7118 Perdekop Agricultural High School Tel: 017 785 1028 / 082 828 4917 (Perdekop) Fax: 017 785 1028 Morgenzon Landbou Akademie (Morgenzon) Tel: 017 793 3089/58 Fax: 017 793 3270 mla@jenny.co.za www.hsmorgenzon.co.za Tel: 013 733 3224 Fax: 013 733 3226 Cell: 072 238 0501 / 072 369 5878 mpcollege@absamail.com Tel: 017 730 0094 Fax: 017 730 0094 Cell: 082 682 0550

OTHER
FOODBEV Tel: 011 253 7300 www.foodbev.co.za FIETA (Forestry SETA) Tel: 011 712 0600 www.fieta.org.za Mathews Phosa College (Schagen)

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

The merger of Agriculture with Forestry and Fisheries is expected to take some time. Find updates to relevant directorates on www.daff.gov.za Of major importance is the Agricultural Education and Training strategy (AET Strategy). Find it on www.daff.gov.za take the Divisions menu option. The AET Strategy is concerned with the provision and maintenance of sound education and training to support an environmentally and economically sustainable agriculture. Other government departments of relevance are the Department of Basic Education, and the Department of Higher Education and Training (see separate chapter). Find contact details at www.info.gov.za

Sinethemba Agricultural High School (Piet Refief)

Suikerland Agricultural High School, Tel: 013 790 1191 (Malelane) Fax: 013 790 1190 Mahhushe Agricultural High School Tel: 013 780 7064 (Kwalugedlane) Fax: 013 780 7064 Cell: 083 289 5872 Umzimcelo Agricultural School (Ermelo) Horskool Middelburg (Middleburg) Tel: 017 819 5820 Fax: 086 615 9445 umzimvelo@askit.co.za Tel: 013 282 7393/4/5 Fax: 013 282 4402 middies@ananzi.co.za

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North West
School Horskool Sannieshof (Sannieshof) PH Moeketsi Agricultural High School (Taung) Kromellenboog Combined School (Christiana) Horskool Wagpos (Brits) Contact Details Tel: 018 683 0011 Fax: 018 683 0476 Tel: 053 994 1845 Fax: 053 994 1846 jdekock@webmail.co.za Tel: 053 441 9100 / 082 447 6612 Fax: 053 441 2791 Tel: 012 255 5646/7 Fax: 012 255 5568 www.wagposhs.co.za

Northern Cape
School Hor Landbouskool NoordKaapland, (Jan Kempdorp) Horskool Martin Oosthuizen (Kakamas) Contact Details Tel: 053 456 0424 Fax: 053 456 0425 landbouskool@intekom.co.za Tel: 054 431 0884/5 Fax: 054 431 0443

Western Cape
School Boland Agricultural High School (Windmeul) Hor Landbouskool Oakdale (Riversdal) Augsburg Landbougimnasium (Clanwilliam) Contact Details Tel: 021 869 8143 Fax: 086 582 0547 info@bolandlandbou.co.za Tel: 028 713 2549 Fax: 028 713 3248 Tel: 027 482 2120/2 Fax: 027 482 1850 admin@augsburg.wcape.school.za

Limpopo
School Dimani Agricultural High School (Shayandima) Kheto Nxumalo Agricultural High School (Giyani ) Harry Oppenheimer Agricultural High (Limburg) Tshipakoni Agricultural High School (Vumani ) Settlers Agricultural High School (Settlers) Hor Landbouskool Kuschke (Eerstegoud) Merensky High School (Tzaneen) Contact Details Tel: 015 964 3520 Fax: 015 964 1416 tshivhasefc@vodmail.co.za Tel: 015 812 3313 Fax: 015 812 4200 Tel: 015 426 0006 Fax: 015 426 0046 Tel: 015 912 ask 41 Tel: 014 730 0211 Fax: 014 730 0290 www.settlers.co.za Tel: 015 225 7026/7 Fax: 015 225 7029 kuschke@mweb.co.za Tel: 015 305 7901/2 Fax: 015 305 7903 www.hsmerensky.co.za

Free State
School Weiveld Landbouskool en Hotelskool (Parys) Horskool Kroonstad (Kroonstad) Horskool Hendrik Potgieter (Reddersburg) Jacobsdal Agricultural High School (Jacobsdal) Unicom High School (Tweespruit ) Bultfontein Horskool (Bultfontein) Contact Details Tel: 056 817 6688 Fax: 056 817 6689 Tel: 056 212 4551 Fax: 056: 212 5434 www.blouskool.co.za Tel: 051 553 0129 / 082 451 5188 Fax: 051 553 0129 Tel: 053 591 0050 Fax: 053 591 0061 lanties@schoolink.co.za Tel: 051 963 0013 Fax: 051 963 0128 Unicom-hs@mwebbiz.co.za Tel: 051 853 1140 Fax: 051 8531676 bulties@schoolink.co.za

Gauteng
School Horskool Bekker (Magaliesburg) Contact Details Tel: 014 577 5936/7 Fax: 014 577 5938/9 www.hsbekker.co.za

KwaZulu-Natal
School Contact Details Tel: 033 267 7920 / 083 799 7806 Fax: 086 512 9604 www.weston.co.za Tel: 034 982 2261 Fax: 034 980 8708 finance@vryheidlandbou.co.za Tel: 035 879 1075 Fax: 035 879 1077 Tel: 033 251 0328 Fax: 033 251 0094 mwzakhe@mweb.co.za

Eastern Cape
School Phandulwazi Agricultural High School (Alice) Hor Landbouskool Marlow (Cradock) Winterberg Agricultural High School (Fort Beaufort) Contact Details Tel: 082 491 9044 Tel/fax: 040 653 8758 Tel: 048 881 3121 Fax: 048 881 3192 www.marlow.co.za Tel: 046 645 1168 Fax: 046 645 1518 www.winagric.co.za

Weston Agricultural College (Mooi River) Vryheid Landbou Skool (Vryheid) James Nxumalo Agricultural High School (Ulundi) Zakhe Agricultural College (Umgungundlovu)

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5. Agricultural Colleges
Agricultural Colleges offer higher education for those wanting to follow a career in agriculture, as well as further education training (FET). Agricultural Colleges offer higher education for those wanting to follow a career in agriculture, as well as short courses, known as further education training (FET). They are linked to their Provincial Department of Agriculture (PDA), e.g. Cedara is linked to the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs and Rural Development. Further Education Training (FET) i.e. short courses are offered in animal production, crop production, as well as in areas like tractor maintenance and the safe handling of chemicals. A document, Structured Training Programmes, listing all short courses, may be found on www.daff.gov.za. Alternatively, contact the Agricultural College of your choosing. Institution and Province Cedara KwaZulu-Natal Elsenburg Western Cape Fort Cox Eastern Cape Glen College Free State Grootfontein Eastern Cape Lowveld Mpumalanga Madzivhandila Limpopo Owen Sithole KwaZulu-Natal Potchefstroom North West Taung North West Tompi Seleka Mpumalanga Tsolo Agricultural College Eastern Cape Contact Details Tel: 033 355 9304/5 Fax: 033 355 9303 http://agriculture.kzntl.gov.za Tel: 021 808 5451 Fax: 021 884 4319 www.elsenburg.com Tel: 040 653 8038 Fax: 040 653 8040 www.agr.ecprov.gov.za Tel: 051 861 1248 Fax: 051 861 1122 http://fsagric.fs.gov.za Tel: 049 842 1113 Fax: 049 842 1477 Http://gadi.agirc.za Tel: 013 753 3064 Fax: 013 755 1110 Tel: 015 962 7200 Fax: 015 962 7231 www.lda.gov.za Tel: 035 795 1345 Fax: 035 795 1379 http://agriculture.kzntl.gov.za Tel: 018 299 6636 / 66 Fax: 018 293 3925 Tel: 053 994 9800 Fax: 053 994 1130 Tel: 013 268 9300/1/2 Fax: 013 268 9305 tompiseleka@webmail.co.za Tel: 047 542 0025 / 107 Cell: 082 301 9829 www.agr.ecprov.gov.za

Central University of Technology (CUT) School for Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Tel: 051 507 3113 www.cut.ac.za A National Diploma in Agricultural Management (3 years) and a B Tech: Agriculture (Degree) is offered. An M. Tech and D. Tech are research options. Research is done in the fields of Agricultural Management, Animal Production and Crop Production. Short courses are also offered, and students and lecturers are involved in community service and frequently liaise with industry. The latter is mostly accomplished during the second year of training in the form of experiential training on a farm for a one-year period, while various assignments in most subjects also necessitates completion on a farm or agricultural business. Merit bursaries from the 2nd year of study, and Innovation fund bursaries for research projects are available. Mangosuthu University of Technology Faculty of Natural Sciences Tel: 031 907 7111 www.mut.ac.za Three year National diplomas in Plant production or Animal production offered. Bursaries are available. Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University George Campus (Saasveld) Tel: 044 801 5111 Fax: 044 801 5031 Departments within the School of Natural Resource Management are Forestry, Agriculture, Nature Conservation, Game Ranch Management and Wood Technology. The National Diploma, B. Tech degree, M. Tech and D. Tech in agriculture are offered. Port Elizabeth North Campus Tel: 041 504 3633 retief.celliers@nmmu.ac.za National Diploma in Agricultural Management; B. Tech in Agricultural Management; M. Tech and D. Tech in Agriculture. North West University Faculty of Agriculture, Science & Technology (Mafikeng Campus) Tel: 018 386 1321/9 www.uniwest.ac.za The School of Agricultural Science is made up of three disciplines, two centres and an experimental farm. The disciplines are Animal Science, Crop Science and Agricultural Economics and Extension. Subjects like Zoology, Botany and Microbiology are offered at the Potchefstroom Campus (Faculty of Natural Sciences). The contact number there is 018 299 1433. Stellenbosch University Faculty of AgriSciences Tel: 021 808 4833 www.sun.ac.za Programmes offered are Agricultural Economics and Management, Animal Production Systems, Conservation Ecology, Crop production Systems, Food and Wine Production Systems, Forestry and Natural Sciences, Agricultural Production and Management. Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Department of Agronomy Department of Horticultural Science Department of Food Science Sustainability Institute (Part of the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences) Tel: 021 808 3728 samways@sun.ac.za Tel: 021 808 4803 browne@sun.ac.za Tel: 021 808 4900 hortsci@sun.ac.za Tel: 021 808 3578 voedselw@sun.ac.za Tel: 021 881 3196 www.sustainabilityinstitute.net

6. Universities and Further Education (FET) Colleges

Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) Faculty of Applied Sciences Tel: 021 959 6230 Fax: 021 864 5274 info@cput.ac.za www.cput.ac.za National Diplomas in Agricultural Management and Agriculture (Animal Production or Crop Production), Horticulture, Consumer Science, Environmental Health, Environmental Management, Food Technology and Nature Conservation are offered. B Tech and M Tech qualifications in these areas are also offered.

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Tshwane University of Technology Faculty of Science Tel: 012 382 6208 www.tut.ac.za Contact details for the Departments of Animal Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Technology, Crop Science, Horticulture, Nature Conservation and Environmental Health are available on the website. University of South Africa (UNISA) College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Study-info@unisa.ac.za www.unisa.ac.za The College is situated within the Florida Campus on the corner of Christiaan de Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Florida, Johannesburg. College lecturers offices are situated in the B Block. In addition, a Science Hub is to be developed on the Campus that will house comprehensive laboratory and other facilities to enrich our students learning experience. One of the Colleges greatest strengths is the close working relationships we have with industry and government. This is a major benefit to our students because it means, first of all, that our qualifications have been specifically designed to meet the skills needs of employers. Another advantage is that these relationships create many opportunities for our students to gain practical or research experience by working on projects that we run with government or industry partners. This College is one of the few higher education providers in the agricultural and environmental sciences that offer technikon-type and university-type programmes under one roof. In Agriculture, for example, we offer a National Diploma and B.Tech in Agricultural Management as well as a generic B.Sc. (Agric). The College is committed to teaching, research and community participation in order to meet the needs of South Africa, the SADC region and Africa as a whole. SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND LIFE SCIENCES Department of Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology the focus is on agricultural management, animal health, community agriculture and social development. This department also hosts the Unit for Indigenous Technological Knowledge Services. Agriculture 011 471 2341 Animal Health 011 471 2984 Human Ecology 011 471 3103 Department of Life and Consumer Sciences Life Sciences e.g. Animal physiology, biochemistry, botany, biology, microbiology and zoology 011 471 3604 Consumer Sciences e.g. Food, clothing and textiles, nutrition and hospitality 011 471 3438 SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES The Department of Environmental Sciences focuses on nature conservation, horticulture and landscaping, and environmental monitoring and management. Environmental Sciences 011 471 3222 Horticulture and Landscaping 011 471 3138 Nature Conservation 011 471 2163 The Department of Geography offers undergraduate degrees in environmental management and geography modules up to doctoral level. 011 471 3689 / 2084 CENTRE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Tel: 011 471 2143

University of Fort Hare Faculty of Science and Agriculture Tel: 040 602 2232 Fax: 086 628 2403 www.ufh.ac.za Departments in the School of Agriculture and Agribusiness are: Agricultural Economics and Extension; Agronomy; Livestock and Pasture Sciences. Departments like Geography, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) etc are housed within the School of Biological and Environmental Sciences or the School of Physical and Computational Sciences. AGRIPARK Tel: 040 602 2126 agripark@ufh.ac.za They establish developmental projects with local communities as partners through University and external funding. Agricultural Information Centre Manager Tel: 040 602 2403 / 082 200 3550 University of the Free State Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences PO Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 Tel: 051 401 2322 E-mail: natagri@ufs.ac.za www.ufs.ac.za/natagri Head of Department Agricultural Economics Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences Architecture Centre for Environmental Management Centre for Microscopy Centre for Sustainable Agriculture Chemistry Computer Science and Informatincs Consumer Science Telephone 051 401 2250 051 401 2211 051 401 2332 051 401 2863 051 401 2264 051 401 2163 051 401 9212 051 401 2754 051 401 2304

Disaster Management Training and Education Centre for 051 401 2721 Africa Genetics Geology Geography Institute for Groundwater Studies Lengau Agricultural Development Centre Mathematics and Applied Mathematics Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology Paradys Experimental Farm Physics Plant Sciences Quantity Surveying and Construction Management Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences Urban and Regional Planning Zoology and Entomology 051 401 2261 051 401 2515 051 401 2255 051 401 2175 051 443 8859 051 401 2190 051 401 2311 051 401 2396 051 443 9011 051 401 2926 051 401 2514 051 401 248 051 401 2212 051 401 3210 051 401 2427

The University of the Free State presents a number of short courses for commercial and emerging farmers. These are presented in Afrikaans, English or Sesotho. To find out about the financial planning and strategic management courses offered by the Centre for Agricultural Management, call 051 401 2557 or email vdmerwec@ufs.ac.za

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University of KwaZulu-Natal (PMB) Faculty of Science & Agriculture Tel: 033 260 5808 www.ukzn.ac.za The schools related to agriculture are: - School of A gricultural Sciences and A gribusiness A gricultural Economics; A nimal and Poultry Science; Dietetics and Food Nutrition; Forestry; C rop Science; Horticultural Science; Plant Breeding; C ommunity Resources. - School of Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology and Plant Pathology - School of Biological and C onservation Science - Environmental Science Other Schools in the Faculty include Chemistry, Mathematical Sciences, Chemistry etc. Fourteen (14) Centres are linked to the Faculty including the African Centre for Crop Improvement; the African Centre for Food Security; and the Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development. Details of all of these can be found on the website. University of Limpopo Faculty of Sciences, Health & Agriculture Tel: 015 268 2203 www.ul.ac.za The most relevant branch here (for readers of this directory) is the School of Agriculture & Environmental Studies. The Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (Agricultural Economics, Agronomy, Horticulture, Animal Production or Pasture Science) and Bachelor of Agricultural Management in Animal Production are offered. Readers may be interested in other qualifications too e.g. Bachelor of Nutrition and Bachelor of Science (offered in Biological Sciences, Soil Science etc). University of Pretoria Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Tel: 012 420 3201 www.up.ac.za Departments within the School for Agricultural and Food Sciences are: Consumer Science; Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development; Plant Production and Soil Sciences; Animal and Wildlife Sciences; Centre for Nutrition; Centre for Wildlife Management; Post Graduate School for Agriculture and Rural Development; Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa; South African Institute for Agricultural Extension; SADC Centre for Land Related, Regional and Developmental Policy. Other schools within this faculty are the School for Biological Sciences, the School for Physical Sciences and the School of Mathematical Sciences. Also of relevance to agriculture, of course, is the Faculty of Veterinary Science. The contact telephone number there is 012 529 8000. University of Venda School of Agriculture Tel: 015 962 8310 / 408 www.univen.ac.za

The School of Agriculture offers Agricultural Economics, Animal Science, Agricultural and Rural Engineering, Family Ecology and Technology, Forestry, Horticultural Sciences, Plant Production, Soil Science. There is also a Centre for Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation and a separate School of Environmental Sciences. University of Zululand Faculty of Science and Agriculture Tel: 035 902 6649 / 6065 www.uzulu.ac.za The Agricultural Department covers Agronomy, Animal Science, Economics, Extension and Rural Development.

7. AgriSETA: short courses

The agricultural sector over many years got used to the so-called Short courses. Boskop offered these with great success. The single, most important problem was that the learners never received recognition on the successful completion of these courses. During the past years much effort has been invested in finding a solution to this problem. So-called Unit Standards were designed which ensures that the incumbent complies with minimum standards. Now such training is certified and learners receive officially recognised certificates.
Primary and Secondary qualifications, Citrus Modules, Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape qualifications are listed on the website www.agriseta.co.za

8. Some AgriSETA accredited training providers

Find the comprehensive list on www.agriseta.co.za. Accredited training providers in related sectors can be found on the websites of FOODBEV and the forestry SETA, FIETA. Visit www.foodbev.co.za and www.fieta.org.za. Buhle Farmers Academy Tel: 013 665 4001 buhlefarmers@telkomsa. net (see advert on page 126) Dew Crisp Farms (Pty) Ltd. Tel: 011 840 1600 Dicla Training Tel: 011 662 9024 www.diclatraining.com Earth Innovations Tel: 043 726 9900 www.earthinnovations.co.za Elgin Learning Foundation Tel: 021 848 9413 www.elf1.co.za Grain Training Institute Tel: 0861 484 678 (see advert on page 126) Institute of Natural Resources Tel: 033 346 0796 Flori Horticultural Services Tel: 013 866 7432 / 082 564 1211 Koue Bokkeveld Training Centre Tel: 023 317 0983 joy@xpoint.co.za KwaZulu-Natal Poultry Institute (KZNPI) Tel: 033 346 0049 www. kznpi.co.za Mthonyama Dev. Enterprise & Agric./Soc. Consultants Tel/fax: 043 643 3429 /5367, Tel: 043 642 2214

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NWGA - National Wool Growers Association of South Africa Tel: 041 365 5030 www.nwga.co.za Rainman Landcare Foundation Tel: 031 783 4412 www.rainman.co.za SASRI Tel: 031 508 7400 Shukela Training Centre Tel: 031 508 7735 Skills for Africa Tel/fax: 012 379 4920 www.skillsafrica.co.za (see advert on page 125) Umnga Farmers Group Tel: 045 933 1318

11. Agricultural Research Council (ARC) training

The ARC Institutes are able to structure courses upon request. The numbers of persons accepted for the courses and the costs vary and are obtainable from the contact numbers. Grain and Industrial Crops Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Business Division Tel: 021 809 3100 Institute for Industrial Crops (ICC) Tel: 014 536 3150 Courses cover orchard and vineyard management, post-harvest Courses on tobacco, cotton and technology and processing etc. fibre crops are presented. Public Support Services Business Division Grain Crops Institute (GCI) Institute for Agricultural Tel: 018 299 6100 Engineering (IAE) Courses are offered on the Tel: 012 842 4000 production of dry beans, sunflowers, soy beans, groundnuts, Courses are provided as required in the fields of mechanisation, soil maize and sorghum. conservation structures and animal housing. Small Grain Institute (SGI) Tel: 058 307 3400 Institute for Soil, Climate and Water (ISCW) A regular course on wheat Tel: 012 310 2500 production is focused on extension officers and students. Other courses Specialised courses are structured on small grains are presented as components of research and on demand and in collaboration service programmes in the fields of with commercial and developing water harvesting, soil science and climate studies. agricultural industries. Livestock Business Division Animal Production Institute Tel: 012 672 9111 Included amongst courses offered are those to do with animal production and management, pastures, cheese and yoghurt production, meat processing and carcass cutting. Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute Tel: 012 529 9111 Courses offered include applied veterinary helminthology, veterinary ectoparasitology and tick identification. Horticulture Business Division Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute (VOPI) Tel: 012 841 9611 Hydroponic Vegetable Production and Basic Vegetable Production for Improved Nutrition courses are presented. Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops (ITSC) Tel: 013 753 7000 Training includes lectures as well as practical in-field demonstrations. Courses cover crop and cultivar selection, orchard floor management, pruning, post harvest handling, plant diseases and management of diseases etc. Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI) Tel: 012 808 8000 Principles of integrated pest management (IPM) for established and developing agricultural systems Handling, extraction and Identification of plant-parasitic nematodes The identification of phytophagous mites and of slide mounted specimens of selected mite families. Introductory and advanced spider identification courses Identification of some parasitic mites (Acari) of birds and domestic animals in Southern Africa. Alien plant control for land managers Beekeeping development for resource-limited farmers and for for extension workers Practical course in phytobacteriology techniques in applied entomology Introductory mycology Fungal taxonomy course Plant inspectors course for the indentification of quarantine pests and diseases Biology and control of harvester termites Transmission electron microscopy preparation and examination of biological material.

9. AgriSETA: learnerships
A learnership can by and large be compared to the well-known apprenticeship. A learnership normally covers a period of six months to one year. Thirty percent of the training is theoretical and 70% is practical. The major part of the training, at least the practical training, can be offered on the farm. Learnerships are available in the following subjects: Agricultural Management; Agronomy, Animal Husbandry and Horticulture (for both farm owner and farm worker); Fruit; Grain; Milling; Red Meat; Seed; Sugar; Sugar Processing; and Tobacco. A learnership leads to a qualification and the level of qualification starts at Level 1 Level 1 is equal to Grade 9 (or Standard 7 for those that still remember!) The highest level is level 5. AgriSETA will pay the course fees should you wish to expose your employees to a learnership. In order to provide for as many employers as possible to participate in this process, a maximum of five workers per farmer will be paid for. If an employer wants to expose more than five workers to learnerships, he is welcome to do so, but the employer will have to pay their fees himself. The charge per learner is about R15 000 for a learnership. The above is directed at permanent employees, but should you wish to offer an unemployed person the opportunity to complete a learnership, you are welcome to contact agriSETA. In the case of an unemployed person, AgriSETA will also pay for his training the cost PLUS a weekly allowance for the duration of his training. The employer will have to enter into an agreement with the learner for the duration of the learnership. The strategy is that the employer offers an opportunity to the employee to obtain practical experience in the work place. The practical experience will obviously have to be in relation to the theoretical training the learner is busy with. After completion of the learnership, the employer will have no further obligation towards the learner. By taking in such a learner you as employer get the opportunity of evaluating the person with a view to future employment. ADDITIONAL INCENTIVE: An added benefit to employers is that employers also receive tax deduction benefits once learners enrol and once they have successfully completed the learnership.
Source: www.agriseta.co.za

10. Adult Basic Education Training (ABET) and general training

Find the ABET menu option at www.agriseta.co.za

A number of AgriSETA-accredited providers offer ABET training (see heading 8). Media Works assists the SMME in sourcing learners, assessing them and then placing them on the appropriate ABET programme, supplying facilitators and overseeing examinations, where required. Media Works also helps the SMME with the relevant paperwork required to comply with the SETAs requirements to claim back the Skills Levy. Visit www. mediaworks.co.za or phone 0861 696757. Media Works has branches in Johannesburg, Bloemfontein, Cape Town, East London and Durban. Thrive Learning Facilitation makes sense of skills development and SETA accreditation processes for companies and training providers alike. Visit www.thrive.co.za or call 0861 847 483. The Rainbow SA National Skills Development Handbook, a sister publication, takes you through the skills strategy and legislation in an easy-to-understand way and provides an extensive list of training providers. Call 011 485 2036 or visit www.rainbowsa.co.za

These and other training providers are listed under the Training and research heading in the chapters of this directory.

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Capacity building, science & technology

Careers and employment in agriculture
1. Overview
There are many different careers in the agricultural industry, from farm workers to scientists. Under heading 6, these careers and academic path of study is set out. If you are considering a career in agriculture or in the agro-food industries, contact the SETAs for a list of skills that are scarce. These details can usually be found on their websites. Contact details for the relevant SETAs can be found in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. If you wish for details of ALL SETAs, visit www.skillsportal. co.za There are hundreds of other careers which touch on the world of agriculture which may not be inherently agricultural in and of themselves. A look through the different chapters of this book will give you an idea of these: there are managers, secretaries, social workers, mechanics, lawyers, politicians, meteorologists etc. In this chapter we have tried to list these options too (see headings 7 and 8). Two sources were vital in compiling this chapter: Careers in Agriculture and Water@work. Find both of these listed under the Websites and publications heading.

External Bursary Scheme The prime function of the Agricultural Bursary Scheme is to contribute towards human resources development in the agricultural sector. The bursary scheme is the major part of a comprehensive youth development programme undertaken by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. The criteria for financing shall be a combination of the subject curricula: Mathematics, Physical science, Agriculture and Biology. The Directorates main focus is to train veterinarians, viticulturists, agricultural engineers, economists, food scientists and other crucial skills for the growth of the agricultural industry. Experiential Training The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries will provide experiential training opportunities primarily for bursars in relevant study disciplines requiring experiential training as part of their qualification conditions. Experiential training opportunities may be accessible to other categories of trainees, namely unemployed graduates, volunteers provided that the following are available: adequate financial resources to accommodate such trainees; adequate infrastructure resources to accommodate such trainees; appropriate and qualified mentor(s) to supervise trainees; specific or particular duties that can best be executed by trainees.

The Directorate Education, Training and Extension Services will maintain communication and liaison with the different academic institutions regarding the progress of trainees. Internship This category targets qualified unemployed agricultural graduates and graduates in other relevant fields who needs practical hands on experience to enhance their employability. Young Professional Development Programme

2. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

The merger of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries was not complete at the time of writing this chapter. Some changes in directorates are expected. Find the latest at www.daff.gov.za

Directorate: Education, Training and Extension Services Tel: 012 319 7028 The Directorate Education, Training and Extension Services plays a major role in promotion of careers in Agriculture by offering the following: External Bursary Scheme Experiential training, Internship and Young Professional Development Programme International study programmes

This category targets young graduate in possession of requisite Bachelors degree such as B.Sc., B.Sc. Agric., B.Sc. Engineering., B.V.S. or post graduate qualification in Agriculture or natural science who would like to further their studies at Honours, Masters and PhD level in the area research leading to innovation in the critical scarce skills in agriculture. International Study Programme This programme will allow theNational Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries to provide resources to potential trainees in the agricultural field to participate in international training interventions. The focus of international programmes is on post-graduate studies and short courses.

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3. Companies involved
AgriJob Tel: 082 388 1000 www.agrijob.co.za Agricultural Placements Tel: 033 343 1106 / 082 337 1290 robbuchanan@yebo.co.za AgriVAS Tel: 033 342 9310 www.agrivas.co.za Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Tel: 051 401 2163 groenei@ufs.ac.za Country Careers Tel: 021 872 1894 admin@countrycareers.co.za www.countrycareers.co.za FW de Klerk Foundation Tel: 021 930 3622 A register is compiled of people who are prepared to make their special skills available to assist local authorities and government departments. The rationale is that if skills are needed, use South Africans rather than import these skills from elsewhere. The focus is on people older than 50 who have skills in, amongst other sectors, agriculture and local authority. HCR Development Fax: 086 670 8401 hcvd@yebo.co.za Consultation services on and Development Facilitator for Occupational Curriculum Development Mentor for persons trained as Development Facilitators. Hopkins and Calvert Tel: 021 851 3639 www.hopkinscalvert.co.za Job Junction (Pty) Ltd Tel: 015 297 6195 jobjunction1@mweb.co.za Leaders Unlimited Tel: 011 722 1600 www.leadersunlimited.co.za Overseas Opportunities Tel: 044 874 6440 www.overseas.co.za Par Excellance (Personnel Practitioners) Mariana Wait du Plessis Tel: 011 888 3433 Fax: 011 888 1225 parexcel@iafrica.com http:/users.iafrica.com/p/pa/ parexcel Personnel Practitioners specialising in the guidance, recruitment, and selection of staff for the food, beverage, packaging, and agricultural industries in (Southern) Africa. YDP Work & Travel Tel: 021 440 5160 www.ydp.co.za Agricultural internships in Australia and the USA Agricultural companies like BKB have open days for school goers (and potential future employees). Find out more on www.bkb.co.za. Others, like Suidwes, make use of learnerships to induct people into different careers. Read about learnerships in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter.

4. Websites and publications

Find the document Careers in Agriculture used as a source for this chapter at www.daff.gov.za Water@Work is a career guide focusing on potential careers in the water sector. It can be downloaded from the websites of various associations involved in that sector e.g. the Water Research Commission (www. wrc.org.za) or the Water Institute of South Africa (www.wisa.org.za) Visit the websites of the companies involved e.g. http:/users.iafrica. com/p/pa/parexcel and related associations e.g. the Association of Personnel Service Organisations www.apso.co.za and the Human Resource Council of South Africa www.hrcosa.co.za Look for menu options like Careers on agricultural websites and publications e.g. Landbouweekblad, Farmers Weekly, the SA Fruit Journal and its website www.safj.co.za, and the Poultry Information Centre website www.poultryinfo.co.za. Some company websites offering employment or set out possible careers within that company e.g. www.donaldson.co.za/careers. And the website of the Agricultural Business Chamber actually invites agricultural graduates to post their CVs on www.agbiz.co.za Call 021 975 2004 for the following recommended books: Careers in health sciences Beyond 2000 Publishers. ISBN: 978-09814108-5-2 ISSN: 1681-7737 Careers In Science, Engineering And Technology Beyond 2000 Publishers. ISBN: 978-0-9814108-4-5 ISSN: 1681- 7737 See what opportunities exist at: www.ydp.co.za (Agricultural internships in Australia and the USA) www.workerhire.com www.caepsa.co.za Worldwide Agri Exchange (opportunities here and abroad) www.jobs.co.za www.careers.co.za www.gumtree.co.za www.careerjet.co.za find the Agriculture Forestry Fishing option

5. Bursaries
For Information on bursaries, contact National Student Financial Aid at 021 763 3232 or visit their website www.nsfas.org.za Find out what is available from the National and Provincial Departments of Agriculture. DAFF bursaries can be viewed on www.daff.gov.za Select: (1) Divisions (2) Education, Training and Extension Services (3) Careers in Agriculture. The Mpumalanga Department of Agriculture, Rural Development and Land Administration is spending some R25 million on college students and upgrading the skills of extension officers, and a further R3.5 million on internships. Through the Vula Ematfuba programme, it is also supporting 76 students at higher learning institutions who are studying scarce skills such as veterinary science, crop and animal production and agricultural economy.

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Bursaries for studies in agriculture are offered by the Study Trust. Details can be found on www.studytrust.org.za. Call 011 726 5604, email info@studytrust.org.za or write to PO Box 29192, Melville 2109. Various industry associations offer bursaries e.g. The South African Association for Food Science and Technology (www.saafost.org.za), the South African National Seeds Organisation (SANSOR) and the Animal Feeds Manufacturing Association (AFMA), the Deciduous Fruit Producers Trust (DFPT), the Wool Trust. Enquire about bursaries which are available from institutions offering the training e.g. Mangosuthu University of Technology. The Citrus Academy manages a a bursary fund that supports students at every level from secondary education upwards, and at a wide range of academic institutions. AgriSETA is also a source of funding for studies. Fundisa is a subsidised account designed to foster savings for education, and aimed at lower-income groups. Savers receive a 25% bonus from government in addition to the money they save. For further info call the Stanlib contact centre on 0860 123 003. Providing bursaries is one avenue for companies who seek to fall into line with Black Economic Empowerment legislation (Corporate Social Investment). At the same time, they will be sourcing future (suitable) candidates for employment within their ranks. Find out what is available from companies within the agricultural sector in which you have an interest. Foundations offer scholarships. These are available to students across Africa even if the training happens in South Africa itself. These may be specifically related to the agro-food industry e.g. the Protein Research Foundation (visit www.proteinresearch.net) or general e.g. the Nelson Mandela Foundation. The SADC Banking Association has an Incentive Scholarship Fund. Find out more at http://www.ip3.org/projects/2520_07.htm If your area of interest is more towards the environment, find out about the Indalo Yethu Environmental Scholarship Fund. Indalo Yethus details can be found in the Biodiversity chapter. Postgraduate bursaries are offered by the Protein Research Foundation. Write to pns@proteinresearch.net

Irrigation and Drainage The agricultural engineers services involve the design of new irrigation systems, e.g. pivot and conventional irrigation systems, micro, drip and flood irrigation and drainage. They also play a leading role in the planning and design of large state water schemes, hydrological research and water usage in the Republic of South Africa. Conservation of Natural Resources Soil and water are limited but necessary for economical food production. Here the agricultural engineer can also help by means of advisory services relating to protective soil conservation and pasture systems and may get involved with the design and planning of conservation structures and safe transport systems for flood water control.
Career opportunities in Agricultural Engineering Qualification B.Sc.Eng. Agric. Duration Four years (full time) Institution University of KZN University of Pretoria Job opportunities Entry Requirement Mathematics and Physical Science, all on level 6 (70-79%)

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) ARC Universities Consulting Food Processing companies Agricultural equipment & systems manufacturers

Agricultural Economics
Agricultural economists are economists who studied economics with special emphasis on the food systems, natural resources, environmental policy and economic development, and as such whose area of specialization is focused towards the agricultural sector. They analyse and advise the optimal use of production factors for the environmentally sustainable production of food and fibres in an internationally competitive marketing milieu. They are also concerned with all economic activities, which include the manufacture and distribution of agricultural means of production, the farming process, determination of government policy concerning agricultural and consumption affairs, purchasing, processing and distribution of agricultural products, as well as the international trade policies.
Career opportunities in Agricultural Economics Qualification B.Sc. (Agric.).Agric. Economics Duration Four years (full time) Institution Universities offering agricultural degrees Entry Requirement Mathematics, Physical Science, Agricultural Science or Economics / Business Economics Level 4 (50-59%)

6. Careers in agriculture
Agricultural Engineering/Bioresource (visit www.saili.co.za)
This category of engineer plans, designs and develops the equipment or infrastructure needed for the production and processing of agricultural products and they specialise in a specific field such as agricultural mechanisation, soil and water conservation, agricultural structures, irrigation and drainage and technology for food processing. The agricultural engineering programme is termed differently by different universities namely: biological and agricultural engineering, and processing engineering and bioresource engineering. The latter is more likely to be used widely by most institutions as recommended in the academic circles. What do I need to become an agricultural engineer? You must really enjoy studying science and engineering to be able to successfully complete your studies in this field and thereby ultimately realise your dream of becoming an agricultural or bioresource engineer. Employment opportunities The employment opportunities available to the agricultural engineers include the following focus areas: Energy Sources and Mechanisation Agricultural engineers contribute through research and development of alternative energy sources and machines, testing and improvement of existing sources of machinery. Agricultural engineers also provide consultation services on implement replacement, especially expensive machinery which is not always suitable to local conditions. Farm Structures Farm structures contribute to a successful farming enterprise. The agricultural engineer creates these facilities in accordance with animals needs and product demands within the boundaries of structural durability and the sensible application of capital. This field includes buildings for intensive meat, milk and egg production; storing, drying, refrigeration and processing of a large variety of agricultural and other products; glasshouses, plastic-covered tunnels, etc for animal, flower and vegetable production.

Job opportunities Government Departments

DAFF International Relations and Cooperation Trade & Industry Labour Water and Environment Affairs (DWEA) Commercial Banks Land Bank Development Bank of SA (economists, credit consultants / advisors and commodity traders) Universities, ARC, Statistics SA (lecturer, researcher, economist)

Banking Institutions

Consulting firms, academic and research institutions

Other private organisations Media companies Consulting firms International Agencies (development) Seed companies Agribusinesses and co-operatives

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Agronomy
Agronomists are responsible for the successful growing of corn, maize, grain sorghum, groundnuts, sunflower, cotton, sugar cane, potatoes and forage crops. Agronomists must develop and implement production systems with the aim to have optimal economic production without harm to the environment. Career opportunities in Agronomy Qualification B.Sc. (Agric) For a career as an agronomist (scientist) National Diploma in Agronomy and B.Tech in Crop Production For a career as an agronomist (technician) Duration Four years (full time) Three years (full time) Institution Universities offering agricultural degrees Most Universities of Technology and Colleges of Agriculture Entry Requirement Mathematics and Physical Science level 4 (50-59%) Mathematics and Physical Science

Animal Science
Animal scientists are qualified people involved in research and development and who give advice to the livestock industry concerning the production of animals and their products. These scientists focus areas include: animal nutrition, breeding, genetics and meat science, as well as various production systems with regard to a variety of farm animals. Responsibilities of an animal scientist Animal science refers to the study of livestock in their specific environment and their products such as meat, milk, fibre, leather and the variety of products which emanate from these primary products. This includes the development of new products and the processing and marketing of animal products. Animal scientists make important contributions in various fields, through: assisting the industry to effectively utilise the natural resources of the country; researching the challenges which face the livestock producer and the livestock product manufacturer; giving advice on all animal species and their products (contribute to the livestock industry); conserving and putting to use the rich genetic biodiversity on animal species farmed in South Africa; using up-to-date biotechnology to help the livestock industry to keep abreast of the global competition it faces in animal production and products. The nature of the work varies from working directly with animals to the fundamentals of molecular biotechnology. Researchers may therefore spend their working day in the laboratory and/or physically working with animals. Consulting animal scientists find themselves in the applied situation, which requires travelling and experiencing the industry in a wide sense. Requirements: what kind of personality do I need? The most important requirement is that animal scientists should like to work with animals. Career opportunities in Animal Science Qualification B.Sc. Agric.Animal Science Duration Four years (full time) Institution Universities offering agricultural degrees Job opportunities Livestock industries Agricultural extension officers Technical adviser/manager for businesses involved in the livestock, livestock products, distributors of forage and stock remedies Teaching / lecturing Research: nutrition, physiology, breeding and processing of products Entry Requirement Mathematics, Physical Science Level 4 (5059%)

Job opportunities Agribusinesses and Agricultural co-operatives Fertiliser manufacturers Agricultural pesticide departments Universities

Agricultural Technical Services

Agricultural technicians assist agricultural scientists in their work and help with the collection of information. They also give advice and information to the farming industry. There are three groups of agricultural technicians, namely: Agricultural resource technicians Work together w ith the agricultural resource officer Involved in the classification, description and plotting of a regions natural resources. Agricultural extension technicians A ssist the agricultural extension officer C ollect information to determine the needs of extension Agricultural research technicians Help the agricultural researchers. Career opportunities in Agricultural Technical Services Qualification National Diploma in Agriculture: Botany; National Diploma in Nature Conservation; National Diploma in Analytical Chemistry; National Diploma in Agriculture: Animal Production; National Diploma in Engineering Duration Three years (full time) Institution Most Universities of Technology Entry Requirement Mathematics, Agricultural Science, Physical Science or Biology

Biological Nitrogen Fixation

What is biological nitrogen fixation? Availability of nitrogen in soil is perhaps the single most important factor limiting plant growth and crop yields. Some free-living and symbiotic bacteria directly influence availability of nitrogen in soil by conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonia in the process termed biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Worldwide BNF accounts for 65 % of the nitrogen used in agriculture, of which the symbiosis of legumes with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia is by far the most important source. Legumes such as soy beans, groundnuts, peas, beans, lentils, lucerne and clover are a major source of protein for human and animal consumption. What is needed to become a biological nitrogen fixationist? A strong interest in biological science and research is essential and the person should love to work under uncomfortable conditions with soil.

Job opportunities Government departments: DAFF and DWEA ARC Agribusinesses and agricultural co-operatives

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Career opportunities in Biological nitrogen fixation Qualification B.Sc. Agric. Or Microbiology Duration Three years (full time) Institution Most Universities Entry Requirement Biology and/or Agricultural Science and Chemistry

Job opportunities Departments of Agriculture ARC Academic institutions Food manufacturing / processing companies

Horticulture and Hydroponics

Horticulturists are involved in the application of scientifically based production systems of vegetables, fruit and ornamental plants. Hydroponics is a kind of a system of production called soilless growing where fertilisers and minerals are added to or mixed with water and supplied to plants. Horticulturists can advance their career as biotechnologists by furthering their studies in this discipline. The positions that can be found in the institutions listed in the table below, include among others, the following: Agricultural product sales Arborist Chemical research and development Consumer relations Corporate horticulturist Disease and pest manager Equipment sales Retail and wholesale sales representative Roadside marketer Seed and bulb sales and marketing Extension specialist Fertiliser sales representative Floral crop grower Floral shop manager Fruit and vegetable grower Garden centre manager Garden writer Golf course superintendent Greenhouse manager Home and commercial lawn Sod grower care manager Horticultural artist Horticultural consultant Horticultural therapist Interior plantscape designer Interior plantscape manager Landscape contractor and marketing Landscape designer Nurseryman Nursery crop grower Nursery manager Owner of horticultural business Park manager representative Park/zoo horticulturist Plant breeder Plant propagator Plant researcher Quality control specialist Radio/TV editor Teacher High school/ Junior college Urban forester / horticulturist

Job opportunities Govt research: National and Provincial Departments of Agriculture ARC research centres Private companies: commercial inoculant manufacturers Own company consultant University academics: research on legume nitrogen fixation

Entomology
Entomologists are basically involved in research to ensure plant protection. There are various categories such as plant pathology, microbiology and insect diversity. What is needed to become an entomologist? You must have a strong interest in science studies and research. Career opportunities in Entomology Qualification B.Sc. Entomology Duration Three years (full time) Institution Entry Requirement Most Mathematics, Physics Universities and Biology Level 4 (50-59%)

Job opportunities DAFF ARC Academic institutions

Food Science / Food Technology

Food scientists are responsible for food examinations and inspections to ensure that food is healthy and safe for human consumption. Their functions revolve around the following areas: investigating the basic nature of food and its nutritional, physical and chemical properties; research into new and economical production procedures; development of new and safe food products; management within companies involved in food processing and preservation. Food technologists are concerned with aspects pertaining to the production, preservation and development of high-quality foods. They also manage processing plants and quality assurance laboratories. They are charged with monitoring of food-quality standards by government bodies (namely SABS). Career opportunities in Food Science / Technology Qualification B.Sc. Food Science or B.Sc. (Agric.) Food Science for career as a Food scientist National Diploma in Food Technology and a B.Tech Food Technology for a career as a Food technologist Duration Four years (full time) Institution Most Universities Entry Requirement Mathematics, Physics and Biology or Agricultural Level 4 (50-59%)

Career opportunities in Horticulture and Hydroponics Qualification B.Sc. (Agric.) Horticulture; National Diploma or B.Tech degree in Horticulture Duration Four years for degree and three years for National Diploma Institution Most Universities, Universities of Technology, Agricultural Colleges Entry Requirement Mathematics, Physical Science, Agricultural Science and Biology

Job opportunities DAFF Botanical gardens Farming businesses Fresh produce markets Seed manufacturing companies Agribusinesses / co-operatives Private enterprises Lecturing / teaching Research institutes e.g. ARC Development organisations

Four years

Most Universities of Technology

(As above)

Microbiology
Microbiology is the study of micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses and protista that can only be seen with a microscope! We can call them the unseen multitudes! All living organisms have the metabolic ways to grow, reproduce and maintain themselves. A single bacterial cell, under the best conditions, can produce in less than a day more than a billion descendants. Viruses are not alive, they need a living host to survive. Today

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we define a virus as a noncellular infectious agent. Protista are dominated by eukaryotic organisms that are single celled. Different protista differ in their characteristics and nutrition. What does a microbiologist do? A microbiologist works mostly in a laboratory or a place where a microscope can be installed. It can be anywhere in the field of nutrition, agriculture, medicine, ecology, pharmacology, cosmetics, marine life or any place where animals and plants or people live! Identification is by means of DNA karyotyping. Characteristics needed to become a microbiologist Such a person must have a keen interest to work in a laboratory, an inquiring mind and good concentration; must be accurate and exploring. He or she must have a love for botany, zoology (biology), genetics and, in general, for living and very small things. The candidate must be self-motivated and mechanically inclined. Career opportunities in Microbiology Qualification Duration Institution Most Universities and Universities of Technology Entry Requirement Matric exemption (not for Universities of Technology). Average 50% for Mathematics; 50% for Physical Science; Biology passed B.Sc. (Agric.) Four Microbiology years (full time)

Pasture / Grassland Science

Pasture/Grassland Science deals with all aspects of the conservation, improvement and utilisation of natural and established pastures. The pasture/grassland scientist answers questions such as how often, how severe and at what time of the year should grazing plants be defoliated, how many animals can be kept on a certain pasture and why is it necessary to put up fences and make camps. Career opportunities in Pasture / Grassland Science Qualification Duration Institution Most Universities and universities of Technology Entry Requirement Mathematics, Agricultural Science and/or Biology Level 4 (50-59%) B.Sc. (Agric.) Three Grassland/ years (full pasture; time) National Diploma in Nature Conservation

Job opportunities Departments of Agriculture National Parks various sections of nature conservation Fertiliser and seed companies

Soil Science
Soil scientists specialise in the development of soil, profile differentiation and morphology. Also concerned with soil fertility, classification and chemistry. The various divisions with focus areas of specialization comprise the following: Soil survey and analyses Scientists study soils by means of profile pit observations or by drilling with mechanical augers and then do physical and chemical laboratory analyses. The results obtained (also compiled as maps and aerial photographs) are used as vital information for infrastructural planning (urban planning, regional planning, roads, pipelines, power lines, etc.) and agricultural management purposes. Soil physicists and hydrologists study and research problems relating to water and soil interactions, soil-air permeability, formation of ploughsoles, etc. Soil chemists and fertility specialists are concerned with soil nutrients availability and deficiencies using specialised techniques for the purpose of compiling the most effective fertilisation programmes. Soil biologists the focus here is on transformations brought about by micro-organisms. Career opportunities in Soil Science Qualification Duration Institution Entry Requirement Mathematics and Physical Science Level 4 (50-59%) B.Sc. (Agric.) Soil Four years Most Science for a career (full time) Universities as a soil scientist and universities of Technology National Diploma: Three Soil Science for a years (full career as a soil time) technician Most universities of technology

Job opportunities National ARC centres National, provincial departments of agriculture Food industries Wine cellars Lecturing / teaching Private companies

Plant Pathology
Plant Pathology is defined as the study of the organisms and environmental conditions that cause disease in plants, the mechanisms by which these factors cause disease, the interactions between these causal agents and the plant (effects on plant growth, yield and quality), and the methods of managing or controlling plant disease. It also interfaces knowledge from other scientific study fields such as mycology, microbiology, virology, biochemistry, bioinformatics, etc. Plant pathologists are scientists concerned with the understanding of the dynamic processes involved in plant health. Their work is more research orientated. Career opportunities in Plant Pathology Qualification B.Sc. Agric. In Plant pathology Duration Three years (full time) Institution Universities offering agricultural degrees Entry Requirement Mathematics and Physical Level 4 (50-59%)

(As above)

Job opportunities Research: national and provincial government. departments ARC Agrochemical companies Seed companies Fertiliser companies University academics Farming and nurseries Pharmaceutical representative Private company Private consultant

Job opportunities Agricultural co-operatives and agribusinesses Manufacturers of fertilisers Agricultural departments ARC Universities

Statistics
Statisticians generate, collate, verify, maintain and disseminate statistical information on the agricultural sector, including the monitoring and projection of trends in agriculture, food security and food utilisation.

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Career opportunities in Statistics Qualification B.Sc. (Agric.) Economics or B.Com (Agric. Economics) Duration Institution Entry Requirement Mathematics, Agricultural Science or Economics / Business Economics Four Most years (full Universities time) Job opportunities Departments of Agriculture National Parks Board Commercial banks and other financial institutions Academic institutions

Qualification National Diploma Veterinary Technology for a career as a veterinary technologist B.Tech. Veterinary Technology for a career as a veterinary technologist

Duration Three years: four semester formal training, two semesters of suitable experiential training

Institution Universities of Technology

Entry Requirement Senior certificate / any equivalent qualification: Level 4 (50-59%) for Mathematics, Physical Science and Biology National Diploma in Veterinary Technology or an equivalent qualification

Two years on Universities block study of Technology

Veterinary Science
Veterinarians provide services to farmers. Pet owners, breeders, animal welfare organisation, game reserves, zoos, etc. At government level they are involved in regulatory services, i.e. diagnostic services, control of diseases, prevention of disease introduction into the country and eradication of diseases. They are also concerned with small and large animal practice and the conducting of research. Attributes to match the career A keen interest in the medical field with a special and dedicated love for animals, which means enjoying to play and care for them are attributes essential to this choice of career. You also need to be physically strong. Career opportunities in Veterinary Science Qualification Diploma Veterinary Nursing for a career as veterinary nurse Duration Two years (full time) Institution University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Job opportunities Veterinary clinics, dairies, kennels Universities Pharmaceutical firms and other industries Surgical instrument marketing firms Animal research centres Zoological gardens Animal welfare societies Qualification B.Sc. Animal Health for a career as an Animal Health Scientist Diploma in Animal Health for career as Animal Health technician Duration Four years (full time) Three years Institution University of North West and others Entry Requirement Mathematics, Physical Science, Biology and Agricultural Science as recommended subjects Senior Certificate: Maths, Biology and Agricultural Science as recommended subjects Entry Requirement Mathematics and Physical Science with a minimum pass mark of Level 4 (50-59%)

Job opportunities State veterinary services Laboratory animal science Research Academia Qualification Certificate: Poultry Meat Examination for a career as a Poultry Meat Examiner Duration Co-operative training / inservice training / 30 days with minimum 15 000 slaughtered chickens Institution Universities of Technology Entry Requirement Minimum Grade 10 with at least one of these subjects: Mathematics, Biology, Science or Agricultural Science. Experience will be considered if you do not comply with these requirements. Certificate in Poultry Meat Examiners / equivalent manager, supervisor or quality control certificate with applicable experience. A complete curriculum vitae with registration.

Certificate: Poultry Meat for a career as a Poultry Meat Inspector

20 days inservice training. Self study with the completion of applicable assignments

Universities of Technology

Job opportunities Poultry meat industry / poultry meat inspector Poultry abattoirs State veterinary regulatory services Qualification Certificate: Red Meat Examination for a career as a red meat examiner Duration Institution Entry Requirement Minimum Grade 10 with at least one of these subjects: Mathematics, Biology, Science or Agricultural Science. Experience will be considered if you do not comply with these requirements.

University of North West (full time); UNISA (minimum three years distance learning) Job opportunities

State veterinary services Industry: feeds, medicines etc Laboratory animal science Veterinary public health Research Academia Zoological gardens Animal welfare societies Wildlife ranching and conservation Marine biology Animal production sectors

Theory and Universities practical theory: of minimum 30 Technology hours tuition co-operative training / inservice training 80 days divided as: 30 days bovine; 30 days pigs (minimum 3 000 pigs). 20 days sheep (minimum 2 000 sheep) Job opportunities

Red meat industry Red meat abattoirs State veterinary regulatory services

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Qualification National Diploma Environmental Health for career as a meat inspector B.Tech. Environmental Health for career as a meat inspector

Duration Three years the last three months are co-operative training.

Institution Universities of Technology

Entry Requirement Senior certificate / equivalent qualification with Level 3 (40-49%) Mathematics and Physical Science National Diploma Environmental Health or equivalent qualification

Weeds Biocontrol Science

Work in the field involves searching for natural enemies (either insects or disease-causing organisms such as fungi) of invasive plants (weeds) in the weeds country of origin and studying the natural enemies in quarantine to determine whether they have potential in controlling the invasive plant, and whether they are host-specific. The host-specific and damaging insects and fungi are released from quarantine and placed onto their target weeds in the field. The release sites are regularly visited to see whether they have become established and are controlling the weed. Biocontrol scientists specialising in aquatic weeds regularly wade in polluted, weed infested rivers or dams, wearing waders, or use boats. Career opportunities in Weed Biocontrol Science Qualification B.Sc. or B.Sc. (Hons.) Entomology Duration Four years (full time) Institution Most universities Entry Requirement Mathematics, Physical Science and Biology or Agricultural Science Level 4 (50-59%)

Two years on Universities block study of Technology

Job opportunities Environmental health officer Health advisor Air pollution control officer Meat inspector Occupational hygienist Private consultant

Job opportunities Government departments ARC centres Universities: lecturers, researchers Private consultants Private companies

Viticulture
Viticulturists apply plant science principles to manipulate the vine to produce the kind of grapes necessary for the production of different wine types and styles. Compulsory school subjects: Mathematics, Physical Science, Biology Academic requirements: B.Sc. (Agric.) Viticulture Career opportunities in Viticulture and Oenology Qualification Duration Institution Entry Requirement

7. Careers related to agriculture

Find details of the following (and more) in the Water@Work career guidance resource.

B.Sc Agric Four StelMathematics and Physical Science Viticulture years (full lenbosch Level 5 (60-69%) and Oenol- time) University ogy for a career as a viticulturist/ oenologist Higher Certificate in Agriculture for a career as a viticulturist / oenologist Two years Elsenburg College of Agriculture, Cape Peninsular University of Technology Elsenburg College of Agriculture, Cape Peninsular University of Technology Senior certificate / equivalent qualification. If students fail a Mathematics evaluation in the advent of the academic year, they will need to register for Mathematics.

Aquaculturist
Aquaculture is the cultivation of plants and animals that live in water, including fish, shellfish, waterblommetjies, crustaceans, and even crocodiles. These creatures are harvested for food, pets, aquariums, and for restocking wild populations. Aquaculturists usually work as farmers or technicians. Like farming, stock needs to be cared for all the time, even over weekends and public holidays.

Aquatic Scientist
As an aquatic scientist, you will study various aspects of inland and marine water environments. These cover the physical (e.g. temperatures, water currents and rates at which water flows); the biological (e.g. plants, animals and microbes that live in water); the chemical (e.g. the organic and inorganic composition of water, water cleansing and water quality) and the ecological (the ways in which organisms interact with their environments).

Diploma in Agriculture: Cellar Technology for a career as a viticulturist / oenologist

Three years with practicals

Mathematics, Biology and Physical Science. Higher Certificate in Agriculture programme, with Viticulture and Wine Science as selected subjects or equivalent qualification.

Biochemist
Biochemistry is the basis of all the life sciences. As a biochemist, you study the cells of living things such as animals, plants, and micro-organisms, their chemical composition and their metabolic processes. You apply your knowledge in fields such as medicine, veterinary science, agriculture, forestry, horticulture, environmental science, and manufacturing.

Biologist
In general, biologists study living organisms (i.e. their structure, functions, evolution, distribution, and the way they relate to each another). As a biologist, you research the life cycles of living things (e.g. humans, animals, plants) and how these cycles relate to their environments.

Job opportunities Entrepreneur Manager Product developer Technical food marketer Winemaker

Botanist
Botanists study the biology and ecology of all types of plants. As a botanist, you could use your knowledge in areas such as conservation, management of natural resources, agriculture, forestry, horticulture, medicine, and biotechnology.

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Ecologist
Ecologists study the relationships of plants, animals, and their environments, and the ways that all these interact with each other.

Zoologist
Zoologists are biologists who study animals. In this career, you study the structures, characteristics, functions, ecology, and environments of animals; the evolution of animal forms; and animal anatomy, physiology, embryology, behaviour, diseases, and geographical distribution. You may work as a researcher at a university or research institute, as a laboratory or fieldworker, in a museum, in education, or in wildlife management, conservation, agriculture, and medicine.

Environment Engineer
As an environment engineer, you assess and manage the effects of human and other activity on the natural and built-up environment; you conduct environmental impact assessments, manage natural resources, and control pollution.

Environment Health Officer

In this career, you develop, regulate, enforce, and monitor laws and regulations that deal with public health, building, and environment management, so as to promote good health, hygiene, and safety.

8. Other careers people and companies listed in this book

Find details of the following (and more) in the Water@Work career guidance resource.

Environment Protection and Control

If you become an environmental protection officer, you will look after the environment by monitoring the quality of effluents being discharged from individual plants/processes or larger industrial or manufacturing sites.

Accountant
As an accountant, you will prepare financial statements, budgets, accounting systems, and cash flows so that managers can make sensible business decisions and improve profits. Accounting careers include Chartered accountant, Cost accountant, Financial accountant, Accounting management consultant, Financial manager, Auditor, Credit controller and Bookkeeper.

Environment Scientist
There are many different kinds of work in environmental science. You can deal with the conservation and management of natural ecosystems in water and on land, habitats, rare or endangered fauna and flora, or nature reserves.

Administrator
Administrators and clerks do all the general office work that helps other professional staff and managers to do their jobs e.g. keeping records, writing up accounts, preparing and typing reports and letters, and filing. You could be in charge of a companys administration, or you could become an office manager, bookkeeper, cashier, personal assistant, typist or secretary, or receptionist.

Geographer
As a geographer you study the Earths surface, its land features, climate, vegetation, and physical conditions. You also study and analyse the relationships between human activities and the natural and built environment. A climatologist is a geographer who studies climates, their phenomena, and causes. A geomorphologist is concerned with the geological aspect of the Earths land and seafloor surfaces. A fluvial geomorphologist studies the science of river formation.

Business Process Outsourcing and Offshoring (BPO&O)

This industry, which has only been active in South Africa for about a decade, is expected to grow annually by 50 percent for the next four years. It provides an opportunity to create many jobs for unemployed South Africans: all one needs is a basic matric. It includes jobs like call centres.

Geologist
Geology is an earth science, or geoscience, and includes knowledge from fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, and palaeontology. Geotechnologists and geotechnicians work closely with geologists.

Cartographer
Cartography is the science of making maps, as well as their study as scientific documents and works of art. In particular, it concerns all stages of evaluation, compilation, design and graphic representation required to produce new or revised maps from different forms of basic data, such as aerial photographs, field records, historical manuscripts, other maps, and statistical reports. The introduction of GIS (geographic information systems) and other computer assisted mapping systems; wireless applications and GPS (global positioning systems) have added new dimensions to cartographic techniques and the use of digital spatial information. Conventional map production techniques are giving way to the application of computer technology.

Geophysicist
As a geophysicist, you use physics, mathematics, and chemistry to understand and explain the physical features of solid earth, fluid earth, and the upper atmosphere (i.e. the Earths surface and interior, and its atmosphere and hydrosphere).

Geotechnologist
As a geotechnologist, you work in a very complex area, studying the crust of the Earth to help locate and extract natural resources such as water, minerals, and metals, and to determine conditions below the surface.

Hydrologist
Hydrologists study water in streams, rivers, and underground. In this career, you evaluate different processes in the water cycle, such as rainfall, evaporation, groundwater, and river flows so as to find out how much water is available and how reliable is the supply.

Chemical Engineer
If you work in chemical engineering, you will design and operate processes that turn raw materials (through physical, chemical, and thermal changes) into useful everyday products such as petrol, paper, fertilisers, pharmaceuticals, toothpaste, sugar, plastics, synthetic fibres, chemicals, explosives, and cement. You could also protect the environment by controlling the pollution of water and air. Chemical engineers, chemical technicians, and Chemical technologists are careers here. Related specialisations are: Process design; Process control engineer; Biochemical engineer; Petrochemical engineer.

Microbiologist
Find Microbiology under the previous heading. Careers here include: agricultural scientist; aquatic scientist; biologist; botanist; ecologist; entomologist; horticulturist; medical technologist; microbiologist; pharmacist; zoologist, Bacteriologist, Virologist and Mycologist.

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Civil Engineer
Civil engineering is probably the broadest of the engineering fields. Civil engineers create, improve, and provide facilities for living, industry, and transportation. In a civil engineering career you need to know about construction materials, soils, hydraulics, and fluid mechanics. You will also be concerned with protecting and conserving the environment. Civil engineers are helped by civil engineering technicians, who do much of the practical and functional work, and civil engineering technologists, who do the more theoretical work such as planning, design, or research.

Laboratory worker/analyst
As a laboratory technician or technologist, you help scientists (in the physical, chemical, biological, and life sciences) by collecting samples, carrying out experiments, taking measurements, and recording results. If you become a chemical laboratory technician or technologist, you will help to develop, produce, and use chemicals and related products.

Lawyer
As a lawyer, you provide legal advice, write documents, conduct negotiations on legal matters, and you may represent clients in courts of law. Not all lawyers practise as legal professionals; you can also use your knowledge in business-related matters such as industrial relations, taxation, commercial transactions, and the incorporation of new companies.

Community Worker
Community workers encourage and help groups to help themselves and to develop, that is, they help communities to identify their own needs, to take decisions, and to develop ways in which to meet those needs. Community workers travel within their communities and keep in close personal contact with them.

Leisure and recreation provider

Tourism, leisure, and recreation are the fastest growing industry in South Africa, and offer an exciting future in the areas of water-related leisure activities, ecotourism and many others. If leisure, sport, and recreation interest you as a career, there are many to choose from, such as working as a: tourist manager, tour operator tour guide, tourist information officer, travel agent, or recreation manager/officer.

Economist
As an economist, you develop and apply theories about how people spend their money; processes involving the ways in which goods and services are produced, supplied, and used; and how businesses or governments allocate resources (e.g. natural resources, technology, labour, and capital or finance). If you are interested in economics, you might consider one of these careers: Environment economist studies the environmental impacts of projects and developments; advises industry and government on regulations for environmental and natural resource management; advises government about its responsibilities in terms of international agreements and environment treaties Other accountant; actuary; agricultural economist; conveyancer; industrial economist; political scientist; stockbroker.

Manager
As a manager, you provide leadership for organisations to achieve their objectives. Managing a business includes organising, researching, planning, controlling, and directing all or part of the work of other employees. You would need to manage and motivate people so that they do their jobs well, and you might also need to manage resources, such as finances. Different types of managers perform different tasks: Top management includes the chairman, board of directors, managing director or chief executive officer, and other high-ranking managers. Functional managers manage specific functions or divisions within a company, such as administration, marketing, finances, or buying. Operational managers are responsible for the way a business works, for example, credit and cost control, or production managers. General manager is the chief manager, responsible for the work of a number of managers with specific responsibilities. She or he will have a broad background and does not work as a specialist in any particular field; this work combines functional and operational management. Management consultant works independently as an advisor to businesses on management matters; investigates problems and provides solutions; helps with strategic planning.

Education/Training Practitioner
Education and training are essential in agriculture and beyond. It is a career which might interest you if you enjoy teaching and helping people to grow and develop their potential. In addition to schools and tertiary institutions, there are also the following fields: Human resources development practitioner. Here you would plan, prepare, and conduct training for employees in industry, businesses, and government departments, to help with skills development and raising productivity (including on-the-job training and apprenticeships) Training officer. This involves planning, developing, implementing, and evaluating training and development programmes in organisations. Adult educator this career is practised mainly in the areas of professional development, adult basic education, skills development, and personal enrichment.

Marketing specialist
If you work in marketing, you will have to find out what consumers want to buy and how to supply them with these products or services as cheaply and efficiently as possible. Other careers that involve marketing include public relations, copywriter, product developer, purchase manager, creative director, media director, and sales manager.

Human Resource/Personnel Manager

As a human resources (or personnel) manager, you would be concerned with people at work and their relationships with each other and with the organisation e.g. staffing, training or human resource development, organisation planning and development, labour relations, remuneration, research, and administration.

Mathematician/statistician/actuary
A mathematician develops mathematical theories and methods (theoretical mathematics). In this work, you solve problems by applying mathematical principles and models and by carrying out operational research and numerical analyses (applied mathematics). You can apply mathematical and statistical principles in many different areas, including physics, medicine, computer science, ecology, industry, and commerce. A statistician collects, classifies, and analyses numerical information to make decisions and forecasts, for example, and to evaluate processes. An actuary is a statistical expert, working on information to do with mortality, illness, unemployment, and retirement. In this career, your specialised functions are useful mainly for the insurance industry in developing life insurance policies, for instance, and medical aid and pension schemes.

Information Technology Specialist

People who work in information technology (IT) are concerned with giving computers instructions to carry out tasks (computer programming), designing and analysing computer programmes (systems analysis), administering databases and networks, operating computer systems, and designing hardware. IT-related occupations include website designer, network controller, computer consultant, electronics engineer, personal computer (PC) support technician, and Internet services and support technician.

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Mechanical Engineer
As a mechanical engineer you design, develop, produce, install, operate, test, and maintain machinery and mechanical equipment. Mechanical engineers are assisted by mechanical engineering technologists and technicians, and all of them work closely with other professionals (e.g. with architects in designing air-conditioning plants). Mechanical engineers, technologists, and technicians normally specialise in a particular field and the mechanical equipment associated with it. Here are some examples: Agriculture tractors, threshing machines, harvesters, milking machines, and packing machines; Water design and construct waterworks and waste and wastewater treatment plants; Power generation steam, water, gas, and nuclear turbines used for driving power generators.

Social Scientist
Social scientists are concerned with the origin and development of human society, and the institutions, relationships, and ideas in life in society. If you are interested in a career in the social sciences, you could consider the following: Sociologist examines the ways in which social groups (e.g. families, tribes, and communities) and institutions (e.g. religious, political, and business institutions) interact and influence each other and the behaviour of individuals. Industrial sociologist applies the principles of sociology to the organisation of workers and to the relationship between workers and employers, and is concerned with labour relations in complex industrial societies. Anthropologist studies the origin, development, and functioning of human societies and cultures, now and in the past, by looking, for example, at religion, family and kinship systems, languages, art, music, and economic and political systems. As an anthropologist, you may specialise as an applied anthropologist, a physical anthropologist, a linguistic anthropologist or a social/cultural anthropologist.

Meteorologist
Meteorologists study the Earths atmosphere and the changes in it that affect day-to-day weather, long-term climate, and extreme weather conditions such as hurricanes and tornadoes. You forecast the weather by examining trends in the atmosphere such as wind currents, precipitation, and air pressure. A related career is that of the meteorological technician; here you would be responsible for collecting meteorological information and for operating and maintaining weather observation networks.

Social Worker
Social work is concerned with the well-being of people and helping them to cope with problems caused by poor social conditions, unemployment, and poverty.

Political scientist
As a political scientist, you study the way people behave politically as individuals, groups, and as a large mass and their relationship to society and the economy.

Surveyor
Surveying (also called geomatics) is the science of measuring and mapping the layout of the face of the Earth, including natural and man-made features and the sea. After spending some years in the field, you may want to specialise as one of the following: Hydrographic surveyor; Land surveyor also called a cadastral surveyor; Engineering surveyor surveys routes for pipelines, sewers, tunnels, roads, and railways; Topographic surveyor measures and takes aerial photographs of the physical features of the Earth such as rivers, hills, and valleys in order to compile maps; Geodetic surveyor accurately locates positions on the Earths surface using signals from satellites (e.g. the global positioning system or GPS), the positions of stars, and electronic distance and levelling measurements; Mine surveyor establishes the boundaries of mines and measures underground and opencast mine workings; Remote sensing surveyor monitors changes in the surface features of the Earth by using digital data from high-resolution satellites and other imagery systems in the sky.

Process Controller
As a hydroelectric power plant process controller, you operate and control instruments and machinery used for generating electric power. Coal-fired or nuclear power plants also need process controllers. Process controllers can also work in the chemical, power generation, and some food and beverage industries.

Public Relations Professional

In the field of public relations, you work at creating and maintaining a good image of your organisation and showing the public what is attractive or appealing about it. You establish two-way communication between an organisation and its audiences and/or the public (e.g. clients, other businesses, government, shareholders, special interest groups, employees, and communities). A related career would be personnel consulting.

Town and Regional Planner

Town and regional planners develop plans and policies for the use of resources and land and for improving peoples living conditions. You would be assisted by town and regional planning technicians.

Researcher
Researchers add to the knowledge in their particular field. As a researcher, you look at what we know in your specialist area, and you test theories to see how true they are. You collect information and organise it in ways that make us look at it in a new way. You also are encouraged to develop new technologies where possible. Basic or fundamental research, you study and try to uncover underlying principles and laws that govern the bio-physical world. Applied research, you look for practical ways to apply basic research. Innovation is the process of turning an idea that has been generated through research, into a new or improved product, process, or approach that addresses the real needs of society and involves scientific, technological, organisational, or commercial activities.

Welder
As a welder, you join two or more pieces of metal by applying heat, pressure, or a combination of both. Brazing, soldering, electron beams, and laser beams are other methods of joining metals. With similar levels of qualifications, you could also become a boilermaker; tool, jig, and die maker; blacksmith; plumber; sheet metal worker; fitter and turner; panelbeater.
Sources: www.daff.gov.za ; water@work

Our thanks to the Directorate Education, Training and Extension Services and Jeannine Tait at Weston Agricultural College for feedback and input

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Capacity building, science & technology

Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET)
Skills development within a single post-school education and training system

a targetted enrolment of at least 1 million students at public FET colleges by 2015 and better mobility of FET graduates to Higher Education institutions. In addition to these changes, the funding of the public FET colleges will be moved from provincial government to national government. FET colleges are also expected to receive more funding from the Skills Development Levy via SETA spending.

4. Planned changes to the skills development system

Planned changes and focus areas in skills development for the year ahead include: Improved coordination between the SETA system and education and training institutions, particularly FET Colleges and Universities of Technology. Improved SETA performance, management and governance. Improved strategic utilisation of funds, including reducing the high amounts of unspent or committed funds and minimising the cost of delivery of learnerships. Better alignment of industry needs and skills development provision especially with regard to the supply of artisans and technicians. State Owned Enterprises, the public sector and other large employers will be engaged with a view to get them more involved in training through apprenticeships, learnerships and internships. Finalisation of industrial policy action plans to guide the industry relevance of skills development efforts and ensure alignment with Sector Skills Plans. A draft White Paper is planned with the purpose of proposing a range of measures to enhance and expand further and higher education and training opportunities for adults. (In addition a matric equivalent qualification appropriate for adults will be developed and will be facilitated by an improved policy on the recognition of prior learning). Re-invigorating and strengthening the National Skills Authority to, among other things, complement the HRD Council. The establishment of the Quality Council for Trades & Occupations.

1. Overview
Following the April 2009 elections, a new Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) was created to enable government to bring a single focus of attention to all post-school education and training. The new Ministry incorporates the skills development functions previously the responsibility of the Ministry of Labour, as well as the responsibilities of the Ministry of Education, excluding all schooling (Grades R to 12).

2. Scope
DHET has a scope that includes the following areas which were previously the responsibility of the Department of Education or the Department of Labour: The National Qualifications Framework (NQF) Adult Basic Education & Training (ABET) Further Education & Training (excluding compulsory schooling) Skills development including Sector Education & Training Authorities (SETAs), the National Skills Fund (NSF), the National Skills Authority (NSA) and Indlela. (The employment services, labour centres, and Productivity SA (previously the NPI) remain with the Department of Labour out of the original assigned to it in the Skills Development Act (1998), Skills Development Levies Act (1999) and NQF Act (2008) Higher Education & Training Agencies and statutory bodies now the responsibility of the new Department as of 1 November 2009 include: The South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) The three Quality Councils: Umalusi (excluding compulsory schooling); the Quality Council for Trades & Occupations (QCTO); the Council for Higher Education (CHE) The National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS)

5. Planned changes to the higher education system

Key focus areas: social transformation of higher education institutions to overcome various forms of discrimination that were identified in the Crain Soudien Report; reviewing the funding formula for higher education institutions to help change the privileged underprivileged separation which still exists between institutions. The bringing together of Higher Education Institutions, Further Education and Training (FET) Colleges, Adult Education and Training and the Skills Development Sector into a single Department of Higher Education and Training provides a powerful basis for addressing education and training in an integrated way. Dr Blade Nzimande, Minister of Higher Education and Training (DHET)

3. Planned changes to the public Further Education and Training (FET) college system
The importance of the public FET colleges to the new DHET has been emphasised frequently. Amongst other things, the FET colleges give government a cost-effective means to educate and train rural and disadvantaged communities that may not have access to universities or private institutions. Some of the planned changes under the new DHET include: improved responsiveness to the needs of the economy; expanded programme offerings; the funding of training partnerships with industry through SETAs; improved partnerships with employers and a work-placement programme for FET college graduates; expanded workplace training opportunities for students and improved student financial aid; improved management capacity, materials development and the introduction of formal qualifications for lecturers; institutional audits at all public FET colleges to establish strengths and weaknesses;

Head office contact details Physical address Postal address Website Telephone Fax number Minister Director-General Administrative Secretary Sol Plaatje House, 123 Schoeman Street, PRETORIA Private Bag X893, PRETORIA, 0001 www.education.gov.za 012 312 5555 012 323 5618 Dr Blade Nzimande Ms Mary Metcalfe Ms Sibongile Mncuabe

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Capacity building, science & technology

ICT and agricultural media
Information and communication technology (ICT)

3. Computer programmes (software)

There is a World Congress on Computers in Agriculture. Read about the 2009 event at www.wcca2009.org

Record keeping remains a fundamental practice for the successful farmer or business. Various computer programmes or software are available for the farmer, ranging from financial programmes to management programmes. This technology relates to spraying, irrigation, fertilisation, administration, tank control within a cellar (wine) and more. The advantages of software include: less time spent on administration; quick and easy query resolutions; analysis and summaries of costs and production and what still needs to be done. In addition to being an enhanced information and decision making tool for the farm, it also becomes an invaluable way of bridging the space between producer and market. Traceability the requirement of being able to track the field or animal from where a product came makes software crucial.

1. Overview
How does one place a value on communication? To teach and to learn. To tell another how you feel. With these we make a living and a life. Information and communication technology (ICT) is transforming interactions between people and economies worldwide. In an ever increasing global economy, ICT enables us to access and to store information. Media be it radio, magazines, television forms part of ICT. This is a modest attempt to look at the agricultural media and ICT available in this country (and beyond). The ACP/EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), together with its partners, held an international seminar on the Role of the media in agricultural development in ACP countries (Central, East, Southern and West Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific). Questions were asked, and people from Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific responded (you can imagine how quickly your emails inbox filled up!) The e-discussions looked at the internet and mobile phones, but also at other areas: Digital cameras used to capture pictorially farmers problems. Mp3 players making it easier for people to capture information and transfer it easily e.g. for radio journalist interviews but also in farmer/stakeholder surveys Radio satellite receivers in Africa allow broadcasters to download web-based content (e.g. CTA radio material) without need for internet. Web 2.0 tools allow people to access information in different ways e.g. RSS feeds but also to enhance how information is shared/ exchanged e.g. web portals, information from workshops etc. GPS technologies e.g. in Caribbean used in a variety of ways including tracking information on pest and disease outbreaks, mapping (e.g. agriculture census in Uganda). More information is available at http://annualseminar2009.cta.int See also www.informationforchange.org

Farm Management and financial software

DFM Software Solutions Tel: 021 904 1154 www.dfmsoftware.co.za Donkerhoek Data Tel: 021 874 1047 www.donkerhoekdata.co.za Key Business Solutions Tel: 084 808 9925 www.keybs.co.za LPF Systems Tel: 0861 573 797 www.lpfsystems.com They assist farmers to take ownership and control over their financial matters by training and the use of financial management software. LPF AgriBusiness is a financial system specifically developed for any type of farmer, while their Co-op Statement Conversion is an ideal support for agri co-ops and could save you hours of time. Plan-A-Head Software Tel: 033 342 7888 info@planahead.co.za www.planahead.co.za Produce Pak info@producepak.com www.producepak.co.za Qwill Instant Accounting Tel: 0860 2222 55 www.qwillaccounting.com This service is offered free to FNB clients Software Farm Tel: 012 365 2683 www.softwarefarm.co.za TrioSagteware Tel: 012 376 4180 www.saboer.co.za

2. National strategy and government contacts

Find the ICT charter at www.thedti.gov.za take the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment option Department of Communication Tel: 012 427 8000 www.doc.gov.za South Africas high telephony costs have been a subject raised consistently in the past. An independent benchmark study, commissioned by the Department of Communications, looked at cost, quality, access and usage with comparative countries i.e. Malaysia, India, Chile, Brazil and South Korea. Delivering his budget vote in parliament in June 2009, the Minister announced that the study had confirmed that our telecommunications prices are still way too high in comparison to other countries. Appropriate intervention were being considered.

Fresh Produce Market and Packhouse software

Produce Pak www.producepak.co.za TechnoFresh Tel: 043 721 1123 admin@technofresh.co.za www.technofresh.co.za The Market Reconciliation System (MRS) provides answers to the following questions: What was sold today and at what price? Who paid me for what consignments? What consignments still have to be paid? How much stock do I have and on which markets? What produce should I send where? Which agent got me the best prices today / last week etc.

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Irrigation and crop-related software

DFM Software Solutions Tel: 021 904 1154 dfm@dfmsoftware.co.za www.dfmsoftware.co.za Software to help farmers with pest and disease monitoring, annual growth monitoring and physical fruit and shoot growth monitoring. These specific types of monitoring help producers with better yields, fruit size and quality.

The focus of www.agriworldsa.com is the South African agricultural and wine industries with its broad range of agribusinesses, wineries, farming, producer and supply activities. In the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation (CTA) facilitated email discussion in 2009 (between hundreds of people in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific), it emerged that even www. YouTube.com is a resource for agricultural training videos. Find more on the CTA under heading 12, or visit www.cta.int What do you do if you have a laptop PC but no phone line? Wireless: simply launch your Web browser, log in and surf! No wires needed. When youre within range of a Wi-Fi Hotspot, the Internet is all around you in the form of high-frequency radio waves... and to tap into it, all you need is a Wi-Fi card that fits into your laptop PC. Landbouweekblad 7 March 2008 carried an article Vinniger internet sluit wreld oop about farmers in the Western Cape whose lives were changed through this wireless technology. Lucille Botha is the journalist lbotha@landbou.com. Find the story on www.landbou. com TelkomInternet powered by satellite operates by means of a satellite dish and some specialised SpaceStream hardware that translates the two-way Intelsat signal into a 24-hour Internet service with all the attendant benefits. No telephone lines are required. The quality of the signal is excellent, and many farmers have decided to upgrade to the satellite service to improve their reception. Readers who would like more information can call 10217 or visit Telkoms website at www.telkom.co.za

Soil and weather instrumentation and software

EnviroMon Tel: 021 851 5134 sales@weathershop.co.za www.enviromon.co.za In addition to the instrumentation for monitoring weather elements and soil moisture conditions, Enviromon also supplies customised software for chilling units, weather-related disease warnings, evapo-transpiration.

Livestock computer programmes (software)

Find details of providers in the Animal Improvement and Breeders chapter Many on-farm software programmes applicable to animal breeding are available for producers, combining the functionality of herd management with on-farm recording. Some of the programmes listed have selection decision aids.

5. Magazines
Weekly General
Farmers Weekly Tel: 011 889 0600 or visit www.farmersweekly.co.za Landbouweekblad Tel: 021 406 2202 or visit www.landbou.com Farming SA Tel: 0860 103 577 landbou@media24.com

Payroll software
DFM Software Solutions Tel: 021 904 1154 dfm@dfmsoftware.co.za www.dfmsoftware.co.za Donkerhoek Data Tel: 021 874 1047 www.donkerhoekdata.co.za

Monthly General
The Farm Africa Tel: 012 804 9729 www.thefarmafrica.co.za Food & Beverage Reporter Tel: 011 880 3682 foodprod@global.co.za ProAgri Tel: 012 809 0150 www.proagri.co.za

Plan-A-Head Software Farmpro Payroll package. Included Tel: 033 342 7888 as part of the MB4000 Farm info@planahead.co.za Management package. Farmpro www.planahead.co.za allows farmers to take control of their wages and salaries and also time and attendance.

Commodity
Several commodity-specific magazines are published on a regular basis. Some examples are SA Graan/Grain, Pluimvee/Poultry Bulletin, Dairy Mail, Porcus, AFMA Matrix, Winelands, South African Sugar Journal, SA Studbreeder/ Stoetteler etc. These are mentioned in the relevant chapters of this directory.

4. The internet
Using the internet brings a world of information to the farmer, as well as an instantaneous method of communicating (email). Many website and e-mail addresses are provided in this directory. In 2008, South Africas internet population was 4.6 million [Internet Access in South Africa 2008 report, released by researchers and consultants at World Wide Worx in 2009]. This figure is expected to grow as much in the next five years as it has in the 15 years since the internet first became commercially available in the country. www.landbou.com is the electronic arm of the agricultural weekly, Landbouweekblad. A host of services is provided: Agricultural news and articles; agricultural product prices; agro company share prices; SMS service with livestock auction prices; agricultural news on WAP site; photo albums; a veterinary Q&A column; financial Q&A column; agricultural blogs; forums for discussions; classified adverts online; a data bank of farm prices for the past decade, and many more. www.letsgrowafrica.com Lets Grow Africa is a Notice Board for Farmers, Suppliers, Skills, Experts, Consultants, Distributors and Conservationists of Agricultural Products and Services. Call 012 361 5574 or write to info@letsgrowafrica.com for more information. www.agriwiki.co.za is based on the international encyclopedia Wikipedia. The intention is to build an agricultural website of information freely available to all.

Government and Agricultural Unions

DAFFnews the official newsletter of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Tel: 012 319 7337 NAFU Farmer Email anton@agriconnect.co.za or visit www.nafufarmer. co.za Agri SA and the TAU SA also have regular newsletters. More details in the Organised Agriculture chapter.

Banks and Agribusiness

Banks put out publications covering agricultural topics e.g. AgriReview, the free, monthly publication from Standard Bank. It features professional analyses of specific aspects of agriculture. Articles cover economic matters, agricultural economic problems, sector analyses, product reviews and financial management. Find back issues at www. standardbank.co.za. Call 011 636 6162 to subscribe. The Agribusinesses also have their own publications e.g. Afgriland.

Development-sector specific
Nufarmer & African Entrepreneur Tel: 012 804 5854 nufarmer@iafrica. com Die Plaaswerker/The Farmworker Tel: 028 425 2542 hanno@agrimega. co.za Ubisi Mail Tel: 012 843 5702 www.ubisimail.co.za

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Magazines by Agriconnect Milk & Juice is a magazine aimed at informing and empowering milk and juice processors to run their businesses on a sound basis. Visit www.mjretail.co.za The Dairy Mail is a magazine for the dairy industry in South and Southern Africa. Refer to the dairy chapter or visit www. dairyconnect.co.za Ubisi Mail is a magazine for emerging farmers and farm workers, in which technical agricultural information transfer takes place by way of user-friendly articles and illustrations with instructions in five languages. Visit www.ubisimail.co.za

Name and frequency Ukhozi FM 90.1 Radio Khwezi 90.5 Durban Youth Radio 105.1 Highway Radio 101.5 Icora FM 100.4 Imbokodo FM 96.8 Maputaland Community 107.6 Newcastle Community 103.7

Day and time Wed 04h15 - 04h45 Friday 03h45 - 04h45 Mon 05h05 - 05h35 Thurs 19h05 - 19h40 Wed 19h00 - 20h00 Mon 20h00 - 21h00 Wed 19h00 - 20h00 Fri 05h00 - 06h00 Thurs 19h00 - 20h00 Mon-Fri 05h00 - 06h00

No. of listeners 6,675,000 163,000 104,000 102,000 78,000 130,000 85,000 75,000

6. Television
Agri TV can be viewed on SABC from 5h30 to 6h00 on week days, and on SABC Africa at 12h30 on Sundays. Call 011 791 5330 for details. Living Land, SABC 2 on Saturdays 11h00 11h30, includes agriculture in its coverage. Landbousake appears on Kyknet on Tuesday and Thursday mornings at 6h30, and again later at 13h00.

7. New farmer leaflets and booklets

Leaflets and booklets are available from the Departments of Agriculture (both national and provincial). To preview some of these, visit www.daff. gov.za

The KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs and Rural Development broadcasts technical agricultural information on nine radio stations, reaching some seven to eight million listeners every week. The schedule of technical broadcasts is listed above. For further information contact Vuyani Dlamini at vuyani.dlamini@kzndae.gov.za. For information about province-specific agricultural radio shows, contact your provincial Department of Agriculture. The following programmes cover issues of interest for developing farmers: Name and frequency Ligwalagwala FM (IsiZulu) 92.5 103.8 Lesedi FM (Sesotho) 87.7 90.6 Motsweding FM (Tswana) 97.9 91.0 Umhlobo Wenene FM (IsiXhosa) 90.7 97.1 Day and time Thurs 05h10 - 05h25 Thurs 20h15 - 20h30 Wed 19h45 - 20h00 Thurs 04h40 - 04h55

8. Radio
Read about Farm Radio International under heading 12

Radio Sonder Grense (RSG) informs listeners to agricultural developments in Afrikaans. This happens on Mondays to Friday at 4h45 to 4h55, and on Monday to Thursday from 12h30 to 12h45. Visit www. rsglandbou.co.za for more information. Listen to Radio Pretoria on weekdays at 5h30 and 13h30, and on Saturdays at 6h16 for agricultural news. For enquiries, visit www. radiopretoria.co.za or call 012 543 0120. Radio Elsenburg on RSG (Radio Sonder Grense) broadcasts nationwide: 100 - 104FM. Fridays 12h30; Saturdays 11h45. Contact Dr Chris Viljoen at 021 887 0985 or chrisvi@elsenburg.com

9. Cell phones
In addition to the advantages of mobility and instant access to market information (e.g. SAFEX prices), technology is available which allows you to open/close gates from your cell phone, to begin/end irrigation and more. To find out about cell phone based security systems, visit www.secucell. co.za or phone 016 982 4393. In low-income areas and countries across sub-Saharan Africa, cell phones often are the first development in telecommunications infrastructure.

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10. Books and journals

www.agriwiki.co.za has information on agricultural books available. Finance and Farmers, now in its fourth edition, goes a long way in helping you to manage your risks more effectively. What makes this financial manual indispensable is that it guides you through most of the challenges you face in an ever-changing business environment. The latest edition looks at issues, including production economics, financial management risk, marketing, and agricultural finance with relevant examples. Get Finance and Farmers for R165, including VAT. Postage and packing included. To order a copy, phone 011 636 6162. Kejafa Knowledge Works is a publisher and distributor of agricultural books. Visit www.kejafa.co.za or phone 014 577 0005. Strategic approach to Farming Success by Dr Wimpie Nell and Mr Rob Napier. This book is designed to assist the farmer/management team in thinking strategically and imaginatively about the future of the farming business, in developing generative relationships with other farmers or agricultural institutions and continue in organising and reorganising the farming business. Order the book at www.farmingsuccess.com, email wimnell@farmingsuccess.com or contact Dr Nell at 051 401 2557 or at 082 882 9777. Find the South African Journal of Agricultural Extension, published annually by the South African Society for Agricultural Extension (SASAE), at AJOL at: www.ajol.info or call the editor of SASAE publications at 012 420 3246.

11. Libraries and Agricultural Museums

Institutions of learning offering agricultural degrees/diplomas have libraries, as do the different Agricultural Research Council Institutes. Departments of Agriculture be they provincial or national have libraries. The contact number for the National Department of Agriculture is 012 319 6896. The contact details for the National Library of South Africa is can be found at www.nlsa.ac.za A further source of agricultural information are museums. We have listed four of them here: Willem Prinsloo Agricultural Museum Tel: 012 736 22035 North West Agricultural Museum Tel: 018 632 5051 x 2264 Free State Agricultural Museum Tel: 051 861 1182 Bathurst Agricultural Museum Tel: 072 408 4858

Farm Radio International is a Canadian-based organisation working with some 300 radio broadcasters in thirty-nine African countries. It strives to provide rural radio organisations in sub-Saharan Africa with resources for small-scale farmers. Visit www.farmradio.org The Eldis Agriculture and Development Reporter is a regular bulletin that highlights recent publications and announcements on agriculture and development issues. In addition to the newsletter, find the Resource Guides on www.eldis.org/agriculture AGRICOLA (Agriculture Online Access), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Agricultural Library: visit http://agricola.nal.usda.gov ILEIA, the Centre for Information on Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture, is located in Amersfoort, the Netherlands. It promotes the exchange of information for small scale farmers in the Southern hemisphere, mainly through the LEISA magazine. Email ileia@ileia.nl or visit www.leisa.info The UNs Food and Agriculture (FAO) has an international information system, listing world literature dealing with all aspects of agriculture. It is called AGRIS and can be accessed at www.fao.org/AGRIS. A related programme is Agricultural Information Management Standards (AIMS) which can be accessed from the AGRIS web pages. The Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) www.fapri.org. The website contains historical and projected information for several countries, products etc. www.panos.org.uk. Panos London believe that the media is critical to the success of poverty reduction. They promote the participation of poor and marginalised people in national and international development debates through media and communication projects. New Agriculturist www.new-ag.info keeps online readers abreast of trends and innovation in agricultural development, particularly in Africa but also in Asia and Latin America. Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture (AGORA) is designed to enhance the scholarship of the many thousands of students, faculty and researchers in agriculture and life sciences in the developing world www.aginternetwork.org. TEEAL, a full-text digital library available at low cost to universities, agricultural research organizations www.teeal.org United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) published a set of media development indicators that focused on the context of developing countries. Find these at www. unesco.org, or write to Venus Jennings who works on media capacity building issues V.Jennings@unesco.org Find the report Information and Communications for Development 2009: Extending Reach and Increasing Impact on the World Bank website www.worlbank.org

12. International media

The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation (CTA) has run several studies into the use of Information and Communications Technologies in agriculture. Visit www.cta.int for more details. Also find details of newsletters to which visitors can subscribe e.g. agritrade, a twice-monthly news alert on agricultural trade issues.

13. Associations involved

Agricultural Writers SA Tel: 012 804 8812 (secretariat) www.agriculturalwriterssa.co.za The association is a voluntary, non-profitmaking professional association promoting the image and standards of agricultural journalism in South Africa. It was established in Pretoria in 1977. The association is representative of agricultural journalists serving the industry through magazines, newspapers, radio and television. Qualified membership is also extended to friends of the agricultural media. It remains, however, primarily a body run by journalists for journalists. Branches are responsible for organising their own activities, but consult with the national executive on matters of common concern. The various branches find their own sponsors, but sponsorships are negotiated at national level to fund the annual function, finance national executive meetings and assist branches. The international representative liaises with agricultural journalists and organisations abroad, through correspondence and representation at international meetings, such as the world congress of the IFAJ (International Federation of Agricultural Journalists). Agricultural leaders and other experts regularly address branches on relevant topics. A Farmer and an Agriculturist of the Year are nominated in each region annually, in accordance with strict criteria, and they are honoured locally. An independent panel of judges then chooses the national winners from these candidates. International Federation of Agricultural Journalists www.ifaj.org Wireless Access Providers Association of South Africa (WAPA) Tel: 021 880 2228 www.wapa.org.za

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Capacity building, science & technology

Mapping
See also the Precision Farming chapter

Government and state related associations, umbrella bodies and research groups involved:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Earth observation technologies and geographic information systems, spatial modelling and scenario planning are all listed as Key Strategic Areas and thrusts in DAFFs National Agricultural Research and Development Strategy. Find the document on www.daff.gov.za Agricultural Geo-referenced Information System (AGIS) Mr Hein Lindemann Tel: 012 319 7548 Directorate: Information & Communications Technology Systems Tel: 012 319 6187

1. Overview
It is essential to have accurate maps in any farming enterprise, particularly if you are planning to do Precision Farming. Other times when you will be grateful to have maps are when you are: planning aerial crop-spraying determining the potential of land applying pesticides ordering seed and fertiliser wishing to insure your crops hiring or renting land when planning time periods for grazing having overhead installations done e.g. power cables estimating crop yields determining crop suitability searching for breeding stock

AGIS aims to be a comprehensive information system covering all aspects of agriculture. Different types of information will be available: basic data (e.g. crop, climate and soil information) interpreted information (e.g. grazing capacity, erosion potential of soils) models and application programmes (e.g. crop suitability and adaptability)
Find the Dynamic Maps menu option on www.agis.agric.za.

Some of the Agricultural Colleges do short course training in map reading along with practical exercises involved with the different lectures. Find their details in the agricultural education and training chapter. ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water Tel: 012 310 2580 iscwinfo@arc.agric.za www.arc.agric.za GIS: Data processing (Data capturing and Projections); Applications (Crop modelling, Spatial modelling / interpolation, Multi-layer modelling); Spatial database development (Informix, MS Access) and Data Integration Satellite & Airborne Remote Sensing: Low-level imaging (Digital Multispectral Video Camera, Precision farming information); Digital image processing (Geo-referencing, Image classification); Image interpretation (Vegetation mapping & monitoring - Population dynamics, Degradation mapping, Rangeland ecology, Savanna ecosystems, Crop inventories, Drought monitoring, Land cover, Soil mapping and Conservation planning); Sample frame statistics (area / point); Disasters (Flood mapping; Drought monitoring; Fire mapping). The Council for Geosciences (CGS) Tel: 012 841 1911 www.geoscience.org.za The Council for Geoscience (CGS) is one of the National Science Councils of South Africa. It is the legal successor of the Geological Survey of South Africa. A modern Drawing Office produces a wide variety of geoscientific maps using both conventional and electronic cartographic technologies. The production procedures are increasingly automated, linked to the ARC/ INFO-based GIS, which facilitates rapid map production and updating. International co-operative projects that have been carried out, or are in progress, include geological mapping, geochemical and geophysical surveys, and the production of maps in many countries, either on a bilateral basis, i.e. Mozambique, Angola, Benin, Zambia, Namibia, Tanzania, Congo and Burkina Faso, and Morocco, or collaboratively in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) region. The CGS actively participates in a variety of SADC projects aimed at promoting the economic development of the African sub-continent. KZN Department of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs & Rural Development (DAEA) Tel: 033 355 9387 http://agriculture.kzntl.gov.za Accurate records based on the soil type, rainfall, typography and climate on individual farms of KwaZulu-Natal.

Geographical Information Systems (GIS), a system of synthesizing information, uses maps and ortho rectified photography as inputs to generate data (ordinary photographs can lead to inaccuracies and GIS is about measurement). Other systems of mapping include the use of satellites and Topo-cadastral mapping.

2. Roleplayers
e-Liso SAT Tel: 012 349 1406 www.e-lisosat.co.za EWheels Tel: 012 807 6809 / 082 959 5679 www.ewheels.co.za ESRI South Africa Tel: 011 238 6300 www.esri-southafrica.com Farm-IT Tel: 012 666 7000 www.farm-it.co.za Geographic Farm Technologies Tel: 012 377 0553 Laser Lady Tel: 011 795 2638 Specialist Structural and Geotechnical Software. MAPCO Plaaskaarte Tel: 017 712 1075 mapco@mweb.co.za www.mapcosa.co.za Farm maps & Precision Farming. Laminated maps drawn on fixed scale: 1/10 000 A4 Laminated book and photocopies included. Electronic data available on request (Pdf. and shp. files)

SENWES Geographical Geographic Information Services Management Systems (GIMS) Tel: 018 464 7382 see ESRI South Africa www.senwes.co.za GISCOE (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 345 8000 www.giscoe.com GTI Geoterraimage Tel: 012 349 0055 www.geoterraimage.com Geographical Information System hosting access to farm and regional maps through the Internet.

TNH Wildlife Tel: 082 890 9993 Fax: 086 519 0124 tnhfence@mweb.co.za Land Resources International www.tnhwildlife.com (Pty) Ltd Tel: 033 392 8360 GIS mapping www.lri.co.za

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Department of Rural Development and Land Reform Chief Directorate: Surveys and Mapping Tel: 021 685 4300 / 4070 Tel: 012 334 4500 Tel: 051 448 0984 Tel: 033 394 7610 www.ruraldevelopment.gov.za

The national GISSA website posts job vacancies, conferences, tenders and links to other web sites. Geological Society of South Africa Tel: 011 492 3370 www.gssa.org.za

Capacity building, science & technology

Plant breeding and biotechnology
1. Overview
Biotechnology is a contraction of `biological technology. Although it has been to be synonymous in some circles with genetic modification, it is a term used to represent a continuum of different bio-techniques, ranging from non-controversial tissue culture to controversial genetic engineering embodied in modern biotechnology. It has been identified as the leading technology of 21st century with tremendous potential to address economic, social and environmental issues afflicting the poor in developing countries. Biotechnology can increase crop yields, reduce crop vulnerability to environment and climate stresses, reduce the need for field applied chemicals, and improve the health and taste of foods. Critics say these crops could irreversibly damage existing plants, harm wildlife and that the patents on genetically engineered seed gives too much power to multinational companies. A visit to the websites mentioned in this chapter will give the reader different perspectives. Biotechnology relating to animals, specifically cloning, is covered in the Animal Improvement and Breeders chapter later in this book. Adapted from www.uneca.org/csd/CSD4_Biotech_Report_Final.htm

South African National Aerial photography, ortophoto Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) mapping, maps of South Africa Tel: 012 843 5000/200 Tel: 021 799 8800 Department of Water and www.sanbi.org Environmental Affairs Tel: 012 336 7851/49 SANBI has established the B-GIS www.dwaf.gov.za Unit to provide biodiversity maps to the public via the internet. Ground water maps Geo-Information Society of South Africa (GISSA) gissa@gissa.org.za www.gissa.org.za Membership is free and currently available through the various provincial bodies, the contact details for which can be found on the GISSA web site.

3. Websites and publications

The CGS hosts the largest Geological Library and Information Service in Africa, which continuously strives to improve its coverage of African geology, in the form of books, journals and maps. Information products are being made available, both in standard analog and electronic formats and Internet solutions for optimal information access are being developed. www.brabys.com provides a useful SA business directory and online, zoomable, interactive maps of SA that can be printed or e-mailed to a friend. Spot your farm or anywhere else from outer space: visit either http://earth.google.com or www.agis.agric.za/wip Read about the RapidEye five-satellite, geospatial information system at www.rapideye.de www.ppgis.net Open Forum on Participatory Geographic Information Systems and Technologies The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation (CTA) has worked on the production of a training kit focusing on participatory mapping practice. Find information on www.cta.int, or write to Giacomo Rambaldi at Rambaldi@cta.int

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) is just one particular specialisation within the scientific discipline of biotechnology. Biotechnology has traditionally been used to provide us with yoghurt, beer and bread, in that we use bacteria or micro-organisms to create these products. The difference is that modern practices of genetic engineering which is the process through which GM takes place now enables us to shatter the species boundaries. For example, we can insert genetic information from whales into birds, or we can put bacterial and viral genes into plants, as is done with most genetically engineered foods. Genetic engineering, therefore, allows us to move DNA between unrelated organisms. There are few limits to what we can do; the question is: what should we be doing, or not doing, with this technology?
Source: www.mg.co.za (Adapted)

The art of plant breeding is seated in the ability of the breeder to identify differences in traits of economic importance among plants, and to improve these traits with available scientific knowledge. Plant breeding covers: breeding systems involved in self- and cross fertilising plants, vegetatively propagated plants and hybrids; quantitative genetics; advanced breeding methods such as recombinant DNA technology, double haploid breeding and mutation breeding; marker-assisted breeding using both protein- and molecular markers.
Source: University of the Free State

Plant tissue culture, also called micropropagation, is a practice used to propagate plants under sterile conditions, often to produce clones of a plant.

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Different techniques in plant tissue culture may offer certain advantages over traditional methods of propagation, including: the production of exact copies of plants that produce particularly good flowers, fruits, or have other desirable traits; to quickly produce mature plants; the production of multiples of plants in the absence of seeds or necessary pollinators to produce seeds; the regeneration of whole plants from plant cells that have been genetically modified; the production of plants in sterile containers that allows them to be moved with greatly reduced chances of transmitting diseases, pests, and pathogens; the production of plants from seeds that otherwise have very low chances of germinating and growing, i.e. orchids and nepenthes. Plant tissue culture relies on the fact that all plant cells have the ability to generate a whole plant (totipotency). Single cells (protoplasts), pieces of leaves, or roots can often be used to generate a new plant on culture media given the required nutrients and plant hormones. Plant tissue culture is used widely in plant science, where it has a number of commercial applications such as: Micropropagation to produce large numbers of identical individuals. It is widely used in forestry and in floriculture. Micropropagation can also be used in to conserve rare or endangered plant species; it is also used to speed up the initial propagation of valuable plants, say a rare tulip bulb, followed by conventional vegetative propagation from tubers or cuttings. A plant breeder may use tissue culture to screen cells, rather than plants for advantageous characters, e.g. herbicide resistance/tolerance. Large-scale growth of plant cells in liquid culture in bioreactors as a source of secondary products, like biopharmaceuticals. To cross distantly related species by protoplast fusion and regeneration of the novel hybrid. For production of dihaploid plants from haploid cultures to achieve homozygous lines more rapidly in breeding programmes, usually by treatment with colchicine which causes doubling of the chromosome number. As a tissue for transformation, followed by either short-term testing of genetic constructs or regeneration of transgenic plants. Certain techniques (The shoot-tip culture technique) may be employed that can be used to produce clean plant material from virused stock (virus- infected parent plants), in crops such as potatoes.
Source: www.answers.com

New a variety is new if propagating material or harvested material thereof, has not been sold or otherwise disposed of by, or with the consent of, the breeder for purposes of exploitation of the variety within certain time limits. If the variety has been disposed of in this fashion in South Africa more than a year before the date of the filing of the application or in other UPOV member countries more than six years in the case of vines and trees or more than four years in the case of other varieties it is no longer new. The definition of sell in the Act includes: agree to sell, or to offer, advertise, keep, expose, transmit, send, convey or deliver for sale, or to exchange or to dispose of to any person in any manner for a consideration; and sold and sale have a corresponding meaning. Thus, a mere agreement to sell propagating material or harvested material, as opposed to the actual sale thereof, can destroy the novelty of a variety, as an agreement to sell is also included in the definition and deemed to be the same as sell. Distinct a variety is distinct if, at the date of filing the application for a PBR in South Africa, it is clearly distinguishable from any other variety of the same kind of plant of which the existence on that date is a matter of common knowledge. Uniform a variety is uniform if, subject to the variation that may be expected from the particular features of the propagation thereof, it is sufficiently uniform with regard to the characteristics of the variety in question. Stable a variety is stable if the characteristics thereof remain unchanged after repeated propagation, or, in the case of a particular cycle of propagation, at the end of each such cycle. What Is The Term of a PBR Registration? A PBR is granted for a period of 25 years in the case of vines and trees; and 20 years in all other cases, calculated from the date on which the certificate of registration is issued. What Are The Rights Of The PBR Holder? The effect of the protection given by a plant breeders right shall be that the PBR holder has the exclusive right to undertake the production or reproduction (multiplication); conditioning for the purpose of propagation; sale or any other form of marketing; exporting; importing; stocking for any of the purposes referred to in the previous five bullet points of(i) propagating material of the relevant variety; or (ii) harvested material, including plants, w hich w as obtained through the unauthorised use of propagating material of the relevant variety. If any other person wishes to undertake any of the above acts, he may not do so without authority from the PBR holder. Usually this is in the form of a licence. However, a person who procures any propagating material of a variety in a legitimate manner will not infringe the PBR in respect of the variety if he resells that propagating material, or sells any plant, reproductive material or product derived from that propagating material for purposes other than the further propagation or multiplication thereof. The same applies to use or multiplication of that propagating material in the development of a different variety; use for purposes of bona fide research; and use of that propagating material for private or non-commercial purposes. The Act also allows a farmer who procured propagating material legitimately, to retain and replant seed on the same land, but only for one season, and the right is limited to the particular farmer. When does one infringe a PBR? A PBR is infringed by any person who, not being the holder of the PBR, performs, or causes to be performed, without a licence, the acts reserved exclusively for the holder of the PBR. A licensee who fails to comply with any term or condition of a licence also infringes the PBR. It is also an infringement to use the approved denomination of a protected variety in relation to plants or propagating material of any other variety for any purpose whatsoever or to sell plants or propagating material of a protected variety under any other denomination than the approved denomination of that variety. For more information in this regard, contact At van Rooy of DM Kisch Inc. Email atv@dmkisch.com or visit www.dmkisch.com

2. Plant Breeders Rights

What Are Plant Breeders Rights (PBR)? New plant varieties are protected in South Africa in terms of the Plant Breeders Rights (PBR) Act, Act 15 of 1976. South Africa does not have a plant patent system like in the USA, as the Patents Act 57 of 1978, states that a patent shall not be granted for any variety of plant being the product of a biological process. New plant varieties produced through biological processes are therefore protected exclusively in terms of the PBR Act. However, genetically modified plants could be subject to the Patents Act, as they are not strictly new varieties of plants that were produced through biological processes. South Africa is a signatory of the UPOV Convention and the PBR Act was promulgated as a result of the implementation of UPOV see www.upov. org. In terms of the UPOV convention, member countries grant the same rights to persons of foreign member countries as they grant to their own. UPOV also regulates the right to claim priority to an application filed in another member country. This simply means that a PBR application in a UPOV member country could form the basis for a PBR application in another UPOV member country, for the same variety, filed within one year. When Does A Variety Qualify For PBR Protection? To qualify for PBR protection, a plant variety has to be new, distinct, uniform and stable.

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3. GM crop adoption In South Africa

Genetically modified (GM) cultivars have been experimentally fieldtested in South Africa since 1990 and commercially grown since 1997. GM cotton with the Bt bacterial gene against specific insect pests (bollworm larvae) was approved for commercial release in 1997, stalk borer resistant GM maize in 1998, and herbicide tolerant GM soya beans in 2000. The GMO Act 15 of 1997, amended to become the GMO Act 23 of 2006, regulates all research facilities handling GMOs, all genetic modifications as defined on all organisms, greenhouse and laboratory contained use, field trials, commercial release, and import and export of live modified organisms such as seeds, grains, microbes and live vaccines. Decision making involves a permit system that applies some 11 kinds relevant for specific uses or actions with GMOs. During the 2008 calendar year a total of 272 permit applications were approved and 84% or 229 dealt with maize. Of these, 22 were for grain imports, 4 for grain exports, 22 for seed imports, and 10 for commercial seed exports. The remainder was for export and import of samples for research, breeding, multiplication, contained use, and field trials. Other permits applied to cotton, sorghum, soya beans, cassava, and GMO live vaccines for clinical trials. GM cotton has reached saturation level at 92% of area planted (the 8% balance having to be planted to conventional cotton as insect refugia) and this was made up of 82% stacked genes for bollworm resistance and herbicide tolerance, 6% herbicide tolerance and 4% insect resistance. Soya beans area planted comprised over 80% GM, all using the herbicide tolerant trait. In South Africa, as in other GM soya countries, this trait has facilitated the move to conservation reduced tillage and crop rotation. Despite a reduction in maize area planted, GM seed sales in 2008 maintained their forecast. GM area planted increased to 69% of total maize area with white maize at 70% of white area and yellow at 68% of yellow area. A study conducted in collaboration with the University of Pretoria showed that a cumulative area of GM maize of 6.2 million hectares had been planted since 1999/2000 and yielded an estimated 23 million tons of GM grain. The cumulative farmer benefit came to R3 billion. GM permits have been granted for greenhouse contained testing of bio-fortified grain sorghum, virus resistant chinkerinchee flower and altered starch composition cassava. Approvals for clinical GM vaccine trials include HIV/AIDS and TB. Field trials approved for GM maize include drought tolerance, new herbicide tolerance, new insect resistance, and stacked combination traits. GM trials for GM cotton cover several new insect resistance, herbicide tolerance and stacked combination traits. Another herbicide tolerance trait in soya beans is being tested, while GM sugarcane with altered sugars is forthcoming. Data researched, collated and verified by Wynand J van der Walt, FoodNCropBio, wynandjvdw@telkomsa.net. The research has been supported by funding from the Maize Trust. Find global statistics at www.isaaa.org, website of International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications.

scientific assessment of the application by the Advisory Committee to evaluate the potential risks to humans, animals and the environment. Following the safety assessment, the decision making body appointed in terms of the Act, the Executive Council, will decide whether or not to approve a particular application based on the recommendation by the Advisory Committee, the application and public inputs. If the GMO activity is approved by the Executive Council, a permit is issued granting the applicant permission to conduct the specified activity. Permits and certificates that are issued vary, depending on the activity specified in the application. Directorate: Genetic Resources Tel: 012 319 6024 dgr@daff.gov.za Registrar: Plant Breeder Rights Act Tel: 012 319 6183 NoluthandoN@daff.gov.za DAFF administers the Plant Breeders Rights (PBR) Act, Act No. 15 of 1976 as amended in 1996. The objective of this Act is to provide for a system through which intellectual property rights (plant breeders rights) relating to varieties of certain kinds of plants may be granted and registered.

Department of Science and Technology (DST) Tel: 012 843 6300 www.dst.gov.za The National Biotechnology Strategy provides for the Biotechnology Regional Innovation Centres (BRICs), the National PlantBio Innovation Centre, the National Bioinforamtics Network (NBN) and the Public Understanding of Biotechnology (PUB). The Centres are linked to business incubators, and support a portfolio of projects in animal heath, industrial, agricultural and environmental areas as well as providing a vehicle for commercialisation. The DSTs agency, the South African Agency for Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA), runs a technology awareness campaign. The awareness campaign is called the Public Understanding of Biotechnology (PUB). South African Agency for Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA) Tel: 012 392 9300 www.saasta.ac.za Public Understanding of Biotechnology (PUB) Tel: 012 392 9300 www.pub.ac.za

4. National strategy and government contacts

Information and contact details for DAFF directorates can be found under the Divisions menu option on www.daff.gov.za

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Directorate: Biosafety Tel: 012 319 6199 db@daff.gov.za Registrar for the Genetically Modified Organisms Act, 1997 Tel: 012 319 6382 The Genetically Modified Organisms Act, 1997 (Act No. 15 of 1997) is administered by the Directorate Biosafety within the Department of Agriculture.

Since the implementation of the GMO Act in December 1999, all activities with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are conducted according to permits issued in terms of this Act. The Act makes provision for a Registrar who is responsible for all administrative processes; regulatory bodies, i.e. the Advisory Committee and Executive Council, as well as the appointment of inspectors and an appeal board. GMO applications are submitted to the Registrar who ensures compliance to the GMO Act. This is followed by a

Biotechnology Regional Innovation To be eligible for protection in Centres (BRICs): terms of the PBR Act, the plants from which new varieties are Biopad www.biopad.org.za developed should be declared Lifelab EcoBio Innovation by the Minister in accordance to Centre www.lifelab.co.za the regulations of the Act, i.e. the Cape Biotech www. breeder or his agent should submit capebiotech.co.za a request to the Registrar to have PlantBio www.plantbio.org. the plant concerned included in za Table 1 of the regulations upon National Bioinformatics approval by the Minister. Network (NBN) www.nbn. ac.za Currently, about 360 taxa are declared in terms of the PBR Department of Water and Act as follows: 53% ornamental Environment Affairs crops, 27% agricultural crops, Directorate: Biosafety/Genetically 10% fruit crops and vegetable Modified Organisms crops respectively. In an attempt Tel: 012 310 3396 to streamline the administrative procedures, the Registrar publishes This directorate was formed in a call inviting applications to have 2005 to co-ordinate and support new plants declared twice a year in work in implementing the the Government Gazette. Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety. At the end of 2008, 2076 varieties had valid plant breeders rights as follows: 713 for Agricultural crops, 349 for fruit crops, 762 for ornamental crops and 252 for vegetable crops. About 60% of the rights are owned by foreign nationals and 40% by locals. Of the locally owned varieties about 15% is owned by public institutions. Directorate: Plant Production Tel: 012 319 6079 DPP@daff.gov.za Department of Health (DOH) Tel: 012 312 0000 / 3161 www.health.gov.za At present there is no segregation between genetically-modified and non-genetically modified foods in South Africa. Labelling and related legislation would be the DoHs responsibility. The DoH has a Biotech unit.

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5. Training and research

The PUB website contains a list of training providers and institutions in this area. Careers in genetics and biotechnology may also be found there. Visit www.pub.ac.za. Find Tertiary Institutions menu option on the Southern Africa Plant Breeders Association website www.sapba.co.za. Research papers are also available here. ARC Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute (VOPI) Dr Sonja Venter (Research Institute Manager) Tel: 012 841 9611 ajoubert@arc.agric.za www.arc.agric.za Biotechnology forms an integral part of the Plant Breeding and Crop Protection divisions of the Agricultural Research Councils Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute. The Plant Breeding division relies on biotechnology for the development of molecular markers for various vegetable crops. Molecular fingerprinting is performed routinely for the breeding programs of the institute, as well as for private clients. The Crop Protection division utilises molecular biology techniques to characterise and identify viral, fungal and bacterial pathogens. This technology is also used to study host pathogen interactions and the ecology of the pathogens in question Tissue culture protocols for many ornamental and vegetable crops, including root and tuber crops such as cassava, sweetpotato, and the wild potato (Plectranthus esculentus), a neglected indigenous crop, have been developed. African network in modern biotechnology, and the University of the Witwatersrand, are working on a continent-wide partnership for scientists in biotechnology. The Centre planned to create opportunities for the involvement of African scientists throughout the region and to hone its network of excellence in biotechnology. Contact Prof Chris Rey at the School of Molecular and Cell Biology. Tel: 011 717 6324 or email chrissie.rey@wits.ac.za CSIR Bio/Science Tel: 012 841 4220 www.csir.co.za Biotechnology Programme: CSIR Bio/Chemtek houses one of the largest biotechnology research facilities in South Africa, with more than 60 biotechnologists, organic chemists, molecular biologists and technologists. These experts work in both process and plant biotechnology, and the applications thereof. Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI) Tel: 012 420 3939 Mike.wingfield@fabi.up.ac.za National Research Foundation Tel: 012 481 4000 / 4001 / 4002 www.nrf.ac.za

Institute of Wine Biotechnology (IWB) Tel: 021 808 3770 mav@sun.ac.za w w w. s u n . a c . z a / w i n e _ biotechnology The IWBT has long term collaboration with the South African Wine Industry to generate transgenic grapevine with improved disease resistance. Department of Genetics Plant Breeding Laboratory (SUPBL) Tel: 021 808 4860 www.sun.ac.za/genetics The SU-PBL has long term collaboration with the South African Winter Cereal Trust to conduct germplasm development. The SU-PBL also conducts a full scale triticale breeding programme. University of the Free State Department of Plant Sciences Tel: 051 401 2514 Department of Agricultural Economics Tel: 051 401 2250 University of KwaZulu-Natal Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness Tel: 033 260 6075 www.ukzn.ac.za

School of Biological and Conservation Sciences Tel: 033 260 5104 sbcs@ukzn.ac.za Tel: 031 260 3197 www.ukzn.ac.za/plantgermcons Their work in plant germplasm conservation research has placed South Africa firmly in the international arena in understanding the biology of recalcitrant seeds, their improved handling and the potential for their improved shortterm storage, as well as longterm conservation of the genetic resources of the many species concerned. University of Pretoria Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI) Tel: 012 420 3938 mike.wingfield@fabi.up.ac.za www.up.ac.za University of the Witwatersrand Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences Tel: 011 717 6427 dave@biology.biol.wits.ac.za Within the Department there is a strong research interest in the micropropagation (mass production by tissue culture) of selected crops (e.g. cassava) and of South African indigenous plants.

6. Websites and publications

See also the websites of the associations, government departments etc mentioned elsewhere in this chapter.

Virus elimination techniques have North West University been developed for potato, sweet Tel: 018 299 1111/2222 potato and cassava to provide www.puk.ac.za meristem-derived disease free material for use in propagation, Private companies conduct their own research. An example is Sappi breeding, in various genebanks, Forests Research who are working and to provide certified virus-free on a process called somatic planting material to farmers and embryogenesis, being applied to the commercial sector. Pinus patula. This process results in the clonal production of artificial African Biofortified Sorghum embryos through the use of tissue (ABS) Project culture techniques. Tel: 011 781 4449/082 787 4799 www.biosorghum.org Stellenbosch University Institute of Plant Biotechnology African Centre for Crop (IPB) Improvement (ACCI) Tel: 021 808 3836 Tel: 033 260 5524 Kossmann@sun.ac.za laing@ukzn.ac.za www.sun.ac.za/ipb www.acci.org.za The IPB has long term collaboration with the South African Sugarcane Research Institute to generate transgenic sugarcane with enhanced sucrose accumulation or with improved biomass for alternative The African Centre for Gene uses. Technology (ACGT), a South Based at the University of KwaZuluNatal, the ACCI trains African plant breeders, in Africa, on African crops.

Find the quarterly South African Plant Variety Journal (compiled by Directorate: Genetic Resources) on www.daff.gov.za A number of publications publications are available from the Biotechnology Unit at the Department of Science and Technology. The websites of AfricaBio and Biowatch are informative, and provide links to numerous other sites. They also give details of publications and research: www.africabio.org and www.biowatch.org.za. The PUB website includes a series of posters on biotech for teaching purposes, fact files, activities, projects, in addition to links and info. Links to information on national biosafety and GMO debates can be found at the following portal: www.biosafetyafrica.net www.safeage.org offers advice to South Africans on GM foods amongst other things. Bio World Online www.bioworld.com provides biotech news, reports, forums, articles, calendars and reviews. www.planet-diversity.org World Congress on the Future of Food and Agriculture (anti-GM). Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety www.biodiv.org/biosafety The Plant Variety Journals Information on plant varieties registered or deleted from the register can be found on www.daff.gov.za (under Publications). For culturing and propagation techniques refer to: www.answers.com/ topic/plant-tissue-culture. www.cgiar.org Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) AgriForest Bio-Technologies www.agriforestbiotech.com www.scienceinafrica.co.za Africas first on-line Science Magazine. www.non-gm-farmers.com Network of Concerned Farmers. www.grain.org/briefings/?id=12 Refer to this website for articles regarding the Implications for Small Farmers.

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www.almac-nz.com for a look at what a New Zealand company is doing in Tissue Culture. www.gmoafrica.org if you have a specific question or you want to suggest content, you are invited to contact them at info@gmoafrica. org www.actionbioscience.org Issues in biotechnology. The United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) www.unesco.org Voices from Africa: farmers and environmentalists speak out against AGRA a new Green Revolution in Africa. This report challenges Western-led plans for a genetically engineered revolution in African agriculture. Find it at www.oaklandinstitute.org

FoodNCropBio Wynand van der Walt Tel: 012 347 6334 / 083 468 3471 Monsanto SA Tel: 011 790 8200 www.monsanto.com SA National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) Tel: 012 843 5058 www.sanbi.org

through proactive communication among private and public sector institutions, emphasising the need for co-operation and maintenance of high ethical standards and norms, thereby contributing toward stable, sustainable agriculture. Find recent newsletters on their website. Starke Ayres Tel: 021 534 3231 www.starkeayres.co.za

7. Other roleplayers
AfricaBio Tel: 012 667 2689 www.africabio.com AfricaBio works with small-scale farmers who want to assess agricultural biotechnology for themselves. African Centre for Biosafety Tel: 011 646 0699 mariammayet@mweb.co.za www.biosafetyafrica.net African Harvest Biotech Foundation International Tel: 011 781 4447 www.ahbfi.org Biowatch South Africa Tel: 031 206 2954 www.biowatch.org.za An NGO dedicated to publicising, monitoring and researching issues of biological diversity, genetic engineering and sustainable livelihoods. Bioventures Capital Fund Dr Heather Sherwin Tel: 021 462 2152 / 083 260 8307 Du Roi Laboratory Tel: 015 345 1572 / 1217 www.duroilab.co.za Specialise in the production of tissue culture banana plants.

SANBIs GMO unit came into operation on the 1st March 2008. Starke Ayres is a leader in the development, production and marketing of a wide range of South African Plant innovative and high-yielding Improvement Organisation vegetable crops for the professional (SAPO) grower. Tel: 021 887 6823 www.saplant.co.za SunBio Tel: 021 887 2474 South African Society for Biochemistry and Molecular This is a company within the Biology Institute for Wine Biotechnology www.sasbmb.org.za at the University of Stellenbosch. It is aimed at commercialising the Southern Africa Plant research outputs of the Institute. Breeders Association Tel: 021 808 4860 Syngenta South Africa (Pty) Ltd wcb@sun.ac.za Tel: 011 541 4000 www.sapba.co.za www.syngenta.com The Southern African Plant Breeders Association is dedicated to the promotion of the science and art of plant breeding as a profession

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8. International business environment

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) genebanks
Centres supported by CGIAR operate eleven genebanks, containing more than 650 000 samples of staple crops and related wild species (see table to the right). Those materials include traditional varieties developed through many generations of selection by farmers, as well as wild species, crop breeding lines and improved varieties. Centre and website Africa Rice Centre (WARDA) www.warda.org International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) www.ciat.cgiar.org International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) www.cimmyt.org International Potato Centre (CIP) www.cipotato.org International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) www.icarda.org World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) www.worldagroforestrycentre.org International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) www.icrisat.org International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) www.iita.org International Livestock Research Institute www.ilri.org International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) www.ipgri.cgiar.org International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) www.irri.org Rice Beans, cassava, forages Maize, rye, triticale, wheat Crop

Andean roots and tubers, potato, sweetpotato Barley, chickpea, faba bean, forage, lentil, wheat Sesbania Chickpea, groundnut, pearl millet and other millets, pigeonpea, sorghum Bambara groundnut, cassava, cowpea, soybean, yam Forages Banana and plantain Rice

African Biotechnology Stakeholders Forum (ABSF) www.absfafrica. org African Crops Network (find the maize breeders, cassava breeders etc options) http://africancrops.net African Harvest Biotech Foundation International Foundation provides the tools of biotechnology for Africa and the developing world through crop and product orientated projects and programs www.ahbfi.org Biotechkenya.com Kenya is one of the most progressive countries in Sub-Saharan Africa in developing transgenic agriculture products Biotechuganda.com a Uganda-based website containing information on biotechnology and related issues Bioversity International www.bioversityinternational.org Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) www.cgiar.org East African Regional Programme and Research Network for Biotechnology, Biosafety and Biotechnology Policy Development www.bio-earn.org European South African Science and Technology Advancement Programme (ESASTAP), an initiative of the Department of Science and Technologys Programme for International Co-operation and Resources www.esastap.org.za Local contact details: 012 843 6341 and contact@esastap.org.za International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) promotes the safe use of biotechnology worldwide with special regard to the needs of the developing world. Includes a library of documents on biosafety, and a bibliographic database on biosafety studies published since 1990. In 2007 a component of the ICGEB was opened at the University of Cape Town. South Africa is the third country in the world to host a research laboratory of the ICGEB www.icgeb.org International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) facilitates the transfer of agricultural biotechnology applications from industrial to developing countries and counsels developing countries on the testing of products. It also assists in the implementation of biosafety and food safety regulatory procedures, the deployment of resistance genes, and with IPRs www.isaaa.org The Global Crop Diversity Trust www.croptrust.org. A supporter of the CGIAR Centres, the trust is building a fund to provide support for the sharing of genetic resources Union for the International Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) www.upov.int

The cartoon (bottom left) is used courtesy of the Department of Science and Technologys Public Understanding of Biotechnology (PUB) unit. These cartoons can be accessed at www.pub.ac.za

System-wide Information Network on Genetic Resources (SINGER) enables users to search genebanks worldwide for required genetic traits. This help researchers and farmers develop more nutritious plants that are disease and pest resistant and can cope with drought, flooding and other effects of climate change. See www.singer.cgiar.org

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Capacity building, science & technology

Precision farming
Also see the Mapping chapter

Near Infra Red (NIR) Ortho rectified Imagery. This is becoming a very important technology initially with timber and wine farmers but spreading to all farmers. Information derived from these technologies allows farmers to: apply inputs such as fertilisers and seed at variable rates exactly where they are needed; make more efficient use of these inputs. Precision farming is listed under Key Strategic Areas and thrusts in DAFFs National Agricultural Research and Development Strategy. Find the document on www.daff.gov.za

1. Overview
Precision Farming is a site-specific crop management approach that enables crop farmers to apply optimum inputs in their fields only when and where they are needed. Precision Farming methods are based on sound agronomic, economic and environmental data. The concept is simple: just as each land on a farm is treated differently according to the average production potential of its soil, Precision Farming varies treatment of the soil within the land according to the actual variations in different places. Basic principles The more homogenous the soil within a land, the less benefit you would get from Precision Farming. On the other hand, the more variable, the greater the benefits. An economic analysis will show at what point the investment in a Precision Farming Programme entails a certain minimum fixed cost per hectare; it would not be economically justifiable in low-input, low-yield rain-fed crop production. But, in high-input, high-yielding crop production on high-potential soil especially under irrigation its ability to optimise expensive inputs would be highly beneficial. The tools of the trade Precision Farming utilises six ultra-modern technologies: Global Positioning Systems (GPS), which provides a navigation system to establish a position of a tractor or combine anywhere in a land within less than 2 meters on a latitude-longitude grid overlay. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) GIS Computers capture, manage and analyse spatial data related to crop productivity and field inputs. Variable Rate Technology (VRT), which provides on-the-fly control of field inputs. Optical satellite imagery provides real-time monitoring of crop development and anomalies due to variation in soil potential, physical or climatic variables, pest and diseases, or nutrient deficiencies. Satellite Imagery and Aerial Imagery.

2. Roleplayers
ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate Electrolee and Water (ARC-ISCW) Tel: 012 347 9933 Tel: 012 310 2500 www.electrolee.co.za www.arc.agric.za Monitor the flow of seed, fertiliser The ARC-ISCW has a section and axle rotation. focusing on precision farming research and implementation. EnviroMon Specialised equipment, together Tel: 021 851 5134 with an extensive database www.enviromon.co.za of satellite imagery, is used to develop products to assist farmers For the supply, installation, in improving their profitability maintenance and calibration of instrumentation for monitoring through precision farming. weather elements and soil moisture conditions. Agrista Tel: 031 303 2299 Falcon Agricultural Equipment www.agrista.com Tel: 033 330 4764 www.falconequipment.co.za Caryki Consulting CC Tel: 083 445 2662 Farm-IT Solutions Caryki@iburst.co.za Tel: 012 666 7000 www.farm-it.co.za Cerealis Precision Tel: 018 632 0362 doret.smit@cerealisprecision.com Farm-IT services include: www.cerealisprecisionsa.com Remote sensing/GPS Surveying DFM Software Solutions Agronomists and soil mapping Tel: 021 904 1154 www.dfmsoftware.co.za Emerging Farmer strategy formulation and support Products include the DFM Irrigation Control System and DFM Continuous Soil Moisture Probe.

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FarmSecure Tel: 058 307 6900 www.farmsecure.co.za GeoSpace International Tel: 012 348 4586 www.geospace.co.za Hanna Instruments Tel: 011 615 6076 www.hannainst.co.za See advert on page 105 Laduma Harvesting Tel: 082 446 1300 www.laduma-sa.com

MAPCO Tel: 017 712 1075 www.mapcosa.co.za Max Yield Hannes 082 419 3337 hannes@maxyield.co.za Agricultural contractors for conventional or no-till planting, for distribution of lime (precisionbased GPS) New Holland Tel: 011 922 2300 www.nhsa.co.za

NOTE; it is always critical that samples are taken in the prescribed manner and represents the area/lot that is being evaluated. Contact them for more information. OMNIA Ltd Tel: 011 709 8888 www.omnia.co.za Available services: detail soil- and chemical maps for integrating into the Precision Farming process; an agronomic team to make recommendations on how to develop the Precision Farming process, step by step. Promeet Michiel Theron 082 802 2442 promeet@lantic.net Ronin Tel: 011 606 2194 / 082 452 0673 www.roninpfs.com The Dickey John Land Manager control system provides variable

rate application control for precision precision chemical and fertiliser applications. Enquire about other precision farming equipment. Senter 360 Tel: 018 469 1331 / 082 564 5955 www.senter360.co.za SiQ Tel: 012 807 9460 Eugene.duPreez@siq.co.za www.siq.co.za Technifarm Tel: 028 514 3140 info@technifarm.co.za www.technifarm.co.za Theebo Tech (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 981 2161 www.equalizer.co.za TOPCON Tel: 018 468 2822 www.topconpa.com

Precision farming equipment Specialists in precision farming Ask your nearest Northmec information and yield mapping dealer about the Cruizer guidance system. Fond contact details at Land Resources International www.northmec.co.za Tel: 033 392 8360 www.lri.co.za Nviro Crop Derived from leading edge airborne Tel: 018 290 7343 remote sensing technology, LREye www.nvirocrop.com Imagery provides growers with vital crop performance information. NviroTek Labs (Pty) Ltd Recurrent crop problems can be Tel: 012 252 7588 tracked over time, allowing for www.nviroteklabs.co.za cost-effective containment and National, independent laboratory solution-planning. services for agriculture. Analyses of soils, plants and water is critical to Lantek SA ensure optimum yields of any type Tel: 082 374 4760 of crop, being produced. www.lanteksa.co.za

Find the notes on satellite imagery on the Agis website, www.agis.agric.za, and visit roleplayer websites e.g. www.nvirocrop.com

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Capacity building, science & technology

Precision livestock farming
1. Overview
Increasingly, animal health, behaviour and welfare are becoming an integral part of food quality. Monitoring animal health, behaviour and welfare can assure consumers that the products they buy are from healthy animals that were kept in ways that are in accordance with good farming practice. Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) is a sub-set of precision agriculture. PLF exploits identification and associated sensory and location technologies to optimise feeding and control, with a view to achieving objective yield factors, improved animal health and optimised usage of related resources. Traceability and automated food information management are integral to the PLF concept. A majority of farmers make decisions based on short rather than long-term expectations. In order to implement good practices of PLF it will therefore be of vital importance to be able to showcase an attractive economical return on investment of such changed practices for the farmer or food business operator. It will also be important to find the balance between the demand for sustainable and profitable production. A key issue will be how to make PLF practical for the individual farmer to use. These questions are being explored in a new project, BrightAnimal. BrightAnimal is a Coordinated European Union Support Action project that will review and evaluate past and current research relating to precision livestock farming (PLF). BrightAnimal will examine PLF in the light of consumer interests and on-farm production processes, with special emphasis on the needs of and implications for small and medium enterprises. BrightAnimal will produce a book on PLF, as well as best PLF practices booklets in four areas: aquaculture, dairy cattle, pigs and laying hens. BrightAnimal is coordinated by AIDC UK. European partners are from UK, Spain, Norway, Denmark and Estonia. Participants include representatives from South Africa, China, Brazil, Thailand, Malaysia and Australia. The project will become increasingly visible during 2010 and be completed by mid-2011. Through BrightAnimal, South African interested parties and experts will be able to engage directly with PLF researchers around the world, and to critically review PLF research papers and programmes, assess the impact on producers and make recommendations for the way forward.

South Africa will host a BrightAnimal workshop for the standards and best practices and food information management and advanced traceability work packages on 08 September 2010 in Johannesburg. The workshops are being arranged in conjunction with the ICST eAfrica conference, which will take place on 09-10 September 2010. Members of the South African network and PLF community will thus have the opportunity to engage directly with PLF global experts.
Source: Gwynne Foster. Consumer Goods Council of South Africa (CGCSA) is the registered legal entity. Gwynne Foster coordinates BrightAnimal activities in South Africa. Write to her at g.foster@mweb.co.za. Read more at the Bright Animal website www.brightanimal.eu or write to Andrew Callahan at AndrewC@aimuk.org

2. Roleplayers
Roleplayers involved with the identification, monitoring and tracking of livestock

ARC-Irene Tel: 012 672 9393 ben@arc.agric.za Read about the DNA testing and Identification done by the ARC Irene in the Livestock chapter. The contact person for this services is Ben Greyling. AXXON Tel: 011 837 7177/6/0 Fax: 011 837 3100 axxon@global.co.za Suppliers of electronic animal scales and I.D. systems that integrate with most local software programmes. BrightAnimal Gwynne Foster 082 578 4201 g.foster@mweb.co.za www.brightanimal.eu BURNTAG Tel: 028 722 2399

livestock and game remote monitoring (eco-tourism, health & safety) research tool as well as monitoring the research subject. estrus and bull performance monitoring farm automation movable asset usage monitoring remote freezer/cooler monitoring (mobile & fixed) farm security (alarm monitoring and personal protection) guard, herder, hiker & hunter monitoring vehicle usage monitoring and tracking produce temperature monitoring farm planning and natural resource utilisation management

Identipet Tel: 011 957 3455/6 info@identipet.com Consumer Goods Council of www.identipet.com South Africa Tel: 011 789 5777 RAU Easy Farming www.cgcsa.co.za Tel: 058 863 1515/082 550 6883 www.animalimmobilizer.com The South African registered legal entity and partner to the Bright RuDDScales Animal project Tel: 086 111 4634 www.rudd.co.za GMP Tags contact@gmpbasic.co.za Livestock weighing systems with www.gmptags.co.za specialised software, electronic identification products. Committed to traceability SA Vet HOTSURE Tel: 086 119 2345 Tel: 0861 COLLAR Fax: 086 640 5744 Import/export livestock www.hotsure.co.za identification equipment Livestock branding Biotelemetry solutions for proactive risk management and precision farming.The benefits include: animal health remote monitoring precision grazing and veld utilisation monitoring

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Capacity building, science & technology

Science and research
Also see the Plant Breeding and Biotechnology chapter

Medical Research Council (MRC) Tel: 021 938 0911 www.mrc.ac.za

1. Overview
Agriculture, being a primary industry, supports many other industries, roughly to the ratio of 1:1,6 regarding job opportunities. Apart from being a catalyst for economic growth generally, agriculture provides food, clothing, employment, tourism, contributes to the alleviation of poverty and promotes international competitiveness. With the adoption of the National Spatial Information (NSI) into the Agricultural R&D Strategy, it becomes increasingly important to identify, develop, adapt, adopt and transfer appropriate technologies to both the first and second economies. In this way the divide that persists with dualism will hopefully be bridged. The aim in identifying new and emerging technologies in the South African context is not only to increase global competitiveness, but also to ensure household food security and to assist the developing farmers in entering the mainstream. In identifying technologies, stimulating innovative solutions must be encouraged.
Source: National Agricultural Research and Development Strategy 2008, which can be found on the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries website, www.daff. gov.za

The NRF is South Africas premier agent for investing in knowledge and innovation across all disciplines of the natural sciences and engineering, as well as social Improves the nations health status sciences and humanities. and quality of life through relevant and excellent health research South African Bureau of aimed at promoting equity and Standards (SABS) development. Tel: 012 428 7911 www.sabs.co.za National Research Foundation (NRF) Responsible for the development Tel: 012 481 4000/1 and publication of standards for www.nrf.ac.za products and services

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

One of the priority concerns of the Strategic Plan for South African Agriculture, released by the National Department of Agriculture, Agri SA and NAFU SA, is Research and Development. Find this document on the Departments website: www.daff.gov.za. See also the National Agricultural Research and Development Strategy 2008. Find the Government document South Africas National Research and Development Strategy on www.gov.za Directorate: Research & Technology Development Mr Ramagwai Joseph Sebola Tel: 012 319 6078 DRTD@nda.agric.za Develops and monitors the implementation of suitable policies and strategies for research and development, technology development and transfer in the agricultural sector. Find the National Agricultural Research & Development Strategy at www.daff.gov.za. The National Agricultural Research Forum (NARF) Mr Ramagwai Joseph Sebola Tel: 012 319 6286/078 Partners include national and provincial government, universities and universities of technology, private research organisations and the private sector. Its main objective is to facilitate consensus and integrate co-ordination in research, development and technology transfer to agriculture in order to enhance national economic growth, social welfare and environmental sustainability and seeks to advise government through the Minister of Agriculture and Land Affairs on all matters pertaining to agricultural research, development and technology transfer. The Secretariat is based at DAFF. Most directorates are involved in agricultural research in their areas of responsibility (e.g. Animal Production, Genetic Resources etc).

2. Science Councils of South Africa

Agricultural Research Council (ARC) see heading 4 Tel: 012 427 9700 www.arc.agric.za science and technology to improve the quality of life of the countrys people.

Council for Mineral Technology Promotes agriculture and related (Mintek) sectors through research, Tel: 011 709 4111 technology development and www.mintek.ac.za technology transfer. By developing and making available Council for Geoscience (CGO) the most appropriate and costTel: 012 841 1911 effective technology, Mintek www.geoscience.org.za enables the minerals industry to operate more effectively. Geological, geophysical and palaeontological research supplying Human Sciences Research geological information to the Council (HSRC) Government and the public. Tel: 012 302 2000 / 021 466 8000 / 031 242 5400 Council for Industrial and www.hsrc.ac.za Scientific Research (CSIR) Tel: 012 841 2911 Facilitating problem solving and www.csir.co.za enhancing decision making through research excellence in the human The CSIR undertakes and applies sciences. directed research and innovation in

Other:
Department of Science and Technology Tel: 012 843 6300 Fax: 012 323 8308 www.dst.gov.za The Department of Science and Technology strives towards introducing measures that put science and technology to work to make an impact on growth and development in a sustainable manner, in areas that matter to all the people of South Africa.

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4. The Agricultural Research Council (ARC)

The ARC is accountable to the Department of Science and Technology in terms of the regulatory framework affecting institutions with research and development as a primary mandate, but reports to the Department of Agriculture in terms of objectives and budget. It is one of eight research councils in South Africa and was established in 1992 in terms of the Agricultural Research Act of 1990 (Act No. 86 of 1990) as amended in 1993 and 1995. For more detailed information, visit www. arc.agric.za or contact ARC head office at 012 427 9700.

5. Other institutes and organisations involved

Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) Tel: 012 328 6970 www.ai.org.za Grassland Society of Southern Africa (GSSA) Tel: 049 842 4335 www.grassland.org.za

Public Support Services

ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water (ISCW) ARC-Institute for Tropical and Tel: 012 310 2500 Subtropical Crops (ITSC) Tel: 013 753 7000 Activity: soil science, agro meteorology, water utilisation, GIS Activity: citrus, pineapple, banana, avocado, mango, guava, litchi, ARC-Institute for Agricultural papaya, granadilla, tea, coffee, Engineering (IAE) spices, pecan, macadamias, cashew Tel: 012 842 4000 nuts, cocoa, coconut Activity: aquaculture, irrigation ARC-Roodeplaat Vegetables systems, energy, mechanisation, and Ornamental Plant Institute product processing (VOPI) Tel: 012 841 9611 ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI) Activity: vegetables, potatoes, Tel: 012 808 0952 flowers (bulbs), onions, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, cowpeas Activity: pests, diseases & invader weed control, pesticide ARC-Infruitec-Nietvoorbij management, forest entomology, Tel: 021 809 3100 honey production Activity: fruit production, viticulture News Transfer / oenology, deciduous fruit, grapes Previously Sustainable Rural table, raisin, white grapes, wine Livelihoods (SRL) & brandy industry, apples, peaches, Tel: 012 427 9700 / 23 plums, pears, berry fruits, tree nut crops, rooibos tea, dates, olives, The Sustainable Rural Livelihoods kiwi fruit, hops. division was established to help the research and development business divisions better understand the Livestock Business Division needs of the resource-poor ARC- Onderstepoort agricultural sector Veterinary Institute (OVI) Tel: 012 529 9111 Grain and Industrial Crops Activity: vaccines, animal diseases ARC-Grain Crops Institute / infectious diseases, parasitology, (GCI) toxicology Tel: 018 299 6100 ARC-Animal Production Activity: grain crops maize, Institute (Irene) sorghum and millet, sunflower, Tel: 012 672 9111 groundnut, soya beans, dry beans, cow peas, sweet white lupine, Activity: livestock improvement, animal nutrition & farming systems bambara ARC-Small Grain (SGI) Tel: 058 307 3400 development, food Institute SMME products / feed stuffs, animal feeds, improve meat and dairy products, production of beef & dairy cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, poultry, poultry Activity: wheat, barley, oats, rye nutrition, dairy cattle nutrition, red ARC-Institute for Industrial meat production, pig nutrition Crops (IIC) Tel: 014 536 3150 / 2 Activity: tobacco, cotton, hemp, flax, sisal, kenaf

Horticultural Business Division

AISA is an independent research Hannas Instruments organisation and think-tank, Tel: 011 615 6076 focussing on Africa in its research, www.hannainst.co.za publications and resource library. HOTSURE Tel: 0861 265527 Agricultural Mark Trends www.hotsure.co.za (AMT) Tel: 012 361 2748 / 8344 Masters and PhD research www.agrimark.co.za applicants can apply for product Research is aimed at developing an grants/sponsorships analytical framework that would assist roleplayers in agriculture in Institute for Commercial quantifying the effects of various Forestry Research (ICFR) Tel: 013 764 2393 agro-economic variables such as www.icfr.ukzn.ac.za agricultural policy, technology, development strategies, regional Protein Research Foundation demand, product distribution, Tel: 011 803 2579 competitive advantages and trade www.proteinresearch.net liberalisation on the agricultural economy of the region. Research Stations: Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) Tel: 012 420 4583/2 www.bfap.co.za BFAP is an independent research unit involving the University of Pretoria, the University of Stellenbosch, the Department of Agriculture: Western Cape and the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) and associate organisations. Armoedsvlakte Agricultural Research Station 053 927 3801 Dundee Agricultural Research Station 034 212 2479 Kokstad Agricultural Research Station 039 727 2105 Karakul Agricultural Research Station 054 332 1931 Nooitgedacht Agricultural Research Station 017 819 2781

Others: Messina Agricultural Station, Outeniqua Centre for Science, Technology Research and Innovation Indicators Experimental Farm, (CeSTII) Koopmansfontein Agricultural Based at the HSRC Research Station, Quelea Research Unit (QRU), Rietrivier Citrus Research International Agricultural Research Station, (CRI) Sandvet Agricultural Research Tel: 013 759 8000 Station, Toowomba Agricultural www.citrusres.com Research Station and the Vaalharts Agricultural Research Station. Companies involved in agriculture Details can be found on the ARC conduct their own research e.g. website www.arc.agric.za the seed companies, fertiliser companies etc. The Revenue Laws Soil Science Society of South Amendment Act allows companies Africa (SSSSA) to deduct 150% of Research and Tel: 012 310 2504 Development (R & D) expenditure, www.soils.org.za an attempt to encourage company expenditure on R & D and to make South African Sugarcane South Africa an attractive place to Research Institute (SASRI) foreign-sourced R & D activity. Find Tel: 031 508 7400 details of Companies Involved in www.sugar.org.za the relevant chapters. Sugar Milling Research Institute DFM Software Solutions (SMRI) Tel: 021 904 1154 Tel: 031 273 1300 www.dfmsoftware.co.za www.smri.org Provides the ARC and universities South African Society of Animal with continuous logging soil Science (SASAS) moisture probes. www.sasa.co.za

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South African Society of Crop Production (SASCP) www.sascp.org.za Southern African Society for Horticultural Sciences www.sashs.co.za South African Soil Survey Organisation (SASSO) Tel: 018 633 1143 www.sasso.co.za Southern Education and Research Alliance (SERA) Tel: 012 841 2204 www.seralliance.com A partnership between the University of Pretoria and the CSIR

Universities and Agricultural Colleges (see the Agricultural Education and Training chapter). Water Research Commission (WRC) Tel: 012 330 0340/9053 www.wrc.org.za The WRC operates in terms of the Water Research Act (Act 34 of 1971) and its mandate is to support water research and development as well as the building of a sustainable water research capacity in South Africa.

6. Local business environment

Research priorities differ in the provinces, based on their ecological conditions and socio-economic situation. The National Agricultural Research and Development Strategy sets out the following key areas of technological development national priorities along with a brief overview of each: sustainable natural resource management maintaining and strengthening competitiveness of the agricultural sector through biotechnology, information and communications technology Earth observation technologies Geographic Information Systems, spatial modelling and scenario planning product differentiation for global competitiveness global competitiveness and macro-economics post-harvest technology development for value adding, bio-energy and bio-fuels precision agriculture animal and plant health indigenous food crops production (crop and livestock) efficiency under extreme climate conditions

7. International business environment

Also find the numerous international roleplayers by taking the Links menu option at www.dst.gov.za Association of Agricultural Research Institutions in the Near East and North Africa (AARINENA) www.aarinena.org African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF) www.aatf-africa. org Australian Centre for Industrial and Agricultural Research (ACIAR) www.aciar.gov.au Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture (AGORA) www. aginternetwork.org African Highlands Initiative (AHI) www.africanhighlands.org Agricultural Research Service (ARS) www.ars.usda.gov The Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA) www.asareca.org African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) www.atpsnet. org Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP) visit www.nepad.org, www.fao.org, www.fara-africa.org and other relevant websites.

Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI) www.cabi. org The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) www.cgiar.org. The website is an excellent orientation to groupings and research publications worldwide. International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) www.ciat.cgiar. org Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maz y Trigo (CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre) www.cimmyt. org International Potato Centre (CIP) www.cipotato.org Agricultural Research for Developing Countries (CIRAD) www.cirad. fr COPAC Academic and National Library Catalogue: free access to the merged online catalogues of 24 of the largest university research libraries in the UK and Ireland www.copac.ac.uk West and Central African Council for Agricultural and Research Foundation (CORAF) www.coraf.org CROP & FOOD Research (New Zealand) www.crop.cri.nz Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural Co-operation (CTA) www. cta.int European Initiative for Agricultural Research and Development (EIARD) www.eiard.org ELDIS a service for searching resources on African agricultural research www.eldis.org Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBAPA) www. embrapa.br European South African Science and Technology Advancement Programme (ESASTAP) www.esastap.org.za European Union (EU) find the agricultural research pages at http:// ec.europa.eu/research/fp6/ssp/eurocrop_en.htm Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) www.fara-africa. org Farm-Africa (Food and Agricultural Research Management) www. farmafrica.org.uk Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA) German Development Co-operation (GTZ) www.gtz.de International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) www.icarda.org Implementation & Coordination of Agricultural Research & Training in the SADC Region (ICART) find the link at www.sadc.int The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) www.icraf.cgiar.org International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) www.icrisat.org Canadas International Development Research Centre (IDRC) www. idrc.ca International Centre for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development (IFDC) www.ifdc.org International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) www.ifpri.org International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) www.iita.org The Instituto Nacional de Tecnologa Agropecuaria (INTA) from Argentina www.inta.gov.ar International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) www.ippc.int International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) www.irri.org International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR) www.isnar.cgiar.org PROLINNOVA Promoting Local Innovation (in ecologically-orientated agriculture and natural resource management) www.prolinnova.net Research Into Use (RIU) www.researchintouse.com This programme aims to improve access to knowledge and technology for poor people whose livelihoods depend on natural resources. It also helps secure funds for teams who are doing promising research. Contact Lucy Nickoll at L.nickoll@nrint.co.uk Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture (RUFORUM) www.ruforum.org South Africa-Netherlands Research Programme on Alternatives in Development (SANPAD) www.sanpad.org.za UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) www.uis.unesco.org WARDA Africa Rice Centre www.warda.org West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development (WECARD) WorldFish Centre www.worldfishcentre.org

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Field crops and horticulture

Barley
1. Overview
Barley is a winter cereal crop that is mainly produced in the South Western Cape under dry land conditions. Two-thirds of our barley is produced in the areas around Caledon, Riviersonderend, Bredasdorp, Napier, Swellendam and Heidelberg. The remainder of the production is in the Northern Cape under irrigation (Vaalharts, Douglas, Barkley West, Rietrivier and Hopetown area). Barley is also grown by some small-scale farmers at Taung in the North West Province. After wheat, it is the most important small grain in South Africa. Barley is mainly used for the production of malt (used for brewing beer), animal feed and pearl barley. The South African barley is primarily grown for malting purposes, but a variable portion annually is not suitable for malt production and is then down graded to animal feed. Barley is different from most, if not all, other agricultural commodities, as there is only one major barley buyer in South Africa, namely the South African Breweries Maltings (Pty) Ltd (SABM) which supplies SA Breweries Ltd with malted barley. Barley producers have a guaranteed market for 220 000 ton malting quality barley per year, and a choice of a fixed price forward contract or a formula price linked to the Safex wheat price. Statistics (e.g. crop estimates, export/import etc) may be found on the Department of Agricultures website take the Publications menu option at www.daff.gov.za and on the South African Grain Information Service website www.sagis.org.za The local consumption requirements for malting barley are around 270 000 ton per year. The barley marketing season in South Africa commences on 1 October and ends on 30 September the following year.

SAB Maltings (SABM) Tel: 028 214 3100

Stellenbosch University Department of Agronomy Tel: 021 8084803 The SAB Maltings Agricultural browne@sun.ac.za Advisor, Johannes Kokome, does informal training with the farmers Department of Food Science at Taung. Call him at 082 921 Tel: 021 808 3578 7981. voedselw@sun.ac.za South African Barley Breeding University of the Free State Institute (SABBI) Department of Plant Sciences Tel: 028 212 2943 / 082 921 7996 Tel: 051 401 2514 Fax: 051 444 5945 Situated on the Farm Dunghye Park plantsciences@ufs.ac.za near Caledon, SABBI is managed by SABM. It is a section 21 Company University of Pretoria which receives grants from the Department of Plant Sciences Tel: 012 420 4111 Winter Cereal Trust.

4. Websites and publications

The Guidelines For The Production Of Small Grains In The Summer Rainfall Region and the Guideline For The Production Of Small Grains In The Winter Rainfall Region are highly comprehensive and essential publication. Topics include management of barley production (e.g. reaching target yields), soil tillage guidelines, cultivar choice guidelines, fertilisation guidelines, and weed and insect control. Contact the ARC-SGI.Tel: 058 307 3507 www.sagis.org.za SAGISs website: National stocks, producer deliveries, import, exports, consumption, weekly parity prices, etc. Historical information regarding this crop can also be found. Visit the ARC-SGI webpages on www.arc.agric.za

5. Companies involved
For a comprehensive list go to www.sagis.org.za take the List of Co-workers and then Barley menu options.

2. Associations involved
Barley Evaluation Committee Tel: 028 214 3100 The Barley Technical Committee, linked to the Winter Cereals Trust, can also be contacted at the above number. Grain SA Winter Cereal Producers Organisation Tel: 056 515 2145 www.grainsa.co.za South African Grain Information Service (SAGIS) Tel: 012 523 1400 www.sagis.org.za Winter Cereal Trust Tel: 012 663 1660

AFGRI Animal Feeds Tel: 011 306 4300 www.afgri.co.za Buhler Tel: 011 801 3500 bjhb.cresta@buhlergroup.com www.buhlergroup.com Dannhauser Malt (Pty) Ltd Tel: 034 621 2661 GWK Ltd Tel: 053 298 8200 www.gwk.co.za

Overberg Agri Bedrywe Tel: 028 214 3800 www.overbergagri.co.za SA Breweries Ltd Tel: 011 881 8111 www.sabmiller.com SAB Maltings (Pty) Ltd Tel: 028 214 3100 Senwes Ltd Tel: 018 464 7800 www.senwes.co.za Sentraal-Suid Co-operative (SSK Ltd) Tel: 028 514 8600 www.ssk.co.za

3. Training and research

ARC-Small Grains Institute (SGI) Tel: 058 307 3507 www.arc.agric.za weed science, plant pathology, entomology and yield potential.

Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) The ARC-SGI has a scheduled Tel: 012 420 4583 training course, usually in October, www.bfap.co.za specifically for students and extension officers working with At Grain SA (see heading emerging farmers. 2), training is done on barley Its research work covers plant production under irrigation. Find breeding, the evaluation of cultivars, contact details of trainers in the grain quality, plant physiology, tillage Emerging Farmer Support chapter.

Kaap Agri Ltd Tel: 022 482 8048 www.kaapagri.co.za

6. Local business environment

Being able to buy barley locally supports the local economy, is more efficient (less travel and packaging), ensures quicker delivery and secures a good quality of the end product. SA Breweries utilises approximately 275 000 tons of barley malt per annum for the production of beer. This is equivalent to 330 000 tons of barley. The current capacity of SAB Maltings, SA Breweries malting division, is

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220 000 tons of malt. For this 270 000 tons of barley is needed. SABM is committed to use locally grown barley to the largest extent possible. The size of the annual barley crop is one determining factor with regards to how much locally grown barley is used. Another factor is to what extent certain varieties, required for malting and brewing, can be produced under South African conditions. Normally between 70 and 90% of barley produced in the Southern Cape is suited for malting purposes. This figure is directly dependant on the climatic conditions in the Southern Cape during the growing season. During the 1995 season, for example, a record crop of 300 000 tons was harvested, but during the next six seasons the barley industry came under severe pressure due to very bad climatic conditions (As low as 67 000 tons was produced during the 2001 season in this area). The aim to stabilize the fluctuation caused by total production in only one geographical area, and one with such a highly variable climatic environment, was one of the most important drivers for SAB Maltings to start investigating malting barley production under irrigation. A statutory levy in terms of the Marketing of Agricultural Products Act is applicable (R8.50/t barley) to finance research and information. SABMiller announced in July 2009 that it expected to implement a Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment transaction in the first half of 2010. This would involve an equity issue of around 10 percent of its South African subsidiary, South African Breweries, to a broad base of black participants. Participants would include SABs employees; blackowned licensed liquor retailers and liquor licence applicants, as well as black-owned customers of ABI, the soft drinks division of SAB; and the broader South African community through the SAB Foundation. A meaningful dividend stream is expected to be paid to all participants for the whole of the ten-year transaction period, thereby delivering a significant economic benefit from the first year. At the end of the ten-year transaction period, participants would exchange their shareholdings in SAB for shares in SABMiller. Norman Adami, managing director of SAB, said the group was determined to design a transaction that would deliver truly broad-based and tangible benefits. This deal is good for South Africa and good for SAB, he added.
Source: SAPA 1 July 2009 (adapted)

Planting Practices: It is important that barley is not planted deeper than 3 cm. The deeper you plant it the more energy is being used for germination and tillering is therefore restricted.
Depending on the status of the seedbed, you should plant between 80 kg to 100 kg for every ha. The average recommended density is 90 kg to the ha.

Fertilisation: The crops minimum acidity requirement must be met. For barley, the soil acidity requirement is a pH of 5,5 (KCI medium). Lime application should then be to create a pH of 5,5 to 6,0. Too high a pH could lead to zinc and manganese deficiencies, and barley is very sensitive to this.
A soil sample will tell you how much phosphorus to apply. If there is more than 30 mg of citric acid soluble phosphorus in a kg of soil, then you can apply 12 to 15 kg to every ha. 6kg per ha can be applied where the sample shows your soil to be below 20mg per kg. 4kg phosphorus per ha can be applied for each 1 mg/kg where the analysis is below 30 mg/ha. According to most research, top dressing of nitrogen (nitrogen fertilisation applied after emergence of the crop) benefits the crop, especially where overhead irrigation is being used, and where the soil is lighter and sandier. For the best yield, a total nitrogen fertilisation of 130 kg to 150 kg per hectare should be given. The first nitrogen is applied just before or during planting. Two thirds of the total nitrogen that you will give the crop should be then while the rest is applied from 6 weeks after emergence till as late as the flag leaf stage, depending on the clay percentage of the soil. For a more detailed exploration of fertilisation, see the Guideline for the production of small grains in the Summer Rainfall Regions mentioned under Websites and publications.

Weeds: Barley is very sensitive to the competition of weeds. Sort out those weeds as soon as they germinate! Hoelon and Grasp are the only herbicides to use for controlling grass weeds. Never use Topic and Puma on barley. In fact, make sure you read the label because only herbicides registered specifically for barley should be used. Barley is also very particular about the dosage. If you apply too much herbicide, your barley can be damaged. If you apply too little, you stand the risk that the particular weeds can build up resistance to the specific herbicide. Pests: The Russian wheat aphid and some other plant aphids are natural enemies of barley. If they appear there early, apply an insecticide too when you are using the herbicide. Bollworm can also be a problem and will lead to your crop being down-graded. If 3-4 bollworms are present in a meter row, apply a chemical treatment. Fungal Control: It is important to harvest the crop as soon as it is ready (13% moisture content) so that the grain is not exposed to rain during harvesting. Fungal contamination (and with it, toxic substances which are not good for human or livestock consumption) can occur when the crop is exposed to rain during harvesting. Irrigation: Skillful irrigation can give you an optimum crop yield and quality. It is important not to stop irrigating too early (the last irrigation should be given when the whole plant is nearly discolored). Harvesting: Excessively fast drum speeds and excessively tight concave settings should be avoided when harvesting. It is essential that the grain is not skinned.
The barley must be harvested in bulk and delivered at the depot as stipulated on the contract or as communicated during the growing season. Here it is sampled, classified and graded. The producer then gets paid according to quality (there is a sliding scale system) and quantity.
Grateful thanks to Burrie Erasmus, Francois Potgieter, Tobie Erasmus and SAGIS for feedback on the draft chapter.

7. International business environment

Barley is grown in about 100 countries worldwide. The top ten barley producers are Russia, Canada, Germany, France, Ukraine, Turkey, Australia, United Kingdom, United States and Spain. Export/import figures can be found on www.sagis.org.za. The Monthly Bulletin contains updated information.

8. Farmer points of interest

See the tables in the Production Guidelines, issued by the ARC-SGI, referred to earlier. The following notes are summarised from the SGIs Guideline for the Production of Small Grains in the Summer Rainfall Region, written by GJ Kotz.

Soil Preparation: It must be emphasized that a fine and even seedbed be prepared. An uneven seedbed will cause uneven development of the crop and in the end, uneven ripening and quality.
The barley cultivars Puma and SSG 585 are at this point in time the cultivar for commercial production of malting barley under irrigation. The seed is treated with a fungicide as well as an insecticide. This will protect it for some time against insects during storage before planting and against fungal diseases for the first couple of weeks after it is planted.

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Field crops and horticulture

Berries
1. Overview
Think strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, gooseberries as well as boysenberries, tayberries and currants. There are two reasons why South Africa is well-placed to tap into the Northern Hemisphere markets: We have a range of climates suitable for berry-growing. We have a strategic advantage in the fact that we are out of season. Challenges include the cost of freight and competition from South America. Berries are consumed as fruit, and also used as products for juice, jam, preserves and liqueur.
Source: Trevor McKenzie and www.southafrica.info

South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) www.sabs.co.za Tel: 012 428 6896 smithes@sabs.co.za

Valstar (Holland) www.valstar.nl VERTI-GRO see RednJuicy

Well-Pict Berries Tel: 044 870 7135 / 082 880 1351 Food Safety Certification info@wellpictsa.com programmes: GlobalGAP , BRC, Visit www.wellpict-european.com HACCP , ISO 22000 for a grasp of the company. Find the link to the South African operation Tel: 012 428 6648 under Partners. garberhv@sabs.co.za Pesticide residue testing for quality Wildebraam Berry Estate Tel: 028 514 3132 control and R&D purposes Fax: 028 514 3100 Tel: 012 428 6844 Winterwood Farms Ltd fouchecm@sabs.co.za www.winterwood.co.uk Constituent or nutrient analysis of A major company in the Berries food and water sector importing and exporting South Cape Fruit Tel: 044 881 0197 Steyn, Dirk (a berry grower) Tel: 028 514 2523 Wynland Boerdery Tel: 021 881 3222 One of the leading strawberry producers in the Western Cape

2. Roleplayers
Amathole Berries (Pty) Ltd Tel: 043 782 0610 www.amatholeberries.co.za Blue Mountain Berries Tel: 044 876 0131 Gerrit Claassen gerritc@idc.co.za Chrisleo Botha sinksa@mweb.co.za Dreammaker Fruits Tel: 022 931 8500 jeankotze@dreammaker.co.za www.winterwood.co.uk Haygrove Heaven Sean Tager 083 301 8747 Raspberry growers in the Western Cape Red Berry Farm Tel: 044 870 7123 / 083 310 4680 www.redberryfarm.co.za Outside George in the Western Cape, Red Berry Farm produces up to 220 tons of six varieties of strawberries per year since 2001. The farm attracts up to 30 000 people annually.

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find information and contact details at www.daff.gov.za

Directorate: Plant Health Tel: 012 319 6505/39 DPH@daff.gov.za

Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306

4. Training and research

ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI) Charnie Craemer, an acarologist (mite specialist) CraemerC@arc.agric.za Research on and identification of plant feeding mite pests. Several species of the Eriophyoidea (e.g. bud mites) are important pests of several currants and berries world-wide. ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Tel: 021 809 3100 www.arc.agric.za Nooitgedacht Research Station (at Ermelo) Mr Nick Prinsloo Tel: 017 819 2781 nick@nooitgd1.agric.za Stellenbosch University Department of Horticultural Science Tel: 021 808 4900 mcp@sun.ac.za University of the Free State Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences Tel: 051 401 2212

Growers of blueberries, raspberries, red and black currants RednJuicy John Sandison Eurafruit SA (Pty) Limited Tel: 083 400 0033 Trevor McKenzie: Director rednjucy@iafrica.com Tel: 021 888 5900 Trevor@eurafruit.com Producing strawberries under red shade cloth instead of hydroponic A solid base of South African tunnels proved a better proposition growers has been built up for in KZN find out more about the export to the UK, with Eurafruit Verti-gro system which keeps the providing the necessary technical berry off the ground and are more back up as well as the marketing of suitable for this area. all fruit and co-ordinating the sales logistics. Eurafruit holds the license for the production and marketing Perishable Products Export of some of the major international Control Board (PPECB) Tel: 021 930 1134 blueberry breeding programmes. www.ppecb.com

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5. Websites and publications

PPECB Export Directory. The official guide to South African perishable export products and export service providers. The purpose of the above-mentioned directory is to provide a comprehensive resource and reference work of a broad spectrum of industry role-players and relevant information to both national and international stakeholders involved in the export of perishable products from South Africa. It is issued by the Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) Tel: 021 930 1134 www.ppecb.com (find berries under the Exotic Fruit section). The Abstract of Agricultural Statistics on www.daff.gov.za includes information on Strawberries and other berries: production, gross value, sales on markets and purchases for processing. Find also the annual Statistics on fresh produce markets, which gives an exposition of the mass, value and unit value of the sales of fruit at each of the national fresh produce markets, month by month. These reports are also available from the Resource Centre at the Department of Agriculture. Call 012 319 7141. Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publications, available from the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering: Processing of Berries, Volume 1 (Blackberries; Blackcurrent; Blueberries; Cape Gooseberries; Cherries) Processing of Berries, Volume 2 (Gooseberries; Raspberries; Redcurrants; Strawberries) SA Groente en Vrugte a magazine, 6 issues a year. Contact 018 293 0622 for more information. Occasionally there are articles on berry farming in agricultural publications and their related websites. Find A youngberry vintage at www.farmersweekly. co.za, for example, where it is said that 90% of the worlds youngberries are grown on only 70ha near Swellendam in the Western Cape. Visit the websites of companies involved e.g. www.wellpict-european. com Everything you need to know about strawberries http:// darensberries.com/Science.html www.driscolls.com The finest berries in the world www.urbanprocessing.com for information relating to cranberries www.asktheberryman.com Supplying the world with berry knowledge and resources www.pickyourown.org where you can find a pick-your-own farm near you (USA website) www.raspberries.us an extensive source of information on raspberries The website of Allanhill Farming Co (UK) includes information on strawberries www.allanhill.co.uk

delicate fruits and must be handled with the utmost care. Prompt cooling after picking is important. The cold chain must be strictly applied, because any temperature variation will result in condensation of moisture on the fruit with subsequent increase in decay. Strawberries cannot be stored for more than 5 days as shrivelling, loss of bright colour and waste development will occur. For this reason strawberries can only be air freighted out of South Africa. Almost all berry exports go to the United Kingdom and Europe. Find information about berry exports in the PPECBs latest Export Directory. Also, the Department of Agricultures Abstract of Agricultural Statistics has a category strawberries and other berries; statistics relating to production, gross value, sales on markets and purchases for processing will be found here. See Publications at www.daff.gov.za

Blueberries The blueberry industry in South Africa is a relatively new industry and is still in growing. Blueberries are not native to South Africa, are not well known and therefore the market for fresh blueberries is still very small but is growing every year. The bulk of the fruit is exported as fresh fruit to markets in Europe and in the UK. The prices on the overseas markets have stabilised but due to the seasonal difference there are still opportunities for us to market during the Northern hemisphere Winter. The supply of fruit from South America poses a serious threat to market stability in the future. Raspberries The seasonal difference between the northern and southern hemisphere can enable the farmers to get the benefit of the higher prices these fruit are sold for. Because raspberries are able to be manipulated, they can be produced 12 months of the year in moderate climates e.g. in Spain. The exchange rate between the Rand and the US Dollar can be an advantage in terms of export income. The air freight rate is set in Dollars, though, so the cost of getting the product to the market also increases as the rand devalues, which dilutes the effect of a weak currency. Raspberries can be grown successfully on a wide range of soil types from sandy loam to clay, provided that the subsoil is well drained. Raspberries are very labour and management intensive. Do not start with a big enterprise without experience in the berry industry. For further information, contact Nick Prinsloo at nick@nooitgd1.agric.za Our thanks to Trevor McKenzie (Eurafruit), Jen Kotz (Dreammaker Fruits) and Nick Prinsloo (Nooitgedacht Research Station) for input and valuable feedback on the draft chapter.

6. Business environment
The Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) is the official certification agency that ensures quality in the supply chain. The services they offer are inspection services, logistical services, food safety auditing and certification and information services which are updated annually in their directory. Both the local and export marketing of fruit are free from government intervention. The exporting of fruit is subject to compliance with certain quality requirements and obtaining a PPECB (Perishable Products Export Control Board) export certificate. Handling requirements for berries differ and there is no way one set of handling requirements can be given. Suffice it to say that they are very

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Field crops and horticulture

Canola
1. Overview
Canola is an oilseed crop that is mainly grown in the South Western Cape, but farmers north are also starting to plant canola. Canola can be used as a dual purpose crop (for grazing and the harvest of seeds) in summer rainfall areas such as the Eastern Cape, Free State and KwaZulu-Natal. For such purposes, it should be planted January to March. For grazing, canola has better quality than oats, while long growing varieties have 1,5 to double the dry matter production than oats. Canola is an excellent rotation crop, and should be used to increase profits of crops such as maize and wheat. The handling of Canola (after being harvested) is slightly more labour intensive as a result of the small pips. Road and rail trucks need to be sealed more tightly than other commodities in order to prevent losses in transit. Canola is primarily used for the manufacturing of canola oil and oil cake. It is also included in protein feeds for dog food and livestock rations and biodiesel. Canola oil is cheaper and healthier than olive oil. In effect is it olive oil + omega 3, thus assisting with lower cholesterol, against heart and coronary diseases, and lowering the chances of certain cancers. When canola oil is mixed in even ratios with butter, you get a healthier spread, with better taste. In Canada and Australia, many restaurants and quick food suppliers (industrial deep-frying) have transferred to canola for deep frying. Statistics (e.g. crop estimates, export/import etc) may be found at www.daff.gov.za take the Publications menu option and www. sagis.org.za The local consumption requirement for canola is around 24 500 tons per year. According to Petrus Fouche of the Phyto Energy Group, from 2011/12 canola will be used to produce biodiesel, and will eventually need 1 million ton canola seed. This is therefore a crop with enormous economic potential. Canola based biodiesel Diesel based on other feedstock freezes as low as -5 to -8 C. Canola based biodiesel is safe as far down as -22 C and meets the strict EU quality specifications. Canola can be used as a winter crop (rotational crop) and so does not compete with food crops like maize and wheat Canola is a dry land crop, and so low winter rain is adequate. The oil content is higher than other feedstock used in South Africa i.e. 36-42% vs. soya 20% & sunflower 30% The by-product of about 60 % (Oilcake) can be used for: - High protein animal feed that is currently imported thereby resulting in cheaper dairy products; cheaper beef (input costs will be reduced) - Glycerin (Cosmetics, Pharmaceutical, textile & other uses) reducing importation. Find the notes on the potential of canola as a biofuel plus crop on www. elidz.co.za. The East London Industrial Development Zone (ELIDZ), the Eastern Cape Development Corporation and other roleplayers are exploring this potential.

2. Websites and publications

Canolafokus is a newsletter that publishes contemporary research results. These can be downloaded from the Protein Research Foundations website www.proteinresearch.net www.canolainfo.org a Canadian website for everyone who wants to know more about the worlds healthiest oil. www.sagis.org.za the SAGIS website for statistics (national stocks, producer deliveries, import, exports, consumption, weekly parity prices, historical information, etc.) www.canola-council.org Canola Council of Canada Canola is covered frequently by the agricultural weeklies, Landbouweekblad and Farmers Weekly. Find archived articles at www. landbou.com and www.farmersweekly.co.za

3. Roleplayers
For a complete list go to www.sagis.org.za take the List of Co-workers and then Canola menu options.

ARC PPRI Tel: 012 808 8000 tribeg@arc.agric.za

Phyto Energy Group Tel: 021 853 8004 / 082 779 1609 www.phytoenergy.org

Research in exotic slugs and other Protein Research Foundation problems causing losses to canola Tel: 011 803 2579/ 1894 plantings in conservation farming. www.proteinresearch.net Asgisa Eastern Cape Tel: 043 735 1673 http://asgisa-ec.co.za BKB Grainco (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 807 8900 www.grainco.co.za Epic Foods Tel: 011 248 000 www.epic.co.za Epol Worcester Tel: 023 342 0180 Grain SA Tel: 056 515 2145 www.grainsa.co.za Moorreesburgse Koringboere (MKB) Tel: 022 433 8300 / 8391 www.mkb.co.za Oil and Protein Seeds Development Trust Tel: 011 234 3400 www.opot.co.za Oilseeds Advisory Committee Tel: 011 234 3400 www.opot.co.za Overberg Agri Bedrywe (Eiendoms) Beperk Tel: 028 214 3800/15 www.overbergagri.co.za Sentraal-Suid Kop Tel: 028 514 8600 www.ssk.co.za South African Grain Information Service (SAGIS) Tel: 012 523 1400 www.sagis.org.za South African Oil Processors Association Tel: 082 533 0692 Southern Oil Tel: 028 514 3441 www.soill.co.za Stellenbosch University Department of Agronomy Tel: 021 8084803 browne@sun.ac.za www.sun.ac.za Tuinroete Agri Ltd Tel: 028 713 2404 www.tagri.co.za University of the Free State Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences Tel: 051 401 2212 www.ufs.ac.za

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4. Local business environment

The production of canola in South Africa is usually lower than the demand and favourable prices are achieved. The biggest sales point for canola in the Western Cape is the industrial market because of its good emulsifying characteristics. The market for bottled canola oil has room for growth because it is not well known among consumers. It is also fairly unknown in the industrial deep-frying market. Canola is a good source of protein in animal feed and large quantities of protein for animal feeds have to be imported every year. The canola marketing season in South Africa commences on 1 October and ends on 30 September the following year.

2. Cassava and South Africa

Cassava is a tropical root crop, requiring at least 8 months of warm weather to produce a crop. It is traditionally grown in a savannah climate, but can be grown in an extremely wet climate. In moist areas, it does not tolerate flooding. In dry areas, it loses its leaves to conserve moisture, producing new leaves when rains resume. It takes 18 or more months to produce a crop under adverse conditions such as cool or dry weather. Cassava does not tolerate freezing conditions. It tolerates a wide range of soil pH (4.0 to 8.0) and is most productive in full sun. While cassava has had a long history in the rest of Africa, cassava is not a well-known crop in South Africa and its agricultural potential in South Africa needs to be fully exploited. Cassava is normally grown between 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south of the Equator, from sea level up to an altitude of 2,000 m. In South Africa the most suitable areas are north of Stanger in KwaZulu-Natal below the 800 m elevation. This area includes the hotter northern and eastern regions of KwaZulu-Natal and the eastern parts of the Limpopo Province and Mpumalanga respectively. These areas together have two million hectares of arable land below the 800 m elevation and an annual rainfall of 500 mm that offers potential for cassava production. Of these, 600 000 hectares are already planted to other crops such as sugar cane, timber, subtropical fruits and cotton. Allowing a loss of a further 400 000 hectares to grazing lands and densely populated settlements in tribal areas, there remain one million hectares which could be planted to cassava. Cold tolerant lines have now however been developed that might increase this area considerably into other no frost areas. Under traditional subsistence farming conditions, the levels of husbandry of cassava tend to be low, with little being done to prevent losses from diseases or pests. Average annual dry land yields therefore usually range only within five to 15 tons a hectare while experimental station yields under irrigation have exceeded 80 tons a hectare.

5. International business environment

Canola competes with other plant oils, mainly sunflower oil and soy oil, on the local market. South Africa is a net importer of plant oils. The domestic demand for plant oils is estimated at 720 000 tons per year. Approximately 300 000 to 350 000 tons of plant oils are produced in South Africa and the balance is imported, primarily as sunflower oil and soy oil. See the Monthly Bulletin on the SAGIS website for updated information. Oilseed information is also available on the Oil World website www. oilworld.biz at a fee. Oil World can be contacted on Tel: 0049 40 761 0500 or emailed at info@oilworld.biz
Sources: SAGIS; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Our thanks to SAGIS and the Phyto Energy Group for input to the draft chapter

3. Roleplayers
ARC- Institute for Industrial Crops Tel: 014 536 3150 www.arc.agric.za iNEMBE BABY FOOD Tel: 013 752 8307

Field crops and horticulture

Cassava
1. Overview
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), also commonly known as manioc, mandioca and tapioca, is a shrubby, perennial plant whose swollen carbohydrate-rich roots have been used for centuries in tropical lowlands as a subsistence crop. It was first cultivated more than 4 000 years ago, probably in Brazil or Mexico; it was introduced into Africa only in the 17th century and reached Asia about 150 years ago. Yet today, about 40 percent of global output comes from Africa, the rest being produced almost equally by Asia and Latin America. Cassava is the developing worlds fourth most important crop, with production in 2006 estimated at 226 million tons by FAO. It is the staple food of nearly a billion people in 105 countries where the root provides as much as a third of daily calories. It has huge potential at present, average cassava yields are barely 20% of those obtained under optimum conditions. It produces more carbohydrate per hectare per annum than any other non-irrigated tropical crop. Cassava is also the cheapest known source of starch, and used in more than 300 industrial products. One promising application is fermentation of the starch to produce ethanol used in biofuel, while SABMiller announced in July 2009 that in Africa it was increasingly using locally grown crops like sorghum and cassava to produce affordable brands.

University of the Free State Department of Plant Sciences Find the technical report Tel: 051 401 2514 Results obtained from a baseline study on cassava University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa and other African Centre for Crop Improvement publications on the website. Excellent notes on cassava, its Tel: 033 260 6288 importance in the world, its www.acci.org.za products and potential can be University of the found on the website. Witwatersrand School of Molecular and Cell Industrial Development Biology Corporation (IDC) Tel: 011 717 6310/26 Tel: 011 269 3000 www.idc.co.za African research institutes find The IDC is working though the details in the Science and Research company BGBI Engineers and chapter. Constructors (Pty) Ltd.

The NEPAD vision for Africas agricultural sector is: an agriculture led development that eliminates hunger, reduce poverty, enhance food security, opens the way to the expansion of exports and puts the continent on a higher economic growth path. Cassava is promoted as a Powerful Poverty Fighter in Africa. The cassava vision is: Increased contribution of cassava as a food security crop and a major source of industrial raw material for income generation in Africa by 2015.

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Field crops and horticulture

Chicory
1. Overview
Chicory (Cichorium intybus), a member of the sunflower family, produces a large tapered root which has been used for many years for its beneficial effect on the human digestive system (read about the health benefits of chicory on www.chicory.co.za) Roots of chicory are dried, ground and used as a coffee substitute or supplement. Chicory is also widely used in beverages as a blend with coffee and as an ingredient in pet food and breakfast cereals. Chicory was first introduced into South Africa for commercial use in 1895 in the Alexandria area in the Eastern Cape. The bulk of South Africas chicory is still grown here, and the chicory industry is a major employer. South Africa produces 45 000 tons of chicory a year. Chicory SA in Alexandria buys harvested chicory root from farmers, dries, roasts and sells it to companies such as Nestl International in KwaZulu-Natal and National Brands in Johannesburg for the production of blended coffee and chicory beverages. A different chicory is cultivated and produced in the Western Cape, different to the chicory which is added to coffee or drunk on its own. A member of the Asteraceae (chicory) family, it is also known as witloof or Belgian endive. The nutritious, yellow-white leaves make fabulous salads, soups and other dishes. It is cultivated hydroponically in Cape Town, and is sold by Woolworths, Pick n Pay and Freshmark as a fresh vegetable. Not restricted to a particular season, it will always be available, whether for summer salads or winter soups. Not a single morsel gets wasted, as the whole chicon is edible. For more information, visit the website www.endivia.co.za or contact Envidia Holdings. Endivia Holdings Tel: 021 948 1374 info@endivia.co.za www.endivia.co.za
Source: www.endivia.co.za

4. Roleplayers
Chicory SA Limited Tel: 046 653 0048 chicorysa@chicory.co.za www.chicory.co.za Chicory SA Limited is based in the Eastern Cape, its products are marketed to manufacturers and consumers in South Africa and internationally. Products sold by Chicory SA include dried chicory, roasted chicory and liquid chicory extract as well as its own pure, caffeine-free chicory for the local market. Chicory SA also provides vital ingredients to manufacturers of a variety of top selling brand name products, commercially available in major chain stores. Nestl International www.nestle.co.za www.nestlefoodservices.co.za South African Chicory Producers Organisation Tel: 046 653 0201

Regional contact numbers are Tiger Brands Tel: 011 840 4000 available on the latter site. www.tigerbrands.co.za National Brands (subsidiary of JSE-listed AVI) Tel: 011 707 7000 www.avi.co.za

5. Farmer points of interest

Although chicory is a hardy, labour-intensive crop, it is vulnerable to disease, especially if the crop suffers moisture or environmental stress. Biological control methods are recommended instead of pesticides, as they do not kill beneficial insects and are more economical. Growing chicory incorrectly can also be harmful to the environment. Intensive tillage is necessary to prepare a fine seedbed and farmers have to plough deeply to eradicate some weeds. Heavy tilling threatens earthworm populations as it disturbs their natural environment. Minimum tillage is best. Chicory is an annual crop and should not be planted in the same land for more than two consecutive seasons. Use crop rotation techniques to restore the soil and prevent eelworm. Chicory farmers need a large area of land so that they can rotate the crop.
Source: Darian Keeton (winner of the Mangold Trophy for the best conserved and utilised farm in the Ndlambe area of the Eastern Cape - 2005). Call him at 046 624 5333

2. Websites and publications

Two publications are available from the ARC: Chicory, a leaflet which can be ordered from the ARC in Roodeplaat. Contact 012 841 9611 of fax 012 808 0844. Processing of Industrial Crops (chicory, coffee, sugar cane, tea) is available from the ARC in Silverton. Call 012 842 4000 or email Stolttze@arc. agric.za Notes on chicory can be found at www.chicory.co.za, the website of Chicory SA.

6. International business environment

The greatest work on chicory research, seed development etc - the past few decades has been done by the French. Belgian and Dutch companies have also been involved. Companies include Le Rouxs, Chicoline and Orafti. New Zealand companies have also been involved in research, development, and production of chicory varieties and selections. Visit www.goldenfields.co.za, by way of example. Visit http://chicoryusa.com
Sources: www.chicory.co.za; www.endivia.co.za and wikipedia.org. Our thanks to Loddie Greyling and Paul Griffiths of Chicory SA for input and feedback on the draft chapter.

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find Food safety and quality assurance under the divisions menu option at www.daff.gov.za

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Field crops and horticulture

Citrus fruit
Refer also to the Fruit chapter

1. Overview
Citrus comprises of the following broad categories: oranges, soft citrus, grapefruit, and lemons and limes. These can be consumed as fresh fruit or processed for juice making, juice concentrates and dried fruit production. Citrus fruit can also be processed as essential oils obtained from fruit peels. These are used by the flavour houses to add flavour to drinks and food, by pharmaceutical companies, in aromatherapy and by the cosmetics industry. Regions under citrus are climatically diverse. Examples are: the semi-tropical areas of the low-lying eastern seaboard (Zimbabwe, Moambique, and Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa); the higher lying subtropical areas (Nelspruit, Letaba, Zimbabwe middleveld); the cool coastal areas of the Eastern and Western Cape. The northern and eastern areas of Southern Africa are all summer rainfall areas, whereas the Western and Southern Cape enjoy a Mediterranean-type climate with winter rainfall. In the Eastern Cape a bimodal rainfall pattern exists with rains mostly occurring in spring and the fall. This broad climatic range from semi-tropical to Mediterranean-type climates has numerous, distinct advantages resulting in a wide range of cultivars being successfully produced from late February/early March through to late September/mid October. Any natural and/or phytosanitary disaster can also not equally affect all regions, and the supply of fruit from Southern Africa as a whole is thus fairly stable from year to year. However, this diversity also has disadvantages in terms of variability in quality of the same cultivar produced in different areas. Citrus production is primarily focused on export and is therefore highly exposed to competition. Maintaining a good (cost competitive) position, high fruit quality (which includes compliance to phytosanitary standards) and keeping abreast with changes in world market trends are of the utmost importance. 2008/9 was a good year for South Africas citrus industry. It increased its share of the 10 million tonne global citrus export market to just under 14%.

The CGA is mandated to maximise the long-term profitability of its members. A statutory levy of 38 cents per 15 kg carton, 2.53 cents per kilogram, (for the 2009 season) on exports allows them to fund a number of programmes mainly research and research-related (disease management, integrated pest management and fruit quality enhancement). This levy will increase over the next three year period i.e. 39 cents for 2010, and 40 cents in 2011 and 41 cents in 2012. Other programmes include citrus improvement, market access, sanitary and phytosanitary issues, technology transfer and industry transformation. On the request of growers, during this four year statutory levy period (2009 to 2012), marketing information and logistics have now been included in the range of services offered to citrus growers and exporters. Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) Tel: 021 930 1134 www.ppecb.com PPECB provides internationally preferred food, safety, quality and assurance services to promote and instils confidence in South African products. Contact details of all their regional branches are available on their website. Citrus Marketing Forum Joint chairpersons: Stuart Symington and Justin Chadwick Secretarial services: Gloria Weare gloria@cga.co.za

3. Training and research

ARC-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops Tel: 013 753 7000 www.arc.agric.za The ITSC in Nelspruit breeds new varieties and houses the citrus quarantine facility. Citrus fruit is included amongst the assigned crops on which research and training is done. Citrus Research International (Pty) Ltd. (CRI) www.citrusres.com Stellenbosch Tel: 021 882 8553 CEO: Prof Vaughan Hattingh vh@cri.co.za Nelspruit Tel: 013 759 8000 Research & Technical Manager: Dr Tim G Grout tg@cri.co.za Uitenhage Extension Manager: Dr Hennie le Tel: 041 992 5366 Roux Citrus Improvement Programme hlr@cri.co.za Manager: Thys du Toit tdt@cri.co.za CRI, the research arm of Citrus Growers Association, has been commissioned to research and develop the technical issues required to enhance access of southern African citrus to world markets. This includes requirements for opening new markets, and retaining and improving access to existing markets. The market access imperative is incorporated into all components of CRIs business. It is therefore a core objective throughout CRIs operations rather than a true division of CRI. Citrus research in southern Africa is divided into programmes. Within each focused programme are several projects on particular problem areas identified by the citrus industry. A Project Coordinator oversees the research conducted within each project and this may be conducted at various institutions. Crop and Fruit Quality Management Programme. Market requirements have changed in the past years and research to ensure that fruit of the correct quality and shelf-life is delivered to the market is essential.

2. Associations involved
See notes on Citrus Research International (CRI) under the Training and research heading of this chapter. The general fruit chapter has contact details for the Fresh Produce Exporters Forum and other relevant bodies. Citrus Growers Association of Southern Africa (CGA) Justin Chadwick: Chief Executive Officer Tel: 031 765 2514 justchad@iafrica.com www.cga.co.za

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Disease Management Programme. Research and services conducted by the Disease Management division focus on all economically important Pre- and Post-harvest diseases of citrus. Integrated pest management programme. Strategies to manage both indigenous and introduced pests using a bio-intensive approach require continual modification as changes in available plant protection products, pest status and distribution, and horticultural practices occur. Citrus improvement programme division. The citrus industry is heavily reliant on the Citrus Improvement Programme (CIP) to provide growers with a pipeline for disease-free, true-to-type, high quality propagation material. The CIP consists of a network of co-operating parties and CRI provides the service of co-ordinating the CIP . Cultivar and rootstock development programme. Introduction and commercialisation of new citrus cultivars. Cultivars that are in demand and are ideally suited to southern African climatic conditions are of great importance. Extension division. CRIs Extension Division has the objective of costeffectively co-ordinating the effective transfer of technology to the southern African citrus growers and their service agents. Researchers, consultants, technical personnel from co-operatives, citrus estates and agricultural chemical organisations, as well as grower study groups and regional grower representatives are involved. Citrus Foundation Block: Uitenhage Tel: 041 992 5366 Stellenbosch University Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Tel: 021 808 3728 Citrus Foundation Block is samways@sun.ac.za responsible for multiplication of citrus propagation material. Department of Horticultural Commercial citrus nurseries buy Science budwood from the Foundation Tel: 021 808 4900 Block to make trees for the Fax: 021 808 2121 industry. hortsci@sun.ac.za

Goedehoop Citrus Ltd Tel: 022 921 8100 www.ghcitrus.com Granor-Passi (Pty) Ltd Tel: 015 298 6000 www.granorpassi.co.za Houers Koperatief Bpk Tel: 015 345 8100 Katope Tel: 015 307 4484 www.katope.co.za LG Juices (Pty) Ltd Tel: 022 921 3544 Letaba Citrus Processing Tel: 012 804 7023 Lona Trading Tel: 021 481 8200 www.lona.co.za Magaliesberg Citrus Cooperative Ltd Tel: 012 256 9000 www.magaliescitrus.co.za Malelane Sitruskoperasie Bpk Tel: 013 790 0391 Mouton Citrus (Pty) Ltd Tel: 022 921 3405

River Bioscience Tel: 041 583 3464 www.riverbioscience.co.za Riverside Enterprises Tel: 083 702 3746 Sunday River Citrus Company Tel: 042 233 0320 www.srcc.co.za Sunpride Tel: 021 794 0333 Tomahawk Citrus (Pty) Ltd (Malelane) Tel: 013 792 4402 /4590 /4592 Valor Citrus Processors (Pty) Ltd Tel: 041 486 2146 www.valor.co.za Vital Bugs cc Tel: 082 7710 777 www.vitalbugs.co.za

Consultants
Citrus & Subtropical Consultancy Service Tel: 015 516 4481 South African Citrus Consulting Association (SASSCON) Tel: 013 744 9311 / 083 265 4228 Pestman@mweb.co.za

4. Websites and publications

The Cultivation of Citrus (2nd edition, 2006) and Citrus Pests in the Republic of South Africa, two publications published by the ARCInstitute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops. Tel: 013 753 7000 The Info Pak (booklet) Cultivation of Citrus may also be viewed and downloaded from www.daff.gov.za take the Publications and Info Pak menu options. This is a practical introduction to growing citrus. The Citrus Growers Association publishes a Citrus Statistics booklet every year in about May. This publication is free to all growers and members of the Fresh Produce Exporters Forum (FPEF). Any other interested parties can purchase the booklet by contacting Gloria@cga. co.za Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the leaflet Processing of Citrus Fruit (Grapefruit, lemons, oranges). The websites of the associations involved are an excellent source of information e.g. www.cga.co.za and www.citrusres.com Local and international links are provided by the CRI website.

6. Local business environment

Citrus produce in South Africa is sold through different marketing channels such as national fresh produce markets, informal markets (street hawkers), directly to processors for juice making and dried fruit production. The fruits are also sold directly to wholesalers and retailers through signed contracts. The larger portion is exported to foreign countries through export agents.

7. International business environment

Find From the Desk of the CEO and Global Citrus Scan on the CGA website www.cga.co.za. These are updated weekly and keep growers informed on local and international matters affecting the citrus industry. CLAM consists of the following member countries that produce citrus France, Spain, Morocco, Italy, Israel, Cyprus, Greece, Turkey, Egypt and Tunisia. A full estimate of each CLAM members expected production is available from CGA on request. Southern Hemisphere Association of Fresh Fruit Exporters (SHAFFE) represents, as the name suggests, southern hemisphere fresh fruit exporters: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, New Zealand, South Africa, Swaziland, Uruguay and Zimbabwe. For details of the next congress, visit www.shcongress.com Global consumer trends revolve around entry level considerations quality, price and service. Food safety and traceability were added after. And now there are what are called the new generation things like carbon footprints which we havent started to understand fully, but which will impact on our ability to export in the future.

5. Companies involved
Find the exporter lists on www.fpef.co.za. A members list is also available on www.cga.co.za

Advanced Citrus Solutions Tel: 042 234 0136 Ambrosia Citrus Estate Tel: 015 793 0208 Cape Fruit Processors Ltd Tel: 013 790 3015 www.capefruits.co.za Capespan (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 917 2600 www.capespan.co.za

Cedarpack Tel: 022 921 2636 / 082 551 1703 Colors Fruit S.A. (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 807 5000 Crookes Brothers Ltd Tel: 039 978 3850 www.cbl.co.za Dole SA Tel: 021 914 0600

Export
Find Recommended Usage Restrictions For Plant Protection Products MRLs On Southern African Export Citrus on the Citrus Growers Association website www.cga.co.za. This document was compiled by Vaughan Hattingh (Citrus

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Research International) and Paul Hardman (Citrus Growers Association of Southern Africa) and is updated twice a year. The Citrus Growers Association website www.cga.co.za has information on packed and shipped volumes which is updated weekly during the citrus season. All growers of export citrus who pay the levy, and exporters who are registered with FPEF (Fresh Produce Exporters Forum) have access to this information, as do members of the CMF (Citrus Marketing Forum). Passwords are available by contacting gloria@cga.co.za The Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) does the auditing of South African fresh produce businesses for the new Food Safety requirements which came into effect on 1 January 2004. The United Kingdom and the European Union are the main export market. Other destinations include the Middle East, Japan, Russia and the USA. Oranges make up 70% of the export volume. To work closely with reliable, knowledgeable agents and to insure the integrity of the cold chain all the way to the consumer are important factors. Working closely with marketing agents gives the farmer a better understanding of world markets. Both the larger and smaller agencies have their strengths. Smaller agencies focusing on single countries, for example, can better identify niche markets, which earn good returns. Know exactly where your fruit is marketed: if prices are higher than the minimum guaranteed, you should get your fair share. Emphasis in production has shifted from quantity to quality. Never slip up on quality because the consumer never forgets. Good agents make surprise visits to the port deck to confirm that fruit is in cold storage, and not somewhere else in ambient temperatures. Packaging and colours should be attractive and eye-catching.

maintenance, particularly pruning, provide citrus producers with more confidence to plant at higher densities. In the hotter regions, where Valencia oranges and grapefruit are produced, spacings of 7x3 meters or 6x3 meters are commonly used, whereas in the cooler regions, where Navel oranges, and Clementine and Satsuma mandarins are produced, spacings as wide as 6x3 meters and as close as 4.5 or 5x2 meters are used.

Preplant soil preparation

The high potential soils of the northern areas (with little or no need for pH correction) is usually only ripped and land preparation costs are thus quite low. In the Western Cape region a lot of money is spent on proper ripping and ploughing. Soil pH correction and other ameliorants (phosphorus, sometimes micro-elements) are added in a double ploughing action. Expensive subsoil drainage systems are often required. In addition, in many cases ridging is considered to provide for added drainage or where the soil is high in clay content.

Windbreaks
Virtually all citrus orchards in Southern Africa have windbreaks. Many windbreak types have been tested or are commonly used. The most well-adapted windbreak tree throughout Southern Africa is beefwood or Casuarina (Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq.). Pinus radiata D. Don and silky oak (Grevillea robusta A. Cunn) are sometimes used. Deciduous type windbreaks are often used as secondary windbreaks in conjunction with beefwood in the Western Cape, e.g. Dutch alder (Alnus cordata) and Chinese poplar (Populus simonii [syn. P . obtusa]).

Row orientation
Whereas it is not so critical to plant in north-south row directions in the northern regions (lower latitude, dry winters) it is still commonly done. In the more southern latitudes with the more extreme angle of the sun and where rain or dew can keep the tree wet for extended periods during harvest, it is essential to plant in a north-south row direction.

8. Growers points of interest

Citrus Improvement Programme and nursery practices
Most citrus nurseries in Southern Africa participate in the Citrus Improvement Programme (CIP). The CIP serves the citrus Industry via a centralised budwood supply farm (Citrus Foundation Block, CFB) near Uitenhage, close to Port Elizabeth. Currently the CFB supplies all certified propagation material to accredited citrus nurseries. A nuclear block of virus-free material of all cultivars is maintained at the Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops in Nelspruit.

Irrigation and fertigation

Under-tree microsprinkler irrigation systems are most commonly used, while some orchards still use overhead sprinkler irrigation. More recently, however, drip irrigation systems have become increasingly common, with an increased use of drip fertigation where pH and electrical conductivity are controlled in a balanced nutrient solution is provided daily to restrict root system development in a bid to control tree phenology. To attain good eating quality, pre-harvest water stress (limited or deficit irrigation) is becoming an accepted practice, for example with Satsuma mandarin.

Rootstocks
During the 1980s and more so in the 1990s, Troyer and Carrizo citranges, and Swingle citrumelo, gradually became the rootstocks of choice. This aspect is important for the future competitiveness of the Southern African citrus industry to produce fruit of high eating quality to compete with citrus production regions such as Argentina, Uruguay and Australia where trifoliate orange rootstock is preferentially used due to the cold tolerance it imparts on the scion.

Fertilisation
Fertilisation of bearing trees is exclusively based on annual leaf analysis data from leaves from fruiting terminals and the previous history of the orchard with respect to yield, fruit size, quality and previous fertilisation record. Phosphorus and potassium are applied as soil applications, whereas magnesium and the micro-elements (copper, boron, zinc, manganese and molybdenum) are applied as foliar applications, when required. Soil pH correction is achieved by the addition of calcitic or dolomitic lime, and water penetration or salinity problems are addressed by the application of gypsum.

Planting time and procedure

Since most nurseries are producing trees in containers, time of orchard establishment is not critical. However, in the colder, windy areas the preferred planting time is early spring (September/October). Nursery trees are commonly topped at 60 to 70 cm height to allow scaffold development to occur at a height of 40 to 60 cm. Recently, there is commercial interest in planting trellised, untopped trees for earlier production in slow-growing regions such as the Western Cape.

Pruning
In some production regions there is a shift towards selective pruning by hand or with pneumatic pruning equipment. Most large orchards are, however, hedged and topped mechanically.
Source: CRI, G H Barry and Etienne Rabe

Spacing trends
Citrus tended to be ranched in certain areas, especially the hot climatic regions. Due to increased establishment costs and the need for earlier economic break-even, and the need to have sunlight-, spray- and pickerfriendly trees, there has been a move towards increasingly higher planting densities. Also, the new wave of technology development in tree size

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9. Projects and new farmer information

The Info Pak Cultivation of Citrus (see Publications and Websites heading) is a practical introduction to growing citrus. Citrus Growers Association (CGA) Transformation Tel: 031 765 2514 / 1762 The Transformation portfolio of the CGA has been re-structured to include a Transformation Administrator, stationed at the CGA offices in KZN, and two Extension officers, one in the north and one in the south. It is their responsibility to ensure the meaningful inclusion of the previously disadvantaged in all walks of the citrus industry. The Citrus Growers Association receives funding from the CIT Trust to assist with transformation within the citrus industry. Back in 2005, the CGA brought out a publication Our Citrus Transforms, which showed some of the many already existing transformation and mentorship activities within the citrus industry. In 2008, Women in Citrus was published and distributed to growers and interested parties bringing to light just a few of the women of all race groups who are contributing to the successes of the citrus industry in southern Africa. A publication investigating the numerous cases of Youth in Citrus was undertaken in 2009, planned for release in early 2010. All three books are available from the CGA offices. Call 031 765 2514 or e-mail Gloria@cga.co.za
The booklet Our Citrus Transforms, published in 2005 gives an in-depth picture into the number of citrus farms that are involved in transformation and empowering their workers. The booklet is available from the CGA. Since the issue of this publication it must be noted that there have been even more strides towards transforming the citrus industry. Updates are available from CGA.

Citrus Academy Jacomien de Klerk / Desiree Schonken Tel: 013 208 8960 / 082 496 5510 www.citrusacademy.co.za The Citrus Academy was established at the beginning of 2005 as a division of the Citrus Growers Association, with the purpose of creating an enabling environment for skills development within the South African citrus industry. Since April 2007, the Academy has been a separate section 21 company. The activities of the Academy are funded by CGA levies, with additional project funding sources from a variety of donors. The Citrus Academy has been tasked with addressing five major challenges, being general low skills levels in the industry, employment equity, ownership transformation, scarce and critical skills and quality skills development delivery. The Academy manages a bursary fund that supports students at every level from secondary education upwards, and at a wide range of academic institutions. The Citrus Academy also develops written and visual learning material and learning programmes, assists growers with determining their skills development needs, and represents citrus growers in matters pertaining to skills development. The website of the Citrus Academy has been designed as a functional tool where visitors can apply for bursaries, find a training service provider or register as one, find a candidate or register a vacancy, find a job or register as a job seeker, download learning material and learning programmes, and find information about the latest developments on the skills development front.
Our thanks to the CGA for reading our draft chapter, and for their feedback and suggestions.

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Field crops and horticulture

Coffee

3. National strategy and relevant directorate in at DAFF

Information on the directorates can be found at www.daff.gov.za

Food Safety and Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306

4. Training and research

ARC Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops Schalk Schoeman Tel: 013 753 7000 schalk@arc.agric.za Lowveld College of Agriculture Mr Werner Schroder Tel: 013 753 3064

1. Overview
There are two main species of economic importance: Coffea canephora which produces coffee known commercially as Robusta, and Coffea arabica which produces Arabica. Coffee is an ideal pioneer crop for areas with poor infrastructure, as it is one of the few tropical horticultural crop products that can be stored for relatively long periods without perishing. Although coffee will grow well in almost any frost free area with well drained soil, the best coffee producing areas in South Africa are the coastal areas of Southern KwaZulu-Natal, the Drakensberg escarpement of Mpumalanga, and Limpopo. In terms of value, coffee is one of the worlds most important commodities. Bearing this in mind, there is a lot of potential for the industry here to develop and create jobs. Forget the export market we have a population of 45 million people, many of whom are potential coffee drinkers. Importing coffee into RSA is currently a potentially lucrative business (we import almost all our coffee, some 27 000 tons annually). When international prices increase, local producers benefit significantly. However, the coffee trade is fraught with risk.
Source: Tim Buckland (Riverbend); Schalk Schoeman (ARC-ITSC) and a project proposal to the International Coffee Organisation found at http://dev.ico.org/documents/ eb3603r1e.pdf

This College took over the processing equipment from the Apart from maintaining a rather Zoeknog Estate when it closed diverse coffee gene bank for down, and is looking into value prospective producers at the adding. Burgershall experimental station of the ARC-ITSC near Hazyview, African Coffee Research no research regarding this crop is Network (ACRN) currently being conducted in RSA. c/o Schalk Schoeman Training takes place from time to Tel: 013 753 7000 time as and when the need arises. schalk@arc.agric.za

5. Websites and publications

Coffee: an exporters guide, 2002. ISBN 92-9137-242-2. This guide provides an overview of the world coffee trade, and includes essential information on prices, niche markets, marketing and quality control, marketing systems, coffee producers country profiles. The Cultivation of Coffee. ARC-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops. This publication has also been available from the Resource Centre at the DAFF. The contact number is 012 319 7141. The following Publications are also available from the ARC-ITSC: Coffee Handbook 1987, Zimbabwe Coffee Growers Association ISBN 0-7974-0784-7. Simply Coffee a practical guide to coffee farming by Richard Clowes (Chipinge, Zimbabwe). ISBN 0-7974-2187-4. Contact Schalk Schoeman at 013 753 7000/7024, or email schalk@arc. agric.za Basic grower notes can be found in the Cultivating coffee Info Pak at www.daff.gov.za (take the publications menu option). www.ringsurf.com/info/Food/Coffee. A number of articles can be found on this site. Of particular is the Organic Coffee article. Schalk Schoeman says that although most of the coffee growers adhere to principle of sustainable farming (notably soil health) none of the farms currently have organic certification. www.positivelycoffee.org this website is part of the Positive Communication programme of the International Coffee Organisation. See also www.cosic. org, the Coffee Science Information Centre. The website www.coffeeresearch.org (take the Agriculture menu option) sets out the growth stages of the coffee plant. Harvesting, Processing, Diseases and fertilisation are also discussed. This website is dedicated to advancing coffee quality through education and science. Advanced topics include information about the coffee market, consumption statistics, the coffee sciences, coffee agriculture, and the social issues related to coffee. Find the current world production, market and trade reports at http:// www.fas.usda.gov/currwmt.asp the Foreign Agricultural Service arm of the US Department of Agriculture. Also visit the websites of roleplayers mentioned elsewhere in this chapter e.g. www.ikhofi.co.za where numerous links are given.

2. Associations involved
The previous Southern Africa Coffee Producers Organisation (SACPO) does not function any longer. There is no umbrella association for coffee growers in South Africa. The Eastern African Fine Coffees Association (EAFCA) currently oversees activities of this crop in Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Full contact details for each member country can be found on www.eafca.org. Write to the head office at secretariat@eafca.org or to the Ethiopian Branch at gkelkle@yahoo.com International Coffee Organisation (ICO) www.ico.org. The website is a wealth of information. Other international associations include the Inter African Coffee Organisation (IACO), the Association of Coffee Producing Countries (ACPC), and the Speciality Coffee Association of America (SCAA).

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6. Companies involved
Assagay Coffee Rick James Tel: 031 765 2941/083 640 2223 assagay@ionet.co.za Beaver Creek Coffee Dylan Cumming Tel: 039 311 2347 beavercreek@yebo.co.za www.beavercreak.co.za The Coffee Roasting Company Tel: 021 847 1699 lucien@coffeecompany.co.za www.coffeecompany.co.za iKhofi Tel: 011 475 0773 info@ikhofi.co.za www.ikhofi.co.za Sabie Valley Coffee Tim Buckland Tel: 013 737 8169 / 082 751 3400 riverbend@mweb.co.za Verster Coffee Tel/fax: 012 348 4225/2863 Derek Verster 083 627 2806 Thea Thyse 083 966 9629 verstercof@absamail.co.za

A SWOT analysis:
Strengths The Agricultural Research Councils Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops at Nelspruit still has significant capacity to carry out research for the region. The Institute says coffee production creates more jobs than any other subtropical horticultural crop. Coffee retail prices in RSA are relatively high. By value adding and marketing the product locally, the crop can still make money even at times when international prices are low due to an oversupply. Weaknesses The raw bean industry is highly labour intensive. The low selling price of raw beans and high production costs make it difficult to compete with some third world countries especially in terms of minimum wages. Opportunities: South Africa is one of the few countries where coffee can be grown organically. Other coffee producing countries have an array of pests and diseases to cope with, while we are relatively fortunate in that regard. Most of RSAs population of 45 million are traditional tea drinkers; active promotion of coffee drinking could potentially be lucrative for many coffee traders, retailers and producers. Threats The costs of production have increased significantly. Many skills regarding practical coffee production have been lost due to the closure of government farms. The white coffee stemborer (a pest) requires day to day vigilance. EAFCA presents a coffee symposium and trade exhibition during February/ March each year. Contact details are under heading 2. Alternatively contact Schalk Schoeman.

The following are packers, procurers, processors and distributors:

AJ Products & Company Limited Tel: 021 699 1030 Back to Basics Tel: 011 472 1922 Fax: 011 472 2008 Barnes Tea & Coffee Merchants Tel: 011 793 7037 Caturra Coffee Company Tel: 021 593 1199 www.caturra.co.za Clipper Coffee & Tea Tel: 021 448 9181 Colombo Tea & Coffee Company Tel: 031 205 3283 Ebbul Foods Tel: 012 379 9461 Entyce Beverages Tel: 031 335 1340 House of Coffees Tel: 011 651 5821 New Look Packers Tel: 011 763 5696 Mastertons Tea & Coffee Tel: 041 585 4044 Peacock Tea & Coffee Company Tel: 021 762 5067/8 Sara Lee Coffee & Tea SA Tel: 0860 100 620 Tea & Coffee Distributors Tel: 041 374 0033 Unilever Bestfoods Robertsons SA Tel: 031 570 2000 / 2911 WM Cahn Tel: 011 807 2180 Wiesenhof Coffees Tel: 011 397 7055 wiese@hixnet.co.za

8. International business environment

Websites mentioned in this chapter provide information on international producers and on the international coffee trade e.g. find the notes on www.ico. org and www.positivelycoffee.org Coffee is the second most widely traded commodity in the world (petroleum is the first) and it is produced in more than 50 nations. Of the 7.5 million tons of coffee produced worldwide, only 25% is consumed by the producing countries themselves. There are three main coffee growing regions: Africa/Arabia, Indonesia, and Central/South America. The main destinations for most coffee exports are the North American, Japanese and European markets. South Africa imports almost all of its coffee. We do not produce more than 100 tonnes per annum (i.e. 0.4% of what we drink in South Africa). Coffee is an important factor for the development of Africa since it provides substantial foreign exchange earnings for the continent and an indispensable income for farmers. The trade of coffee is Ethiopias largest export, for example, generating 60% of its total export earnings and employing about 12 million people. Read about the Ethiopian Coffee Network at www. ethiopiancoffeenetwork.com. For notes on the growing of coffee in Africa, visit the website of Eastern African Fine Coffees Association (EAFCA) www.eafca.org

7. Local business environment

Farming coffee and exporting the raw bean is still not a viable option in this country, largely because it is a labour-intensive crop. Coffee looks set to remain a smallish cottage industry that will rely on tourism, direct marketing and value adding to fill the necessary gaps. Labour legislation and impending land claims are cited as further impediments. There are, however, a number of farmers who do plant coffee. For details, contact Schalk Schoeman at the ARC-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, 013 753 7000 or schalk@arc.agric.za

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Growing demand has sparked debate over whether African countries, which mostly sell raw beans, should process coffee. One problem with roasting coffees is that it shortens the shelf life. Shipping coffee to America takes a month and half. By the time the roasted coffee is at the port, it would already be stale. One answer could be to set up coffee houses in the other country, to roast on site and to sell directly to consumers. This is being done in China. Instant coffee could work, but high taxes on processed products in Western countries made this a tough market to break into.
Sources: Mail & Guardian 5 July 2007, www.ikhofi.co.za

Field crops and horticulture

Cotton
1. Overview
Cotton remains one of the most versatile crops grown by humanity, noted for its appearance, comfort and the many useful products it provides. From the seed: flour and feed, refined oil (salad and cooking), margarine, soap and cosmetics, writing materials, rayon industrial fabrics, yarns, plastics, lamp and candle wicks, twine, rugs, mops, furniture upholstery etc. From the lint: clothes, underwear, linings for canvas, tents, medical bandages, sheets, towels, curtains etc. Historical cotton production areas include Limoppo Province (Springbok flats from Bela-Bela to Mokopane), North West Province (Taung, Stella, Delareyville, Maratsane), KwaZulu-Natal (Makhathini Flats), Mpumalanga and Northern Cape (lower Orange River, Vaalharts, Douglas and Prieska). Hectares planted and yields for the Republic of South Africa (Swaziland excluded).
Marketing Year 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Hectares Irrigation 31 263 10 486 18 539 9 791 10 322 18 269 12897 9 720 7 700 5 979 5 269 Hectares Dryland 67 356 40 282 38 153 28 897 12 252 17 450 8 866 8 394 2 863 3 242 1 965 Total Hectares 98 619 50 768 56 692 38 688 22 574 35 719 21763 18 114 10 563 9 221 7234 Yield Irrigation 2 680 3 107 3 455 3 538 3 482 3 455 3 791 3 633 3 674 4 067 4 303 Yield Dryland 545 777 593 515 475 492 521 485 541 825 757 Average Yield 1 222 1 258 1 529 1 280 1 850 2 007 2 459 2 174 2 825 2 927 3 340

9. New farmer information (advice from two experts)

Because of the high level of technical skills required for this crop, a well co-ordinated larger scale co-operative type of operation above that of small-scale farming is recommended. The chances of this project succeeding would be heightened if it added value by roasting, marketing and distributing the end project.
Source: Tim Buckland (adapted from an email)

Schalk Schoemans advice to New Farmers: 1. Start small and develop a niche market. 2. Plant rust resistant dwarf or semi dwarf coffee varieties in the right area to cut production costs significantly. 3. Consider organic coffee. 4. Plant spacing between the rows should be about 3-3,5m; within the row use single plants 1m apart. 5. Use micro sprayers instead of drip irrigation. 6. Coffee does well with organic manure (compost and/or kraal manure) from time to time, if this is feasible and available (see #3). 7. Mulch your coffee from the onset, it will help to conserve water and will increase organic content of soil. 8. Budget for a tree replacement programme after year 8. Although pruning proves to be very effective, it is time consuming and could be more expensive than replanting. 9. Start with a stemborer control programme at plant. This insect will give problems and most growers will only notice it after significant damage has already been done. 10. Value adding of the product on the farm is essential. 11. For marketing purposes, it is recommended that the coffee to has a story this could be printed in briefly on the back of the container. 12. Current success stories. Verster Coffee Estate - 20 hectares of value adding, export and tourism potential. Assagay Coffee - 25 hectares, market development, export. Beaver Creek - 20 hectare well managed family business, tourism and various forms of value adding despite the obvious roasted ground product. Thornton Coffee was developed by two sisters-in-law in Oribi flats, Heidi and Debbie Neethling. They buy green Arabica beans from SA producers and produce four roasts, a light, full-bodied, fine Oribi blend of medium and full roast and a dark roast. Thornton processes 4 to 5 tons of coffee a year and delivers its product personally.
Contact Schalk Schoeman at 013 753 7000 or email schalk@arc.agric.za

2009/10 figures are an estimate. Yield figures are Kg seed cotton per hectare
Source: Cotton SA

2. Associations involved
Cotton SA Tel: 012 804 1462-7 www.cottonsa.org.za Cotton SA is a cotton industry service company providing the following functions: the rendering of information services; the stimulation of the production and the usage of cotton; the co-ordination of research; the establishment of quality standards and norms as well as training in this regard. Cotton SA also acts as industry forum and facilitator for the development of the small cotton grower sector. Cotton SA is also the administrator of statutory measures (compulsory submission of monthly returns by processors and imposition of a levy on cotton lint produced to finance its functions). Cotton SA is not in any way involved in the marketing of cotton or cotton products, which are traded on free market principles.

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South Africas cotton growers, joined by their input suppliers, output processors and the National Department of Agriculture, have developed a strategic plan for the South African Cotton Sector with the following strategic objectives: growing farm output; broadening participation to enable emerging farmers to contribute on average 35% of the National cotton crop by 2014; ensuring sustainability through ongoing commitment from all major role players and through forms of support and methods of operation that are affordable, internationally acceptable (economically, socially and environmentally) and that do not compromise competitiveness; raising productivity by training emerging farmers and by improving research and extension services and technology transfer; expanding exports by value, diversity, country of destination and client base; and accelerating the elimination of unfair competition through promoting regional/international co-operation and through more effective lobbying in international trade forums.
Source: Cotton SA

Lowveld College of Agriculture (Nelspruit) Tel: 013 753 3064 Tompi Seleka College of Agriculture (Limpopo Province) Tel: 013 268 9300/1 Owen Sithole College of Agriculture (KZN) Tel: 035 195 1345 Fort Cox College of Agriculture (Eastern Cape) Tel: 040 653 8033 www.fortcox.ac.za

5. Websites and publications

Environmental Needs Of The Cotton Plant. Dr CG Theron. This and other related articles may be downloaded from the Cotton SA website. Cotton SA Educational Brochure. An educational brochure with needs of scholars and students in mind is obtainable free of charge. The brochure contains among others, sections on the history, production, processing and uses of cotton. The following may be also be ordered electronically from the Cotton SA website www.cottonsa.org.za: Cotton SA Katoen. This magazine is produced every three months. Its main focus is on the producer but carries information on the whole industry. Cotton SA distributes the magazine free to subscribers in South Africa. Management Guide. This comprehensive bilingual guide was compiled by the ARC-Institute for Industrial Crops and is aimed at the commercial farmer with the aim to broaden his/her knowledge. The publication covers the full spectrum of cotton farming and contains chapters on cultivation guidelines, insect and disease control and the harvesting of cotton. Small Farmer Guide Company Brochure Core Statistics Refer to the Cotton SA portal for the following links: Cotlook Indices New York Cotton Futures cottonafrica.com The African Cotton & Textiles Trade Link Other literature available from Cotton SA: Cotton SA Core Statistics. This is an annual publication compiled by Cotton SA and contains statistics and graphs for the past ten years as well as forecasts for the coming season. The publication contains among others, various domestic and international cotton statistics and is obtainable free of charge to subscribers in South Africa. Scouting Guide for Pests on Cotton. To help you identify pests and natural enemies of Cotton. It is full colour, in English and Afrikaans, and is a handy guide for farmers and extension officers. Cleaner Production Guide For Cotton Farmers With A4 Posters. This guide (available in English or Afrikaans) is aimed at the commercial farmer and provides valuable information and hints on cleaner cotton production while at the same time protecting the environment. A seven page trouble-shooting summary of the contents in the guide (on A4 pamphlets in English only) is included. Both the guide and pamphlets are obtainable free of charge (regret available for SA only). Cotton SA also has the following CDs: Integrated Pest Management and Organic Cotton. Find the Cotton Industry Profile on the Department of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries website, www.daff.gov.za. Simple grower notes (Info Pak) on the production of cotton are also available here. The Textile Federation: www.texfed.co.za. Find the database of members and roleplayers e.g. dyers and finishers, knitted fabrics, yarns etc.

SA Cotton Producers Organisation (SACPO) is a representative national organisation for cotton farmers with the aim of creating wealth for its members through the provision of markets, skills, partnerships and alliances. Cotton SA Trust Tel: 012 804 1462-7 All surplus funds and assets from the former Cotton Board were transferred in 1997 to the Cotton SA Trust to be used for the benefit of the whole cotton sector. A major responsibility of the Cotton SA Trust is to assist in facilitating market access for emerging cotton farmers.

SA Cotton Ginners Association (SACGA) is the representative body of cotton ginners. Find information on SACGA at www. cotton.org.za SA Cotton Textile Manufacturers Association (SACTMA) is the representative body of cotton spinners. South African Textile Industry Export Council (SATIEC) Tel: 021 702 4140 www.satiec.co.za South African Clothing and Textile Workers Union (SACTWU) Tel: 021 447 4570 www.sactwu.org.za

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find information on DAFF directorates at www.daff.gov.za Directorate: Business and Entrepreneurial Development Tel: 012 319 7324 DBED@daff.gov.za

4. Training and research

ARC-Institute for Industrial Crops (IIC) Tel: 014 536 3150 www.arc.agric.za Cotton Research & Technology Development (CSIR) Fibres and Textiles Tel: 041 508 3200 The Research and Technology Committee of Cotton SA meet on a regular basis with one of the main aims to evaluate research projects identified and prioritised by roleplayers. Research results are obtainable from the Institute and also published on a regular basis in the Cotton SA Katoen magazine. The Agricultural Colleges (next column) have been sanctioned by the industry to run the accredited cotton course developed by Cotton SA.

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International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC) www.icac.org. The ICAC is an association of governments of cotton producing, consuming and trading countries. Find the cotton notes on the website of the National Cleaner Production Centre www.ncpc.co.za (take the clothing and textile sector menu option). Cotton & Textiles Trade Directory available at the following website as well as a useful portal: www.cottonafrica.com/related.asp for the following websites: African Coalition for Trade (ACT) African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Bremen Cotton Exchange (Bremer Baumwollbrse) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Cotton Egypt Cotton International About the people, companies, and trends shaping the international cotton market. Cotton Outlook Export Institute Israel link International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC) International Forum for Cotton Promotion (IFCP) International Textile Manufacturers Federation (ITMF) International Trade Forum Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM) http://www.kam.co.ke (under construction) Liverpool Cotton Association (LCA) New York Cotton Exchange (NYCE) Textile Federation of South Africa (TEXFED) USDA - Cotton Program AMS USDA World Trade Organization (WTO) Quota Elimination

7. Local business environment

Visit www.cottonsa.org.za for the latest cotton market reports. Cotton in South Africa is currently marketed on free-market principles, i.e. there is no intervention or restriction on the buying and selling of cotton and prices are determined by the market. Farmers producing cotton in South Africa, market their cotton in one of the following ways: The seed cotton is sold by the grower to a ginner who gins the cotton and sells the cotton lint for his own account to spinners (and seed to processors), either directly or by making use of agents. The grower does not sell his seed cotton to the ginner but contracts the ginner to gin it on his behalf on payment of a ginning fee (some growers also own their own gins). The cotton lint and seed remain the property of the producer who then either markets it himself or contracts the gin or someone else to market the cotton lint (or seed) on his behalf. All five ginners currently operating in South Africa are farmer-owned. Challenges to our cotton producers are: competition from other SADC countries cheap textile imports from the East low international prices due to subsidies in the developed world

8. International business environment

Visit www.cottonsa.org.za for the latest cotton market reports. There is no restriction on the importation of cotton, however a duty on imported cotton lint of R1.60/kg has been in force since 1992. This duty is however in terms of a free trade agreement not applicable to cotton lint imports from countries within the Southern African Development Community (SADC), with effect from 1 January 2004, the duty having been phased out since 2000. The full duty of R1.60/kg on cotton lint is still applicable to imports from outside SADC, in respect of imports that do not qualify under the WTO minimum market access provision. Woolworths has become the worlds third largest consumer of organic cotton, behind American giants Wal-Mart and Nike, according to Organic Exchange, an international organisation dedicated to expanding global supplies of organic cotton. The organic cotton pilot project funded by the ComMark Trust and set up in association with Cotton SA, the Organic Exchange and Woolworths is now in its second season. Research projects were also continued at the ARC-IIC with regard to crop nutrition and organic pest control. Results from the field trials have been promising even with the difficult weather conditions experienced, with yields improving from the previous season. The quality of the cotton also supports the first seasons results showing that South Africa can produce a top quality organic cotton. The cotton from the first seasons crop, about 13.5 tons cotton lint, was retailed in an organic clothing range by Woolworths from August 2009 as the first 100% organic cotton clothing grown and made in South Africa. A similar amount of organic cotton is expected from the second seasons planting.
Source: Cotton SA, Bizcommunity

6. Ginning companies involved

Loskop Cotton Tel: 013 261 1498 Noord-Kaap Katoenpluismeule Tel: 082 948 2569 Weipe Cotton Gin Tel: 015 533 3016/7/8 Vaalharts Cotton Tel: 083 230 5342

OTHER
Cotton Seed Processors (Pty) Ltd Tel: 015 491 4338 / 2801 Cell: 079 840 9140 www.cottonseed.co.za SA Cotton Waste Tel: 011 873 0466 sacotton@global.co.za www.sacotton.co.za The South African Cotton Waste Manufacturing Co. (Pty) Ltd was established in 1933 to supply Cotton Waste (an inexpensive cleaning product) to South African Mines and Industry. They are also major suppliers of String, Twine and Rope, both natural and synthetic.

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9. Small-scale farmer news

On the initiative of Cotton SA and the government, a National Strategy for the SA Cotton Industry has been developed with the participation of all roleplayers, to fit in with the national Strategic Plan for South African Agriculture previously developed by the government and organised agriculture. One of the core strategies of the Cotton Sector Plan is to broaden the participation of emerging farmers and to raise their productivity through training and by improving research and extension services and technology transfer. Cotton SA has been tasked to manage the implementation process and has recently appointed a full-time manager to oversee this. Cotton SA, some years ago also establish a Small Scale-Cotton Farmers Forum with the main objective to co-ordinate and monitor progress with regard to the objective to broaden participation of emerging farmers and to provide an environment where positive interaction between role-players could lead to increased market access for the small cotton farmer. The Forum usually meets 4 times a year and currently comprise more than 50 members representing among others, the national and provincial governments, the ARC, the private sector including ginners and input suppliers, commercial cotton farmers and small-holders as well as financial institutions. The Forum has also established the following three working groups to attend to specific small-scale farmer issues: a Training and Extension Working Group, a Finance Working Group and a Private Sector Working Group. A small-scale farmer co-ordinator was appointed a few years ago to attend to the needs of emerging cotton farmers on a full-time basis, by providing capacity to and being a driving force within all provincial small cotton grower development committees and by identifying production areas for small farmer development. Following the successful training program established at the Lowveld College of Agriculture at Nelspruit, where about 50 small-scale farmers were trained annually from 2001 to 2003, it was clear that in order to reach the production and training goals as envisaged in the Cotton Sector Strategy Plan, training capacity had to be increased. Training was therefore also extended to the Tompi Seleka College of Agriculture in the Limpopo Province, the Mjindi Training Centre and the Owen Sithole College of Agriculture in KwaZulu-Natal, the Fort Cox Rural Development Centre in the Eastern Cape, Mbangwane in Tonga and Pudimoe in Taung. This formal skills development program (which involves a certain number of unit standards at NQF level 1) is organised in four 5 day modules, each of which are synchronised with the normal production cycle of the crop and presented over a 12 month period. The subjects covered in the 4 modules are: introduction, soil preparation and planting plant protection, pests, diseases and weeds pre-harvest crop preparation, harvesting and grading financial management The courses are theoretical as well as practical, the latter making up about 60% of course content. Experts in each field are drawn from various cotton

roleplayers to impart their expertise to the groups in training. Up to now almost 778 small-scale farmers have attended these courses (320 from KwaZulu-Natal, 126 from the Limpopo Province, 264 from Mpumalanga, 37 from the Eastern Cape and 31 from the North West Province). Cotton SA also has a Master Mentorship Program for small-scale cotton farmers. The project is aimed to provide an initial number of mentors who can support and impart knowledge and practical skills to small-scale farmers. These mentors report via a master mentor to the manager of the Master Mentorship Program. Cotton SA annually also disseminates market and other relevant information to small-scale cotton farmers specifically, in the following manner: by way of monthly market reports posted to about 500 small-scale cotton farmers; by way of the quarterly Cotton SA Katoen magazine, which features a regular section aimed at small-scale farmers specifically. The magazine is mailed quarterly to more than 500 small-scale cotton farmers; by convening farmer information days in small-scale farmer production areas; by way of articles in small grower agricultural publications; by way of an illustrated Training Manual for Small-Scale Cotton Growers, in Zulu and English. Research projects are identified by cotton growers (including small-scale farmers) and other role-players on a continuous basis and are undertaken by the ARCs Institute for Industrial Crops. Most of the research projects are of benefit to both commercial as well as to small-scale farmers whilst some are specifically aimed at the small grower. Research results are published on a regular basis in the Cotton SA Katoen magazine. Small Scale Cotton Farmers Forum Chairman: Phenias Gumede National Small-Scale Cotton Farmer Co-ordinator Mr Simon Molope at the ARC Institute for Industrial Crops in Rustenburg. Tel: 014 536 3150

Publications
Cotton Guide/Katoengids/Iseluleko ngokotini/Keletso ka ga katune. This guide for the small scale farmer was compiled by the ARC-Institute for Industrial Crops bearing the needs of the small-scale farmer in mind. The publication (which is fully illustrated in colour with captions in English and isiZulu) covers the full spectrum of cotton farming and contains chapters on cultivation guidelines, insect and disease control and the harvesting of cotton. It is available from Cotton SA. Ukukhiqizwa kukakotini/Production of Cotton. This publication is available from the Resource Centre at the National Department of Agriculture. Contact them at 012 319 7141.
Our gratitude to Mr Koot Louw of Cotton SA for his support and for providing input so willingly.

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Field crops and horticulture

Cut-flowers
1. Overview
South Africa has a diverse and highly suitable natural environment for the production of flowers. Indoor and outdoor production occurs across differing climactic regions of South Africa. Most commonly produced products include Roses, Carnations, Chrysanthemum, Proteas, Foliage, Gypsophila, Limonium and a wide range of seed grown flowers e.g. Lisianthus, Delphinium, Helianthus, Limonium, Grasses, Craspedia, Carthamus, Larkspur. Flower bulbs are also produced in great numbers in a wide variety of species. Production is both for the local market as well as various export markets. The main export markets are Europe, Middle East, Asia, Australia, USA.

Gauteng Economic Development Agency (GEDA) Mudunwazi Baloyi Tel: 011 833 8750 Mudunwazi@geda.co.za The Gauteng Department of Agriculture is also involved. Find contact details in the Provinces and Agriculture chapter.

4. Training and research

SAFEC, in co-operation with DAFF, runs an ongoing training programme aimed at BEE, SME and Agri Charter related Training and development. SAFEC is committed to assist new farmers in the cut flower sector and Jac Duif is the co-ordinator in these new projects. Agri Skills Transfer Network, Prof Hentie Boshof, is involved with providing administrative and financial training programmes new farmers. Contact 018 290 6019. The Agricultural Research Councils Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops (ARC-ITSC) provides training courses which covers management, general nursery practice and propagation procedures necessary for running the nursery effectively as well as cultivation. Tel: 013 713 7000. Training is also done by Flori Horticultural Services. Contact Johannes Maree at 013 735 6883, 082 564 1211, or write to him at johannesmaree@absamail.co.za Stellenbosch University Department of Horticultural Science Tel: 021 808 4900 hortsci@sun.ac.za Tshwane University of Technology Department of Horticultural Science Tel: 012 382 5911 www.tut.ac.za University of the Free State Department of Genetics Tel: 051 401 2261 www.ufs.ac.za University of the North West Tel: 018 386 1321 www.uniwest.ac.za University of Pretoria Tel: 012 420 3220 www.up.ac.za UNISA (Florida Campus) Tel: 011 670 9000 www.unisa.ac.za

2. Associations involved
The cut-flower industry involves the following associations: South African Cut Flower Growers Association (SAFGA) South African Cut Flower Export Council (SAFEC) KwaZulu-Natal Cut Flower Growers Association (KZNGA) South African Protea Producers and Exporters (SAPPEX) Protea Producers of South Africa (PPSA)

Make contact with them all through the details which appear below: Tel: 011 692 4237 info@saflower.co.za www.saflower.co.za

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find information and contact details of the different directorates under the Divisions option at www.daff.gov.za

5. Websites and publications

View roleplayer websites, starting at www.saflower.co.za Undercover Farming, which SAFGA shares with other agriculture sections, is distributed to members free of charge. It keeps members up to date on latest developments in the industry, and is distributed to institutions in Africa and abroad. Johan Swiegers is the editor and can be contacted at 012 804 5854 or by emailing ucoverfmg@iafrica.com. Find the International Protea Register on www.daff.gov.za

Directorate Plant Health Tel: 012 319 6505/39

Phytosanitary issues and policies Phytosanitary inspections at ports regarding plant health. of entry Tel: 012 319 6091/6293 Directorate: Plant Production Awareness, education and Tel: 012 319 6079 promotion of plant health matters OTHER Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) Tel: 021 930 1134 www.ppecb.com

Agricultural Product Inspection Service (APIS) Tel: 012 319 6100

6. Companies involved
See relevant chapters in this directory e.g. Undercover Growing and Hydroponics, Fertiliser etc.

Freight forwarders and export agents Grindod PCA 011 571 0800 www.pca.co.za Sky Services 011 390 2371/4 www.skyservices.co.za Bergflora 011 975 1773 www.bergflora.co.za Elro J Braak 012 361 2777 www.braaks.com

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Cape Mountain Flora 021 885 2420 www.capeflora.co.za Flamingo Flowers 011 952 1087 Flora Exports 011 396 2041 www.dfg.nl Kairali Flora 011 483 3309www.kairalisa.com Living Gold 018 788 8500 www.livinggold.co.za Notren Trading 021 689 4907 www.notrentrading.com Oz Flora 021 934 0741 www.dfg.nl Plantwise 011 953 4540 www.plantwise.co.za The Better Flower Company 021 686 1300 www.thebetterflowercompany.com Uniflo Marketing 021 949 9016 www.unifloroses.com Vale Flora Marketing 011 609 3395 Suppliers of plant material Ball Straathof 011 794 2316 www.ballstraathof.co.za Berg en Dal Nursery 012 258 1641 Dekker Chrysanten SA 012 258 0085 www.dekkersa.co.za Emerald Green Horticulture 012 734 2687 www.emerald-green. co.za Hadeco 011 958 1350 www.hadecoflowers.com Living Gold 018 788 8500 www.livinggold.co.za Ludwigs Rose Farm 012 544 0144/5 www.ludwigsroses.co.za Roeloffs Nurseries 014 576 2362 www.roeloffs.co.za SAKATA Seeds 011 548 2800 www.sakata.com SAFROPA 012 258 8000 www.fides.nl Van Zanten SA 012 254 0392/3 www.royalvanzanten.com Soil and water sampling equipment: 1. Hannas Instruments Tel: 011 615 6076 www.hannainst.co.za

The flower industry is complex and requires specialist knowledge and input. It requires: 1. massive capital expenditure (mostly millions); 2. extensive technical knowledge more than often a grower learns from a family business; 3. intensive, sustained daily management; 4. and most importantly, a market. Over-supply of crops on the domestic market occurs regularly, resulting in a downward trend in prices. The export market is new and still expanding, but requires careful market planning. According to the World Bank Technical Paper, the following preconditions are laid down for the South African Flower Trade: 1. Basic market opportunity One has to have sold the product prior to starting the venture, or you have to know where a market for that product exists before planting. Access to Europe is difficult and expensive. Often there is an oversupply, and farmers are the ones to suffer. 2. Availability of sustainable human capital Human capital in the form of learned and committed people who are prepared to take a risk is required. South African labour, compared to the rest of Africa, is no longer cheap. 3. Minimal level of infrastructure This pertains to availability of airfreight, cooling facilities, roads, telecommunications etc. Also of importance is an internal infrastructure relating to hothouses, fertigation, pesticide systems, heating-andcooling, storing facilities. 4. Financing arrangements High capital investment is a pre-requisite. Before starting a new farm, you will need a detailed business plan. Issues such as weather, soil types, water quality, fertilising and spraying programs, harvesting, packaging and marketing should be addressed. Consultants might work through a checklist that will help you identify opportunities or weaknesses of your proposed venture. 1. Johannes Maree 082 564 1211 Technical advisor general 2. Leon Hefer 082 789 0499 Alstroemeria (Inka lilies) 3. Jac Duif 082 443 1755 Flowers from seeds 4. Hentie Boshoff 018 290 6019 Market information and planning 5. Louise de Klerk 013 752 4247 Technical advisor: Gerberas 6. Lindi Grobler 082 577 6507 Grower advice, technical advice, feasibility studies 7. Arend Doorduin 082 577 6507 Grower advice, technical advice, feasibility studies 8. 0861 427336 a call center Information supplied by Johannes Maree and the South African Flower Export Council
Our thanks to Jac Duif, the South African Flower Export Council, for feedback on the draft chapter

7. Local business environment

The Multiflora flower auction is by far the most important and convenient marketing channel for local marketing. The auction, situated at City Deep, has daily auctions from Mondays to Saturdays from 07:00 where major agents and wholesalers buy flowers. The auction is market driven and prices for products are determined by supply and demand. For newcomers to the industry a visit to Multiflora is absolutely essential to see the heartbeat of sales in the floricultural industry in South Africa. Contact Ernst Nieuwenhuys at 011 613 4011, email ernest@multiflora.co.za or visit www.multiflora. co.za for more information. For the Pretoria flower auction, contact 012 326 4445 / 083 320 7245. For Flora Town flower auction, contact 011 548 0700 / 082 442 6288. Besides these, there is also a strong network of flower wholesalers, distributors and exporters. Bunches For Africa buys flowers from farmers, for example. Visit www.bunchesforafrica.com for more information.

8. New farmer information

So you want to be a Flower Farmer? At events like Gardenex & Growtech, the Growers Associations, the show organisers, Undercover Farming magazine and even florists get inundated by enquiries from potential investors who want to start a flower farm. Potential growers and investors have to reflect on a few vitally important facts beforehand.

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Field crops and horticulture

Deciduous fruit
Also refer to the Grapes and Fruit chapters

FOCUS AREAS
HORTGRO SERVICES facilitates the following activities: Trade & Market Access / Phytosanitary PROTECTION FOR THE Industry; Transformation: Education, Social & Economic Development * Land Reform; Industry Information & Statistics; Research, Technical transfer, Plant Improvement and Certification; Effective Communication with all target audiences.

1. Overview
The operational industry services and functions of the Deciduous Fruit Producers Trust (DFPT), provided for a wide range of national industry organisations, have been transferred to a new service entity, HORTGRO SERVICES . HORTGRO SERVICES is the mouthpiece of a new and transformed Industry, communicating with government authorities and other interest groups on behalf of several groupings in protecting producers interests. A Board, representing the producer associations and other stakeholders, guides and oversees the activities of HORTGRO SERVICES to ensure maximum stakeholder input, co-operation and cost effective industry services and functions. The key factor in the industry is the grower, and HORTGRO SERVICES and its substructures, together with other role players, execute the Industry Plan that will manage and influence the decisions and directives as identified by the respective producer associations. The industry operates in a free market environment with no government subsidisation. The role players in HORTGRO SERVICES are: SA Apple & Pear Producers Association (SAAPPA) SA Stone Fruit Producers Association (SASPA) Dried Fruit Technical Services (DFTS) Protea Producers of SA SA Cherry Growers Association (SACGA) SA Olive Industry Association

2. Local business environment

For information and statistics please visit the HORTGROSERVICES website at www.hortgro.co.za

3. Transformation
Find the Transformation option at www.hortgro.co.za The Deciduous Fruit Development Chamber (DFDC) is a representative body of emerging farmers which create mechanisms within the deciduous fruit industry to: strategically expedite their integration into the mainstream economy and formal industry structures (i.e., prevent duplication and creation of new structures); bridge the knowledge gap between commercial and emerging farmers; promote fair practices; promote better communication with and by emerging farmers; and enhance utilisation of resources/services by emerging farmers with the support from the existing industry service capacity, resources and expertise.

FUNCTION
The main functions of HORTGROSERVICES are: to protect and expand market share based on effective communication; the building of long term relationships; lobbying with relevant authorities; positioning horticultural products amongst relevant target audiences; the lowering of input costs and the enhancement of efficiencies in the export value chain; to enhance the long-term economic viability and sustainability of the industry thereby increasing the bargaining position of the producers.

4. Roleplayers
Culdevco (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 870 2900 www.culdevco.co.za HORTGRO SERVICES Tel: 021 870 2900 www.hortgro.co.za Joint Marketing Forums SAAPPA & SASPA Tel: 021 870 2900 www.hortgro.co.za SIT Africa Tel: 021 - 870 2900 info@sitafrica.co.za www.sitafrica.co.za Stimuplant CC Tel: 012 802 0220 stimuplant@gmail.com www.stimuplant.co.za

STRUCTURE
HORTGRO encompasses a world of new opportunities and options with a range of new stakeholders participating in the production and marketing of horticulture products. These stakeholders are:
SERVICES

DFPT Research, including technical transfer Fresh Produce Exporters Forum Deciduous Fruit Industry Development Trust (housing all ex-statutory assets and reserves) focussing on training and development SAPO Trust (plant improvement), DPA (plant certification) Government Departments and Institutions

Vital Bugs CC Tel: 082 7710 777 / 015 307 6956 info@vitalbugs.co.za National Agricultural Marketing www.vitalbugs.co.za Council (NAMC) Tel: 012 341 1115 www.namc.co.za

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5. Training and research

Short course training is one of the offerings at Agricultural Colleges. Pruning and manipulation of deciduous fruit, parts and functioning of the deciduous fruit tree etc are covered at Elsenburg, for example. Find details of the Colleges in the Agricultural education & training chapter. For information on the HORTGRO SERVICES Bursary and Career Scheme or application forms to apply for a bursary, contact Retha Louw at retha@hortgro.co.za or Tel 021 870 2900. ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Tel: 021 809 3100 www.arc.agric.za Cape Womens Forum Tel: 021 883 2490 www.cwf.co.za DFPT Research Tel: 021 882 8470 www.dfptresearch.co.za Praktika Tel: 022 913 2933 SA Agri Academy Tel: 021 880 1277 www.agriacademy.co.za

6. Websites and publications

Various brochures about Deciduous fruit are available from the DFPT, as well as a Deciduous statistics publication. Visit the website www. dfpt.co.za for more information, or contact them at 021 870 2900. The SA Fruit Journal looks at research, news on technical matters, exports. Visit www.safj.co.za; call 021 870 2900; fax 021 870 2950; or email christa@safj.co.za A series of pamphlets covering pome fruit and stone fruit diseases, pests and other topics are available from DFPT Research. Call 021 882 8470 or email erin@dfptresearch.co.za. The ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij also has publications relating to deciduous fruit. Email booksalescape@arc. agric.za or call 021 809 3305. www.daff.gov.za. Statistics are available for various Deciduous fruit. These figures cover production, sales on markets, exports, purchases for processing, prices realised, gross value and total value of production. The Transformation publications, New Leaves and New Blossoms as well as brochures on the social responsibility programmes are available from HORTGRO SERVICES, call Retha Louw at 021 - 870 2900 or email retha@hortgro.co.za. Find archived articles on the websites of the agricultural weeklies www.landbou.com and www.farmersweekly.co.za. The article The Windermere revolution: upsetting the apple cart at the latter looks at how an apple producer achieves yields of up to three times industry norms. Our thanks to HORTGRO SERVICES for feedback on the draft chapter.

South African Plant Improvement Organisation Trust (SAPO Trust) Tel : 021 887 6823 info@saplant.co.za The chief goal is to manage www.saplant.co.za research in such a way that longterm as well as short-term needs Stellenbosch University will be addressed. HORTGRO Department of Conservation SERVICES strives to co-ordinate this Ecology and Entomology process, and to gain access to funds Tel 021 808 3728 for research in order to ensure samways@sun.ac.za the availability of a satisfactory research capacity. Crucial too, is Department of Horticultural that research findings and other Science technical information is passed Tel 021 808 4900 through to the producer in an hortsci@sun.ac.za effective manner Technology Transfer. Koue Bokkeveld Opleidingsentrum Tel: 023 317 0983 joy@xpoint.co.za
Find the details for training provders in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter.

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Field crops and horticulture

Dry beans
1. Overview
The dry bean production areas in South Africa as follows: Province Mpumulanga/Gauteng Area Middelburg, Nigel (including the Bloekomspruit/ Grootvlei area), Delmas (including the Sundra, Eloff, Waaikraal, Kendal area), Ermelo (including the Chrissiesmeer/Lothair area). Bethlehem (including the Aberfeldy/Afrikaskop area), Fouriesburg, Ficksburg, Clocolan, Harrismith, Kroonstad, Henneman Lichtenburg, Koster, Rysmierbult Brits, Thabazimbi, Koedoeskop, Marble Hall, Tuinplaas, Vaalwater, Ohrigstad, Lydenburg, Burgersfort Kokstad, Vryheid, Bergville/Winterton, Greytown, Weenen, Mooiriver Kimberley, Douglas, Modderrivier

2. Associations involved
Dry Bean Producers Organisation (DPO) Tel: 012 808 1660 Fax: 012 808 1924 www.beans.co.za

Free State

North West Limpopo

KwaZulu-Natal Northern Cape

The DPO provides industry-related services (like supplying production and marketing information) to the bean producer. It manages the research done, and is responsible for product and market development. It has been a member of the International Pulse Trade & Industry Confederation (IPTIC) since 1993, for the purpose of promoting and facilitating international trade in dry beans.

3. Training and research

The major research partner of the DPO (and the bean industry) is the ARCGrain Crops Institute at Potchefstroom. Their contact telephone number is 018 299 6100. The industrys research plan ensures that attention be focused on the following aspects of bean production: cultivar development, evaluation and improvement agronomy plant protection Although specific research projects are tackled with regard to the control of various bean diseases, the research plan mainly focuses on the breeding of suitable dry bean cultivars which are well-adapted to South African production conditions. The following research projects are at present being undertaken by the ARC Grain Crops Institute: the transfer of dry bean technology to commercial dry bean producers dry bean cultivar evaluation the production of disease-free seed development of bean cultivars resistant to fungal diseases combating of bacterial diseases of dry beans dry bean breeding application of molecular marker technology to dry bean breeding The following cultivars were released from the breeding programme conducted by the ARC-Grain Crops Institute:

Dry beans are an ideal rotation crop and research has also shown that dry beans ensure higher yields in a crop rotation system. Improved cultivars also produce higher yields, provided that the correct soil is used and the commodity is cultivated correctly. From an economic point of view it makes a great deal of sense to plant as many dry beans as possible in a crop rotation system with maize on suitable soils. The recommendation is one year of dry beans out of three to four years in a crop rotation system. In a dry bean crop rotation system the longterm yield of maize has been increased by as much as 1 ton/ha. On highyield soils the introduction of a dry bean/maize crop rotation system could drastically improve the profitability of both the dry bean and maize crops. For more information regarding the cultivation of dry beans, contact the Dry Bean Producers Organisation (details under heading 2). In South Africa mainly three types of bean are produced: Red Speckled beans, Small White Canning beans and Large White Kidney beans - in that order of importance. Red Speckled beans have the biggest market and are mainly sold in retail quantities in shops for preparation at home. The market discriminates against cultivars of which the seeds are too small (smaller than 100 seeds per 40g) or those of which the background colour rapidly becomes darker. Small White Canning beans are, as the name suggests, mainly used for canning purposes and, in view of the ever increasing need of the consumer for convenience foods, there is a growing market for these beans. Canners have very specific quality requirements though and only buy certain cultivars. Large White Kidney beans are mainly used for retail packaging and to a lesser extent for canning purposes. The market for these beans is, however, relatively limited and an over-supply can easily occur in a good season. Other locally produced types such as Carioca and Painted Lady have a very limited market.

Red Speckled
- OPS RSI - Kranskop HR1 - Jenny - OPS-RS2 - DBS 310 - Kranskop - OPS-RS4 - DBS 360 - OPS RS5 - Sederberg

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Small White Canning

- Teebus - Teebus RR1 - OPS KW1 - Teebus - RCR 2

4. Websites and publications

The DPO has a number of free information brochures in connection with the health benefits of dry beans as well as a new recipe book entitled Bean Renaissance the intelligent food choice (see DPOs contact details under heading 2). SA Drybeans is a magazine published twice a year, a Marketing Issue in May and a Production Issue in October. Dry Bean Production and Disease Manual. This comprehensive publication is available from the Dry Bean Producers Organisation and the ARC-GCI (contact details under headings 2 and 3).

Carioca

Painted Lady
Maskam

Root Diseases of Dry Beans. Available from the DPO. The excellent publication Dry Bean Production (information supplied by the ARC-GCI) is available from DAFFs Resource Centre contact 012 319 7141. It is also available on the web: www.daff.gov.za (take the Publications and Info Pak menu options. With regard to quality control an important document is the Regulations related to the Grading, Packaging and Marking of Dry Beans destined for sale in the Republic of South Africa as published in Government Gazette No. 23571 on 5 July 2002. A wealth of information in connection with dry beans and the bean industry can also be obtained by visiting the DPOs website at www.beans.co.za

Large White Kidney

(Graphics used courtesy of the Dry Beans Producers Organisation)

5. Companies involved
The Field Crops Market Value Chain Profiles, produced by DAFF, includes a list of all dry bean traders and dry bean packers.

Dry bean cultivar recommendations

A study of the characteristics of the different dry bean cultivars is available. The purpose of this study is to help the producers to select the correct cultivars for their purposes and the area in which they are located.

Health benefits
Research is also done on the health benefits of beans by the Potchefstroom campus of the University of the North West. Tel: 018 299 2469 Research has indicated that dry beans provide an excellent combination of all the following characteristics. They are high in plant protein; are high in soluble and insoluble diet fibre; are high in complex carbohydrates; contain several minerals and B vitamins; have a low fat content; are low in salt; contain no cholesterol.

Dry Bean Seed (DBS) Tel: 012 808 1660/2 DBS is a bean seed company which supplies high quality disease-free certified and certified bean seed to the industry. Coen Bezuidenhout-saadtoetssentrum (Edms) Bpk CBS Tel: 012 808 1660 CBS offers laboratory services to the dry bean industry which entail the determination of the disease status of seed, as well as the disease-free making of bean seed and various diagnostic tests in respect of bean diseases. Trading in dry beans: Beanex (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 808 1660 www.beanex.co.za The result of a marketing initiative of the DPO has been the establishment of a broker trading as Beanex. Suppliers (producers) are able to offer their beans as per sample to Beanex who will offer it to the trade. Other traders can be found on www.beans.co.za select the Find a Trader menu option.

Training
One-day courses on the production of dry beans are offered by the DPO in conjunction with the ARC-Grain Crops Institute. The DPO offers a dry bean grading course, based on their comprehensive Production and Disease Manual. Tel: 012 808 1660 The DPO offers nutrition education courses to caregivers and any other interested parties on the basis of the Health research done by the Potchefstroom campus of the University of the North West. Tel: 018 299 2469

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6. Local business environment

From the producer to the consumer: the value chain

7. International business environment

Find the Market Trends, performance and processing menu options on www. beans.co.za The domestic consumption absorbs all of the local production. It is, however, normally necessary to supplement a shortfall by means of imports. Imports are mainly from China (85%), but also from the USA and Canada (5%). The landed costs of imported beans, determined largely by the then current exchange rate of the Rand in relation to the US Dollar, have a definite influence on the local price structure. The prices obtained for locally produced beans are also influenced by the quality of the beans on offer (locally produced versus the imported product). A strengthening of the Rand in relation to the US Dollar also encourages higher volumes of imports. By means of specific market research and a comprehensive breeding program and efforts, the seed company Dry Bean Seed (Pty) Ltd is able to supply producers with Red Speckled varieties which have become established as preferential consumer choices and in respect of which a market has been developed overseas. The cultivars include Kranskop, Kranskop HR1, Jenny, OPS-RS1, OPS-RS2, OPS-RS4, OPS-RS5,DBS 310, DBS 360 and Sederberg. Depending on a world shortage on beans, South Africa has been able to export beans to a number of different countries, mainly in Africa and Europe. Other bean producing countries that can influence the South African bean industry are the United States, China, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Africa (Ethiopia) and Europe.

Producer

Agribusinesses Co-operatives Brokers Online Trading Wholesalers Importers

Pre-Packers/ Processors Unbranded

Pre-Packers/ Processors Branded

Processors Export Agencies

8. Small-scale farmer information

Dry beans play an important role in the production systems of many smallscale farmers in South Africa. The crop is mainly cultivated in the rural areas of Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State and the Eastern Cape in combination with maize. The soil and the climatic conditions in these areas are favourable to the successful production of dry beans. The short growing period and reduced nitrogen fertiliser needs are added advantages. The major part of beans produced by small-scale farmers is used for home consumption and/or traded at local markets. Despite limitations hampering the production of dry beans in this sector, the indications are that this sector can make a substantial contribution to dry bean production in South Africa. The experience has shown that small-scale farmers are eager to learn, that they want to improve their production and that they will take advantage of any form of constructive support. A strong technology development system along with support from the industry are vital to overcome the constraints of the small-scale producer and to establish a vigorous dry bean industry in this sector. This much-needed support to small-scale producers is currently provided by the ARC-Grain Crops Institute (ARC-GCI), and its main partner, the Dry bean Producers Organisation (DPO).
Our thanks once again to Engela van Eyssen of the DPO for her input.

INFORMAL MARKET Hawkers Spaza shops Shops in rural areas Shops in the townships Pension day hawkers

FORMAL MARKET EXPORT MARKET Formal (e.g. Europe) Pick n Pay Africa Spar Food aid schemes Hyperama Checkers/Shoprite/ Niche markets Woolworths Makro Trade Centre

Bean producers have the choice to sell directly to the trade or supply their product to the first point of sale in the bean marketing chain such as wholesalers and co-operatives. Beans can be sold to packers or processors and if they are unbranded they are sold in the informal market through spaza shops and hawkers. If they are branded they get to the formal market through the chain stores e.g. Pick n Pay, Hyperama, Woolworths and Checkers/Shoprite. Split beans can also be exported to niche markets in the form of flour, and the bread and pasta industry make use of it. South Africa has a dry bean deficit of no less than 50 000 tons a year and relies on imports. This suggests an opportunity for the whole of Southern Africa to increase production. You are invited to contact the DPO should you require more information in connection with price movements for the present marketing season, landed costs of imported dry beans, import quantities, the tariff payable in respect of imported dry beans and the present supply and demand situation.
Source: DPO; Field Crops Market Value Chain Profiles (find it on www.daff.gov.za)

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Field crops and horticulture

Floriculture and nursery crops
See the separate Cut-flowers chapter

Iris Society Tel: 012 654 4395 South African Green Industry Council (SAGIC) Tel: 011 606 3156 Landscape Irrigation Association of South Africa Tel: www.liasa.co.za Lawnmower Association of South Africa Tel: www.lmasa.co.za

3. Nurseries
Find contact details for nurseries on the Seedling Growers Association of South Africa website www.seedlinggrowers.co.za

1. Overview
Floriculture, or flower farming, is a discipline of horticulture concerned with the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for gardens and for floristry, comprising the floral industry. The development plant breeding of new varieties is a major occupation of floriculturists. Floriculture crops include bedding plants, flowering plants, foliage plants or houseplants, cut cultivated greens, and cut flowers. As distinguished from nursery crops, floriculture crops are generally herbaceous. Bedding and garden plants consist of young flowering plants (annuals and perennials) and vegetable plants. They are grown in cell packs (in flats or trays), in pots, or in hanging baskets, usually inside a controlled environment, and sold largely for gardens and landscaping. Geraniums, impatiens, and petunias are the bestselling bedding plants. Chrysanthemums are the major perennial garden plant in the United States. Flowering plants are largely sold in pots for indoor use. The major flowering plants are poinsettias, orchids, florist chrysanthemums, and finished florist azaleas. Foliage plants are also sold in pots and hanging baskets for indoor and patio use, including larger specimens for office, hotel, and restaurant interiors.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculture

4. Leading garden centres

Also find the list of garden centres at www.lifeisagarden.co.za

2. Associations involved
South African Nursery Association (SANA) Tel: 072 994 5371 www.sana.co.za SANA represents the nursery industry as a whole, and also represents individual associations such as: Allied, Bulb & Seed Trade Association Bedding Plant Growers Association Garden Centre Association (GCA) Indigenous Plant Growers Association Ornamental Growers Association Rose Growers Association

Botanical Society of South Africa Tel: 021 797 2090 www.botanicalsociety.org.za The Botanical Society Head Office is situated at Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens. It has sixteen branches: Grahamstown, Port Elizabeth (Algoa), Roodepoort, Bredasdorp, Cedarberg, Pietermaritzburg, Durban, Bloemfontein, Garden Route, Kirstenbosch, Kogelberg, Polokwane, Nelspruit, Pretoria, the West Coast and the Winelands.

1. Brandmullers Garden Pavilion (Vereeniging) Tel: 016 428 3351 2. Cape Garden Centre (Joostenbergvlakte) Tel: 021 988 4137 3. Cape Garden Centre (Somerset West) Tel: 021 885 0334 4. Colourful Concepts (Broederstroom) Tel: 012 244 3469 5. Colourful Splendour (Craighall Park) Tel: 011 447 5817 6. Colourful Corner (Honeydew) Tel: 011 794 5733 7. Countryside Nursery & Garden Centre (Brits) Tel: 012 252 0210 8. Driefontein (Shakas Rock) Tel: 082 946 0850 9. Dunrobin (Pietrmaritzburg) Tel: 033 347 1948 10. Dunrobin (Bothas Hill) Tel: 031 777 1855 11. Ferndale Nurseries (Constantia) Tel: 021 794 5175/44 12. FloraFarm Tel: 011 894 2377 13. GardenShop (Bryanston) Tel: 011 463 5773 14. GardenShop (Menlopark) Tel: 012 460 5137 15. GardenShop (Parktown North) Tel: 011 447 2368 16. GardenShop (Constantia) Tel: 021 794 5015 17. Garden World (Muldersdrift) Tel: 011 957 2046 18. Illovo Nursery (Illovo Beach) Tel: 031 916 2491 19. Leeways Garden Centre (Johannesburg South) Tel: 011 683 2358 20. Lifestyle Home Garden Tel: 011 792 5616 21. Malmesbury Kwekery (Moorreesburg) Tel: 022 433 3232 22. Malmesbury Kwekery (Malmesbury) Tel: 022 482 2612 23. McDonalds Garden Shop Tel: 033 342 2191/ 24. Midlands Garden Centre (Nottingham Road) Tel: 033 267 7153 25. Midlands Garden Centre (Lions River) Tel: 079 709 3586 26. Plantland (Crowthorne) Tel: 011 702 2188 27. Plantland (Lombardy) Tel: 012 809 2120 28. Plantland (Akasia) Tel: 012 549 4945 29. Plantland (Zambesi) Tel: 012 808 1544 30. Plantland (Wonderboom) Tel: 012 543 1065 31. Plantland (Cornwall Hill) Tel: 012 667 6330 32. Plantland (Menlyn) Tel: 012 348 7121 33. Plantland (The Wilds) Tel: 012 991 3061 34. Sherwood Garden Centre Tel: 041 398 4400 35. Super Plants (Parklands) Tel: 021 556 8669 36. Super Plants (Bothasig) Tel: 021 558 0190 37. Super Plants (Tokai) Tel: 021 715 4666 38. Super Plants (Hermanus) Tel: 028 316 4006

5. Websites and publications

The Gardenex and Green Living is th most important local floricultural show in South Africa. Visit www.gardenex.co.za for more. The Royal Horticultural Societys Propagating Plants, published by Dorling Kindersley. Find the South African Floriculture Cluster Study on the NEDLAC website www.nedlac.org.za www.gardeningeden.co.za also a source of much information for gardeners The Gardener, a magazine for everyone who loves gardening. Tel: 031 764 0386 www.thegardener.co.za See the Ballstraathof website for seasonal charts and other useful information: www.ballstraathof.co.za www.ipps.org the International Plant Propagators Society (IPPS)

OTHERS
The Cycad Society of South Africa Tel: 012 343 3929 www.cycadsociety. org South African Protea Producers and Exporters Association (SAPPEX) Tel: 021 870 2900 www.sappex.org.za South African Orchid Council Tel: 011 452 0600 www.saoc.co.za Succulent Society of South Africa Tel: 012 993 3588 www. succulentsociety.co.za Fern Society of South Africa Tel: 012 662 1922 www.fernsoc.co.za Interior Plantscapers Association of South Africa Tel: 011 626 2067 www.krost.co.za/ipsa/home.htm South African Landscapers Institute Tel: 011 606 3855 www.sali.co.za

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Field crops and horticulture

Forage and pastures
1. Overview
Fodder refers to food given to animals rather than that which they forage for themselves. This includes hay, straw, silage, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, grains and legumes. Forage traditionally meant plant material eaten by grazing livestock pasture, crop residue, immature cereal crops but is used more loosely these days to include what was previously indicated by fodder. The establishment and management of cultivated pastures is a highly specialised industry. Choice of species or cultivar, preparing the correct seedbed, the time to sow, seeding depth and density as well as fertilisation, are examples of aspects that should be taken into consideration. Grasses are often mixed with other grass species or with legumes like Lucerne. Nonetheless, cultivated pastures (on dry land) can produce up to four times more than natural veld and will play an increasingly important role in the future.

The following brochures on pasture plants are available now as the compilation Cultivated Pastures for South Africa from the ARC. Tel: 012 841 9828. Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Acroceras macrum Anthephora pubescens Atriplex nummularia Cenchrus ciliaris Chloris gayana Cynodon species Dactylis glomerata Desmodium intortum Desmodium uncinatum Digitaria eriantha Eragrostis curvula Eragrostis tef Festuca arundinacea Leucaena leucocephala General Name Nile grass, Nylgras Borseltjiegras Oumansoutbos Bloubuffelsgras Rhodesgras, Rhodes grass, Nyankomo (Zulu) Star grass, couch grass Cocksfoot, Orchard grass Groenblaar Desmdium Silwerblaar Desmodium Smutsvinger Oulandsgras, Weeping love grass Teff, Tef, Tef Tall fescue Leucaena, koa haole, ipilipil, wild tamarind, jumbie bean Italian & Westerwolds ryegrass Perennial ryegrass Hybrid ryegrass Lusern, Alfalfa Kikoejoe English Language English Afrikaans Afrikaans Afrikaans Afrikaans English English Afrikaans Afrikaans Afrikaans English English English

2. Websites and publications

www.agis.agric.za has extensive, practical notes on pastures Eragrostis and Lucerne. The content is illustrated with photographs. Visit the very impressive www.lusern.org website The Pannar Seed (Pty) Ltd website is worth a visit www.pannar. com. Various cultivars of grain and fodder crops are described, with details of different cultivars and their advantages. Their range also includes various fodder crops including forage cereals, perennial clover pastures, ryegrass, lucerne and forage sorghum. Guide to Profitable Pastures John Fair, M&J Publications, Harrismith, SA. Some literature is also available on www.sabiofarm.co.za The Suidwes website has notes on a number of fodder crops www. suidwes.co.za Die Kynoch weidingshandleiding. EB Dickinson, GFS Hyam, WAS Beytenbach, Keyser Versfeld. ISBN 0 620 14918 3 Tropical grasses PJ Skerman, F Riveros. FAO. ISBN 92 5 101128 1. Die bestuur van aangeplante weiding in somerrenvaldele Chris Dannhauser. The Distributor, Warmbaths, SA. ISBN 0 620 16389 5. Visit www.kejafa.co.za or call 014 577 0005 for the following publications, available from Kejafa Knowledge Works: Diereproduksie vanaf aangeplante weiding in die somersaaigebied L Scheepers Guide to Grasses of South Africa Frits van Oudtshoorn (also available in Afrikaaans) Management Intensive Grazing J Gerrish Pasture Profits with Stock Cattle A Nation Quality Pasture A Nation Pasture Handbook (also available in Afrikaans) Call 012 842 4000 or email iaeinfo@arc.agric.za for the following publications, available from the ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering: Small-scale hay farming in South Africa (also available in Afrikaans) Artificial drying of Lucerne (also available in Afrikaans) Production of green lucern with a dehydrator system The operation and application of mounted mowers The operation and application of hay rakes and hay tedders

14 15

Lolium multiflorum Lolium perenne Lolium boucheanum x L. perenne Medicago sativa Pennisetum clandestinum Pennisetum sp Setaria sphacelata Sorghum sp Trifolium pratense Trifolium vesiculosum Vicia sp Vigna unguiculata

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Afrikaans Afrikaans English

Mannagras Red clover Arrowleaf clover Vetch Cowpea

Afrikaans Afrikaans English English English English

3. Roleplayers
Find SANSOR and companies involved in the Seeds & Seedlings chapter. Your local agribusiness / co-operative will also be involved see the Agribusinesses chapter).

Agricol Tel: 021 981 1126 www.agricol.co.za

The ARC Animal Production Unit has a Lusern/Lucerne CD available. The CD was developed by a team of researchers under the supervision of Dr Albert Smith, and is a comprehensive guide to the production and management of Lucerne in South Africa. Contact 012 841 9873.

The Animal Production Institute employs scientists and technicians with a wide range of skills including plant breeding, forage production, Agricon conservation agriculture and Tel: 051 448 0961 conservation of plant genetic www.agricon-pelleting.co.za resources.The focus of their work is research and development Lucerne (Alfalfa) pellet mills, made of new technologies in the area with the small producer in mind. planted pastures in order to improve forage production for ARC Animal Production supplementing forage from natural Institute veld. They have a team dedicated Range and Nutrition Unit to breeding and development of Tel: 012 672 9073 new forage cultivars to improve

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forage production. They work in partnership with various seed companies in the sales and distribution of new varieties of forage species. They also manage a Plant Genetic Resources Genebank, which is a national asset whose focus is to ensure that our valuable forage species are conserved. They also conduct research on improving the efficiency of producing forage for livestock under various climatic regions. All these efforts contribute to their support of a thriving livestock production industry.

The GSSA intermittently produces information days in collaboration with other organisations on a range of subjects, and has recently unveiled a mentorship programme to provide support to young scientists. The GSSA hosts a members expertise database for the public who seek expert advice in different areas. Hoogland Animal Feed Tel: 054 331 1835 www.alfalfa.co.za

Stellenbosch University Department of Agronomy Tel: 021 808 4803 browne@sun.ac.za Tshwane University of Technology Mike Panagos PanagosMD@tut.ac.za www.tut.ac.za University of the Free State Animal- and Wildlife- and Grassland Sciences Prof Hennie Snyman Tel: 051 401 2221 snymanha@ufs.ac.za Prof Hentie van der Merwe Tel: 051 401 2606 Dr Gerrie Scholtz scholtzgd@ufs.ac.za University of KwaZulu-Natal Biological and Conservation Sciences Tel: 033 260 5505 Karalict@ukzn.ac.za

University of Limpopo Tel: 015 268 9111 Prof Chris Dannhauser chrisd@ul.ac.za University of the North West Potchefstroom Prof Klaus Kellner Tel: 018 299 2510 UNISA Dr Mary Mustafa www.unisa.ac.za University of Venda Dr Joseph Baloyi www.univen.ac.za

K2 Agri ARC Plant Protection Research Klein Karoo Seed Marketing Institute Tel: 044 203 5180 Tel: 012 808 8000 www.seedmarketing.co.za The PPRI researches weed Find the Forage and pasture management techniques, mainly crops, Lucerne seed and Latest news menu options on focusing on alien plants. the website. Cango Engineering Multi Feeds Tel: 044 272 3590 Tel: 053 474 1848/9 www.hammermills.co.za best@multifeds.co.za The feedplant specialist Marketing and supply of roughage and protein for livestock e.g. County Agencies Tel: 082 490 9951 / 031 312 9336 Lucerne, wheat straw, soy oilcake, fish-meal. They also research Lucerne cultivars. A lucerne exporter Diepdrift Lusernsaad Mr Dirk van der Merwe Tel: 027 341 2279 diepdrift@hantam.co.za National Lucerne Organisation Tel: 044 272 8991 www.lusern.org

4. Farmer information
When it comes to choosing the best forage crop to plant, it is important to consider the following factors: Is the forage crop suited to the soil and climatic conditions? What sort of animal production will the forage crop be used for? For example, will it be used for milk production, fattening of weaners or the maintenance of dry cows, and so on? What are the advantages and disadvantages of a particular forage crop, and how do these characteristics fit in with current stock farming practices? How versatile is a forage crop and can it be used for more than one purpose? Ensure that sufficient forage is planted to supply the required stock needs. It is preferable to work on a conservative forage yield and to make provision for a surplus. Where intensive forage crops are planted under irrigation, be sure to plant crops which provide good yields and have a high feed value. Irrigation is expensive and one must look at obtaining optimal forage yields and optimal usage. Before establishment, ensure that you know the fertilizer requirements for forage crops, the correct application times and how to correct any soil nutrient deficiencies. Where possible plant more than one forage crop, especially perennial grasses, in order to spread risk and to create a better fodder flow programme. Well-matched grass or legume mixtures can play an important role in this regard. Plant forage crops to complement sources of natural grazing and field crop remains and to gain the best advantage from all these sources of animal feed. Use of intensive pastures, particularly those under irrigation, can result in internal parasite and fungal disease problems in stock. An effective dosing programme should be followed and, in the case of sheep and dairy cows, preventative measures must be taken for foot rot.
Source: Forage Crop Production Guide by Pannar Seed (Pty) Ltd. This highly useful document can be found on www.pannar.com

Pannar Grasslands Society of Southern Tel: 033 413 9500 Africa (GSSA) www.pannar.com Tel/fax: 049 842 4335 www.grassland.co.za The Provincial Departments of Agriculture, working closely with The GSSA is involved and concerned the Agricultural Colleges, present with the science and practice of courses on cultivated pastures, range and pasture management. hay and silage making, and conduct This broad field involves primarily research on pasture production, the use and conservation of natural weed control, and animal nutrition resources. It encompasses applied Scientists and extension officers fields such as livestock production, can provide advice on fodder flow wildlife management, nature management. The Soil laboratory at Cedara can conduct detailed conservation, water catchment soil analyses and provide advice management and range and mineon optimal fertiliser regimes for a dump rehabilitation. The disciplines wide range of crops. Find contact include amongst others, ecology, details in the agricultural education botany, zoology, range and pasture and training chapter. science, animal science, soil science and genetics. Resource Consulting Services (SA) For the African Journal of Forage Tel: 058 622 1499 Science, events and the newsletter info@rcs-sa.com www.rcs-sa.com Grassroots refer to their website.

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Species Name Acroceras macrum Andropogon gayanas Anthephora pubescens Brachiaria brizantha Cenchrus ciliaris Chloris gayana Cynodon dactylon Cynodon nlemfuensis Dactylis glomerata Dactyloctenium giganteum Dichanthium annulatum Digitaria enantha Eragrostis curvula Eragrostis lehmanniana Eragrostis tef Festuca elatior Hemarthria altissima Lolium multiflorum Lolium perenne Panicum coloratum Panicum maximum Panicum repens Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum notatum Paspalum scrobiculatum Pennisetum glaucum Pennisetum clandestinum Pennisetum purpureum Phalaris aquatica Setaria sphacelata Sorghum bicolor & S.halepense Urochloa mosambicensis Urochloa oligotricha

Common Name Nile grass Blue grass Wool grass Common signal grass Foxtail buffalo grass Rhodes grass Couch grass Star grass Cocksfoot Giant crowfoot Vlei finger grass Common finger grass Weeping love grass Lehmanns love grass Tef Tall fescue Swamp cough Annual rye grass Perennial rye grass Small buffalo grass Guinea grass Couch panicum Dallis grass Bahia grass Veld-paspalum Pearl millet Kikuyu Elephant grass Canary grass Golden bristle grass Wild sorghum Bushveld signal grass Perennial signal grass

Soil Damp Sand loam Sandy Most soils Most soils Most soils Most soils Most soils Most soils Sandy soil Clay soil Mostly sandy Mostly sand loam Sand loam Mostly sand loam Mostly damp soil Wet soil Most soils Most soils Clay soil Fertile loam Wet sandy Wet clay soil Moist sandy Moist soils Sandy loam Fertile soil Fertile soil Moist soils Fertile sand loam Most soils Sand loam Sand loam

Rainfall/Year 625-1500mm 400-1400mm 300-650 mm 500+ 375-750mm 600-750 mm 625-1750 mm 650 mm + 900 mm + 450 mm + 500-900 mm 500 mm + 600-1000 mm 250-500 mm 500 mm + 750 mm + 500 mm + 900 mm + Only irrigation 500-1000 mm 550-600 mm 500 mm + 750-1250mm 750-1000mm 900 mm + 125-700 mm 700-1600 mm 600-1500 mm 400 mm + 700-1700 mm 400-750 mm 600-1200 mm 700-1500 mm

Use Grazing Grazing Grazing Grazing, sometimes hay and silage Grazing, sometimes hay Grazing, sometimes hay Grazing, sometimes hay Grazing Grazing and hay Grazing and hay Grazing and hay Grazing, sometimes silage Grazing and hay Grazing and hay Hay and grazing Winter grazing, silage, hay Mostly grazing Winter grazing Winter grazing Grazing, sometimes hay Grazing, hay and silage Grazing Mostly grazing Grazing Grazing, hay and silage Grazing and silage Grazing Grazing and silage Grazing (winter) Grazing and silage Grazing and silage Grazing and hay Grazing and hay

Source: Guide to Grasses of SA. Frits van Oudtshoorn

Our thanks to Craig Morris and Dr Albert Smith of the ARC for doing much of the foundational work, and to Alan Short, Lufhando Dziba and Mike Peel for feedback on this editions draft chapter. Unfortunately, owing to space constraints we are not able to print all the graphs/charts sent to this project by them.

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Field crops and horticulture

Forestry
1. Overview
The Industry Info menu option on www.forestry.co.za provides a wealth of information. Find also the latest SA Forestry Industry Abstracts on this website. The forestry and forest products industry plays a major part in the lives of South Africans in both the first and second economy, from the rural areas to the well-developed, highly capital-intensive and international-recognised timber processing and pulp and paper sector. Plantations cover some 1,26 million ha of South Africa, and the forestry, timber, pulp and paper (FTPP) sector employs close to 170 000 people. Forestry provides logs as raw material, mostly for timber, veneer, plywood, paper and wood fuel. Plantation types. Using the characteristics of the fibre produced, plantations can be classified into two main categories: hardwood and softwood. Eucalyptus (mainly Eucalyptus grandis and its hybrids) and wattle (Acacia mearnsii) are the main hardwood species grown in South Africa. Pine (of which Pinus patula is the most common species) accounts for all South African softwood plantations. As a tree poor country (where indigenous forests are protected), South Africa has had to rely almost exclusively on the development of exotic forest plantations to meet its demand for wood. Forestry is one of the sectors identified as a key growth area in terms of the Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (AsgiSA), which aims to reduce poverty and unemployment and help the country achieve an economic growth rate of 6% per annum.
Source: ScienceScope, January 2009 page 29; www.forestry.co.za

South African Forestry Contractors Association (SAFCA) South African Wood Preservers Association Tel: 011 974 1061 / 011 392 1995 www.sawpa.org.za South African Institute of Forestry Tel: 012 348 1745 www.saif.org.za The Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry of South Africa Tel: 031 764 2494 www.tappsa.co.za Timber Frame Builders Association Tel: 021 845 4435 www.tfba.co.za Timberwatch Coalition Tel: 082 444 2083 www.timberwatch.org.za Wildlands Tel: 033 343 6380 www.wildlands.co.za (indigenous trees programme)

3. National strategy and government contact

Find the forestry menu option at www.daff.gov.za

The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) has initiated the development of the Forestry 2030 Roadmap, meant to assist the sector in realising its potential contribution to job and wealth creation as well as the conservation of biological diversity. It also reflects all contemporary trends of global forestry. The roadmap is not static and will be updated and modified on a regular basis. Relevant Legislation: National Forests Act, 1998 (Act No. 84 of 1998) concerned with the sustainable management of forests and the protection of forests and trees as well as community participation; the National Veld and Forest Fires Act, 1998 (Act No. 101 of 1998) concerned with the combating of veld and forest fires; the Wattle Bark Industry Act, 1960 (Act No. 23 of 1960) which provides for the control of the wattle bark industry. Certain trees are protected by law and should anyone wish to cut or utilise these trees they need to apply for a licence from their local DWAF office. In terms of Section 15(1) of the National Forests Act, no person may cut, disturb, damage or destroy any protected tree or possess, collect, remove, transport, export, purchase, sell or donate any protected tree or any forest product derived form such a tree without a license. The list was published under Government Gazette No 27846, notice no 797 of 5 August 2005 and this list is updated each year in terms of a Government Notice. Enquiries: Theo van der Merwe. Tel: 012 336 7669

2. Associations involved
Forestry South Africa Tel: 011 803 3403/4 Large Grower Group Tel: 033 346 0344 Medium and Small Grower Group www.saforestry.co.za Forestry South Africa (FSA) is South Africas premiere and largest forestry Organisation representing growers of timber in South Africa. The association has over 90% of all registered timber growers as members, this equates to over 2500 members. The Organisation provides for the establishment of three separate and distinct entities under the umbrella of an overall Executive Committee, namely: Large Growers Group Medium Growers Group Small Growers Group Each of these groups have their own committee structure with proportional representation on the Executive Committee.

4. Training and research

Find the Skills Development and notes on research (under Industry Info) on the Forestry SA website www.saforestry.co.za

Aquila Training Tel: 013 767 1224

OTHERS
Dendrological Society and Foundation Tel: 012 567 4009 www.dendro. co.za Paper Manufacturers Association of South Africa (PAMSA) Tel: 011 803 5063 www.pamsa.co.za Sawmilling South Africa (SSA) previously the South African Lumber Millers Association (SALMA) South African Arboricultural Association c/o Tel: 011 475 7263

Council for Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR) Division of Water, Environment & A joint venture between the CSIR Forestry Technology and the University of KwaZuluTel: 012 841 2682 / 2203 / 3225 Natal. pmanders@csir.co.za sverryn@csir.co.za Institute for Commercial Forestry Research (ICFR) Durban University of Tel: 033 386 2314 Technology www.icfr.ukzn.ac.za Pulp and Paper Department www.dut.ac.za Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University FIETA (Forest Industries School of Natural Resource Education and Training Management Authority) is the SETA responsible Tel: 044 801 5019 / 11 for training in the forestry sector. Find the Accredited Providers National Diploma, B.Tech, M. Tech menu option on www.fieta.org.za and D. Tech in forestry. Accredited short courses are also offered. or call 011 712 0600.

Forestry and Forest Products Research Centre Tel: 031 242 2300/88 & http://ffp.csir.co.za

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Skills for Africa Tel: 013 764 2164 www.skillsafrica.co.za AgriSETA-accredited training Stellenbosch University Department of Forest and Wood Science Tel: 021 808 4812 / 3301 / 3293 http://academic.sun.ac.za/forestry/ South African Forestry Tel: 012 348 1745 www.saif.org.za Institute

University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg) Forestry Science, Community Forestry Science Tel: 033 260 5808 University of Pretoria Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI) Tel: 012 420 3938/9 www.fabinet.up.ac.za

6. Companies involved
Find the extensive Business Directory on www.forestry.co.za. There are 40 different categories e.g. agrochemicals, anti-split plates for pole manufacturers, automation and information technology, chain saws etc. Agkrug Tel: 058 303 6477 Asgisa Eastern Cape Tel: 043 531 0103 http://asgisa-ec.co.za Austro Engineering Tel: 021 856 4370/1 www.austro.co.za Komatiland Forests (KLF) Tel: 013 754 2724 www.komatilandforests.co.za Mondi Forests Tel: 011 994 5400 www.mondi.co.za MTO Forestry Tel: 042 281 1712 www.mtoecotourism.co.za

of University of Venda Forestry Horticulture Science Tel: 015 962 8110 www.univen.ac.za

OTHERS
Concordia Bert Van Den Toorn Tel: 044 382 5481 Fort Cox College of Agriculture and Forestry Tel: 040 653 8033/6 New Africa Skills Development Pam Naidoo Tel: 033 330 7002 Southern Africa Forestry Training College Derek Howe Tel: 033 569 1692 / 082 372 1310 Forest Engineering Southern Africa Tel: 033 386 2314

5. Websites and publications

SA Forestry Magazine Tel: 031 303 6466 www.saforestrymagazine. co.za Wood SA and Timber Times Tel: 011 726 3081/2 www.malnormags. co.za Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science, published by the Southern African Institute of Forestry. The Forestry Handbook, published by the Southern African Institute of Forestry (SAIF). Visit www.saif.org.za for details (look for the Forestry Handbook menu option), or contact 083 523 8733. Tree Farming Guidelines for Sappi Outgrowers is a practical guide to timber forestry. The manual is available on CD-Rom (contact 033 347 6629 or write to Sandra.holder@sappi.com). Chapters can be downloaded from www.sappi.com Making the Most of Indigenous Trees Fanie and Julye-Ann Venter. Briza Publications. Contact: info@briza.co.za or visit www.briza.co.za Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa (Struik Publishers). Features more than a 1000 species. Find the Downloads menu option on www.forestry.co.za. Included are reviews of the economics of the forestry, timber, pulp and paper industry in South Africa; detailed market analyses of the various components of the forestry value chain. Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the leaflet Charcoal production in kilns. It is also available in Afrikaans. The Centre for International Forestry researchs (CIFOR) publications pages include titles on forest management, forest research, forest degradation, and many more resourceful tools for scientists and those concerned about the future of the worlds forests. Visit www.cifor. cgiar.org/publications www.worldagroforestrycentre.org find extensive list of publications on the World Agroforestry Center publications site. www.communityforestryinternational.org Community Forestry International www.timbersa.co.za Southern Africas online information and trading portal for the timber, furniture and related industries www.foresters.org Global Association of Online Foresters

Mobile equipment for cutting logs and making planks Multisaw Tel: 044 532 7849 Bandit www.multisaw.co.za Tel: 021 930 4555 www.banditchippers.co.za NCT Forestry Co-operative Ltd Barry Collier & Company Tell: 033 897 8500 Tel: 013 752 4349 www.nctforest.com www.sawmilling.com NCT Tree Farming, a wholly-owned Bestbier Sawmills subsidiary, has a total of twenty-five Tel: 051 713 7046 (25) contracts and a timber area www.bestbiersawmills.co.za of some 13,000 hectares. A total management package is supplied Food and Trees for Africa which includes the handling of Tel: 011 803 9750 all forestry operations, financial www.trees.co.za services, administration, marketing and the employment of suitable Grow Wild staff. Tel: 011 465 8857 www.growwild.co.za Natal Forest Productions Tel: 033 212 2193 HM Timber Tel: 011 450 1230 Northern Timbers see HM www.hansmerensky.co.za Timber The timber division of Hans Merensky consists of a number of companies engaged in forestry, sawmilling, manufacturing, nurseries, research and development in the production and marketing of high quality timber. Harding Treated Timbers Tel: 039 433 1805 Janet Edmonds Consulting Tel: 082 828 7953 Janet.jec@edelnet.co.za Nukor Minimills Tel: 011 610 2000 Rance Timber Tel: 043 683 5200 www.rancetimber.co.za Rural Forestry Development James Ballantyne 079 516 1261 Rural Forestry Management Peter Dixon 082 802 2826

SAFIRE Insurance Company Limited Ecological assessments (indigenous Tel: 033 264 8500 forests), timber permits, protected www.safireinsurance.com tree permits Samgro Kluver Designs Tel: 021 842 3364 Tel: 033 413 3233 www.samgro.co.za www.kluverdesigns.co.za

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Sappi Ltd Tel: 011 407 8111 www.sappi.com

South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Tel: 012 428 6923

Find details of Sappi Forests, Sappi Certification (see heading 7) Kraft, Sappi Saiccor etc on the website, www.sappi.com South African Forestry Company Limited (SAFCOL) Scanwood Solutions (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 804 3716 Tel: 012 803 0036 / 0861 472 461 www.scanwood.co.za Stihl Tel: 0800 336 996 SGS South Africa www.stihl.co.za Tel: 013 764 2670 www.sgs.com Timbercity Tel: 011 445 3000 Forestry Certification Chain of www.timbercity.co.za Custody Tel: 013 764 1589 Treated Timber Products Fax: 086 5708011 (TTP) noddie.knibbs@sgs.com Tel: 033 342 2679 www.woodenpole.co.za Forestry Certification Forest Management Volker Forestry (Pty) Ltd Fax: 086 607 7532 Tel: 034 982 1498 sharon.botha@sgs.com The York Timber Organisation Ltd (Yorkor) Singisi Forest Products Tel: 013 764 9200 Tel: 039 553 8000 / 832 0109 www.yorkcor.co.za
Find the links to SABS permit holders, SATAS certified suppliers, and inspectors and supplemental treaters on the website of the South African Wood Preservers Association www.sawpa.org.za

dependency on financial and infrastructure support from government to being owners and shareholders in multi0million rand timber plantations. The communities have also been empowered to control the operational and financial aspects of their plantations. The consultants were recently joined by James Ballantyne of Rural Forestry Development and together theyre guiding the process of taking these community-owned forestry businesses from strength to strength.
Source: Farmers Weekly 22 May 2009, pages 54-56. Find the complete article on the archives at www.farmersweekly.co.za

9. Local business environment

Find updates on www.forestry.co.za and www.forestrymagazine.co.za Find the BBBEE Forestry Charter under the Forestry menu option at www.daff.gov.za The Eastern Cape Development Corporation lists the following Forestry / Wood Products Opportunities on their website www.ecdc.co.za (take the opportunities menu option): Building Joinery: Black owned saw-millers can diversify into doors, frames, flooring, planks, mostly in pine; export potential Charcoal: small wattle plantations can be used to produce high quality charcoal. Can develop from the Working for Water campaign. Community Forestry: transfer small plantations to community trusts to form CPPPs with sawmills and other wood processing companies Improved Wood Quality: training saw millers in wood processing, especially pine Increase Forestry Area: Eastern Cape is the only province that can increase its forestry area. An estimated 120,000 ha can be planted, mostly in Transkei. Indigenous Plantations: small plantations of indigenous hardwood (Yellowwood, Blackwood) can be harvested to a limited extent. New Hardwood Plantations: need for increased availability of eucalypts (saligna) and wattle Paper And Pulp Mill: long term potential for a paper and pulp mill at Umtata once forestry area has expanded. Treated Poles: potential for a plant in Butterworth; uses in agriculture and transmission poles Wood Chipping Plant: East London IDZ can host an export wood chipping plant, railing timber from Umtata. For further information, contact the ECDC at 043 704 5606.

7. Forestry certification
Find the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) website at www.fsc.org. To find out more about forestry certification, contact SGS South Africa at 013 764 2670 and the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) at 012 428 6923.

The certification of forests and forest products emerged during the previous decade as an environmental initiative to halt the destruction of the worlds natural forests. Certification encompasses an independent and ongoing assessment / audit of an organisations forest management practices, to measure compliance against a range of nationally and internationally recognised social, economic and environmental standards. South Africa favours the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification. It is the global benchmark, has rigorous performance-based criteria and is increasingly being demanded by environmentalists and consumers alike. Today, 75% of South Africas plantations are certified (60% by FSC), giving the country by far the highest percentage of certified forests worldwide. It is a market-driven way of ensuring (and reassuring consumers) that plantations are sustainably managed.
Source: www.forestry.co.za

Forestry to assist in transformation and growth Because the demand for timber is expected to increase, there is an urgent need to increase the forest base by planting more trees to ensure that current processing plants can function optimally. DAFF is promoting the afforestation programme, which involves the establishment of new plantations for growth and development purposes. Most of the land that has the potenetial for addorestation is found in the communal areas of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal, presenting excellent opportunities for communities to become the future owners of forestry business.
Source: September 2009 DAFFnews p 2.

8. Emerging Farmer news

The Eastern Cape/KwaZulu-Natal border is known for its rural poverty. The Ngevu, Mabandla and Zintwala communities in the Umzimkhulu district struggled for many years, until an innovative model was launched to uplift them by integrating them into the commercial forestry sector. It comprises three projects, one for each community, to ensure dividends from forestry can be used for building infrastructure like schools and clinics. Forestry consultants Peter Nixon and Themba Radebe of Rural Forestry Management have, over ten years, taken these communities from total

10. International business environment

Find the International News section at www.forestry.co.za
Our thanks to Tammy Swain (Institute for Commercial Forestry Research), Dr DW van der Zel (Southern African Institute of Forestry) and Gerrit Marais (SGS South Africa) for feedback on the draft chapter.

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Field crops and horticulture

Fruit
To be read along with the other fruit chapters in this directory i.e. deciduous, subtropical and citrus

OTHERS
The South African Cherry Association (SACGA) Tel: 021 870 2900 www.cherries.co.za The Secretarial and financial services is also provided by HORTGROSERVICES.

Tomato Producers SACGA falls under the structure Organisation (TPO) of HORTGROSERVICES see the Refer to the vegetables chapter (with apologies to some) Deciduous Fruit chapter. The SA Olive Association (SA Olive) Tel: 021 870 2900 www.saolive.co.za Find details of other roleplayers in the citrus, deciduous and subtropical fruit chapters.

1. Overview
Technical information and overviews are available on role-player websites listed in this chapter. Visit www.fpef.co.za and www.safruitfarms.com, for example. The reader should also refer to publications under Economic analyses and Statistical information at www.daff.gov.za

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find information and further contact details on the different directorates under the Divisions menu option at www.daff.gov.za

Deciduous fruit is grown mainly in the Western Cape, as well as in the Langkloof Valley in the Eastern Cape. Significant table and dried grapes production areas are also along the Orange River and in the Free State, Mpumalanga and Gauteng. (Information and statistics can be found at www.hortgro.co.za) Citrus is mainly produced in the irrigation areas of the Limpopo, Mpumalanga, the Eastern and Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. (Find updates and news at www.cga.co.za) Subtropical crops such as avocados, mangoes, bananas, litchis, guavas, pawpaws, and granadillas are produced mainly in Mpumalanga and Limpopo, as well as in the subtropical coastal areas of KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape. Pineapples are grown in the Eastern Cape and northern KwaZulu-Natal. (Find statistics at www.subtrop.net) Deciduous Apples, apricots, pears, grapes (fresh and dreid), plums, nectarines, peaches, quinces, cherries, Persimmons, pomegranates and figs Citrus Oranges, grapefruit, lemons, easy peelers and limes Subtropical Avocados, bananas, mangoes, litchis, papayas, papinos, granadillas, pineapples, guavas, loquats, melons and kiwi fruit Other Sweet and water melons, sour figs, prickly pears, custard apples, jack fruit and medlars

Successful fruit exports depend on compliance with the requirements of target markets, and compliance begins in the orchard. Find the relevant export protocols under the Plant Health pages on www.daff.gov.za

OTHERS
Agricultural Produce Agents Council (APAC) Tel: 011 894 3680 www.apacweb.org.za Department of Science and Technology (DST) www.dst.gov.za The DST has been involved in the post-harvest innovation programme, addressing technology gaps across the chain from harvest to home. Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) Tel: 021 930 1134 www.ppecb.com Regional offices Nelspruit Gauteng Tzaneen Durban Port Elizabeth Cape Town Tel: 013 755 2879 / 082 490 5996 Tel: 011 396 1393 / 071 685 9669 Tel: 015 307 4236 / 082 466 5700 Tel: 031 467 2719 / 082 462 0472 Tel: 041 364 3671/2 or 082 441 2797 Tel: 021 552 3408 / 082 951 8806 Tel: 012 804 6825/6 or 082 416 2366 National Programme Managers Inspection 082 465 0768 Cold Chain 082 465 0760 / 082 566 1150 Grapes 082 462 1006 Citrus 082 772 5000 Pome & Stone 082 461 6314 Food Safety 082 462 1010 Protocols 083 342 2175 Other Products 082 786 3165 Airport 021 935 0819 Cape Town Harbour 021 421 1370

Note: Opinion is not unanimous regarding the category is which certain fruits are placed.

2. Associations involved
Citrus Growers Association (CGA) Tel: 031 765 2514 www.cga.co.za HORTGRO Tel: 021 870 2900 www.dfpt.co.za
SERVICES

SA Subtropical Growers Association (Subtrop) Tel: 015 307 3513 This association represents the SA Avocado Growers Association (www.avocado.co.za), the SA Mango Growers Association (www.mango.co.za), the SA Macadamia Growers Association (www.samac.org.za) and the SA Litchi Growers Association. Fruit SA is an alliance of the various fruit exporting sectors consisting of citrus, deciduous and subtropical fruit.

Analytical Services

Fresh Produce Exporters Forum (FPEF) Tel: 021 526 0474 www.fpef.co.za SA Table Grapes (SATI) Tel: 021 872 1438 www.satgi.co.za

4. Training and research

Refer to the citrus, deciduous and subtropical fruit chapters for details of roleplayers not listed here.

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The two relevant institutes of the ARCs Horticultural Business Division are the following: ARC-Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Crops Tel: 013 753 7000 ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Tel: 021 809 3100 / 3366 The ARC Institutes also do training. Visit www.arc.agric.za for information. Cape Womens Forum Tel: 021 883 2490 www.cwf.co.za Citrus Academy Tel: 031 313 3364 www.citrusacademy.co.za Elgin Learning Foundation Tel: 021 848 9413 www.elf1.co.za Ethical & Leadership Institute (ELI) Tel: 021 855 2848 Koue Bokkeveld Opleidingsentrum Tel: 023 317 0983 joy@xpoint.co.za Praktika Tel: 022 913 2933 khula@intekom.co.za SA AgriAcademy Tel: 021 880 1276/7 www.agriacademy.co.za SAPO Trust Tel: 021 887 6823 www.saplant.co.za Skills for Africa Tel: 012 379 4920 www.skillsafrica.co.za Contacts in all provinces can be found on the website. Vineyard Academy Tel: 021 809 3419 henryh@infruit.co.za

separately. These can be viewed at www.daff.gov.za. Also available are the Trends, Economic Analysis and Statistical Information reports. The latter gives detailed statistics on production, sales on markets, exports and purchases for processing. Information Guide of Deciduous Fruit of SA. Contact Retha Louw at 021 870 2900 or retha@hortgro.co.za www.safruitfarms.com includes overviews of all fruit. www.olivessouthafrica.com Your one stop webpage for top South African Olives Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following leaflets, available from the ARC in Silverton: Processing of Citrus Fruit (Grapefruit, lemons, oranges) Processing of Deciduous fruit (Apples, apricots, grapes, pears, plums, peaches) Processing of Olives and Legumes (green peas) Processing of Field crops (Chilli, bell peppers, tomatoes) Processing of Subtropical Fruit (Avocado, bananas, figs, guava, kiwifruit, litchi, papaya, passion fruit, pineapple). SA Groente en Vrugte. A magazine, 6 issues a year. Contact 018 293 0622 for more information. Find the numerous technical notes on fruit crops on the AGIS website, www.agis.agric.za. The easy-to-understand Infotoons can also be viewed here (take the AGIS and Skills Development menu options). The following Info Paks (booklets) are available free of charge from the Department of Agriculture. Call 012 319 7141. They can also be viewed at www.daff.gov.za (take the Publications option). Cultivation of avocados Growing avocados Cultivation of citrus Producing guavas Cultivation of mangoes Cultivation of pineapples Growing granadillas Cultivating litchis Cultivating litchis (Tshivenda) Cultivation of papayas Subtropical crops Solar drying of fruit and vegetables

AgriSETA accredited groups do training in fruit e.g. Skills for All include bananas, citrus, vines and more in their training programme. Find AgriSeta accredited companies in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Fruit production is involved in the diplomas training at the Agricultural Colleges. Various short courses are also offered e.g. Cedara runs peach processing, vegetable and fruit drying, and jam manufacturing short courses, whilst Elsenburg conducts management and horticultural diploma courses over a 2-3 year period. Find the list of Agricultural Colleges in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter.
Find details of all universities in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter.

6. Companies involved 5. Websites and publications

Visit the websites of the various associations and companies mentioned in this chapter. The PPECB Export Directory is the official guide to South African perishable export products and export service providers. It is issued by the Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB). The purpose of the above-mentioned directory is to provide a comprehensive resource and reference work of a broad spectrum of industry role-players and relevant information to both national and international stakeholders involved in the export of perishable products from South Africa. Call 021 930 1134 or visit www.ppecb.com SA Fruit Journal. The magazine consists of dedicated sections for the three fruit sectors citrus, deciduous and subtropical as well as market, industry and research news. To keep a balance, a section for woman and some general news are included. Regular features on specific topics such as logistics, packaging, and education are covered. Visit www.safj.co.za for more information, or contact Christa van Rooyen at 021 870 2900 (email christa@safj.co.za). Statistics on fresh produce markets. Annually this gives an exposition of the mass, value and unit value of the sales of fruit at each of the 15 national fresh produce markets, month by month. Each product is dealt with
Also see companies under the different fruit chapters e.g.Subtropical Fruit.

African Fruit Co Tel: 011 660 5007 AlternaFRUIT Tel: 0860 111 592 http://alternafruit.co.za Bethlehem Farmers Trust Tel: 058 303 0560 DFM Software Solutions Tel: 021 904 1154 www.dfmsoftware.co.za Recent years have seen the agricultural market change drastically. From water acts, labour relations to getting your produce accepted overseas, file upon file of information needs to be kept and hours spent in keeping it up to date. For many it has become a full time occupation. Software exists to make this task easier and less time consuming. Also consult the ICT chapter for other role-players.

Goldpack (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 569 4199 www.goldpack.co.za Multihead portion weighers for potatoes, onions, carrots and various types of fruit; bagging, labeling solutions and more. Hortec Tel: 023 316 1530 / 021 859 4242 www.hortec.co.za Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) Food, Beverage and Industries SBU Tel: 0860 693 888 www.idc.co.za

Agro-

As a business unit their role is to focus on investments biased towards job creation, SME development, export generation and regional development.

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The largest portion of the Food, South African Bureau of Beverage and Agro-Industries Standards (SABS) SBUs investment portfolio has www.sabs.co.za been in fruit and nuts industries. Contact Elaine Smith for Food Safety Certification Ligthelm Kwekery programmes: GlobalGAP , Tel: 078 802 1578 BRC, HACCP , ISO 22000. www.ligthelm.co.za Call 012 428 6837 or write to smithes@sabs.co.za. Paltrack Contact Hein Garbers at 012 Tel: 021 970 2850 428 6648 and garberhv@sabs. www.agrihub.co.za co.za for pesticide residue testing for quality control and R&D purposes Maluti Fruit For constituent or nutrient Tel: 058 304 3367 analysis of food and water, contact Chris Fouche Paltrack at 012 428 6844; email: Tel: 021 970 2850 fouchecm@sabs.co.za. www.agrihub.co.za PricewaterhouseCoopers Agri Industry Group Kobie Bekker (National Leader and Southern Region) 023 347 0941 KwaZulu-Natal 033 347 7200 Central Region 051 503 4100 Northern Region 013 754 3300 Eastern Region 041 391 4400 As trusted business advisor the Agri Industry Group focuses on providing specialist services e.g. tax, accounting, entrepreneurial advice, internal audits etc. Within the fruit industry there is a vast amount of technology to assist todays farmers, relating to spraying, irrigation, fertilisation, administration, market trends, block costings, tank control within the cellar, temperature/sugar readings with delivery of grapes to cellars etc. These companies are listed in the ICT and agricultural media, Irrigation and other chapters.
The following companies are fruit exporters. Find comprehensive lists on the Fresh Produce Exporters Forum, Subtrop and other industry organisation websites.

Fruits Unlimited Fruitways In Season Marketing Katope Citrus Le Roux Group LGS Exports Lona Trading Louterwater Landgoed Mouton Citrus SAFE SAFPRO SAPEX Saratoga Fruit Estate Seaboard International Trading

021 860 1800 www.fruitsunltd.co.za 021 851 9742 www.fruitways.com 021 943 5960 www.inseason.co.za 015 307 6977 katope@katope.co.za 021 864 1967 www.lerouxgroup.co.za 021 880 0394 pietvrensburg@worldonline.co.za 021 481 8200 www.lona.co.za 042 272 1724 louterwater@eastcape.net 022 921 3405 atman@moutoncitrus.co.za 021 657 4000 www.safe-export.com 041 582 4706 mjensen@safpro.net 021 883 8280 sapex@sapex.co.za 023 615 1315 www.sunnytoga.co.za 021 419 9929 www.seaboard.co.za 023 313 3533 pietbell@mweb.co.za 042 233 0320 www.srcc.co.za 012 460 2971/8606 www.thefruitman.co.za 021 919 4696 / 082 781 8293 www.cape.co.za 021 852 8494 unirsp@iafrica.com 021 851 3788 www.wpfresh.co.za 028 514 1455 www.xlinter.co.za

Specialised EHS Systems (SEHS) Tel: 012 535 2854 www.sehs.co.za Fruit handling equipment systems and

Snofrut Exports (Pty) Ltd Sunday River Citrus The Fruitman Tru-Cape Unifrutti SA WP Fresh Distributors XL International

7. International business environment

Find details on the PPECB Export Directory under heading 5. Also visit the association websites and those mentioned under heading 5 for updated information and news. The Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) is the official certification agency that ensures quality in the supply chain. The services they offer are inspection services, logistical services, food safety auditing and certification and information services which are updated annually in their directory. Both the local and export marketing of fruit are free from government intervention. The exporting of fruit is subject to compliance with certain quality requirements and obtaining a PPECB (Perishable Products Export Control Board) export certificate. When the industry was deregulated in the late nineties, the single marketing channel for export was abolished. At present there are a few hundred exporters selling South African fruit abroad. As a result, South African products thus compete against international role players, and in some cases against each other. The various industries, i.e. citrus, grapes etc. have however organised themselves by establishing industry representative bodies which look after the interest of producers and exporters, in order to optimise and co-ordinate export volumes to specific markets.

Company Afrifresh Export Agrilink Cape Citrus Cape Five Export Capespan Colors Fruit SA Delecta Fruit Dole SA Du Toit EXSA FEDFA Franschhoek Marketing

Contact details and website 021 763 7600 www.afrifresh.co.za 011 390 2366 wouter@agrilink.co.za 021 887 0026 www.capecitrus.com 021 850 4640 www.capefive.com 021 917 2600 www.capespan.co.za 021 807 5000 www.colorsfruit.com 021 930 1181 www.delecta.co.za 021 914 0600 www.za.dole.com 023 312 1071 www.dutoit.com 021 914 8280 www.exsa-exp.co.za 021 917 2882 www.fedfa.co.za 021 876 3140/1/2 www.freshnessfirst.co.za

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8. Emerging farmer news

The creation of the Deciduous Fruit Development Chamber (DFDC) was facilitated by HORTGRO SERVICES to integrate emerging producers into mainstream commercial structures. Read more at www.dfpt.co.za (find the Transformation option). The other industry groups have similar focus areas. Read about the Capespan Foundation and the Thandi Fruit initiative at www.thandi.com. Alternatively, call 021 917 2600. In response to a range of rural needs an increasing number of programmes and projects are located under the umbrella of the Goedgedacht Trust. Visit www.goedgedachttrust.org.za Refer to the New Farmer Information heading in the Citrus Fruit chapter. Skills For Africa is a focused skills training company dedicated to the upliftment of previously disadvantaged rural communities and the improvement of task level productivity in chosen industries. Find their details as well as those of other providers under the Training and Research heading. Find out about the Top of the Class programme from either Michelle Kruger at the FPEF 021 914 3018; michelle@fpef.co.za or from Bronwyn Palmer 082 802 5301; bmpalmer@mweb.co.za. TOC is an opportunity for previously disadvantaged students to be exposed to the entire fresh fruit value chain. Exporting fruit from the Western Cape Province of South Africa to markets in Europe, North America and Asia contributes significantly to the provinces Gross Domestic Product. The main export producers are large-scale farmers. Even with the change in discriminatory legislation and practices in South Africa after 1994, few emerging farmers have entered this market. This is due to: The historical political inequalities faced by the predominantly coloured and black emerging farmers, in particular the lack of access to agricultural resources and inputs, because legislation used to exclude them from mainstream commercial farming. The subsequent inability of emerging farmers to produce the volumes and, at times, the quality required for export. The significant influence of economies of scale, making it almost impossible for emerging farmers to achieve a significant profit. Input pricing and transport cost eventually impact on the final price of the products grown. Commercial farming is a highly technical operation, and but it in fact also a financial and managerial exercise. Most emerging farmers need to be brought up to speed on all three these skills. The few smallholders who manage to export their fruit do so through collective or individual arrangements with large-scale commercial operations. In the paper Across The Divide: The Impact of Farmerto-Farmer Linkages in the Absence of Extension Services, Tim Hart and Roberta Burgess look at how one such farmer, in the absence of agricultural extension and research services, but through linkage with a large-scale producer, started exporting apples in the 1970s. During the ensuing decades, this producer developed his own knowledge and innovations in both fruit production and socio-economic arrangements and could thus continue to export most of his annual apple crop. This case provides three clear conclusions that must be noted by those involved in agricultural development: Farmers linkages are vital for their success and survival; providing them with access to various inputs and markets that are typically unattainable. Such linkages can also provide the necessary catalyst and opportunity for farmers to innovate, thereby maximising the potential of these linkages and subsequently optimising production within the constraints of their circumstances. In light of this, effective agricultural extension and research requires officials and agents to not only work with farmers but to go beyond individuals and village groupings to look at the significance of broader linkages and the role these play in agricultural production and development. Where appropriate they should seriously consider strengthening farmers networks and innovations, rather than ignoring or replacing these. Contact Tim Hart at thart@hsrc.ac.za

Field crops and horticulture

Grains and oilseeds
See also the separate grain and oilseeds chapters e.g. Maize, Sunflower etc.

1. Overview
Grains, cereal grains or cereals are grasses cultivated mostly for the edible components of their fruit seed the endocarp, germ and bran. Cereal grains are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop; they are therefore staple crops. In some developing nations, grain in the form of rice, wheat or maize (in American terminology, corn) constitutes a majority of daily sustenance. In developed nations, cereal consumption is more moderate and varied but still substantial. The word cereal derives from Ceres, the name of the Roman goddess of harvest and agriculture. The three main oilseeds produced in the world are soybeans, canola (rapeseed) and sunflower. Crushing these oilseeds resluts in the production of soya oil, rape oil (canola), and sunflower oil. Also soy meal, rape meal (canola), and sunflower cake are produced. Oilmeal is typically used as an ingredient in animal feedstuffs, and the vegetable oil for food and non-food uses e.g. an ingredient in processed foods, cooking oil and biofuels.

2. Associations involved
Grain SA (GSA) Tel: 056 515 2145 www.grainsa.co.za GSA was founded in 1999 by grain farmers for grain farmers to have one powerful organisation representing their interests. Grain SA was formed out of NAMPO (maize), NOPO (soybeans, sunflower and groundnuts), the WPO (wheat, barley and oats) and the SPO (grain sorghum). The website is current and helpful, providing updates on fuel and World Trade issues, various report-backs on their working groups, as well as a classifieds section. Read about the NAMPO Harvest Day, an annual agricultural show held over four days at the NAMPO Park near Bothaville, in the Agricultural Shows and Events chapter. South African Grain Information Service (SAGIS) Tel: 012 523 1400 www.sagis.org.za The main objective of SAGIS is the collation, processing, analysing and timeous distribution of reliable and useful market information related to grain and oilseeds to all roleplayers. Macro-economic information is available, both locally and internationally, to enable role-players in the grain and oilseed industries (commercial and emerging sectors) to continue making meaningful decisions. SAGIS information is distributed through various channels i.e. magazines, faxes, representative organisations and www.sagis.org.za. The information is detailed and regular. The website has links to various external sites such as the Kansas City and Chicago Boards of Trade.

Trust Administrators:
Maize Trust Tel: 012 807 3958 www.maizetrust.co.za Winter Cereal Trust Tel: 012 663 1660 www.wintercerealtrust.co.za

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Oil & Protein Seeds Development Trust Tel: 011 234 3400 www.opot.co.za

Sorghum Trust Tel: 012 807 3958

OTHER:
Crop Estimates Liaison Committee (CELC) National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) Tel: 012 341 1115 Lizette Mellet or Prof A Jooste www.namc.co.za The Crop Estimates Liaison Committee (CELC) is an official committee that functions under the auspices of the NAMC. CELC is amongst others, to monitor the performance of the Crop Estimates Committee (CEC) and make recommendations for the further improvement of crop estimates on an ongoing basis. Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) Tel: 021 930 1134 Head office Tel: 031 467 2719 Island View Tel: 056 515 2543 Bothaville www.ppecb.com Department of Energy www.dme.gov.za. South Africa has excluded maize in the initial stages of the countrys biofuels policy in an attempt to keep a lid on high food prices. Maize is a staple food source for the majority of the poor in the country. See the Biofuels chapter. South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Tel: 012 428 7911 www.sabs.co.za

Associations and Committees:

Oilseeds Advisory Committee Tel: 011 234 3400 SA Oil Processors Association (SAOPA) Tel: 082 533 0692 SA Cereals & Oilseeds Trade Association (SACOTA) Tel: 082 533 0692 SA Groundnut Processors & Traders Association Tel: 056 343 2892 Sorghum Processors Association Tel: 018 297 7181 / 082 561 5742

Forums:
Maize Forum Tel: 012 807 3958 Wheat Forum Tel: 012 807 3958 Groundnut Forum Tel: 011 234 3400 Sunflower and Soybean Forum Tel: 011 234 3400 Sorghum Forum Tel.: 012 807 3958

Other
The National Chamber of Milling Tel: 012 663 1660 www.grainmilling.org.za SA Chamber of Baking Tel: 012 663 1600 Animal Feed Manufacturers Association (AFMA) Tel: 012 663 9097 www.afma.co.za SA Biofuels Association Tel: 011 486 2775 www.saba.za.org

4. Training and research

Research is financed by the various trusts and is done by the Agricultural Research (ARC), the Council for Industrial and Scientific Research (CSIR) and other research organisations. The different trust administrators may also be contacted with regard to training (contact details under heading 2).

Southern African Grain Arbitration Service Association The Grain Value Chain Network (SAGAS) (GVCN) is an informal group of Tel: 012 807 3958 businesses and others who wish to make a difference at ground level Grain Handling Organisation of in agriculture. Input companies Southern Africa (GOSA) (e.g. Pannar, Monsanto and Tel: 011 237 6100 Omnia), agribusinesses (e.g. VKB) annatjie@unitrade826.co.za and associations (e.g. Agricultural Business Chamber, Grain SA and the National Chamber of Milling) Grain Silo Industry (GSI) attend meetings. Tel: 012 348 3044 Detail of representative bodies and the different forums can also be found on the SAGIS website: www.sagis.org.za. Take the List of Associations or the List of Forumsmenu option.

The Agricultural Colleges offer diploma courses. Provincial Departments of Agriculture, working closely with these colleges, offer short courses on crop production. Find contact details in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. AgriSETA accredited trainers (see the Agricultural Education and Training chapter or visit www.agriseta.co.za). Examples are: Buhle Farmers Academy Tel: 013 665 4001 Skills for Africa Tel: 012 379 4920 www.skillsafrica.co.za ARC-Grain Crops Institute (GCI) Tel: 018 299 6100 www.arc.agric.za The Small Grain Institute focuses on the improvement and cultivation of small grain crops such as wheat, barley, oats, triticale and rye. Its research work covers plant breeding, the evaluation of cultivars, grain quality, plant physiology, tillage, weed science, plant pathology, entomology and yield potential.

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find information on the various directorates under the Divisions menu option at www.daff.gov.za

Directorate: Agricultural Statistics (D:AS) Tel: 012 319 8454 DAS@daff.gov.za

Crop Estimates Committee (CEC) Tel: 012 319 6507 CDESS@daff.gov.za

Through the CEC, the Directorate Agricultural Statistics provides information on all major grain crops in South Africa for the benefit of all role players in the agricultural sector. Find out more at www.daff.gov.za

The mandate crops of the ARCGCI include the following staple and high protein food and feeds: maize, sunflower, dry beans, sorghum, groundnut, soybeans, canola and crops of lesser importance such as cowpeas, millets and bambara. ARC (PPRI) Tel: 012 808 8000 Courses for small farmers and extension officers are given:include CSIR Foodtek grain production in general; maize (Food science & technology) production; groundnut production; Tel 021 658 2740 dry bean production; and sorghum www.csir.co.za production. The Grain Farmer Development A course for maize production in Association (GFDA) is a body to the Eastern and Western areas can support new entrants into the grain also be given. industry and to help them become independent grain farmers. The ARC-Small Grains Institute GFDA was launched by the (SGI) Agricultural Business Chamber, the Tel: 058 307 3507 / 3400 www.arc.agric.za Maize Trust, the Sorghum Trust,

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Grain SA, Omnia fertiliser, Pannar Seed, L&L Agricultural Services, Syngenta SA, Tongaat Hulett Starch, the National Chamber of Milling, the SA Chamber of Baking and the Winter Cereal Trust.

SAGL is a quality analyses laboratory and has ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation. National information is published on www.sagl.co.za. They provide ring tests and give laboratory training and are recognised as the grain analyses Grain SA runs courses on grain reference laboratory in Southern production as well as on SAFEX Africa. (see Commodity Trading in the Finance section of this The universities (see Agricultural book). Study Groups are run for Education and Training chapter) emerging farmers. Included in its offer degrees in which Crop Science Farmer Development Programme is included. Examples include: are week long introductions to producing maize, wheat, sunflowers Stellenbosch University and other grain crops. Find details Department of Agronomy of these and other training in the Tel: 021 808 4803 emerging farmer support chapter. browne@sun.ac.za The reader is also referred to the Developing Agriculture menu Department of Food Science Tel: 021 808 3578 option on www.grainsa.co.za. voedselw@sun.ac.za Grain Training Institute University of the Free State Tel: 012 656 1870 Department of Plant Sciences info@gtinstitute.co.za Tel: 051 401 2514 plantsciences@ufs.ac.za Protein Research Foundation Tel: 011 803 2579/1894 www.proteinresearch.net Some of them offer short courses for Commercial as well as Emerging Southern African Grain Farmers. In addition to emerging Laboratory (SAGL) farmer courses, for example, the Tel: 012 349 2683 University of the Free State also www.sagl.co.za runs a two-day Risk Management of Cash Crops course which enables The SAGL is an association the farmer to master risk-hedging incorporated under Section 21 on all levels. Call 051 401 2535. (Association not for gain).

The Grain SA newsletter Perspektief/perspective gives overviews of different grain crops. www.sagis.org.za SAGIS website: National stocks, producer deliveries, import, exports, consumption, weekly parity prices, historical information, etc. Find the excellent Agricultural Marketing Extension series on the Department of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries website, www. daff.gov.za (take the publications and then General publications option). The Field Crop Marketing document covers the marketing of grains and oilseeds. A number of Info Paks on different grain and oilseed crops are available on www.daff.gov.za take the Publications menu option. Included here is a brochure on safflower, a lesser known annual oilseed crop, which is well adapted to drier areas. These booklets and brochures can also be obtained by calling the Resource Centre at 012 319 7141. www.agis.agric.za if you wish to know which crops will grow well in your area, refer to a map for crop suitability. Contact 012 842 4000 or write to stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following leaflets, available from the ARC in Silverton: Processing of Cereal Crops Vol. 1 (Maize, oats, rice) Processing of Cereal Crops Vol. 2 (Sorghum, wheat) Processing of Cereal Crops Vol. 3 (Barley, sesame, poppy seed, rye) Processing of Oil Seeds (Soy beans, sunflower) Included among the many publications available from Kejafa Knowledge Works are Handtering en berging van graan op die plaas and How to grow top quality Corn by Dr H Willis. Visit www.kejafa.co.za or call 014 577 0005.

6. Companies involved
See companies listed under the individual grain and oilseed chapters, as well as the grain storage and handling, milling, seeds and seedlings, animal feeds and commodity trading chapters. Extensive lists are also available on www.sagis.org.za

5. Websites and publications

GSA runs a monthly publication SA Graan/Grain, devoted to grain matters for its members, but also distributed to identified role-players such as business and political leaders, ministers, education and training institutions, schools and other industries, etc. Find relevant options on the Grain SA website www.grainsa.co.za. These include statistics and reports on production, markets and inputs. Find contact details for members on the different working groups and much more.There are also weekly radio programmes (refer to the ICT and agricultural media chapter).

ABC Africa Group Tel: 012 804 2033 www.abchansenafrica.co.za AFGRI Tel: 012 664 8000 / 017 624 1000 www.afgri.co.za African Micro Mills (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 584 6250 www.africanmicromills.com Bessemer Tel: 011 762 5341/2/3/4 www.bessemer.co.za Buhler Tel: 011 801 3660 www.buhlergroup.com Grain Silo Industry Tel: 012 348 4044 Grain Training Institute Tel: 012 656 1870 info@gtinstitute.co.za

JSE Limited Commodity Derivatives Tel: 011 520 7535 www.safex.co.za Kaap Agri Ltd Tel: 022 482 8000 www.kaapagri.co.za Louis Dreyfus Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 217 5300/ 784 6446 NWK Ltd Tel: 018 633 1286/7 www.nwk.co.za OVK Ltd Tel: 051 923 4500 www.ovk.co.za Plantkor Tel: 036 468 1309 www.plantkor.co.za Senwes Ltd Tel: 018 464 7800 www.senwes.co.za

Suidwes Grain The GSI Group Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 018 581 1000 www.suidwes.co.za Tel: 011 794 4455 www.gsiafrica.co.za Vrystaat Koperasie Beperk (VKB) GWK Ltd Tel: 058 863 8111 Tel: 053 298 8200 www.vkb.co.za www.gwk.co.za

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7. The grain market

The grain market is the place where buyer and seller meet to agree upon a market price. It is not a physical market like, for instance, Tshwanes Fresh Produce Market where all products are sold at a central point. In the case of grain the market is where the farmer sits in his office on the farm and from where he phones his grain dealer to find out out what price hell get for his maize in, say, Gelukspan. The grain market can therefore be in any place. To function, the grain market needs the following participants:

8. Local business environment

The relevant whole grain/oilseeds are marketed according to free market principles, normally by traders, producers (own grain and oilseeds) and storers (previous Co-ops). Oilseeds have an indirect impact on industries in which balanced feeds constitute a major input cost. The animal feed chain tends to link oilseeds with the costs of dairy products, beef, mutton, pork, broiler chickens and eggs. Note the function of SAGIS (see heading 2). Detailed information, updated regularly, is available from them. The Industry Info menu option on the above website gives you access to economic indicators and various market movements. Agrimark Trends (AMT) also provides a useful Product Synopsis report for maize, wheat and other agri outputs. Visit www.agrimark.co.za Read the Biofuels, Animal Feeds and Milling chapters in this directory.

1. Local Wholesalers
These can be someone like Pico feeds at Zeerust (in South Africas North West Province) who only sells grain in the immediate vicinity. As Pico buys and sells grain for its own account, it acts as principal. A speculator (see point 6 below) is the opposite of a principal.

2. International Grain Dealers

They buy large quantities at a time as they sell shiploads on foreign markets. They are well-provided with capital. Cargill is an example of an international grain trader.

9. International business environment

Southern Africa information on maize, wheat and sorghum are available on the SAGIS website www.sagis.org.za. It can also be accessed on www.sadc.int or by emailing the SADC Regional Early Warning fanr@sadc.int www.cmegroup.com Chicago Board of Trade Grains and grain milling products qualify for duty free access under the AGOA Act to the USA. For import/export data visit the SAGIS website: www.sagis.org.za select the Weekly Imports/Exports menu option. This is updated every second working day of the week for Maize and Wheat. For Grains/Oilseeds other than Wheat and Maize select the Monthly Bulletin menu option. World price information, production, trade, stocks and consumption information for wheat, barley, oats, maize (corn), sorghum, soybeans, groundnuts (peanuts), sunflower seed and rapeseed is available on SAGIS website under the menu option Database. Find the current world production, market and trade reports at http:// www.fas.usda.gov/currwmt.asp the Foreign Agricultural Service arm of the US Department of Agriculture. Visit www.nass.usda.gov (National Agricultural Statistics Service NASS) for grower estimates in the USA. These reports can be accessed at no charge. www.usda.gov/oce/commodity the World Agricultural Outlook Board (WAOB) serves as a focal point for economic intelligence and the outlook for world agriculture. China National Grain and Oils Information Centre www.chinagrain. gov.cn www.oilseed.org The USAs National Institute of Oilseed Products. Oilseed information is also available on the Oil World website, www. oilworld.biz at a cost. Other international websites include the International Grains Council visit www.igc.org.uk and www.hgca.com Also visit the websites of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research www.cgiar.org and of the International Center for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT) www.cimmyt. org. English and Spanish titles are available. Export and import parity Compared to some other countries, South Africa is a small producer and thus a price taker. Local prices for grain and oilseed crops are somewhere between import and export parity. Import parity is the price a buyer will pay to buy the product on a world market. This price will include all the costs incurred to get the product delivered at the buyers destination. An export parity price is what a local seller could get by selling his product on the world market, excluding the export costs. The price which the seller gets is based on the condition that he delivers the product to the nearest export point (usually an harbour) at his own expense. World prices for grains and oilseeds are usually quoted in US dollars. Import and export parity prices are published by the South African Grain Information Service (SAGIS) to help producers in their marketing planning.
Source: Field Crop Marketing, one of several manuals in the Agricultural Marketing Extension on the Department of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries website, www. daff.gov.za

3. Millers
Tiger Milling is an example of a miller having silos on its own premises. They carry large stocks in case the mills come to an unexpected standstill. It also works out cheaper to store as much grain as possible on their own premises. Millers also buy ahead to provide for future needs. They want a constant flow of quality grain. Their contracts carry no force majeur, which means that they wont protect you if you cant deliver grain as you undertook to in your contract with them.

4. Animal Feed Producers

Epol, Meadow, Voermol and Molatek are examples of animal feed producers. They also have storage facilities on their own premises, as they cant risk running out of grain. They usually buy yellow maize, but if the price of white maize falls to below that of yellow maize, they will also consider buying the white variety. Theyre the people who usually buy second or third grade and will also consider buying yellow maize on overseas markets; which explains why they always express local prices in terms of yellow maize imports, particularly in coastal cities Cape Town and Durban.

5. Grain Storers
These are the agricultural companies who own silos for the storage of grain at a fee to the producer. They also buy and sell grain for their own account. Their core business should be the handling of grain.

6. The Speculator
The speculator makes the market work. He buys and sells grain without ever taking ownership (the opposite of a principal) and plays a very active role in the marketplace. The more speculators on SAFEX, the more transparent the market.

7. The Producer
The farmers most important aim is to produce grain without having to store it. It is assumed that the producer will sell his grain and that the buyer will carry the storage fee.

8. The Banks
Their main purpose is to finance and protect the farmer (by means of hedging agreement). Some banks also speculate on SAFEX for their own accounts.
Source: Farming SA, April 2008, an extract from the Lucrative Grain Marketing series by Phiri Bosigo.

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Field crops and horticulture

Grapes
See also the winemaking chapter

3. Roleplayers: table grapes

DFPT (Deciduous Fruit Producers Trust) Research Tel: 021 882 8470 www.dfptresearch.co.za Lowveld College of Agriculture Tel: 013 753 3064 Short courses in table grape production are given

1. Overview
A grape is the fruit that grows on the deciduous woody vines of the genus Vitis. Grapes can be eaten fresh or used for making jam, juice, jelly, vinegar, wine, grape seed extracts, raisins and grape seed oil. The main wine grape producing areas are: Worcester, Paarl, Stellenbosch, Malmesbury, Robertson, the Olifants River, the Orange River and the Little Karoo. Table grapes are mostly produced in Limoppo Province, the valleys of the Orange, Olifants and Berg Rivers, and the Hex River Valley (find the map on www.satgi.co.za) Viticulture (from the Latin word for vine) is the science, production and study of grapes which deals with the series of events that occur in the vineyard. When the grapes are used for winemaking, it is also known as viniculture. It is one branch of the science of horticulture. Oenology (Enology American English) is the science of wine and winemaking i.e. after vine-growing and grape harvesting. See the separate wine chapter.
Source: wikipedia.org (adapted); www.satgi.co.za; Horticultural Crops Market Value Chain Profiles on www.daff.gov.za

South African Table Grape Industry (SATI) Tel: 021 872 1438 info@satgi.co.za www.satgi.co.za Amongst the information on the SATI website, find the following: Details about SATI (mission, company structure etc); Technical (viticultural research, markets etc); Producers (geographic information on table grape growing areas); Industry info (statistics, data etc); News includes international stories; BEE interesting transformation document.

4. Roleplayers: wine grapes

Find the Winetech database on the SAWIS (SA Wine Industry Information and Systems) website. Visit www.sawis.co.za or call 021 807 5700.

Agrivitis Tel: 021 864 1018 Fax: 021 864 3689 Consultants VINPRO Tel: 021 807 3322 info@vinpro.co.za www.vinpro.co.za www.wineland.co.za VinPro is the service organisation for 4 500 South African wine producer members, which represents them in dealings with the government and on all relevant wine industry forums. VinPro provides the following services: consultation in viticulture, oenology, soil science, agro-economics, general management and black economic empowerment (BEE); access to quality grafted vines, as well as rootstock and scion material via a 50% shareholding in Vititec Ltd; management, logistical services and generic promotion for industry wine shows/competitions; information transfer through the monthly WineLand magazine (incorporating Wynboer) and the annual publications Wynboer Technical Yearbook and the SA Wine Industry Directory; strategic industry information through websites and electronic and printed newsletters; facilitating various communication initiatives/forums with stakeholders including the annual VinPro/Nedbank Information Day; facilitating Technology Transfer for Winetech; WineMS a user-friendly information management system tailored for wine businesses. Viticor Tel: 021 867 0406 info@viticor.co.za Vititec Tel: 021 807 3017 vititec@vititec.com www.vititec.com

2. Roleplayers: general
ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Tel: 021 809 3100 www.arc.agric.za Cape Peninsular University of Technology Tel: 021 864 5213 coetzeean@cput.ac.za www.cput.ac.za SA Society for Enology and Viticulture (SASEV) Tel: 021 889 6311 sasev@sasev.org www.sasev.org South African Agri Academy Tel: 021 880 1276 info@agriacademy.co.za www.agriacademy.co.za

National Diplomas in agriculture and agricultural management, Stellenbosch University as well as BTech and MTech degrees focusing on viticulture and Department of Horticultural oenology. Science Tel: 021 808 4900 Elsenburg College Fax: 021 808 2121 Tel: 021 808 5111 hortsci@sun.ac.za www.elsenburg.com Department of Viticulture and Courses include vineyard crop Oenology protection, installation of trellis Tel: 021 808 4782 systems in vineyards, canopy Fax: 086 564 0651 management of vines, maintenance www.sun.ac.za/viti_oenol/ and pruning of vines etc. Vitamech Tel: 021 907 8000 Kaap Agri www.vitamech.co.za Tel: 022 482 8000 www.kaapagri.co.za Provitis equipment For vine farming machinery, contact their mechanisation division.

Specialises in the marketing and distribution of niche products Setting new global standards for vine plant improvement

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5. Websites and publications

Statistics of Wine-grape Vines, available from the South African Wine Industry Information and Systems (SAWIS), provides an overview of grapevine plantings as well as trends and changes over the past years. Visit www. sawis.co.za or call 021 807 5700. www.satgi.co.za, website of the South African Table Grape Industry, contains a wealth of information. Find the technical, producers, industry info etc menu options. The Abstract of Agricultural Statistics find it on www.daff.gov.za - includes statistics on grapes production, sales on markets, exports, purchases for processing etc. A series of full colour pamphlets from the ARC Infruitec Nietvoorbij discusses how to identify, control and prevent various diseases and pests in the vineyard. Contact 021 809 3305 or write to booksalescape@arc. agric.za

6. Transformation
The Power of the Grape tells the story of empowerment projects and new partnerships in the North West Province, Mpumalanga, the Orange River, the Olifants River, the Berg River Valley and South Africas oldest grape region, the Hex River Valley. Find this document on the South African Table Grape Industry website www.satgi.co.za. Also find the BEE menu option on the website. Contact the BEE Advisory Service at VINPRO by calling Peet Visser at 021 807 3304 or by writing to visserp@vinpro.co.za. Information can also be found on www.vinpro.co.za take the services menu option.

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Field crops and horticulture

Groundnuts
Also see the Grains and Oilseeds chapter

South African Groundnut Forum Tel: 011 234 3400 South African Groundnut Processors and Traders Association Tel: 056 343 2892 gnut@re.co.za corrie.lourens@re.co.za

Suidwes Tel: 018 581 1000 www.suidwes.co.za Techmach Technology Tel: 011 762 1091/2/3 www.techmach.co.za

1. Overview
Groundnuts are a high value crop produced mainly in the north western regions of South Africa mostly in areas with sandy soil i.e. the western and north western Free State, the North West Province, and the Northern Cape. In Limpopo and Mpumalanga, production is lower. Statistics (e.g. crop estimates, export/import etc) may be found on the South African Grain Information Service website www.sagis.org.za. The local consumption requirements for groundnuts are around 59 700 ton per year. Groundnuts are primarily used for the manufacturing of peanut butter and the direct edible market. Other uses include massage oil; cooking oil; diesel; soap; body, shave and hair creams; antibiotics; glue for wood; fertilisers and animal feed. The domestic price is more or less on a par with the international price and is not influenced much by the size of the local crop, because only a portion fraction of the domestic crop is produced for the international markets. Though in some years only a relative small portion of the total crop is exported, this portion is important for the profitability of the producers and primary processors. The groundnut marketing season in South Africa commences on 1 March and ends on 28 February the following year.
Source: SAGIS, AM Cronje.

3. Websites and publications

Groundnuts always tops. Dr CJ Swanevelder. This publication is available at the ARC-Grain Crops Institute. Tel: 018 299 6100 Diseases in groundnuts can be classified as leaf, stem and pod diseases as well as particular viral diseases. Insects, such as termites, could also plague the groundnut farmer. All these diseases can be identified with the aid of Groundnut diseases and pests, an ARC-GCI publication. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Field Crops Market Values Chain Profiles covers groundnuts as one of its chapters. Contact the Resource Centre at 012 319 7141. Groundnut production is an excellent publication with simple but accurate notes. Copies can be obtained from ARC-GCI or from the Resource Centre at DAFF (call 012 319 7141). It can also be viewed at www.daff.gov.za, take the Publications option. Also find the Info Pak Cultivation of groundnuts here. Food Safety Requirements for the local and international marketing of groundnuts is obtainable from the SA Groundnut Forum. Call 011 234 3400/1. Also find the information on groundnuts at www.grainsa.co.za www.sagis.org.za SAGIS website. National stocks, producer deliveries, import, exports, consumption, weekly parity prices, historical information, etc. The leaflet The manufacturing of peanut butter is available from the ARC in Silverton. Call 012 842 4017 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za

2. Roleplayers
For a complete list of members of the SA Groundnut Forum, contact Mr G Keun at telephone number 011 234 3400/1. A list is also available on the SAGIS website: go to www.sagis.org.za

4. Local business environment

Producers are able to take advantage of the free market. No statutory levies are applicable and the marketing of oilseeds is free from government intervention. Oilseeds have an indirect impact on industries in which balanced feeds constitute a major input cost. The animal feed chain tends to link oilseeds with the costs of dairy products, beef, mutton, pork, broiler chickens and eggs. The South African Grain Information Service (SAGIS), a section 21 Company funded by, amongst others, the oilseeds industry, perform the information function. Notices regarding Registration and Records and Returns were promulgated in the Government Gazette to be administered by SAGIS.

The Agricultural Colleges do short course training on groundnut production and groundnut processing. Madzivhandila College, for example, offers a course in peanut butter making. Find contact details in the agricultural education and training chapter.

Oil and Protein Seeds Development Trust Tel: 011 234 3400 www.opot.co.za

The Oil and Protein Seed Development Trust provides funding for research on sunflowers, soybeans and groundnuts that ARC-Grain Crops Institute is in the interest of producers, Tel: 018 299 6100 processors and consumers. The www.arc.agric.za Oilseeds Advisory Committee can be reached at the same Course on groundnut production number. be given on demand. Pannar Seeds Tel: 033 413 9500 Capstone Seeds www.pannar.com Tel: 033 330 4474 www.capstone.co.za Protein Research Foundation Tel: 011 803 2579 Grain SA www.proteinresearch.net Tel: 056 515 2145 www.grainsa.co.za South African Grain Information Service (SAGIS) Find more Grain SA notes in the Tel: 012 523 1400 general Grain and Oilseeds chapter. www.sagis.org.za Grain SA also offers emerging farmers a week long introduction See the SAGIS notes in the general training course on producing Grain and Oilseeds chapter. groundnuts. Find details in the Emerging Farmer Support chapter.

5. International business environment

Groundnuts are imported from China, Malawi, Argentina and Zambia. South Africa exports to a number of countries in the EU and the Far East. Phytosanitary requirements and quality standards must be adhered to and a Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) certificate must also be obtained for groundnuts to be exported. The import tariff for groundnuts is 10% of the fob price. The relative prices of other grain products, the exchange rate, availability of seed, availability and landed cost of imported crude oil, as well as plantings of other field crops mainly determine market prospects for the oilseed industry.

See the monthly bulletin on the SAGIS website for updated information.

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6. Commercial farmer points of interest

Aspects of Critical Importance concerning Groundnut Production Groundnuts may not be planted more than once in three years on the same land. Soil moisture is critical. Do not plant in dry soil. Ground which has built up soil moisture will diminish risks. Soil preparation should leave the land even, firm. Weed control is important: weeds hamper the cultivation process and use up valuable soil moisture. Quality seed is a priority. After treating the seed, plant slowly and shallowly (30mm 50mm). Avoid planting in cold soil. Remember that most cultivars require 150 days to yield a respectable crop: do not plant too late. 18 kg Nitrogen (N) per hectare for dryland growing and 50kg N/ha for irrigation are recommended if your soil needs nitrogen. Calcium is important for the formation of the pods. Areas where the calcium content is lower than 300 mg/kg, must be fertilised with calcium. When fertilising, do not place fertiliser in the pod zone. Administer fertiliser widely or place it under the kernel. Given the high value of groundnut hay and the potential drop in kernel quality and yield, leaf spot must be thoroughly treated. Under irrigation conditions, attention must be paid regularly to this. When groundnuts are planted in soil where no groundnuts had been planted for more than eight years, the seed must be inoculated with the correct Rhizobium bacteria. The seed must then be further treated with Thiulin or TMTD against fungal diseases. Groundnuts that are not inoculated can be treated with Ifax. Beware of Atrasine damage resulting from previous administrations. Be prepared for windy conditions. Seed requirements Recommended seed requirements in kg/ha INTER-ROW SPACING IRRIGATION 45CM 149 131 108 200 176 154 47 40 35 DRYLAND 150CM 91CM 68 58 50

Field crops and horticulture

Herbs and spices
See also the Essential and Vegetable Oils and the Indigenous Medicinal Plants chapters

1. Overview
Herbs and spices are used for enriching what we eat and for delighting the tongue. It is the seasoning and flavouring of the foods that brings out all the variety and tapestry of regions, nations, continents. The increasing demand in developed countries for natural flavour offers tremendous potential for spice crops as sources of natural flavours. Spices include pepper, ginger, cinnamon, clove, paprika and nutmeg to name only a few. Herbs and spices are used fresh, dry and in blends in preparation of food and beverages. Because of the variety that exists, a farmer need to do good market research to decide which crop to grow. Herbs and spices are also used to treat illnesses. They are used by phytotherapists (a person who practices herbal medicine) and homoeopaths, to treat a wide range of health problems. The processing end of herbs and many spices is essential oils (see separate chapter). These are used in flavouring for toothpaste, beverages, sweets, ice cream and food; in cosmetics for perfume and personal care products. New applications in Agriculture include being used as organic pesticides and in veterinary use for insect repellents and safer dips for fleas and ticks. For industrial use they are used in a number of products such as washing powder and polish. The aromatherapy industry uses the largest variety of oils, while uses are increasing in the pharmaceutical industry.
Sources: SAEOPA and www.naturalnutrition.co.za

Seed size 30CM 7,5cm inter-row spacing 50/60 60/70 70/80

2. Associations involved
The Health Product Association Of South Africa Tel: 011 789 4464 www.hpasa.co.za Southern African Essential Oil Producers Association (SAEOPA) Karen Swanepoel Tel: 082 785 8700 The Health Products Association of saeopa@gmail.com Southern Africa (HPA) represents http://safarmer.net/SAEOPA the majority of manufacturers and distributors of Complementary and South African Association of Traditional Medicines in Southern Herbal Practitioners Connie Meyer Africa. Tel: 021 976 5200 www.herbalpractitionerssa.co.za Homoeopathic Association of South Africa South African National Halaal info@hsa.org.za Authority www.hsa.org.za Tel: 0861 786 111 The official representative of the www.sanha.org.za Homoeopathic Profession in South Find the Spices & Condiments Africa. menu option. North West Chilli Growers Association Tel: 014 543 4501

Source: www.suidwes.co.za and Dr Jan Dreyer.

7. Small-scale farmer information

Farmers with limited resources, especially in the northern and eastern parts of South Africa, grow groundnuts mainly for their own consumption. Groundnuts are an important source of nutrition in the northern KwaZuluNatal and Mpumalanga areas. Groundnuts are expected to become more important for the following reasons: it is an excellent rotational crop because it enriches the soil with nitrogen; secondly, it is a crop with a high economic value which can fetch good prices on the local market. Groundnut production requires greater management skills than many other crops. Successful farmers are those who apply the prescribed management practices throughout the production process.
Source: The National Department of Agriculture, SAGIS, Suidwes, Dr J Dreyer, AM Cronje. Our thanks to SAGIS and the ARC-Grain Crops Institute for feedback on the draft chapter

3. Training and research

Also refer to the Essential and Other Oil Chapter

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Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products (ASNAPP) Tel: 021 808 2965 petrusl@sun.ac.za www.asnapp.org ARC-Institute for Tropical & Subtropical Crops (ITSC) Tel: 013 753 7000 infoitsc@arc.agric.za Dept of Agriculture (KZN) Dr Maria de Figueiredo Tel: 033 355 9156 Maria.Figueiredo@kzndae.gov.za KARWILConsultancy Willie Alberts 072 929 7080 karwil888@gmail.com Research and training on essential oil, medicinal plant and industrial crops and Agricultural advice for SAEOPA. Pico-Gro Tel: 011 314 1029 erikao@telkomsa.net www.pico-gro.co.za Pico-Gro trains extension officers for government and emerging farmers for the CSIR. They also provide training for companies and individuals in their private capacity.

South African College of Herbal Medicine and Health Tel: 011 463 2363 www.herbalcollege.co.za The College in Herbalism Aromatherapy; Growing. offers courses and Nutrition; Medicinal Herb

ARC-ITSC publications: Herbs Grow your own First Aid Kit Herbs for the Garden/Kruie vir die Tuin The Cultivation of Ginger in SA Contact them at Tel: 013 753 7000, e-mail infoitsc@arc.agric.za or write to them at Private Bag X11208, Nelspruit, 1200.

Publications:
There are some Info Paks on herbs and spices (find these under Publications at www.daff.gov.za). Included here is Cultivating ginger, Cultivating pepper, Production guidelines: Basil, Production guideline: Peppermint etc. Contact SAEOPA about the planned manual on the agricultural requirements for essential oil crops to be published by SAEOPA and DAFF. Companies involved e.g. Mayford Seeds (SAKATA) have grower guides. Contact Mayford at 011 548 2800. Handbook of Herbs and Spices (three different volumes) by KV Peter. Publisher: Woodhead-CRC. Vital for those involved in the study, cultivation, trade and use of spices and herbs. Contact Academic Marketing: Tel 011 447 7441. A planned manual on the agricultural requirements for essential oil crops is to be published by SAEOPA and DAFF. Contact SAEOPA for details. The South African Journal of Natural Medicine is dedicated to providing information to the general public and practitioners interested in all aspects of natural medicine. All articles are written by professionals with practical experience in their subjects. Be sure to consult with your doctor before you embark on any self-medication programme. Holistic remedies can be potent. Contact 021 880 1444. Find the publications by Margaret Roberts at www.margaretroberts. co.za or contact her at Tel/fax: 012 504 1729. Back to Eden. Jethro Klosse. Lotus Press. An essential handbook for those interested in herbalism and traditional remedies.

South African Herb Academy (SAHA) Tel: 012 819 1049 www.herbclass.com Distance Learning Herbology Study Programmes. Contact them for details of all courses and modules. Stellenbosch University Department of Horticultural Science Tel: 021 808 4900 Fax: 021 808 2121 hortsci@sun.ac.za Department of Food Science Tel: 021 808 3578 voedselw@sun.ac.za University of the Western Cape School of Natural Medicine Tel: 021 959 3064 mapetersen@uwc.ac.za www.uwc.ac.za

On the web:
Find the herbal encyclopaedia www.ageless.co.za/herbal-encyclopedia. htm Find the Facts on herbs at www.herbalafrica.co.za Find the articles by Ivor Hughes on www.scienceinafrica.co.za, www. herbdatanz.com and elsewhere. A series of his articles outline the basic requirements for small scale, sustainable cultivation and processing techniques for rural communities. In particular, look out for Herbs in Africa: Conservation and Co-operation. Find the seasonal chart at www.naturalnutrition.co.za www.herb.co.za Di-Di Hoffmans Timeless Herb Secrets website. Grower articles, links, popular features etc. www.ballstraathof.co.za find the Herbs menu option (for uses of different herbs) and the Sowing guide. Find notes on Companion Planting at www.greenenergyherbals.co.za, www.richters.com (Canadian), www.ibiblio.org (USA).

Various companies involved offer workshops and training. The newsletters available (see heading 4) often carry news of these, as do the agricultural weeklies e.g. Farmers Weekly. One person runs workshops in which a manual is included and five products (from a range of possible cosmetics). Email jeanne@asiachem.co.za or call 084 584 0809 for more information.

4. Websites and publications

Get these newsletters:
Herb e-news (from herb@herbherbert.com) Di-Dis Original and Only Bouquet Garni Herbs Newsletter (bgarni@mweb.co.za): log in at www.herb.co.za to read it. Barefoot Herbs newsletter. Details on www.barefootherbs.co.za

Some international websites:

www.ifeat.org International Federation of Essential Oils and Aroma Trades (IFEAT) www.indianspices.com Spices Board of India. A directory of Indian Spices exporting companies is available from them. Find notes on the different spices at www.gnatrading.com www.thespicehouse.com Merchants of exquisite spices, herbs and seasonings (American) www.spiceadvice.com A spice encyclopedia www.gardeningherb.com hundreds of articles, notes and links www.herbnet.com for everything herbal, a US-based site www.herbs.org Herb Research Foundation (USA) www.herbherbert.com Australian website. Notes for gardeners, retailers and growers www.herbdatanz.com New Zealand www.herbalgram.org Your online resource for herbal news and information, presented by the American Botanical Council www.newhope.com New hope natural media online www.betucare.com Buchu herbal spring water

ARC publications:
Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publications, available from the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering: Processing of Herbs and Spices (cinnamon, paprika, jojoba, parsley) Processing of Field crops (chilli, bell peppers, tomatoes) Oil processing in South Africa Oil seed processing using the ram press The extraction of essential oils from herbaceous materials by steam distillation ARC Roodeplaat provides publications relevant to the herbs and spices category e.g.The cultivation of parsley, The cultivation of culinary herbs in South Africa, Production of coriander in South Africa, The cultivation of chillies etc. Contact them at Tel: 012 841 9611 or fax the Public Relations Officer at 012 808 1127.

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5. Companies involved
Abba Moosa Wholesalers Tel: 031 209 1125 www.orientaldelight.co.za Afriplex Tel: 021 872 4976 www.afriplex.co.za Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products (ASNAPP) Africa Tel: 021 808 2965 www.asnapp.org Apha Seeds Tel: 016 366 0616 Barefoot Herbs Tel: 082 415 3743 www.barefootherbs.co.za Bouquet Garni Tel: 012 808 1044 Cape EOS (Essential Oils Services) Fanie Pienaar 082 338 8292 www.cape-eos.co.za The Cape Herb and Spice Company Tel: 021 701 5140 www.capeherb.com Chilli Africa Tel: 082 820 8986 www.chilliafrica.co.za Crown National Tel: 011 201 9000 www.crownnational.co.za Deli Spices Tel: 021 505 2000 www.delispices.co.za The Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) has supported paprika farming in Keiskammahoek in the Eastern Cape. Call 011 313 3911 or visit www.dbsa.org Essential Herbs Tel: 082 922 3066 / 082 463 1360 www.essentialherbs.co.za

Gauteng Economic Development Agency (GEDA) Mudunwazi Baloyi Tel: 011 833 8750 Grassroots Group Tel: 023 232 0506 www.grassrootsgroup.co.za Green Energy Herbals Tel: 021 572 3717 www.greenenergyherbals.co.za Herbs-a-plenty Tel: 082 562 2343 / 082 338 8292 www.herbs-aplenty.com Herbal Africa Tel: 011 673 1692 www.herbalafrica.co.za Icy Herbs Tel: 051 943 0317 www.icyherbs.co.za iLembe District Municipaity Tel: 032 437 9512 Mike.Newton@ilembe.gov.za Innovation Africa www.innovation-africa.com

Margaret Roberts Herbal Centre Tel: 012 504 1729 / 071 161 6441 www.margaretroberts.co.za Natpro Spicenet Tel: 031 705 4118 www.paprika-sa.com Neltropica Rachel Maartens 082 345 5681 rakker@neltropica.co.za Professional services in drying and processing of agricultural products. Information and training available. Norgrow International www.norgrow.com PaprieX Tel: 012 250 2676 www.papriex.com Peppadew International Tel: 011 516 4202 www.peppadew.com

Pico-Gro Tel: 011 314 1029 erikao@telkomsa.net A global trading company www.pico-gro.co.za specialising in the sourcing, supply and cultivation of African medicinal Growers and supplier of plants/ herbs, oils and tinctures. seedlings Jacklin Organics CC Tel: 017 844 1589 www.jacklinorganic.co.za Red n Jucy Tel: 031 767 2096 rednjucy@iafrica.com

Certified organic dried chilli, dried VERT-GRO systems basil etc SAKATA Seeds KARWILConsultancy Tel: 011 548 2800 Willie Alberts 072 929 7080 karwil888@gmail.com Stotazel (Pty) Ltd Tel: 044 272 8349 / 082 454 1035 Develops business plans for the industry. Suppliers of fresh, pickled and dried chillies and peppers Laughing Pumpkin Farming Tel: 083 625 3695 Unilever dlawry@telkomsa.net Tel: 031 570 3000 The company sources farmers with www.unilever.co.za irrigated land to grow capsicum products under contract for it.

6. International business environment

Africas low per capita incomes, especially among rural populations, are directly linked to the problems of poverty and hunger. Thus, agriculture is or could be a critical engine of economic growth. However, small-scale producers in mainstream agriculture face multiple barriers: declining prices for traditional crops, lack of access to capital, transport, market access, and the market dominance of large commercial enterprises, among others. Alternative crops, in the form of natural plants, are far better suited to the creation of viable agribusinesses in rural communities. First, indigenous African plants occur naturally and so are relatively easy to cultivate commercially. Second, natural plant production is labour intensive rather than capital intensive, and so minimises capital investment while at the same time maximising job-creation potential. Third, African communities have extensive knowledge of indigenous plants, creating a natural competitive advantage in this sector.

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Favourable market conditions in the natural plant products sector also support the involvement of small-scale suppliers. The global nutraceutical market alone is estimated to be worth $60 billion annually in sales of dietary and meal supplements, as well as specialty products. There is also increasing demand for organic and natural products such as herbal teas, essential oils, herbs and spices, phytomedicines and phytocosmetics. This growth has been supported by a global swing away from synthetic products to those that are natural, healthy, sustainably produced and fairly traded. Africa has only just started to tap the virtually unlimited economic potential of its natural botanical heritage. To reap the full benefit, much more has to be done to commercialise crops, to increase value-addition on African soil, and to capitalise on new market development opportunities. To introduce these crops into the main market stream will be a major challenge, but can be done with support, training and funding.

Field crops and horticulture

Honeybush
1. Overview
The Honeybush plant was used in past decades over a wide area and by the indigenous people based in the Western and Eastern Cape. Honeybush tea grows naturally in the wetter Eastern Cape mountains and spreads down along the Langeberg and Swartberg mountains into the Western Cape towards the western coast as far as Piketberg. The wild harvested and commercially grown species occurring naturally in the Eastern and Western Cape are Cyclopia intermedia and Cyclopia subternata. Cyclopia genistoides can be found along the coastal regions of the Western Cape. Some species are re-sprouters, whilst others are re-seeders; this determines the frequency of sustainable harvesting practices, and research is ongoing on this aspect. Berg tea (Cyclopia intermedia) is harvested in the wild and processed at processing facilities in the area. Commercial plantings have been established since 1998, but the major source for current production is still from natural populations. C. subternata and C. genistoides are harvested from plantations, comprising about 35% of the annual production. At present the tea is produced on a limited commercial basis. In excess of 250 tons per year is produced and the demand already exceeds the supply. Honeybush Tea has a pleasant aroma and taste, and on a blind tasting compares favourably with other herbal teas. As a stand-alone product its key differentiating features are as follows: uplifting bouquet and light herbal taste with a relatively low tannin content and caffeine-free as well as good anti-hepatoxic, anti-oxidant and diuretic properties; mainly wild-harvested with organic certification (very labour intensive and often found in inaccessible areas); the principles of cultivation are predominantly organic: high certification prices mean that not as many producers take advantage of this as is possible; the potential exists for good participation of Historically Disadvantaged People in seedling production, cultivation and packing; identified as a New Crop by the Department of Agriculture; good progress in agricultural- and health benefit- research; benefits from value-adding technology developments in the Rooibos industry. Sophisticated extraction methodologies for pharmaceutical extracts are currently being researched.
Look for honeybush research programme on www.arc.agric.za

International trade organisations

International Chamber of Commerce, www.iccwbo.org European Spice Association, mcosta@fdf.org.uk Finnish Food Industry Federation, www.etl.fi/english COVIB (Syndicat National des Transformateurs de Poivres, Epices, Aromats et Vanille), covib@wanadoo.fr Fachverband der Gewrzindustrie eV, verbaendebuero@t-online.de AIIPA (Associazione Italiana Industrie Prodotti Alimentari), n.manca@aiipa.it International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (ITC), www.intracen.org DIPO (Danish Import Promotion Office for Products from Developing Countries), www.dipo.dk GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, www.gtz.deI CE Italian National Institute for Foreign Trade, www.ice.it CBI (Centre for Promotion of Imports from developing countries), www.cbi.nl Norad (Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation), www. norad.no SIDA (Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency Department for Infrastructure & Economic Co-operation), www. sida.se SIPPO (Swiss Import Promotion Programme), www.sippo.ch OTA (Organic Trade Association) North America, www.ota.com
Source: ASNAPP and SAEOPA

7. Emerging farmer news

As many herbs and spices are especially suited to small-scale cultivation (many are short-term crops), they could be of major significance to smaller producers and also to limited-resource farmers in rural areas countrywide. Countries like China and India are good examples of success in essential oil production by small farmers. A constant effort is made to recruit new emerging farmers in the industry. Herbs and spices are ideal for rural areas especially if they are dried locally. This reduces the volume to be transported, and the dried product can be stored under cool, dry conditions for a length of time. The advantages of essential oils as a crop are unlimited. The reason for it not being a popular crop is because of lack of basic agricultural and marketing information, and the exploitation and the ignorance of farmers when it comes to alternative crops. Most essential oil crops are relatively pest and disease free, drought tolerant, low risk, low input cost, no theft value and can be done collectively on small scale farms. Projects overlap into the fields of agriculture, chemistry, economics, botany, consumer science, tourism health, indigenous knowledge systems and social studies. More people from all these disciplines and faculties could become involved to the advantage of the industry, the agriculture community and our country.
Our thanks to SAEOPA, Connie Meyer and Erika Oberholzer for feedback on the draft chapter

2. Industry breakdown and roleplayers

Industry association
South African Honeybush Tea Association (SAHTA) Tel: 021 809 3331 Fax: 021 809 3002 www.sahoneybush.co.za

Cultivated honeybush tea

Depending on Species, plants are harvested once a year after which they take another 12 months to re-grow. The full aroma of the plant is built up in the last three to four months of this cycle.

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Research organisation and NGOs

ARC Infruitec Nietvoorbij Soil Science Division: Marlise Joubert Tel: 021 809 3331 / 3100 Fax: 021 809 3002 Joubertm@arc.agric.za Production research (cultivation, harvesting practices, breeding and evaluation, nutrition, soil preparation); training and support Post-harvest and Wine Technology Division: Dr Elizabeth Joubert Tel: 021 809 3444 / 3100 Fax: 021 809 3430 joubertL@arc.agric.za Research on product development, composition, quality parameters and health properties ASNAPP: (Community Project) Tel: 021 808 2922 jgoliath@sun.ac.za

National Agricultural Marketing Council Mr Happy Mohane Tel: 012 341 1115 DAFF Plant Quality Control Annemarie Bourquin Tel: 012 319 6059 Plant Production Mr Thabo Ramashala Tel: 012 319 6079

Western Cape Department of Agriculture Tel: 021 808 5111 Dr Dirk Troskie Tel: 021 808 5190 Dr Jacques van Zyl Tel: 021 808 5302)

Wild harvested honeybush tea

The mountainous area in which Honeybush in endemic, is approximately 30 000 hectare ranging from the Groot Winterhoek Mountains in the Eastern Cape through to the Piketberg area in the Western Cape. The pickers negotiate a price with wild source owners and use contract transporters to deliver the fresh plant material to processing facilities. Haarlem Pickers Tel: 082 802 4822 Quinten Nortje Tel: 042 288 0203

Communities involved in honeybush production

Ericaville Community Project Tel: 044 385 0354 / 082 791 6646 / 073 518 3812 ericavilleft@webmail.co.za Haarlem Community Project Tel: 083 716 0086 Mooi Uitsig Trust (community project) Tel: 042 275 1652 groendal@langkloof.net

Processors
There are five Honeybush processors who shred and oxidize the green tea to redbrown tea. The process can be divided into three main steps: shredding, fermentation (oxidation) and sifting. Shredding Most on-farm processors utilise tobacco-cutters to shred the tea. Advances in the industry includes a speed-controlled conveyor belt that feeds a threebladed rotating cutter, which cuts the tea into fine particles without breaking the structure of the plant. Fermentation The plant material is fermented for approximately 24 hours at a temperature of 85 C, or for 60 hours at 70 C, depending on the species. Stainless steel rotating drum fermenters are used, which in some cases also served as driers. Alternatively the tea is dried in the sun. Final moisture content after drying is less than 10%. Note: The fermenting process is an individual process each company has its own methodology.

Farmers involved in honeybush production

Alexander Behr Cell: 084 359 0791 abehr@mweb.co.za Schalk Engelbrecht Tel: 044 763 1132 swpengel@telkomsa.net Forest Ferns Tel: 042 280 3823 farm@forestferns.co.za Nico Janse van Rensburg Tel: 028 572 1906 nicojvrensburg@vodamail.co.za Fritz Joubert Tel: 028 482 1613 lisel@kingsley.co.za Van Zyl Joubert Tel: 028 424 2160 vanzyljoubert@whalemail.co.za Johan Kritzinger Tel: 042 275 1652 groendal@langkloof.net Quinten Nortje Tel: 042 288 0512 melmonth@lantic.net Marius van Dyk Tel: 044 697 7070 marius@capehoneybushtea.co.za Marius Schutte mariuss@lantic.co.za

Roleplayers not directly involved

Cape Nature Western Cape Deon Hignett Tel: 021 659 3418 dhignett@capenature.co.za Department of Economic Affairs, Environment and Tourism Eastern Cape Gerrie Ferreira Tel: 042 292 0339 gerrie.ferreira@deaet.ecape.gov. za Department of Economic Development and Tourism: Western Cape Mr Goodwell Dingaan Tel: 021 483 9315 Department of Trade and Industry Tshifhiwa Madima Tel: 012 394 1149

Helgaard Ackermann Tel: 042 295 1513 mca@telkomsa.net Cape Honey Bush Tea Company Tel: 044 697 7070 www.capehoneybushtea.co.za Towen and George Ferreira Tel: 042 273 2218 honeybush@tiscali.co.za

Johan Kritzinger Tel: 042 275 1652 groendal@langkloof.net Quinten Nortjie Tel: 042 288 0203 melmonth@lantic.net

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Marketers
Processed tea is then subjected to steam pasteurisation, sieving and dedusting. The tea is first exposed to hot steam for a prerequisite time, followed by hot air drying., The tea dust is separated from the tea, followed by grading into various cut sizes / grades e.g. coarse, fine and super-fine. Cape Natural Tea Products Dawie de Villiers Tel: 021 982 5030 dawie@rooibostea.co.za www.rooibostea.co.za Cape Honey Bush Tea Company Marius van Dyk Tel: 044 697 7070 Marius @capehoneybush.co.za www.capehoneybushtea.co.za Coetzee & Coetzee Neill Coetzee Tel: 021 905 1318 info@coetzeeltd.co.za www.coetzeeltd.co.za Indaba Teas of Africa - see Cape Natural Tea Products Khoisan Tea Peter Schulke Tel: 021 421 3111 info@khoisantea.com www.khoisantea.com Melmonth Tea Quinten Nortjie Tel: 042 288 0203 melmonth@lantic.net www.melmont.co.za

Field crops and horticulture

Horticulture
To be read along with the vegetable, fruit, berry and flower chapters

1. Overview
Find the latest quarterly economic overviews on www.daff.gov.za take the Publications option. Also look for the most recent Abstract of Agricultural Statistics. The following horticultural crops are included: apples; apricots; grapes; pears; peaches; plums; prunes, cherries and quinces; figs; strawberries and other berries; watermelons, melons and other summer fruit; dried fruit; wine; avocados and pawpaws; pineapples; oranges; lemons; grapefruit; naartjes; and vegetables. Horticulture covers a range of crops including vegetables, certain trees (e.g. fruit, nut, tropical), floral crops, herbs and spices, medicinal crops and natural products. The areas of study include arboriculture (trees), floriculture (floral crops), olericulture (vegetables), pomology (fruits) and viticulture (grapes). Horticultural crops, particularly vegetables are produced throughout South Africa. The south-western and southern regions of the Western Cape are mainly suitable for deciduous fruit, grapes, wine and vegetables; the low-lying, subtropical areas of Mpumalanga and Limpopo for subtropical crops, citrus and vegetables; the lower reaches of river valleys of the Eastern Cape for citrus and vegetables and the Upington area for grapes and wine. The vegetable industry is the largest within the horticultural group both in terms of production and value. South Africa is self-sufficient with regard to vegetable production and exports both fresh and processed vegetables. Horticulture dominates our export trade in agriculture. Labour is the single most important production component of fruit and vegetables, accounting for up to 55% of total production costs. Increased production of horticultural products has a ripple effect on many other related industries such as paper and packaging production, transport services, fertiliser supplies, harbour services and small business vendors in the cities.

Tertiary Level Processors

Tertiary Processors consist of Honeybush extract producers, Instant tea producers and Cool method Green tea-processors. Afriplex Riaan van Breda Tel: 021 872 4976 info@afriplex.co.za www.afriplex.co.za

4. Training and research

The ARC- Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Medical Research Centre is involved in production, training Programme on Myotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis and product development. Dr Wentzel Gelderblom Tel: 021 938 0286 Marlise Joubert wentzel.gelderblom@mrc.ac.za Tel: 021 809 3331/100 joubertm@arc.agric.za Stellenbosch University Soil preparation, fertilisation, Department of Biochemistry soil preparation and orchard Dr Ann Louw management aspects, as well as on- Tel: 021 808 5873 al@sun.ac.za farm training Chris Smith / Dr Hannes de Lange Tel: 021 809 3360 / 044 272 5133 smithc@arc.agric.za / jhdelange1@mweb.co.za Breeding and evaluation Dr Elizabeth Joubert Tel: 021 809 3444 joubertL@arc.agric.za Product development, quality standards, composition and health properties Department of Food Science Tel: 021 808 3578 voedselw@sun.ac.za

2. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find details of the various directorates under the Divisions option at www.daff. gov.za

Agricultural Product Inspection Services Tel: 012 319 6100 Food Safety and Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306

Plant Health Tel: 012 319 6505/39 Plant Production Tel: 012 319 6079

Find the excellent Agricultural Marketing Extension manuals under Publications at www.daff.gov.za. One of these is Horticulture Marketing Extension. Also see the range of horticultural Info Paks.

3. Roleplayers
Sources: Marlise Joubert and Elizabeth Joubert of the ARC InfruitecNietvoorbij. Thank you for your willingness to update the chapter. See the various horticultural chapters. A number of other chapters, too, are relevant here e.g. Seeds & Seedlings, Packaging, Fresh Produce Markets etc.

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Agri-Africa Consultants Tel: 021 886 6826 / 082 950 9294 Fax: 086 684 6143 / 086 670 7439 info@agri-africa.co.za www.agri-africa.co.za Products and services: empowerment structuring and implementation strategic and project management soil, water, crops, weed, horticulture management agricultural trade and marketing and price analysis value adding Product development; micro and macro modeling agricultural and land policy rural development human resource development rural sociology monitoring and evaluation Black economic empowerment.

Cape Peninsular University of Technology (CPUT) Faculty of Applied Sciences: Agriculture Tel: 021 959 6523 www.cput.ac.za Dew Crisp Farms Tel: 011 840 1600 Durban Fresh Produce Market Tel: 031 311 5140 www.durban.gov.za EnviroMon Tel: 021 851 5134 www.enviromon.co.za A variety of equipment and weather services available e.g. weather forecasts, climate related disease warnings, meteorological consultation. Eco-Fert Tel: 021 979 1737 www.eco-fert.co.za

Intensive Agricultural South Africa Tel: 021 808 2965 info@iasa.co.za Intensive Agriculture South Africa Tel: 021 808 2965 iasa@sun.ac.za

Plaaskem Tel: 011 823 8000 www.plaaskem.co.za Plant Health Products Tel/fax: 033 266 6130 www.plant-health.co.za

The Plant Science Consultants Association (PSCA) has a number For training in organic farming, of horticultural experts. Contact visit www.lindros.co.za. Lindros Wendy Wood at 012 460 2576 or Whole Earth Consultants can wwood@lantic.net be contacted at 082 719 7263. Another provider is the Rainman The Provincial Departments Landcare Foundation. Call 031 of Agriculture, working with 783 4412 and visit www.rainman. the Agricultural Colleges, present co.za a number of horticultural and value-add courses e.g. vegetable Klerksdorp Fresh Produce production, vegetable and fruit Market drying, jam manufacturing etc. Find Tel: 018 469 1241 their details in the Agricultural Fax: 018 469 3629 education and training chapter. For deciduous fruit training, contact PricewaterhouseCoopers Agri the Koue Bokkeveld Training Industry Group Centre at 023 317 0983 Kobie Bekker (National Leader) 023 346 5502 Mangaung Fresh Produce Central Region 051 503 4100 Market Northern Region 013 754 3300 Tel: 051 410 4500 Eastern Region 041 391 4400 ronnie.moleme@mangaung.co.za KwaZulu-Natal 031 271 2000 www.bloemfontein.co.za As trusted business advisor the Microbial Solutions Agri Industry Group focuses on Tel: 011 475 4362 providing specialist services like: info@microbial.co.za www.microbial.co.za accounting services management control Mycoroot (Pty) Ltd tax services Tel: 046 603 8443 e-Business services jo@mycoroot.com transaction support www.mycoroot.com forensic services and litigation support Mycoroot, the home of risk management services mycorrhizal fungi. An organic mergers and acquisitions microbial fertiliser that boosts yield entrepreneurial advice and production by enhancing soil business recovery services health and plant root functioning internal audit services Nelson Mandela Bay Fresh Produce Market RT Chemicals Port Elizabeth Tel: 033 386 9384 Tel: 041 461 1409 www.rtchemicals.co.za Fax: 041 461 1069 Perishable Product Export Control Board (PPECB) Tel: 021 930 1134 www.ppecb.com Pico-Gro Tel: 011 314 1029 erikao@telkomsa.net www.pico-gro.co.za SA Agri Academy Tel: 021 880 1276/7 www.agriacademy.co.za SAKATA Seed Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 548 2800 www.sakata.com

They also do training in all of the Elgin Learning Foundation Tel: 021 848 9413 above. www.elf1.co.za The ARC Horticultural Business about the Global Division consists of the following Read institutes: the Institute of Tropical Horticulture Initiative at www. and Subtropical Crops (ITSC) globalhort.org at Nelspruit, the Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Hortiserv Prof Hentie Boshoff Institute (VOPI) at Pretoria and Tel: 018 290 6019 the Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Institute futures41@intekom.co.za at Stellenbosch. Contact the ITSC at 013 753 7000 or write to The business side of farming needs infoitsc@arc.agric.za. Details for as much attention as the technical the other institutes can be found in planning. Both of these aspects the Science and Research chapter, should be part of the business or at www.arc.agric.za plan if you are to be competitive and to meet the needs of the free Agribusiness in Sustainable market. Hortiserv has developed Natural African Plant Products best practice templates for (ASNAPP) Africa benchmarking and upgrading of Tel: 021 808 2965 horticulture farming units in the field petrusl@sun.ac.za of production, human resources, www.asnapp.org finance and costing, business Agribusiness development, viability analyses, information marketing, support, research, systems, overall business planning. training. Industrial Development Biogrow Corporation (IDC) Tel: 028 313 2054 Food, Beverage and Agro www.biogrow.co.za Industries Tel: 0860 693 888 Organic solutions callcentre@idc.co.za www.idc.co.za Included in the Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) The IDC has a mandate to support baseline publication are analyses entrepreneurs, especially if there is of the horticulture sector. Call 012 a processing component oils or 420 4583/2 or visit www.bfap. fats. Projects include nuts, cherries, fruit, viticulture, flowers and more. co.za.

Starke Ayres Bulk herbs and essential oil Tel: 021 534 3231 production www.starkeayres.co.za

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South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) www.sabs.co.za

Stellenbosch University Department of Horticultural Science Tel: 021 808 4900 For Food Safety Certification hortsci@sun.ac.za programmes: GlobalGAP , www.sun.ac.za BRC, HACCP , ISO 22000 etc. contact 012 428 6896 or write Stimuplant to smithes@sabs.co.za Pesticide residue testing for Tel: 012 802 0940 quality control and R&D stimuplant@gmail.com purposes is dealt with by Hein www.stimuplant.sa.gs Garbers at 012 428 6648; email: garberhv@sabs.co.za An inexpensive and environmentally Chris Fouche 012 428 6844; friendly alternative to nitrogen Email: fouchecm@sabs.co.za fertilisers is biological nitrogen is responsible for constituent or nutrient analysis of food fixation, a process whereby bacteria known as rhizobia alter and water. atmospheric nitrogen into a plantSouthern African Society utilisable source of nitrogen in for Horticultural Sciences symbiosis with legume plants by (SASHS) forming root nodules. The input of Tel: 021 808 4763 nitrogen through biological nitrogen www.sashs.co.za fixation increases soil fertility and crop yield, as well as decreasing the A national Southern African Society for Horticultural Sciences congress need for nitrogen fertilisers. is held every 18 months to provide researchers and students an opportunity to present their research to a broader audience. It also serves as a meeting place for the departments and institutions involved in horticultural research to discuss and coordinate common concerns. Details of the next congress can be found on www. sashs.co.za. Find details of the Universities in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter Vegetables Under Protection Paddy de Vries vup@hygrotech.co.za Vital Bugs Tel: 015 307 6956 www.vitalbugs.co.za

Possible strategies: sell to neighbours sell to local markets supply to processors (see the roleplayers heading in the different horticultural chapters, as well as in the Agro-processing section) supply to visiting hawkers or bakkie traders supply to national fresh produce markets supply government contract growing products for fresh produce export (see the various chapters dealing with exporting and food safety) contract farming.

Product
Initially look at a few potential products (the product is what you are going to produce). These should be as a direct result of market research and determining what are the needs and demands.

Site
The site is where you are going to produce the identified product. Selecting a production site is very important and must be thoroughly investigated prior to starting the actual project. Processes that need to be worked through when identify a potential site are product requirements, site selection, climatic conditions, site preparation and water. Product requirements. Determine what are the climatic requirements for each of the identified crops. For example, some prefer high humidity, while others dont. Some crops prefer sandy soils, while others prefer loamy soils. Different crops have different water requirements as well. Site selection. The closer to the market the better. Try to stay within a radius of 200km from the identified market. If exporting this point would be the airport. Investigate climatic conditions. Look at the macro- and micro-climate of the area in which the production site is situated. How close are they to the required conditions of the identified crops? Look at frost, hail, humidity, wind, temperature. When is the first and last date of frost? Is the site in a hail belt? Is there a prevailing wind and which direction does the wind normally come from? What are the average maximum and minimum temperatures throughout the year? Site preparation. Do a soil profile to determine how deep the soils are and how good the drainage is. You Need 1-1,2m deep soil. Do a soil texture test to determine clay content, etc. Do a complete soil analysis. Top soil profile 0-30cm Sub-soil profile 40-60cm. Water is the most important aspect to take into account when assessing a potential site. You need to buy water and not land. Without water you dont have a horticultural project. The most important factors to look at initially are quantity and quality of available water. The amount of water needed depends on the following factors: plant cultivar; water holding capacity of soil; climate; irrigation system; evaporation factor; wind. In the growing season a person will obviously need more water than in dormant season.Average water needed is 4-6 litres per square metre per day. Primary water source (e.g. boreholes) should give at least 3 times that of average. An exception would be in the case of a hydroponic setup with a closed system. That is when the run-off water from irrigation is caught up and reused. Winter usage can drop to 2 litres per square metre per day. Summer usage can go up to 8 litres per square metre per day. As a guideline, good quality water is water with the following characteristics: pH = 5,5 to 7,0 EC as low as possible. Less than 0,3mS/cm No organic matter Free of any pathogens The best source of water is borehole. Be careful of river water. Often it is contaminated. It is in most cases not a good idea to use municipal water as a source for a horticultural project, because it contains a lot of chlorine and is expensive. Be aware of the legal aspects regarding permission to use water and register as a water user, etc.

5. A model for horticultural production

Despite its growth potential, the horticultural industry also has its fair share of challenges, one of which is the great length of time it takes for farmers to become established in this sector, especially when dealing with tree crops and orchards. With a four to five year waiting period before a decent return on investment can be expected, farmers often have to rely on mixedfarming practices to generate a steady income stream. This model by Johannes Maree is meant to highlight the main factors and process necessary in setting up a successful horticultural project. The idea of the model is to assist in formulating initial planning. That is, it is a strategicbased model, which is meant to help give direction and focus when planning a project.

Market
Central to any horticultural project is the market, or markets. Without a market (demand) there is no point in growing a product to sell (supply). The market(s) targeted can be any of the following: personal consumption feeding, supplying the immediate (local) community. local market (Immediate vicinity of project) local provincial market national export (neighbouring countries road transport; overseas air or sea freight)

When looking at the different potential markets, first classify them in terms of distance from where the source of the horticultural produce will be. Markets can be general or niche markets. It is important to first determine what markets are available and what their needs and demands are. Aim to meet the markets requirements. Give the market what they want, not what you think they want.

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Knowledge
Certain potential crops have been identified from the market research. However, without the technical knowledge of how to grow these crops the project will not be successful. One needs to determine whether this knowledge is available and at what cost. General knowledge, skills and abilities of those working on the project, be they labourers, supervisors or managers is important to the overall success of any horticultural project. Do the identified employees have the knowledge and practical skills? What are the costs involved in obtaining these skills and knowledge?

Which system is cheaper? A cheaper system is not necessary a more cost-effective one, but initial startup capital can be a limiting factor. Depending on the overhead system used, the nozzles, with the anti-drip component, can be fairly expensive. However, drip line is not very cheap either and one has to use much more lengths of drip line than of overhead lines and nozzles. Generally speaking, there is no significant difference in comparative costs between a drip system and an overhead system. A basic drip or overhead system could cost around R25 000 per ha. This includes pumps, main lines, filters, micro-jets, dripper lines and basic fertigation system (not computerised). Which system lasts longer and gives the least hassles? There is more ware and tare associated with the nozzles of micro-sprayers used in overhead irrigation, especially those that swivel. These nozzles have to be replaced periodically. The advantage of drip lines is that there are no moving parts. However, a problem with drip irrigation is that often a lot of damage is caused to the tape during weeding and working of beds. Great care has to be taken when stakes are inserted into the beds to support and raise support nets. Depending on what type of plants you grow, there is also the hassle factor of having to lift the drip lines after every cycle, to clean and prepare beds, then re-lay the lines prior to planting. An advantage of overhead irrigation is that the system is permanently out of the way. Drip lines, if they become blocked, are a bigger problem to sort out than overhead micro-sprayers, which one can simply remove and clean individually. This is not possible with the typical tape drip lines that are generally used in the industry. It is actually important to install a good filter system, regardless of the irrigation system used. DRIP SYSTEM Advantages 1. More efficient use of water 2. Can harvest flowers while irrigating 3. Less moving parts therefore less ware & tare 4. Cheaper to replace a damaged line 5. Structures and paths remain dryer 6. Less overall dampness less fungal disease 7. Preferred by certain crops Disadvantages 1. Less efficient on young plants & seedlings 2. Easier to damage if on surface of beds 3. Greater hassle factor with soil preparation Disadvantages 1. Less efficient use of water 2. Less efficient use of fertiliser 3. Cant harvest, etc. while irrigating 4. Wets leaves can lead to more diseases 5. Cant use at advanced flowering stage Adapted from an article by Johannes Maree. johannesmaree@absamail.co.za or call 082 564 1211. Contact him at OVERHEAD SYSTEM Advantages 1. Generally give a better surface coverage 2. More efficient on young plants or seedlings 3. Easier to clear blockages that might occur 4. Out of the way less damage or hassle 5. Cleans dust off leaves and plants 6. Preferred to drip by certain crops

Economics
Requirements and needs should be determined for each of the crops identified by the market research. For example, certain crops grow best under shadecloth, while other do best in greeenhouses or tunnels. Money needed to start up a project needs to be carefully calculated. The cultivation of each horticultural crop has different cost implications. Certain crops might be labour intensive or require the use of expensive machinery. The initial capital input costs need to be calculated and if a person does not have enough the following decision needs to be made: Do I go look for additional capital and what does it cost? Do I consider growing another crop that requires less input capital? Do I consider looking for a less expensive production site, keeping in mind the advantages and disadvantages of such? Do I look at growing a crop where knowledge is more available and cheaper? The economics of the project also include return of investment, production costs, etc. Meeting the exact requirements of the market also comes at a cost and a person has to consider if it is worthwhile the expense. Adapted from an article by Johannes Maree. johannesmaree@absamail.co.za or call 082 564 1211. Contact him at

6. Notes on irrigation
DRIP vs OVERHEAD WHICH IS BEST? The importance of irrigation is a given. But which system to use is not always so clear. Johannes Maree highlights some aspects to consider before making your final decision on an irrigation system. When setting up, expanding or upgrading a horticultural operation a person needs to decide which irrigation system will be best drip or overhead? By overhead we mean micro-irrigation systems that are setup overhead or high above the plants, realising that micro-irrigation systems that run along the ground or are just above the ground are also available. Firstly, we need to tackle some other questions. Keep in mind that I am not looking at the different drip or overhead systems, per se, but simply comparing the two irrigation methods as a whole. What is your water situation? Generally speaking, a drip system uses water more efficiently than an overhead system. An overhead system waters the pathways, which normally constitutes 20-30% of the surface area, while a drip system only puts water down on the plantbeds. If your water supply is not strong, then drip irrigation is usually a better option. What are you going to grow? Certain crops prefer certain systems, while others dont mind. For instance, it is better to grow lizianthus or roses using a drip system, because the plants are sensitive to getting their flowers and leaves wet. On the other hand, I tend to recommend overhead systems for greens and foliage crops, as they like to have water on their leaves on occasion and can benefit from the heightened humidity created by overhead irrigation.

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Field crops and horticulture

Indigenous Knowledge and African vegetables
1. Overview
Indigenous Knowledge (IK) is the unique, traditional, local knowledge existing within and developed around specific conditions of women and men indigenous to a particular geographic area. In some instances external or scientific knowledge is combined with indigenous knowledge during the innovation process. Consequently indigenous knowledge is dynamic and continually evolves and changes as it develops, influencing and being influenced by both internal and external circumstances and interaction with other knowledge systems. Given this state of affairs Indigenous knowledge is better termed as local knowledge; i.e. knowledge developed in a specific locality and knowledge that is not entirely traditional, although this might form the base, given external influences. At present, the vast majority of sub-Saharan Africans depend on resource-poor agriculture, without modern inputs, and rely almost exclusively on locally available resources for their livelihoods. Approximately 80% of the African population use traditional medicines to meet their health care needs. IK can help to alleviate poverty if it is effectively applied in agriculture and supported by appropriate technology interventions that consider peoples circumstances.

Given the resource constraints experienced by research and extension officials and the distances they need to travel, many rural farmers and household producers rely heavily on their indigenous knowledge and local innovations in order to ensure some measure of food security and livelihood. Some of the plants they collect or produce using this knowledge are known as African vegetables. IK includes many aspects e.g. pottery and sculpture, games, baskets, mats, mural decorations etc. In this chapter we will be looking at the food security value. See separate chapter for an overview of the medicinal value. It is not an issue of increased agricultural production, but rather of allowing people who suffer from hunger to be in a better position to get, in whole or in part, their own food (Former Italian Minister of Agriculture and Forestry Giani Allemanno) Based on our experience, I firmly believe traditional African vegetables could be an important factor in strategies to alleviate food-shortages in rural and peri-urban settings and have useful applications following an ecohealth approach (which takes into account human as well as ecosytem health). According to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), household food-security comprises not only food adequacy, but should also comply with nutrient and safety requirements as well as cultural preferences. In my view, reliable strategies to reduce food-insecurity in rural settings should acknowledge Africas indigenous food culture which is based on the utilisation of naturally-occurring food-plants and subsistence cropping of traditional vegetables.
Source: Dr Retha van der Walt, Morogo Research Programme at North West University. Write to her at Retha.VanDerWalt@nwu.ac.za

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2. African vegetables
Many rural communities in South Africa rely on foods that are harvested from plants growing in the wild or which occur as volunteer crops, by selfsowing themselves in household gardens and fields as seasonal volunteer crops. Depending on ones perspective some of these plants are construed as being weeds as they occur in places where they are not wanted. Occasionally these plants are actively cultivated. Many of these plants are indigenous to Africa while others originated in other parts of the world but given their suitability to local social and environmental conditions they have been naturalised and internalised as important elements of local food culture and livelihood resources. The different parts of the plants that are used as foodstuffs include roots, tubers, stems, rhizomes, leaves, flowers, fruits, nuts, gums, berries, cereals and legumes. Generally, at least two parts of the plant can be eaten of which the leaves are almost always eaten. In South Africa local people formerly ate a diet of meat, milk, wild cereals and wild plants, but the Pedi proverb Meat is a visitor, but morogo a daily food (morogo is the siPedi name for relish made from African leafy vegetables) has now become a reality for most rural people. Table 1 provides the common and scientific names of a number of African vegetables found in South Africa along with the parts of the plants that can be consumed. Common Name Bambara groundnut Groundnuts/Peanuts Cowpea Mung Bean Pigeon Peas Taro/cocoyam Cassava Marama bean Livingstone potato Zulu round potato/ Hausa potato Sweet potato Pigweed/Amaranth Cats whiskers / Spiderflower Common labsquater Ethiopian Mustard / Ethiopian kale Black jack Ethiopian/black nightshade Jute/Jews Mallow Pumpkin Scientific Name Vigna subterranea Arachis hypogaea Vigna unguiculata Vigna radiata Cajanus cajan Colocasia esculenta Manihot esculenta Tylosema esculentum Solenostemon rotundifolius Ipomoea batatas Amaranthus hybridus Cleome gynandra Chenopodium album Brassica juncea Brassica carinata Bidens pilosa Solanum nigrum Corchorus tridens Cucurbita maxima Edible Parts Dried nuts/seeds Nuts/seeds Leaves and seeds Seeds Leaves and seeds Tubers and leaves Leaves and root Tubers and seeds Tubers Leaves and tubers Leaves Leaves Leaves Young leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Young leaves, young fruit, old fruit and flowers Young leaves and ripe fruit

emphasising food production and improved access to food in a country and region which is faced with two primary problems: water scarcity and the HIV/Aids pandemic. Water scarcity and periodic drought in parts of the country and the region as a whole indicate that the production of conventional crops, using conventional agricultural practices will encounter greater problems in marginalised areas due to an unfavourable environment and climate. Given their general remoteness and poverty, people in these areas need to be able to produce their own food crops to ensure a measure of local food security which is not entirely dependent on external support. This would overcome many of the problems associated with local access to food. The loss of a household members labour due to HIV/Aids related illness and death or even the loss of labour due to caring for afflicted household members affects the household in a number of ways. Often there is a loss of remittances and income due to death or incapacitation or there can be a loss of household labour supply, with the result that household activities have to be spread amongst the remaining able members, who are themselves already engaged in other livelihood activities. The implication is that many households will not be able to carry out all of the existing or increased number of tasks, or at least not without making considerable sacrifices in other livelihoods. In such circumstances crops that are generally drought tolerant, require very little inputs, including labour, to produce sufficient yield, enabling them to grow and yield food in marginal areas become important for household food security, as does their associated indigenous knowledge. The significance of African vegetables for food security is important because fieldwork in two rural villages in a drought prone area of the Limpopo Province indicates that only 5% of the 108 households surveyed did not have any African vegetables growing in their home garden. Absence was generally a result of having recently moved to the area or not having enough money or material to erect a fence to protect food plants and crops, therefore they did not plant any crops. It was also noted that while most of the youth (under the age of 35) who were interviewed said they preferred exotic vegetables such as cabbage, they still consumed African vegetables because these were more readily available if you did not have money to buy cabbage. All households noted that African Vegetables grew easily, without much labour and inputs, and that unlike exotic vegetables they relied exclusively on seasonal rainfall. 100% of those interviewed in the Limpopo Province study indicated that they consumed African vegetables during the previous 12 months, usually at least once a day. During discussions on the importance of these crops for food security, the general feeling was that the attributed importance differed vastly from household to household. Households with many members who do not provide a constant income tend to be more reliant on the African vegetables. This is especially true where unemployment is high and in the older households where children no longer qualify for the child support grants. Food is expensive in winter and the dried African vegetables form the basis of a diverse and nutritious diet in most rural households, contributing up to about 80% of their total (excluding maize) food use in winter. Households try to add some other source of protein (usually in the form of chicken head, necks and feet or tinned fish) to their diet. The regularity of this is dependant upon food resources and income. Most rural households attach importance to African vegetables for their food security, but the label of poverty food has negatively affected children and youths perception of these foodstuffs. Most youth reported preferring to eat exotic vegetables such as cabbage while acknowledging that they believed that African vegetables were more nutritious. Taste seemed to be a big issue regarding preference. Addressing the status issue would help to increase the acceptability of African vegetables. If the nearest town or food market is far from the rural areas and the taxi services are not easily available there seems to be a strong reliance on African vegetables. Family members usually to go to town once a month to collect social grants and pensions, enabling them to buy staple supplies that keep well (oil, maize flour, sugar, etc.). Tinned foods are very expensive and fresh fruit and vegetables can only be kept for a short time. This emphasises the need for cheap or free low input home grown foods when others are unavailable. African vegetables are commonly seen as an additional source of food, due to their ability to grow in these generally marginal areas using low external inputs. Many households report storing dried leaves for consumption during the dry winter months when they are unable to grow any crops.

Plectranthus esculentus Tubers

Gem squash

Cucurbita pepo

Table 1: Common African vegetables found on South Africa

African vegetables and Food Security

The indigenous knowledge associated with African vegetables and their importance for the food security of many rural South Africans warrants further discussion. This is especially in light of food security activities

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Amaranth Spider plant Cowpea Cleome Vigna gynandra inguiculata Iron (mg) Protein (g) Moisture (%) Calories Carbohydrates (g) Fibre (g) Ascorbic acids/ Vit C (mg) Calcium (mg) Phosphorus (mg) -carotene/ Vit A (mg) Thiamine Riboflavin Folic acid (mg/100g) 8.9 4.6 84.0 42 8.2 1.8 64 410 103 5716 0.05 0.42 122 107 13 288 111 221.1 80.1 2249.35 0.05 6.0 4.8 86.6 34 5.2 6.8 3.9 4.1 87.6

Jute/Jews mallow Corchorus olitorius 6.3 5.2 81.0 10.3

Pumpkin leaves Cucurbita maxima 15.9 4.2 87.3 5.0

Cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata 0.7 1.7 91.4 26 6.0 1.2 54

vegetables to be womens food that is mixed into the porridge made from maize flour. Men also eat it, but prefer to eat meat. The Zulu, Shangaan, Swasi, Pedi and Ndebele groups tended to eat the leafy vegetables as a relish for the porridge, and although not always the preferred food of men, it was eaten by all. No gender differences were noted with the cucurbits, and the wide variety of cucurbits (indigenous and exotic) available in most areas helped to increase the variety in taste. Different ethnic groupings tended to prepare their traditional vegetables in a particular fashion, and exposure to other preparation methods led them to increase the variety of their diet, both in terms of taste and nutrient content.

548.5 136.4 3662.99 0.07 90

TABLE 2: Comparison of the nutritional content of five African Vegetables and one Domesticated Vegetable (Source FAO, UP and NWU)

Table 2 illustrates that in Africa some of these crops are often more nutritious in comparison to the favoured exotic vegetables, a fact which is supported by claims made by many South African rural households. The potential of these plants for nutrition and food security in light of current conditions in Southern Africa is something that policy makers, research and extension services in South Africa need to give further attention.

Knowledge about African vegetables

Knowledge of the different groups of plants is available from both males and females. However, leafy vegetables tend to be the domain of the women. Knowledge of cashcrops, fruit and cereals seemed to be in the male domain, with children having only rudimentary knowledge of these plants. Formal education of the children was blamed for the lack of their knowledge, as small boys go to school and do not spend days in the veld looking after livestock and surviving on their knowledge of wild plants. The girls only tend to know the common and abundant traditional vegetables such as amaranth, cleome, cucurbits and actively cultivated vegetables (pumpkins, cowpeas, etc.) as they spend their days at school and have to do homework before dark, due to a lack of electricity. Due to the label given to indigenous knowledge over decades that it is backward knowledge, the youth tend not to be interested in the knowledge and plants. Current schooling curricula also seems to emphasise western norms rather than including those that are important to rural households. Where awareness of the value of these plants has been created, the youth interest also heightened. Raising awareness of traditional vegetables would help to improve the status of these poverty foods and backward knowledge, thus making it more acceptable to the younger generation. This is an important step that must not be ignored where this negative labelling has taken place. The status of the leaves in the different gender and age groups varied for the different ethnic groups. In the Eastern Cape the Xhosa consider leafy

In different parts of South Africa there are differences amongst the ethnic groups in terms of cultural preference with regard to taste and 119.2 40 plant choice. Generally men prefer the bitter taste of blackjack (Bidens pilosa L.), which was 1694.55 100 found in most areas, although these leaves are mixed with other leaves to give the dish more flavour. Amaranth was used in all the areas, 0.12 0.04 with the Zulu and Xhosa mainly consuming it 0.1 alone or as part of a mixture of leaves. Cleome gynandra L. (spiderplant) is generally preferred to amaranth in the areas where it grows (the hotter northern parts of South Africa and amongst the Pedi and Tsonga/Shangaan). In these areas amaranth is mixed with other leaves and seldom consumed on its own. Most rural households consider pumpkin an important vegetable when it comes to preference and use, with it being most popular in the northern regions of South Africa. A dish consisting of the young leaves and young pumpkins is very popular everywhere. The Venda add pumpkin flowers to the dish. The fact that the leaves, stems, pumpkin fruit and flowers can all be consumed gives the pumpkin its importance and priority over other plants. Generally, where a plant provides a number of sources of foodstuff the greater the priority given to it by local people. In the drier northern parts of South Africa greater significance was given to plants whose leaves could be stored and dried making them available as food during the dry winter months. Chenopodium album is very commonly used in the Eastern Cape but is not as important in the northern regions (Vorster et al, 2005 see heading 5). In each region individual crops are grown that are very specific to the local ethnic group, giving rise to different food dishes. 382.9 47

Concerns
Firstly, indigenous knowledge is eroding, because of its limited transfer between generations due to changing social systems, despite the significance of these plants to food security and livelihoods. Secondly, changes in population pressure on natural resources and a breakdown in the in-situ conservation strategies is starting to result in the deterioration of natural resources, including African vegetables and consequently the indigenous knowledge associated with them. This is despite the significant contribution to food security made by these plants and their associated knowledge, and the fact that existing exotic vegetable cultivars cannot make such a contribution in marginal areas as they need high inputs and optimal conditions. Consequently, more attention needs to be paid to these plants and other indigenous food crops in order to increase their contribution to food security and the variety of ways in which this can be done from household consumption to commercialisation and value-adding. However, this process needs to be done with care and socio-cultural aspects need to be considered.

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3. Roleplayers
The associations, institutions etc below have been working on African vegetables for a few years, and this includes documenting of information, nutritional analyses, food safety aspects, production aspects and commercialisation. African Centre for Crop Improvement (ACCI) Tel: 033 260 5524 / 6288 acciadmin@ukzn.ac.za www.acci.org.za Agricultural Research Council Mr Willem Jansen van Rensburg or Ms Ineke Vorster Tel: 012 841 9611 wjvrensburg@arc.agric.za ivorster@arc.agric.za Indigenous Plant Use Forum (IPUF) see National Research Foundation Invest North West Tel: 014 594 2570 www.inw.org.za

North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus) School of Environmental Sciences and Development Morogo Research Programme (MRP) Tel: 018 299 2319 Retha.VanDerWalt@nwu.ac za Research is conducted on health and nutrition aspects of some African vegetables. Papers/articles include folic acid and alpha- linolenic acid (omega-3) in amaranth, spider flower and cowpea from three geographic areas in the Limpopo and North-West provinces; and minerals, micronutrients and antioxidant phytochemicals in morogo vegetables. PELUM South Africa Tel: 033 260 6014/6275 Fax: 033 260 6118 www.pelumrd.org

University of the Free State (UFS) Centre for Plant Health Management Prof WJ Swart (Chairperson) SwartWJ@ufs.ac.za Tel: 051 401 2383 www.cephma.org Department of Plant Sciences Tel: 051 401 2514 plantsciences@ufs.ac.za Department of Genetics Prof JJ Spies Tel: 051 401 2261 The Southern African New Crop Research Association (SANCRA) is also based at the UFS. University of KwaZulu-Natal Farmer Support Group Dr Maxwell Mudhara Tel: 033 260 6275 mudharam@ukzn.ac.za www.fsg.org.za www.cead.org.za www.prolinnova.net

Invest North West (INW) is a Section 21 company established under the auspices of the Department of Economic Development and Tourism in the North West Province The aim of the ARC is to establish (NWP). Their projects include an different crops in cultivation for the indigenous herbs one. natural plant products market to benefit rural development. The unit KZN Department of works with commercial vegetables Agriculture, Environmental such as onions, potatoes, tomatoes Affairs & Rural Development and sweet potatoes, as well as Training Resources Development indigenous vegetables that include (TRD) Amaranthus cleome, cassava, Plectranthus, Zulu round potato, Relevant short courses are pigeon peas, cowpeas and bambara also offered i.e. sweet potato groundnut. processing. A number of training Poster Modules are available in Agribusiness in Sustainable English and Zulu. The figure in Natural African Plant Products brackets indicates how many (ASNAPP) posters are in the module: Tel: 021 808 2918 info@asnapp.org Sweet Potato Production www.asnapp.org (18) Traditional Foods Promotion Commercial Products from the (1) Wild (CP Wild) Tel: 021 808 3303 For further information, contact info@cpwild.co.za Noreen Mhlongo at 033 www.cpwild.co.za 355 8237, or email Noreen. Mhlongo@kzndae.gov.za. Clive Contact them for a brief overview Viljoen is a second contact. Call of fresh fruit trading, household fruit 033 355 8234 or email clive. processing and commercialisation viljoen@kzndae.gov.za of indigenous fruit products. Marula Natural Products Council for Scientific and Tel: 013 774 0209 Industrial Research CSIR Food, Biological and Chemical info@marula.org.za Technologies Technology for www.marula.org.za Development Tel: 012 841 2649 www.csir.co.za This is an eco-friendly, low-tech enterprise designed to uplift women in rural communities and provide a sustainable income for families in the tribal lands of the Limpopo valley. Marula products are fairly traded and directly benefit rural villages while encouraging the protection of the Marula trees in their natural environment. National Research Foundation Tel: 012 481 4000 / 4001 www.nrf.ac.za The NRF funds the Indigenous Plant Use Forum (IPUF) which was started to promote the cultural, socio-economic and scientific benefits to be derived from the sustainable use of southern African flora.

The PELUM Association is a regional network of over 200 civil society organisations in east, central and southern Africa, which is working towards sustainable agriculture, food security, and sustainable community development in the region. Its focus on food sovereignty Programmes include Sustainable includes traditional and indigenous Farming Systems and Food Security, crops and breeds. and the PROLINNOVA programme. Prolinnova (PROmoting Local INNOVAtion) c/o Institute of Natural Resources lettyb@ukzn.ac.za www.prolinnova.net A partnership exists between the Limpopo Department of Agriculture, Prolinnova, the University of Limpopo and the University of KwaZulu-Natal to eliminate poverty through integrated rural development programmes based on the indigenous knowledge of the community. Stellenbosch University Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Prof Michael Samways Tel: 021 808 3728 samways@sun.ac.za Department of Agronomy Tel: 021 808 4803 browne@sun.ac.za Umthathi Training Project Tel: 046 622 4450 www.umthathi.co.za (See also www.africulture.co.za) Vegetable and indigenous plant cultivation training at community, school and household level establishes productive gardens that supply food and healing plants. University of South Africa (UNISA) Prof J Olivier Tel: 012 352 4284 olivij@unisa.ac.za University of the Witswatersrand School of Animal, Plant & Enviromental Sciences Wayne Twine twine@gecko.biol.wits.ac.za rcrd@global.co.za Conduct research on the use of indigenous plants and animals by rural households in order to examine the impact of this on the environment. Find details of SANBI and the University of the Western Cape in the Medicinal Plants chapter.

Visit the website for more information about this unit e.g. they developed the recipe book mentioned towards the end of this chapter. Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) Centre for Poverty, Employment and Growth Tel: 012 302 2721 / 082 897 2003 thart@hsrc.ac.za www.hsrc.ac.za Conducts social science research on the use of Indigenous Knowledge as a resource in agricultural development activities and food security.

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4. National strategy
There is now a growing realisation by government and other role players about the importance of indigenous food crops as alternative food crops to enhance food security. Indigenous crops could enhance competitiveness of South African agriculture as niche products both on local and export markets. There is no doubt that some of the indigenous crops possess superior properties over conventional crops in terms of drought tolerance, nutritional status and food safety. There is a need for urgent revival and development of the sector. The success of this policy would depend on its alignment with other government policies and legislation to avoid duplication and contradiction. Amongst others these include the Plant Improvement Act, 1976, Plant Breeders Rights Act, 1976, National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004, Conservation of Agricultural Resource Act, 1983 and the Policy on Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 2004.
Source: Draft Policy on Indigenous Food Crops.

Guide to Sweet Potato Production in South Africa. A guide to weevil control is available from ARC-Roodeplaat (012 841 9611) and also includes all other aspects of sweet potato production e.g. diseases, cultivation, cultivar choice. Included amongst the hundreds of leaflets available from the ARC-VOPI are several categories of relevance to this chapter: Indigenous leaf crops (e.g. marog), Indigenous root crops (e.g. The cultivation of Cassava, Wild potato, Amadumbi) and Indigenous seed crops (e.g. bambara groundnut, pigeon peas, cowpeas). Contact the Public Relations Officer at 012 841 9611 or fax 012 808 0844. Find Best Practices on Indigenous Knowledge, joint publication of the Management of Social Transformation Programme (MOST) of UNSECO, and Centre for International Research and Advisory Networks (CIRAN) on www.unesco.org IK Notes reports periodically on Indigenous Knowledge (IK) initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa and occasionally on such initiatives outside the Region. It is published by the Africa Regions Knowledge and Learning Center as part of an evolving IK partnership between the World Bank, communities, NGOs, development institutions and multilateral organisations. A webpage on IK is available at www.worldbank.org/afr/ik/default.htm Building Opportunities for Small Holder Farmers to Commoditize Indigenous Fruit Trees and Products in Southern Africa: Processing, Rural Pilot Enterprises and Marketing. Festus K. Akinnifesi, Cori Ham, Danie Jordaan, Myles Mander, Dagmar Mithofer, Tunu Ramadhani, F. Kwesiga, John Saka, Sola Phosiso. Tree products, especially indigenous fruits products provide avenues for millions of small-holder farmers to improve their livelihoods in developing countries. www.kara.co.za website of the KARA Heritage Institute. The Joint Managing Directors are Ditshego Mmakherofo Motshekga and Mulalo Nemavhandu. Call them at 012 328 5037. The details for the KARA-University of Pretoria partnership is 012 420 2173 or email kara@up.ac.za

Department of Science and Technology (DST) National Indigenous Knowledge Systems Office (NIKSO) Dr Otisele Ntsoane (Deputy Director) Tel: 012 843 6300 The National Indigenous Knowledge Systems Office (NIKSO) in the Department of Science and Technology addresses emerging policy developmental challenges around the protection of indigenous knowledge systems in the country. Interested in the collaboration of different knowledge systems, it is one of the main drivers in the area of indigenous knowledge. A Ministerial Advisory Committee on IKS, introduced in April 2008, supports NIKSO in its responsibility for advising Science and Technology Minister on strategic issues.

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) The Directorate: Plant Production Mr Thabo Ramashala Tel: 012 319 6079 DPP@daff.gov.za Indigenous food crops is included in the category Key Areas of Technology Development of DAFFs National Agricultural Research and Development Strategy. Directorate: Genetic Resources Dr Julian Jaftha Mr A Lezar Tel: 012 319 6214 / 6024 DGR@daff.gov.za

Relevant publications
National Policy on Plant Production in South Africa Department of Agriculture FARA-SADC Regional Dialogue The Winning papers and Abstracts include articles on IK by S Mwakalila (Tanzania), ME Mrema (Tanzania), and MT Masarirambi and M Gundidza (Swaziland). Adult Mortality and Household Dietary Use of the Local Environment: Qualitative Evidence from the Agincourt Field Site in Rural South Africa. Hunter, L.M. & Twine, W. 2005. Institute of Behavioral Science Working Paper EB2005-0001. Boulder: Research Program on Environment and Behavior, University of Colarado at Boulder The effect of (re-) creating awareness of traditional leafy vegetables on communities. Vorster, H.J.; Jansen van Rensburg, W.S.; Mashele, X.B. & Ndlela, E. 2003. Proceedings of the Indigenous Plant Use Forum Conference, 5-8 July 2003, Clanwilliam, South Africa. Germplasm Management of African Leafy Vegetables for the Nutritional and Food Security Needs of Vulnerable Groups in South Africa. Vorster, H.J., Jansen van Rensburg, W.S., Van Zijl, J.J.B., Van den Heever, E. & Esterhuize, J. 2002. Progress Report from ARC-Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, South Africa for the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, June 2002. The Importance of Traditional Leafy Vegetables in South Africa. Vorster, H.J.; Jansen van Rensburg, W.S.; Venter, S.L. & Van Zijl, J.J.B. 2005. Paper presented at a Regional Workshop on African Leafy Vegetables for Improved Nutrition, 5-9 December, Nairobi, Kenya. The Southern African Trade Directory of Indigenous Natural Products. Commercial Products from the Wild Group. Free copies are available contact Tel: 021 808 3303. Indigenous Knowledge Systems in African Agriculture. Hart, TGB & Vorster, H.J. 2007. Department of Science andTechnology. Obtainable from the NIKSO of DST or downloadable from their website.

Other government departments are involved in areas of IK e.g. the Department of Trade and Industry (Intellectual Property, Amendments of Patent and Copyright Legislation); the Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Bill) etc.

5. Websites and publications

The following Info Paks can be obtained from the Resource Centre at DAFF, or be viewed at www.daff.gov.za take the Publications menu option: Bambara groundnut Field crops: Chickpeas Field crops: cowpeas Amarath, also known as morogo The contact number at the Resource Centre is 012 319 7141.

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Indigenous Knowledge on the South African Landscape: Potentials for Agricultural Development. Hart, T. & Vorster, H.J. 2006. Human Sciences Research Council. Obtainable from HSRC Press. You can also download it at www.hsrc.ac.za

One of the suggested measures to combat world hunger is to renew efforts to enhance the production and use of culturally appropriate, traditional and underutilised food crops.

6. Local business environment

The indigenous food crop sector is faced with a number of challenges which hinder productivity and profitability: Shortage of seed and other propagatng material. There is no formal seed supply system for many indigenous crops. Increased decline in consumption and production. Lack of value-adding technologies. As a result indigenous crops are largely consumed unprocessed. The popular value addition is drying or processing into flour through pounding. Lack of processing technologies makes it difficult for the sector to cater for changing needs of consumers. Marketing problems. Both local and export markets are flooded by exotic crops making it difficult for the introduction of indigenous crops. As a result, indigenous crops remain largely crops of the small producers, consumed largely in areas where they are produced. Threatened species. Since a lot of the vegetables and fruit occur under natural vegetation, they face over-exploitation. Edible seeds and fruits of these crops are gathered from the wild and with current growing human populations, and increased numbers of range animals (which eat the foliage as well as seed) populations of these plants are at risk of over-exploitation. This may result in elimination of the species from the areas and this is mostly aggravated by the fact that no or little effort is done to cultivate these species. Food security concerns. South Africa relies on a few staple crops for the survival of its people. These staple crops are maize, wheat, rice, potatoes, and beans. The heavy dependence of majority of South Africans on a few staple crops, make many poor people vulnerable to opportunistic and unjustified high increases in food prices especially staple food like maize meal. Poor households spend up to 50% of their income on food. This has caused a lot of hardships for poor households. When it comes to basic foods consumers have no choice but to absorb the price increase or starve.

Modern agricultural research has concentrated on increasing the productivity of a few crops and breeds. As a result, a few crops have come to replace other, locally grown crops and there has been an enormous simplification of our agricultural systems. It has meant that our food security today depends on a very few species, which are traded globally and are available at very low prices. For small-scale farmers in marginal areas this has not been a positive development. Traditionally dependent on many different plant species for exchange and subsistence, many farmers have been drawn into agricultural economies based on cash cropping commodity crops with little regard for the complexities and multifunctionalities of existing agricultural systems that have developed over time and in close contact with local ecosystems. In many cases, rural communities have abandoned the cultivation of food crops and are now dependent on cash for their everyday needs. The tendency of world commodity prices to fluctuate violently over time makes this a very risky strategy. Over the past few years, for example, the prices of many commodities have fallen so low that they do not even compensate production costs. Farmers are unable to fill this income gap from their present agricultural system, and there is a growing realization that diversification of production is an urgent necessity. For other farmers, especially those living in areas unsuitable for the cultivation of improved varieties or commodity crops, agrobiodiversity is basic to survival. The more diversified their farming systems the greater the chance of self-sustainability and self-reliance. In such areas so-called underutilised species are particularly useful. They have been selected over time to withstand such stresses as drought and floods, and they can be produced in a sustainable way using available, low-cost, input practices. In many cases these species are also valuable sources of the micro-nutrients and vitamins needed to overcome the problem of hidden hunger the lack of essential nutrients in diets consisting mainly of carbohydrate staples - which often affect the young and the elderly.Although useful and often nutritious, very little is known about these underutilised crops. Cultivation requirements, yield improvement potential and other properties are seldom investigated and rarely documented. Usually these crops have not been commercialised and little has been done to develop markets for them. It is difficult to find information on them and the traditional knowledge that used to be integrated into rural culture and handed down from generation to generation within local communities is disappearing rapidly with the modernisation of agricultural practices and the outward migration of young people.The displacement of local biodiversity is a major challenge not only for local food security but for the long-term sustainability of our global food system and the ecosystems that support it.
Source: Adapted from the editorial Valuing crop diversity on www.leisa.info Our grateful thanks to Tim Hart (HSRC), Ineke Vorster (ARC) and Willem Jansen van Rensburg (ARC), for invaluable assistance with this chapter. Our thanks too to Dr Retha van der Walt (NWU) for feedback and input.

7. International business environment

See separate chapter on Intellectual Property Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (Agra) www.agra-alliance. org has supported programmes which train breeders of crops indigenous to Africa. Higher output of foods such as cassava, sorghum and yams could help reduce imports of rice, wheat and maize. The Global Facilitation Unit for Underutilised Species (GFU) was set up in 2002 to encourage wider deployment of underutilised plant species globally. Visit www.underutilized-species.org United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) www.unesco.org. Find references to safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH).

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Field crops and horticulture

Indigenous medicinal plants
1. Overview
The article Economics of the Traditional Medicine Trade in South Africa by Futureworks! provides statistics and trade figures for this sector. Find details under the Websites and publications heading. The use and trade of medicinal plants in South Africa has become an area of significant interest for a range of groups, from environmentalists, to economists, social scientists, rural development specialists and law makers. The main reason for this is that African medicinal plants play a major role in the lives of most South Africans: about 80% of our population uses medicinal plants, and about 25% of all prescription drugs contain some ingredient sourced from plants. The livelihoods of many medicinal plant harvesters and traders depend on this trade. The trade in traditional medicines in South Africa is estimated to be worth R2.9 billion per year, representing 5.6% of the National Health budget. With 27 million consumers, the trade is vibrant and widespread. There are at least 133 000 people employed in the trade, with a large percentage of rural women. The plant trade is a key rural industry and business incubator. The supply of plant material and medicines is not sustainable at present. All plants are harvested from the wild, with popular species becoming locally extinct and being traded at very high prices. Much of the current research and development effort focuses on novel drugs research, with little effort being directed at improving the current harvesting, production, processing, storage and treatment technology. The future of the traditional medicines trade and its benefits are uncertain. There is a dire and urgent need to develop new technologies for medicinal plant harvesting, farming, processing, stabilisation, packaging, dispensing and treatment; as well as a need for assistance and support to be provided to current roleplayers in the industry to address the challenges and opportunities that they face.
Source: Nicci Diederichs. Contact nicci@futureworks.co.za

Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products (ASNAPP) Tel: 021 808 2918 info@asnapp.org www.asnapp.org The Agricultural Research Council (ARC) is a South African statutory body, formed under the Agricultural Research Act of 1990 with a mandate to conduct and undertake research, development and technology transfer. The ARC is engaged as a partner in various bioprospecting related initiatives. The ARC conducts research on various agricultural aspects of medicinal plants, especially those plants that are scarce and endangered. This research involves investigating propagation, cultivation, bio-activity, chemical composition, plant diseases, community development, nursery establishment, sustainable production, quality control and product development. The Medicinal Plant Incubator is one of the projects that is involved in research and train farmers and Traditional healers to propagate and grow medicinal plants. The ARC aims at developing agricultural and cultivation practices for medicinal plants so that the plants can be promoted as commercial crops in future. Some of the crops researched include buchu, aloe, honeybush, African potato, wild ginger and Wild wormwood. ARC-Roodeplaat, Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute (ARCVOPI) Tel: 012 841 9611 Gprinsloo@arc.agric.za

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Tel: 012 841 2911 www.csir.co.za A major bioprospecting programme aims to evaluate the pharmaceutical potential of the 18,000 to 20,000 species of vascular plants native to South Africa. Contact Matshidiso Moroka or Marthinus Horak for more information. Dr Vinesh Maharaj is also involved with Indigenous Knowledge and the medicinal use of plants. Write to him at vmaharaj@csir.co.za. Emingeni Herbals Tel: 011 673 1692 www.herbalafrica.co.za eThekwini Municipality Mr Shunnon Tulsiram: Acting Head Economic Development Tel: 031 311 4228 In terms of market size, Durban is one of the largest regional markets for medicinal plants in South Africa. About 400 or more of the 700 medicinal plant species traded in South Africa can be found at Durbans medicinal plant markets. Traditional healers add value to the trade through prescription and mixing of remedies, elevating the total value of eThekwinis annual trade in medicinal plants to around R170 million. eThekwinis Silverglen Medicinal Plants Nursery Tel: 031 404 5628/3176

2. Roleplayers
There are a number of different actors that have a part to play in addressing these issues through development of the medicinal plants industry in South Africa: the current roleplayers who have the knowledge of plants and their uses, credibility and market buy-in; private enterprise with the necessary resources, skills and capacity; research and development agencies with innovative ability; and government with the ability to set up a supportive, facilitatory and protective environment for growth.
Source: Nicci Diederichs. Contact nicci@futureworks.co.za

Silverglen Medicinal Plants Nursery partners with the community to revitalise stocks of threatened plants. A primary focus is to share knowledge with medicinal plant Medicinal Plant Incubator, ARC- harvesters, traders, and Inyangas Roodeplaat, Vegetable and and advise them that they can Ornamental Plant Institute (ARC- produce their own stocks of VOPI) medicinal plants through growing Tel: 012 841 9640 their own seedlings and farming. EvdHeever@arc.agric.za Muthi Futhi, a Gijima KZN project. ARC-Institute for Tropical & This is an innovative agricultural Subtropical Crops (ITSC) co-operative in the Uthungulu Tel: 013 753 7000 district which focuses on the infoitsc@arc.agric.za cultivation, processing, packaging and marketing of medicinal plants. Biomox Pharmaceuticals The Gijima KZN programme is Tel: 012 804 8068 a European Union initiative and www.biomox.com aspires to reduce unemployment, and reduce the number of Commercial Products from the households earning less than R800. Wild (CP Wild) Visit www.gijimakzn.org.za info@cpwild.co.za www.cpwild.co.za

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Grassroots Group Tel: 023 232 0506 www.grassrootsgroup.co.za Indigenous Plant Use Forum (IPUF) ipuf@uj.ac.za www.uj.ac.za/ipuf See National Research Foundation Institute of Natural Resources Tel: 033 346 0796 mccoshj@ukzn.ac.za Invest North West Tel: 014 594 2570 Elijah@inw.org.za www.inw.org.za A processing plant for Devils Claw and other indigenous medicinal herbs is being planned in the Ganyesa area. Cultivation is already taking place and 7,000 seasonal workers are employed throughout the region as harvesters. Isinthu Herbal Medicines Zodwa Khumalo 082 634 73111

National Research Foundation (NRF) Tel: 012 481 4000/1 www.nrf.ac.za The NRF funds the Indigenous Plant Use Forum (IPUF) which was started to promote the cultural, socio-economic and scientific benefits to be derived from the sustainable use of southern African flora. Natura Tel: 012 813 9400 www.natura.co.za Parceval Pharmaceuticals Tel: 021 873 3895 www.parceval.co.za Manufacturer homeopathic medicines of and herbal, natural

South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) Tel: 012 843 5000 www.sanbi.org

The University of the Free States Centre for Development and Arid Areas Programme has looked into the possibilities of farming with medicinal plants. Write SANBI is a public institution that to Dr Sue Taylor at rhtaylor@icon. aims to promote the utilisation and co.za conservation of, and knowledge and services in connection with, University of KwaZulu-Natal the southern African flora; and to (Pietermaritzburg) promote the economic use and Research Centre for Plant Growth potential of indigenous plants. and Development Tel: 033 260 5130 SANBI is involved both as a player rcpgd@ukzn.ac.za and partner in bioprospecting. It also represents government in several University of Pretoria policy forums. The organisation is Phytomedicine Programme involved in a number of Access and Tel: 012 529 8244 Benefit Sharing related initiatives. Kobus.eloff@up.ac.za Stellenbosch University Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Tel: 021 808 3728 samways@sun.ac.za Tshwane University of Technology Prof Alvaro Viljoen Tel: 012 382 6360 www.alvaroviljoen.com Traditional Healers Organisation Tel: 011 337 6177 thohealth@gmail.com www.traditionalhealth.org.za Umthathi Africulture Project is a collaboration between GardenAfrica, the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, Umthathi and traditional healthcare practioners in the Eastern Cape. Their brochure says: The aim of the Project is to support both biodiversity conservation and traditional health care objectives by ensuring that dwindling stocks of culturally valuable medicinal plants are made more available through cultivation - reducing the strain on wild populations, and Effective medicines, which are available to all, can be cultivated for income by wild harvesters (often the poorest of women), and other interested community members. Visit www. africulture.co.za Umthathi Training Project Tel: 046 622 4450 www.umthathi.co.za University of Cape Town Botany and Institute for Plant Conservation Tel: 021 650 2440 University of the Western Cape School of Natural Medicine Tel: 021 959 3064 Applied Herbal Science Programme Tel: 021 959 3620 The programme provides education and research on indigenous herbs that are used as medicines and nutritional supplements. South African Herbal Science and Medicine Institute (SAHSMI) Tel: 021 959 3033 jklaasen@uwc.ac.za Degrees and short courses are offered in Herbal Science and Medicine for doctors, pharmacists, traditional healers, scientists, farmers and entrepreneurs, amongst others. Indigenous plants that are used in various medicinal remedies are also grown and sold at the Environmental Education and Resources Unit (EERU) nursery. These are probably good starter plants for farmers to grow (lateral farming possibilities). Tel: 021 959 2498/3274 www.botany.uwc.ac.za/ eeru Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology gmaneveldt@uwc.ac.za www.botany.uwc.ac.za West Coast District Municipality Tel: 022 433 8530 Opportunities in growing indigenous medicinal plants.

Phyto Nova Tel: 021 673 2408 www.phyto-nova.co.za

PhytoTrade Africa: The Southern African Natural Iziko Museums of Cape Town Products Trade Association www.iziko.org.za. Tel: +26 347 40730 / 806 www.phytotradeafrica.com KARWIL Consultancy Willie Alberts 072 929 7080 Included on the website are notes on various priority species e.g. Lowveld Botanical Gardens Devils Claw, Baobab Tree, Mobola Tel: 013 752 5531 Plaum etc www.sanbi.org/lowveld Pico-Gro see page 645 The Lowveld Botanical Gardens Tel: 011 314 1029 is collecting the seeds of 120 erikao@telkomsa.net plants most sought-after for muthi www.pico-gro.co.za purposes. Medical Research Council (MRC) Tel: 0800 205 307 www.mrc.ac.za Supplying herbs and medicinal plants

ResourceAfrica Tel: 012 342 9242 / 52 The MRC, South Africas Science www.resourceafrica.org Council charged with facilitating and coordinating health and CSIR and ResourceAfrica formed a medical research, is involved partnership to jointly link traditional in bioprospecting through drug and modern conservation methods. research and development. Key One out of every four prescription projects include: drugs have derived from plants, hence the need to conserve them. Anti-malarial medicines from the medicinal plants of Rhodes University southern Africa project; National research and Selmar Schonland Herbarium development platform for Tel: 046 622 2312 novel drug development from t.dold@ru.ac.za indigenous medicinal plants; and Institute for Social and Economic The South African Traditional Research (ISER) Tel: 046 603 8555 Medicines Research Group. m.cocks@ru.ac.za The Mtubatuba Female Medicinal Plant Traditional Healers Association Silverglen in KwaZulu-Natal is involved in a Project see the earlier reference project to promote rural livelihoods to eThekwinis Silverglen Medicinal and conserve threatened plant Plants Nursery species that have nutritional and medicinal values. Contact Bongi Gwala - 076 110 5688.

Research deals with conservation Zanemvula issues pertaining to the Cape Flora Tel: 082 555 4162 (Flora Capensis one of the 6 floral www.zanemvula.co.za kingdoms of the world, and the smallest, but with high endemism A traditional healer of 8600 different plant species).

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3. National strategy
Department of Health (DoH) Tel: 012 312 0000 www.doh.gov.za While government recognises the potential role of and benefits of available remedies of African traditional medicine, it is aware of the dangers at hand. Relevant scientific research on medicinal plants should be conducted to validate claims made by African traditional healers on the healing powers of their plants while protecting their indigenous knowledge. That should include developing policy, legal and regulatory frameworks for the practice of traditional medicine, as well as create an environment for local production of such medicine. The Traditional Health Practitioners Act, 2007 (Act No 22 of 2007) has been signed into law and is of relevance here. In line with the National Health Act, government has also developed Regulations governing the implementation of the Traditional Health Practitioners Act. The Act provides for the establishment of Traditional Health Practitioners Council which will promote the practice of traditional medicine practice and foster research on existing traditional medicine. The Council will regulate traditional health practice by creating a registry for persons who engage in traditional health practice, setting competency levels for practitioners, maintain ethical and professional standards, and facilitate interaction with other sectors in the health system. The Department of Healths support for African traditional medicines research has included a R6 million grant channeled through the Medical Research Council for research into the safety, efficacy and quality of traditional medicines used as immune boosters by people living with HIV and Aids. The department had also developed a legislative framework to encourage the development of natural products for human health through the Medicines and Related Substances Act. The Act seeks to regulate the use of complementary, alternative, African Traditional and other categories of medicines in South Africa to ensure quality, safety and efficacy. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Read about the DAFF directorates at www.daff.gov.za

The informal sector does not respond well to regulation and consequently regulation alone is unlikely to improve the traditional medicines industry and the associated health care for the millions of consumers in South Africa. In addition to regulation, incentives need to be established that promote the development of appropriate technology in wild plant harvesting, farming, storage, packaging, dosage and treatment that encourages the current market players to participate in the development of their own industry. These incentives should be established by the various tiers of government by way of bursaries, research funds, safe and hygienic market infrastructure development, developing processing facilities and easy access to clean packing. Furthermore, local and foreign pharmaceutical manufacturers need to be encouraged to invest in the South African traditional medicines sector by ensuring that investors can secure the ownership rights of the technologies developed. Encouraging the laissez faire manufacturers to invest in product improvement will be a challenge, where currently they operate outside of formal regulation and compete with both the pharmaceutical manufacturers and the current market traders.

4. Websites and publications

Visit www.africanethnomedicines.net, website of African Networks on Ethnomedicines. www.aamps.net African Medicinal Plants Standards (AAMPS) Economics of the Traditional Medicine Trade in South Africa. Mander, M, Ntuli, L, Diederichs, N and Mavundla, K Chapter 13, National Health Review, 2008 Commercialising Medicinal Plants, A Southern African Guide, 2006. Diederichs, N (ed) African Sun Media. Mander, M 2004 Market Research on the organic and natural products and fynbos industry with an emphasis on how to facilitate entry is compiled by Marianna Smith and can be found on the website of the Surplus People Project, www.spp.org.za. Crops like Buchu, Devils Claw and Ghaap are included in the discussion. Find the numerous papers on the Human Sciences Research Council website www.hsrc.ac.za Included in the publications from Commercial Products from the Wild are Commercialising Medicinal Plants (A Southern African Guide) and Southern African Trade Directory of Indigenous Natural Products. The latter provides information, technologies, ideas and inspiration to individuals and institutions wanting to understand the medicinal plants industry in southern Africa and contribute towards its sensitive and appropriate development. Visit www.cpwild.co.za Indigenous Plant Genetic Resources of South Africa by C Coetzee, E Jefthas and E Reinten is a chapter from Perspectives on new crops and new uses J Janick (ed) 1999 ASHS Press. Kejafa Knowledge Works has stocked books on medicinal African plants, including Medicinal Plants of South Africa and Medicinal Plants of the World. Contact them at 014 577 0005 or write to kejafa@mweb. co.za Find From witchcraft to proven cure on the archived articles at www. farmersweekly.co.za in which Roelof Bezuidenhout discusses whether South Africas indigenous medicinal plants could be the farming crops of the future. The Phytomedicines Industry in Southern Africa by Myles Mander www. cpwild.co.za/phytomed.pdf Marketing of Indigenous Medicinal Plants in South Africa a Case Study in KwaZulu-Natal. Myles Mander. Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, Rome. www.fao.org/docrep/W9195E/W9195E00. htm Convention on Biological Diversity www.cbd.int. Included here are the Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising out of their Utilisation www.africanethnomedicines.net/journal.php African Network on Ethnomedicines SA Health Info, Health knowledge network of southern Africa www. sahealthinfo.org Included on www.scidev.net are issues relating to traditional medicines. This is the website of Science and Development Network which features news, views and information about science, technology and the developing world. Wong, J.L.G. (ed). In press. Handbook for Sustainable Bark Harvesting. FRP-DFID R8305 Bark Project. African Sun Media Applied Herbal Science Programme www.herbal-sciences.uwc.ac.za The South African Journal of Natural medicine www.naturalmedicine. co.za

Directorate: Plant Production Tel: 012 319 6079 DPP@daff.gov.za Directorate: Plant Health Tel: 012 319 6529 DPH@daff.gov.za

KZN Department of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs & Rural Development (DAEA) Training Resources Development (TRD)

Relevant short courses are Responsible for export regulations also offered i.e. sweet potato and standards as well as a special processing. A number of training protocol for export to the USA. Poster Modules are available in English and Zulu. The figure in Find the Forestry option at brackets indicates how many www.daff.gov.za. Issues like posters are in the module: sustainable bark harvesting are in Medicinal Plants Siphonochilus the province of Forestry (previous (11) DWAF - Department of Water and Environment Affairs) Medicinal plants Eucomis (16) Inspection for export is done by the Perishable Product Export For further information, contact Mhlongo at 033 Control Board (PPECB), Noreen appointed by the Department of 355 8237, or email Noreen. Clive Agriculture. Tel: 021 930 1134. Mhlongo@kzndae.gov.za. Viljoen is a second contact. Call www.ppecb.com 033 355 8234 or email clive. The Department of Water viljoen@kzndae.gov.za and Environment Affairs (DWEA) is the South African government authority responsible for the environment. Visit www. environment.gov.za

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www.econ4env.co.za/archives/ATRIP/indigenous1.pdf - Getting Started In The Indigenous Natural Products Business: A Manual For Entrepreneurs & Development Workers. ATRIP Biodiversity Project. Medicinal Plants of South Africa. B-E van Wyk, B. van Oudtshoorn, N. Gericke. Briza Publications, 1997 Zulu Medicinal Plants An Inventory. University of Natal Press, 1996 www.sanbi.org/research/ethnobot.htm SANBIs Ethnobotany Programme seeks to be a national focal point for research on traditional uses of southern Africas plants, for their conservation, sustainable use and development. Contributions are made towards documenting the cultural, medicinal and economic value of these plants. www.ceroi.net/reports/durban/issues/Terrestri/muthi.htm - information extracted from the earlier mentioned study by Myles Mander (A Case Study in KwaZulu-Natal.

6. International business environment

It is estimated that 3.5 billion people worldwide rely on plant-based medicine for natural health. The parallel growth of the formal local and export markets for medicinal plant products are linked to global trends towards natural health and wellness products. Strong growth in plant-based products is expected over the next decade as the search for new and innovative products increasingly focuses on Africa. Certification of plant material and herbal products is becoming more important as consumers, competitors and importing countries, increasingly apply higher standards in environmental management, organic production and product quality. Currently, much of the potential for market growth in the medicinal plants sector is limited by supply constraints. Many of these constraints would be eliminated if the medicinal plants were successfully cultivated. Increased supply of rare plants that are in high demand would almost certainly bring about market growth. An increased and more consistent supply of good quality plant material would also allow more advanced processing to take place. In Africa the market for medicinal plants lies mostly with the traditional cultures where traditional medicines remain an important health care resource. There is also an important, but difficult to quantify, export market for crude medicinal plant products. Relatively small local, regional and export markets exist for semi-processed and processed plant-based products. Generally very little plant processing occurs in Africa except by large commercial drug manufacturing companies. Of the more than 1,000 species traded in the informal market, only about 50 are traded in the formal market. The largest volumes of plant material traded in the formal market are for herbal teas (e.g. rooibos), although Devils Claw and Bitter Aloe are also significant. Both the informal and formal markets for medicinal plants and products are experiencing steady growth. It is speculated that growth in the informal market for traditional medicines and herbal remedies is being fuelled by the HIV-Aids pandemic in the region, and this may also account for growth in certain areas of the formal market (especially those relating to plants with perceived immune boosting activity).
Source: Nicci Diederichs

5. Local business environment

The value of the trade in raw medicinal plant materials in South Africa is estimated to be approximately R520 million per year (in 2006 prices). An additional R2.6 billion value is estimated to be added through prescription of traditional plant medicines by traditional healers. In total, the traditional medicinal plants and products trade in South Africa is estimated to be worth R2.9 billion per year. Most of this value does not enter into the formal trade and therefore is an addition to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). At the above prices, the annual value of the medicinal plant trade in South Africa is equal to 5.6% of the National Health budget, or equal to the whole Mpumalanga Health budget, or equal to the KZN Provincial Hospital budget. Importantly, there are at least 133 000 income earning opportunities generated by the trade in traditional medicinal plants and products in South Africa. Traditional medicine consumers: Some 27 million consumers of traditional medicine will have diminishing access to highly valued plants and traditional treatments. Those seeking better quality products will have little option but to purchase quality packaged over-the counter traditional medicines, but that are of questionable efficacy and safety. Traditional medicine traders: There is likely to be less trade in high value plants with a declining market share, and more people will be trading lower value plants. There will be more international imports of highly valued plants from neighbouring countries, such as Mozambique, Zambia and Swaziland. Pharmaceutical manufacturers: Large manufacturers are unlikely to engage in R&D in the trade while they remain unsure of the security of the intellectual property of their research findings. They will also be unlikely to develop products and markets for traditional medicines for fear of litigation around unsafe products. They may shift production to neighbouring countries like Botswana and Swaziland which have a more favourable manufacturing legislation. Laissez faire manufacturers: This group is likely to continue to grow rapidly while they operate without R&D costs and have little fear of litigation for unproven claims. Western health care practitioners: With little development of the current industry or traditional medicine practice, western practitioners will have to develop greater capacity to work with the positive or negative impacts of traditional medicines, and to engage with the possible changes in traditional medicine practice, especially the trade in over-the-counter traditional medicines of unknown quality which are not dispensed by knowledgeable traditional healers. There are effectively three sectors of medicinal plant products, each with different markets and different sets of market opportunities and constraints: 1. Unprocessed or crude traditional medicines. These medicines have had a long history of use and their healing properties are closely tied to cultural beliefs. They are typically traded in their raw form and usually in informal markets. 2. Processed traditional medicines or herbal remedies. These medicines are often prescribed by alternative medical practitioners such as homeopaths, herbalists and Traditional Healers. 3. Plant-derived allopathic medicines. The healing properties of these medicines may be based on traditional knowledge, but after lengthy screening and marketing processes, the products have been commercialised. These medicines are recognised by western medicine as having important allopathic properties.

7. Biodiversity prospecting, CITES and international agreements

Refer to the Intellectual Property chapter in this directory. Southern Africas extraordinarily rich and unique biodiversity has been recognised as a potential source of new drugs and other products. The research being undertaken to find these resources is often termed biodiversity prospecting - or bioprospecting. Bioprospecting is the search for genetic resources with an intention to commercialise them. It can also include the collection of traditional knowledge from local communities relating to the use of these resources. Access to South Africas biodiversity is legally controlled by the Biodiversity Act (No. 10 of 2004). The Government Gazette No. 8831 of 8 February 2008 also applies, carrying the Commencement of BioProspecting, Access and Benefit-Sharing Regulations, 2008.

8. Farming medicinal plants

Increases in market prices for certain medicinal plants have been linked to localised species extinctions and declining supplies of these plants. The declining supplies are directly attributed to over-harvesting of certain popular target species for medicinal use. This has resulted in researchers calling for the cultivation of indigenous medicinal plants as an intervention to address biodiversity and market sustainability issues. There is, however, much debate around the pros and cons of medicinal plant cultivation.

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Concerns are largely focused on: the potential loss of cultural and indigenous values associated with wild harvesting of medicinal plants; potentially reduced production of secondary metabolites (the active ingredients in most medicinal plants) in farmed plants compared to wild stocks; and genetic contamination of local species populations through cultivation with plants from alternative genetic stocks. Cultivation trials and pilot projects conducted to date have shown that medicinal plant cultivation has good economic potential for supplying commercial-scale volumes of medicinal plants. Fast-growing species can be supplied in sufficient quantities to meet market demand within a few years. However, slow-growing trees, particularly forest trees, are unlikely to supply the quantities of medicinal bark demanded in the short-term; nor does the production of bark from these trees present an economically viable production system. The production of alternative tree-based products (such as tree leaves) has thus been investigated. However, little is known about the effects of farming (cultivation) on the medicinal properties of plants. Cultivation aims to increase plant yields by improving growing conditions through addition of agro-chemicals and controlling the growing climate. Many Traditional Healers believe that cultivated plants treated with agro-chemicals (including fertilisers, pesticides and insecticides) do not have the same medicinal strength as wild plants. The active medicinal compounds that make medicinal plants so useful are mostly secondary metabolites that are produced by the plant to protect it from attack by pathogens, insects and browsers or grazers. These secondary metabolites may also play a role in protecting the plant from extreme climatic conditions (e.g. frost). Plants that are stressed by these attacks or extreme climatic conditions tend to produce greater concentrations of secondary metabolites as a survival mechanism. Plants cultivated using agrochemicals under controlled climatic conditions experience minimal stress and consequently produce less secondary metabolites. Chemical testing of cultivated plants has shown that the beliefs of many Traditional Healers with regards to cultivated plants having less medicinal strength than wild plants may, in fact, be true for many species. This has created the challenge of finding cultivation techniques that increase plant growth rates, but do not decrease the medicinal properties of the plants. In a survey undertaken in South Africa in which farmed stocks of raw and stabilised (freeze-dried) rare / scarce medicinal plants were introduced into a medicinal market through traders and Traditional Healers, there was a general acceptance of the farmed plant materials by most Traditional Healers and their clients. Where the strength of medicinal compounds had been reduced through the farming techniques or processing technologies used to stabilise the products, the Traditional Healers simply prescribed higher dosages of the plants and plant products. This acceptance of farmed plant material is most likely attributable to the growing scarcity and associated cost of certain popular medicinal plants. There is simply no other way to meet market demand for certain remedies that use scarce plants than to accept the farmed plant material in these cases. For species where availability or scarcity is less of an issue, Traditional Healers would probably be less accepting of farmed plant material. However, for commercial-scale production and supply of medicinal plants and products, farming is a necessity to sustainably achieve the volumes of plant material required. Therefore, it is likely that medicinal plant farms are the reality for the future provision of both scarce and commercially sought-after medicinal plant species in southern Africa.
Source: Myles Mander, Nicci Diederichs & Warren Spring

Field crops and horticulture

Maize
Also refer to the Grain and Oilseeds chapter

1. Overview
Maize, especially white maize, is one of South Africas most important agricultural products, used as staple food by millions of people in Southern Africa. Yellow maize is also the most important ingredient in feed rations for dairy, beef, poultry and egg production. Maize is produced in most parts of South Africa. However, the major areas of commercial production are situated in the Free State, North West and Mpumalanga Provinces. Maize is planted mainly between mid-October and mid-December. The rainfall pattern and other weather conditions of a particular season determine the planting period as well as the length of the growing season. Statistics (e.g. crop estimates, export/import etc) may be found on the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries website (take the Publications menu option at www.daff.gov.za) and on the South African Grain Information Service website, www.sagis.org.za The local consumption requirements for maize are around 6 824 800 tons per year. Many people think of maize only as a breakfast cereal or pap. In a processed form, however, it is also found as fuel (ethanol) and starch. Starch in turn involves enzymatic conversion into products such as sorbitol, dextrine, sorbic and lactic acid, and appears in household items such as beer, ice cream, syrup, shoe polish, glue, fireworks, ink, batteries, mustard, cosmetics, aspirin and paint. The oil from the embryo is used in cooking oils, margarine and salad dressings. The protein, hulls and soluble part of the maize kernel are used in animal and poultry feed.
Source: Field Crops: Maize Production (Info Pak available from the Department of Agriculture)

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2. Publications and websites

See also the Grain and Oilseeds chapter

Cultivar choice Guidelines for selecting maize cultivars Yield potential and adaptability Length of growing season Disease resistance Lodging Ear prolificacy Fertilisation of maize Application methods Nitrogen (N); Phosphorus (P); Potassium (K); Zinc (Cn) Weeds Methods of weed control (Physical methods; Cultural practices; Chemical methods) Principles of pest control Integrated pest management (Preventive control; Cultivation control; Biological control; Insect-resistant plants; Nematode control; Irrigated maize; Dryland maize)

www.sagis.org.za for historical information and statistics (national stocks, producer deliveries, import, exports, consumption. Weekly parity prices, etc.) Also visit the websites of other associations e.g. www.grainsa.co.za Production of maize, diseases and pests (CD) and the Maize Information Guide (MIG) are two comprehensive information sources, available from the ARC-GCI. Find the contact details under heading 2. www.daff.gov.za take the Publications option for several relevant documents e.g. the Maize Profile, which gives a background to and overview of maize production, and several Info Paks. Links to the different associations and relevant industry bodies in respect of South African grains and oilseeds are available on www. sagrains-oilseeds.co.za Easy to understand Infotoons are available on the subject: The Cultivation of Maize. Visit www.agis.agric.za take the AGIS and Skills Development menu options. Find the Technical articles option at www.pannar.com. Know the maize plant is a comprehensive booklet that guides one from the time of planting through to harvesting. The results of maize research projects that were funded by the Maize Trust are available from the Administrators of the trust at llagric@mweb.co.za or on www.maizetrust.co.za www.sagl.co.za National Crop quality and other national projects. The National Corn Growers Association website www.ncga.com www.cmegroup.com Chicago Board of Trade Below is the structure of Field Crops: Maize Profile, an Info Pak which in turn is based on information from Guide for the production of maize in the summer rainfall area by W du Toit and is available from the ARC-GCI. It is an invaluable 33 page guide to growing maize. It can be obtained from the Resource Centre at DAFF or downloaded from www.daff.gov.za (take the Publications menu option.

IRRIGATION
Harvesting process Hand harvesting Mechanical harvesting Production management guidelines Growth stage 0: from planting to emergence Growth stage 1: four leaves unfolded Growth stage 2: eight leaves unfolded Growth stage 3: twelve leaves unfolded Growth stage 4: Sixteen leaves unfolded Growth stage 5: appearance of silks and pollen shedding Growth stages 6 and 7: hard dough Growth stage 9: Physiological maturity

INTRODUCTION
Morphology, growth and development Root system Leaves Stem Inflorescence Maize ear Maize kernel Growth and development Adaption and production potential Climatic requirements (Temperature; Water) Soil requirements Production potential Cultural practices Soil tillage Effect of tillage practices on soil physical properties Soil physical properties affected by tillage Effect of tillage on soil (Infiltration and evaporation; Germination and root growth; Erosion) Implements and soil tillage Primary tillage implements (Mouldboard ploughs; Disc ploughs and discs; Chisel ploughs; Rippers) Secondary tillage implements (Rotary tiller; Tined cultivators; Harrows) Tillage systems (No-till; Stubble-mulch tillage; Reduced tillage; Conventional tillage) Establishment practices Planting date Planting depth and plant technique Plant population and row width

3. Roleplayers
The details of many other roleplayers can be found in the following chapters: grain and oilseeds (general), grain handling and storage, animal feeds, milling and small and micro milling. An extensive list of roleplayers can also be found on the SAGIS website, www.sagis.org.za take the List of Co-workers and then Maize menu options. ABC Africa Group Tel: 012 804 2033 www.abchansenafrica.co.za www.millingsupply.com AFGRI Tel: 012 664 8000 Tel: 017 624 1000 www.afgri.co.za African Micro Mills (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 584 6250 www.africanmicromills.com ARC-GCI (Grain Crops Institute) Tel: 018 299 6100 www.arc.agric.za Asgisa Eastern Cape Tel: 043 735 1673 http://asgisa-ec.co.za Bessemer Tel: 011 762 5341/2/3/4 www.bessemer.co.za Buhle Farmers Academy Tel: 013 665 4001 Buhler Tel: 011 801 3660 www.buhlergroup.com BASF Agriculture Tel: 011 203 2400 www.basf.co.za Capstone Seeds Tel: 033 330 4474 www.capstone.co.za Find information and contact details of the various directorates of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) at www.daff.gov.za Eco-Fert Tel: 021 979 1737 /975 0561 www.eco-fert.co.za Electrolee Tel: 012 347 9933 www.electrolee.co.za Grain SA (GSA) Tel: 056 515 2145 www.grainsa.co.za

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Grain Training Institute Tel: 012 656 1870 info@gtinstitute.co.za

Pannar Tel: 033 413 9500 /83 www.pannar.com

5. International business environment

The maize price is determined by the prices of the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) www.cmegroup.com (refer also to the Commodity Trading chapter). With food prices racing higher around the world, and strong demand for maize from food companies, livestock producers and ethanol makers, American maize (corn) production is considered a critical component. Visit the CBOT and National Corn Growers Association websites www.ncga.com The maize industry has been an important earner of foreign exchange for South Africa through the exports of maize and maize products. South Africas maize exports have gone to Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Japan, Mauritius, the Comores, Senegal, Madagascar, Cape Verde, Zambia, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, Angola, Kenya, the Congo, Ghana, Malawi, Benin, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Namibia, Somalia, Zambia, Sudan, Mali, Dar-es-Salaam, Indonesia, Iran and Chad. There is no import tariff on maize at this stage (2009). If the 21-day moving average f.o.b. price of maize in the US Gulf deviates by more than US$7/ton from the reference price of US$117,65/ton for 21 consecutive US trading days, a new tariff is triggered. Visit the SAGIS website every second working day of the week after 12h00 for updated import/export information. The Monthly Bulletin is also a vital source of information.

The GSI Group Africa (Pty) Ltd Plantkor Tel: 011 794 4455 Tel: 036 468 1309 www.gsiafrica.co.za www.plantkor.co.za GWK Ltd Tel: 053 298 8200 www.gwk.co.za JSE Limited Commodity Derivatives Tel: 011 520 7535 www.safex.co.za K2 Agri Tel: 044 203 5180 www.seedmarketing.co.za Kaap Agri Ltd Tel: 022 482 8000 www.kaapagri.co.za Maize Trust Tel: 012 807 3958 www.maizetrust.co.za The Board of Trustees ensures that the income derived from assets of the Maize Trust is utilised for the benefit of the whole maize industry. Directly affected groups in the marketing of maize and maize products are represented by the Technical Advisory Forum or the Maize Forum, as it is commonly known. Monsanto SA Tel: 011 790 8200 www.monsanto.co.za The National Association of Maize Millers Tel: 012 663 1660 NWK Ltd Tel: 018 633 1002/3 www.nwk.co.za Omnia Nutriology Tel: 011 709 8888 www.omnia.co.za OVK Ltd Tel: 051 923 4500 www.ovk.co.za Profert Tel: 018 293 3530 www.profert.co.za SA Lime & Gypsum Tel: 021 914 5330 www.sakg.co.za Senwes Ltd Tel: 018 464 7395 / 437 www.senwes.co.za South African Grain Information Service (SAGIS) Tel: 012 523 1400 www.sagis.org.za Stellenbosch University Department of Food Science Tel: 021 808 3578 voedselw@sun.ac.za Suidwes Grain Tel: 018 581 1000 / 0800511475 www.suidwes.co.za University of the Free State Department of Plant Sciences Tel: 051 401 2514 plantsciences@ufs.ac.za Villa Crop Protection Tel: 011 396 2233 www.villacrop.co.za Vrystaat Koperasie Beperk (VKB) Tel: 058 863 8111 www.vkb.co.za Yara Tel: 021 913 3751 / 862 6617 www.yara.com Zinchem Tel: 011 746 5000 www.agriculturefertilizer.co.za www.zinchem.co.za

Understanding the economics of the maize industry

Since 1996 the maize market is an open and deregulated market. What you get for your crop is very much what the market prices at the time are. A number of factors influence what this price is. The international price of maize. People want to save money. If they can buy maize from somewhere else at a price lower than yours, they will do so. The current exchange rate. The balance between the South African rand and the American dollar might make it a bad idea for a miller to buy your maize when he could be getting it cheaper somewhere else. This is the reason why the exchange rate is watched with great interest. Local production (influenced by weather conditions and hectares planted to maize). If there is not a lot of maize around, you will have many people wishing to buy your maize and so the price you get will be higher. Local consumption of maize (usually fairly constant around 7 million tonnes per annum). If the demand for maize were to drop, then not that many people would be wanting to buy your maize and you would have to settle for a lower price. Production levels in the SADC region (South Africa is usually the main source of white maize for these countries in times of shortage). If a lot of maize has been produced, then the people who buy it will be able to buy from elsewhere if you are wanting too much for yours. Stock levels (both domestically and internationally). How much maize is available? If white maize is imported to meet domestic demand, prices are normally at import parity levels (i.e. the international price multiplied by the exchange rate. Transport and other costs are then added). This also happens when domestic production is more or less equal to local demand or when total demand in the SADC region exceeds or equal regional supply. On the other hand, if white maize is exported to destinations outside the SADC region, the price will more likely be equal to the export parity price (i.e. the price of maize on the international market multiplied by the exchange rate minus transport and other costs). Thus, in times of surplus, the price of maize will be closer to export parity, whilst in times of shortages the price of maize will be closer to import parity. It should be emphasized that information on outlook and trends of the fundamental factors influence market perceptions of traders which eventually affect the price levels. Credible and timely information, especially on crop estimates, stock levels, imports and exports, is therefore critical for the proper functioning of the market. The price of maize meal is subject to the same trend as maize, though there is a lag period of several months.

4. Local business environment

There are still a lot of unexplored opportunities in the secondary maize industries e.g. ethanol production and protein extraction. If we invest in the downstream maize industries, we can retain our competitiveness in the grain sectors. Andrew Makenete, Land Bank

Read the Milling and Micro Milling chapters. A list of undesired white maize cultivars may be found on the www.grainmilling.org.za website. The maize marketing season in South Africa commences on 1 May and ends on 30 April the following year. No statutory levies arer applicable and the marketing of maize is free from statutory intervention.

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6. Commercial farmer points of interest

Read about Electrolee in the Precision Farming chapter

7. Emerging farmer information

Grain SA
Find the information on Grain SA in the Emerging Farmer Support chapter.

Critical aspects of importance: After sunflowers that were planted late in the season, or after groundnuts or sorghum, the soil is usually drier than when maize was planted during the previous season. Determine the moisture content of the soil before planting. Plant maize so that the flowering stage does not occur during the midsummer drought. Always plant a cultivar package and never replace a tried and tested cultivar on a large scale with a new cultivar. Do not exceed the recommended planting distance. Seed Requirements Yield (t/ha) 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 Low 8 000 10 000 12 000 14 000 16 000 Previous Season Normal 10 000 12 000 14 000 16 000 18 000 Good 12 000 14 000 16 000 18 000 20 000

The Maize Trust and assistance to emerging maize farmers

A pilot project, launched in 2007 by the Maize Trust to assist emerging maize farmers financially, has been extended. The main aims of the project are to assist emerging farmers with the cost of initial soil correction and to minimise their production risk. The assistance therefore improves the production ability of the farmers and aids them in obtaining crop input finance for the production of maize. The Trust makes use of the Agribusinesses to act as mentors to the farmers, so that the project can be successfully managed and the farmers can get the maximum benefit from the Trusts assistance. The Trusts financial assistance to the emerging farmers is done by paying for the cost of lime, which includes the cost of soil analysis; and all or a portion of the crop insurance premiums. The Trust is also prepared to pay a portion of the cost of extension officers, or a mentor, to assist the specific farmers.

Maize Seed gr. 3P 3R 4P 4R 5P 5R 5AR 6P 6R 7P 7R 8P

Maize Seed/ kg. 15% 3,001 2,652 2,644 2,134 2,278 1,751 1,700 1,853 1,411 1,547 1,267 1,343

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

Proper reporting is done by the Agribusinesses to the Trust and this, together with auditing systems that are applied, determine the further participation of the Agribusiness and the specific farmers involved. Physical visits by the Trust to the emerging farmers are also planned before and after the next maize 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 production season. The Trust paid a total amount of nearly R3,4 million to participants in the first year. Seven Agribusinesses participated in the initiative, which benefitted a total of 228 emerging farmers. These farmers planted more than 5000 hectares and delivered more than 12 000 tons of maize. Mr Karabo Peele, Chairperson of the Maize Trust, says: The Maize Trust is hoping that the success of this project will eventually encourage other organisations to become involved in funding similar projects and for a partnership to develop between Government and private sector to render effective assistance to emerging maize farmers.
Source: Maize Trust press release (adapted). Interested parties are invited to contact the administrators of the Trust, L & L Agricultural Services. Call 012 333 3429; fax 012 333 3634 or e-mail at l-lagric@mweb.co.za

X 1 000 PLANTs/ha 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.8 3.5 4.6 4.7 4.3 5.7 5.2 6.3 6.0 3.0 3.4 3.4 4.2 4.0 5.1 5.3 4.9 6.4 5.8 7.1 6.7 3.3 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.4 5.7 5.9 5.4 7.1 6.5 7.9 7.5 3.7 4.2 4.2 5.2 4.8 6.3 6.5 5.9 7.8 7.1 8.7 8.2 4.0 4.5 4.5 5.6 5.3 6.9 7.1 6.5 8.5 7.8 9.5 8.9 4.3 4.9 4.9 6.1 5.7 7.4 7.7 7.0 9.2 8.4 10.3 9.7 4.7 5.3 5.3 6.6 6.2 8.0 8.2 7.6 9.9 9.1 11.1 10.4 5.0 5.7 5.7 7.0 6.6 8.6 8.8 8.1 10.6 9.7 5.3 6.0 6.1 7.5 7.0 9.1 9.4 8.6 5.7 6.4 6.4 8.0 7.5 9.7 9.2 6.0 6.8 6.8 8.4 7.9 10.3 9.7

10.0 10.6

11.3 12.0 12.8 10.3 11.0 11.6

11.8 12.6 13.4 14.2 11.2 11.9 12.7 13.4

Estimated quantities in kg/ha for plant distance plant height and seed size. Note: This combination is expected to produce an 85% yield. Cultivar Preferences and Timing If you plant early, plant a combination of cultivars with a 20% fast or short growth timespan, 30% medium growth timespan and 50% long growth timespan. If you plant late, plant a mixture that comprises 50% fast or short growth timespan, 30% medium growth and 20% longer growing season. Weed control Always follow instructions to the letter. Read the brochure with care.
Source: www.suidwes.co.za

Thanks to L & L Agricultural Services, SAGIS and the ARC-GCI for providing input on the draft chapter.

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Field crops and horticulture

Other fibre crops
1. Overview
Major fibre crops covered in this chapter are flax, hemp, kenaf and sisal. Other fibre plants include abaca, coir (extracted from the outer shell of coconuts), jute and ramie. Fibre plants are present in diverse plant families, from legumes to wood species and grasses. Fibre plants grow in most ecosystems of South Africa the subtropical low lying coastal plains, the warm bushveld and arid half desert areas, while unique species are adapted to the wetlands and poorly drained areas. To develop the potential of indigenous plants for fibre production, a close working and financial relationship between the new farmer, the fibre industry and agricultural scientist must be developed. The establishment of an agro-fibre-industry that can independently manage its affairs and solves its own problems will be the ideal. As early as 2800 BC, Chinese farmers were cultivating hemp for making cloth, one of the oldest recorded uses of plant fibre for fabric production. And, until relatively recently, production of clothes, cloths, carpets, cordage, paper and ships sails, was entirely based on natural fibres. With the development of synthetic fibres derived from petroleum, the use of natural fibres began to decline. Worldwide, some 30 million tonnes of natural fibres are produced annually. For many developing countries natural fibres are of major economic importance, including cotton in parts of West Africa, jute in Bangladesh and sisal in Tanzania. Across the developing world, producers and processors of natural fibres face the challenge of developing and maintaining markets in which they can compete effectively with synthetics. Oil prices and concerns over the environmental cost of synthetic fibre production have created a renewed interest in crop (and animal) fibres.
Sources: www.new-ag.info/09/03/focuson.php and www.arc.agric.za

from the rest of the stalk in a process called retting. After retting, the straw is scraped away from the fibre by pulling the stems through hackles that comb the straw out of the fibre a process called scutching. Flax fibre is spun on equipment similar to that used for cotton. Flax produces a strong thread used for sewing and for manufacturing netting, twine and towelling, as well as for weaving linen.
Source: www.arc.agric.za and M Jacobsz

3. Hemp
Find the notes on www.hemporium.com

2. Flax
Flax, Linum usitatissimum L., is one of the oldest fibre crops. Its fibre is used to make linen and its seeds yield linseed oil. Growth and development Fibre flax is tough and durable and its cultivation presents no major difficulties. In favourable conditions, the yield per hectare can be 6 to 7 tonnes. Morphological differences between flax varieties are quite marked, depending upon whether the varieties are grown for seed or for fibre. Fibre flax is an annual self-pollinating plant that grows rapidly and reaches a height of 1.2 metre, depending on the variety, plant density, soil fertility and available moisture. Fibre varieties are placed close together to encourage taller stalks and minimal branching. The life cycle of the flax plant consists of a 60 to 80 day vegetative period, a 25 to 40 day flowering period and a maturation period of 40 to 60 days. Water stress, high temperature and disease can shorten any of these growth periods. Fibre flax grows best in a cool climate. In hot and dry climates, irrigation is necessary. It grows in slightly acidic to neutral soils or even those that are a little alkaline. Flax usually does well on types on land suitable for wheat. Harvesting and retting The main object in cultivating textile flax is the production of fibre which is separated out (scutched) after the flax stalks have been prepared (retted). When the plant turns yellow, fibre flax is harvested either by hand or pulled by machine, the seeds are removed and the stalks bundled and left to dry on the field. Before flax fibre can be utilised, the fibre must be separated

Hemp is an annual herbaceous plant that consists of a single main stalk, with an external sheath of bast fibre and an interior core of white, fibrous hurd. Industrial hemp and marijuana are different varieties of the same species, Cannabis sativa L. Though often associated with each other, and generally identical in appearance, they differ significantly in their tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content. Whereas marijuana contains 3 to 15 percent THC on a dry-weight basis, industrial hemp contains less than 1 percent. Hemp has a high fibre content, while the marijuana plant has a low fibre content. Hemp is bred to maximise fibre, seed and / or oil, while marijuana varieties seek to maximise the THC content. The fibre of this plant is not inside a boll, but forms the outer layer of the stems and stalks, and is therefore called bast fibre. It is similar to flax, jute and ramie in this way. Bast fibre crops are all annuals, except for kenaf, and their potential yields are largely determined by varieties the date of planting, an early rainfall, and daylight length exposure. Vegetative growth stops soon after the beginning of flowering and this is the optimum time for harvesting, when the crop is grown for fibre and other industrial applications. Harvesting for seed production occurs 4-6 weeks after flowering. Supplementation with required nutrients, amelioration of the soil acidity, and irrigation will be necessary for the production of this crop. Hemps deep roots aerate the soil. After the harvest, its roots and discarded leaves replenish the soil with nutrients. Its early growth and thick canopy choke off weeds, and it breaks disease cycles that reduce the yields of other crops. It can also be grown largely without pesticides and herbicides. It works well as a rotational crop and soil rehabilitator, soil erosion preventor, cash generator, and organic crop enhancer. The hemp crop is labour intensive, low input, high-yielding, a beneficial companion crop to pineapple and chicory. The commercial production of this crop is labour intensive, and has great potential for job creation in rural areas. The development of traditional agriculture based crops such as hemp would help encourage the rural regeneration and small-scale rural industries. Raw materials would be provided to various sectors such as paper, textiles, composites, industrial oils, animal bedding, fibreboards etc. Obstacles to growing hemp have been the legal/ethical complexity, lack of a suitable South African cultivar adapted to short day length growing conditions and limited knowledge and expertise in the processing of the crop. These have made it difficult for farmers and other entrepreneurs to benefit from the increasing demand for hemp products. It is the recognition of the economic opportunities presented by hemp for emerging farmers and industries alike that led to the launch of the National Hemp Foundation Trusts pilot programme for hemp cultivation in the Eastern Cape as well as initiatives like the Agroprocessing natural fibre Park, in Bathurst (the U Mama Park) and the Western cape Hemp initiative (done by a consortium of private sector companies). Challenges: Lack of South African adapted hemp cultivars suitable for fibre and/or oil production that is less day length sensitive. The present legislation is a deterrent to extensive hemp production for emerging farmers to enter the hemp extensive cultivation, as it calls for a fence around the crop, an item which small scale farmers can hardly afford. South Africa needs to cultivate at least 15 000 ha. in order to agroprocess technical fibres in a competitive, effective and sustainable manner.
Sources: Dr Yoseph Beyene, ARC-IIC, Rustenburg, CSIR, Diverse International Holdings

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4. Kenaf
Find the notes at www.kenaf.co.za

6. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Directorate: Plant Health Tel: 012 319 6505/39 DPH@daff.gov.za

OTHER

A member of the hibiscus family (Hibiscus cannabinus L), Kenaf is related to okra and cotton. This source of natural fibre has roots in ancient Africa and Asia where, 4000 years ago, it was cultivated for cordage. The modern cultivation is new to Southern Africa. It has been cultivated in the United States and parts of Asia for decades. Today it is increasingly being viewed world-wide as a sustainable, ecofriendly alternative to petroleum-reliant, synthetic raw materials. Kenaf is a light-weight, cost-effective natural fibre that is sustainable, economically viable and ecologically friendly. Because of its low-maintenance and drought-tolerant nature, and because of its short 3 to 4 month growing season, Kenaf is suitable as an interim crop. Kenaf is an excellent rotation crop for maize, groundnuts, etc. It enriches the land in which it grows. Kenaf versatility is unmatched. The range of value added products Kenaf can be used for is massive. These are products of the future. Many of the end products utilising Kenaf can be recycled or are biodegradable; complying with European legislation pertaining to automobile end-of-life. Kenaf has the highest CO2 absorption capacity (one ton of Kenaf absorbs 1.5 tons of atmospheric CO2), thereby helping to prevent global warming.
Source: www.kenaf.co.za

Department of Health Tel: 012 312 0000 Responsible for export regulations www.doh.gov.za and standards as well as a special Hemp is not legalised and is still protocol for export to the USA. declared a weed. Obtain a legal permit from the Department of Directorate: Plant Production Health to grow hemp commercially Tel: 012 319 6079 or for research purposes: the legal DPP@daff.gov.za requirements and rules for growing hemp are set out.

7. Websites and publications

The richness in diversity of the South African flora is acknowledged world wide. This diversity also includes plant species characterised by high fibre content in the leaf, stem or plant root of these species. These fibre sources are not yet being utilised commercially, although they were used for many centuries by the local tribes of the RSA. At least 30 plant species are known to be high in fibre content. The botanical description and distribution of these fibre plants are published in various publications like those of Van Oudshoorn, Trollope, Scotney & McPhee (1991), Heith Palgrave (1981), and Prof HP van der Schijff (1957). Find notes on fibre and other industrial crops at http://www.arc.agric. za/home.asp?pid=372&toolid=63&sec=0 Call 012 842 4017 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publication: Processing of Textile Crops (Cotton, flax, hemp, sisal). Hemp, Lifeline to the Future Chris Conrad (ISBN: 0963975412) The Great Book of Hemp Rowan Robinson (ISBN: 0892815418) www.naturalfibres2009.org 2009 was the International Year of Natural Fibres http://www.new-ag.info/09/03/focuson.php pages from the New Agriculturist with a focus on natural fibres Potential for the establishment of the South African Hemp Industry A Market Perspective a report developed for the National Hemp Foundation Trust by the Emerging and Potential Markets Working Group. The document is made of twelve sections dealing extensively topics like World Production Trends, Obstacles to Market Growth and Market Strategy. www.flaxcouncil.ca the Flax Council of Canada For customs tariffs on various fibres: http://rapidttp.co.za/tariff/53/ A google on the CSIR website, www.csir.co.za, will yield a number of documents on fibre crops.

5. Sisal
The main production areas have been in the Limpopo Province and KwaZulu-Natal, with annual yields of up to 5000 tons of fibre. The majority of this fibre was processed locally but any surplus was successfully exported to many overseas countries where it was well received because of the high quality of South African grown fibre. In recent times the production of fibre has almost ceased in South Africa because of initial labour problems. At present all fibre used in South Africa is imported at a cost of over R20 million, representing a serious drain on our foreign reserves. There are three small sisal projects currently being resurrected in Limpopo. It is sincerely hoped that this will herald the resurgence of an industry which provided gainful employment of up to 4000 people in the dry, hot and isolated areas of the country where job opportunities are scarce. Apart from providing excellent job opportunities, the crop: grows throughout the year; can be harvested throughout the year; has an unlimited local market (for the fibre); has no appeal to thieves; receives a good final price.

8. Roleplayers
ARC-Institute for Industrial Crops (IIC) Tel: 014 536 3150-3 CSIR Textile Technology Centre for Fibres, Textiles and Clothing Sunshine Blouw Courses for the production on Tel: 041 508 3289/20 flax, hemp and sisal are compiled sblouw@csir.co.za according to requests. The CSIR has developed a capability, using extensive networking, to establish new agro-industries around indigenous and exotic plant fibres, including the feasibility studies, fibre extraction, fibre processing, product development and marketing. This is evident in the Brits Automotive Systems initiative to establish an Indigenous Tel: 021 480 3140 Plant Fibre Industry in South Africa, www.brits.co.za and feasilibility studies on hemp, The IDC holds 31% shareholding flax and sisal. in the company. The institute is responsible for all fundamental and applied research of interest to the tobacco and fibre industries, such as cotton, sisal, hemp and flax in all the production areas of South Africa.

The fibre is used in the production of twines and ropes, buffs and carpets, and numerous other minor uses such as the manufacture of dartboards, mattress pads, and crafts. The sisal bowl is most popular for bird nesting purposes, and the attractive sisal poles are widely used in game parks for bomas and hides. Further information on the Sisal Industry can be obtained from: Clive S Henderson National Sisal Marketing Committee Tel: 033 345 2508 Fax: 08 651 658 42 clive@clivehenderson.co.za P O Box 1096, Pietermaritzburg 3200

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Hemporium Tel: 021 797 8233 www.hemporium.com Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) Food, Beverage and Agro Industries Tel: 0860 693 888 callcentre@idc.co.za www.idc.co.za International Consortium of Future Energies (ICOFE) Thierry Alban Revert or Mmabatho Tsuene Tel: 011 887 0800/ 073 303 1554 Tel: 011 466 2900/ 083 519 3375

National Sisal Marketing Committee Tel: 033 345 2508 clive@clivehenderson.co.za The functions of the NSMC include the coordination of supply and demand, developing new markets for sisal, and monitoring the deliveries to spinners and the payments to growers. Sustainable Fibre Solutions (Pty) Ltd. Christoper Derungs (Factory Manager) Tel: 036 488 1430 sfsman@brits.co.za www.kenaf.co.za

With a focus on rural job creation the CSIR assists communities with specialised design and product development services. Unique designerlabel household accessories utilising natural fibres and indigenous themes and designs are launched. Five hemp manufacturing SMMEs employing 45 people have been established in the Eastern Cape Province. Enquiries: Sunshine Blouw CSIR Division of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, sblouw@csir.co.za

10. International business environment

European legislation is encouraging the use of natural fibres in industrial applications through tax incentives. There is increased environmental awareness and concern in business, fuelled by regulatory pressures such as the adoption of ISO 14000 (environmental management standards). The following products are manufactured from hemp in the USA: Accessories: Back packs, bags, beanies, belts, briefcases, caps, checkbook covers, gloves, guitar straps, hair ties, hats (knit, crocheted, fabric), hip packs, jewelry, luggage, purses, scarves, shawls, shoe laces, shoes, socks, ties, travel kits, wallets, watchbands Beds, bedding, feed, leashes and collars, treats Baby clothes, bathrobes, dresses, jackets, jeans, lingerie, overalls, pants, shirts, shorts, skirts, suits, sweaters, T-shirts Aromatherapy mists, hair conditioners, lip balms, lotions, massage oils, perfume, salves, shampoos, soaps Beer, breads, burgers, cheese, chips, chocolate bars, coffees, cookies, defatted hempseed meal, dehulled hempseeds, dry mixes - cake, cookie, pancake and pizza dough, energy bars, flour, hummus, ice cream, lollipops, nut bars, nut-butter, oil, pasta, pastilles, pat, pretzels, roasted seeds, salad dressings, soda drinks, spiced hemp seeds, tea, toasted shelled hempseed, wine, wraps Aprons, blankets, curtains, couch covers, furniture, hammocks, potholders, pillows, placemats, napkins, tablecloths, towels Art papers, bond, bookmarks, books, cigarette papers, corrugated board, envelopes, invitations, journals, magazines, postcards, posters, stationery, writing pads, books, magazines, newsletters, research papers Bast fiber: batting (tow) long fiber (line or sliver) for industry and craft use, hurds (core) , seed stock andf seed grain Frisbees, hackie sacks, skateboards, snowboards, surfboards Twine, rope, yarn, webbing and embroidery thread Hand woven and mill loomed fabrics - blended silks to canvas, various weights and textures, colors, patterns, stripes and plaids; knits; finishing services; non-woven matting (replaces fiberglass), carpets, rugs Dolls, candles, coffee filters, drums, picture frames, teddy bears, toys

ICOFE has secure technology and investment partnerships with The House of Hemp several performing European Tel: 016 362 1022 Companies. A variety of hemp products Industrial hemp (for both offered ranging from apparel to agriculture and agro-processing) stationery to building materials. is yet unknown to SA emerging These are produced by small-scale or/and commercial farmers and entrepreneurs from previously this necessitates an important investment in capacity building, disadvantage communities with the assistance and support of the skills and expertise development. CSIR. National Hemp Foundation Trust (NHDT) / National Fibre University of the Free State Department of Plant Sciences Centre Tel: 051 401 2514 Tel: 041 508 3289 plantsciences@ufs.ac.za C/o Sunshine Blouw sblouw@csir.co.za University of Pretoria The National Hemp Initiative was Department of Plant Production launched in August 1999, and was and Soil Science subsequently registered as a trust. Dr Diana Marais Tel: 012 420 3218 The trust was named the National diana.marais@up.ac.za Hemp Foundation Trust (NHDT).

Animal Care: Apparel:

Cosmetics:

Foods:

Housewares:

Other Research Units and Parastatals:

Dhne Agricultural Development Institute (DADI) research directorate of ECDA Eastern Cape Tertiary Institutions (Fort Cox Agricultural College) Eastern Cape Development Corporation (ECDC) East London Industrial Development Zone (ELIDZ)

Paper:

Raw Hemp:

9. Emerging farmer news

Amajuba District Municipality Tel: 034 329 7200 www.amujuba.gov.za A pilot kenaf project is being run. The Inina Craft Agency, based in Eshowe, KwaZulu-Natal, co-ordinates the production and sale of conference bags and file covers manufactured from wetland reed species. The Agency has supplied the International Surgeons Conference, the Rhodes Trust Conference and numerous government conferences. The bags and file covers have been very well received. The Inina Craft Agency is a co-operative owned entirely by rural Zulu women craft producers. In addition to the woven wetland fibre products it also markets handmade paper products, beadwork and other craft items. Visit www.inina.co.za or contact Thandazile, Thandeka or Fundi on e-mail: inina@telkomsa.net or telephone 035 474 1466. Sports Equipment: Spun Hemp: Textiles:

Other:

Sources: As acknowledged after headings and from websites mentioned in this chapter.

Our thanks to Dr Tom Vorster, Dr Graham Thompson and Marietjie Jacobz for feedback on the draft chapter

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Field crops and horticulture

Other grains and oilseeds
Visit the Biodiversity Explorer, www.biodiversityexplorer.org/encounter/food/ grains.htm for a breakdown of grains that is more extensive than what we have listed here. Roleplayers in the Grain and Oilseeds chapter can also be contacted.

The bottom line is that the rice supply needs to increase to improve future food security, and new international suppliers of rice could play an important role in providing new sources of rice to importers.
Source: Adapted from the article Global rice trade: what does it mean for future food security?, Rice Today, April-June 2009. Mbendi newsletter, 31 July 2009

5. Rye
Rye (Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain and as a forage crop. It is a member of the wheat tribe (Triticeae) and is closely related to barley and wheat. Rye grain is used for flour, rye bread, rye beer, some whiskies, some vodkas, and animal fodder. It can also be eaten whole, either as boiled rye berries, or by being rolled, similar to rolled oats. Rye is a cereal grain and should not be confused with ryegrass which is used for lawns, pasture, and hay for livestock.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye

1. Crambe
Crambe International Pty Ltd is an international company focusing on contracting South African farmers to produce Crambe abyssinica, an oilseed. Crambe International processes the resulting crop for the oil. Contact details under heading 7.

2. Millet
The different millets include Common millet, Foxtail millet, African finger millet and Bulrush millet. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) accounts for 55% of global millet production and is the worlds sixth most important cereal grain. It is grown in over 40 countries, mostly Africa and Asia. Known as mahangu here, it is the staple grain crop in Northern Namibia, the Okavango region of Botswana, and southern Angola. Of all the major cereals, millet is the one most able to tolerate extremes of heat and drought, and with global warming, might play an even more important role in the future.
Source: Breeding of millet cultivars and varieties from the ARC-GCI pages at www. arc.agric.za; ARC PPRI Newsletter January March 2009, p 8

6. Triticale
Triticale is a hybrid of wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale). Depending on the cultivar, it can more or less resemble either of its parents. It is grown mostly for forage or fodder although some triticale-based foods can be purchased at health food stores or are to be found in some breakfast cereals.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticale (adapted)

7. Roleplayers
African Centre for Crop Improvement Tel: 033 260 5274 www.acci.org.za Agricol Tel: 021 981 1126 www.agricol.co.za ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute Emil von Maltitz VmaltitzE@arc.agric.za Phanuel Malebane MalebaneP@arc.agric.za ARC-Grain Crops Institute Tel: 018 299 6248 www.arc.agric.za Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice) Formerly WARDA/ADRAO www.AfricaRice.org GWK Ltd Tel: 053 298 8200 www.gwk.co.za International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) irri@cgiar.org www.irri.org The largest non-profit agricultural research center in Asia, with headquarters in the Philippines and offices in 14 nations. Kaap Agri Tel: 022 482 8000 www.kaapagri.co.za Moorreesburgse Koringboere Tel: 022 433 8300 www.mkb.co.za

3. Oats
Oats have numerous uses in food; most commonly, they are rolled or crushed into oatmeal, or ground into fine oat flour. Oatmeal is chiefly eaten as porridge, but may also be used in a variety of baked goods, such as oatcakes, oatmeal cookies, and oat bread. Oats are also an ingredient in many cold cereals, in particular muesli and granola. Oats may also be consumed raw, and cookies with raw oats are becoming popular. While oats are suitable for human consumption, one of the most common uses is as livestock feed. Find an extensive list of roleplayers on www.sagis.org.za. Choose the List of Co-workers and then the Oats/Hawer menu options.

4. Rice
Rice is different from other major field crops such as wheat, maize, and soybeans because of its high geographical concentration in production and consumption (around 90% in Asia), literally making it an Asian crop. Historically, a very small proportion, around 57%, of total rice production has been traded compared with 20% for wheat, 13% for maize, and 30% for soybeans. More importantly, four of the top five exporters, with a 70% share of total global rice trade, are from Asia, for which domestic food security comes first and trade is a distant second. Outside Asia, the potential to increase rice production exists primarily in South America and Africa. Currently, South America is more or less selfsufficient in rice and has the land mass to expand rice production if the underlying economics make sense. Africa, on the other hand, probably has more potential than even South America because of its underused land and water resources. But Africa requires a stable political environment and the necessary investment for infrastructure and market development to boost its rice production. Rice production in neighbouring Mozambique reached 260 000 tonnes in July 2009.

Pannar Seed Tel: 033 413 9500 Find the step-by-step video on www.pannar.com growing rice, as well as various notes, articles and news. Stellenbosch University Department of Genetics Capstone Seeds Tel: 021 808 4860 Tel: 033 330 4474 www.capstone.co.za Tiger Brands Tel: 0860 102 056 Crambe International Pty Ltd www.tigeroats.co.za Tel: 087 941 5562 www.crambeinternational.com Vrystaat Koperasie Beperk (VKB) Forestry and Agricultural Tel: 058 863 8373 Biotechnology Institute (FABI) www.vkb.co.za Tel: 012 420 3938 www.fabinet.up.ac.za

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Field crops and horticulture

Potatoes
1. Overview
The potato (solanum tuberosum) is recognised as an important foodstuff worldwide, so much so that the United Nations declared 2008 International Year of the Potato. Potatoes are seen as a key component in the worldwide fight against hunger and malnutrition and the creation of food security. Potatoes are packed with vitamin B3, B5, B6, C and fibre. They are ranked after rice, wheat and maize as the worlds fourth largest food crop. In addition to being eaten as a vegetable by humans, potatoes can be used as feed for livestock. The domestic processing sector uses potatoes for three processed products i.e. crisps, frozen and fresh French fries. Potato starch is used in the food industry as a thickener and binder of soups and sauces, and elsewhere as an adhesive and for the manufacturing of papers and boards. It also holds potential as a base for biodegradable packaging. Potatoes can also be used to brew alcoholic beverages like vodka. Some 19.3 million hectares of potatoes are planted worldwide every year. The total production averages 322 million ton. In Africa the average hectares planted annually are 1.5 million delivering an average of 16.3 million ton. As far as yield per hectare is concerned South Africa produces 35 tons per hectare follow by Egypt and Morocco with 25 and 24 tons respectively.
Source: Potatoes South Africa (adapted) and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato

Regional Services the five regional offices are strategically placed to render a service to the potato producers in the 16 production regions. It also renders a support service to the other core businesses regarding the identification of research needs, the establishment of communication networks, arranging information sessions and providing regional crop estimates.
Detailed information on these core businesses can be obtained from the PSA website.

Potato Certification Service (PCS) Tel: 012 349 1910 Fax: 012 349 1909 PCS is responsible for the certification of seed potatoes with a phyto-sanitary status - in respect of diseases and pests - that falls within the predetermined norms and which are true to type. The Certification Scheme which functions in accordance with the Plant Improvement Act, 1976 (Act No. 53 of 1976), requires that each generation of seed potatoes must comply with quality standards. To ensure the sustainability of seed production in South Africa, the Scheme is based on disease-free material as base material (zero tolerance). Product Control for Agriculture (Prokon) Tel: 012 325 4579 Fax: 012 325 2461 Prokon is authorised by the Department of Agriculture to apply the official requirements applicable to the grading, marking and packing of potatoes. PSA has contracted Prokon to render comprehensive and cost effective quality assurance, product management and grading services to the potato industry, including the establishment and maintenance of efficient information systems, grading information programs and problem solving networks.

the Department of Agriculture in terms of the Plant Improvement Act, 1976 (Act No. 53 of 1976) for the determination of disease status and variety true to type of seed potatoes presented for certification. The Coen Bezuidenhout Seed Test Centre at Zeekoegat, Pretoria acts as the controlling laboratory. South African Exporters Forum Tel: 022 913 1508 Fax: 022 913 1408 The South African Exporters Forum comprises of companies that also export potatoes and comply with the code of conduct of the Forum. Seed Potato Traders Forum Tel: 013 243 0544 Fax: 013 243 0546 The Seed Potato Traders Forum comprises of companies trading in seed potatoes and complies with the code of conduct of the Forum. The goal of the Forum is to formally organise seed potato traders in order to render a professional marketing service to potato producers. Packaging Forum Tel: 012 349 1906 Fax: 012 349 2647

2. Associations involved
Potatoes South Africa (PSA) Tel: 012 349 1906 Fax: 012 349 2647 www.potatoes.co.za PSA is the representative industry organisation and plays a leadership role in sustainable potato production in South Africa. PSA could be regarded as the engine room of the industry and through its five core businesses PSA involves the full spectrum of activities and role players in the potato industry on its committees and forums. The core businesses are: Industry Information Service the collection and distribution of production and market-related information to all role players in the potato supply chain. The emphasis is on providing information that is usable and timely to enable users to make informed decisions on the production and marketing of potatoes. Use is made of the services of the University of Pretoria and the University of the Free State. Market Development and Product Promotion the development of local and foreign markets through integrated promotional campaigns in co-operation with industry partners in the potato marketing chain. Other aspects also dealt with under this core business are grading regulations, packaging and social responsibilities. Research and Development and Technology Transfer the facilitation and management of research programs to the benefit of the industry roleplayers such as potato producers, consumers and processors. PSA commissions partners such as the Agricultural Research Council, the University of Pretoria, Stellenbosch University, Provincial Departments of Agriculture, etc. It is also responsible for the management of the regional potato workgroups that conduct on-farm potato trials and for establishing the research requirements of the potato producers at ground level. Transformation the programmes are constantly evolving and have the following as focus areas enterprise development, equity partnerships, BEE compliance, skills development and socio-economic development. The overarching goal for transformation is to achieve sustainable economic development and change for potato production enterprises.

The Packaging Forum comprises of companies that import and manufacture paper for the production of potato bags and Potato Laboratory Services the potato bag manufacturers. Tel: 012 808 1660 The purpose of the Forum is to Fax: 012 808 1662 consider and attend to requests such as alternative packing sizes, Five strategically situated national alternative paper and printing laboratories are registered with specifications.

3. Other roleplayers
Find details of DAFF directorates on www.daff.gov.za The names of various roleplayers can be found at www.potatoes.co.za. In some cases, contact details are supplied e.g. the list of contacts under Exports. The reader is also encouraged to refer to heading 2 and to relevant chapters in this directory e.g. crop protection. A list of processors can be found in the publication Horticultural Crops Market Value Chain Profiles, available from the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

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Bag manufacturers and other inputs

Central Sacks Tel: 033 346 2626 Crown Bag Man Tel: 058 635 1166

Uniekum Agricultural Machinery Tel: 021 981 3516 www.uniekum.co.za

The ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering (ARC-IAE) has a publication Processing of Root Crops (Asparagus, beetroot, carrots, garlic, onions, potatoes, sweet potato). Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for a copy. www.cgiar.org - find the publications menu option, as well as the link to the International Potato Centre (CIP). CIP Publications include a wide range of literature on potatoes, sweetpotatoes, andean roots and tubers, potato diseases, true potato seed, and much more. English and Spanish titles available. Read about an initiative by potato farmers in the Sandveld to use Best Practice, to farm in such a way that the biodiversity in that area is preserved. Find out more about the Greater Cederberg Biodiversity Corridor at www. cederbergcorridor.org.za www.cipotato.org - website of the International Potato Center

Other
ARC-VOPI (Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute) Tel: 012 841 9611 First Potato Dynamics Group Tel: 021 914 4441 www.fpd.co.za GWK Ltd Tel: 053 298 8200 www.gwk.co.za Kaap Agri Tel: 022 482 8000 www.kaapagri.co.za Rascal Seed Research Laboratories (Pty) Ltd Tel: 053 441 3408 www.minitubers.co.za

Machinery
Dormas Tel: 011 496 2800 www.dormas.co.za Oos Kaap Trekkers Tel: 042 284 0301 oktrek@lantic.net Potatoman Tel: 082 553 3262 potatoman@lantic.net Turnerland Manufacturing Tel: 022 723 1413 www.turnerland.co.za

6. Local business environment

Find the Todays prices menu option on www.potatoes.co.za. The downloads from the most recent congress also give a measure of where the industry is at. As a result of the countrys unique climatic conditions potatoes are cultivated all year round by about 640 producers in 16 production regions ensuring a permanent supply of fresh potatoes. Approximately 50 000 hectares are planted under potatoes producing an average of 1.9 million tons of potatoes. The South African growth season for potatoes ranges between 90 to 120 days depending on the cultivar. In South Africa the leading cultivars based on production are Mondial with 33%, BP1, with 20% and Up to date with 9%. Primarily eleven cultivars are used for commercial potato production, representing 90% of all plantings. Potatoes account for nearly 50% of South Africas vegetable production. The bulk of potatoes are grown in the Free State, Limpopo and the Sandveld. In 2008 50 393 hectares were planted with potatoes yielding the equivalent of 203.9 million 10 kg bags. In terms of hectares the Eastern Free State is the largest production area with 9 112 hectares. However, the most potatoes are produced in Limpopo because it is primarily produced under irrigation (in the Eastern Free State potatoes are produced under dry land conditions). Seventy-six percent of all potato plantings are with certified seed potatoes. The distribution of the potato crop for 2008 was: Seed 9% Export 7% Processing 19% (McCains, Willards etc) Informal market 28% (informal traders who buy 10kg pockets and repackage them for sale in smaller quantities) Formal market 37% (Fruit and Veg City, Pick n Pay etc)

4. Training and research

In addition to the training provided to developing potato producers, PSA also manages the Potato Industry Development Trust Bursary Scheme which makes bursaries available to deserving students for undergraduate and post graduate studies related to the potato industry. Research is addressed under the core businesses. For more information go to www.potatoes.co.za (find the research menu option). Provincial Departments of Agriculture, working with the Agricultural Colleges, provide courses in vegetable production. Potato production is included, or can be a separate course all on its own. At Cedara in KwaZuluNatal, Poster Training Modules are also available. Contact Clive Viljoen or Noreen Mhlongo at Training Resources Development. Tel: 033 355 8234/7 or email clive.viljoen@kzndae.gov.za or Noreen.mhlongo@kzndae.gov.za

5. Publications and websites

www.potatoes.co.za saw a revamp in 2009 and is definitely a first stop. Included are the presentations delivered to the September 2009 PSA Congress. Chips is a magazine targeted specifically at the potato industry. Contact 012 349 1906/7 or email etheron@potatoes.co.za for more information. The Potato Industry Report is published annually and provides an overview on the activities of Potatoes South Africa, Potato Certification Service, Prokon and Potato Laboratory Services. The Guide to Potato Production in South Africa constitutes 173 pages of useful information for farmers, students and field officers. The manual is available from Potatoes South Africa. Find the notes on potatoes at www.agis.agric.za/agisweb/agis.html . Find the Info Paks on potato production under Publications at www.daff. gov.za

7. Transformation
Find Transformation under the notes on the PSA core business (see heading 2) and at www.potatoes.co.za Our thanks to Gawie Geyer (Potatoes South Africa) for feedback on the draft chapter

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Field crops and horticulture

Rooibos
1. Overview
Find the Fact File menu option on www.sarooibos.co.za. The websites of some of the companies involved include notes on planting, harvesting and processor etc. Herbal teas such as Rooibos and Honeybush teas (see separate chapter) with health properties are valued in beverages, food flavourants, functional foods, nutraceuticals and cosmetics. Exports could be further developed through new value-added products, while agro-tourism also represents a development opportunity. Aspalathus linearis grows over a large area in the Cape fynbos biome. The commercial type (Aspalathus linearis or Nortier type) is cultivated mainly in the Cedarberg region north west of Cape Town. The plant thrives on coarse sandy soil and winter rainfall. Commonly known as Rooibos (red bush) or Red Tea because of its colour when dried, it has a refreshing flavour and sweetish aroma, is caffeine-free and lower in tannin than black and green tea prepared from Camellia sinensis, and has anti-allergy, antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. Centuries ago, the nomadic Khoi and San people almost certainly harvested the Rooibos bush, crushing the leaves with their primitive tools and leaving them in heaps to ferment before drying them in the sun. Since then the process has become more sophisticated. Planting. Seeds of the Rooibos plant are sown from February to March. The seedlings are transplanted between June and August, and the first crops reach maturity some 18 months later. The plants height at maturity varies from one to 1,5 metres in its natural state, while the height of harvested plants varies from 0,5 to 1,5 metres, depending on the age of the plant, or the climate and soil conditions in the area of production. Although the plant requires a production area with winter rainfall, its active growth only starts in spring, increasing towards midsummer after which growth declines. The plant is usually covered with small, yellow, pea-shaped flowers during October. The flowers each produce a small legume containing a single, very small, light yellow, hard-shelled seed. Harvesting. During harvesting, each bush is cut to 35cm above the ground. The harvested shoots are bound into sheaves and transported to the processing yard, where they are cut to a standard length of less than 4 mm, bruised between rollers. The shredded plant material are gathered into low heaps,which are moistened to start the fermentation process and aerated to ensure uniform oxidation. The oxidative process, initiated by the reaction between the polyphenols and enzymes in the Rooibos, changes the plant material from green to its characteristic amber colour and develops its distinctive, sweet aroma. Drying. The fermented Rooibos is then spread out over large drying yards to dry in the sun. The dried tea is gathered up by special vacuum machines for delivery to the factory. Plantations have to be re-established after 3 to 5 harvests. Rooibos seed is by nature very hard-shelled. The seed is scrubbed with mechanical scourers to increase the germination potential from approximately 25 30% to 85 95%.Rooibos seed is a precious article, simply because each legume bears only one seed which pops open and shoots out as soon as it is ripe. For this reason the seed was extremely expensive before it was discovered that ants were its main harvesters. Today some farmers still collect seed from anthills, but more commonly by sifting the sand around the plants. One kilogram of seed yields approximately eight hectares of Rooibos.
Source: http://gw.capetown.gov.za/wcms/eDocuments/Rooibos_46200215386_269. pdf ; Astrid Robinson

2. Training and research

Find the Health Research menu option on www.sarooibos.co.za Training is mostly done on-farm. National Certificates for Rooibos Production and Processing, developed by Rooibos Ltd and endorsed by the SAQA (SA Qualifications Authority) and Agri-SETA have been introduced at Clanwilliam since 2006. Cape Institute for Agricultural Training CIAT (Elsenburg) Tel: 021 808 5450/1 veronicac@elsenburg.com Medical Research Council PROMEC Unit Dr Wentzel Gelderblom Tel: 021 938 0286 / / 938 0911 Wentzel.gelderblom@mrc.ac.za

Training in the cultivation of Rooibos is included in courses offered at Stellenbosch University Department of Conservation CIAT. Ecology and Entomology Prof Michael Samways ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Tel 021 808 3728 Dr Elizabeth Joubert samways@sun.ac.za Tel: 021 809 3444 joubertL@arc.agric.za Department of Food Science Tel: 021 808 3578 ARC-Plant Protection voedselw@sun.ac.za Research Institute Dr Sandra Lamprecht University of the Free State Tel: 021 887 4690 lamprechtS@arc.agric.za Department of Agricultural Economics ARC-Small Grain Institute Tel: 051 401 2250 Dr Justin Hattingh Tel: 058 307 3400 / 37 hattingJ@arc.agric.za Cape Peninsula University of Technology Antioxidant Unit Dr Jeanine Marnewick Tel: 021 460 8314 marnewickJ@cput.ac.za

3. Websites and publications

Market research on the organic and natural products and fynbos industry with an emphasis on how to facilitate entry, done for the Surplus People Project by Marianna Smith, includes a study of rooibos. Visit www.spp. org.za Visit the websites of the companies and associations involved (see the following heading).

4. Roleplayers
Companies:
Afriplex Tel: 021 872 4976 riaan@afriplex.co.za www.afriplex.co.za Big Five Rooibos Tea Tel: 027 482 2640 www.africandawn.com Cape Natural Tea Products Tel: 021 982 5030 www.rooibostea.co.za Cape Honey Bush Tea Company Tel: 044 697 7070 www.capehoneybushtea.co.za Carmin Tea (Pty) Ltd Tel: 022 921 3405 www.carmientea.co.za Coetzee & Coetzee Tel: 021 905 1318 / 1709 www.coetzeeltd.co.za Heiveld Rooibos Tea Cooperative Tel: 027 218 1318 www.heiveld.co.za Intaba Teas of Africa Tel: 021 982 5030 www.intabateas.com

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KhoiSan Tea Tel: 027 482 1268 Kings Products Tel: 027 422 1726 www.kingsproducts.co.za Maskam Redbush Tel: 083 250 2836 Red Espresso Tel: 021 461 6965 carlP@worldonline.co.za

Rooibos Limited Tel: 027 482 2155 www.rooibosltd.co.za The Red T Company Tel: 027 482 2862 tolbos@kingsley.co.za Wupperthal Rooibos Tea Cooperative speters@lenok.co.za www.wupperthal.co.za

6. International business environment

Find Around the World and World recognition under the Fact File on www.sarooibos.co.za Rooibos is exported to countries as diverse as Japan, Germany and other European countries, China, the United States of America, the Pacific Rim and of course Southern Africa. International demand for Rooibos has also grown steadily, and the market is far from saturated, even in the largest importer countries. International companies have established processing plants, and local players are expanding their infrastructure to cope with international demand.

Service Providers and Associations:

Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products ASNAPP Elton Jefthas Tel: 021 808 2915/6 www.asnapp.org Ecocert-Afrisco Tel: 012 349 1070 www.ecocert.com Organic certification Environmental Monitoring Group EMG Tel: 021 448 2881 dryland@global.co.za www.emg.org.za South African Rooibos Council Soekie Snyman Tel: 021 552 8845 info@sarooiboscouncil.org.za www.sarooiboscouncil.org.za

The following are the quality control and export standards:

The Rooibos is sorted and graded according to length, colour, flavour and aroma to guarantee uniform standards of high quality across all grades suitable for packing into teabags or loose-leaf form. The tea is pasteurised to ensure that it meets stringent microbial standards. Laboratory tests are conducted to ensure that the final product can be certified as a hygienic, high-quality Rooibos product. Analytical tests are conducted to determine: uniformity and length of cut (important in selection for various packaging requirements) moisture content microbiological content (to rule out bacteria or mould) residue (to check for residue of chemicals such as pesticides) Sensory tests are conducted to evaluate: the aroma characteristic of Rooibos taste colour The tea is packed in paper sacks, which are mechanically palletised and stretch-wrapped for optimum freshness. It is now ready to be dispatched to customers around the world. Most exports go out by sea.
Sources: Dr Elizabeth Joubert, Astrid Robinson, Soekie Snyman and websites mentioned. Sapa http://business.iafrica.com/news/143691.htm; http://gw.capetown.gov.za/wcms/ eDocuments/Rooibos_46200215386_269.pdf. Our thanks to Dr Elizabeth Joubert for feedback on the draft chapter.

5. Local business environment

The domestic market absorbs ca 50% of annual production. About 8085% is sold in a convenient tea bag format. Flavoured Rooibos products (eg lemon, honey, orange, peach) also contribute to growth. Ready-to-drink Rooibos iced teas are relatively new, so sales lag behind the traditional hot beverage but are increasing, particularly in the teenage market. Although Western medical practitioners often recommend Rooibos for pregnant mothers, colic babies and children allergic to milk, South Africas traditional healers serving some 27 million (70%) of the local population have yet to promote it as a health remedy. Marketing strategies aimed at this largely untapped consumer base could boost Rooibos sales domestically. Apart from opportunities in the food, beverage and cosmetics markets, Rooibos could also play a major role in tourism. Organic farms, especially, could become an agri-tourism draw-card to attract environmentally aware tourists. For information regarding investment opportunities in indigenous products like Rooibos, contact the West Coast District Municipality on 022 433 8530 or visit www.westcoastdm.co.za.
Source: http://gw.capetown.gov.za/wcms/eDocuments/Rooibos_46200215386_269. pdf. The figures quoted are from 2000.

As Rooibos is cultivated on dry land, rainfall strongly affects production and pricing. In the absence of a regulatory body, price fluctuations are an ongoing trend, while Rooibos is also influenced by the price of competing beverages such as black teas and coffee. To ensure stability of supply, large buyers and processors store surplus tea in good production years. Rooibos ages well, and so can be stored for long periods without quality deterioration. In years when supply exceeds demand, farmers may only sell a certain percentage of the yield.

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Field crops and horticulture

Sorghum
Also refer to the Grains and Oilseeds chapter

3. Websites and publications

There is an Info Pak with simple but accurate notes Field Crops Sorghum. View it at www.daff.gov.za (take the Publications menu option. Publications available from the ARC include Sorghum Diseases in South Africa and the Sorghum Production Guide. Order it on www.arc.agric. za or contact Marlyn J van Rensburg or Gloria Mutheiwana at 012 427 9700. Find Pannars Grain Sorghum Production and Forage Sorghum Production Guide at www.pannar.com The National Sorghum Producers (USA) at www.sorghumgrowers. com www.sagis.org.za the SAGIS website: historical information and statistics (national stocks, producer deliveries, import, exports, consumption, weekly parity prices, etc. www.sadc.int SADC is South Africas primary sorghum export market. There is also the easy-to-understand Infotoons, which has a section How To Grow Sorghum. This can be viewed at www.agis.agric.za take the AGIS and Skills Development menu options. The Africa Biofortified Sorghum (ABS) Project focuses on developing a super sorghum that grows well in harsh climates and contains high levels of essential nutrients for the people in sub-Saharan Africa. The project is a 9-member consortium of public private and academic organisations led by a Project Steering Committee, which includes Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation International; DuPont, through its subsidiary Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.; the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; the International Center for Research in SemiArid Tropics (ICRISAT); African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF); Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA), the Technical Partner of the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD); the University of Pretoria (UP); the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) and the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley). For more information on the ABS Project, visit http://biosorghum.org

1. Overview
Sorghum is indigenous to Africa. It is mainly cultivated on low potential, shallow soils with a high percentage clay content, not suitable for maize cultivation. It is planted mainly between mid-October and midDecember. The rainfall pattern and other weather conditions of a particular season mainly determine the planting period as well as the length of the growing season. During the last few years, sorghum production shifted from the drier western to the wetter eastern production areas. Sorghum for commercial purposes is mainly produced in the Free State, Mpumalanga, North West, Limpopo and Gauteng. The area planted per year varies between 75 250 and 160 600 ha with an average annual commercial production of about 255 000 tons. Statistics (e.g. crop estimates, export/import etc) may be found on the National Department of Agricultures website take the Publications menu option at www.daff.gov.za and on the South African Grain Information Service website, www.sagis.org.za. In 2008/09, 177 400 tonnes were processed for human purposes and 9 700 tonnes for animal feed. The sorghum industry is linked to the industrial and commercial production of malt, meal and rice as well as the pet foods and stockfeed industry. Sorghum is mainly used for human consumption (e.g. malt, sorghum meal and sorghum rice). It is the traditional food of a large section of the population of Southern Africa. Sorghum meal (Mabele) competes directly with maize meal and is served as a breakfast cereal. Sorghum rice (or corn rice) is whole ground sorghum and is served instead of rice. The malt is used for manufacturing beer. The animal feed market is the most important outlet channel for surpluses in sorghum production, since it is competitive with other grain crops in terms of price and nutritive value.

4. International business environment

See the monthly bulletin on the SAGIS website for updated export/import information. Find the website of the National Sorghum Producers (USA) at www.sorghumgrowers.com. The USA is the leading producer and dominates the global sorghum grain trade. Over half the African production takes place in West Africa, with Nigeria being the main producer. SADC sorghum producing countries are Botswana, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Angola, Mozambique, Malawi, Namibia, RSA, Zambia and Lesotho. The most important countries from which South Africa imported grain sorghum recently have been the USA and China. We export to Botswana and Zimbabwe. Although the marketing of sorghum is free from intervention, Phytosanitary requirements and quality standards should be adhered to. A Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) certificate is needed for exports. The import tariff for Sorghum is 3% of the fob price.

2. Roleplayers
Read the general grain and oilseeds chapter for details of the associations like SAGIS, Grain SA, the Grain Silo Industry etc. Sorghum roleplayers will also be found in the grain handling and storage, and animal feeds chapters. An extensive list of roleplayers can be found on the SAGIS website, www.sagis.org.za take the List of Co-workers and then Sorghum menu options. Sorghum Forum Tel: 012 807 3958 l-lagric@mweb.co.za The Sorghum Forum, consisting of all the participating parties in the sorghum industry (producers, traders, silo-owners, processors, labour, consumers and the ARC) meets regularly to discuss various issues relevant to the sorghum industry. Sorghum Trust Tel: 012 807 3958 l-lagric@mweb.co.za www.sorghumsa.co.za Sorghum Processors Association Tel: 012 807 3958 Tel: 018 297 7181/ 082 561 5742

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5. Local business environment

In Africa, companies like SABMIller are increasing the use of locally grown crops like sorghum and cassava to produce affordable brands. A statutory levy in terms of the Marketing of Agricultural Products Act is applicable (R7.70/t sorghum). The payment is shared between the producers and first buyers on a 50/50 basis. The purpose of this statutory levy is to provide financial support for sorghum research and information functions. The sorghum marketing season in South Africa commences on 1 April and ends on 31 March the following year.

Field crops and horticulture

Soybeans
Also refer to the Grains and Oilseeds chapter

6. Commercial farmer points of interest

Important criteria to consider in sorghum production:
Plantings that flower from the end of February to March are more susceptible to ergot infection. Sorghum exhausts the soil when it is not destroyed completely. The roots contain excessive sugars that are utilised by micro-organisms as an energy source in the process where they use the nitrogen intended for a new crop as food. Sorghum must be destroyed as soon as possible to avoid any further extraction of soil moisture.

1. Overview
This is the fourth largest crop in the world after maize, wheat and rice. Soybeans are an important source of vegetable oil and protein worldwide. Soy contains significant amounts of all the essential amino acids for humans. Soybean seeds can be eaten as a vegetable. When processed they give soy milk. Soy sauce can be made from mature fermented beans, while roasted seeds can be used as a coffee substitute. Soy flour, another possibility, is used as additives and extenders to cereal flour, meat products and in health foods. The oil is used in the manufacturing of paints, linoleum, oilcloth, printing inks, soaps, insecticides and disinfectants. The lecithin phospholipids that are obtained as a by-product of the oil industry are used as wetting and stabilising agents in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, leather, paint, plastic, soaps and detergent industries. Soybean meal and soybean protein are used in the manufacture of synthetic fibre, adhesives, textile sizing, waterproofing and firefighting foam. The straw can be used to make paper that is stiffer than that made from wheat straw. Soybean meal is a very rich protein feedstuff for livestock while the vegetative portions of the plant can be used as silage, hay, pasture or may be ploughed in as green manure. Depending upon local conditions, soybeans are typically planted in November through December. The plants react to day/night length ratios which stimulate the reproduction process. Planting in January will result in a shorter plant with lower harvest potential, as the days shorten during growth. On ripening, the leaves turn yellow and the moisture content of the seeds drops from about 65% to 14% within 14 days given that the weather is dry and hot. Soybeans are mainly cultivated under dryland conditions, and grown primarily in Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, the Free State and North West Province. (Find the map on www.sppcom.com on where soy is cultivated in South Africa). It is an excellent rotation crop with clearly discernible benefits to crops following. South Africa is a nett importer of 600 000 ton soymeal, 800 000 ton vegetable oil, and 50 000 ton food ingredients of soy. Statistics (e.g. crop estimates, export/import etc) may be found on the South African Grain Information Service website www.sagis.org.za
Sources: http://wikipedia.org; Field Crops Market Value Chain Profiles Vol 2 June 2007 (a Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries publication); Gary Farr and Geoff Mordt (Rainbow Nations Renewable Fuels)

Recommended quantities of seed.

Yield (T/ha) Below 2 2,0-2,5 2,5-3,0 3,0-3.5 Bo 3,5
From www.suidwes.co.za

Previous Season Low 1,50 1,75 2,00 2,25 2,75 Normal 1,75 2,00 2,25 2,50 2,75 Good 2,00 2,25 2,50 2,75 3,00

9. Small-scale farmer information

There are two types of sorghum, namely bitter and sweet cultivars. Preference is given to the sweet cultivar. Bitter sorghum is planted in areas where birds are a problem. This type of sorghum contains tannin, which gives a bitter taste. Consequently, birds tend to avoid eating it. Sorghum grows well in almost any soil type. Sorghum is an adaptable crop which can be planted in most areas but can easily be damaged by frost.

Pest control
Only chemical control is used. The main insect pests are maize stalk borer and aphids. Damage caused by stalk borers can be limited by planting at a later date.

2. Associations involved
Find the Grain SA and SAGIS notes in the general Grain and Oilseeds chapter.

Uses
malt for the production of beer making porridge stock feed

Oilseed Advisory Committee Tel: 011 234 3400 Oil and Protein Seeds Development Trust Tel: 011 234 3400 www.opot.co.za

Marketing
Sorghum has a relatively small market. It can be delivered to malt factories or marketed as stock feed.
Source: www.sansor.org/cropguide/sorghum.htm Our thanks to Leon du Plessis and SAGIS for reading and commenting on the draft chapter.

Soy Southern Africa Previously the South African Soy Food Association SASFA Tel: 036 448 1605 / 082 802 1635 www.soyfood.co.za Sunflower and Soybean Forum Tel: 011 234 3400

South African Cereal & Oilseeds Trade Association SA Oil Processors Association Tel: 082 533 0692 Tel: 082 533 0692

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3. Training and research

See also this heading in the Grain and Oilseeds chapter. The Oil and Protein Seed Development Trust provides funding for research on sunflowers, soybeans and groundnuts that is in the interest of producers, processors and consumers. Research is performed by the ARC, CSIR and other organisations. ARC-Grain Crops Institute (GCI) Tel: 018 299 6100 www.arc.agric.za Specialised Protein Products (Pty) Ltd Tel: 018 293 9900 www.sppcom.com

5. Websites and publications

Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the leaflet entitled Processing of Oil Seeds (Soy beans, sunflower). Your Guide to Successful Soybean Production is a publication by the ARC Grain Crop Institute. Tel: 018 299 6100 Find Pannars Soybean Production guide at www.pannar.com www.sagis.org.za the SAGIS website. Here you will find statistics (national stocks, producer deliveries, import, exports, consumption; weekly parity prices, historical information, etc.). www.soyfood.co.za The Soy Southern African website provides links to a host of relevant sites processors, soybean research laboratories, soy organizations, biotechnology, consumers (e.g. www.soybean.org ), soybean uses, pricing information and more. Find the notes on soybeans at www.agis.agric.za www.sppcom.com The Specialised Protein Products website. It contains a list of 63 publications, research papers etc www.ayos.co.za. Amongst other information, find statistics about Soy and nutrition here.

A short course on Soybean SPP has a scientific panel from, production is offered on demand. amongst others, the Medical Research Council, North West Oil and Protein Seeds University and Wits which looks Development Trust into matters concerning soyfood. Tel: 011 234 3400 www.opot.co.za University of the Free State Department of Plant Science Protein Research Foundation Tel: 051 401 2514 Tel: 011 803 2579 / 1894 plantsciences@ufs.ac.za www.proteinresearch.net A soy development trust is being established that will assist Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMME) with the production and processing of soy. Contact Soy Southern Africa for more information.

6. Local business environment

The South African soybean industry has a negative trade balance: we import to supplement domestic production. No statutory levies are applicable and the marketing of oilseeds is free, the South African Futures Market determining domestic prices on a daily basis. The relative prices of other grain products, the exchange rate, availability of seed, availability and landed cost of imported crude oil, as well as plantings of other field crops mainly determine market prospects for soybeans. The Soybean marketing season in South Africa commences on 1 January and ends on 31 December of the calendar year.

4. Companies involved
For an extensive list go to www.sagis.org.za take the List of Co-workers and then Soya Beans menu options. Agriocare Tel: 034 315 2741 Alpro Soya Tel: 011 226 8800 www.alprosoya.co.za Asgisa Eastern Cape Tel: 043 735 1673 http://asgisa-ec.co.za Ayos Foods Tel: 015 491 5834\5 www.ayos.co.za Eden Manufacturing Tel: 036 448 1605 www.edenman.co.za GrainCo Tel: 021 807 8900 www.grainco.co.za Capstone Seeds Tel: 033 330 4474 www.capstone.co.za GWK Ltd Tel: 053 298 8200 www.gwk.co.za Good Hope International Beverages Tel: 021 529 3980 www.ghib.com Impilo Products Tel: 012 562 0726 www.impiloproducts.co.za Kanhym Landgoed Tel: 013 249 7800 / 7966 www.kanhym.co.za Louis Dreyfus Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 217 5300 www.louisdreyfus.co.za Microbial Solutions Tel: 011 475 4362 info@microbial.co.za www.microbial.co.za Nutritional Foods Tel: 018 464 2113 www.nfoods.co.za Pannar Seed Tel: 033 413 9500 www.pannar.com Pioneer Hi-Bred RSA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 683 5700 www.pioneer.com Rainbow Nation Renewable Fuels (RNRF) Tel: 041 402 4000 www.rnrf.co.za Specialised Protein Products Tel: 018 293 9900 www.sppcom.com Stimuplant Tel: 012 802 0940 www.stimuplant.sa.gs

Reasons for soybean growing

Diversification away from maize Growing animal feed demand Growing soyfood production Bio-diesel plant from soybeans

Crop rotation with maize

In crop rotation, yields of the maize crop following soybean can be considerable, under the conditions of low nitrogen application to the maize. This is a direct result of nitrogen carry-over from soybeans, as well as other rotational benefits. Soybeans are independent of nitrogen fertiliser because soy is capable of fixing and converting dinitrogen into organic nitrogen in order to supply its own needs. Long term comparisons indicate that soybean and maize respond differently to weather variables. All summer crops need bountiful water supply during reproduction stages which normally fall between January and March. However, soybeans at certain stages have a higher resistance to drought than maize. Non-GM soy. Read about opportunities here on www.sppcom.com

Soy processing
There are a few ways to go about getting that oil out for low fat soy oil cake namely: extrusion roasting micronising steam heating chemical extraction Each has its own peculiarities, advantages and disadvantages. While it is of course not the thing for everyone to do, there is merit in this business, as in many other areas of processing. We used to talk of import substitution and export promotion as ways for a country to grow its economy. Apply this to your own farm, town, province and country.
Source: ABC Hansen, www.millingsupply.com; Dr J Willemse; www.soyfood.co.za; www. sppcom.com

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Joint ventures and alliances SPP (contact details under heading 4) offers consistent, uniform, high quality ingredients and seeks local and overseas business associates to produce downstream products. Joint ventures will receive welcome consideration, particularly in product blends, toddler nutrition and as a functional food ingredient. SPP seeks enterprises with the same goals, that can add value in the development of soy products and grow the technology.

Field crops and horticulture

Subtropical fruit
1. Overview
www.daff.gov.za statistics are available for the various subtropical fruit. These figures include production, sales on markets, exports, purchases for processing, prices realised, gross value and total value of production. Included in the category Subtropical fruits are avocados, bananas, mangoes, litchis, papayas, granadillas, pineapples and guavas. The particular climatic requirements of some types of subtropical fruit make the cultivation thereof possible in only certain specific areas of the country. In general, subtropical fruit types require warmer conditions and are sensitive to large fluctuations in temperature and to frost. The main production areas of subtropical fruit in South Africa are parts of the Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal. Fruit like granadillas and guavas are also grown in the Western Cape, while pineapples are grown in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal.

7. International business environment

See the Monthly Bulletin on the SAGIS website for updated export/import information. Economically, the soybean is the most important legume in the world, providing good quality vegetable protein for millions of people and animals, and ingredients for numerous chemical products. In the late 20th Century and into the present, soybeans have played an important part in helping to alleviate world hunger. The main producers of soybeans are the United States, Brazil, Argentina, China and India. The import tariff for soybeans is 8% of the fob price (South Africa is a nett importer). The domestic price (SAFEX) normally follows the import derived price (based on soymeal and oil). With regard to exports, phytosanitary requirements and quality standards must be adhered to and a PPECB certificate must be obtained. Visit the following websites: The American Soybean Association (ASA) www.soygrowers.com World Initiative for Soy in Human Health (WISHH) www.wishh. org www.admworld.com US Soybean Exporters www.soyconnection.com An information website run by the United Soybean Board (USA) www.unitedsoybean.org United Soybean Board (USA) www.cmegroup.com Chicago Board of Trade (now part of the CME Group) www.commodityresearch.com www.ift.org Institute of Food Technologists (US).
Our thanks to SAGIS, ARC-GCI and Rainbow Nations Renewable Fuels for feedback on the draft chapter

2. Avocados
A starting point for anything you wish to know about avocados is the website www.avocado.co.za, run by the SA Avocado Growers Association (SAAGA). The area planted to avocados in South Africa has expanded steadily over the past 30 years, from 2000 ha in 1970 to 12 400 ha today. They are grown in the sub-tropical regions of Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces, and in parts of KwaZulu-Natal. The South African Avocado season extends from mid-March to September/October. Due to climatic variability between growing regions, most of the major cultivars are available over an extended period during the season. For example, Fuerte is harvested from mid-March to May in the northern regions, and in July and August in KwaZulu-Natal. The major cultivars are Fuerte and Hass. Owing to the European Markets preference for Hass, less Fuerte has been planted than Hass in the last eight years. Hass accounts for 70% of the new plantings in the last eight years. Other cultivars include Edranol, Ryan and Pinkerton, Lamb Hass and Maluma Hass. 90% of all avocados marketed in Europe are from South Africa, Israel, Spain, Kenya, Chile, Peru and Mexico. South Africa is the largest supplier of avocados to Britain. Approximately 45% to 50% of the crop is exported; 40% sold locally; 15% is processed (oil and guacamole).

3. Bananas
South African commercial banana production occurs in six distinct subtropical regions of the country viz. the Onderberg around Malelane and Komatipoort, Kiepersol, KwaZulu-Natal south coast, Levubu, Letaba and KwaZulu-Natal north coast. The Onderberg region is the highest banana producing region with 35 percent of the total land under banana cultivation, whilst the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal has the greatest concentration of producers. South African bananas are primarily sold on the domestic markets. These bananas are of the Cavendish sub-group of dessert bananas, where average yields of 30 tons and higher per hectare per annum are experienced. This is especially so where intensive farming happens (e.g. in the Onderberg). Developments in tissue culture technology have been instrumental in virtually doubling yields in the past decade. However, this has been mirrored by a slight decrease in production areas over the past few years.

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4. Litchis
Litchis are planted on approximately 3000 ha. Around 7 000 tons of fruit are produced annually. The most important production areas are Malelane, Nelspruit, Trichardsdal, Tzaneen, Louis Trichardt, Levubu and the South Coast of KwaZulu-Natal. The litchi season is from December to February. Major cultivars are Mauritius and McLeans Red (Madras). The lack of early and late cultivars has been identified as something that hampers this industrys growth. The main form of processing is juice. This sector is export orientated, the European Union being the most important market (the United Kingdom and France account for most of the sales). The major competitor is Madagascar.

5. Mangoes
The website www.mango.co.za, run by the SA Mango Growers Association, contains technical and consumer information. It would be a useful place for the starter or the old-hand. Find the contact list of processors, details include in which area of processing they are involved juice, achar, dried or other. Mangoes are tropical, but they do well in the drier subtropical areas under irrigation. Mangoes grown in higher rainfall areas are extremely prone to post harvest rots.. They are in season from December to April. The mango industry in South Africa is over 30 years old and has grown significantly with the introduction of the Florida (USA) cultivars. In South Africa, market agents sell 20% 30% of the crop fresh. 5 10% is exported as fresh fruit, mainly to the Middle East. A quarter of all the mangoes that are picked end up as achar (a mixture of green mangoes, vegetables and spices used as a spicy condiment for meals). 20% is processed into juice, 20% dried, and less than a percent is canned. Mango juice and dried mango are sold both locally and on the export market. More mangoes are eaten fresh all over the world than any other fruit. The mango production regions are situated mainly in the North Eastern part of South Africa. The elevation of the mango growing areas varies from 300 to 950 metres above sea level. The average annual rainfall in the major growing areas varies from 300 to 1000 mm. Summer daytime temperature varies from 28C to 40C, whereas in winter it varies from 18C to 30C. Night temperature varies from 15C to 25C in summer, and 5C to 15C in winter. Flowering during winter (June to August) is normally intense, which indicates that winter conditions are adequately inductive for flowering. Differences in average temperature between the major mango growing regions gives rise to differences in harvest date. Fruit produced in the higher lying areas are harvested later than fruit produced in the lower lying areas. The difference in the time of harvest for a specific cultivar may be as long as 3 to 4 weeks.

Varieties produced are the Smooth Cayenne (Eastern Cape) for export juice concentrate and the Queen (mainly Hluhluwe) for the local and export fresh fruit market. The new MD2 variety is planted in small quantities in both regions and will be produced for the fresh fruit market as well as for ready-to-eat products for export. Ninety percent of the fresh pineapples sold in South Africa are of the Queen variety. South Africa is the largest of 3 countries worldwide that are main producers and exporters of the Queen variety. The Cayenne plant is the larger of the two varieties and the leaves are smooth, while the leaves of the Queen have thorns. The Cayenne fruit can reach a mass of 4 kg, is very juicy and has softer tissue with a pale yellow colour. The Queen fruit is smaller (up to 1,5kg) but has a crisp and bright yellow flesh and is less acid than the Cayenne. The MD2 has a cylindrical fruit with an attractive yellow skin, the flesh is firm and it has a higher sugar and Vitamin C content than the Cayenne variety. Soil must have good drainage. The optimum pH is 4,5 5. Pineapples can be produced on variety of soils - light sandy to heavy clay. Highly erodible soils are not suitable for pineapple cultivation these soils have a slope limitation of 12%. Pineapple cultivation is very labour intensive planting, harvesting and packing are all done manually. The success of pineapple production lies in effective management for fresh fruit production the aim is to be on the market every week.
Source: Elmarie Rabie. Call 083 294 3345 or email erabie@mtuba.co.za.

The adding value end of pineapples includes canning, pineapple concentrate, juicing and pineapple fibre. A pineapple production project in the Cacadu district envisioned creating new jobs from downstream activities of the textile aspect, including weaving and designing. Another project is happening under the Ndwedwe Municipality where farmers (smallholder and commercial) grow pineapples for the Ezindlovini agroprocessing facility. For more, do a search for pineapple project at www. tradeinvestsa.co.za

7. Other subtropical fruit

Cactus pears
Find the website of the South African Cactus Pear Growers Association at www.cactuspear.co.za. The season for cactus pears stretches from approximately mid December, when fruit from the Lowveld starts ripening, until the middle of March. Fruit from the Highveld area is available until late April. In the southern parts of the country fruit ripens much later than in the northern regions, which is from February until April. Limited quantities of fruit are available during the winter months. Cactus pears can be kept in the peel at room temperature for up to two weeks. If refrigerated, and unpeeled it can be kept for long periods without losing any flavour. It is advisable to peel the fruit before eating. The cactus pear is extremely versatile and it can be used as: a source of food for man and animals; security (Impermeable fences); the shallow root system prevents soil erosion; the production of by-products, e.g. jams, syrup, soap and mampoer; the young pads can be used as a green vegetable; the biggest enemy of the plant, the cochineal insect, is used in the manufacture of a natural food and textile dye. It is also has medical (drugs against diabetes and high blood pressure) and cosmetic industry (shampoos and soaps) value.
Source: www.cactuspear.co.za

6. Pineapples
Of the countries where pineapples are produced, South Africa is the furthest south in the world. Pineapples are grown worldwide mainly in the region between the two tropics of Cancer and Capricorn and temperature is the most important factor influencing growth, varying between 10 and 35C. Optimum is +- 24C (fluctuating between 20 - 28C). Most pineapples are produced on low altitudes (near sea level, below 500 m). Relative humidity is very important and that is why the most pineapple producing areas are close to huge water bodies ( = high humidity/ dew factor). Pineapple production in South Africa is located in mainly two regions, namely the Eastern Cape (77%) and Northern KwaZulu-Natal (Hluhluwe district). In Hluhluwe average minimum temperature is 13C and maximum 31C. Below 15C growth in inhibited, therefore little growth occurs in winter months. Pineapples cannot tolerate frost. Rainfall average 650 mm/year in Hluhluwe which is far below the average required rainfall (1250 mm), but pineapples can adapt to negative circumstances and a crop can be produced at rainfall as low as 500 mm/year. As long as the highest rainfall occurs in the warm months.

Granadillas
The granadilla is a tropical plant that prefers temperate temperatures throughout the year. It is not frost resistant, but the purple granadilla can withstand light frost. Cultivation areas are Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, the coastal areas of KwaZulu-Natal, and isolated areas in the Eastern and Western Cape.

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Three popular cultivars seem to do well in South African climate - the Purple granadilla, the Yellow granadilla, and the Ester (a crossbreed between the first two). A large fruit, a high percentage of juice and high soluble solids, and good sugar content are the qualities that juice processors look for. Granadilla juice is extremely popular and demand seems to outstrip supply. One of the main expenses with granadillas is the cost of trellising. Costs relating to the erecting of trellises can be softened if farmers prepare their own support poles and droppers from local material. The short life span of the plant (3 to five years) in relation to its high establishment costs, is an issue. Areas of production are the South coast and North coast of KwaZuluNatal, Nelspruit and Onderberg areas in Mpumalanga and Lows Creek near Malelane. There are very few insects that pose as problems to papayas but fungal diseases in hot and moist areas cause problems. Preventative treatment, therefore, is required.
Other subtropical fruit includes loquats, melons, papayas (paw-paws) and guavas.

Other associations are:

The Banana Growers Association of South Africa (BGASA) Tel: 013 755 2714 There is also a Papaya Exporters Association (SAPEA). At present they are very happy with the South African market, so much so that not much exporting has been done of late. Mr Aart Louw can be contacted at 013 753 7054/ 083 628 0205. Guava Producers Association Tel: 021 872 1501 www.guavaproducers.co.za Hluhluwe Pineapple Marketing Association Tel: 035 562 0731 pineapples@mweb.co.za www.pineapples.co.za Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) Tel: 021 930 1134 www.ppecb.com Pineapple Growers Association Tel: 046 625 0515 ant.nnip@pga.org.za Cactus Pear Growers Association Tel: 017 843 2859 www.cactuspear.co.za

8. Associations involved
Subtropical Growers Association (Subtrop) Tel: 015 307 3676 info@subtrop.co.za www.subtrop.net This is an umbrella association that manages the affairs of the Avocado, Litchi, Macadamia and Mango Growers Associations.

9. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find information on DAFF directorates at www.daff.gov.za

10. Training and research

See the Agricultural Education and Training chapter All institutions offering agricultural degrees or diplomas do training e.g. Lowveld, Madzivhandila and Cedara Agricultural Colleges, Universities of KwaZulu-Natal and Pretoria, the Tshwane University of Technology. Some AgriSETA accredited providers offer training e.g. Skills for All do training in the cultivation of bananas, mangoes and avocados. ARC-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops (ITSC) Tel: 013 753 7000 Stellenbosch University Dr Altus Viljoen Tel: 021 808 4797 altus@sun.ac.za

Subtrop field officers:

Mpumalanga (Whiteriver), Swaziland Mpumalanga (Kiepersol) Limpopo (Tzaneen) Limpopo (Soutpansberg) KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Emerging farmers Post currently vacant Contact Wouter Retief 083 269 2279 071 603 8778 072 119 5072 083 369 5954 078 567 1510

Wouter Retief Wilna Stones Stephanie Roberts Rory Nunes Tshifhiwa Radzilani

Subtrop member associations:

South African Avocado Growers Association (SAAGA) Tel: 015 307 3676 www.avocado.co.za South African Mango Growers Association (SAMGA) Tel: 015 307 3513 www.mango.co.za South African Litchi Growers Association (SALGA) Tel: 015 307 3513 info@subtrop.co.za Southern African Macadamia Growers Association (SAMAC) Tel: 015 307 1520 www.samac.org.za

The ITSC does research and also runs training courses on demand. University of KwaZulu-Natal Department of Horticultural Du Roi Laboratory Science Tel: 015 345 1217 Tel: 033 260 5444 www.duroilab.co.za University of Pretoria Merensky Technological Services Department of Plant Production & Dr Stefan Khne Soil Sciences Tel: 015 309 0029 Tel: 012 420 3227 QMS Agri Science Tel: 015 345 1227 Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology Tel: 012 420 3622

Subtrops four member associations all have voluntary membership and their activities are funded by levies on members production. Activities of the associations may include: technical support and advisory services to growers; co-ordination of technical research according to industry needs; funding of appropriate technical and market research; supply of market information; local export and local market development through generic promotion; liaison with government and other bodies, both locally and internationally.

11. Websites and publications

Various Info Paks (booklets) are available from the ARC and DAFF: Cultivating Subtropical Crops Cultivating Pineapple The Cultivation of Litchis The Cultivation of Granadillas The Cultivation of Guavas Die Verbouing van Koejawels Mango Pests and Diseases in South Africa The Cultivation of Mangoes The Cultivation of Papaya The Cultivation of Avocados Avocado Pests Banana Pests and Diseases in South Africa Pests and Beneficial Arthropods of Tropical and Non- citrus Crops in South Africa

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These can be viewed at www.daff.gov.za take the Publications option. Other ARC publications include: Identification Manual for Avocado Pests Handbook of Banana Growing in South Africa by Dr JC Robinson. His book Bananas and Plantains, published by CAB International, Cambridge University Press, is also available. ARC-ITSC Tel: 013 753 7000 infoitsc@arc.agric.za The AGIS website www.agis.agric.za contains notes on the various subtropical fruit including the lesser-known types. Information includes production information, pests and diseases. Also find the colourful Infotoons here take the AGIS, Skills Development and eFarmer menu options. Mangos, bananas, papayas and controlling fruit flies in subtropical crops are all covered. Read the agricultural weeklies, Landbouweekblad and Farmers Weekly, or visit the websites www.landbou.com and www.farmersweekly.co.za for archived articles. Avocado, banana and mango are covered in the DAFF publication Horticultural Crops Market Value Chain Profiles. Find this on www.daff.gov.za or contact the Resource Centre at 012 319 7141. Publications available from Cactus Pear Growers Association: An information brochure for prospective producers is obtainable from the association. A recipe book with original and proven recipes is available. Other websites International Tropical Fruit Network www.itfnet.org www.cbea.org Caibbean Banana Exporters Association. Other banana sites include www.banana.com, www.bananalink.org.uk and www.bananasite.com Find the Pineapples option at www.bathurst.co.za

Processors
Bergendal Dro Mangoes Tel: 015 795 5123 Big Six Tel: 015 964 3381 www.bigsix.co.za Blyde Canion Dried Fruit Tel: 015 795 5757 Blyde Vallei Tel: 015 795 5087 Boland Pulp Tel: 021 873 3165 www.bolandpulp.co.za Breede Valley Fruit Processors Tel: 021 706 6135 www.bvfp.co.za Bronpro Tel: 013 753 2318 Cape Fruit Processors Tel: 013 790 3015 Ceres Fruit Processors Tel: 023 316 8000 www.cfp.co.za Dagama Oils Tel: 013 764 2181 www.dagamaoils.co.za Del Monte Fruit South Africa (Pty) Ltd Canned Tel: 023 230 1061 www.delmonteworld.com Granor Passi Tel: 015 298 6000 www.granorpassi.co.za Harmony Foods Tel: 072 582 5980 Hoedspruit Pakkers Tel: 015 795 5158 Jab Dro Vrugte Tel: 013 747 2161 Landman Dro Produkte Tel: 015 386 8848 Langeberg and Ashton Foods Tel: 021 870 5000 LCP Tel: 015 304 4000 Levubu Achar Verwerkers Tel: 015 583 0112 Matana Dro Produkte Tel: 015 307 3718 Miami Canners Tel: 015 386 8664 M-pak Tel: 015 533 0144 Onderberg Processors Co-operative Tel: 013 790 1146 Rhodes Food Group Tel: 021 870 4000 www.rhodesfoodgroup.com Summerpride Foods Tel: 043 731 1770 www.summerpride.co.za Unifruitti Tel: 015 795 5104/5112 Valley Farms Tel: 015 583 0472 Wellington Fruit Processors Tel: 021 873 0606 www.welpro.co.za Westfalia Fruits Tel: 015 305 3917 www.hansmerensky.co.za

13. Small-scale farmer news

SAAGA and SAMAC are currently busy with projects in Venda to assist small growers through study groups in the area. For more details, contact them (find details under heading 8). ARC-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops (ITSC) Tel: 013 753 7000 www.arc.agric.za Various publications; publications geared for the small-scale farmer are available from the ARC - Institute for Tropical & Subtropical Crops. Call the number above or email infoitsc@arc.agric.za The ITSC has initiated a community-based subtropical fruit project aimed at increasing the production of high-quality fruit and developing technological and business skills. One of its core objectives is to facilitate black farmers entry and participation in the fruit industry. Find the article unleashing emerging farmers commercial talent at www.farmersweekly.co.za
Sources: Derek Donkin; Stephan Crafford; Pierre Lubbe; Tim Crookes; www. cactuspear.co.za.

12. Companies involved

Export agents
Find a complete list on www.avocado.co.za. Also refer to the Fruit General chapter.

Input suppliers
Refer to the separate chapters e.g. Irrigation, fertiliser, packaging etc.

Market agents
Boere Trust Tel: 012 323 2000 Boland Market Agency Tel: 021 531 2060 Cape Market Agency Tel: 021 531 2018 Dapper Tel: 011 613 4021 Du Plessis & Wolmarans Tel: 012 328 5246 Exec-U-Fruit Tel: 011 613 6101 Fine Bros Tel: 021 531 6431 Fox & Brink Tel: 021 531 2097 Marco Tel: 011 613 6981 Protea Market Agents Tel: 012 326 8820 RSA Market Agents Tel: 011 613 4391 Webb & Pretorius Tel: 012 326 2461 Westfalia Marketing Tel: 015 309 9986 www.westfalia.co.za

Our thanks to Derek Donkin, Anthony Albers and Dr Altus Viljoen for feedback on the draft chapter

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Field crops and horticulture

Sugarcane
Find the South African Sugar Industry Directory, an invaluable source of information, statistics and for contacts within this sector, at www.sugar.org. za. SASA has other publications available which describe in full the diverse aspects of the sugar industry. Contact the External Affairs Division at 031 508 7026 or email externalaffairs@sasa.org.za

4. SASRI Extension Specialists

SASRI Mount Edgecombe Extension Resource Manager 031 508 7492 / 082 654 0056 geoff.maher@sugar.org,za 039 975 1377 / 083 655 5012 dirk.mcelligott@sugar.org.za 039 975 1377 / 082 613 8819 joy.mngadi@sugar.org.za 039 682 1822 / 082 653 3151 justin.bowley@sugar.org.za 031 781 2001 / 082 654 3546 otto.dehaas@sugar.org.za 031 302 2847 / 082 655 0356 william.gillespie@sugar.org.za 032 947 1410 / 082 653 3144 rowan.stranack@sugar.org.za 032 947 1410 / 082 654 3546 nathi.hlongwa@sugar.org.za 033 503 1818 031 302 2885 / 082 655 0358 francis.phewa@sugar.org.za 035 772 5871 / 082 653 3150 tom.fortmann@sugar.org.za 035 337 1593 / 082 653 3147 gary.lagerwall@sugar.org.za 035 550 0097 / 083 320 9099 murray.edgar@sugar.org.za 034 413 2120 / 083 655 5011 marius.adendorff@sugar.org.za 035 474 5217 / 082 653 3149 john.neen@sugar.org.za 035 772 5871 / 082 653 3148 richard.masondo@sugar.org.za 031 790 0230 / 082 654 3547 bongi.bengu@sugar.org.za 013 790 0230 / 082 655 0387 sifiso.mkwanazi@sugar.org.za

South Coast Region Regional extension manager Extension specialist: Small-Scale Cane Growers Regional extension specialist: South Coast Extension specialist: Midlands South

1. Associations involved
South African Sugar Association (SASA) Tel: 031 508 7000 www.sugar.org.za South African Cane Growers Association (CANEGROWERS) Tel: 031 508 7200 www.sacanegrowers.co.za South African Millers Association (SASMAL) Tel: 031 508 7300 South African Sugar Technologists Association (SASTA) Tel: 031 508 7543 www.sasta.co.za South African Sugar Industry Agronomists Association Tel: 032 947 1410 Cane Testing Services (CTS) Tel: 031 508 7141 Regional Managers: North: 031 508 7148 South: 031 508 7142 See www.sugar.org.za for details of the branches. National Bargaining Council For The Sugar Manufacturing And Refining Industry Tel: 031 508 7331/2 Fax: 031 508 7339 Sugar Manufacturing and Refining Employers Association Tel: 031 508 7300 Fax: 031 508 7310

Extension Specialist: Small-scale Growers Regional Extension Manager Extension Specialist: Durban North Coast Extension Specialist: Midlands North Extension Specialist: small-scale growers Regional Extension Manager Extension Specialist: Zululand Central and South Extension Specialist: Umfolozi Extension Specialist: Pongola Extension Specialist: Small-Scale Cane Growers (North/Pongola) Sugar Milling Research Institute (SMRI) Tel: 031 273 1300 www.smri.org Extension Specialist: New Freehold Growers (Zululand) Extension Specialist: small-scale Growers (Komatipoort) Extension Specialist: Small-Scale Growers (Malelane)

North Coast Region

Zululand Region

2. Training and research

South African Sugarcane Research Institute (SASRI) Tel: 031 508 7400 www.sugar.org.za Shukela Training Centre (STC) Tel: 031 508 7700

Northern Irrigated Region

3. Companies involved
Details of mills, agricultural operations, refineries etc can be found in the South African Sugar Industry Directory at www.sugar.org.za

The Inkezo Land Company, a land reform company founded in 2004, has a target of 30% black ownership of freehold sugarcane land by 2014 in the South African sugar industry. The company, while initially funded by the industry, is operating as an independent land reform initiative. Inkezo assists in identifying sellers and buyers, streamlining processes of land reform and promoting sustainability through outsourced support service providers and mentorship programmes with existing farmers. Call 031 539 4514 or visit www.inkezo.co.za for more information.

Millers Illovo Sugar Limited Tel: 031 508 4300 www.illovosugar.com Tongaat Hulett Sugar Limited Tel: 032 439 4300 www.tongaat.co.za Tsb Sugar RSA Limited Tel: 013 791 1000 www.tsbsugar.co.za UCL Company Limited Tel: 033 501 1600 http://uclweb.co.za Umfolozi Sugar Mill (Pty) Ltd Tel: 035 550 7700 Gledhow Sugar Company (Pty) Limited Tel: 032 437 4400 Other Grocane Fire Insurance Co-op 1998 Limited Tel: 031 508 7161 Inkezo Land Company Tel: 031 539 4514 www.inkezo.co.za

Sources: The South African Sugar Industry Directory which can be found on www.sugar.org.za

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Field crops and horticulture

Sunflowers
Also see the Grains and Oilseeds Chapter

Statistics (e.g. crop estimates, export/import etc) may be found on the National Department of Agricultures website take the Publications menu option at www.daff.gov.za and on the South African Grain Information Service website, www.sagis.org.za
Source: Field Crops Market Value Chain Profiles, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower

2. Associations involved
Find the Grain SA and SAGIS notes in the general Grain & Oilseed chapter. Oil and Protein Seeds Development Sunflower and Soybean Forum Trust Tel: 011 234 3400 Tel: 011 234 3400 www.opot.co.za This is a forum where all parties with a direct interest in Sunflower Oilseed Advisory Committee production, storage, processing as Tel: 011 234 3400 well as the marketing of Sunflower products can discuss matters SA Oil Processors Association of interest. Problems that are Tel: 082 533 0692 identified are referred to relevant roleplayers for their attention. The SA Cereals and Oilseeds Trade Association Tel: 082 533 0692

1. Overview
Sunflower is the third largest grain crop produced in South Africa after maize and wheat. The North West, Free State, Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces are the largest producers. Grain farmers switch from sunflower to maize easily and most plant both as a way of diversifying their farming operations. The greatest importance of sunflower production is the extraction of oil from the seed, mostly processed to cooking oil. The oil is used on a daily basis in households, restaurants and various food industries. Sunflower is the basic raw material for the preparation of margarine and spreads, used daily by millions of people. Sunflower whole seed (fruit) are sold as a snack food, after roasting in ovens, with or without salt added. Sunflowers can be processed into a peanut butter alternative, sunbutter. In Germany, it is mixed together with rye flour to make Sonnenblumenkernbrot (literally: sunflower whole seed bread), which is quite popular in German-speaking Europe. It is also sold as food for birds and can be used directly in cooking and salads. The cake remaining after the seeds have been processed for oil is used as a livestock feed. Sunflowers also produce latex and are the subject of experiments to improve their suitability as an alternative crop for producing hypoallergenic rubber. Some petfoods contain oilseed raw material. Sunflower oil can also be converted to diesel for use in diesel engines as biofuel. The sunflower marketing season in South Africa commences on 1 January and ends on 31 December.

3. Training and research

See this heading in the Grain and Oilseeds chapter. The Oil and Protein Seeds Development Trust provides funding for research on sunflowers, soybeans and groundnuts that is in the interest of producers, processors and consumers.

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The ARC-Grain Crops Institute (GCI) Tel: 018 299 6100 www.arc.agric.za The ARC-GCI presents courses on all aspects of Sunflower production. These courses vary from one to four days depending on the requirements specified by the client. Grain SA Tel: 056 515 2145 www.grainsa.co.za

funded by the grain trusts Maize, Sorghum, Winter Cereals and Oil and Protein Seeds Development Trust. Read more in the Emerging Farmer Support chapter. Oil and Protein Seeds Development Trust Tel: 011 234 3400 www.opot.co.za Protein Research Foundation Tel: 011 803 2579 / 1894 www.proteinresearch.net

6. Local business environment

No statutory levies are applicable and the marketing of oilseeds is free from government intervention. There are many agricultural commodity traders (see commodity trading chapter) and producers are able to take advantage of the free market. The price of sunflower seed is determined at import parity. There are five main levels that can be identified in the sunflower seed-tosunflower oil value chain: sunflower seed producers crushers/expressers of seed (includes animal feed manufacturer) refineries of crude oil (includes imported crude oil) wholesalers and retailers consumers

University of the Free State Grain SA has a Farmer Tel: 051 401 2514 Development Programme that is plantsciences@ufs.ac.za

4. Websites and publications

Find the Info Pak Field Crops: Sunflowers, a concise guide to the production of sunflower at www.daff.gov.za. Take the Publications menu option. Useful information regarding sunflowers is available on the ARC website www.arc.agric.za. Printed guidelines on sunflowers production, and other printed information is available at the ARC-GCI. www.sagis.org.za the SAGIS website for historical information and statistics (national stocks, producer deliveries, import, exports, consumption, weekly parity prices, etc). Find the sunflower notes on www.agis.agric.za Find the Pannar Sunflower Production Guide at www.pannar.com

Source: Field Crops Market Value Chain Profiles, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

7. International business environment

See the monthly bulletin on the SAGIS website for updated information. South Africa is not a significant roleplayer in the production and trade of oilseeds in the international market since it contributes only some 3% to the sunflower seed produced in the world. With regard to exports, phytosanitary requirements and quality standards must be adhered to and a PPECB certificate must be obtained. Although trade in Sunflower seed is low, the most important country from which Sunflowers have been imported are Malawi, while exports are mainly to Zimbabwe and western Europe (Spain, Portugal and France). The import tariff for sunflower seed is 9.4% of the fob price.
Source: Field Crops Market Value Chain Profiles, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

5. Companies involved
Find an extensive list on www.sagis.org.za take the List of Co-workers and then Sunflowers menu options.

AFGRI Tel: 012 643 8000 www.afgri.co.za Asgisa Eastern Cape Tel: 043 735 1673 http://asgisa-ec.co.za Capital Oil Mills Tel: 033 387 9786 Continental Oil Mills Tel: 011 278 0300/51 Elangeni Oil & Cake Mills Tel: 031 203 5000 Epic Foods Tel: 011 248 0000 www.epic.co.za Epko Oil Seed Crushing Tel: 018 632 1614 www.nwk.co.za Louis Dreyfus Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 217 5300 www.louisdreyfus.co.za Nedan Oil Mills see AFGRI

Nola Industries Tel: 011 411 5574 Pannar Seed Tel: 033 413 1131 www.pannar.com Sealake Industries Tel: 033 845 0786 Senwes Ltd Tel: 018 464 7800 www.senwes.co.za Suidwes Grain Tel: 018 581 1000 www.suidwes.co.za Sun Oil Refineries Tel: 031 912 1000 www.africasunoil.com Willowton Oil & Cake Mills Tel: 033 355 7800 Vrystaat Koperasie Bpk Tel: 058 863 8276 www.vkb.co.za

8. Farmer points of interest

In what soil can I plant? Sunflowers adapt relatively well to a wide variety of soil types. Traditionally, Sunflower cultivation has been limited to soils where the clay percentage varies between 15 and 55 %. In other words, sandy loam to clay soil types. Light-textured soils are susceptible to wind erosion. Sunflowers are very sensitive to wind damage in the seedling stage and for this reason, these soils should be avoided unless wind erosion is being combated successfully. When do I plant? Sunflowers can be planted from the beginning of November to the end of December in the eastern parts of the country, and up to the middle of January in the western parts. The crop is particularly sensitive to high soil temperatures during emergence and it is especially in the sandy soil of the Western Free State and the North West Province where this problem often leads to poor or erratic plant density. In areas where the soil temperatures are high in December, planting should be done before mid-November or when a period of two to three days cooler weather is expected. Is this crop drought resistant? The Sunflower plant has a deep and finely branched tap-root system which can utilise water from deep soil layers, even deeper than 2m. Because of this, Sunflowers are a crop which, compared to other crops, performs well under drought conditions, especially in deeper soils or in soils with a watertable (see table on the next page); this is probably the main reason for the crops popularity in the marginal areas of South Africa.

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TABLE 1. Yield potential in relation to soil depth and rainfall for loam soils (kg/ ha) Soil depth (cm) 40-60 60-80 80+ Rainfall (mm) 500 1 000 1 300 1 300 550 1 200 1 500 1 600 650+ 1 500 1 900 2 200

However, take note that some herbicides do have a long residual period and may damage the follow-up crop in a rotation system. It is therefore important to strictly follow instructions on herbicide labels. Anything else? Efficient weed control is a prerequisite for high Sunflowers yields. It is achieved by a combination of mechanical and chemical practices. Young plants are very sensitive to strong weed competition and cannot develop fast enough to form a full shade covering which can suppress weed seedlings. Therefore, the first six weeks after planting are a critical period for the crop. Yield can be increased significantly by keeping fields free of weeds during this time. When do I harvest? Harvesting should commence as soon as 80% of the Sunflowers heads are brown in order to minimise losses caused by birds, lodging and shattering. Development stages The development stages and associated crop management inputs of Sunflowers are shown in Fig 1.

Are there other advantages? The input-costs are relatively low. The growth season of the crop is short (see chart below). Add to this its drought resistance, and you have an ideal alternative crop on low-potential land when it becomes too late to plant maize. Compared to grain crops, Sunflowers utilises soil nutrients exceptionally well. The main reason for this is the finely branched and extensive root system. The roots come into contact with nutrients which cannot be utilised by other crops. Tell me more about the fertilisation required. Obviously, it is best first to have a soil analysis done. You will be able to proceed with the most accurate fertilisation programme (see Soils and Fertiliser chapters in this book) and will limit unnecessary fertiliser costs. If the leaves turn pale green and the lower leaves die off, there is a shortage of nitrogen. A lack of Phosphorus retards the growth. If no soil analysis is available 50 to 100 kg/ha of a 3:2:1 (25) fertiliser mixture applied at planting is adequate for a yield potential of 1 000 to 1 500 kg/ha. Are there any other negatives which you have not covered? The crop is very susceptible to bird damage and for this reason, it cannot be cultivated at all in some areas. How deeply should the seed be planted? Sunflowers seeds are planted at relatively shallow depths. In soil with high clay content, seeds are planted at a depth of 25 mm. In sandy soils, seeds can be planted at a depth of up to 50 mm. For the planting process, the importance of a good planter cannot be overemphasised. To plant Sunflowers, a planter should be able to space seeds evenly, it should have a good depth control mechanism and should be equipped with press wheels. Good contact between the seed and the soil is essential. For this purpose, the use of press wheels is necessary. During germination, however, Sunflowers plants are particularly sensitive to compacted soil, which means that press wheels should only exercise light pressure on the soil to avoid compaction. The short growth season of the crop, which has the consequence that it can be planted over a period of at least three months, renders it extremely suitable for producers who make use of adaptable crop rotation and/or fallow systems. In any case, Sunflowers are a crop which only belongs in a crop rotation system. How far apart should the rows be? The influence of row width on Sunflowers yield is quite small. Row widths of 0.9 to 1.0 metre are mostly used, but wider rows can also be used. What about crop rotation? Sunflowers should be grown in rotation with other crops as: The risk of diseases and weeds increase with monocropping (planting the same crop on the same soil). A yield and quality advantage is often measured in a follow-up maize or sorghum crop. Weed and pest problems lessen with crop rotation.

Aspects of critical importance concerning sunflower production

In sandy soil sunflowers are very sensitive to wind damage. Sunflowers should preferably be planted in heavier soil. Sunflowers are very sensitive to soil densification. Ensure that the soil where sunflowers are to be planted has not densified by digging a hole to investigate. Good seedbed preparation is of utmost importance to ensure success. Sunflowers are a cool-weather crop and germination is poor at high temperatures. Sunflowers need plenty of moisture. Ensure that there is sufficient moisture in the soil before planting. Also consider subsequent crops as sunflowers deplete the ground water, especially in the event of late plantings. Serious losses could be incurred should sunflowers be harvested too late. Do not plant sunflowers where the herbicide atrasine had been administered the previous year.
Sources: adapted from a publication by the ARC-GCI Sunflower Production a

concise guide (find it on www.daff.gov.za); and www.suidwes.co.za

Thanks to the Oilseeds Advisory Committee, the ARC-GCI and SAGIS for feedback on the draft chapter

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Field crops and horticulture

Tea
1. Overview
There are only a few tea producers in South Africa. The tea plant survives best in a subtropical climate where changes in temperature are slight. Tzaneen, Barberton, Vryheid and areas in KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape are the areas where tea has been grown. The Eastern Cape is generally regarded as the best tea production area in South Africa because of the longer growing season as well as good rainfall throughout the growing season. South Africa produces high quality tea more than 80% of its tea is premium grade. The local market consumes in the region of 20 000 tons per annum of which fifty percent is locally produced. Tea is imported from Malawi, Zimbabwe, Kenya and Sri Lanka. The blending of the major tea brands in South Africa usually requires a mix of South African tea with various quantities of tea from the other countries. The worlds major tea producers blend as many as thirty different teas to produce the unique and consistent taste of their product. Crops vary in quality from day to day and country to country. Even the time of picking can affect the flavour. Soil, altitude and climate all influence the final flavour, and so does the process it undergoes. A great deal of skill is required to complement the qualities of one tea against another so as to ensure consistent quality and flavour. Tea blenders blender have the task of maintaining the unique taste of a blend. There is no exact recipe they can rely on; they can only find the right combination of teas by taste. How it is done: The plucked leaves are first spread on racks and dried by circulating hot air. The withered leaves are crushed by rolling or cutting, tearing and curling. This releases the natural juices. The crushed leaves are then left in a cool moist atmosphere to ferment. The fermenting process causes the leaves to become a bright coppery colour. After this the fermented tea is dried by hot air, to become the familiar black tea. The dry black tea is sorted into grades by sifting machines, which vibrate the leaves through different sizes of mesh.

3. Training and research

ARC-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops (ITSC) Tel: 013 753 2071 At Magoebaskloof in the Tzaneen district, a Tea Museum used to operate on the Middelkop Tea Estate. The contact is 082 557 1757.

4. Websites and publications

www.teacouncil.co.uk. The Tea Council is the independent body dedicated to promoting tea and its unique story for the benefit of those who produce, sell and enjoy tea the world over. They represent the worlds major tea producing and exporting countries and UK tea packers. www.tea.co.uk an information site for tea lovers all over the world. For further information on the international tea picture, find the Tea Directory here. Tea producing countries are listed, a short history given, and a breakdown of their teas is given. www.teahealth.co.uk an important resource for health professionals with the latest tea-related health research

5. Companies involved
Gradley Tea Mr Kevin Kay Tel: 013 751 2820/1 Fax: 013 751 2036 Magwa Enterprise Tea (Pty) Ltd Ian Crawford Henry Galahitiyawa Tel: 039 253 7590/1/2 Fax: 039 253 7592 magwa@mweb.co.za magwa2@mweb.co.za Majola Mr Ernst Keswa Tel: 047 656 41542 Fax: 047 564 1542 semkeswa@mweb.co.za Ntingwe Tea Mr R Perera C/o Woolworths Tel: 021 407 7700 / 082 782 3856 pressoffice@woolworths.co.za

The following are packers, procurers, processors and distributors:

A J Products & CO Tel: 021 699 1030 Back To Basics Tel: 011 472 1922 Barnes Tea & Coffee Tel: 011 793 7037 Butlers Tel: 021 551 5815 Clipper Food & Beverage Services Tel: 021 448 9181 Colombo Tea & Coffee Company Tel: 031 205 3283 Ebbul Foods Tel: 012 379 9461 Global Coffee Tel: 021 534 2271 Hodgson Importers & Distributors Tel 021 683 7190 Joekels Tea Packers Tel: 031 709 1409 Mastertons Tel: 041 585 4044 National Brands Ltd Tea Procurement Tel: 031 365 7000 Paddock Tea Processors Tel: 039 679 1620 Peacock Tea & Coffee Company Tel: 021 762 5067 Royal Tea Packers Tel: 033 397 9264 Sara Lee Coffee & Tea SA Tel: 031 719 7311 Tea & Coffee Distributors Tel: 041 374 0033 Tea Blenders Company Tel: 031 579 2894 Unifoods Tel: 033 355 8100 WM Cahn Tel: 011 807 2180

2. National strategy
Department of Trade and National Agricultural Marketing Industry www.thedti.gov.za Council www.namc.co.za The tea industry is important for Government, especially from a socio-economic point of view. It is the biggest employer per hectare of any agricultural crop. Intervention from government will allow a partial conversion to alternative high value crops and/or gradual phasing out of some of the tea estates. Perishable Products Export Control Board www.ppecb. com SADC Secretariat Directorate of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR) www.sadc. int

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6. Local business environment

Tea, like most other commodity products, is a US Dollar traded commodity across the world. Movements in the US Dollar exchange rate compared to other currencies affect price competitiveness of such commodities. The strengthening of the Rand against the US Dollar negatively affects the price competitiveness of South African tea producers. Low world market prices coupled with a strong rand makes it difficult to export. Wages account for between 46 and 47 percent of the cost of tea production in South Africa. The labour cost in South Africa is as much as eight times higher than that in competitor countries. The cost of tea production in e.g. Malawi is R4,12 per kilogram. If South African minimum wages were to be applied in Malawi their cost of production would be in the region of R16,50. Larger estates are on record as saying that reducing the amount of plucking and starting some form of mechanical harvesting, no matter how limited, would speed up the profitability of South African tea estates. Tea producers in South Africa have no negotiating mechanism to negotiate better prices with tea packers in South Africa; they are price takers as the packers determine the prices. The abolishment of the quota system for tea packers not only eroded the price bargaining mechanism for tea producers but also eroded the intended tariff benefit for SADC tea producers (South African tea packers use the South African tea price as negotiating position when negotiating tea prices with our SADC partners). Some tea estates are faced with land claims, which lessens the appeal of diverting to high value crops. And any conversion from tea to any other agricultural crop will still result in a 75 to 80 per cent loss in jobs. Without government intervention in the black tea industry, black tea production in South Africa is not economically viable.

8. Emerging farmer news

When you think of regions producing world-class tea, KwaZulu-Natal does not immediately spring to mind. However, Nkandla in the rural heartland of the province is home to a world-renowned tea producer that is changing the lives of a community. Ntingwe Tea Estate started with just 25 hectares of tea. Thirteen years and 425 hectares later, the estate counts Woolworths and the most prestigious tea merchants in Europe among its clientele. Supporting empowered enterprise development is a key focus area for Woolworths. Ntingwe tea has been a feature on Woolworths shelves as a single-origin tea for 5 years. Ntingwe Tea Estate was created by the Ithala Development Finance Corporation in 1988 and later funded jointly by KwaZulu-Natal Agriculture and Environmental Affairs. They set out to help the impoverished rural community by forming a business that would create employment and facilitate socio-economic development in the region. At the time 60 percent of the regions residents were unemployed. Why tea? The regions climate was considered suitable for tea growing. The crop had also been identified as labour-intensive thus providing employment and infrastructural development for the area. Veteran industry expert Ryle Perera, General Manager of Ntingwe Tea, was contracted to develop the commercial side of the business. The enterprise now employs 900 people from surrounding villages and kraals. It has helped bring electricity, running water, telephones, clinics and schools to the area. The estate has also trained farm labourers, electricians, managers, administrators and nurserymen. Furthermore, the Ntingwe Tea Estate works with local growers, who grow tea on their land. The estate purchases leaves produced from these plots for processing at the factory. Ntingwe tea is produced from plants that are harvested during the summer months. Quality is paramount. Trained tea tasters routinely check every batch to ensure the estate is producing the best tea day by day. In keeping with Woolworths Good Business Journey, Ntingwe supplies Woolworths with tea packaged in a container made from recycled material. Commenting on the initiative, Julian Novak, Head of Foods says: Ntingwe teas success is truly inspirational. We are privileged to have been part of it. Woolworths continues to identify and work with emerging suppliers and give them access to the formal marketplace.
Source: Woolworths Press Release 22 May 2008 (adapted)

7. International business environment

The world price of tea rose to above US $3 per kg in 2009, almost double of just two years previously, owing to crop failures and shortfalls.

As the most recent of the tea producing countries, African countries have been able to build on the experience of other producers. As a result, Africa is now a major force in world tea, producing teas of high quality and good bright colour which are used for blending all over the world. About 25 percent of world exports amounting to some 250 000 tonnes are produced in Africa. Growers are Kenya, Malawi, Uganda and Tanzania. Zimbabwe has also exported tea in the past. India is one of the main tea growers, exporting more than 14 percent of the worlds tea and with over 400 000 hectares under cultivation. Ceylon (Sri Lanka) has over 220 0000 hectares under tea cultivation yielding about 240,000 tonnes of made tea, and accounting for over 21 percent of world exports. In 1972, the island then known as Ceylon reverted to the traditional name of Sri Lanka, but retained the name of Ceylon for the marketing of teas. Because of the geographical location, tea can be plucked in Sri Lanka all year round: the west and east of the island are divided by central mountains so that as each regions season ends, the other begins. Known as the birthplace of tea, for hundreds of years China produced the only teas known to the western world. Although consuming much of her own production, China still accounts for over 18 percent of world exports.

Sources: DTI Tea Discussion document; the websites mentioned in the chapter; Financial Mail 10 July 2009. A thank-you to Ian Crawford (Magwa Enterprise Tea) for feedback on the draft chapter

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Field crops and horticulture

Tobacco
1. Overview
The tobacco industry in South Africa can be split into two industries: primary and secondary industry. The primary industry relates to all grower aspects. This means the actual growing, harvesting, curing, grading and delivery of unprocessed tobacco leaves to a processing plant. Apart from farmer co-operatives and companies, tobacco merchants or leaf dealers are also part of the primary industry. These companies are known as intermediary buyers. They buy processed tobacco from processing plants according to specifications of their clients, who are manufacturers of tobacco products. In South Africa the leaf dealers mostly buy tobacco from grower co-operatives or companies, although some air cured tobacco is bought directly from contracted growers. Two types of tobacco are produced in South Africa: Flue cured tobacco, which is used mainly for cigarettes; and Air cured tobacco, which is mainly used as pipe tobacco, snuff and RYO (roll your own cigarettes). Flue cured production is currently about 8 to 10 million kg per annum, of which almost the entire crop is used for local consumption. The aim is to increase the crop size in the short to medium term to meet export demand. Air cured production is around 2 to 3 million kg per annum, of which 70% to 80% is used for local consumption. The secondary or manufacturing industry relates to the actual manufacturing and marketing of the end product to the consumer. These are tobacco products like cigarettes, pipe tobacco and snuff. This industry is also responsible for the importing and exporting of finished tobacco products. Tobacco products are distributed through 364 wholesalers, 55,000 retailers and approximately 60,000 small players in the informal market (street vendors, spaza shops, etc). In South Africa there are cigarette factories as well as factories which manufacture pipe tobacco products and snuff. These factories are technologically highly advanced and are increasingly manufacturing higher volumes for the export market.
Source: www.tobaccosa.co.za/sati.asp

South Africa became party to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2005, a legal instrument governing all aspects related to tobacco, from growing to the end user. This means that South Africa is legally bound to implement the provisions contained in the treaty. Find more information on the FCTC at www.who.int/en

4. Training and research

ARC-Institute for Industrial Crops Tel: 014 536 3150 Training courses on tobacco are compiled according to requests. The infrastructure for research is well established and falls under the following disciplines: Cultivar Development Plant Protection (Pathology, Nematology & Entomology) Crop & Soil Science The main campus at Rustenburg is situated on an experimental farm of 238ha. This institute is the only supplier of air-cured tobacco seed and produces eighty percent of the flue-cured tobacco seed planted in South Africa. Their support services include the following: soil testing laboratory analyses of all plant nutrients, including special tests such as inorganic nitrogen analytical laboratory for testing of quality of irrigation water analytical laboratory for plant analyses including nicotine and sugar The above laboratories are members of the Agri-Laboratory Association of Southern Africa (AgriLASA) and satisfy the full need for research and fertiliser recommendations of the tobacco industry: diagnostic services for all tobacco diseases nematode laboratory for identification and quantification entomological identifications The Lowveld Agricultural College in Nelspruit has a course on tobacco. Tel: 013 753 3064 Lowveld Agri Research & Support Services (LARSS) Tel: 071 681 0851 In-house training is provided at co-operatives and manufacturers of tobacco products. TISA oversees FCV (flue-cured) research and development activities, with continued funding from BATSA. The research functions are outsourced by TISA to two research bodies: LARSS and Afgri Tobacco. Objectives are managed by a specialist committee, chaired by the TISA CEO and guided by SRP (Social Responsibility Programs), IPM (Integrated Pest Management), harm reduction, increased yield and quality, and soil conservation, amongst other good agricultural practice issues.

2. Associations involved
The Tobacco Institute of Southern Africa (TISA) Tel: 021 421 0011 www.tobaccosa.co.za TISA is a voluntary trade association representing the interests of manufacturers of tobacco products, leaf dealers and tobacco growers.

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find information on the different directorates under the Divisions option at www. daff.gov.za

5. Websites and publications

There is Sunlight in my Leaf Tobacco Five Centuries. This book may be obtained by calling 021 421 0011. The ARC has the following publications: 1. Guide to the production of tobacco 2. Produksieriglyne vir tabak 3. A Photo Guide For The Identification Of Bacterial Wilt Of Tobacco The Field Guide For Tobacco Diseases In SA is out of print; find out if it is available in electronic format. These can be ordered from their website www.arc.agric.za or by phoning the ARC-IIC, Rustenburg at 014 536 3150. The ARC-IIC also has a library where much literature concerning tobacco, with all its disciplines, is available.

Directorate: Food Safety & Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306 Directorate: International Trade Tel: 012 319 8451

Department of Health Tel: 012 312 3165 www.doh.gov.za SARS Tobacco Industry Stakeholder Forum (STF) this is a Joint Forum between SARS and Tobacco Industry Stakeholders.

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Remedies for tobacco pests and diseases constantly change. In addition to the publications mentioned in the previous paragraph, refer to Department of Agriculture publications, regularly updated e.g. A Guide to the Control of Plant Diseases, A Guide to the Control of Plant Pests etc. Company websites e.g. British American Tobacco South Africa (www.batsa. co.za), Japan Tobacco International SA (www.jti.com) and Swedish Match SA (www.swedishmatch.co.za). Industry and grower websites e.g. www.tobaccosa.co.za (The Tobacco Institute of SA) and www.tobaccoleaf.org (the International Tobacco Growers Association). Find the Info Pak Tobacco (air-cured) under the publications menu option on www.daff.gov.za

Pipe and snuff tobacco manufacturers

AJ Padia Tobacco Merchants PO Box 2030 Durban 4000 Brasant Tel 021 905 1363 MLP Distributors Tel: 011 661 5777 Swedish Match SA: Leonard Dingler and Best Blend Tel: 011 914 3530 Van Erkoms Tabakke (Edms) Bpk Tel: 015 491 3204

7. Local business environment

The Annual Report on www.tobaccosa.co.za provides vital updates about the state of the industry. Challenges to the industry include: Over-regulation by government Growth in the illicit trade Increasing excise duties Declining local market Global onslaught on tobacco industry Sustainability of the primary industry

6. Companies involved
Producer organisations
AFGRI Tobacco Tel: 014 596 5090

Cigarette manufacturers, importers and distributors

Absolute Cigarettes Tel: 011 314 9809 British American Tobacco South Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 888 3500 www.batsa.co.za Carolina Tobacco Company South Africa Tel: 011 216 9400 Delta Tobacco South Africa Tel: (011) 833 0929 Gold Leaf Tobacco Company Tel: 011 608 2525 JT International South Africa Tel: 011 540 7700 Philip Morris South Africa Tel: 021 527 4840 Savanna Tobacco Company SA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 807 1511 United African Trading Network Tel: 011 608 2597 Westhouse Tobacco South Africa Tel: 011 312 3958

8. International business environment

The Annual Report on www.tobaccosa.co.za provides vital updates including Free Trade Agreements, export markets and more. Local demand for FCV (flue-cured) exceeds the supply by substantial volumes with export markets being neglected over the past few years due to a lack of volume, putting pressure on the leaf dealers. Export markets are important as an estimated decline in global FCV supply gives SA farmers a window of opportunity to become significant suppliers of leaf in the longer term. The International Tobacco Growers Association (ITGA) www. tobaccoleaf.org presents the cause of millions of tobacco farmers. Member countries are: Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, the Dominican Republic, India, Italy, Kenya, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Portugal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, the U.S.A., Zambia and Zimbabwe. Find the latest Abstract of Agricultural Statistics on www.daff.gov.za. Tobacco is included in this report on agricultural production, imports and exports.

Leaf merchants
Alliance One International (Dimon SA) Tel: 011 447 2467 Tobacco Traders Tel: 021 701 0025 Tribac Leaf CC Tel: 011 463 3865 Tribac Zimbabwe Tel: 0026 34 708 391 Universal Leaf Africa ULA Tel: 011 361 2600 Universal Leaf South Africa (Pty) Ltd ULSA Tel: 014 596 5202 Universal plays a dual role as producer as well as trader. ULSA has 65 contracted growers mainly in the Limpopo Province and Gamtoos Valley who grow Dark air-cured tobacco for them.

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Recent research has shown how tobacco may be used in ways that do not involve consumption in the traditional way: In the Philippines tobacco pulp is going to be used for making paper. In Canada researchers are studying tobacco as a possible source of biofuel that could potentially replace petroleum-based fuels. In Australia scientists are engaging in molecular farming to extract vitronectin from tobacco plants. This protein is known to promote cell growth, and has the potential to be used in cancer therapy and wound healing. Indeed, in the extraction of proteins, tobacco has proven to be safer than animals, which can harbour viruses that can infect humans. Further, tobacco is said to be the easiest plant to genetically modify and ideal for this type of research as it yields a million seeds per plant and grows quickly. In the U.S. a group of scientists have genetically engineered tobacco plants to produce a vaccine against the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), while another team of researchers has developed a vaccine that protects monkeys against the Ebola and Marburg viruses. Yet another team of scientists has managed to produce immunising proteins from tobacco for a plague vaccine. Although all three vaccines are not yet available for human use, the research raises the possibility of producing economical vaccines for diseases for which there is no known cure. Still in the US, researchers at a biotechnology firm are working to genetically alter the tobacco leaf to clone a protein found in two strains of HIV.
Source: www.tobaccoleaf.org. Find the ITGAs presentation on alternative crops.

Curing is a carefully controlled process to achieve the texture, colour and overall quality of a specific tobacco type. During the cure, leaf starch is converted into sugar, the green colour vanishes and the tobacco goes through colour changes from lemon to yellow to orange to brown like tree leaves in autumn. There are two main curing methods used in South Africa.

Air-curing
Air cured tobacco, for example Burley, is hung in unheated, ventilated barns to dry naturally until the leaf reaches a light to medium brown colour. At this point, there are virtually no sugars left in the leaf.

Flue-curing
Heat is introduced into a barn via pipes from an exterior furnace like radiators connected to the central heating system. This controlled heat allows the leaves to turn yellow/orange at which point they are fixed. These leaves now contain a high amount of sugar. Virginia tobacco is flue-cured. Two other methods (not practised in South Africa) are Sun-Curing and Fire-Curing (you can read about this on www.batsa.co.za). After curing, the farmer grades the leaves into different leaf positions, qualities and colours and packs his grades into what is known as a farmer bale of 30 - 50kg. He then takes his bales to a buying centre or auction for sale. In South Africa the processing facilities belong to tobacco farmers in the form of companies or co-operatives. Farmers are paid for their tobacco at the point of delivery according to a valuation being placed on every bale of tobacco. After this, the tobacco is processed and packed according to specifications of manufacturers and/or leaf dealers.

9. New farmer information

The tobacco plant is a member of the same botanical family as tomatoes, potatoes, peppers or eggplants. Tobacco does well in poorer soils, providing farmers with a welcome alternative crop. In many cases, it provides a higher income than any other smallholder crop. As a crop, it fits well into environmentally friendly rotations: growing it will benefit the next crop, (like maize) to be grown in that soil. A typical farmer with, for example, two to three hectares of land can earn a good income from only a small part of that land being planted with tobacco. The nearest co-operative can help the farmer by providing seeds and fertiliser and by giving advice on planting, growing, harvesting and curing tobacco and other crops. There are some 13,000 seeds in a gram looking rather like powdery instant coffee. The seeds are so small that they must be nurtured in specially prepared and protected seedbeds for 60 - 90 days before being planted in the field. After a couple of weeks, soil is banked up around the seedlings to protect them and to allow them to develop a good root system. Two months later, the plants flowers and some of the upper leaves are topped to concentrate growth in the remaining leaves (in the same way that tomatoes are pinched out). All the time, the farmer needs to provide the appropriate nutrition for the plant. It would be inadvisable to give general guidelines as each region has very specific factors to take into consideration e.g. the type of soil, nitrogen levels, rainfall levels etc. Watch out for pests as the crop grows towards the harvesting stage. There are several stages to producing tobacco: growing, harvesting, curing, grading and selling (all done by the farmer). Thereafter, processing and packing are done by the processor. Manufacturing of tobacco products and the marketing thereof are done by the manufacturer.

10. Black Economic Empowerment

The SA tobacco industry is committed to uplifting communities through BEE projects. The tobacco industry is working on an industry-wide AgriBEE strategy. Currently projects are reviewed to ensure that all projects implemented are viable and sustainable. TISA as the industry body has for the past three years provided opportunities to promising black agricultural students to complete their practical training in the tobacco industry and will continue to do so. Tobacco manufacturers aim to comply with the B-BBEE policies of government as part of good corporate governance. BAT South Africa for example has voluntarily developed a BEE charter that has been integrated into their corporate strategy. This is one of the pillars supporting their corporate social responsibility programme, and on which future engagement with stakeholders will be built. Download a copy of their B-BBEE Policy Statement in PDF format from their website.
Sources: TISA, www.tobaccosa.co.za; and British American Tobacco SA, www.batsa.co.za. Our grateful thanks once again to Una van Zyl of TISA for thorough feedback on the draft chapter.

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Field crops and horticulture

Tree nuts
1. Overview
South Africa has the climate and the ecology to become a recognised producer and value added processor of most nuts. The harvest time in the southern hemisphere is ideally suited just before the main global market demand at Christmas. The predominant tree nut crops grown in South Africa are macadamias and pecans. The Indutrial Development Corporation (IDC), keen on establishing high-value, new horticultural industries, has walnut and pistachio projects as well.

3. Pecan nuts
For information on pecan nuts visit www.sappa.za.org The pecan nut originated in the USA and is related to the well-known walnut which is cultivated in temperate regions. Pecan trees also flourish in South Africa. They are grown in the Vaalharts area, Tzaneen, Magoebaskloof, Louis Trichardt, Levubu, White River, Nelspruit and on the banks of the Orange River near Kimberley. There are some producers scattered throughout Northern KwaZulu-Natal. Pecan nuts are nutritious, and rich in protein, zinc, vitamins and carbohydrates. They also have cholesterol-lowering properties, and the trees produce strong timber for furniture and flooring. Pecan-nut trees grow very fast and become very tall unless growth is controlled. They thrive in valleys and along rivers where winters are cold and frost occurs. They are alternate bearing, meaning that a large crop is produced the one year, followed by a less impressive one the next. The average yield is 1,5 tons a ha. The optimum yield in the Orange River area is about 3 tons a ha. Commercial cultivars are Ukulinga, Barton, Moore (Bester), Choctaw, Wichita. The latter two cultivars are not recommended for areas with high rainfall and humidity, as scab could be a problem. Pecan nuts can be an excellent way to spread farming risk, particularly in view of the export potential. A cautionary note is that planning, financial planning in particular, is essential: in the switch to pecan nuts, there will be no income until the trees begin to produce nuts. Find articles in the agricultural weeklies Landbouweekblad and Farmers Weekly about farmers who switched to growing pecans. Examples from archived articles would include Pekanneute: goeie alternatief and Pecans minimise ostrich risk. Visit www.landbou.com and www. farmersweekly.co.za

2. Macadamia nuts
For information on Macadamias, visit www.samac.org.za Macadamias are native to subtropical eastern Australia, Indonesia and New Caledonia. They are now grown in other parts of the world including Central America and South Africa. Macadamia trees have similar soil and climatic requirements to Avocado trees and have been grown successfully in areas where Avocados have been killed by soil fungus disease. The fat content of Macadamia nuts is high, amounting to about 70% and they are rich in vitamins and minerals. They can be eaten raw or roasted. The industry is export based and has tremendous growth and development potential. Output is expected to reach 44 000 tons in 2010 and might double by 2016. Currently the main buyers of macadamia nuts in South Africa are Spar, Pick n Pay and Woolworths. The South African Industry is proud of its strong private enterprise base and the structures in place for its governance, created, funded and controlled by the growers, processors and marketers who are committed to its successful future. SAMAC (see heading 10) has initiated contact with other African macadamia producing countries: Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe, in order to seek co-operation where necessary. SAMAC is a member of the International Tree Nut Council (INC). Emerging farmers receive Macadamia seeds Makhado Local emerging farmers were given a shot in the arm with the donation of seedlings by Macadamia enterprise, Mununzwu Newco. The company officially handed over seedlings to local emerging macadamia farmers from historically disadvantaged communities at Elim, outside the Makhado Municipality. The enterprise donated about 5 000 grafted trees to the farmers who will now be able to use them to expand their farms and contribute to the economy meaningfully, said the MEC for Agriculture in Limpopo, Dikeledi Magadzi. The farmers are members of the Vhembe Macadamia Farmers Cooperative, which received the trees on behalf of the farmers. The enterprise, based in the east of Louis Trichardt, helps farmers with advice on how to expand their businesses and with macadamia farming in general. Members of the Macadamia Farmers Co-operative from Makhado, Mutale, Musina and Thulamela municipalities attended the event. BuaNews 7 March 2008

4. Cashew nuts
Cashew trees are indigenous to the coastal dunes of northeastern Brazil. This is one crop where India is preparing to grant trade privileges (preferential market access) to least developed countries, 34 of which are in Africa. Advantageous properties of Cashew trees: They produce cashew nuts. The cashew apple juice can be turned to wine and the wine distilled for brandy. They make good shade trees because of having evergreen leaves and a wide-spreading canopy. Sap with insecticidal properties can be tapped from the trunks. It can also be used as a varnish. They can be cut down for firewood and charcoal. Value-added opportunities: In addition to the cashew kernel, which constitutes only 20% of the nut, various other opportunities exist: Cashew butter. A juice rich in vitamin C can also be extracted from the cashew apple, a false fruit produced about the nut. The Brazilian airline, Varig, serves cashew apple juice on its flights, and the estate has looked into the possibility of launching a similar product in South Africa. Even the poisonous cashew nut shell liquid can be converted into useful products, including epoxies, ship varnishes and friction dust for the car brake linings, meaning the potential for downstream products is extensive.

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Coastal Cashews Cashews are produced on the Ngutshane Estate, under the Coastal Cashews label. The estate lies 40 kms South of the Mozambican border and 23 kms inland from the Maputaland coast. This is the only such facility in South Africa. Cashews are a commodity with which our neighbour, Mozambique, is a tough competitor. Local farmers plant cashew nut trees on their own land for sale to the estate for processing and marketing. This is the traditional system internationally, and Mozambique is steadily building its industry along these lines. It is expected that by 2016, coastal cashews will produce about 827 tons of kernel. Of this, 70% is destined for export and the balance of 260 tons is meant for domestic consumption.
Source: www.busrep.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=565&fArticleId=221832; Reuters Mozambique takes another bite at cashew nut production; www.museums.org.za/ bio/plants/anacardiaceae/anacardium_occidentale.htm; Info Pak on cashews at www. nda.agric.za; BuaNews.

6. Walnuts
These are very large long lived trees which when fully mature can grow to 16m with a spread of 35 metres. They have similar climatic requirements to apples so need cold winters and dry summers. Walnuts have long tap roots so need fertile soils to perform well and good drainage is absolutely essential. Plant walnuts in winter into well prepared soil. The roots of the walnut exude a toxic substance which limits the planting near each tree. Climatic prerequisites for Walnut production include approximately 800 mm of irrigation water or rainfall per year, enough cold units, fertile soil with good drainage and temperatures not exceeding 34oC. Walnuts are partially self fertile but for reliable pollination and cropping two compatible varieties are needed. The male flowers are arranged in long catkins on last years wood while the female flowers develop on new shoots. The flowers are wind borne and in some seasons pollen production and female flower opening may not coincide. Walnuts are enclosed in a fleshy green husk which splits when nuts mature. Mechanical harvesting equipment is very expensive, and a requirement for extensive farming. However, harvesting can be even more cost-effective if done by hand on a smaller scale. Shake the tree to dislodge the nuts. Wash them to remove the tannins which can stain then dry them in the sun for a few days turning often. The nuts are dry when the kernels become brittle. Walnuts are not a fresh product that has to be exported by plane immediately after harvesting. Nuts in the shell will keep in a dry place for a year or more, kernels must be refrigerated. The main pest problems are birds whilst disease problems apart from root rot caused by waterlogged soils are the dreaded walnut blight which can cause black areas on leaves, shoots and young nuts, this may even shrivel the kernel and dieback may occur. Prevention is through spraying with a copper spray such as Kocide when the tree is dormant. A limitation in South Africa has been the non-availability of plant material. Rotondo Walnuts (an IDC project) The IDC intends for Rotondo Walnuts, its irrigation enterprise on the banks of the Gariep River at Aliwal North to kick-start a new agricultural industry. The vision is to have 500 ha of Walnut trees in full production by 2014. (Walnut trees usually take five years to come into production and up to 10 years more to reach full production). The IDC is of the opinion that there is still ample place on the international market for South African produced Walnuts, because they will be produced six months out of the phase with the other major production regions, of which California, USA, is the biggest.

5. Pistachios
Pistachios are deciduous trees averaging about 3 metres in height and 5 metres in width. Pistachios need short, cold winters, and long, hot summers. The Pistachio is not a fussy tree and can grow in poor soil. However, better soil ensures better quality and a higher quantity of nut production and makes the trees easier to manage. They should start producing nuts during their sixth year. Fertiliser plays a very important role and accounts for the bulk of production costs. Nitrogen, zinc and boron are amongst of the elements needed. Once trees are large enough, the Orchards require minimal management, as opposed to the highly intensive management required during the first five years of their lives. A tree should produce 10 kg. saleable nuts at its peak, which will be reached after 10 to 15 years. Approximately 100 to 150 tons of Pistachios are imported into South Africa annually, mainly from Iran and Turkey, for packaging under local brand names. Australia and South Africa are the largest producers of Sirora Pistachios worldwide. Green Valley Nuts (GVN) GVN is a development project wholly-owned by the IDC, and is geared toward establishing a lucrative pistachio nut industry in South Africa. Prieska in the Northern Cape was chosen as the perfect site, because of its hot, dry summers, plentiful water from the Orange River, good soil, cold winters and relatively cheap land. GVN was established in 1993 when 20 ha of Pistachio trees were planted on a 2500 ha farm about 30 km outside Prieska. This is the first pistachio development in the country and is seen as the core project around which this new industry will be developed. Significant potential exists for the region as large areas could be converted from cash crops to pistachios. This would reduce water usage and increase economic output. At this early stage 35ha have been planted to pistachios by surrounding farmers. The project has a significant socio-economic impact on the Prieska community. The farm employs some 200 people at present, of which 98% are from previously disadvantaged communities.

7. Coconuts
The coconut is grown in almost all tropical countries, on a large or small scale, and is put to many uses, as every part of the plant is useful. The fruit is eaten, but its chief use is in the production of copra, which is the dried white kernel. This is either treated locally or exported for the extraction of oil, the resulting presscake being fed to cattle. Coconut oil is used for making cooking oil and margarine. The poorer quality is used for soap, candles, etc. The fibre of the husks, known as coir, is used to make rope, brushes, sacks, matting and bedding. The husks are used for fuel where wood is scare. Green coconuts are often sold as a fresh and cooling drink. Coconut milk is a sterile food for babies. Huts can be built using the leaves and trunks. Coconut palms can be incorporated into the activities of small-scale farmers, and can be grown around homesteads in the subtropical and coastal areas of South Africa. Bearing palms at Burgershall Research Station and in Northern KwaZulu-Natal are evidence that selected clones will bear fruit in areas where Bananas grow.

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8. Hazelnuts, almonds and chestnuts

Full information on hazelnuts is available on www.hazelnuts.org.au, an Australian website. Hazelnuts are deciduous, requiring a cool winter to provide a sufficient chill to break the dormancy of the flowering and vegetative buds. This crop is best suited to the cooler, southern parts of Australia and the ranges, where summers are not excessively hot. An average annual rainfall of over 900mm is desirable, with supplementary irrigation to overcome moisture deficits in the years of below average rainfall. Hazelnuts already have an existing $40m. retail market in Australia alone. www.almondboard.com, the website of the Almond Board of California, is a wealth of information regarding almonds. Central California produces 82% of the worlds almonds and exports to more than 80 countries. In a Landbouweekblad article entitled Vooruit met amandels, Lucille Botha writes about the Le Roux family, farming near Montagu in the Western Cape. It required perseverance and some experimenting (e.g. spacing between trees, soil preparation, building a marketing network), but they have established the largest almond farming operation in South Africa. The European or Spanish Chestnut grows into a large stately tree which when mature can carry hundreds of kilograms of nuts. They can grow about 12m x 12m and are best suited to a cool climate. They thrive in deep loamy soils and as they flower later in spring, frosts are generally not a problem. A well composted, well drained soil is ideal. Chestnuts, unlike hazelnuts, are partially self fertile but will be more productive if pollinated by another variety. Wind pollination is the main cross pollination method. Their separate male and female flowers open in November. The male flowers are on long yellow catkins the insignificant female flowers form at the base. Find information on Chestnuts and other nuts at www.stonemans.com. au

SAMAC is one of the subtropical grower associations which together make up the SA Subtropical Growers Association (Subtrop). Subtrop field officers offer technical expertise to growers of macadamias. Find details in the Subtropical Fruit chapter.

Stellenbosch University Department of Horticultural Science Tel: 021 808 4900 Fax: 021 808 2121 hortsci@sun.ac.za

University of the Free State Department of Plant Sciences South African Pecan Producers Tel: 051 401 2514 Association (SAPPA) Fax: 051 444 5945 Tel: 012 329 9868 plantsciences@ufs.ac.za www.sappa.za.org

Nut specific:
Macadamias Eastern Produce SA Tel: 015 307 3120 Golden Macadamias Tel: 013 733 5034 www.goldenmacadamia.co.za Green Farms Nut Company Tel: 015 583 0371 www.gfnc.co.za Lowveld Nuts Tel: 013 751 2326 Maclands Estate Tel: 015 556 7700 Mayo Macs Macadamias Tel: 013 733 4600 Pecans Find the Associations menu option on www.sappa.za.org. These webpages give details of various input suppliers and nurseries, processors and others. Pioneer Foods Tel: 021 970 7300 Royal Macadamias Tel: 015 583 0394 www.royalmacadamia.co.za SAD Tel: 013 733 3030 Tel: 021 970 7300 www.sadfoods.co.za Tzamac Tel: 015 307 6607 Fax: 086 671 7739

9. Websites and publications

Find the references to websites earlier in this chapter e.g. www.samac. org.za and www.sappa.za.org International Tree Nut Council (Nutrition Research and Education Foundation) www.nuthealth.org. International Nut and Dried Fruit Council Foundation (INC) www. nutfruit.org www.macadamias.org the website of the Australian Macadamia Society. www.northernnutgrowers.org and www.nutgrowing.org websites of northern hemisphere growers. www.globalnuts.co.ke there are Macadamia notes and recipes on this Kenyan-based companys website. View the following Info Paks under the Publications option at www.daff. gov.za: Nuts: Cultivating cashew nuts Nuts: Cultivating macadamias Fruit: Cultivating pecan nuts

Elandsdraai Pecan Growers Tel: 012 732 0783 / 083 302 2413 HL Hall and Sons Tel: 013 753 5700 Klein Doornrivier Tel: 044 272 2405 Mtebeni Valley Pecans Tel: 034 414 1125

Roux Pecans Tel: 053 204 0001 www.pecannuts.co.za Senwes Agricultural Services Jaco Vermeulen Tel: 053 474 9600

10. Roleplayers
Agri Technologies Tel: 018 291 1652 / 082 775 7227 Processing equipment for your crop ARC-Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Crops (ITSC) Tel: 013 753 7000 infoitsc@arc.agric.za Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) Food, Beverages and Agro Industries SBU Tel: 011 269 3000 www.idc.co.za Lowveld College of Agriculture Tel: 013 753 3064 Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) Tel: 015 516 4191 / 082 490 6013 www.ppecb.com The South African Macadamia Association (SAMAC) Tel: 015 307 1520 info@subtrop.co.za www.samac.org.za

Other Ace Nut Traders Tel: 011 791 7467 www.acenuts.co.za Coastal Cashews c/o Tel: 011 326 0760 / 083 271 0301 Green Valley Nuts (GVN) Tel: 053 353 3308/9 Rotondo Walnuts Tel: 051 634 1145 Cell: 082 372 6842

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Field crops and horticulture

Vegetables
1. Overview
The vegetable industry is the largest within the horticultural group both in terms of production and value. South Africa is self-sufficient with regard to vegetable production and exports both fresh and processed vegetables. Vegetables offer a unique market for South African farmers and agricultural business in that vegetables are a basic requirement of every person. Vegetables play a central role in addressing food security and providing nutritional supplements and requirements to people. Most of the information given under headings 2, 3, 4 and 8 is taken from the Sakata Seed Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd. Grower Guides. These are only excerpts, meant to give an overview of the different vegetables. Please contact Sakata Seed Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd for the complete user guides.

the national fresh produce markets, the informal market and chain stores. Like most vegetables, a market for quality and diversity has been developed that creates lucrative opportunities that the producer must take note of. Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower and Brussel sprouts are crops that grow best under cool conditions. Varieties have been developed, however, that grow well under very warm conditions. Temperatures a few degrees below freezing generally will not adversely affect the crop. Broccoli is the most sensitive of these crops to frost, and heads may be damaged if temperatures fall below 2C. During very high temperatures these crops may suffer. Matching the proper variety to the season is essential in summer; however, cultivars to be grown should be heat tolerant and have good tolerance to Black rot.
Source: Sakata Seed Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd. Contact them at 011 548 2800 or visit www.sakata.co.za

4. Carrots
Carrots are one of the major vegetables consumed in South Africa. Historical fresh market grower prices indicate that the highest prices are received in March, April and less so in May due to difficulty in establishing carrots in summer. Heat, rain and leaf blights are major causes of crop failures and or yield and quality reduction. Several hundred varieties exist, but carrots are sold more by shape and type than by variety. Carrot types have developed for specific markets e.g. cut n peel Imperators for the mini stick packs that are very popular in the USA; larger Danver, Flakkee and Becilium types for processing; Kuroda, Chantenay and Nantes for bunching; Nantes for pre-packs, etc. There are five main types of carrots: Nantes. Medium length (15-20 cm), uniform diameter, blunt tip, used for bunching, slicing, juicing, pre-packing and mini carrots. They have very good eating quality and are especially suited for local sales. They normally mature earlier than Imperator types. In South Africa, Nantes types are used for local and export markets. Nantes types are on the increase regarding market share mainly due to their superior eating quality. Danvers. Large, medium long (18-22 cm), processing type, used for dicing and slicing. They require a long season (120 days) to develop tonnage and high sugar content. There is a limited market for these types in our markets. Chantenay. Large shoulders, short (12-15 cm), usually with a large, distinctly coloured core, used for dicing. These are older cultivars and usually not of the quality required by processors. Primarily small local producers and home gardeners now use them. Kuroda. Large shoulders, medium short (15-18 cm), usually with a conical shape, large, core, blunt tip, used for bunching, slicing, juicing, and dicing. They normally mature before Imperator types. Kuroda types are widely used for fresh market production. Imperator. Long (22-25 cm), small shoulders, tapered tip, used primarily for fresh pack in markets like the USA and Australia. There is a new trend where this type is used for cuts (mini fresh processed carrots) for fresh market and export. As they are more economical and more aesthetically appealing, this trend is taking off in other parts of the world. The market for the traditional fresh pack Imperator is on the decrease.
Source: Sakata Seed Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd. Contact them at 011 548 2800 or visit www.sakata.co.za

2. Beets
The cultivated form of the plant Beta vulgaris of the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae) is one of the most important vegetables. It is a biennial plant with four distinct types that are cultivated for different purposes: Garden beet, beetroot or table beet, as a garden vegetable; Sugar beet, a major source of sugar; Mangel-wurzel or mangold, a succulent feed for livestock; and Leaf beet or Swiss chard for its leaves, which may be eaten or used as a seasoning.

Beet roots are frequently canned, either whole or cut up, and often pickled, spiced, or served in a sweet-and-sour sauce. Beets are very common crop in Southern Africa and are popular among most ethnic groups and cultures. Pests and diseases are not major concerns and it is relatively easy to grow. Beetroot is sown throughout the year to supply market demand. Beets take longer to mature when growing into the winter cool season and should be given ample time to mature. South Africa has a significant fresh market for beet where both bulb and top are consumed. Two niche markets in the fresh market beet arena are: Baby round beets for both the local and export markets. The requirement is for these varieties to produce uniformly round beets that are harvested at diameters between 20-30 mm. Baby beet leaves of various colours to be used in fresh salad packs. Historical fresh-market grower prices indicate that the highest prices are received in April due to difficulty in establishing beet in the warm season and then in July and August due to cool winter conditions.
Source: Sakata Seed Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd. Contact them at 011 548 2800 or visit www.sakata.co.za

3. Cabbages and kind

The production of cabbage is always an attractive option. As with most vegetable crops, cabbages are mostly produced for and marketed through

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5. Chillies
See the Herbs and spices chapter

Roleplayers
ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Mushroom Research Centre Dr W A Smit 082 749 8553 Through the ARC-PPRI Mushroom programme, significant contributions have been made to poverty relief. Communities are trained and production infrastructure established to produce oyster mushrooms for their own and local markets. Contact Dr Susan Koch at KochS@arc.agric.za Rhodes University Tel: 046 603 8443 J.dames@ru.ac.za Research on the Kalahari truffle and transferring the technology later on to communities in the Northern Cape and North West province is underway.

6. Garlic
The use of garlic dates back to the early Egyptians, over 5,000 years ago. Egyptian slaves downed tools when their daily ration of garlic was removed, thus becoming the first ever known labour strike. Six bulbs of garlic were discovered in King Tutankhamens tomb. Garlic has numerous medicinal benefits and is under constant research by medical institutions worldwide. Studies around the world have shown garlic to be beneficial in fighting heart disease, cancer, diabetes, infections and other illnesses. It strengthens the immune system, thus adding to its appeal as a resource for people who are HIV positive. Garlic contains a wide range of trace minerals. These include copper, iron, zinc, magnesium, germanium, and especially selenium. In addition, garlic contains many sulphur compounds, vitamins A and C, fibre, and various amino acids. Garlic cultivars are Super Giant White, Egyptian Pink, Large Egyptian White (most common). All varieties of garlic (and there over 450) are members of the Lily family. The mature garlic plant produces a bulb, sometimes called a head of garlic, with numerous individual cloves inside the paper-like wrapper. An individual clove when planted will reproduce an entire bulb after about 9 months.
Source: www.garlic.org.za. Details of the compound changes which occur after crushing and cutting garlic may be found on this website.

Shrooms, based in Newcastle (KZN) sells a mushroom production and business starter pack. They Boland Mushrooms advise clients of different marketing Tel: 023 344 3662 techniques available. The starter bolandmushrooms@compnet. pack includes an instruction manual. co.za A newsletter is also available. Contact details are 082 939 1616 Bonbello Mushrooms or email Phyllis@ecoafro.com Tel: 083 755 3034 bonbello@iafrica.com South African Gourmet Chantarelle Mushrooms Mushroom Academy Tel: 031 777 1755 Tel: 021 881 3586 / 082 749 8553 touzel@iafrica.com www.mushroomacademy.com Chef Mushrooms Tel: 031 768 2332 Country Mushrooms Tel: 011 974 4043 www.countryfoods.co.za Denny Mushrooms Tel: 011 707 7500 www.dennymushrooms.com Find the link to the Edible Fungi Association on this website. South African Mushroom Farmers Association Tel: 011 325 6006 www.mushroominfo.co.za

6. Mushrooms and truffles

Visit www.mushroominfo.co.za, website of the South African Mushroom Farmers Association (SAMFA)

Fungiculture is the process of producing food, medicine and other products by the cultivation of mushrooms and other fungi (like truffles). Unlike plants which depend on the sun, mushrooms rely on their growing medium for food and energy. Examples of this food-and-energy source are compost, mulched hay, sawdust and wood chips. Four important mushroom species are grown commercially. These are the common cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, the Shiitake mushroom, Lentinula edodes, the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus and the paddystraw mushroom, Volvariella volvaceae. The common cultivated mushroom is the most important species with the greatest estimated global production. Most mushrooms found in supermarkets have been commercially grown on mushroom farms i.e. in controlled, sterilized environments. Separating edible from poisonous species requires meticulous attention to detail, since there is no single trait by which all toxic mushrooms can be identified, nor one by which all edible mushrooms can be identified. The term gourmet mushroom generally refers to any mushroom except the white and brown button mushroom commonly found in supermarkets. Approximately 300 mushroom species have known medicinal properties, and another 1800 with potential medicinal properties have been identified. Extracts of medicinal mushrooms are used to increase disease resistance and to normalise body functions. Mushrooms can also be used for dyeing wool and other natural fibres.

The South African National Collection of Fungi, which Contact details for the Fresh houses approximately 60 000 Mushrooms regions can be found specimens, is known nationally and on the website. internationally under the acronym PREM. The name PREM is derived Forest Fresh Mushrooms from the city in which the collection Tel: 044 533 9161 is situated, Pretoria (PRE), and mushroom@xnets.co.za the M defines the collection as being mycological. The ARC-PPRI Gauteng Economic is currently the custodian of the Development Agency (GEDA) collection. For further information Agricultural Hub initiative contact Dr Elna van der Linde at Mudunwazi Baloyi VDLindeE@arc.agric.za. Tel: 011 833 8750 Mudunwazi@geda.co.za Sylvan Africa Tel: 012 665 2210 GEDA is working with partners marlizen@sylvaninc.com to facilitate funding for previously www.sylvaninc.com disadvantaged individuals identified for participation. Mushrooms is Tropical Mushrooms one area of focus. Tel: 014 577 5924/5 www.tropical.co.za Highveld Mushrooms Tel: 011 464 1705/6/7 Truffles of Africa www.highveldmushrooms.co.za Tel: 033 234 4664 www.trufflesofafrica.co.za Medallion Mushrooms Tel: 021 880 1135 tim@medallion.co.za Ocean Mushrooms Tel: 028 284 9278 oceanmushrooms@telkomsa.net

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8. Onions
Onions are considered to be the third most important vegetable crop in South Africa after potatoes and tomatoes. Progressive companies like Freshmark and Woolworths are actively marketing new concepts in colour, flavour, packaging, value-added ready-to-eat dishes. Exports from South Africa to Europe are relatively small in comparison with New Zealand, Australia, Tasmania and Argentina. It is clear to see that there is a tremendous potential for both local and export market growth. Onion types It is important that you: select the correct variety for your production area; understand the climatic and other environmental factors that affect its performance. Screening and commercial trials are a key factor in selecting varieties. Breeders, growers, fresh market agents, chain stores, marketers, etc. should all be involved in selecting to bring objectivity to the process. Markets and Marketing South African Onions There are two distinctive types of dry onions sold in our markets, the fresh onion and the storage onion. The fresh, or winter and early spring onions, are available in late May or early June and can be purchased until end November. These onions have a higher water and sugar and lower pyruvate content than the Cape storage type onion. As a consumer, we can recognise these onions by their lighter colour and thinner skin. They are becoming well known for their mild flavour and especially in markets in the USA, Far East and Europe. The second type of dry onion is known as a storage onion and is available in the market in November, just as the fresh onions are coming to an end. This type of onion has a darker skin that is much thicker than that of a fresh onion. Storage onions are firm, compact onions and are much less susceptible to bruising and shipping damage. This onion remains available through the summer months until May. Nature has endowed this onion with an excellent flavour and texture which is perfectly suited for the hearty cooked dishes enjoyed during cooler weather. Both of these types of dry onions are commercially available in three colours; red, yellow and white, and provide todays consumers with just the right onion for the desired cooking effect. Cooked yellow onions produce a darker French onion soup. Fried white onions are used for their light golden colour. Red onions are the perfect choice for salads and slightly cooked dished where their colour is a welcome addition. New colours like pink will become available in the near future.
Source: Sakata Seed Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd. Contact them at 011 548 2800 or visit www.sakata.co.za

9. Potatoes
See the Potatoes chapter

10. Tomatoes
Interestingly, tomatoes are nutritionally categorised as vegetables and botanically classed as fruits. In the National Agricultural Directory they are included here. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the second most important and popular vegetable crop after potatoes in South Africa. It is not only cultivated commercially but alsom commonly grown by subsistence, resource-poor farmers and home gardeners. Limpopo is the major production area, followed by Mpumalanga, the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. The tomato is widely used as a fresh vegetable and in stews to complement the staple diet of maize meal. As a result it is also one of the main vegetables used for hawking by small-scale entrepreneurs in the informal sector. Processing of tomatoes consists of canning, freezing, dehydration and juice production. Tomatoes are processed into whole pealed, tomato and onion braises, pasta, shredded, puree and pasta concentrate.
Source: Horticultural Crops Market Value Chain Profiles Volume 2, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Associations
Tomato Producers Association C/o ZZ2 Tel: 015 395 2040 www.zz2.biz

11. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find information on the different directorates under the Divisions menu option at www.daff.gov.za

Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306 DFSQA@daff.gov.za Directorate: Plant Health Tel: 012 319 6505/39 DPH@daff.gov.za

Directorate: Plant Production Tel: 012 319 6079 DPP@daff.gov.za Perishable Products Export Control Board Tel: 021 930 1134 www.ppecb.com

Associations
Noordelike Uiekomitee Tel: 083 628 0353 Noord Kaap Uieprodusent Organisasie Tel: 053 861 1145

12. Training and research

See the Agricultural Education and Training chapter

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Agri Iphepeng trains people top establish their own vegetable gardens at home and produce their own basic food at home. Contact Cois Harman at 083 265 6210 or coishar@gds.co.za AgriSETA accredited providers offer training on vegetable production. An example: Buhle Farmers Academy Tel: 013 665 4001 buhlefarmers@telkomsa.net Dicla Training Tel: 011 662 9024/5 www.diclatraining.com Earth Innovations Tel: 043 726 9900 www.earthinnovations.co.za Reach Out Vegetable Cultivation Tel: 072 624 9498 Training offered in the Western Cape. Skills for Africa Tel: 012 379 4920 www.skillsafrica.co.za

ARC VOPI has over 100 grower guide leaflets on vegetables. These cover general vegetable topics (e.g. crop rotation in vegetables), onions and garlic, root crops (e.g. the production of carrots, turnips, beetroot), leaf crops (e.g. spinach, lettuce), green beans and broadbeans, green and dry peas, eggfruit, cole crops (e.g. cauliflower and cabbage cultivars), cucurbits (e.g. pumpkin and squash cultivars) and other vegetables. Contact the Public Relations Officer at 012 841 9611 or fax 012 808 0844. Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publications, available from the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering: Processing of Brassicas (Broccoli, sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower) Processing of Cucurbits (Butternut, cucumber, pumpkin, sweet melon, watermelon, baby marrow) Processing of Olives and Legumes (green peas) Processing of Root Crops (Asparagus, beetroot, carrots, garlic, onions, potatoes, sweet potato) Processing of Legumes (Cowpeas, beans, green beans, lentils, green peas) Food Garden Management Training Video. This is available from the Center of Agricultural Management at the University of the Free State. Tel: 051 401 2557 Growing Vegetables: A comprehensive guide on how to establish, maintain and manage a vegetable garden. WT Nell, GM Engelbrecht, DM du Plessis The Peoples Guide to Farming. Growing Plants Handbook The Environmental and Development Agency Trust and Juta Education Companies involved often have Grower guides for different vegetables. Find the Asparagus Info menu option on www.cherryfestival.co.za. Background information as well as technical grower information is offered. Visit www.giantpumpkins.co.za Step by Step Guide on growing mushrooms ISBN 978-0-620-42224-6. There is also a three part DVD set. Order at www.ecoafro.com or contact Shrooms at 034 325 0530 Commercial mushroom production in South Africa. Bulletin 418. A Eicker. Department of Botany. University of Pretoria Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms, third edition (2000). Paul Stamets ISBN 1-58008-175-4, Ten Speed Press. Available via www.amazon.com and www.kalahari.net

ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute Tel: 012 808 8000. For the Plant Pathology and Microbiology Division, contact 012 356 9800. Training courses on vegetable production for resource poor farmers were developed by the ARC-Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute. These range from basic courses, dealing with the basic principles of vegetable production, to more advanced courses. Estia Joubert runs courses on vegetable production. To contact her, call 012 841 9611 or email Ejoubert@arc.agric.za. Production courses are also goven on growing organic vegetables. Companies involved often do training. Shrooms, for example, holds seminars on mushroom growing. Provincial Departments of Agriculture, working with the Agricultural Colleges, provide courses in vegetable production, and in vegetable and fruit drying. Madzivhandila College presents training in vegetable achaar processing. At Cedara in KwaZulu-Natal, Poster Training Modules are also available, covering aspects like production planning, cabbage and potato production etc. Contact Clive Viljoen or Noreen Mhlongo at the Training Resources Development. Tel: 033 355 8234/7 or email clive.viljoen@kzndae. gov.za or noreen.mhlongo@kzndae.gov.za. For training courses, call 033 355 9532 or fax 086 613 6558. Details of Agricultural Colleges can be found in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Universities offering agricultural degrees do research and training in vegetable production. Examples are given here: Stellenbosch University Department of Agronomy Tel: 021 808 4803 browne@sun.ac.za Stellenbosch University Department of Horticultural Science Tel: 021 808 4900 hortsci@sun.ac.za University of the Free State Lengau Agricultural centre Tel: 051 4438859 mcvdw@telkomsa.net University of Fort Hare Tel: 040 602 2126 Fax: 086 628 2403 agripark@ufh.ac.za www.ufh.ac.za

13. Websites and publications

A number of Vegetable Production Info Paks are available from the Resource Centre at the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. These are simple, accurate growing guides. Contact them at 012 319 7141. The Info Paks can also be viewed from the website www.daff.gov.za (look under Publications). Find the vegetable Infotoons on www.agis.agric.za. Take the AGIS and Skills Development menu options. More advanced information also exists on this website. Do a search on the vegetable of your choice e.g. Onions brings up information on climatic requirements, irrigation, harvesting, introduction to cultivars, sophisticated cultivar information etc.

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14. Companies involved

A Ford & Co Tel: 021 850 0011 aford@tiscali.co.za AC Seeds Tel: 042 291 0849 Olivier@intekom.co.za Alpha Seeds Tel: 016 366 0616 alphaseed@lantic.net Biogrow Tel: 028 313 2054 www.biogrow.co.za Organic solutions Buckle Packaging & Engineering (Pty) Limited Tel: 011 613 8024 www.bucklepack.co.za Dicla Tel: 011 662 1371/63 www.dicla.com Dormas Tel: 011 496 2800 www.dormas.co.za Vegetable handling equipment East London Tomato Packers Tel: 043 737 4471 Envirogrow Tel: 082 771 6547 anita@envirogrow.co.za GP Asparagus Tel: 051 933 4973 / 073 248 3723 Grown on several farms and supplied nationally asparagus, but also potatoes, baby marrows, gems and cabbage Goldpack (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 569 4199 www.goldpack.co.za Multihead portion weighers for potatoes, onions, carrots and various types of fruit; bagging, labeling solutions and more HAL Fennell Tel: 042 287 0712 SAKATA Seed Southern Africa franchisee servicing the Eastern Cape Hygrotech SA Tel: 012 545 8000 www.hygrotech.com Vegetables Under Protection is one specific unit: contact Paddy de Vries at vup@hygrotech.co.za International Bag Buyers Tel: 012 250 0120 www.internationalgroup.co.za Knitted vegetable pockets, woven vegetable pockets, (WPP) woven bags, cardboard and paper, fomo packs, soft plastics etc

Planner Bee Plant Care produces FERTILIS earthworm castings. This product (registration no B3664 Act36/1947) is certified by the Organic Food Federation UK: organic certification no: 00371/01/00. It is used as a fertiliser for ALL soils and plants, vegetables etc. Contact them at Tel/Fax: 011 888 4215, 083 255 5828 or email carmen@livingearth.co.za.

Seedplan Tel: 043 732 1307 gail@seedplan.co.za Spoedwel Landbou Tel: 012 250 0200 info@spoedwel.co.za Starke Ayres Tel: 0860 782 753 www.starkeayres.co.za Stimuplant Tel: 012 802 0940 www.stimuplant.sa.gs

PricewaterhouseCoopers Agri Industry Group Wensleydale Farms Kobie Bekker (National Leader) - Tel: 012 650 0064 023 346 5502 www.wensleydale.co.za As trusted business advisor the The biggest organic vegetable Agri Industry Group focuses on producers in South Africa providing specialist services e.g. tax, accounting, entrepreneurial Wildeklawer advice, internal audits etc. Tel: 053 531 0700 www.wildeklawer.co.za Red Baron Tomatoes Tel: 043 737 4112 A major producer of onions and www.redbaron.co.za potatoes in South Africa Red n Jucy Tel: 031 767 2096 rednjucy@iafrica.com Wizzard Worms Tel: 033 413 1837 www.wizzardworms.co.za

SAKATA Seed Southern Africa franchisee servicing Mpumalanga, Klein Karoo Seed Marketing Gauteng, North West, Eastern (Pty) Ltd Free State and Northern Cape Tel: 044 203 5180 www.seedmarketing.co.za Garlic Growers Tel: 011 952 1575 McDonalds Seeds garlic@ananzi.co.za Tel: 033 346 0121 Fax: 033 386 4141

VERT-GRO systems (vertical semi- Find the Vegetable Production interlocking pots) enable more menu option on the website. plants per square metre than ZZ2 conventional methods. Tel: 015 395 2040 SAKATA Seed Southern Africa www.zz2.biz (Pty) Ltd A major producer of tomatoes and Tel: 011 548 2800 onions www.sakata.co.za Visit the website for contact details of franchisees in Southern Africa.

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15. Farmer points of interest

Producing vegetables is a farming activity which needs to be planned well. It is a business in that it involves finances such as buying, selling and the management of funds. You must plan in order to decide which crops to plant and to know which actions to perform at specific times, e.g. discing, fertilising, planting, irrigating, weeding, trellising, harvesting and distributing. It is important to plan twice a year as different crops require planting in different seasons. How to plan: Use a year planner and a calendar to organise your actions. Obtain knowledge and decide on implements, workers, pest and disease control and market prices. Find out when the market prices will be at their best. Remember to rotate your crops and never to plant the same or closely related crops on the same soil during the next planting season. Crop rotation prevents poor soil and it prevents pests and diseases. A well-planned vegetable production results in better profits, higher yields, healthy vegetables and happy families.
Source: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries booklet Vegetable production

Refer to the Undercover Growing & Hydroponics chapter. Hydroponics is a technology for growing plants in nutrient solutions (water and fertilisers) with or without the use of artificial medium (e.g., sand, gravel, vermiculite, rockwool, peat, coir, sawdust) to provide mechanical support.

The vegetable market is unregulated and technically open to all producers. The fluid and uncertain nature of the market has led retailers to enter contracts with large growers at the beginning of the season so as to ensure a specific range of vegetables in accordance with predetermined schedules. These arrangements have seen a declining role for municipal markets and make it difficult for small, new producers to gain access to the major supermarkets. In spite of these arrangements, opportunities for the supply of small quantities of produce to a range of outlets do exist. SPAR, Lombardi Foods, the traders at municipal markets, restaurants, corner shops and hawkers all procure some of their goods opportunistically on an informal spot-market basis from small scale producers. The key in accessing these opportunities is to win the trust of purchasers by demonstrating the ability to produce quality vegetables consistently and to deliver them on time. Emerging producers are also well placed to supply the burgeoning informal settlement food market, where onions, cabbages, potatoes and squash are a staple and real incomes are increasing. Organic certification provides a means by which emerging producers can distinguish themselves from the mainstream and reduce the competition for their produce. The preferential access to water afforded to new producers under the National Water Resource Strategy (2003), National Water Act (1998) provides emerging farmers that have representation on the Catchment Management Agencies with a powerful bargaining chip in collaborations with existing commercial vegetable farmers seeking additional water resources.
Source: South Africas Agricultural Commodity Markets by Nomonde Qeqe and Anton Cartwright. Find the document on the Surplus Peoples Project website www.spp.org.za

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Field crops and horticulture

Wheat
Also see the Grains and Oilseeds Chapter

Industry Strategic Plan

The South African wheat industrys mission is to become long term preferred suppliers of wheat, wheat flour and wheat based products on the local market and in selected international markets which necessitates the industry becoming driven by the needs and characters of its target markets. After extensive analysis and ongoing discussions between all roleplayers, a number of objectives as set out below were identified: Co-operate with government and government agencies to obtain their active support to achieve short and long term industry goals trade and tariffs quality and standards information research infrastructure general government issues Assist the entire value chain to put in place methods of best practice and set standards against which they can constantly be measured. Training develop appropriate skills in all sectors. Technology use of world class technology. Identify international marketing opportunities and monitor and analyse the trade agreements, all to the benefit of the industry. formation of export council/Joint Action Groups involvement in NEPAD initiative involvement with government in trade agreements access to international data base skills to deal with export import issues economic research on tariff policies Assist in the development and participation of Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs), Black Economic Empowerment (BEEs) and Women Owned Enterprises (WE) within the industry. outsourcing some opportunities to SMMEs, BEEs & WE provide technical and management assistance co-operate with government to assist financially and technically training assist with procurement of inputs assist in logistic and marketing of their products
Source: The Wheat Industry Plan

1. Overview
After maize, wheat is the second most produced food worldwide (rice is third). Wheat is mainly used for human consumption. The grain is a staple food from which bread, biscuits, cake, cereal, pasta, noodles and couscous can be made. It is used for fermentation to make beer, alcohol and vodka (its alcohol can also be used for biofuel). The grains are used in the production of absorbing agents for disposable diapers, adhesives and it has industrial uses as starch on coatings. The straw can be used as fodder for livestock or as a construction material for roofing thatch. To a limited extent, wheat is planted as a forage crop. Wheat is the second most important field crop produced in South Africa. Wheat is planted mainly between mid-April and mid-June in the winter rainfall area (western and southern Cape) and between mid-May and the end of July in the summer rainfall area (eastern Free State). Although wheat is produced in all of the provinces, the Western Cape and Free State together contribute two-thirds of the wheat crop. Wheat is also produced under irrigation as a popular alternative winter crop for double cropping purposes. About 12% of the total area planted to wheat is irrigated. Statistics (e.g. crop estimates, export/import etc) may be found on the National Department of Agricultures website take the Publications menu option at www.daff.gov.za and on the South African Grain Information Service website www.sagis.org.za.

2. Associations involved
Find details of Grain SA, SAGIS, the National Chamber of Milling and the Grain Silo Industry in the Grains & Oilseeds chapter. The Wheat Forum Tel: 012 807 3958 Winter Cereal Trust Tel: 012 663 1600 www.wintercerealtrust.co.za

The Wheat Forum is representative of major sectors involved in the The South African Chamber of wheat and wheat products industry, Baking namely wheat producers, millers, Tel: 012 663 1600 bakers, trade unions, consumers and government that deal with policy issues of mutual concern.

4. Training and research

See this heading in the Grain and Oilseeds chapter.

3. National strategy
Refer to this heading in the Grains and Oilseeds General chapter

The Wheat Industrys Plan recognises training for the wheat-to-bread chain (product innovation, multi-skilling competencies and marketing) as partand-parcel of the way forward. The Winter Cereal Trust is responsible for the allocation of funding and appraisal of relevant research projects in the winter grain industry. Since 1998, statutory levies on sales of winter cereal have been imposed to finance the Winter Cereal Trust. The Agricultural Research Councils Small Grain Institute in Bethlehem, conducts the research on wheat and other winter grains.

International Trade Administration Commission of SA Tel: 012 394 3590 / 0861 843 384 www.itac.org.za

National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) Tel: 012 341 1115 www.namc.co.za

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ARC-Small Grain Institute Tel: 058 307 3507 / 3400

Southern African Grain Laboratory (SAGL) Tel: 012 349 2683 Training is done on demand: should www.sagl.co.za somebody be interested, the ARCSGI puts together a programme. In Stellenbosch University addition to training, the SGI carries Department of Agronomy out a number of other services e.g. Tel: 021 808 4803 plant analysis, they run a wheat browne@sun.ac.za quality laboratory etc. Find details on www.arc.agric.za Department of Food Science Tel: 021 808 3578 Grain SA voedselw@sun.ac.za Tel: 056 515 2145 www.grainsa.co.za University of the Free State Department of Plant Sciences Included in its Farmer Development Tel: 051 401 2514 Programme is a week long Fax: 051 444 5945 introduction to producing wheat. plantsciences@ufs.ac.za Find details in the emerging farmer support chapter. Grain Training Institute Tel: 012 656 1870 info@gtinstitute.co.za

Albany (Tiger Brands) Tel: 011 305 2300 www.tigerbrands.co.za Blue Ribbon (Premier Foods) Tel: 011 565 4300 www.blueribbon.co.za Buhler Tel: 011 801 3500 www.buhlergroup.com Grain Training Institute Tel: 012 656 1870 info@gtinstitute.co.za Grainco (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 807 8900 www.graincosa.co.za GWK Ltd Tel: 053 298 8200 www.gwk.co.za JSE Limited Commodity Derivatives Tel: 011 520 7535 www.safex.co.za K2 Agri Klein Karoo Seed Marketing Tel: 044 203 5180 www.seedmarketing.co.za Kaap Agri Tel: 022 482 8000 www.kaapagri.co.za Louis Dreyfus Africa Tel: 011 217 5304 www.louisdreyfus.co.za

Moorreesburgse Koringboere (Edms) Bpk Tel: 022 433 8300 www.mkb.co.za OVK Ltd Tel: 051 923 4509 www.ovk.co.za Pannar Seeds Tel: 033 413 9500 www.pannar.com Plantkor Tel: 036 468 1309 www.plantkor.co.za Sasko (Pioneer Foods) Tel: 022 482 7272 www.sasko.co.za Senwes Tel: 018 464 7800 www.senwes.co.za Southern African Grain Laboratory (SAGL) Tel: 012 349 2683 www.sagl.co.za Suidwes Tel: 018 581 1000 www.suidwes.co.za Sunbake (Foodcorp) Tel: 012 327 0933 www.sunbake.co.za

5. Websites and publications

The ARC-SGI has the following publications: Wheat Diseases in South Africa Field guide for the identification of wheat insects in South Africa Guidelines for the production of small grains in the summer rainfall region Guidelines for the production of small grains in the winter rainfall region

The guidelines for the production of small grains in the summer rainfall region and Guideline for the production of small grains in the winter rainfall region are highly comprehensive and essential publications. Topics include management of wheat production (e.g. reaching target yields), soil tillage guidelines, cultivar choice guidelines, fertilisation guidelines, and weed and insect control. For the above publications, visit www.arc.agric.za or phone 058 307 3507. Visit the SAGIS website, www.sagis.org.za, for statistics (national stocks, producer deliveries, import, exports, consumption, weekly parity prices, historical information, etc.) www.sagl.co.za national wheat crop quality as well as quality of imported wheat Find the Technical Manual: Karnal Bunt of Wheat at www.daff.gov.za A Wheat Museum one of the only three of its kind in the world where the history of wheat is depicted can be visited in Morreesburg (Western Cape). Call 022 433 1093 or email kormuseum@moorreesburg.net

7. Local business environment

The South African wheat industry is at present one of the freest in the world. Since deregulation (post 1997) the only protection the industry enjoys is in the form of (very mild) tariffs. The wheat marketing season in South Africa commences on 1 October and ends on 30 September the following year. The only government intervention in the market is the tariff on wheat imports. The industry operates in a free-market environment where demand-and-supply is the key determinant of price. A statutory levy in terms of the marketing of Agricultural Products Act is applicable (R9.00 /t wheat) to finance research and information. Find the Swot Analysis of Role Players in The Value Chain i.e. wheat producers, infrastructure suppliers and traders in the Wheat Industry Plan. The National Chamber of Milling annually publishers a list of preferred cultivars. These are divided into three categories: cultivars for dryland (non-irrigation) production in the north, cultivars for the southern production area, and the irrigation cultivars. The list is available on www.grainmilling.org.za. Should you have enquiries, contact Jannie de Villiers at 012 663 1660 or at info@grainmilling.org.za.

6. Companies involved
For an extensive list go to www.sagis.org.za take the List of Co-workers and then Wheat menu options.

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Before 1994, under a regulated agriculture regime, the country was able to grow all the wheat it needed. The opening up of the economy to international competition has squeezed local farmers as food imports increased. With production costs higher than the imported price, many farmers have converted their land to alternative uses. Producers have argued that government needs to adopt a strategy that results in a sustainable wheat farming sector. Government protection could take the form of annual price setting along the lines of the former agricultural control boards to ensure a profit margin for farmers. Another option is to raise the import tariff on wheat. The current tariff is 2 %, but can be raised as high as 70 % under World Trade Organisation rules. Other suggestions include farmers becoming more involved in produce marketing and in the value chain, and for producers to go back to the cooperative system so that supplies can be better managed.
Source: SAMIC Newsletter 23 January 2009 (adapted); Farmers Weekly 14 August 2009 p29.

Visit the SAGIS website every second working day of the week after 12h00 for updated import/export information. See also the Monthly Bulletin on the SAGIS website for updated information. The import tariff for wheat is again, since December 2008, based on the 3 week moving average HRW No2 Fob price. Imported wheat is used for baking purpose. The countrys most important trading partners for imported wheat are Argentina, the USA, Australia, Germany and Canada. Surplus wheat stocks are exported after provision has been made for local use. Exports have been to the SADC region. The exports of valueadded wheat products to these countries have shown an increase over the years. Most exports of wheat products are destined for Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe.

9. Farmer points of interest

Find the technical information on the ARC website www.arc.agric.za As a regular wheat importing country, South Africa and its wheat industry is fully integrated into the global wheat market which has become increasingly concentrated and sophisticated, and many variables need to be taken into consideration. Exchange rate fluctuations, for example, make it a challenge for even the most sophisticated farmers to plan effectively and to be profitable. SAFEX is a good tool to help hedge against exchange rate risk, but the minimum quantities required to trade on SAFEX make it less applicable for small emerging farmers. While transformation of the industry is important for its long-term sustainability in South Africa, this transformation must be achieved in an economically viable way. The nature of wheat production and its value chain make it unviable to produce on a small scale. It is almost certainly better to help the larger, more sophisticated emerging commercial farmers to enter the industry in a viable manner. It is not appropriate to encourage primarily subsistence level farmers to invest their scarce resources into a declining industry.
Source: adapted from a report commissioned by the Wheat Forum investigating the potential entry and successful participation of emerging black farmers into wheat production. Contact the Wheat Forum (details under heading 2)

8. International business environment

The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) lists the worlds top ten producers as being: China, India, United States, Russia, France, Canada, Australia, Germany, Pakistan and Turkey. The international market for wheat and wheat flour has for an extended period of time been distorted by government intervention through measures such as direct producer support and export subsidies, primarily aimed at maintenance of national production capacities and removal of surplus production. In order to maintain the competitive edge for their value-adding milling and baking sectors, export refunds, mostly based on wheat content, are paid by some major wheat producing countries. This situation makes it difficult for developing countries especially South Africa to compete internationally since our prices without subsidies are higher than those of wheat produced by developed countries. The South African wheat industry has aligned its goals to that of the government initiative (New Partnership for Africas Development NEPAD) by investing in other African countries for improvement of those economies and improvement of South African industry regionally. These achievements or investments reflect the industry commitment to become more competitive as a global player. The industry is also working with government in the negotiations on free trade agreements that have being earmarked so as to strengthen their position both locally and internationally. The industry continues to play a vital role in the international arena in terms of its input to make the agricultural sector more competitive in line with the World Trade Organisation Agreement for trade liberalisation.

The ARC-SGI has a very active Farmer Support Programme, and they have many projects running with the emerging farmer in mind. The coordinator is Dr Eric Morojele at 058 307 3451 / 3427 or 076 378 0382. The ARC-SGI has a scheduled training course, usually in October, specifically for students and extension officers working with emerging farmers. See publications available under Publications & Websites, dealt with earlier in this section. www.arc.agric.za - The ARC website. Take the Institutes menu option and look for ARC-SGI. There are highly useful answers to some grower questions. Sources for the chapter: SAGIS, Leon du Plessis of L & L Agricultural Services, the Department of Agriculture, the National Chamber of Milling, www.grainmilling. org.za
Thanks to the Winter Cereal Trust and SAGIS for feedback on the draft chapter.

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Inputs
Animal feeds
1. Overview
The Animal Feeds Manufacturing Association (AFMA) website is a comprehensive source of information on this industry. Visit www.afma.co.za The animal feed market has grown continuously for the past two decades in SA and abroad. It is clearly a vital part of the South African farmers life. Sixty different products, mainly of agricultural origin, are used to make balanced feed for poultry, cattle, sheep and other animals. AFMA members manufacture animal feed for 55 60% of the market whilst the feedlots, smaller manufacturers, the pet food industry and home mixers provide the rest. AFMA members produce about 5.3 m tonnes per year. In total SA produces about 9.5 million tonnes of feed. The growth of the animal feed industry in the coming couple of years is entirely dependent on the growth in the animal product market determined by consumer spending, particularly the poultry, beef and sheep and dairy industries which are big users of animal feed in the animal production value chain. Growth in the animal feed industry is positive news for grain producers.

4. Training and research

The bigger feed manufacturers normally have their research done at one of the universities or at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC). Agricultural Colleges also undertake research in the area of animal feeds. Universities and Agricultural Colleges offer training in animal nutrition or related courses that are of value in the feed industry. These are usually the three/four year degree or diploma courses, but vital short courses are also given. Find the details in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. ARC-Livestock Business Division Tel: 012 672 9111 www.arc.agric.za Training on the subject of animal nutrition is available at the ARC Animal Production Institute in the form of short courses. The institute through its resources is in a position to test animal feeds and is on the forefront in investigating the use of a variety of by-products from agriculture and the food processing industries on a variety of farm animal species for use by the commercial feed manufacturers through to the resource poor farmers. Contacts: Ruminant nutrition: Dr F Nherera 012 672 9253 (Dairy nutrition) Mr M Muya 012 672 9380 (Dairy nutrition) Dr Roger Pambu 012 672 9210 (Small stock nutrition) Mr M Ratsaka 012 672 9306 (Feedlot systems) Mr K-J Leeuw 012 672 9320 (Feedlot systems) Mr D B Nkosi 012 672 9300 (Silage, Agrobyproducts) Dr A T Kanengoni 012 672 9355 (Pig nutrition) Ms P Pitsane 012 672 99272 (Pig systems) Ms S E Coetzee 012 672 9302 (Poultry nutrition)

2. Associations involved
Animal Feeds Manufacturing Association (AFMA) Tel: 012 663 9097 www.afma.co.za AFMA represents the feed industry on various platforms where it is necessary to enhance or protect the interests of the feed industry. Attention is given to matters of importance to the industry, including keeping abreast of changes and developments, identifying threats and opportunities, feed sales statistics, technology transfer through the AFMA MATRIX a quarterly magazine, symposia and the AFMA FORUM a tri-annual congress and agricultural trade agreements. AFMA is a member of the International Feed Industries Federation (IFIF). Petfood Industry Association Tel: 033 343 2874 www.petwise.co.za

Monogastric nutrition:

Scinetic (The Centre for Scientific Technology within AFGRI) Tel: 012 664 9900 sales.scinetic@afgri.co.za University of the Free State Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Tel: 051 401 2163 groenei@ufs.ac.za Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences Prof HJ van der Merwe Tel: 051 401 2606

5. Websites and publications

AFMA Matrix is the only dedicated feed industry related magazine and it is available from AFMA at admin@afma.co.za The articles from AFMA Matrix are also available on the AFMA website at www.afma.co.za. The AFMA website also allows access to the AFMA Chairmans Report, feed-related links, papers from the most recent congress etc. The publications of other industries e.g. Dairy Mail, Porcus, Poultry Bulletin etc periodically cover animal feed issues. www.KnowMycotoxins.com is aimed at educating the various market segments in the animal feed industry that continuously face up to the repercussions of mycotoxins in animal feed and - ultimately - on their livestock performance. Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the publication Bulk density of various products used as ingredients in animal feeds

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find information on the directorates at www.daff.gov.za

Registrar: Act No. 36/1947 Tel: 012 319 7303 / 000 In terms of the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act, 1947 (Act 36 of 1947) and its regulations, all feed raw materials except for maize and unbroken grains, must be registered with the Registrar of Act 36 of 1947 before it could be sold into the market or used in animal feed production. All animal feed for sale is required to be registered in terms of Act 36. Find Feeds, Stock Remedies, Pesticides and Fertilzers under the Divisions menu option at www.daff.gov.za.
The Chairmans Report (which can be found on the AFMA website) deals with legislative matters.

6. AFMA full members

Find a comprehensive list on www.afma.co.za.

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AFGRI Animal Feeds Tel: 011 306 4300 / 974 2525 Tel: 013 667 9154 Tel: 017 687 1174 Tel: 058 303 5715 Tel: 042 235 1114 Tel: 034 212 4066 ALZU Enterprises Tel: 013 249 8900 Bio-Minerale Tel: 012 347 0110 Tel: 013 246 7451 Brenco Feeds (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 342 0744 Crane Feeds (Pty) Ltd Tel: 00 268 518 4287 De Heus (Pty) Ltd Tel: 018 469 3896 Eagles Rock Feed Mill (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 660 3443 Tel: 012 346 0732 Eggbert Eggs (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 901 1153 Tel: 012 346 0732

Meadow Feeds (continued) Tel: 013 665 5011 Tel: 011 693 5120/5117 Tel: 057 391 4000 Tel: 041 402 5000 Tel: 033 212 2187 Tel: 028 551 1950 Molatek Animal Feeds Tel: 013 791 1036 Monti Feeds (Pty) Ltd Tel: 043 726 5232 Noordwes Voere Tel: 018 632 4053 NOVA Feeds (Pty) Ltd Tel: 022 487 9100 Tel: 044 871 2000 Tel: 012 562 0531 Nutrex KZN (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 785 1575 Nutri Feeds Tel: 056 344 2200 Nutri Feeds Botswana Tel: (00267) 572 8375

Premixes, traders of raw materials, manufacturers of raw materials

ADDCON Africa Feed & Grain Additives Tel: 011 460 4002/3 ADVIT Animal Nutrition SA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 524 0440 AFGRI Trading Tel: 012 663 1312 Alltech (ASS) Tel: 021 865 2669 Animate Animal Health (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 661 3486 Apex Commodities (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 475 1015 Atlas Trading & Shipping Tel: 031 302 1700 Bedson Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 803 4376/9540/5287 Bester Feed & Grain Exchange Tel: 021 809 2500 Bioindustrial Services Tel: 011 970 2525 Bitek Feed Science (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 466 1751 Brisen Commodities Tel: 012 640 1600 Buhler (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 801 3500 Cargill SA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 086 122 7445 CEVA Animal Health (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 467 5915 Coprex (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 467 5915 Dalein Heyl Tel: 012 808 5999 DSM Nutritional Products Tel : 011 398 6900 Energy Oil Tel: 011 824 0473 Evonik Degussa Africa Tel: 011 697 0700 Grains for Africa Tel: 011 485 2575 Kemin Industries South Africa Tel: 011 605 2633 Kerry Ingredients and Flavours Tel: 011 923 6360 Kimleigh Chemicals SA Tel: 018 293 1028 Ligno Tech South Africa Tel: 039 973 6000 Louis Dreyfus Commodities Tel: 011 217 5300 Lynn Phillips Consulting cc Tel: 011 464 1609 Malachite Chemicals Tel: 011 455 1201 NuTec Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 033 397 9405 Namib Management Services Tel: 012 346 2160 Oceana Agriproducts (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 415 8500 Protea Animal Feeds Tel: 011 821 3300 SA Bioproducts (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 949 2255 SA Feed Phosphates Tel: 053 298 2817 SA Premix Tel: 051 653 1001 Savannah Commodities (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 519 1000 Seaboard Overseas Trading & Shipping (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 581 4500 Tongaat Hulett Starch Tel: 011 458 5000 Trademar Trading (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 244 9860 Trademore Tel: 011 783 8191 Unigrain (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 692 4400 Virbac Animal Health Tel: 012 657 6000 Zinchem Tel: 011 746 5000

Nutroscience (Pty) Ltd Epol A Division of Rainbow Tel: 022 482 4575 Farms (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 438 7500 Profile Feeds (Pty) Ltd Tel: 043 685 2111 Tel: 021 875 5890 Tel: 033 387 2460 Tel: 012 386 0469 Rocklands Poultry Pty Ltd Tel: 023 342 0180 Tel: 041 995 1700 Tel: 014 538 2832 Rossgro Feeds (Pty) Ltd Esco Feeds (Pty) Ltd Tel: 013 665 1999 Tel: 036 352 2193 Sernick Veevoere (Edms)Bpk Evertrade Feeds (Pty) Ltd Tel: 056 631 0120 Tel: 031 566 6610 Tanqua Feeds (Pty) Ltd Kanhym (Edms) Bpk Tel: 028 261 1519 Tel: 013 249 7800 TWK Landbou Bpk KK Animal Nutrition Tel: 017 826 2147 Tel: 012 665 5797 Tel: 031 910 5100/5129 Veekos (Edms) Bpk Tel: 054 331 1351 Lubern Feeds (Pty) Ltd Tel: 053 474 1685 Voermol Tel: 032 439 5599/ 5850 Meadow Feeds Tel: 011 991 6000 WW Bartlet Poultry Farm (Pty) Tel: 021 807 8700 Ltd Tel: 033 387 2403 Tel: 011 662 1433

8. Other companies involved

Numerous other companies are involved in the Animal Feeds sector. We have included the contact details of some of them below. See also the Livestock-related Equipment chapter (for feeders and mixers) and Grain Storage and Handling chapter (milling equipment). Afri Inspec: 082 784 4804 (quality assurance protocol) Agricon Tel: 272 7198 www.agricon-pelleting.co.za Agrimol Pty Ltd Tel: 011 873 5254 Amatikulu Pet Product Tel: 035 337 4572 Aquanutro Tel: 022 482 4575 Buckle Packaging Tel: 011 613 8024 www.bucklepack.co.za Cape Grits Tel: 021 535 5932 Central Analytical Laboratories Tel: 011 661 1910/1/2/3 l Crickets for Africa Tel: 031 767 1992 herpetology@iafrica.com.

7. Associate AFMA members

Find a comprehensive list on www.afma.co.za

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Den Vet Tel: 033 343 1093 www.denvet.co.za (Organic feed additives; specialist in mineral deficiencies in dairy cattle) Dolphin Coast Feeds Tel: 032 947 0075 Extru Feeds Tel: 036 448 1605 Grain Tech Tel: 011 835 2064 Moreland Feeds see Voermol (heading 6) Multi Feeds Tel: 053 474 1848/9 (protein for animal feeds) Nviro Tek Labs Tel: 012 252 7588 www.nviroteklabs.co.za (Independent analysis of feed) P & B Lime Works Tel: 028 424 1157 www.pandblime.co.za South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Chris Fouche Tel: 012 428 6844 fouchecm@sabs.co.za (Feedstuff analysis) SA Salt Co-operation Hannes Slabbert 082 412 2857 Spesfeed Tel: 011 803 2050 www.spesfeed.co.za (feed consultants) Texproy Tel: 031 262 7570

Mixer
The mixing process is important in the feed manufacturing process because if the feed is not mixed thoroughly, the concentrated minerals and vitamins will not be evenly distributed. Taking into account the low inclusion of about 2.5 kg of premix in 1000 kg of feed, thorough mixing is extremely important. During the mixing process, all the liquids like oil are also included.

Incorporator/conditioning
In the incorporator the mash feed is incorporated with steam to increase the heat and moisture of the feed, which is crucial in the pelleting process. The addition of the steam helps with the binding of the particles to form a pellet when pressed.

Pellet press

9. Local business environment

The Chairmans report on www.afma.co.za provides an economic review.

The mixed raw material, vitamins and minerals now goes through the pellet press where it is forced through a small opening (usually between 3.2 and 4.8 mm) to form a pellet. The temperature of the feed is about 80 C on the other side of the pellet press.

Farmers sell most of the grains via SAFEX but some also negotiate with feed mills for pre-harvest contracts. There is an established gristing principle whereby the farmer takes maize to feedmills. It is a way for him to save money because he only pays for the milling, mixing and other raw materials. Farmers can purchase commercial concentrates from feed suppliers, too, to mix with maize which they themselves have milled.

Cooler
The pellet is still soft and too warm to store as it is post pelleting and the temperature need to be brought down. This is done in the cooler and the temperature is decreased drastically to make the pellet hard and durable. The pelleted feed goes through a shaker to get rid of unwanted fines and it is now ready to be bagged or loaded in a bulk storage bin.

10. International business environment

Visit the International Feed Industries Federation (IFIF) website www.ifif.org

AFMA members import more than 75% of their local demand of Soya oilcake due to insufficient local supply and quality concerns. Import figures, International Trade and tariff matters are covered in the Chairmans Report www.afma.co.za. The export of animal feeds is normally restricted to the neighbouring countries because it is difficult to transport such bulky products over long distances. In some cases the feed has to comply with specific requirements since the animal products produced with the feed are being exported to Europe and other countries.

11. The feed milling process

Raw material
Feed is made up of a number of raw materials that is all combined in different ratios to form a perfect balance of all the nutrients, minerals and vitamins. The bulk of the feed is: Maize Soya Oilcake Sunflower Wheat bran

A number of other raw materials are also included e.g.: Limestone Molasses Lysine Fishmeal (not all feed) Vitamins Minerals

Source: Johan C onradie at Epol

The bulk raw materials are stored in the silos and the lower volume dense materials is in flat storage on the mill floor.

Grinding
The grains are transported from the silos to grinders in the mill where it is grinded to a suitable coarseness depending on the type of feed manufactured. Thereafter the other raw materials that dont need grinding are included as well as the prescribed premixes of vitamins, minerals and medication.

Thanks to De Wet Boshoff of AFMA for feedback on the draft chapter.

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Inputs
Animal health
See also the Biosecurity chapter

into and abide by the drawing up of ethical-, quality- and service quidelines, standards, codes, and legislation, such as: manufacturing quality practices; warehousing & transport standards; training in responsible use of products especially in the emergent sector; Marketing Code of Ethics; SANS codes of practice, as well as recommendations from - AVCASA Safety Health and Environment Committee - Poison Working Group of the Endangered Wild life Trust; regulatory harmonisation in Africa (SEAVDRAC), an initiative strongly supported by SAAHA.

1. Overview
Money spent on Vets, vaccinations, dosing and dips safeguards your farming enterprise and those of your neighbours. These precautions amount to less than 7% of the farmers total expenditure. A farmer that tries to avoid essential preventative treatment and spending is acting unwisely: animal diseases are detrimental to the economy of the country, to say nothing of human and animal health. All animal health products should be used strictly according to label instructions. Even then, results may vary according to the disease and the stage of the disease at which treatment is applied. The earlier during the course of the disease that treatment is administered the better will be the results. No vaccine can give 100% protection, but the involvement of a veterinarian plus the correct use of registered products with demonstrated effectiveness and safety could only be to the benefit of animals and producers alike. State Veterinary Services guard constantly against the introduction of animal diseases from outside the country, whilst animal diseases within our borders are controlled and combated.

Others:
The Livestock Health and Production Group Tel: 012 346 1590 National Council of SPCAs Farm Animal Unit Tel: 011 907 3590/1/2 A Veterinary Services back-up is provided. Read more about this in the general livestock chapter. South African Veterinary Association Tel: 012 346 1150 www.sava.co.za South African Veterinary Council Tel: 012 342 1612 www.savc.org.za

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Directorate: Animal Health Tel: 012 319 7679 DAH@daff.gov.za Find Feeds, Stock Remedies, Pesticides and Fertilizers under the Divisions menu option at www. daff.gov.za. Province Gauteng Director Dr Wynton Rabolao Directorate: Bio-Safety Tel: 012 319 6199 DB@daff.gov.za Directorate: Animal and Aquaculture Production Tel: 012 319 7493 DAAPS@daff.gov.za Contact details Tel: 011 355 1977 Fax: 011 355 1077 Fax: 011 337 2292 Cell: 082 373 7724 PO Box 8769, Johannesburg 2000 Wynton.Rabolao@gauteng.gov.za Tel: 033 343 8300/17 Fax: 033 343 8471 Cell: 0827849254 Private Bag X6005, Hilton 3245 sikhakhanet@quarry.kzntl.gov.za Tel: 035 780 6705 Fax: 035 789 6405 Cell: 082 419 2882 Private Bag X1048, Richards Bay 3900 mtshalid@daerbay.kzntl.gov.za Tel: 013 741 4710/3218 Fax: 013 741 5087 Cell: 082 899 7767 Private Bag X11309 Nelspruit 1200 nvmnisi@nelvet1.agric.za

2. Associations involved
South African Animal Health Association (SAAHA) Tel: 011 805 2000 www.saaha.co.za SAAHA, a section 21 Company not for gain, is an association of the majority of the responsible manufacturers and suppliers of animal health products, and through its AgriSETA approved training and accreditation of members sales personnel it strives to ensure that farmers and other end users are at all times provided with a professional and efficient service.

Vision:
SAAHAs vision is to be acknowledged as the association representing all manufacturers and suppliers of veterinary medicines, stock remedies and other animal health products in Southern Africa.

Mission:
The Vision is achieved through promoting and supporting an economically viable and innovation driven animal health industry in Southern Africa, thus contributing to a high level of health and welfare of all animals and to the responsible care for the environment.

KwaZuluNatal

Dr T A Sikhakhane Manager: Veterinary Services South Dr D I Mtshali Manager: Veterinary Services North

Code of Conduct:
We want farmers and other users of our products to know that they are making their purchases from persons and companies who can give sound technical advice, and whose employers are bound by the strict SAAHA Code of Conduct; in short, from people they can trust! The extensive and stringent Code of Conduct, of which all member companies must sign acceptance, ensures that all members make input

Mpumalanga

Dr N V Mnisi

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Limpopo

Dr Mampane

Tel: 015 307 2800 Tel: 015 295 7090/5 Fax: 015 295 4713 Cell: 082 803 05508 Private Bag X9379, Polokwane 0700 Tel: 053 839 7800 Tel: 053 838 9102 Fax: 053 831 3635 Cell: 083 304 7839 Private Bag X 5018, Kimberley 8300 Tel: 018 389 111 Fax: 018 389 5090 Cell: 082 577 3382 Private Bag X2039 Mmabatho 2739 lmagibi@nwpg.gov.za Tel: 043 683 1004 Tel: 040 609 3547 Fax: 040 636 3558 Cell: 083 659 8728 Bisho:040 636 3558 Baai: 041 402 6208 Private Bag X0040, Bisho 5608 lubabalo.mrwebi@agr.ecprov.gov.za hildergard.vandenheever@agr.ecprov. gov.za Tel: 051 436 3677 Fax: 051 448 6847 Cell: 083 633 6808 Maretha cell: 083 329 5465 Private Bag X 02, Bloemfontein 9300 maki@agric.fs.gov.za mfourie@agric.fs.gov.za Tel: 021 808 5052 Tel: 021 808 7619 Fax: 021 808 7619 Cell: 084 604 6705 Private Bag X1 Elsenburg 7607

4. Websites and publications

www.landbou.com, the electronic arm of the magazine Landbouweekblad, runs a question and answer veterinary column. Landbou.com can be contacted at 021 406 2414. Find the category animal health on www.agriwiki.co.za. www.parasol-project.org Novel solutions for the sustainable control of nematodes in ruminants www.vetproductsonline.co.za an online animal product store The following Info Paks (booklets) are available from the National Department of Agriculture. View them at www.daff.gov.za (take the publications menu option) or contact the Resource Centre at 012 319 7141. Tick-borne diseases in ruminants Hydatid disease caused by tapeworm Diseases caused by trypanosomes: Nagana and dourine The difference between vaccination and treatment Common and important diseases of cattle Common and important diseases of sheep and goats Diseases shared by wildlife and livestock External parasites of goats and sheep Why did my animal die? Skin conditions in goats and sheep Lumpy-skin disease Sheep-scab Theileriosis Skin conditions in pigs Respiratory diseases in cattle Respiratory diseases in chickens Disease prevention in chickens Diarrhoea in sheep and goats Udder and teat lesions Diarrhoea in cattle Acaricide resistance African horsesickness Anthrax Congo fever Brucellosis and tuberculosis Foot-and-mouth disease How medicine should be used External parasites of cattle Community medicine stores Clostridial diseases Tapeworm Condition scoring of cattle Rabies a killer disease Poultry diseases Lungsickness

Northern Cape

Dr Moerane

North West Province

Dr L Magibi

Eastern Cape

Dr L Mrwebi

Free State

Dr Mojapelo

Western Cape

Dr G Msiza

A number of publications are available from Kejafa Knowledge Works. Take the books option at www.kejafa.co.za or call 014 577 0005. Protecting your farm animals through Immunization (A Practical Guide to Animal Health), published by Bayer Institute for Dairy Tech. Also find the articles on www.inbeheermetbayer.co.za Intervet has a book on vaccines, by Bill Fletcher, the dipping guru who also trains farmers: The A-Z of dipping cattle. Diseases of livestock in Africa. A Farmers Guide. Siegfried Stampa. To order, call VetServ at 041 487 2652. Books available from Afrivet, 012 991 6416: Diseases and Parasites of Cattle, Sheep and Goats. Dr Pamela HunterOberem (Editor). Available also in Afrikaans. A guide to animal diseases in South Africa: Horses, Donkeys and Mules. Dr Pamela Oberem. Available also in Afrikaans. A guide to animal diseases in South Africa: Dogs and Cats. Dr Pamela Oberem. Available also in Afrikaans. Vaccination for the control of animal diseases in Southern Africa. Dr Pamela Oberem. Available also in Afrikaans. Publications available from SAAHA on request (contact details under heading 2): Guidelines for the Responsible Use of Crop Protection and Animal Health Products (Also in Afrikaans) Basic Guidelines for the Responsible Use of Crop Protection and Animal Health Products. English and Afrikaans ideal for farmers. Guide to the Treatment of Poisoning by Chemicals a must for the medical profession. A monthly publication VET News/Nuus is available from the South African Veterinary Association. Call 012 346 1150/1, or visit their website: www. sava.co.za. The ARC-OVI Supply shop (Animal Health for Developing Farmers) has a number of resources available. These are listed on the next page. Contact them at telephone 012 529 9446.

State Veterinary Services sponsor the testing for certain animal diseases. The following examinations can be organised through state veterinary offices and are conducted free of charge: Abortions: cattle and goat abortuses are tested for brucellosis. Farmers should submit the placenta, abomasal contents and fetal lungs on ice. Rabies: the brain should be submitted on ice or in 50% glycerosaline. It should not be put in formalin. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE or madcow disease): as part of the national BSE survey, the brain of any bovine animal older than 30 months (3-tooth or more) that has died with nervous symptoms of any kind is examined comprehensively for neurological diseases, including rabies, BSE, heartwater, cerebral redwater and histopathological changes. The whole brain, including the brainstem and medulla oblongata, should be submitted on ice. It should not be put in formalin. Farmers can contact their local state veterinary office or, alternatively, the Provincial Director: Veterinary Services For details and assistance with the submission of samples. In most cases the local state veterinary office will be able to arrange for transport, submissions and testing of the relevant samples without charges to the owner or private veterinarian. For further information, contact Dr Tiro Modungwa Tel: 012 319 7428 / 083 959 1096 tirom@daff.gov.za Visit http://www.nda.agric.za/vetweb/Animal%20Disease/A_Government_ Veterinary_Laboratori.htm for a detailed list of Government Veterinary Laboratories in SA.

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Publications Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 1 Volume per annum with 4 issues Ticks, Mites And Insects Infesting Domestic Animals In SA Bovine Mastitis The Distribution And Estimated Economic Impact Of Plant Poisoning And Mycotoxicoses In SA Diseases of ostriches and other ratites Ostrich Diseases Proceedings of the ARC-OVI International Congress with WHO-cosponsorship on Anthrax, Brucellosis, CBPP , Clostridial and Mycobacterial Diseases Videos Beef Tapeworm (in Zulu or Xhosa) Control of ticks and tick-borne diseases Worm resistant test (in English or Afrikaans) Beef tapeworm a threat to human health and beef production(Eng or Afr) Foot and mouth disease African swine fever African swine fever control Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Lumpy skin disease Malignant catarrhal fever Rift valley fever External parasite kit Kit comprising 8 samples and 3 laminated life cycles in wooden container Internal parasite kit Kit comprising 8 samples and 3 laminated life cycles in wooden container Parasite specimens Per sample (single ticks) Per sample (single worms) CDs Is my animal healthy Common diseases in pigs Are my chickens healthy What is the difference between vaccination and treatment Zoonotic diseases Plants poisonous to livestock SA Selected infectious diseases Tick-borne diseases Rabies Brucellosis & Tuberculosis Common diseases of poultry Newcastle disease Pig diseases in Africa Tropical African Infectious Diseases

5. Training and research

Afrivet Training Services Tel: 012 991 6416 www.afrivet.co.za Afrivet Training Services specialises in SETA approved animal health training. It has developed a 6 module animal skills development course for Farm Workers, Emerging Stock Farmers and Animal Health Technicians. These courses focus on providing the learner with the skills to identify sick animals timeously and to utilise available stock remedies as a primary health care intervention. Each module is presented over 5 days. Half day- and one day courses in specific aspects such as tick control are also available. ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI) Tel: 012 529 9446 www.arc.agric.za OVI is part of the Livestock Business Division. Research activities at the OVI focus on the development of vaccines and diagnostic methodologies, applying the latest molecular biological techniques to prevent and control economically important diseases. The Institute promotes animal health and welfare by providing effective and diagnostic service, and vaccines against Foot-and-mouth and tick-borne diseases. The OVI is a collaborating centre for both the OIE (surveillance and control of animal diseases in Africa) and FAO (emergency preparedness for transboundary animal diseases for Africa. Helminth anthelmintic resistance and biological control for Africa and the FAO Reference Laboratory for Arthropod transmitted viral diseases for Eastern and Southern Africa.) which includes seven reference laboratories for economically important viral diseases. SAAHA contributes to its important functions though its training programmes: AgriSETA approved Training and Accreditation Scheme, SAAHA coordinates a course consisting of 8 modules with the Tshwane University of Technology. This is a correspondence course entailing the attending of some lectures and final examination and certification. All sales personnel of SAAHA members must attend and pass this course in order to be allowed to give advice and sell our animal health products. The course is open to anyone wishing to learn more about animal health and the products used in the industry. Farmer training in Responsible Use of Animal Health Products. Through this course, SAAHA contributes towards the upliftment of new farmers and stockowners and to the protection of the environment. The Tick Museum is the first of its kind on the continent and will serve to inform farmers and scientists about tick identification, biology, ecology and control systems. Up to now, whenever scientists had to do research work on ticks, they were required to travel to either Washington or London. Many people in rural areas on the continent made a living from farming, and ticks posed a major problem in terms of transmitting diseases that kill livestock. The museums main aim was to collect all the species which were common to Africa. The museum is also in a process of compiling a manual on ticks which would assist farmers as well as scientists in controlling the parasites. Contact Dr A Latif at 012 529 9212. University of the Free State Dept of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences Dr LMJ Schwalbach Tel: 051 401 2827 This Department focuses on the training and research of the entire Animal Production continuum, from resource utilisation, assisted reproduction, improved feed utilisation to genetic improvement. Animal health is a small, but integral part of this continuum. Basic concepts of animal health and immunity are taught to animal science students in the curriculum and short courses for farmers (both commercial and small scale) and extension officers on basic animal health and husbandry are presented. Contract research on animal health aspects is also conducted, mostly on request from pharmaceutical companies and the Livestock industry in general.

Slide sets Acaricide resistance African swine fever Are my chickens healthy? Why are ticks important? Clostridal diseases of ruminants Common diseases of cattle Common diseases of sheep & goats Community tick control Diseases caused by Tryansomes: Ngana & Dourine Foot and mouth disease: lets work together Frequency of tick control External parasites of cattle Tissue parasites meat Methods of tick control in cattle Newcastle disease Poultry diseases Sheep scab Is my animal healthy? Tick life cycle Tick-borne diseases Tissue parasites organs Udder and teat lesions Are my pigs healthy Why did my animal die Zoonotic diseases African horse sickness Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Common diseases of pigs Worms in goats, sheep and cattle What is the difference between vaccination and treatment Skin condition in goat and sheep My cow is unable to stand up Rabies Skin condition in pigs Mastitis External parasites of goats and sheep Condition scoring

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Dept of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology Prof Rob Bragg Tel: 051 401 2676 BraggRR@ufs.ac.za Ellie van Dalen Tel: 051 401 2792 vdalenem@ufs.ac.za A variety of factors can build ticks resistance to chemical treatments: the nature of the substance, the number of applications, the method of application, and the spreading of ticks through animal movement. Farmers who have problems dealing with ticks can now send samples to the Univ. of the FS to be tested for resistances. University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Tel: 012 529 8313 chris.vanblerk@up.ac.za www.up.ac.za Completion of the undergraduate programme, which last six years, permits registration as a veterinarian with the South African Veterinary Council. University of South Africa (Unisa) College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology Tel: 011 471 2984
Find the other universities and Agricultural Colleges in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter.

Ciplavet Tel: 0861 115 037 Fax: 0861 115 038 ciplavet@ciplamedpro.co.za www. ciplamedpro.co.za Dr G Catton (Consultant) Tel: 012 665 5157 Fax: 012 665 0988 gcatton@iafrica.com Eco Animal Health Tel: 012 991 6416 Fax: 012 991 6417 Fort Dodge Animal Health (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 655 2960 Fax: 011 655 2759 duplesa@wyeth.com Healthtech Laboratories Tel: 011 805 5703 Fax: 011 805 7256 johan@healthtechlabs.com www.healthtechlabs.co.za Insect Science Tel: 015 307 1391 Fax: 015 307 6555 Instavet Import & Export Tel: 011 462 4215 Fax: 011 462 4006 harry@immunovet.co.za www.instavet.co.za Intervet Tel: 011 923 9300 Fax: 011 974 9320/8179 www.intervet.co.za

Lionels Veterinary Supplies Tel: 021 930 7193 Fax: 021 930 7203 Merial SA Tel: 011 315 8001 Fax: 011 805 1469 tommy.thompson@merial.com www.merial.com Norbrook Laboratories SA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 314 0889 Fax: 011 314 0883 Novartis South Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 929 2503 Fax: 011 929 2128 www.novartis.co.za Onderstepoort Biological Products Tel: 012 522 1500 Fax: 012 522 1591 www.OBPvaccines.co.za Pfizer Animal Health Tel: 011 320 6079 Fax: 011 895 6130 www.pfizerah.com Schering-Plough Animal Health see Intervet Virbac RSA Tel: 012 657 6000 Fax: 012 657 6035 www.virbac.co.za

6. SAAHA members and associate members

Afrivet Tel: 012 991 6416 Fax: 012 991 6417 Helpline 0860 VEEARTS peter.oberem@afrivet.co.za www.afrivet.co.za Bayer Animal Health Tel: 011 921 5723 Fax: 012921 5725 ehler.borgs@bayerhealthcare.com www.bayer.co.za/animalhealth Bedson Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 803 4376 Fax: 012 803 1685 Biochemical Chemical Consultants Tel: 033 343 1414 Fax: 033 343 1478 Boehringer-Ingelheim Tel: 011 348 2465 Fax: 011 886 3205 Ceva Animal Health (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 312 4088 www.ceva.com Cipla Agrimed Tel: 0861 247 463 Fax: 012 361 0467

Other animal health companies

Animate Animal Health Tel: 012 661 3485 www.animate.co.za Ashkan Animal Health Tel: 011448 www.ashkan.co.za Big Five Veterinary Pharmaceutical Tel: 012 546 5005 http://bigfive.jl.co.za Cooper Veterinary Products Tel: 012 991 6416 Fax: 012 991 6417

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DEHTEQ (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 466 9270 info@dehteq.co.za Denvet cc Tel: 033 343 1093 Fax: 086 67 11722 www.denvet.co.za Dosatron Sales & Service Southern Africa Tel: 011 434 2887 www.dosatron.com Immuno-vet Services Tel: 011 699 6240 harry@immunovet.co.za www.immunovet.co.za Pathcare Vetlab Tel: 021 596 3636 www.pathcare.co.za

Pharm Vet (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 974 5641 Fax: 011 974 5650 Roche Products (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 928 8700 Fax: 011 392 2338 Tick Off Tel: 012 804 4460 www.tickoff.co.za Trade Vet Tel: 011 314 5972 Wildlife Pharmaceuticals Inc. Tel: 013 751 2328 www.wildpharm.com

The age at which a young animal is first vaccinated plays an important role in its response to vaccination. This is because the young animal is still getting a measure of immunisation from the mothers early milk or colostrum. This is passive immunity, but it interferes with the vaccine if given too early. Follow the correct route of application. The cold chain must never be broken (transport to and storage of the vaccine on the farm). Handling of vaccine is one of the major problems of vaccination failure. You have to keep your vaccines at a temperature of 4-8C, make sure that you have your sterile needles; you have your sterile cylinders, to avoid transmitting diseases from one animal to another. The effectiveness of vaccines depends on the management of the specific farmer, so if a farmer has qualities of being a good manager and using sustained vaccination programs those vaccines will be effective.
For further Information please contact: Jacob Modumo telephone: 012 522 1518 e-mail: jacob@obpvaccines.co.za

Parasites and resistance

7. International business environment

Visit www.oie.int, the website of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). See also the websites of Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines www.galvmed.org, and the World Veterinary Association www. worldvet.org

Forty percent of all animal health products sold in SA are parasiticides, ectoparasiticides or dips and pour-ons for control of ticks and other external parasites, as well as anthelmintics for control of worms. Because they are so important to SA farmers, there is much debate about parasites developing resistance to the chemicals in these products. The truth is that resistance will always be with us. It is natures evolutionary response towards evading suppression. To manage resistance: Never introduce new (and resistant) parasites onto your property. Always ensure that introduced animals are parasite-free before being released onto the farm by first quarantining and treating them with at least two different antelmintic groups and with one or more ectoparasitic control products (dips). Always follow the manufacturers instructions carefully when treating animals for parasites. Do not use an overstrength product. For the same reasons, never use home-made pour-on products to control ticks. The amount active ingredient needed depends on the formulation used, and there is no information on home-made formulations to make these critical decisions. Know the available remedies, which groups they belong to, and consult a vet, preferably from the supplier, to advise on when to change and what remedy to use next. Our thanks to Dr Peter Oberem (SAAHA) for thorough feedback on the draft chapter

8. Emerging farmer information

Vaccination
Vaccination is a process where you inject a biological product into an animal. It is a process whereby one exposes an animal to a codified or weakened disease-causing organism. The more antibodies the animal has to fight that particular disease, the less likely it is to become infected. In many cases, an animal should be vaccinated yearly to ensure immunity against specific diseases.

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Inputs
Biocontrol
Biological Control, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), and Other Environmentally-Friendly Control Methods

3. Biological control of agricultural pests using predators and parasites (including IPM)
Biological control of agricultural pests usually forms part of an integrated pest management (IPM) programme. IPM refers to the integration of two or more control strategies for suppression of the pest below a given threshold level. Many purely chemical strategies are also aimed at reducing pest populations below a threshold level and not at eliminating entire populations of the pest. IPM is based on the assumption that it is not necessary or cost effective to try to eliminate an entire population of pests. Instead, threshold levels are established to determine when control is necessary to bring pest population levels down. When the number of pests reaches a threshold level, a pesticide may be used to prevent excessive crop damage or loss greater than the cost of preventing the damage. IPM programmes require a thorough understanding of various techniques such as biological, cultural, mechanical and chemical control methods. Some actions needed in support of integrated pest management include correct pest identification, pest monitoring, and determination of economic injury levels. Conservation biological control This refers to environmental modification or other actions that are taken to preserve, protect and enhance natural enemies. Spiders naturally suppress pest populations and are self-renewable, minimising costs to farmers. As you use fewer chemicals you may increase the effectiveness of spiders against pests. The benefit may be much more than just saving the cost of the chemical and application. However, if you do use pesticides, minimise the effect on predators by avoiding synthetic pyrethroids, which are among the most toxic to beneficial predators. Insect growth regulators are among the least toxic to spiders. Systemic insecticides, which require the consumption of plant material for exposure to toxicity, affect natural enemies less. Softer pesticides allow the natural conservation of predators. Denser populations of spiders slow the rate of pest recovery so that fewer applications of pesticide are required in a season. Ten times more ground-dwelling dwarf and other spiders live in organic fields and fields sprayed with soft pesticides than in fields sprayed with broad-spectrum pesticides. Once spiders are established in the environment, they are a selfrenewable resource. Even on a conventional farm, which uses chemical pesticides, predators kill most pests most of the time and when pesticides devastate natural enemies of potential pests, insects that were of little economic importance can become damaging pests. When a non-toxic control method is used, spiders reduce the numbers of and damage caused by potential pest species.

1.

Overview

Biological control involves the use of a pests own natural enemies (parasites, predators and pathogens) whether introduced or otherwise manipulated to suppress the pest populations to an acceptable level. The word pest is used here in a broad sense, which includes diseases, insects, mites, nematodes and weeds and/or invasive alien plants. While in principle there is little difference between the biological control of diseases, insect pests and weeds, it is usually accepted that a far higher degree of host-specificity is required for a weed-biocontrol agent than for a pest-biocontrol agent. Most pest-biocontrol agents kill their host directly, while suppression of weeds could take place by killing or weakening the weed, by reducing its reproductive capacity, or by creating an avenue for infection by pathogens. Different techniques can be used in biological control: a. The technique most often used for the control of insect pests and weeds is referred to as classical biological control. It involves the introduction of natural enemies from the native range of the pest or weed from its country of origin, after which the natural enemies become established in the new country, build up their numbers and remain present in the new environment. b. Inundative biological control involves the repeated introduction and release of large numbers of natural enemies. c. Augmentative biological control describes actions that increase the populations of natural enemies. d. Conservation biological control refers to environmental modification to protect and enhance natural enemies. Biological control cannot be expected to solve all pest or weed problems in a particular situation, but should nevertheless be the core around which pest or weed management systems are built. Biological control is often only possible within the framework of an integrated pest management (IPM) system.

2. Why the need for an alternative?

Pesticides have revolutionised agriculture, increasing yield and improving harvest quality, but their leftover stockpiles can contaminate the environment and endanger human health. If a pesticide has the potential to kill, then it also carries a risk to the environment. Some pesticides are harmful to people and the environment because they remain in the soil, air and water for a long time, are easily dispersed by water and air, and concentrate in the high-altitude, low-temperature regions. Irresponsible use of non-selective pesticides eliminates not only the target pest but also many beneficial organisms that play an important role in garden, crop or natural ecosystems. Some of the answers to our pest problems may be right under our noses, such as the tiniest microbe in the soil, a fungus, bacterium, virus or nematode or one of the many parasitic or predatory insects, reptiles, birds and mammals in our environment. Organisms that we might consider pests have a place in the scheme of things. Without them there would be none of the wonderful birds, spiders and reptiles on our farms. Programmes which promote the responsible use and disposal of agricultural chemicals are run by CropLife SA and CropLife International (see the Crop Protection chapter).

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4. Training and research

ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI) Biological control of agricultural pests: Dr Roger Price Tel: 012 356 9817 pricer@arc.agric.za Classical biological control of invasive alien plants: Hildegard Klein Tel: 012 356 9841 kleinh@arc.agric.za Conservation biological control: Dr Ansie Dippenaar Tel: 012 356 9824 dippenaara@arc.agric.za ARC-Small Grain Institute Dr Justin Hatting Tel: 058 307 3400 HattingJ@arc.agric.za NMMU George Campus Stefan Hattingh Tel: 044 801 5111 www.nmmu.ac.za/georgecampus Rhodes University Biocontrol research Prof Martin Hill Department of Zoology and Entomology Tel: 046 603 8712 m.p.hill@ru.ac.za Stellenbosch University Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Prof Michael Samways Tel: 021 808 3728 samways@sun.ac.za

The sterile insect technique for pest management

The sterile insect technique, commonly abbreviated SIT, is one of the most ecologically compatible means of pest management there is. It is nothing more than birth control for insects. For suitable pest insects, millions per week are reared, the males sterilised with gamma radiation, and released in high numbers every week in the target areas. The sterile males mate with the wild females which results in infertile eggs being laid, and provided all procedures are carried out correctly the wild pest population then declines with successive generations to sub-economic levels, or in certain circumstances, eradication may be possible. The first SIT programme in South Africa was for Mediterranean fruit flies in the Western Cape. In 2003 the production and distribution of sterile flies was privatised by the formation of SIT Africa (Pty) Ltd, based in Stellenbosch, which became the first commercial fruit fly SIT venture in the world. The ultimate aim is to create fruit fly-free areas to facilitate export market retention and expansion. SIT has more recently also been developed and implemented for false codling moth (FCM) control on citrus, and is currently centered in the Citrusdal valley. A private company, Xsit (Pty) Ltd, was created to drive the programme. SIT trials will be conducted in all the major citrus-growing areas in Southern Africa, with the expansion of SIT technology to these areas in mind. Research has also been carried out by the University of Stellenbosch and the Agricultural Research Council on the use of SIT for controlling codling moth, the most serious insect pest of apples and pears. Pilot projects for SIT against sugarcane borer on sugarcane, and diamondback moth on cruciferous crops, has recently started, and are being managed by the South African Sugar Research Institute in KwaZulu-Natal and ARC Plant Protection Research Institute respectively. ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Dr Brian Barnes Technical Consultant fruit flies and SIT; IAEA liaison Tel: 021 809 3457 / 083 629 5922 barnesb@arc.agric.za www.arc.agric.za Xsit (Pty) Ltd Mr Sampie Groenewald General Manager Tel: 022 921 2993 sg@xsit.co.za

University of Cape Town Biocontrol research Prof John Hoffmann Department of Zoology Tel: 021 650 3400 Insect-pathologist conducting hoff@botzoo.uct.ac.za basic and applied research on the development of novel Biopesticides. University of KwaZulu-Natal The Insect-Pathology laboratory Professor Mark Laing at ARC-SGI can be contracted to Department of Plant Pathology conduct industry-specific research Tel: 033 260 5524 / 5822 where required. laing@ukzn.ac.za Other ARC Institutes in the Horticulture business division do research on the biological control of pests in certain crop situations. Consult www.arc.agric.za KZN Department of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs & Rural Development Michael Braack Michael.Braack@kzndae.gov.za Dr Costas Zachariades ZachariadesC@arc.agric.za Research is done on weed biocontrol at Cedara. Conducts research on biological control of crop pests and diseases. Contact Professor Laing for further details of the BioControl for Africa project. Dr Terry Olckers School of Biological & Conservation Sciences Tel: 033 260 5139 olckerst@ukzn.ac.za University of the Witwatersrand Prof Marcus Byrne Tel: 011 717 6491

Stellenbosch University Mr Matthew Addison Find SIT on the website (take the Tel: 082 774 1757 ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij and then mfa@sun.ac.za Plant Protection options). South African Sugar Research SIT Africa (Pty) Ltd Institute Mr Ian Sutherland Dr Des Conlong Field Operations Manager Tel: 031 508 7477 Tel: 021 809 3504 / 082 803 3812 des.conlong@sugar.org.za ian@sitafrica.co.za Mr Nathan Vermeulen Production Manager Tel: 078 152 7285 nathan@sitafrica.co.za

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5. Roleplayers
See the Training and research heading for details of the ARC-PPRI and other institutions who are also significant roleplayers

6. Websites and publications

www.nda.agric.za/act36/AR/Insecticides.htm gives all the registered insecticides and bio-insecticides in South Africa. For fungicides and biofungicides, visit www.nda.agric.za/act36/AR/fungicides.htm Call 014 577 0005 or visit www.kejafa.co.za for the publication Weeds, Control without Poison by Charles Walters. The Working with Nature biannual e-newsletter is produced by Plant Health Products. To subscribe please contact michelle@plant-health.co.za Biocontrol Science and Technology presents original research and reviews in the fields of biological pest, disease and weed control. For more details on this journal, visit www.tandf.co.uk/journals/authors/cbstauth.asp Pesticides Health Risks for South African Emerging Farmers, compiled by Hanna-Andrea Rother and Ricado Jacobs, is available from the Surplus People Project. It champions Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and agro ecology. Visit www.spp.org.za or call 021 448 0105. The Pesticides Action Network (PAN) is a network in over 90 countries working to replace the use of hazardous pesticides with ecologically sound and socially just alternatives. Visit www.pan-international.org The Department of Water Affairs: Working for Water website on www. dwa.gov.za The Garden Guardians guide to environmentally-responsible garden care a publication by Johan Gerber and published by Aardvark Press. New product developments as well as important information on health and environment which have not been included in the publication will be placed here. See home page www.gardencare.co.za or visit the publisher at www. aardvarkpress.co.za Find links to other international sites relevant to pest information and biological controls on www.gardencare.co.za Find the ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI) on www.arc. agric.za. Navigate to the following Divisions: Insect Ecology, Weeds Research and Biosystematics. Posters, CD-roms, publications and other materials are available from: The ARC website at www.arc.agric.za (see shopping) or from the Plant Protection Research Institute. The PPRI electronic newsletter contains updates on biocontrol research. Write to infoppri@arc.agric.za Relevant publications: PPRI Leaflet Series: Weeds Biocontrol Dossiers on Biological Control Agents available to aid Alien Plant Control Contact Hildegard Klein at 012 356 9841; e-mail kleinh@arc.agric.za Our appreciation to Hildegard Klein at the ARC-PPRI for the notes she made available to the project. Our thanks, too, to the many people who gave feedback on the draft chapter, including Debbie Sharp, Michelle Paterson, Dr Brian Barnes and Dr Justin Hattingh.

Alcocks Entomological Services Tel: 031 569 2996 www.alcocks.co.za Pest control Alphaseed Bill Kerr Tel: 016 366 0616 Anchor Biotechnologies Alan McDonald Tel: 021 534 1351 Aquilo Africa Tel: 011 501 3013 www.aquilo.co.za Bio-Fly (Pty) Ltd Tel: 083 601 7221 Fax: 086 513 9191 bioflysa@gmail.com www.biofly.co.za Bio-insectaries SA (BISA) Tel: 042 286 0978 Cell: 083 270 4866 www.bioinsectsa.com Biogrow Tel: 028 313 2054 Biogrowchem@iafrica.co.za www.biogrow.co.za Disease, insect and soil management are integrated with the development of natural predators and minimum contamination of the environment.

Eagle Eye Tel: 021 880 2856 www.eagleeye.co.za Ecolab Ltd Tel: 080 000 6448 Pest control Gardencares Agricultural Consultants and Advisory services Tel: 083 631 9952 (Johan Gerber) www.gardencare.co.za www.gardenguardian.co.za Product development and registration of agricultural remedies (Botanical and microbiological). Insect Science (Pty) Ltd Tel: 015 307 1391 Fax: 015 307 6555 info@insectscience.co.za www.insectscience.co.za Microbial Solutions Tel: 011 475 4362 info@microbial.co.za www.microbial.co.za Plant Health Products (Pty) Ltd (PHP) Tel/fax: 033 266 6130 www.plant-health.co.za Research, develop, produce and market innovative biocontrol products for agriculture, horticulture and viticulture.

Biological Control Products SA River Bioscience (Pty) Ltd Tel: 041 583 3464 Tel: 031 769 2005 www.riverbioscience.co.za www.biocontrol.co.za SA Biofarm Institute Cannon Hygiene SA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 333 4222 Tel: 021 931 8228 www.sabiofarm.co.za www.cannonhygiene.com Vital Bugs Coopers Environmental Science Tel: 015 307 6956 Pty Ltd info@vitalbugs.co.za Tel: 011 979 4246 www.vitalbugs.co.za Information Core for Southern African Migrant Pests (ICOSAMP) is a regional cooperative initiative between officers working on migrant pests in different SADC counties. View their website: go to www.arc. agric.za and look for the ICOSAMP menu option down the left hand side of the screen. Alternatively, load www.arc.agric.za/home/asp?pid=3880 or contact Margaret Kieser at KieserM@arc.agric.za

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Inputs
Boreholes and windmills
1. Overview
A great proportion of the rural population in developing countries do not have access to clean potable water. Windmills are easy to install and have historically proven to be reliable. Their advantages include: lowest cost, least maintenance; the technology is appropriate to less developed areas; furthermore, maintenance can be carried out by the local populace. Historically, problems can develop when the practical requirements of maintaining the system are neglected or forgotten, and sometimes when there is limited access to the firm responsible for designing the system. If basic and simple disciplines are followed, a reliable source of water is assured. Alternatives are solar driven systems, internal combustion engine driven pumping systems, and hand pump systems.
Source: Southern C ross Industries

South African National Bottled Water Association (SANBWA) Tel: 011 884 5916 www.sanbwa.org.za The South African Natural Bottled Water Association (SANBWA) is the recognised body of the bottled water industry. The association was formed in an effort to ensure the quality standards of our members and protect the consumer against misrepresentation from within the industry. The following are steps taken by SANBWA to ensure its standards are met: initial committee inspection of new applicant source in accordance to quality standards of SANBWA; annual plant inspection; continuous microbiological testing of product randomly selected from the trade; assisting members on quality and technical aspects.

3. National strategy
Department of Water Affairs www.dwa.gov.za Find the Groundwater menu option. Find contact details for Groundwater Offices, and read about Regional Groundwater Master Plans (RGMP) and the ongoing assessment of groundwater resources. Because of the predominantly hard rock nature of the South African geology, only about 20% of groundwater occurs in major aquifer systems. Groundwater contributes 9% of the countrys water resources and plays a crucial role, especially in rural water supply. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Directorate: Agricultural Engineering Services Tel: 012 319 846 8502 DAES@daff.gov.za

2. Associations involved
The Borehole Water Association of Southern Africa (BWA) Tel: 011 447 0853 info@bwa.co.za www.bwa.co.za The BWA is a non-profit, professional and trade organisation representing all aspects of the groundwater industry. Included in their membership are central and local government departments, leading enterprises who manufacture drilling, pumping, electronic and ancillary equipment, professional consultants, contractors and interested individuals. Water Talk is an electronic newsletter sent out by them, which keeps members informed of current items of interest in the groundwater industry. By providing technical knowledge, the BWA assists contractors in reducing their input costs. By recommending members to prospective clients, the BWA provides many quality sales leads. By promoting and ensuring standards, the BWA has helped endusers to see the pitfalls of accepting cheap quotes from unknown contractors. By providing independent arbitration, the BWA has settled many disputes. By establishing and maintaining direct liaison with the Department of Water and Environmental Affairs, and other related bodies within the water and groundwater industry, the BWA has kept members up-todate with the latest developments. By participating in scientific conferences, trade shows and attending launches, and through a close liaison with Public Relation companies and Agents, the BWA keeps members informed of the latest trends in the industry. By compiling the BWA Membership Directory, the BWA has promoted members to prospective customers. By setting up our website, the BWA has put members in touch with the global market. Since it was launched, we have had an increase in the number of enquiries for members products and services. By acting as a watchdog, the BWA has kept members informed of all water related activities. Geological Society of South Africa Ground Water Division (GWD) www.gssa.org.za Groundwater Division Western Cape (GWDWC) Tel: 021 880 1079 www.gwdwc.co.za

4. Websites and publications

Borehole Water Journal, a quarterly put out by the Borehole Water Association. For rates or subscription, email them at sales@bwa.co.za. Find the articles on the Borehole Water Association website www.bwa. co.za as well as the many links to other relevant websites. Call 012 842 4017 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publication, available from the ARC in Silverton: Groundwater sensors (also available in Afrikaans) Groundwater extraction and the latest techniques and equipment used in this process all information that is covered in Water & Sanitation Africa. Call 011 531 3300 or visit www.3smedia.co.za www.iah.org International Association of Hydrogeologist, the worldwide groundwater organisation Read about the various Water for Schools programmes that are run. A number of schools have had a borehole drilled to provide clean water for pupils www.waterforschools.co.za

5. Companies involved
Contact the Borehole Water Association for their directory of members. See also the Pumps and Generators chapter. Amatola Irrigation Tel: 043 732 1633 amairri@telkomsa.net Aquaman Drilling Trust Tel: 015 517 7210 Cell: 083 228 9359 Booysen Bore Drilling Company Tel: 053 712 2112 annelie@booysen.bore.co.za Borequip Tel: 021 949 0902 www.borequip.co.za

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Cyclone Industries Tel: 011 821 5900 Earthsense Tel: 011 793 2774 For locating boreholes Elsumo Tel: 011 452 4981 Geo Radio X-Ray Systems Tel: 011 614 8120/ 082 498 2717 For locating boreholes Geomeasure Group Tel: 031 768 1103 www.geomeasure.co.za

Rapid Allweiler Pump Engineering (Pty) Limited Tel: 011 573 7400 www.rapidpumps.co.za

&

Other factors that the client must fully understand and be aware of before drilling takes place: The drilling contractor can never guarantee that he will strike water, and therefore it is the client who is at risk for cost of the borehole, regardless of whether it is wet or dry. A modern drilling rig is large and heavy in urban areas it can cause a certain amount of unavoidable damage to lawns and even badly laid driveways, for which the drilling contractor cannot reasonably be held responsible. They are also noisy, so you should warn your neighbours. The local municipality/council may require that permission be obtained to sinking a borehole. This is normally little more than a formality. The drilling contractor cannot be expected to say beforehand what the borehole will cost in total, as there are too many unknowns to consider such as the boreholes final depth, the amount required and the time taken for its development. The minimum specifications of most banks in South Africa for granting a bond on property not supplied with mains water, e.g. farm houses, plots and smallholdings, is that a yield certificate be supplied by a recognised pump installer that states that the borehole on the property is capable of yielding a constant flow of water from the borehole of a minimum of 1500 litres over a 24 hour period. They are also required to supply proof that the water is hygienically safe for human consumption.
More detailed information is available from the the Borehole Water Association.

For centrifugal irrigation pumps and windmill powerheads. Sable Data Works Tel: 011 476 1700 South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Tel: 012 428 6844 fouchecm@sabs.co.za Water Analysis

Southern Cross Industries Tel: 051 434 3861 Groundwater and environmental Fax: 051 434 3575 consultants www.southx.co.za Hardrock Drilling Tel: 011 807 2000 Drilling, yield testing, pumps. Heidelkor Tel: 016 341 6130/1 www.heidelkor.com Hose Manufacturers Tel: 021 948 3971 Tel 011 397 7723 www.hoses.co.za Jerling, Stan Tel: 082 804 3615 Terraqua Tel: 043 740 1587 www.terrequa.co.za Turbex Tel: 082 773 8496 Fax: 058 622 2019 www.turbex.co.za Villiers Aqua Engineering Tel: 058 821 0765 / 072 236 6845 www.poldawwindpumps.co.za

Choosing a pumping plant is an engineering proposition because it is essential to make sure that every item of the equipment is: of the right size in relation to the remainder; is also of the right type so that the whole can be assembled into the correct plant for the particular job. It is worthwhile making sure beforehand that every detail of the plant to be supplied is correct. You are looking at the most efficient system, and also the one which eventually will be the least costly. A full list of considerations is available on www.southx.co.za. Factors include the distance from ground level to water level, the distance of the tank or reservoir from the pumping site, the quantity of water required daily etc.

University of the Free State Institute for Groundwater Studies Dr Ingrid Dennis Tel: 051 401 2175 Erects and repair windmills. Installs Dennisl@ufs.ac.za and repairs submersible pumps. He operates in goldfield areas of the Water Research Commission Free State Henneman, Welkom, Tel: 012 330 0340 Kroonstad. www.wrc.org.za Jooste Cylinder & Pump Co. Tel: 021 854 6518 http://joostecylinders.com ZM Pumps Tel: 082 552 3917 www.zmsa.co.za

7. Projects
Wind driven water supply schemes require three basic items: Sociological There must be a perceived need for clean potable water at the proposed installation site. Without this need, any water supply system will fail. This is the most important rule of windmill water supply and is the most neglected part of the installation process. Rule one is that the local populace must see the real need for clean potable water. Wind Wind data is available in most parts of the world, even in remote rural areas.Windmills can be so designed that they can pump water in the lightest or strongest winds. In light wind areas the cost of pumping water with windmills will increase. As a generalization, windmills are most economic in areas where the wind speed exceeds 10 km/hr for a period exceeding eight hours per day. Water Underground water is available in most parts of the world at varying depths. Windmills are capable of pumping water from surface water sources over long distances or from great depths of up to 200 metres underground or even more with special windmill configurations. Windmill pumping schemes should be designed so that they never extract more than 70 percent of the tested well yield. If all THREE of the above are present, windmills will satisfactorily supply water.
Sources: Southern Cross Industries, the Borehole Water Association

6. Farmer points of interest

How to estimate the quantity of water required daily consult the Livestock chapter.

If you are putting in a borehole, it is in your best interest to sign a contract that details all the costs that are likely to be incurred. Insist that the driller provide a record of the exact depth at which the most promising water fissure is located. This information is of vital importance to the pump installer so that he can select the correct pump for your needs. It is advisable to ask for references preferably from clients who have had time to assess the quality of work over a reasonable period. There are SABS standards now available for the ground water industry. You may wish to sell your farm or property at a later stage, and the borehole represents a substantial capital investment. A drillers log, construction certificate, yield test certificate, electrical clearance, pump details and commissioning data will be positive proof of the professionalism of the contractor. Is he/she a member of the Borehole Water Association of Southern Africa (BWA)? Membership of BWA shows that the contractor/ supplier you are dealing with is interested in the long-term viability, professionalism and survival of the industry.

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Inputs
Compost and organic fertiliser
See also the separate Earthworms and Vermicompost chapter

4. Earthworms
See the separate Earthworms and Vermicompost chapter

5. Training and research

Agricultural Colleges offer short training courses on making compost. An example is Madzivhandila College, which can be contacted at 015 962 7200/7/8. Contact details for all Agricultural Colleges can be found in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. The Sustainable Fruit and Vine study Group www.sustainablefarm.co.za SA Biofarm Institute Tel: 012 333 4222 www.sabiofarm.co.za If done correctly, composting will increase profits in most farming operations (Find the information about composting on their website). University of the Free State Lengua Agricultural Centre Tel: 051 443 8859 mcvdw@telkomsa.net

1. Overview
The steep increases in the cost of inorganic fertilisers and pesticides (many derived from petroleum products) have led many farmers to look at replacing them with organically-derived composts. Continual use of inorganic products have sterilised the soil and killed off the billions of microorganisms that occur in nature. Reducing or eliminating the use of inorganic products and replacing them with organic products will bring the microorganisms back into the soil these microorganisms will bring depleted soils back to life and provide all the necessary nutrients for healthy plants.

6. Roleplayers 2. Compost
The excellent results that commercial, biological and organic farmers are getting in the field from using good compost are now the driving force behind this industrys growth www.sabiofarm.co.za Compost is formed in nature all the time as plants and animals die and decompose. This natural compost is generally called humus. Decomposition involves the breakdown of plant and animal remains into simpler components. As a result, nutrients (which are essential for plant growth) are released into the soil. Decomposition is brought about by the action of decomposers which include bacteria, fungi, and earthworms. The process of decomposition is essential for the recycling of nutrients. Good compost is an excellent source of beneficial organisms and organic matter. Compost returns nutrients to the soil, increases the soils ability to hold water and air, and prevents erosion by binding the soil. Anybody buying bulk compost is advised to seek professional help in choosing a supplier as, in any industry, there are good and bad composts! Atlas Organic Fertilizers (Pty) Ltd Tel: 078 457 2743 www.atlasorganies.co.za Agro-Hytec Distribution Tel: 021 863 2884 www.agrohytec.co.za Bark Enterprises Tel: 072 034 0603 / 8 www.barkcompost.com Bermakor Tel: 051 525 2557 Biogrow Tel: 028 313 2054 sales@biogrow.co.za www.biogrow.co.za Organic liquid fertiliser (NPK 3.2.5). This is a natural fermentation product gained from processing sugar beet. It contains a combination of essential nutrients (3% nitrate, 2% phosphoric acid, 5% potash and trace elements), in an organically assimilated form. The vitamins, ferments and growthpromoting substances contained in Biotrissol strengthen the plants and promote the formation of blooms. Biotrissol also provides nutrients for the micro-organisms in the soil and thus help to reactivate the soil Culterra Tel: 011 300 9913/4/5 www.culterra.co.za Drotsky Aktiek Tel: 011 864 1601 Manure spreading machines Earth 2 Earth Tel: 0860 47 66 33 www.earth2earth.co.za Eco-Fert South: 083 292 0160 / 083 948 6374 North: 083 455 4320 www.eco-fert.co.za Eco-Fert specialises in fertilisers which contribute to sustainable soil production. Most products are based on soil friendly sources derived from the sea and land. It has a multiple use being an excellent soil life feeder (soil microbes) and effective foliar absorption as a plant feed. Ecosoil Tel: 021 848 9434 / 072 906 1636 jako@ecosoil.co.za www.ecosoil.co.za A business which specialises in compost extract machines. Pieterse consults farmers on creating healthy soils. Compost tea is made by adding compost to water and multiplying specific microorganisms. Footprints Tel/fax: 021 794 5586 gsdouglas@worldonline.co.za Giba Organics Tel: 031 769 1063 www.gibaorganics.co.za Guano Sales (Cape) Tel/Fax: 021 671 4387 Havco Tel: 017 712 5355 Fax: 017 712 5266 www.havco.co.za Manure spreader implements Jacklin Organic Tel: 017 844 1589 Fax: 086 611 1404 www.jacklinorganic.co.za Karibu Farm Tel/fax: 032 947 1194

3. Liquid composts (compost tea)

Spreading solid composts onto large surface areas caused, as could be expected, some problems liquid composts solved many of these problems. Basically, a muslin bag of compost is suspended in a vat of de-chlorinated water and the water was agitated continuously by some form of pumping device. The idea is that most of the beneficial micro-organisms and plantnecessary nutrients present in the compost are extracted from the solid compost and are now present in the liquid compost (this liquid is termed compost tea). Commercially, many forms of food that will be consumed by the micro-organisms and help their growth are now added. Such additions can be molasses, kelp, rock dust, humic and fulvic acids etc. The liquid is unstable and must be used within about 12 hours after brewing. The liquid compost can be sprayed onto the soil for grazing crops but it has found great use as a foliar feed in orchards. One user applies 100 litres per hectare every month as a soil drench throughout the growing season and has seen remarkable results. Used as a foliar feed it has been proven that the beneficial micro-organisms outcompete the pathogenic type and foliar plant diseases are avoided or, at least, lessened. The liquid also feeds the plant. When plants have a good, solid food supply at the roots, they are able to combat diseases more effectively than poorly-fed plants. Using composts as fertilizer and plant food ensures a supply of food throughout the growing season and not, as occurs with inorganic fertilisers, a huge boost when applied but a starvation when this is used up or leached out.

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Kelp Products Tel: 021 786 2090 Fax: 021 786 3274 www.kelpak.com Lushof 101 Tel: 015 307 4420 / 082 800 1895 kryto@mweb.co.za

Slurry Tech Tel: 033 267 7677 www.slurrytech.co.za Slurry organic fertiliser spreading Soil & More Reliance Tel: 021 951 3161 www.reliance.co.za

7. Websites and publications

See the Biological farming, organic farming and soil chapters.

Visit websites of roleplayers for a wealth of information e.g. www. sustainablefarm.co.za, www.sabiofarm.co.za and www.ecosoil.co.za Subscribe to the monthly Ecosoil newsletter. Write to jako@ecosoil.co.za Call 012 842 4000 or email Stoltze@arc.agric.za to obtain the following publications, available from the ARC in Silverton: Kompostering en komposteringstelsels Composting and composting systems Besproeiing met dieremiswater Irrigation with animal manure water Manure handling in intensive animal production units, written by HT Breedt, edited and revised by F Cilliers. Copyright. 2009. Animal manure can be utilised for fertiliser as an energy source (fuel) and as a supplement to animal feed rations. The different applications of animal manure on the farm are dealt with here.

Leaders in the design and manufacture of compost making For compost orders and deliveries equipment Soil for Life Master Organics Tel: 021 794 4982 Tel: 021 396 1066 www.soilforlife.co.za Metson Manufacturing Tel: 011 792 8968 Fax: 011 791 3198 Mycoroot (Pty) Ltd Tel: 046 603 8443 J.dames@ru.ac.za www.mycoroot.com Soilfoodweb Lab (in Polokwane) Tel: 082 885 9608 For more info on Soilfoodweb labs the world over, go to www. soilfoodweb.com

Stanler Farms Tel: 021 976 4900 An organic microbial fertiliser Johannesburg: 082 657 3715/6 boosts yield and production by http://stanlerfarms.co.za enhancing soil health and plant root functioning. Stimuplant Tel: 012 802 0940 / 4009 National Plant Food www.stimuplant.sa.gs Tel: 031 782 3105 An inexpensive and environmentally Neutrog Africa friendly alternative to nitrogen Tel: 021 972 1958 fertilisers is biological nitrogen Fax: 021 972 1959 fixation, a process whereby www.neutrog.co.za bacteria known as rhizobia alter atmospheric nitrogen into a plantOcean Agri Science utilisable source of nitrogen in Tel: 021 875 5972 symbiosis with legume plants by forming root nodules. The input of Remade Organics nitrogen through biological nitrogen Tel/fax: 011 432 8371 fixation increases soil fertility and organics@remade.co.za crop yield, as well as decreasing the need for nitrogen fertilisers. SA Lime & Gypsum Tel: 021 914 5330 Talborne Products www.sakg.co.za Tel: 011 954 5763 www.talborne.co.za Organic lime available Zylem (Pty) Ltd Tel: 033 347 2893 justinp@zylemsa.co.za

Visit www.kejafa.co.za or call 014 577 0005 for several compost-related publications, available from Kejafa Knowledge Systems. The Info Paks (booklet) Using Kraal Manure (as a fertiliser) and Making organic fertilizer may be obtained from the Resource Centre at the National Department of Agriculture. Tel: 012 319 7141. It can be found under Publications at www.daff.gov.za Hands On: Soil And Compost Life A Field Guide. I. van den Berg. Share-Net, PO Box 394, Howick, Natal, 3290. Tel: 0860 240 240 Soil Is Life: A Handbook For Teachers. M. Roos (ed). Share-Net, PO Box 394, Howick, Natal, 3290. Tel: 0860 240 240 Our thanks to Jaco Pieterse and Ronald Thompson for feedback and input

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Inputs
Conservation tillage
1. Overview
Our continent is bleeding to death: megatons of topsoil wash out to sea every year due to soil structure degraded by ploughing. Conservation Agriculture (CA) or Conservation Tillage as it is often called is a cost-effective, environmentally friendly method of farming which does not use regular ploughing and tillage, but promotes permanent soil cover and diversified crop rotation to ensure better soil health and productivity. Society also benefits from reduced atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions.

Conservation and efficient utilisation of natural resources at national, regional and farm level is no longer a luxury but an imperative, and the adoption of conservation farming practices an essential component of good farming practice. Conservation tillage has been defined in the United Sates of America as any tillage operation that leaves at least 30% of the soil surface covered with plant residues immediately after planting. In Africa, however, due primarily to the difficulty many farmers have in excluding or controlling the influx of livestock after crop harvest, this term has come to be accepted to include all crop production systems which aim to make more efficient use of natural and human resources while reducing environmental degradation. The most common forms of conservation tillage are no-till, direct seeding, ridge till, chisel and disc, rip-on-row and stubble mulching. Conservation agriculture (as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, FAO) has come to be accepted as the optimum. Put simply, all of these methods leave plant residues on the soil surface between growing seasons. These provide a protective cover that diminishes

To plough or not to plough old and new paradigms in crop production

Old paradigms
Soil tillage is necessary to produce a crop burying of plant residues with tillage implements bare soil for weeks and months soil temperature extremes due to direct radiation burning crop residues allowed strong emphasis on soil chemical processes first option chemical pest control green manure cover crops and crop rotations optional soil erosion is caused by excessive rain

New paradigms
Tillage is not necessary for crop production crop residues remain on the soil surface as mulch soil never bare permanent soil cover soil temperatures buffered by mulch burning mulch prohibited emphasis on soil biological processes first option biological pest control green manure cover crops and crop rotations essential soil erosion is caused by soil mismanagement Consequences of No-till & permanent soil cover 1 2 3 4 wind and water erosion near zero increased water infiltration into the soil soil water more available soil organic matter content and consequently soil quality maintained or enhanced 5 carbon is sequestered in the soil, enhancing soil quality and reducing global warming 6 soil improvement (chemical, physical and biological) 7 crop productivity increased 8 fertiliser use and costs of production reduced 9 survival of the family farm ensured (more even, sustainable and profitable crop production) 10 basic needs satisfied > rural living standard and quality of life increased > increased and diversified productivity > increased rural prosperity > return to the land > national stability Off farm effects of new production system reduced rate of sedimentation of rivers, dams, lakes etc. enhanced water quality & reduced purification costs less problems for hydroelectric power plants less sedimentation of roads reduction of costs for the government and for society due to off farm effects of soil erosion Result: Sustainable land use ensured (ecologically, socially & economically). Rational, site-oriented use of the soil

Consequences of soil cultivation & bare soil 1 2 3 4 wind and water erosion are unavoidable. reduced water infiltration into the soil. soil water less available soil organic matter content & consequently soil quality unavoidably reduced 5 soil carbon is lost as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere contributing to global warming 6 soil degradation (chemical, physical and biological) 7 crop productivity reduced 8 fertiliser use and costs of production high 9 survival of the family farm threatened (lower yields, production without profitability, insufficient income) 10 rural poverty > urban drift > increased pressure on urban infrastructure and employment > urban poverty > slums > crime > social conflict > political volatility Off farm effects of soil erosion sedimentation of rivers, dams, lakes etc. reduced water quality & increased purification costs problems in hydroelectric power plants sedimentation of roads higher costs for the government and for society due to off farm effects of soil erosion Result: Sustainable land use is not possible (ecologically, socially and economically). Soil resource exploitation
Source: A fter Derpsch 2004.

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wind and water erosion, reduces evaporation losses, minimises water runoff and can thereby dramatically increase soil water (from irrigation or rain) availability. Organic matter, the key ingredient in soil productivity, increases, as do earthworms, conservation tillages biological plough, reducing diesel requirements by up to 50% or more.

Specific practices include: Rip-on-row: a heavy tine at a depth of 300-450mm is drawn in the line of the planned (often also the previous) row ahead of the planter. Chisel: lighter chisel tines are drawn at a depth of 200-300mm as the sole cultivation prior to planting. Chisel & disc: primary tillage is conduced using chisel tines only, followed by a light disc immediately prior to planting. Disc-plant: one discing operation before planting is done to loosen the compacted soil surface, to control weeds, and to leave most of the residue on the surface. Bed-plant: this method is commonly used for soil moisture management especially in surface irrigated crops where furrows are made at appropriate intervals raising the bed between. Ridge Till This is a planting method where crops are planted on the ridge top, in the furrow or along both sides of a ridge. The ridges may be on the contours with graded furrows draining into a grassed water way, or use short crossties to create a series of basins to store water in tied-ridges. Mulch Till This is a system that involves cutting the roots of weeds and other plants, leaving the crop residue on the surface or mixed into the top few centimetres of the soil. Conservation Agriculture (CA) now has an internationally accepted definition, being all agricultural crop production systems which involve the simultaneous application of and adherence to three fundamental principles, namely: 1. Minimum tillage (preferably direct seeding, Zero Till or No Till) with no soil inversion; 2. Maximum soil cover (ideally 80% plus) by the crop or, especially in the interval between harvest and planting, crop residues, in some areas provided by green manure cover crops; and 3. Multi-cropping (ideally crop rotation). Multi-cropping encourages the establishment and survival of a broad spectrum, balanced and consequently healthy soil micro-organism population and helps break pest and disease cycles. The varying times of planting, plant heights and allelopathic properties of the different crops reduce weed competition, as does the reduced mechanical spread resulting from the absence of tillage. Soil cover delays weed seed germination, and weed seedlings often succumb or have their vigour severely impaired by the need to force their way through the mulch. To encourage and ensure the survival of soil bio-systems only enviro-friendly herbicides should be used and, if care is taken to ensure weeds do not set seed and as weed seed banks from previous practices diminish, herbicide use decreases which, combined with the reduced requirement for heavy machinery and fuel, contributes significantly to the reduced cost per tonne produced characteristic of Conservation Agriculture. In short, therefore, by the SIMULTANEOUS utilisation of Conservation Agricultures three principles: soil porosity, health and nutrient cycling is improved (the biological plough effect); soil moisture capture, content and availability is increased; weed populations and hence competition and herbicide dependence is reduced; yields become less weather-dependent (much the same in wet, but higher than Conventional tillage in dry seasons); cost of production, both per unit area but especially per tonne produced, is reduced; profits and environmental and economic sustainability are markedly improved.

Some forms of Conservation Tillage:

Conservation Agriculture, as defined by the Food & Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), is receiving growing acceptance internationally as the optimal crop production system, and includes all farming systems which involve simultaneous adherence to the principles of: Minimal soil disturbance (including NO soil inversion) to retain root channels and encourage the build-up of soil biota populations and hence soil structure; Maximum soil cover (either by living crops or by crop or other plant residues) - to diminish the impact of raindrops and reduce water runoff (and consequently soil loss); and Multi-cropping (especially crop rotation) - to increase the diversity of food sources and hence soil biota, especially predators, and break pest and disease cycles. Note that, although some organic farmers practice Conservation Agriculture, where production systems require the inversion or cultivation of the soil more than is necessary to insert the seed or seedling (for example, in the incorporation of manures) such systems can not be described as Conservation Agriculture systems. No Till (also called Zero Till or Direct Seeding) This is a crop production system that involves no seed bed preparation other than the opening (via a slit or punched hole) of the soil for the purpose of placing seed or seedling. No cultivation is performed during the growing season. As with Conservation Agriculture, weed control is accomplished using mulches, allelopathy (the antagonism of some plants or plant residues to other plants), crop rotation or appropriate (preferably narrow spectrum bio-friendly) herbicides. Minimum Tillage Are systems that involve minimal soil manipulation for crop production. Also referred to as reduced tillage, Minimum Tillages major objectives include: to perform the minimum number and severity of operations thought necessary to optimise soil conditions, frequently differentiating between the in- and inter-row areas; to minimise the number of trips over the field to avoid soil compaction and structural degradation; to conserve moisture; to reduce soil erosion; and to reduce mechanical energy and labour requirements Some common Minimum Tillage systems include: Till and Plant: tractor-driven equipment prepares narrow strips utilising shallow secondary tillage after the primary tillage and just ahead of the planter. Strip Tillage: combination units perform strip or zone tillage just ahead of the planter in untilled soil (usually utilising a chisel plough, with the sole aim of improving porosity and rooting depth in root zone).

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2. National strategy and relevant directorates at DAFF

Find information on, and contact details for, the different directorates at www. daff.gov.za

Provincial:
KZN Department of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs & Rural Development Dr Allan Manson, Mr Guy Thibaud Tel: 033 355 9100 Xoshindlala Programme: Planting without Ploughing Mr Johan Janse van Rensburg Tel: 033 3431395 Western Cape Department of Agriculture Francis J Steyn Tel: 021 808 5090 Fax: 021 808 5092 franciss@elsenburg.com Eastern Cape Department of Agriculture Mr Felix Hobson Tel: 040 609 3478 Fax: 040 635 0604 Conservation Agriculture Thrust (CAT) Mr Dirk Lange Tel: 043 748 5534 / 072 256 4165 Fax: 043 748 5534 DLange@ufh.ac.za Massive Food Production Scheme Mr Werner Ristow Tel: 039 727 3376 Fax: 039 727 1647 Werner.Ristow@agr.ecprov.gov.za

University of the Free State Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development This Centre trains owners and Tel: 051 401 2163 operators in the use of especially animal-drawn equipment, especially This centre offers a masters degree Direct Seeders, and their use in in sustainable agriculture which Conservation Agriculture systems includes topics such as conservation suited to field and vegetable tillage. production. Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences Tel: 051 401 2212 Traction Centre Tel: 040 602 2125

4. Websites and publications

Conservation Farming in South Africa http://conservationfarming.co.za and www.notill.co.za Find the CA pages on the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) website www.fao.org/ag/ca Conservation Agriculture is frequently covered in both agricultural weeklies Landbouweekblad and Farmers Weekly. Frequently, the Grain SA commercial farmer of the year practices no-till. Visit the archives of the publications at www.landbou.com and www.farmersweekly.co.za. You may notice that frequently, the Grain SA commercial farmer of the year practices no-till. No-Till Farming Systems (2008). Special Publication No.3, World Association of Soil and Water Conservation, Bangkok. ISBN: 978-9748391-60-1, 544 pp. A global collection of information presented by farmers, extension specialists, discipline professionals and research scientists. Obtainable from WASWC National Representative Richard Fowler. Fax: 086 672 6872. rmfowler@iafrica.com Conservation Agriculture: A manual for farmers and extension workers in Africa (2005). IIRR, Nairobi and African Conservation Tillage Network (ACT), Harare. Obtainable from admin@iirr-africa.org A Guide to No-Till Crop Production in KZN, 2nd Edition (1999). Available from the KZN No-till Club. Ms Sandra Findlay (secretary). Tel/fax: 033 344 3535, or write to sandrafindlay@intanet.co.za or P O Box 1052, Howick, 3290. Conservation Agriculture in Africa. Ademir Calegari, John Ashburner & Richard Fowler. FAO, Accra 2005. ISBN: 9988-627-04-01. A booklet on no-till is available in isiZulu. Contact the KZN No-till Club. The Beginners Guide to No-Till by Aubrey Venter. Contact the No-Till Club. http://ca.ecoport.org An interactive dedicated website initiated here in South Africa and containing a wealth of information on Conservation Agriculture of use to farmers, advisers, researchers and educationists throughout the world. www.rolf-derpsch.com Rolf Derpsch is a well-known advocate of CT overseas. A number of relevant publications are available from the ARCs Institute for Agricultural Engineering e.g. Comparative review of technical specifications for no-till jab-planters. Call 012 842 4000.

3. Training and research

Institutions offering agricultural degrees/diplomas include conservation tillage in the syllabus. ARC Grain Crops Institute Plant Science and Advisory Services Dr Jeanetta Saayman-du Toit Tel: 018 299 6297 DutoitJ@arc.agric.za ARC-Small Grains Institute (SGI) Mr Willem Kilian / Dr John Tolmay Tel: 058 307 3400

Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs / Cedara Research on conservation tillage Tel: 033 355 9192 / 9100 vs. conventional tillage is currently carried out at Cedara in association Annual workshops are conducted with the KwaZulu-Natal on various aspects of conservation tillage for small-scale farmers. Department of Agriculture. This is part of the Xoshindlala ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate Planting without Ploughing (PwP) and Water (ISCW) Programme. Short courses are also Drs Danie Beukes/Hendrik Smith run. Tel: 012 310 2500/6 djbeukes@arc.agric.za Elsenburg College of Hjsmith@arc.agric.za Agriculture Tel: 021 808 5450/1 ARC-Plant Protection veronicac@elsenburg.com Research Institute Tel: 012 808 8000 Stellenbosch University MaraisM@arc.agric.za Department of Conservation SwanepoelC@arc.agric.za Ecology and Entomology Tel: 021 808 3728 Conservation tillage has a number samways@sun.ac.za of unique problems regarding disease control and in particular Department of Agronomy root diseases. Research into the Tel: 021 808 4803 management of such diseases is an browne@sun.ac.za ongoing activity of plant pathologists of the Institute, with emphasis on University of Fort Hare the correct choice of rotation crops Prof Jan Raats and other management practices, Tel: 040 602 2232 such as the use of nitrogen- fixing jraats@ufh.ac.za legumes, for commercial and The Conservation Agriculture resource-poor farming. Research Thrust (CAT see heading 2) is a is carried out both at ARC Research joint initiative between the Eastern stations and on-farm, especially Capes agriculture department in the Western and Eastern Cape and the University of Fort Hare. and KwaZulu-Natal, in association A three-week practical course with the provincial Departments of covering the basic principles of CA Agriculture and private companies. is given.

5. Companies and associations involved

Agricultural Resource Consultants Dr Jim Findlay Tel: 011 486 2254 agrecon@telkomsa.net No-Till Club of KwaZulu-Natal Ms Sandra Findlay (secretary) Tel/fax: 033 344 3535 sandrafindlay@intanet.co.za Richard Fowler (Consultant) Tel: 082 777 6868 rmfowler@iafrica.com The information in this chapter is almost completely provided by Richard Fowler The Northern Conservation Farming study group (Noordelike Bewaaringsboerdery Studiegroep) Andre Ferreira Tel: 056 515 2145 This is based at Senekal, Free State. Technical talks are arranged.

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Implements:
Afritrac 011 918 4698 mike@afritrac.co.za Alpha Engineering 028 514 3450 don@alpha-engineering.co.za Barloworld 011 898 0100 EAbrahamse@barloworld-equipment.com Carrotech 021 865 2044 Eco Till Africa willem@waltlandgoed.co.za Hastt Zimbabwe +263-62-33-55/8 sales@hastt.co.zw Inttrac Trading 016 365 5799 inttrac@cyberserv.co.za Kouga Implemente 042 295 1146 kougafm@telkomsa.net John Deere SA 011 437 2629 rsa@johndeere.com Jumil SA 082 850 3744 giuliano@jumilsa.co.za Kongskilde SA 011 894 2341 Northmec 011 922 2000 matthew@northmec.co.za Rovic & Leers 011 976 3070 admin@rovicleers.co.za Van Niekerk Engineering 022 913 2435 cvn@intekom.co.za Valtrac 056 817 7308 henniedut@valtrac.co.za No Till Seed Drills (suitable for planting wheat) Trade name and country of origin Alpha Engineering (RSA) Baldan (Brazil) Duncan (New Zealand) Eco Till (RSA) Hastt (Zimbabwe) John Deere (USA) Kuhn Metasa (Brazil) Piket (RSA) Tatu Marchesan (Brazil) Distributor Alpha Engineering Northmec Kouga Implemente Eco Till Africa Hastt Zimbabwe John Deere Rovic & Leers Van Niekerk Engineering Valtrac

6. Farmer Points of Interest

Farmers can have an enormous influence on ensuring the survival of the South Africa agricultural sector over the long term by adopting more sustainable management applications. Conservation farming techniques are increasingly promoted as one of the solutions to replenish South Africas soil resources. Conservation tillage involves the management of surface residues through reduced use of conventional tillage practices. Conservation tillage broadly includes no till, reduced till or minimum till applications where planters place the seed and fertiliser directly in the uncultivated soil, by only making a small furrow in the soil. The residues left on the soil act as a surface cover during the seedbed preparation and partially during the growing phase. The greatest benefits of this process are that it increases the organic matter, protects the soil from wind erosion, increases water retention capabilities and serves as a shock absorber for raindrop impact. Ultimately, erosion is reduced due to less intervention disturbing the soil. There might be an initial decrease in yield, but the savings made through reduced input costs outweigh any discrepancy in income. Deep and repeated tillage reduces earthworm populations by as much as 90%, not a good idea when one considers all the benefits brought to the soils by earthworms. And soil rich with earthworm tunnels is estimated to absorb four to 10 times more water than soil without. In conjunction with less tillage and leaving residues on the top soil for protection, farmers should also consider crop rotation as part of their conservation farming methods. Crop rotation allows the soil time to recover in between the various planting seasons; and by introducing crops like soybeans, farmers help in replenishing the nitrogen levels of the soil. A sound knowledge of environmental pressures and long-term thinking is critical if the farm business is to be competitive, sustainable and financially viable. Immediate survival is no longer the order of the day. Successful farm management demands exploring environmentally-friendly farm practices. Conservation Agriculture should be a consideration for every farmer concerned with sustainable growth.
Source: A dapted from a press release done by Standard Bank through Magna C arta Public Relations.

Tractor-drawn No Till Planters (suitable for planting maize, beans, sunflower, cotton etc) Trade name and country of origin Alpha Engineering (RSA) Baldan (Brazil) Eco Till (RSA) Gaspardo SP (Italy) Hastt (Zimbabwe) John Deere (USA) Jumil (Brazil) Kongskilde (Denmark) Kuhn Metasa (Brazil) Massey Ferguson (USA) Monosem (France) Tatu Marchesan (Brazil) Vence Turdo (Brazil) Distributor Alpha Engineering Northmec Eco Till Africa GMG Power Hastt Zimbabwe John Deere SA Jumil SA Kongskilde SA Rovic & Leers Barloworld Carrotech Valtrac Inttrac Trading

7. International business environment

Conservation Agriculture has been tested, proven and is being practised under a wide range of agro-ecological conditions throughout the world, and is a major factor in the growing dominance of South American grain producers on world markets. The African Conservation Tillage Network (ACT) consists of practitioners and promoters who believe the adaptation and adoption of conservation tillage principles is a cost effective method of reducing and reversing the environmental degradation and food insecurity devastating Africa. Contact the Regional Secretariat at actnairobi@wananchi.com or find the ACT Network on www.fao. org. Find out about the European Conservation Agriculture Federation at www.ecaf.org The world needs to double its food production to feed 9 billion people by 2050. In the name of intensification in many places around the world, farmers over-ploughed, over-fertilised, over-irrigated and over-applied pesticides. This affected all aspects of the soil, water, land, biodiversity and the services provided by an intact ecosystem, and this began to reduce yield growth rates. Not only can Conservation Agriculture increase yields; it will also help the environment by restoring soil health, saving water and energy and reducing the footprint of a sector that currently accounts for some 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
Source: Find the article C onservation agriculture necessary to feed the w orld at w w w.farmersw eekly.co.za

Animal-drawn No Till Planters (suitable for planting maize, beans, sunflower, cotton etc) Trade name and country of origin Hastt (Zimbabwe) Mealiebrand (Zimbabwe) Knapik (Brazil) Distributor Hastt Zimbabwe Afritrac Inttrac Trading

Our thanks to Richard Fowler for much of the information in this chapter.

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Inputs
Crop protection
1. Overview
Chemical crop protection The global market for agrochemicals is in the order of $33 390 million, of which the South African market comprises between 2 and 3 percent. The South African market is by far the largest in Africa. The CropLife website records the breakdown of chemical crop protection as being: Segment Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Other Percentage of market 39 27 22 12

Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Programme Tel: 011 486 1102 The Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Programme is part of the Endangered Wildlife Trust. They keep an eye on the misuse and overuse of chemicals in the environment, especially as it potentially affects wildlife. On an adhoc basis they are involved with the retrieval of unwanted and unused chemicals. When the need is there, they co-ordinate the collection of these agrochemicals. All wildlife poisoning events are investigated and samples are sent for toxicological analysis. The results are reported to the AVCASA Safety, Health and Environment committee on a quarterly basis. South African Pest Control Association Tel: 012 654 8038 www.sapca.org.za Nematological Society of Southern Africa Dr Sonia Steenkamp (secretary) Tel: 018 299 6352 www.sanematodes.com Southern African Society for Plant Pathology Dr Adele McLeod (secretary) Tel: 021 808 4795 http://saspp.org

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Registrar: Act No. 36 of 1947 Tel: 012 319 7303 MalutaM@daff.gov.za In South Africa all chemicals used for the control of any pest or disease on a plant must be registered for such use under Act 36 of 1947 (the Fertilisers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act). An amendment to this Act (No R.1716 of 26 July 1991) prohibits the acquisition, disposal, sale or use of an agricultural remedy for a purpose or in a manner other than that specified on the label on the container. Find the Act 36 of 1947 information on www.daff.gov.za. Directorate Plant Health Tel: 012 319 6529 DPH@daff.gov.za When it comes to plant health and crop protection, the issue of export and import becomes important. Several organisms which are alien to the country have become established in South Africa. They are harmful and cause losses in agriculture. The Directorate of Plant Health has taken measures to combat the spread: the pest is monitored; samples of plant are tested to determine the specific pest status of the organism; they have also put in place a national policy under which it is prohibited to transport plant material from an infested area. As an exporting country, South Africa has to comply with the import conditions of other countries. Phytosanitary certificates are issued to indicate that an exporter has met the conditions under which the exporter may send goods to the other country. The Directorate maintains a database on the import conditions and procedures of various countries, gives advisory services, conducts laboratory tests (as requested by the importing country), and carries out field inspections. In co-operation with Provincial governments they administer laws relating to plant health, including the aspect of the control and eradication of pests and diseases. They run control programmes and issue regulations to protect and improve plant health. Directorate: Land Use and Soil Management Tel: 012 319 7685/6 DLUSM@daff.gov.za Redbilled Quelea (Quelea quelea sp.), a bird species, is an agriculturally important migratory pest to small grain crop-producing farmers of southern Africa. The policy for managing the Redbilled Quelea problem was established in 1994 under Act 36 of 1983. The Directorate: Land Use and Soil Management enforces this Act.

CropLife member companies support the aims of sustainable agriculture: to produce sufficient food and fibre economically and in an environmentally and socially sensitive manner, maintaining the natural resource base for future generations. The industry is committed to Integrated Pest Management as an economically viable, environmentally sound and socially acceptable approach to crop protection. Biological crop protection Biological control uses a pest or diseases own natural enemies to control the pest or disease. Find the Biocontrol chapter.

2. Associations involved
CropLife SA Tel: 011 805 2000 www.croplife.co.za CropLife SA, a section 21 Company not for gain, is an association representing the plant science industry, including the majority of responsible manufacturers and suppliers of crop protection products, and through its approved training and accreditation of members sales personnel it strives to ensure that farmers and other end-users are at all times provided with a professional and efficient service. Agricultural Chemical Distribution Association of South Africa (ACDASA) Tel: 011 805 2000 www.acdasa.co.za ACDASA is an independent Section 21 Association which, with the support of other agricultural organisations, promotes the effective and responsible marketing of crop protection products to agricultural producers. These associations want farmers and other users of its products to know that they are making their purchases from persons and companies which can give sound technical advice and whose employers are bound by the strict CropLife SA / ACDASA Code of Conduct. The stringent Code of Conduct, based on the FAO Code of Conduct, ensures that all members make input into and abide by ethical-, quality- and service guidelines, standards, codes and legislation, such as: manufacturing quality practices training in responsible use of products especially in the emergent sector Marketing Code of Ethics warehousing & transport standards SANS codes of practice

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4. Training and research

CropLife SA: Plant Protection Training Course. This is an eightmodule correspondence course, with the option to attend lectures, followed by final examination and certification. All sales personnel of CropLife SA and ACDASA are required to pass this course in order to be allowed to give advice and sell our crop protection products. However the course is open to anyone wishing to learn more about crop protection and the products used in the industry. As of 2010, this will be offered as a Short Learning Programme by UNISA. Contact CropLife SA for details. CropLife SA: Responsible Use Training Course. Through this course, stewardship and sustainable agriculture are promoted by addressing issues such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM), container management and disposal of obsolete stocks. This also contributes towards the Good Agricultural Practice as required by GlobalGAP as well as the upliftment of small-scale/emerging farmers and to the protection of the environment. CropLife SA: Aerial Applicators Course. The only course for aerial applicators recognised by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and Civil Aviation. The Agricultural Colleges do short courses on the handling of pesticides and herbicides. Find contacts in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI) Tel: 012 808 8000 www.arc.agric.za Stellenbosch University Department of Plant Pathology Tel: 021 808 4799 Department Conservation Ecology and Entomology Tel: 021 808 2821 www.sun.ac.za/consent

5. Websites and publications

Registered chemicals in South Africa are published in guides such as A Guide for the Control of Plant Diseases and A Guide for the Control of Plant Pests issued by the DAFF on a regular basis. Contact 012 319 7141 or write: Resource Centre, Private Bag X144, Pretoria 0001. Find the Information Core for Southern African Migrant pests (ICOSAMP) pages on www.arc.agric.za Publications available from CropLife SA/ACDASA: Guidelines for the Responsible Use of Crop Protection and Animal Health Products (Also in Afrikaans) A Guide for Operators: Responsible Pesticide Use (Available in all 11 official languages) Guide to the Treatment of Poisoning by Chemicals a must for the medical profession. Guidelines for the Road Transportation of Dangerous Goods RSA Code for the Classification and Labeling Agricultural Chemicals Responsible Use Poster The following publications are available from DAFFs Resource Centre, and can also be viewed at www.daff.gov.za (take the Publications option): Pesticides: disposing of empty containers Pesticides: How to handle pesticides safely Pesticides: poisoning Pesticides: protective clothing Pesticides: Safety measures Pesticides: storing agrochemicals and stock remedies Pesticides: What does the label say? Policy for managing the locust problem in SA

University of the Free State Centre for Sustainable Agriculture Courses are offered in integrated and Rural Development pest management (IPM) and Tel: 051 401 2163 developing agricultural systems. Department of Plant Sciences The monitoring and management Tel: 051 401 2514 of pests and weeds relevant to the particular crop e.g. maize or Visit the CePHMa website: viticulture is an element in courses www.cephma.org given by the other ARC institutes. University of KZN Department of Plant Pathology Cape Peninsular University of Tel: 033 260 5525/6 Technology (CPUT) Tel: 021 864 5217/3 University of Pretoria Plant Production and Soil Sciences Flori Horticultural Services Tel: 012 420 3227 Tel: 013 735 6883/082 564 1211 johannesmaree@absamail.co.za Rahnier Grobler Tel: 072 624 9498

Find the Crop Pests publications (some available on CD-ROM) available from the ARC: visit their website www.arc.agric.za. The ARC Plant Protection newletter is also here (and on www.agis.agric.za). Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publication, available from the ARC in Silverton: Mechanisation basics: Sprayers and spraying techniques (Training manual) Small-scale chemical sprayer Bacterial Diseases of Plants in South Africa Teresa A Coutinho, Teresa Goszczynska, Cheryl Lennox and Stephanus Venter. ISBN 978-1-920146023. This new book provides information on bacterial diseases of agricultural crops, ornamentals and forest tree species. It is distributed by Briza Publications (http://briza.co.za/bookstore). www.pestsandcrops.com lists the pests of the more common field crops.

6. Major initiatives
By CropLife SA and ACDASA under the umbrella association AVCASA
In addition to the training courses (see Training and Research), the following is undertaken: Retrieval and disposal of obsolete stock. AVCASA is currently putting together a waste management programme in line with the National Waste Management Act which is aimed at retrieving and disposing of obsolete stocks in South Africa. Pesticide Container Management. AVCASA is working on various environmentally sound container management strategies for adoption and implementation by industry in line with the above. Aerial Application. CropLife SA, in alliance with the SA Aerial Applicators Association, acquired the most modern calibration equipment from the USA and during calibration fly-ins, aircrafts are upgraded in order to ensure more efficient aerial application of the products and the subsequent updating of existing label recommendations.

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7. CropLife SA member companies

COMPANY Ag-Chem Africa Agro-Organics Avima BASF SA Bayer Cropscience Bitrad Consultants Cash Chemicals Chempac (Pty) Ltd Chemtura (Pty) Ltd Cropchem (Pty) Ltd Dow AgroSciences Du Pont De Nemours Enviro Industries (Pty) Ltd Erintrade Exportos FMC Chemicals Gap Chemicals Horticura Hygrotech Seed Ica International Icon Chemicals Illovo Sugar Limited Insect Science (Pty) Ltd Kannar Earth Science (Pty) Ltd Kelp Products Klub M5 Kombat (Pty) Ltd Makhteshim-Agan SA Meridian Agrochemical Comp Metson Manufacturing Monsanto SA Nialcor (Pty) Ltd Nova Agro Ocean Agriculture Ortus Chemicals (Pty) Ltd Philagro SA Plaaskem RT Chemicals Sipcam SA Sunwood Chemicals Syngenta South Africa Total SA (Pty) Ltd TEL 012 803 0145 / 9302 021 851 2403 011 769 1300 011 314 2900 / 203 2541 011 921 5911 012 666 8945 018 581 9828 021 874 1055 011 397 4336 011 963 1280 021 872 1751 012 663 0844 / 683 5600 056 213 4539 033 386 9384 011 396 2233 021 794 8566 011 706 1104 012 329 3301 012 545 0100 / 8000 021 886 9812 011 316 7431 031 450 7700 / 826 015 307 1391 011 372 4700 021 786 2090 012 653 1782 033 417 1906 021 982 1460 011 606 3304 011 792 8968 011 790 8200 / 13 011 817 2822 031 563 2925 011 662 1947 012 250 3898 012 348 8808 011 823 8000 033 386 9384 021 874 1055 011 803 3393 011 541 4000 / 40 011 396 2913 011 397 4316 011 963 1036 021 872 6291 012 663 0845 / 643 0523 056 212 1080 033 386 1634 011 396 2233 / 4225 021 794 8590 011 706 2330 012 329 2439 012 545 0150 / 0050 021 886 8209 011 316 7433 031 469 4922 015 307 6555 011 372 4710 021 786 3274 012 653 6601 033 413 2940 021 982 5810 011 588 3494 011 791 3198 011 790 8350 / 62 011 813 1260 031 563 2925 011 662 1515 012 250 3162 012 348 3500 011 826 7241 033 386 1634 021 874 1214 011 803 3546 011 541 4042 011 396 2913 FAX 012 803 8418 021 852 3508 011 762 5712 011 203 2431 011 921 5671 086 620 2899 018 581 9828

Tsunami Crop Protection Villa Crop Protection Zetachem (Pty) Ltd Advantage Agri Products Drom Monster Efekto H15 Integrated Logistics Kaap Agri MGK Bedryfsmaatskappy Plant Science Consultants Association (PSCA) SA Aerial Applicators Association SA Pest Control Association

011 812 9800 011 396 2233 031 469 0165 Associate Members 021 872 5683 011 316 7431 011 304 7200 012 345 5030 021 860 8231 012 381 2800 / 31 011 822 8509

011 812 9812 011 396 4666 031 469 0408 021 872 5673 011 316 7433 086 683 5384 012 345 5580 021 860 8228 012 252 5790 011 822 3494

083 263 3213 028 261 1379 086 111 4556

086 625 6725 086 674 7880

8. ACDASA member companies

COMPANY Africa Agricultural Product Investments (Pty) Ltd Agri Chemies Agribiz Agrison bk Agromart Alfa-Agrochem AJ Orsmond Spuitdiens Avello (Pty) Ltd Avonrod Plant Protection cc BayAgro Sentraal BioCrop AgroChemicals Biotrace Trading 266 (Pty) Ltd Boschem CK Dio Agric BK Ecoguard Distributors (Pty) Ltd Farmers Agri Care (Pty) Ltd HBD Distributors & Crop Care Laeveld Agrochem Midchem (Pty) Ltd NatAgro NexusAg Novon Protecta TEL 013 643 1225 FAX 013 643 1224

056 777 2817 032 552 4459 082 579 7204 017 647 3091 056 212 4195 058 303 5634 014 717 9400 011 460 1901 053 441 3168 082 415 4549 015 491 7041 015 491 7803 012 653 6451 011 463 6057 031 265 5000 011 622 5947 082 554 7292 018 673 1508 016 341 3001 021 860 8046 058 303 3785

056 777 1440 032 552 4459 022 482 1930 017 647 3091 056 213 1749 058 303 7204 014 717 1210 011 460 0174 053 441 2423 086 688 3488 015 491 8209 015 491 7803 012 653 6452 011 463 6462 031 265 5008 011 622 5947 086 523 6008 018 673 1495 016 341 3002 021 871 1065 058 303 3253

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Novon Retail Company Novon WTP Oosvaal Landbou cc PW Landboudienste Qwemico Distributors Retouw Landbou Bk Spoedwel Landbou (Edms) Bpk Technichem Crop Protection Terason UAP Crop Care A Division of Plaaskem Ububele Alfa Chemicals Viking Marketing (Pty) Ltd Vrystaat Oesbeskerming (Edms) Bpk Wilgechem Vennootskap

012 561 2945 018 632 3010 017 647 5850 021 862 1128 012 348 0201 042 284 0422 012 250 0200 056 343 3444 021 873 6177 021 872 2214 056 213 1967 021 907 3000 056 515 4404

012 561 2966 018 632 4475 017 647 6058 021 862 1129 012 348 0204 086 647 2797 012 250 2731 056 343 2223 021 873 0297 021 872 7058 056 212 1080 021 905 7113 056 515 1300

058 813 1192/3

058 813 3023

9. Other companies
COMPANY Agriland Agrofert Agro-Hytech All-Gro Alrose ASERA Agricultural Products Biogrow C-Dax Coopers Environmental Science Indoplast Janssen Pharmaceutica Nutrico SA Orsmond Aerial Spray Pharmacy & Upjohn Plant Health Products SABS- Pesticides Residue Yieldguard CONTACT Tel: 012 362 1382 Tel: 011 791 1595/6 Tel: 021 863 2884 Tel: 012 381 2916 Tel: 011 892 0913 Tel: 012 205 1106/1779 Tel: 028 3132054 Tel: 011 970 3200 Tel: 011 979 4246/7 Tel: 011 664 8852 Tel: 011 652 0431 Tel: 011 822 2569 Tel: 058 303 5261 www.orsmondaviation.co.za Tel: 011 320 6000 Tel: 033 266 6130 Tel: 012 428 6446 Tel: 011 790 8200

10. International business environment

Visit the website of CropLife International for international news and perspectives: www.croplife.org.

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The international bodies involved in Plant Protection are: International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) www.ippc.int Regional Plant Protection Organisations (RPPO) The Regional Plant Protection Organisations: APPPC Asia And Pacific Plant Protection Commission CA the Andean Community (South America), www.comunidadandina. org COSAVE Bienvenidos al Comit de Sanidad Vegetal del Cono Sur (South American countries around Brazil), www.cosave.org CPPC Caribbean Plant Protection Commission EPPO European And Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation, www.eppo.org IAPSC Inter African Phytosanitary Council, www.au-appo.org/en/ NAPPO North American Plant Protection Organisation, www.nappo. org OIRSA Organismo Internacional Regional De Sanidad Agropecuaria (South American countries near the Panama canal: Mexico, Nicaragua, El Salvador etc), www.oirsa.org PPPO Pacific Plant Protection Organisation, www.spc.int/pps/ The ARC-PPRI plays an important role in regional projects that support the objectives of the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD). Researchers are also involved in International Projects and Expert Consultations. Two examples are given here: Consultancy to advise the UN FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Specifications (JMPS): PPRI is a member of the Panel of experts and provides advice on an annual basis on the specifications of pesticides used internationally. PPRI is also a member of the Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council (CIPAC) which directly supports the JMPS (all countries). Development of the African Arachnid Database (AFRAD): An expert on-line database (AFRAD) was initiated by the PPRI, which provides vitally important information about arachnids a major component of agro-diversity, both as a major pest of crops and as beneficial predators in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes (countries south of the Sahara).

Inputs
Earthworms and vermicompost
See also the Biological Farming, Organic Farming, Compost and Organic Fertiliser chapters

1. Overview
Nobody really knows how many worm species there are (estimates range from 4500 to 6000!) but in agriculture and gardening three distinct genera have been studied and described. These worms are distinguished by their habitat in or on the soil. These genera do not interbreed and will not normally be found in each others habitat. The three genera are: Worms that are found on the surface under damp, decaying organic matter. These are termed epigeic with Eisinia fetida being the main species used in South Africa. This worm will NOT be found in the soil as it lacks the means to move through the soil. Worms (termed anecic) that are found from the surface of the soil to a depth of roughly 1 meter. These worms forage for their food by coming to the surface and dragging damp decaying organic matter down into their burrows. These worms are extremely beneficial as they churn the soil and allow good water and air penetration. The more of these species in the soil the better the soil. Lumbricus terrestris is very common in South Africa. A third type of worm (termed endogeic) can be found very deep in the soil and very seldom come to the surface. This type is the only one of the three that actually eats soil as part of its diet. This species plays a small part in the total soil environment. As soon as any living thing dies whether it be animal or vegetable a host of saprophytic micro-organisms (that feed on dead organic material) such as bacteria, fungi, moulds, nematodes, actinomycetes, small arthropods (beetles etc.) begin to devour it. Earthworms then graze on the microorganisms as feedstock. Obviously some of the decaying matter is also ingested but the main food is, as stated, micro-organisms. The worm then digests the micro-organisms and excretes faeces that are full of plant nutrients and, strange as it may seem, also contains a vast multitude of micro-organisms. This worm faeces is the best compost known to man. In vermiculture, Eisinia fetida (epegeic) worms are kept in captivity and fed decaying organic material. The worm faeces are collected and used as compost. Many different types of enclosure can be found ranging from a small box for a household to extremely large concrete pens for large-scale farming. Decaying organic material can be literally anything that was once alive but is now dead: all vegetable matter, paper and cardboard, sawdust, animal manures (with the possible exception of cat litter that can contain pathogens organisms that can be infectious), rice and pastas etc. When vermicompost is spread on the soil surface, the millions of microorganisms present become food for any anecic worms in the vicinity. With a plentiful food supply, the anecic worms proliferate and help to keep the soil friable and productive. The life and death activities of the micro-organisms in the soil release continuous plant nutrients. Both solid composts and compost teas can be produced by vermiculture. Soils treated with vermicompost can contain 5 times more nitrates (i.e. immediately-available nitrogen), 7 times more phosphorus, 11 times more potassium, 2.5 times more magnesium and twice as much calcium as soils non-treated soils.
Source: Ronald Thomson. He can be contacted at 082 563 1476 or by w riting to ronmar65@hotmail.com

11. Small-scale farmer news

The South African Pesticide Initiative Program (SA PIP) established a database of emerging farmers. There has been a growing need for such a facility as emerging farmers account for an ever-increasing percentage of agricultural exports. The database lists emerging horticultural export producers and those producing exportable fruit and vegetables, and who benefit from the Programme. The Programme helps to place emerging farmers in contact with the existing well organised commercial producer associations, namely the Citrus Growers Association, Deciduous Fruit Producers Trust and the Subtropical Fruit Producers Association (Subtrop). Poison Information Centres. For advice on cases of poisoning: 1. Tygerberg Poison Information Centre (Human Poisoning), 021 689 5227 2. Griffon Poison Information Centre (Wildlife Poison), 082 446 8946 Nashua pesticides Helpline 082 325 6223 Tim Snow

Find the SA PIP menu at www.ppecb.com

Our thanks to Tom Mabesa and Hettie Dickenson of AVCASA for their input.

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2. Roleplayers
Barbaras Worms Tel: 082 338 4109 barbarasworms@gmail.com Planner Bee Plant Care Carmen Nottingham Tel / Fax: 011 888 4215 Cell: 083 255 5828 Supplier of worms and the tyrebin carmen@livingearth.co.za wormery for the Cape Town area www.fertilis.co.za and surrounds FERTILIS earthworm castings Earthworm Interest Group (fertiliser made from feeding South Africa (EIGSA) dairy cow manure to earthworms Ken Reid - Eisenia foetida). This product Tel: 011 792 3478 (registration no B3664 Act36/1947) Kareid@iafrica.com is certified by the Organic Food Federation UK: organic certification Find details of regional convenors no: 00371/01/00. (countrywide) at www.eigsa.co.za. EIGSA hosts talks and workshops. Fertilis earthworm castings is used Contact Allison at 083 791 1198 as a fertiliser for ALL soils and or email earthwormer@absamail. plants, lawns, vegetables and crops, co.za for details. ornamentals and pot plants. There is no smell, it does not burn, and EarthwormsSA is very rich in nutrients for plants Cell: 083 650 9883 and soil. Spread rate is 250ml per www.earthwormssa.co.za square metre. FullCycle Tel: 021 789 2922 www.fullcycle.co.za FERTILIS also makes wonderful Compost Tea for plant irrigation.

3. Websites and publications

www.eigsa.co.za website of the Earthworm Interest Group of South Africa www.fertilis.co.za website of Planner Bee Plant Care, a company deploying a growing network of worm farms to produce natural, organic, highly-nutritious, life-producing and safe fertilizer Materials available from Planner Bee Plant Care: SA Organic Grower: a 31 booklet set (an ideal reference manual for SA) The Earthmill System for Organic Market Gardens: a must-have book for people wishing to earn a living growing veggies organically. Permaculture articles in booklet form. Contact them at 011 888 4215 / 083 255 5828, fax 011 888 4215 or write to carmen@livingearth.co.za. www.wizzardworms.co.za Wizzard Worms, based in KwaZulu-Natal, is a company with extensive experience in vermiculture and the design and sale of womeries. Visit the other websites mentioned in this chapter e.g. www.fullcycle.co.za, www.earthwormssa.co.za.

4. Local business environment

The use of earthworms to improve farming practices, to assist farmers who wish to produce organically or to reduce fertiliser costs, has become established in many parts of the world. Australia in the developed world and India in the developing world are prime examples. As mentioned earlier, in nature the earthworm converts the wastes of nature into food, growth stimulants and microbes all beneficial to plant growth and survival. We may take advantage of this process by concentrating the waste and the earthworms, and then by applying the resultant products directly to specific areas or plants. Wasted Waste. Every day tons of organic waste goes to landfill sites all over the continent. This organic matter, often at source, could be converted with the help of the humble earthworm into plant food. Farm Waste. Most farmers have some form of organic material that goes to waste, cattle, horse, pig manure, reject vegetables just to mention a few. All are suitable for conversion. Process. The waste should be trenched directly into the soil and layered with other specific waste material and worms then introduced. Planting can take place almost immediately and the soil remains in good shape for some time depending on the depth and quantity of organic material used. Alternatively a Wormery Unit could be established in which earthworms are fed organic waste and the resultant liquid and casts harvested and applied directly to crops. Neither method is expensive. Once established, these simple methodologies aid food production and expenses are offset by savings on fertiliser, transport and landfill costs. And just as important this would result in regenerating depleted soils, thus working towards restoring a healthy environment. There is a challenge to farmers to recycle their wastes to reduce fertilizer costs and reduce methane emission.
For further information contact Don Blacklaw, Tel: 033 4131837 or 072 102 1636, donblacklaw @greytow n.co.za. His w ebsite is w w w.w izzardw orms.co.za

SA Biofarm Committed to reducing waste Tel: 012 333 4222 through innovative products and www.sabiofarm.co.za services which includes Can-oworms. Talborne Organics Tel: 011 954 5763 Hermanus Worms www.talborne.co.za Ronald Jock Thomson Tel: 082 563 1476 Vita and Eco Certified organic ronmar65@hotmail.com fertilisers; fertilis earthworm castings (humus) Ronald has been involved with worm farming for years. He lectures The Worm Lady and writes on vermicomposting Tel: 011 465 2933 extensively. busygirl@telkomsa.net Natal Museum Dr Danuta Plisko Tel: 033 345 1404 dplisko@nmsa.org.za jdplisko@saol.com Dr Plisko is an earthworm researcher who has found that in KZN there are very few indigenous earthworms, but vast numbers of the more aggressive exotics from North America, Asia, Europe etc. It seems that when the early settlers imported plants growing in soil, they also imported the worms from the country of origin! Wizzard Worms Don Blacklaw Tel: 033 413 1837 / 072 102 1636 donblacklaw@greytown.co.za dona@wizzardwoms.co.za www.wizzardworms.co.za Wizzard Worms is a breeder, and countrywide distributor of worms, wormerys and information. Worms for Africa Les Kingma Tel: 041 468 0945 lemarona@intekom.co.za

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Inputs
Fencing
1. Overview
When we began this project, one roleplayer asked why fencing was simply one chapter and not a whole section in this directory. After all, he objected, fences are used for livestock, for marking off fields for pastures or crops, for security and the list went on. While the chapter remains one component of this section, we take his point. Fencing is crucial to the orderly running of a farming enterprise, to a sense of well-being and identity.

4. Companies involved
Amatola Tel: 043 732 1927 Fax: 043 732 1753 Big Five Gate & Fence Manufacturing and construction Tel: 053 832 1101 Fax: 053 832 1101 Bonnox (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 666 8717 www.bonnox.co.za Cape Gate Tel: 021 937 7123 www.capegate.co.za Chemvet Tel: 011 437 9000 www.chemvet.co.za Consolidated Wire Indistries Tel: 016 980 3179 www.cwi-wire.co.za Fencing Centre Tel: 011 398 2700 Gallagher Power Fence (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 397 2986 Gripple www.gripple.com G Harrop-Allin & Sons (Pty) Limited Tel: 012 803 5175 H & N Fencing Tel: 013 935 7221 MEPS Electric Fence Systems H/o Tel: 082 459 3743 Cell: 083 600 1166 Tel: 013 751 2945 www.meps.co.za Nemtek Tel: 011 462 8283. www.nemtek.com Rhino Fencing CC Tel: 011 708 7920 / 1 / 2 www.rhinofencing.co.za Sinoville Fencing Tel: 012 542 4780/ 1/ 2 www.sinovillefencing.co.za Razor wire security products South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Tel: 012 428 7116 www.sabs.co.za There are two standards for galvanised wire: SANS 675 and SANS 935. Steeledale Mesh Tel: 011 401 6300 TNH Wildlife Tel: 082 890 9993 / 083 610 2532 www.tnhfencing.com

2. Associations involved
Both the Gate and Fence Association and South African Wire Association (SAWA) are housed within the Steel and Engineering Industries Federation of South Africa (SEIFSA). Contact these associations at 011 298 9400, or visit www.sawa.co.za and www.seifsa. co.za. The South African Iron and Steel Institute Tel: 012 307 8250 www.saisi.co.za International Zinc Association of Southern Africa Tel: 083 456 4989 www.izasa.org

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

The Fencing Act No 31 of 1963 is of importance here. This Acts objective is to consolidate the laws relating to fences, the fencing of farms (and other holdings), and related matters e.g. access to land by authorised persons for certain purposes (officials from ESKOM, Telkom etc). Included amongst the Provisions: leaving gates open (by whom and what actions to be taken); climbing or crawling over or through fences without permission (actions farmers can take); wilful damaging or removal of fences (action farmers can take); climbing or crawling over or through, and damaging or removing fences authorised in connection with destruction of vermin (actions farmers can take); unintentional damaging of fencing (actions farmers can take); notice to absentee owner; repair of boundary fences; alteration of boundary fences; areas where contributions to the erection of boundary fences are obligatory. It is an important piece of legislation for all landowners or people leasing land. Although this Act has been on the books for a long time, it is still very crucial for farmers and especially for new entrants when aspects of fences between properties, the maintenance, damaging, the erecting and upkeep of fences or the actions of people passing through fences are concerned. Special attention must be given in the cases where owners of common fences that is between properties must contribute towards the cost of erecting those fences. When in doubt as to the provisions of this Act, contact with the Authorities is of vital importance. Contact Legal Services at the Department of Agriculture for more information call 012 319 7329 or fax 012 325 7391. Magistrates, the office of Extension Officers and Attorneys will also be able to assist.

5. Training and research

Agricultural Colleges like Elsenburg run courses in erecting and maintaining fences. See the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Tel: 012 842 4000 www.arc.agric.za The Endangered Wildlife Trust, in conjunction with the University of the Witwatersrand commissioned a study to assess the impact of electric fences on small animals in South Africa. The findings of the Electric Fence Associated Mortality in South Africa Project can be found on www.ewt. org.za.

6. Websites and publications

Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the publications Plaasheinings and Farm fences, available from the ARC in Silverton. Visit the websites of roleplayers e.g. www.capegate.co.za and www.sawa. co.za

7. International business environment

Virtually all countries produce wire fencing, the largest economies produce the most fencing. South Africa manufacturers export galvanised wire from which fencing is made. Wire Association International www.wirenet.org International Zinc Association www.iza.com

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8. New farmer information

Electric fencing Conventional fences are not always impenetrable but with the help of electric fencing, the ultimate purpose of a fence can be reached. Electric fencing can serve several purposes, namely animal control or security. An electric fence energiser converts mains or battery power into a high voltage pulse. The energiser releases this pulse through an insulated wire onto the fence line approximately once every second. The pulse is commonly referred to as the shock which is felt when an animal or intruder makes contact with the fence. In agricultural / game fencing, it is the shock that deters the animal from putting further pressure on the fence line. The pain from the shock received is short lived and does not physically damage the animal, unlike barbed wire, which can cause severe cuts and permanent damage. In cases where livestock are forced through an electric fence due to veldt fires or wild animals, the risk of injury is much lower than in the case of barbed wire fences. From a security point-of-view, electric fencing not only offers the possibility of deterring, but also of detecting and alarming / monitoring. An electric fence acts as a 24-hour patrolman, patrolling your entire perimeter every second. An electric fence, being a barrier on the perimeter of what you are protecting, offers extended reaction time as opposed to conventional security systems only alarming once the intruder enters or attempts to enter your home. Conventional fencing It is essential to have good fences for your stock. If you are working with sheep or goats, it can be expensive to put up fences that are capable of keeping them in. Wire mesh is certainly the most effective type of fencing, because it not only stops newborn lambs and kids from getting out, but it also stops most predators from getting in. A cheaper alternative is to put up a wire fence about 1,2m high with 7 or 8 strands of wire. The top strand and maybe one or two others can be of barbed wire, but smooth steel wire is preferable for the other strands, as long as they are kept taut.

Dropper fence They are nothing new. Nothing beats the old-fashioned dropper fence when it comes to keeping animals cattle, sheep, horses in a contained area. The escalation in animal theft in South Africa has necessitated keeping your farm animals in areas where you can either keep an eye on them or where, at the very least, you know where they are. The dropper fence does not look like much, but it serves its duty with distinction. They are easy to make: roll the galvanised wire or, even better, barbed wire in 3 rows to the length that you need; use a piece of discarded wood as marker to ensure that the distances between the droppers are the same; use nails or wire staples to attach each pole to the 3 lengths of wire; roll the wires and droppers up into a manageable roll; plant sturdy fence poles at a reasonable distance from each other; unroll the pre-made fence, and make sue that all the droppers are tightly secured to the 3 rows of wires; rest the fence against the pre-planted fence poles, and attach one end to a corner pole with wire staples securely hammered into the pole; pull the fence tight from the corner pole to the next planted pole, and secure with nails or wire staples; follow the fence, and make sure that all superfluous pieces of wire are removed so that your animals wont be injured. The great advantage of these fences is that they can easily be moved to where new grazing awaits your livestock. Moving them is as easy as rolling them up and unrolling them in the new location. These fences save you the cost of erecting permanent fences that can be extremely expensive. Just remember they may keep your animals in, but they will definitely not keep predators out.
Source: Nemtek

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Inputs
Fertigation
1. Overview
Fertilisation is the feeding of plants, while Fertigation is the feeding of plants by means of first dissolving the nutrients in the irrigation water. Hence the name Fertigation which is a combination of the two words Fertilisation and Irrigation.

2. Roleplayers
ARC-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops Andre Botha Tel: 013 753 7141 ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Tel: 012 842 4000 www.arc.agric.za Plaaskem Tel: 011 823 8019 Andre.Cilliers@plaaskem.co.za

The Plaaskem feed range (go to www.plaaskem.co.za) consists of high quality NPK + chelated microelement products with various NPK ratios for various functions. Fertiplant, a subsidiary of Plaaskem, Email stoltze@arc.agric.za for is situated at Modderfontein and the publications called simply has the capability to produce Fertigation. It is also available in any NPK mix required. Chelated Afrikaans. microelements are easily absorbed, whereas many in the DoseTech salt form are not. Plaaskem uses Tel: 021 511 0840 Ciba chelates in their feed mixes. www.dosetech.co.za RT Chemicals Liquid dosing technology Tel: 033 386 9384 www.rtchemicals.co.za Fertigation Academy Tel: 082 808 1100 RT Chemicals Fertigation Range akademie@ademgasteplaas.co.za consists of Calcium Shuttle, Top NPK and Top Cal using the Fertigation Academy is located to unique shuttle translocation the east of Rustenburg on a farm. mechanism, as well as Sodium Workshop centres have also been Molybdate, Humates and Fulvates. established in the Western and Eastern Cape and in Sudan, Senter 360 Zambia, Egypt and Zimbabwe. Tel: 018 469 1331 / 082 564 5955 www.senter360.co.za Futureneering Mark Visser Yara Specialities Tel: 011 673 2751 Tel: 021 913 3751 futureneering@iafrica.com www.yara.com South African design, manufacture Yara has a wide range of fertigation and installation of simple, cost and liquid fertilisers to meet any effective fertigation systems. cropping situation. Our full range of essential nutrients can be used in Hanna Instruments drip irrigation, sprinkler systems or Tel: 011 615 6076 pivot agriculture. www.hannainst.co.za Our fertigation products include Suppliers of equipment and high quality calcium nitrate, chemicals. Stockers of the potassium nitrate and a full range Agricare Fertigation System, a of micronutrient chelates. microprocessor based system with powerful, flexible and user-friendly programming features. Omnia Specialities Nico Smit Tel: 011 709 8778 www.omnia.co.za
Consult the fertiliser and irrigation chapters for more roleplayers.

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Inputs
Fertiliser
See also the Soils, Compost and Organic Fertilisers, and Earthworms and Vermicompost chapters

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7303 / 6
Find Feeds, Stock Remedies, Pesticides and Fertilzers under the Divisions menu option at www.daff.gov.za

Fertilisers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies And Stock Remedies Act, 1947 (Act No. 36 of 1947) Objectives This Act provides for: the appointment of a Registrar of Fertilisers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies; the registration of fertilisers, farm feeds, agricultural remedies, stock remedies, sterilising plants and pest control operators; to regulate or prohibit the importation, sale, acquisition, disposal or use of fertilisers, farm feeds, agricultural remedies and stock remedies; the designation of technical advisers and analysts. Main provisions Control over the registration of fertilisers, farm feeds, agricultural remedies, stock remedies, sterilising plants and pest control operators; to regulate or prohibit the importation, sale, acquisition or disposal of these inputs. This Act applies where a person imports, sells, acquires or disposes the mentioned articles. It is therefore advisable to be aware of these requirements. Always buy from reputable suppliers.

1. Overview
Fertilisation is a method of improving the nutritional status of the soils, and can be tailored to provide the correct nutritional requirements at the most appropriate time. African farmers use very little or no fertilisers; on average African farmers use 8-10 kg/ha of nutrients which is only 10% of the world average. This process of more nutrients being removed from the soil annually mainly through harvesting of crops than are being returned to the soil through the use of fertilisers has resulted in severe soil nutrient mining in Africa. The African Union/NEPAD convened the Africa Fertiliser Summit in Abuja, Nigeria, in June 2006. The key outcome was the 12-point Summit resolution, Abuja Declaration on Fertiliser for an African Green Revolution, which African leaders unanimously endorsed. Through its programme for the revitalisation of the agricultural sector in Africa the Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP) NEPAD has set a target of 6% annual average growth rate in agriculture at the national level by 2015. In order to stimulate the increase in productivity necessary to achieve this target, farmers in Africa will have to use substantial amounts of fertilisers (both organic and inorganic) to increase yields.
Source: Dr Maria Wanzala, International Fertiliser Development C entre advisor to Nepad A griculture (adapted)

4. Training and research

A fertiliser advisors training course, administered by the FSSA, is aimed at improving the skills of fertiliser advisors. Candidates are drawn from private sector, government, agri-business and co-operatives in South Africa and from neighbouring countries. Contact Gisela Deysel by calling 076 672 3793; by faxing 086-667 9318 or by emailing gisela@pcsib.org.za. AGFACTS collects, analyses and presents retail sales information on the South African fertiliser and agricultural lime industries on behalf of the Fertiliser Society of South Africa. www.agfacts.co.za The Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences at the University of the Free State. Call 051 401 2212. Fertiliser companies conduct in-house training and research within their own Research and Development departments. The Agricultural Research Council institutes periodically do fertiliser-related research.

2. Associations involved
Fertilizer Society of South Africa (FSSA) Tel: 012 349 1450 Fax: 012 349 1463 general@fssa.org.za or dokgert@fssa.org.za www.fssa.org.za The FSSA, a non-profit Article 21 company, represents the interests of the fertiliser and aglime industries in South Africa. The FSSA: actively promotes the agro-economic and environmentally accountable fertiliser and aglime practices; develops a positive public awareness and acceptance of the need for fertiliser and aglime use in food production; improves the operating environment within which its constituent industries operate in a spirit of free enterprise and fair trade; assimilates, adds value to and disseminates fertiliser and aglime related information; provides a discussion forum for its members and other parties on all aspects relating to fertiliser and aglime distribution, agronomic advice and product quality. National Plant Food / Organic Fertiliser Association of SA Tel: 031 782 3105 gromor@iafrica.com International Zinc Association of Southern Africa (IZASA) Tel: 083 456 4989 www.izasa.org

5. Websites and publications

The following publications are available from the FSSA: Fertilizer Handbook (also available in Afrikaans). This is a hard cover handbook that has primarily been written for the use of persons who are involved in some way or another in a fertiliser advisory capacity. It is not intended to be a complete technical handbook, but rather a concise presentation covering a wide range of topics. For this reason, interested farmers and students will also find it to be a useful guide. It is prescribed as part of the agricultural curriculum at some universities and universities of technology in South Africa. Deficiency Symptoms in Maize. A4-size colour pamphlet depicting the deficiency symptoms in maize. Plantfood & Fertilizers. Illustrated publications for the emerging farmer. A4-size, in ring-binder format. Soil Acidity and Agricultural Lime (also available in Afrikaans). This brochure contains the two chapter Soil acidity and Agricultural lime which appear in the Fertilizer Handbook. This brochure is intended as a general guide for agronomists and farmers alike who have a common purpose in sound liming Soil Fertility. Illustrated publications for the emerging farmer. A4-size, in ring-binder format.

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FSSA Journal a publication containing the proceedings of the FSSA annual congress The Proceedings of previous Symposiums Visit www.kejafa.co.za or call 014 577 0005 for the following publications: Bemesting Fertilizer Sea Energy Agriculture Fertility from the ocean deep Fertilizer Handbook

Sanvet Tel: 011 397 2387

Find the Info Paks on www.daff.gov.za (take the publications menu) that deal with soil. These include Soil: acid soil and lime and Soil: application of lime.

View the following websites:

www.agindustries.org.uk Agricultural Industries Confederation (UK) www.efma.org European Fertiliser Manufacturers www.ifdc.org International Fertiliser Development Centre www.fertilizer.org International Fertiliser Association www.ipipotash.org International Potash Institute www.ppi-ppic.org Potash & Phosphate Institute www.fertiliser-society.org The International Fertiliser Society www.sulphurinstitute.org The Sulphur Institute www.AfricaFertilizer.org (see notes under heading 1)

6. Mineral fertilisers
Agricol Tel: 021 981 1126 www.agricol.co.za Agrofert Tel: 011 791 1595 Agriman (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 997 2365 Clariant Southern Africa Tel: 011 471 7220 www.clariant.com Suppliers of fertiliser additives Dynatrade SA Tel: 011 764 5416 Fertplan info@fertplan.co.za www.fertplan.co.za Foskor (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 347 0600 / 015 789 2000 Tel: 035 902 3111 www.foskor.co.za NWK Ltd Tel: 018 633 1000 Fax: 018 633 1900 www.nwk.co.za Ocean Agriculture Tel: 011 662 1947 www.oceanag.co.za Omnia Nutriology Tel: 011 709 8888 www.omnia.co.za With an ever-expanding base of new technologies and specialist application expertise, Omnias agricultural businesses are at the forefront of the growing specialism in farming. The Specialities product range is being exported to 18 countries including Australia and various South American countries.

those incorporating growth and quality enhancing nutrients, like calcium and magnesium, to Sasol Nitro micronutrients that help prevent Tel: 0800 11 22 70 or cure deficiencies resulting from www.sasol.com particular soil or crop conditions. Yaras NPK products have Plants are all ISO 9001 (quality consistent size and mass, which management system) and ISO 14 makes accurate spreading easier. 000 (environment management systems) accredited. Zinchem Tel: 011 746 5000 / 58 Sasol Nitro is a division of Sasol Fax: 011 421 2235 Chemical Industries which is a www.agriculturefertilizer.co.za major company in Sasols family of www.zinchem.co.za businesses. Fertilizer for the Farm Yara South Africa (Pty) Ltd Yara Specialities Crops are generally low in Zinc Tel: 021 913 3751 / 862 6617 particularly when grown on Zinc www.yara.com deficient soils. Close to 50% of the world cereal soils are deficient Yara is the worlds leading producer in Zinc and it is estimated that one and marketer of mineral fertilisers third of the worlds population is at that are being supplied to markets risk of Zinc deficiency which can lead around the globe to provide to health problems including poor growers with essential plant immune response and impaired nutrients required for sustainable growth and development. food production. Zinchem, a registered ISO Our fertilisers range from those 9001:2000 company, is a leading based on the most widely needed supplier of Zinc products to nutrients, N, P and K, through agriculture in Southern Africa.

7. Organic fertilisers
See the Compost and Organic Fertilisers, and Earthworms and Vermicompost chapters

8. Agricultural lime and other roleplayers

Aglime information can be found on the Fertilizer Society of South Africas website www.fssa.org.za

Grasland Ondernemings Tel: 018 632 6046 Agricultural lime producer DFM Software Tel: 021 904 1154 www.dfmsoftware.co.za

Landbou Kalk Tel: 012 342 1075 wenwig@envis.co.za NviroTek Labs Tel: 012 252 7588 www.nviroteklabs.co.za

PBD Plaaslike Boeredienste Tel: 016 986 0691 Producers of enriched rock www.pbd.co.za phosphate, phosphoric acid, Fertiliser blender and agricultural sulphuric acid, MAP and DAP . lime producer Greenlands Fertiliser Profert Tel: 016 986 0130 Tel: 018 293 3530 www.greenlandskunsmis.co.za www.profert.co.za Fertiliser blender With ever increasing input costs, Mgwali Commodities (Pty) Ltd South African producers are finding it increasingly difficult to generate a Tel: 011 315 7977 Ext 219 profit, and ensure sustainability. Fax: 086 552 9221/011 3158 838 Fertiliser trader Miochem International Tel: 031 777 1245 Trader in DAP and MAP Black Urea, the new ground breaking fertiliser from Profert is about to make a difference to producers livelihoods.

Independent analysis of soil, water, Software to identify fertiliser needs plants, fertiliser, lime and feed and effectiveness P&B Lime Works Electrolee Tel: 028 424 1157 Tel: 012 347 9933 www.pandblime.co.za www.electrolee.co.za Plaaslike Boeredienste (Pty) Ltd Optimise your fertilising practices Tel: 016 986 0691 www.pbd.co.za H Pistorius & Company Tel: 012 342 1075 Manufacturers of agricultural lime www.kalk.co.za SA Lime & Gypsum Kalkor (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 914 5330 Tel: 011 721 3141 www.sakg.co.za

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9. International business environment

The presidents Report on www.fssa.org.za covers the international fertiliser market, the world economy and Sub-Saharan Africa matters. Find also the Statistics menu option, which includes International Price Trends of Some fertilisers and Raw Materials.

10. Local business environment

The Presidents Report on www.fssa.org.za covers domestic fertiliser and agricultural lime markets, and local industry matters. Find also the statistics menu option.

The South African industrys margins are determined largely by world market prices of major raw materials, while domestic prices are primarily driven by import parity cost of commonly traded fertiliser commodities. Although Africa comprises 58 countries, fertiliser consumption is mostly restricted to 10 countries, and nitrogen and phosphate fertiliser production capacity exists in only 8 countries. The main fertiliser consumers include Egypt (30%), South Africa (23%) and Morocco (9%). Total fertiliser consumption in sub-Saharan countries is approximately 1% of the world fertiliser consumption. African farmers produce 7 kg of maize per kilogram of N fertiliser nutrients, while farmers in North America produce five times as much with the same application. Such productivity differences constitute a major constraint for African agriculture in an increasingly competitive global market. The most appropriate strategy for most African countries is one of agricultural output growth through intensification rather than land expansion into fragile and high-risk environments.

In South Africa the maize industry consumes almost 40% of all fertilisers and the market, therefore, is much influenced by what happens to this industry. Table 1: FERTILISER CONSUMPTION IN SOUTH AFRICA (Metric Tonnes) Year 1999* 2000* 2001* 2002* 2003* 2004* 2005* 2006* 2007* 2008 Physical 2051521 2011701 1948278 2301043 2020100 2137054 1654996 2 072 877 2 013 708 1 862 487 N 413045 415933 395813 481759 420827 427571 3472601 428 719 439 480 424 123 P 99196 81602 90842 100898 87593 99440 69587 88 913 83 996 80 728 K 113021 114022 105013 135439 106641 121490 96995 126 963 113 634 92 487 Total 625262 611557 591668 718096 615061 648501 513842 644 595 637 110 597 338 Conc 30.5 30.4 30.4 31.2 30.4 30.3 31.0 31.1 31.6 32.1

* Including estimated non-member imports

Source: FSSA

11. Fertiliser: an introduction

The soil provides most of the nutrients needed by plants, and shortages can be overcome by using carefully chosen fertilisers. It would be wasteful to apply a nutrient if your soil already has sufficient. In general, macro elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potassium (K) are the nutrients most likely added to the soil. There are 13 elements which plants take from the soil. Nitrogen (N), potassium (P) and phosphorus (K) are used in relatively large amounts. Sulphur (S), calcium (Ca), carbon (C) and magnesium (Mg) are also often required. Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), Boron (B), copper (Cu) and Molybdenum (Mo) are other elements. Straight and multi-nutrient fertilisers Fertilisers are either straight or multi-nutrient. Straight fertilisers are products containing one of the main plant nutrients. Some examples are given below: Plant nutrient Nitrogen (N) Phosphate (P) Potassium (K) Fertiliser Ureacalcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) Limestone ammonium nitrate (LAN ) Single superphosphate (SSP) Triple superphosphate (TSP) Muriate of potash (MOP)

Multi-nutrient fertilisers contain more than one of the main plant nutrients. There are figures (numbers) printed on a fertiliser bag which will give you the ratios of plant nutrients of that fertiliser. They always follow the same sequence. The first number is the ratio of N, the second is the ratio of P , and the third refers to the ratio of K. For example, 3.2.4. (30) means that the fertiliser contains 10% of N, 6.615% of P and 13% of K. These ratios are worked out by dividing the figure given in the ration by 9, and then multiplying it by 30.

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Breakdown of benefits for NPK: Applying Nitrogen (N) improves overall crop quality and increases the number of branches, leaves, seeds and fruits. N accelerates the number of plant cells in the plant. Adding Phosphate (P) to the soil leads to better root development, and helps plants ripen early and mature quickly. Together with Magnesium (Mg) it supplies energy for physiological processes. The addition of Potassium (K) to the soil improves crop yields and quality, strengthens plants and increases resistance to disease and drought. It fulfils a major role in transfer of other elements as well as the control of stomata (Regulating the flow of water inside plants). P and K are shortened forms: P = P2O5 x 0.44 and K = K2O x 0.83 Although NPK volumes are the highest, it is of utmost importance to emphasize the necessity of all other elements too. Magnesium (Mg) is the most important element in chlorofil, the pivot in photosynthesis.Calcium (Ca) forms the building blocks in plant cells which ensure firmness, shelf life and quality produce. Sulphur (S) is essential for uptake of Nitrogen (N) and responsible for flavour attributes in crops such as onions and garlic. What is the effect of water on fertiliser in the soil? Water dissolves the fertiliser. The nutrients are carried by the soil water to the roots of the plant. If there is not enough water in the soil, the nutrients cannot reach the roots of the plant, nor can they be absorbed by the plant. Can a farmer apply too much fertiliser? Excessive fertiliser use can damage crops and reduce yields. It contributes to pollution of soil and ground water. It damages the overall image of agricultures contribution to best management programmes (BMP) and sustaining the environment. How do I know how much fertiliser to apply? This depends on soil and crop. Clay soil, for example, requires a totally

different application to sandy soil. Utilise soil, plant and water analysis to optimise the best recommendation for that crop. Consult an advisor with the necessary credentials. What is the time to apply fertiliser? If fertiliser is applied at the wrong time, the yields will be lower and the farmer will make less money. The basal dressing should generally be applied at planting, and the top dressing should usually be completed before the plant flowers. Consult your extension officer for precise information regarding crops in your area. (The above information is taken from the Fertiliser Retailing Guide, put out by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, the Fertiliser Industry Advisory Committee, Omnia and Yara Specialities).

The Law of the minimum illustrated by barrel staves of varying lengths representing growth-controlling factors. This is also known as Liebigs law. The barrel story illustrates that success will be limited / handicapped by that element which is deficient. If only one element lacks in availability or been inadequite in supply one will not achieve optimum results. Therefore one promotes a comprehensive nutrient programme or balanced diet for that matter.
Source: Yara Specialities

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12. Best Fertiliser Practice

Fertiliser need
Over fertilising or under fertilising will affect your profit too much will increase your costs and be bad for the environment; not putting enough fertiliser on will decrease the yield and thus your income. Two factors will assist you: A soil analysis is crucial. Take a soil sample, representative of the field (dont just take the sample from one place). The interpretation of the analysis must be soil and crop specific. Determine the target yield.

Inputs
Fleet maintenance and spare parts
1. Overview
The correct servicing and maintenance of agricultural machinery is vital, considering the conditions under which they operate. Keep up to date with the latest developments and new implements and new technology. More bearings fail from over greasing than under greasing. Keep work shops clean and dust free. Remove chain from implements during off-season and lubricate.
Source: Bearings International

Liming
Liming must by no means be neglected. Too much acid in the soil: decreases the availability of phosphorus inhibits the efficient uptake and use of both water and fertiliser renders applied herbicides insufficient suppresses the effectivity of micro-organisms in the soil

Under highly acidic conditions it can, from an economic point of view, even be more beneficial to lime instead of increasing the fertiliser application rate.

2. Associations involved
Diesel and Gas Engine Association of Southern Africa (DAGEASA) Tel: 011 453 7249

Biological life
The biological life in the soil was neglected in the past. The value of microorganisms in soil mustnt be underestimated. The positive influence of a well balanced, healthy micro-organism population on the availability of plant nutrients has been well proven. Experts are available to advise farmers accordingly. Do not neglect the biological life in the soil. A healthy micro-organism population make more plant nutrients available a great benefit. Experts are available to advise you. Product choice Compare the pros and cons of the different products. More concentrated products can reduce costs (there is less to transport), but in general do not contain the same amount of secondary elements.

3. Companies involved
Your local agribusiness / co-operative e.g. AFRGI, GWK, Kaap Agri, Suidwes, OVK etc.

ADEPART see Barloworld Power Perkins Afintapart Tel: 011 823 5880 www.afintapart.co.za

Bearings International Tel: 011 345 8000/7 24 Hour Hotline 083 250 9191 www.bearings.co.za Bearing Services Tel: 013 246 1463

Application
Although band placement of fertiliser is generally the most effective, there is a place and time for broadcast application and foliar sprays. The method of fertiliser application has a definite effect on fertiliser efficiency.

Quality parts, quality service. Branches in Cape Town, East Bepco Tractor Parts London, Port Elizabeth, Pretoria Tel: 011 397 0760 and Durban. Bolt & Engineering Agrinet Distributors Tel: 011 657 2000 Tel: 018 469 4218 / 9 www.agrinet.co.za www.bolteng.co.za Registered members of participating BPW Axles co-ops or companies are able to Tel: 011 681 3300 order directly from the Agrinet www.bpw.co.za catalogue. Burquip International (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 792 1020 Automotive Equipment www.burquip.co.za International (AEI) Tel: 011 474.7480 Manufacturers & distributors of www.aei.co.za agricultural and high speed axles and accessories Barloworld Power Perkins Tel: 011 898 0450 Cargo Crankshaft Rebuilding www.bwep.co.za Tel: 011 873 6685 With Perkins an engine of choice amongst some 600 Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) serving sub-Saharan Africa, we offer strong cross-border product support in conjunction with our Barloworld Equipment Support Network in Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia. Life long bearings and bushes Components for Africa Tel: 011 953 4580/1 www.componentsforafrica.com Craft Hydraulic Services Tel: 057 355 2215 Tel: 011 615 6047

Precision farming
This ensures that the whole field is fertilised according to the soil analysis and expected yield. Money is saved, yields are increased and risk is reduced.

Water use
Determine the water content of every field. If there is not enough, then plant less or dont plant at all. Effective weed control is important since water and plant nutrients are consumed by weeds. Effective soil cultivation allows more water (and fertiliser) to infiltrate the soil.

Plant sap analysis

Taking regular plant sap samples will help you to address nutrient deficiencies in time. They will also prevent unnecessary fertiliser being applied.
Source: adapted from the article Best Fertilizer Practices w hich appeared in Volume 14 of The FarmA frica

Our thanks to the FSSA for providing feedback on the draft chapter

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Discount Used Tractor Parts Tel: 013 665 5070 Donaldson Filtration Systems (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 997 6000 www.donaldson.co.za Donaldson is the industry leader in ambient air-, fuel-, lube, compressed air- and gas turbine filtration. Air/oil separators, mist eliminators, industrial hydraulics, bulk fuel filtration, accessories, bag filters, service and turnkey projects. Dozer Parts Tel: 011 452 1224 www.dozer.co.za Caterpillar parts etc. components,

Guestro Automotive Tel: 041 408 6111 / 821 9616 Brake drums and discs HDC Automotive Tel: 0861 122 115 www.hdc.co.za Clutches, clutch facings, drums, brake linings Eight branches countrywide. H & H Gear Rebuilders Tel: 011 823 5058 Cell: 082 482 1128 Heads Tractor Tel: 012 379 8881

Replacement parts for Massey spare Ferguson Hydracor Hydraulics Tel: 011 397 1280 www.hydracor.co.za Hyflo www.hyflo.co.za Inttrac Trading CC Tel: 016 365 5799/ 082 566 1455

Ehd Tel: 011 870 5003 www.ehd.co.za Distributors of Diesel Engine Parts Electro Mechanica Tel: 011 249 5000 www.em.co.za Electrical and equipment auto

Tractors and electrical secondhand spares

equipment,

Equipment Parts & Engines (Pty) Limited Tel: 011 571 9000 Ernest H Johnson Tel: 011 613 8711 GBS Gearbox Services Tel: 018 464 1024/ 2912 Gasket Centre Tel: 016 455 1381 Go Axels & Suspensions Tel: 011 864 1503

JHB Tractor Spares Tel: 011 677 2100 jhbtrac@icon.co.za www.jhbtractorspares.co.za Replacement parts for FORD, FIAT and NEW HOLLAND tractors Landboupart Tel: 011 571 9000 www.landboupart.co.za Macparts Tel: 031 702 4642 / 082 652 5223 Mass component manufacturing

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MATO Products Tel: 011 923 6000 Grease pumps McGyvers Spares and Repairs Tel: 056 212 1419 For Caterpillars Metal Events Tel: 086 163 8368 www.metalevents.co.za Spare parts implements for agricultural

QSV Motor Spares Tel: 011 220 1000 Spare parts for Scania, Volvo, Cummins, MAN, ADE and Mercs Saaymans Springs and Industrial Coils & Engineering Tel: 021 946 3175 www.saaymansspringworks.co.za All types of springs, 4x4 suspensions,mower blades, bushes, u-bolts, trailer springs Summit Agencies Tel: 041 581 5193 www.summitagencies.co.za PTO drive shafts and gear boxes Terraquip (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 914 3648 John Deere and Kubota Spares

Truck Division Tel: 018 464 1024 / 462 4824

The repair and rebuilding of all truck gearboxes as well as the Vitamech repair to prop shafts. New clutch & Tel: 021 907 8000 pressure plates fitted, repairs also www.vitamech.co.za done. Western Truck Spare Parts (TSP) Tel: 018 632 2150 Tel: 011 398 1700 www.western1.co.za www.espa.co.za Gearbox and differential parts suitable for Mercedes Benz, ZF, Rockwell, Fuller VARIQUIP Tel: 033 345 8084 www.variquip.co.za A large range of parts for ADE, Perkins, Massey, Ford/Fiat/New Holland, John Deere, Landini and IHC

Vesconite Tel: 057 212 4075 www.vesconite.com

New Way Motor & Diesel Engineering Tel: 011 680 5632 Partmaster t/a Partrite Tel: 058 307 6500 www.partrite.co.za Contact details for provincial reps in each of the provinces can be found on the website. Perkins see Barloworld Power Perkins

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Inputs
Forklifts
1. Forklift training: saving you money
If you think about it, to operate a forklift or other lifting equipment is more complicated than driving a car, yet most would pale at the thought of the operator of their forklift moving their car for them! By law, lifting equipment operators have to have a certificate of training. They have to do a five day course initially, and thereafter they can be tested and renew their certificate at a maximum of every two years. When they do the course, operators usually spend the first day learning how the machine works and why they have to do the checks properly. If you did not realise what the fan belt did, would you bother to check it regularly? By the time they have done this, they probably are more aware of the engine and how it works than most car drivers. This is usually the biggest saving any company can see directly their machine maintenance bill. Coupled with this is the practical training. Four days, is not a lot when you have never driven a forklift, and now have to operate in 4 directions forward, backwards, up and down! The operator is generally also in a much tighter space than the average car driver. So much wear and tear can be avoided if the operator drives carefully and safely. This is another big cost saving for the employer. Think, on the farm, how dust can affect the machines that are not cared for properly. How, during the season, you are in a real hurry to get trucks loaded and out to market. Surely you want this to happen smoothly. I use a fan belt as an example. Surely it is quicker to change a worn fan belt before it breaks, than to hold up a vehicle for loading while you go to town, get a fan belt (if there is one in stock) and then have to change it. Hopefully your engine has not seized because the operator, in a hurry, did not see his generator light come on on the dashboard! If the generator light is working that is!! We strongly recommend that all supervisors, and in fact anyone who has authority over the forklift operators, attends a forklift management seminar to ensure that they know what to expect of their operators and know how to keep them in line. If they do not do this, the money they spend on the training is really the equivalent of buying a licence which so many companies wish they could do! Save money: have your forklift operators and their managers trained by a reputable training company.
Source: Des Fell, A ccredited Training. Write to him at info@accreditedtraining. co.za

2. Companies involved
A Square Forklift Tel: 011 900 1777 www.forklift.co.za AVIS Rent-a-forklift Tel: 011 397 1784 www.avisforklift.co.za DDL Equipment Tel: 011 443 4233 www.ddl.co.za East Coast Forklifts Tel: 031 709 0371 www.eastcoastforklifts.co.za The Forklift Company Tel: 011 452 5212/41 www.theforkliftcompany.co.za The Forkman Tel: 012 804 2383 www.forkman.co.za GT Forklift Spares Tel: 011 965 0001 www.gtforklifts.co.za Liftpart Agencies Tel: 021 534 1402 www.liftpart.co.za Machine Tool Mecc (JAC products) Tel: 011 894 7160/7084 www.jacsa.co.za Manitou Tel: 011 975 7770 www.manitou.co.za Masslift Africa Tel: 011 786 8524 www.mitsubishiforklifts.co.za Quali Prod Tel: 0861 782547 www.qualiprod.co.za Rovic & Leers Tel: 021 907 1700 www.rovicleers.co.za Shamrock Handling Concepts Tel: 011 659 1444 www.shamrockhandling.co.za Toyota forklifts Tel: 011 571 0200 www.toyotaforklift.co.za

3. Training
Accredited Training Tel: 021 851 8656 info@accreditedtraining.co.za www.accreditedtraining.co.za LMI Academy Tel: 011 789 7610 www.lmi-academy.co.za Shukela Training Centre Tel: 031 508 7700 www.sugar.org.za

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Inputs
Fuels and lubricants
1. Overview
The price of fuel has everything to do with the profitability of a farming operation, and increases play havoc with the farmers budget, to say nothing about how the rest of the population is affected! Numerous booklets and websites offer fuel-saving tips, and agricultural operations need to implement as many of these as possible. These include servicing vehicles regularly, installing filtration on bulk oil and diesel systems (see heading 8), and using alternative energy (animal traction, biofuels) where feasible.

According to the South African Petroleum Industry Association (SAPIA), fuel prices are fundamentally similar on delivery to countries around the world. Variations in price occur when the various taxes and levies of the country are added. Elements of the Basic Fuel Price (BFP) include: freight costs from these refining centres to South African ports; demurrage (loading and discharging waiting time for tankers at ports); insurance and minor shipping costs; the allowed value for product loss through evaporation during marine transportation; wharfage (harbour landing charges); coastal storage to cover the cost of providing storage and handling facilities; stock financing. The Strategic Plan for South African Agriculture noted the fuel, transport and capital costs as a factor to be considered in the steps necessary to improve the working climate and morale of those engaged in agriculture in South Africa. A fuel-tax rebate exists for VAT registered farmers, who can claim back nearly a Rand per litre on 80% of their diesel purchases. South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Tel: 012 428 7911 www.sabs.co.za The diesel standard (specification), SANS 342, like all national standards developed by Standards South Africa the standards-generating division of the SABS was developed through consensus by a national technical committee consisting of stakeholders in the field. Both manufacturers and users are represented on the committee.

2. Associations involved
Fuel Retailers Association Tel: 011 886 2664 www.fuelretailers.co.za Paraffin Safety Association Tel: 021 671 5767 www.paraffinsafety.org ROSE Foundation (Recycling Oil Saves the Environment) Tel: 021 448 7492 www.rosefoundation.org.za The South African Petroleum Industry Association (SAPIA) Tel: 011 783 7664 www.sapia.co.za SAPIA aims to represent the common interests of the petroleum refining and marketing industry in South Africa and to promote understanding of the industrys contribution to economic and social progress with all stakeholders. South African Supplier Development Agency (SASDA) Tel: 011 201 4826 www.sasda.co.za SASDA matches emerging companies in the historically disadvantaged communities with the major oil companies in areas of preferential procurement.

4. Training and research

The Central Energy Fund (CEF) Tel: 011 280 0300 www.cef.org.za The CEF (Pty) Ltd is the governments holding company in the petroleum industry. CEF is mandated by the state to engage in the acquisition, exploitation, generation, manufacture, marketing and distribution of energy. The Energy Development and Research Centre (EDRC) at the University of Cape Town. The Sector Education and Training Authority (SETA) for petroleum companies is ESETA. Contact them for accredited trainers, or visit www. eseta.org.za.

3. National strategy
The government department relevant to this chapter is the Department of Minerals and Energy. The Contact Us/Regional Offices link on www. dme.gov.za will give you provincial contact numbers. The national telephone number is 012 317 9000. The Liquid Fuels Charter, signed in 2004 wants oil companies to sell a quarter of their operations to historically disadvantaged investors by 2010, while bridging the economic divide within the industry. The charter applies to the privately owned companies in all parts of the sectors value chain, including exploration and production of oil, liquid fuels pipelines, oil refining, and trading. Find the charter at www.thedti.gov.za The National Energy Regulator (NERSA) has a mandate is to regulate the petroleum pipeline industries in terms of the Petroleum Pipelines Act, 2003 (Act No. 60 of 2003). Visit www.nersa.org.za The formula for how the pump price of fuel is arrived at can be found on a number of websites including www.dme.gov.za (the Department of Minerals and Energy) and www.sapia.co.za (the South African Petroleum Industry Association).

5. Websites and publications

Find the historical price of diesel, as well as the factors which make up the diesel price (basic price, duties & levies etc) on www.mbendi. co.za. www.dme.gov.za take the Energy menu option. www.sapia.co.za website of the South African Petroleum Industry Association (SAPIA) www.opec.org Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Find the Monthly Oil Market Report, OPEC Bulletins and other publications here. For comparative passenger car fuel economy and CO2 emissions data, visit www.naamsa.co.za/ecelabels. Find the Energy & resources menu option at www.agbiz.co.za, website of the Agricultural Business Chamber. Visit the websites of the Companies Involved (see next heading).

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6. Companies involved
BP Southern Africa Tel: 021 408 2911 www.bpsa.co.za Bulperd Tel: 082 414 2569 www.bulperd.co.za Diesel carts for the farm C&N Petroleum Equipment Tel: 011 397 8416 yolande@candnpetroleum.com For all your diesel transport and transfer needs Chevron South Africa (Pty) Ltd Formerly Caltex South Africa Tel: 021 403 7911 www.caltex.co.za Engen Petroleum Tel: 021 403 4911 www.engen.co.za Engen Lubricants Switchboard 031 250 2911 Agriculture Sales Manager 031 250 2724 Region Contact Donaldson Filtration Solutions Tel: 011 997 6000 Tel: 021 530 2900 www.donaldson.co.za Fleet operators can buy clean fuel and lubricants only to find that it becomes contaminated during bulk storage as well as in machinery and vehicle tanks. Donaldson Filtration Systems has developed bulk fuel filtration solutions that are well suited to African conditions.

Shell South Africa Tel: 0800 027 027 (Toll Free) www.shell.co.za Shell helps to meet the worlds growing demand for energy in economically, environmentally and socially responsible ways. Find the notes on respecting the environment on the website. Total South Africa Tel: 0860-111-111 www.total.co.za

Transtank SA Tel: 071 605 9515 www.transtank.co.za A range of standard tanks manufactured and marketed throughout Africa Wintrust Mega Lube Tel: 021 887 4780 sakkie@wintrust.co.za

7. Diesel and winter

Diesel is not like water, which is a simple mixture which freezes at a single temperature. Some elements in diesel freeze earlier than others and become waxy. These crystals turn the diesel cloudy, block the fuel filter and make it difficult to pump the diesel to the engine. Some companies include an additive to help this. There are also other steps you can take: Make sure the fuel tanks are sheltered or located underground. Try to garage vehicles overnight or park them in a sheltered position. Ensure that there is no water in your tank; that any remaining summer diesel has been used up before winter starts (order your diesel in time!) But remember: not all cold starting problems in winter are caused by fuel. Before winter starts, ensure that your fuel filters are clean, and are replaced according to the manufacturers schedule. Above all, make sure you are using a winter grade lubricant.
Source: SHELL

Central, North West & Northern Willie Coetzer 083 305 1853 Cape Region willie.coetzer@engenoil.com Free State and parts of Eastern Callie Kotze 073 334 6955 Cape Tel: 051 503 7013 callie.kotze@engenoil.com KwaZulu-Natal and Swaziland Peter White 082 598 4374 Fax: 0865148713 pjwhite@venturenet.co.za

8. Installing filtration on bulk oil and diesel systems

Proper filtration: reduces downtime and resultant loss of production reduces component repair and replacement reduces fluid replacement and disposal costs reduces total cost of ownership

Engens Lubricant products are also available through its wide network of Sales Distribution Companies (SDCOs) and The Oil Centres (TOCs). Please contact the Engen Customer call centre at 08600 36436 to locate your closest distributor. Joubert Implements Tel: 021 887 1220 The JSE announced its intention to extend its license to include crude oil (more specifically West Texas Diesel carts (550l, 800l, 1 000l) for Intermediate, gold and platinum). transporting fuel on the farm These products will be cash settled off NYMEX and COMEX Lubrication Equipment respectively in a similar fashion Tel: 011 493 8235 to the current Chicago Corn www.lubrequip.co.za contract. There are links for each of these products on the website): pneumatic & handheld lubrication equipment, hose reels, centralised oiling systems, DC diesel pumps, drip feed lubricators, hoses, quick couplers, grease and oil nipples, toggle clamps, pressure switches, electronic tyre inflators, machine tool protection. Petroleum Equipment Tel: 011 397 8416/7 www.candnpetro.com For farmtank equipment PetroSA Tel: 021 929 3000 www.petrosa.co.za systems and

Filtration on bulk oil and diesel systems prevents the ingression of solid particulate matter into equipment when filling or topping up oil or fuel tanks. Over 70% of system failures are the direct result of poor fluid condition or management. In addition to prolonged component life, cleaner diesel gives other benefits, including improved fuel consumption and reduced service costs.
Source: Donaldson Filtration Solutions

With Donaldsons full range of pre-cleaners you can extend the life of your air filter by removing up to 90% of the dirt and contaminants before it reaches the filter. The pre-cleaners are designed especially for equipment operating in very heavy dust and debris environments such as agricultural and construction vehicles and mining equipment. The Donaspin and TopSpin are self-cleaning and require no maintenance. They also offer a lower restriction which means: your engine breathes easier you can reduce air filter element usage you will have lower costs per operating hour
Source: Donaldson Filtration Systems Pty (Ltd). C ontact 011 997 6000 or visit w w w.donaldson.co.za

Sasol Johannesburg Stock Exchange Tel: 017 610 1111 (JSE) www.sasol.com Tel: 011 520 7299 Chriss@jse.co.za www.safex.co.za/ap

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9. Frequently Asked Questions

What kind of engine oil should I use in my farm equipment? The equipment owner should always select and use oil that at least meets the minimum API Engine Service Classification recommended by the engine manufacturer. Most gasoline engines require motor oils designated API Service SG or better. Farm diesel engines require oils designated API Service CF-4 or better. What do you mean by API Engine Service Classification system? This system, developed by the American Petroleum Institute, provides a guide for the selection of crankcase oils suitable for various service conditions. It classifies general ranges of engine service needs based upon: engine design and construction lubricating oil operating conditions maintenance practices fuel characteristics

What can cause one oil to become excessively thick as compared to another when both are used at the same operating temperatures and loads? Excessive thickening of lubricating oil in service is associated with the amount of contaminants it contains and how much the oil has oxidized. For example, solid contaminants such as finely dispersed carbon in diesel engine oils can cause severe thickening. The thickening of crankcase oil in service is generally associated with infrequent oil drain practices. What causes a crankcase oil to become discoloured? Many engine oils are naturally dark in colour even before use because of their additive content. Further darkening of engine oils is normal in use. Marked changes in colour are caused by even minor amounts of contaminants. Dispersed carbon (fuel soot) causes diesel oils to become extremely dark very rapidly. Combustion residues from the antiknock additive in gasoline can cause a grey appearance. Water can cause a cloudy or emulsified appearance. What causes crankcase oils to thin out? The most common cause of motor oil thinning out is an excessive amount of unburned fuel entering the crankcase. This can be a warning of a mechanical problem unrelated to the lubricant. What are API Gear Lubricant Service Classifications and what do they mean? API Service GL-1 describes a service which can be satisfied with a straight mineral lubricant. API Service GL-2 describes a service which can be satisfied with a rear axle worm gear lubricants. (Seldom used in farm equipment) API Service GL-3 describes a service which can be satisfied with a mild EP (extreme pressure) lubricant. API Service GL-4 describes a service which can be satisfied with a multipurpose-type gear lubricant generally regarded as one meeting the requirements of formed Military Specification MIL-L-2105. API Service GL-5 describes a service which can be satisfied with a multipurpose-type gear lubricant generally regarded as one meeting the requirements of Military Specification MIL-L-21058. What makes hydraulic fluid foam? Generally, this is caused by contaminants, such as dirt or water. Also, a common cause is aeration, caused from an air leak into the hydraulic system. Is the proper storage and handling of fuels and lubricants really as important as some oil company representatives indicate? Yes! The source of many fuel and oil complaints is right at the fuel storage tank or oil drum, after delivery has been made to the consumer. Great care should be taken to keep water and other contaminants out of fuels and lubricants by storing drums under cover or on their sides to prevent rainwater from entering through the bung, by keeping fuel tanks filled to prevent moisture accumulation from condensation, and by keeping lubricant containers tightly closed when not in use. Safety must also be considered in handling light petroleum products, fuel oil, diesel fuel, kerosene and gasoline. Mishandling and carelessness in handling these products are fire and explosion hazards. Never allow gasoline to mix with other products because it is a most volatile material. Only a small quantity of gasoline in diesel fuel or kerosene will lower the flash point and cause a serious safety hazard. Does an oil lose its effectiveness in storage? No, providing it is properly stored and contamination does not occur.
Source: ENGEN

Heres how it works. Each service class is designated by letters, the first letter being S for petrol and C for diesel engines. The higher the second letter the higher the performance level of the oil. This provides a convenient means for the engine manufacturer to indicate the service characteristics of his various engine designs and hence their lubrication requirements. Do the SAE numbers define oil quality? No. The SAE numbers refer to the viscosity of oil only, as defined in the SAE Crankcase Oil Viscosity Classification. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow, or you might say it is the body or thickness of the oil. A poor quality oil can have the same SAE viscosity classification as a good oil. How is multi-viscosity oil different from a single viscosity oil? A multi-grade oil is one which meets an SAE viscosity requirement at both 0 oC and 100 oC. It does not thin out as much when heated or thicken up as much when cooled as a single viscosity oil. For example, SAE 15W-40 oils meet cold cranking requirements of SAE 15W at 0 oC and high temperature viscosity requirements of SAE 40 at 100 oC. Thus, a multi-grade oil stretches the usable temperature range. It provides easier cold-weather starting, quicker, more efficient lubrication, reduced engine wear, and better fuel economy. How often should I change engine oil in my tractor? If your tractor is in A-1 mechanical condition, operating on the recommended type crankcase oil, and under normal operating conditions, follow instructions in the owners manual. If any of the conditions vary greatly, the drain period should be reduced accordingly. Does oil actually wear out? The functions of the engine oil are to lubricate, cool, seal and clean. When an oil loses its ability to perform any of these functions, it is worn out. Contamination of oil occurs in all engines. The contaminants are unburned and partially burned fuel; fuel combustion products, including water; dirt and dust. These contaminants eventually destroy the oils capability to function efficiently. Oil should be drained before it reaches this condition. Engines will run better longer, when the oil is changed as recommended. How effective are oil filters, and how often should they be changed? Oil filters should be serviced in accordance with instructions contained in the service manual. When properly serviced, they do an effective job of removing the larger solid particles contaminating the oil, thereby reducing wear and increasing engine life. Oil filters cannot, however, remove the need for changing the oil at proper intervals.

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Inputs
Grain storage and handling
1. Overview
Commercial grain silo owners provide storage facilities (grain silos) for the safe and hygienic care of grains and oilseeds for the owners thereof. The facilities have to adhere to the regulations and requirements of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and Department of Health regarding food safety. A total storage capacity of about 17 million tons is available throughout the production areas in South Africa for the handling and storage of summer grains (white maize, yellow maize and sorghum), winter cereals (wheat, barley, oats and rye) and oilseeds (sunflower seed, soy beans and canola). The following services are inter alia available at commercial grain silos: grading at intake and out loading drying cleaning weighing

2. Associations involved
Grain Silo Industry Tel: 012 348 3044 Fax: 012 348 2980 The Grain Silo Industry performs administrative services for its members. They offer advice and information on grain handling and storage. Grain Handling Organisation of Southern Africa (GOSA) Tel: 011 237 6100 annatjie@unitrade826.co.za

3. National strategy
Find information on the different directorates at the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries by taking the Divisions option at www. daff.gov.za Directorate: Plant Health Tel: 012 319 6505/39 DPH@daff.gov.za Directorate: Agricultural Statistics Tel: 012 319 8454 / 6507 DAS@daff.gov.za Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306 DFSQA@daff.gov.za

Other:
Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) Tel: 021 930 1134 www.ppecb.com Department of Health Tel: 012 312 0000 www.doh.gov.za

Source: Grain Silo Industry

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4. Training and research

Training is identified as part of the strategy to be a world-class player. Training in the silo industry includes the following courses: Grading Fumigation Silo operating Silo maintenance
Source: Grain Silo Industry

Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following leaflets, available from the ARC in Silverton: Bou van permanente sloot- en bunkersilos Building of permanent trench and bunker silage silos Hamermeul handleiding en toetsverslag 1997 Handleiding vir die konstruksie van graansilos vir plaasopberging Manual for the construction of grain silos for farm storage Grading of maize and storage are two topics included in the excellent marketing document Field Crop Marketing on www.daff.gov.za (take the publications and then general publications menu options). It is part of a training series. There is also a simpler Info Pak dealing with grain storage. Find also the Infotoon on grain storage. Visit www.agis.agric.za take the AGIS and Skills Development menu options. There is also an Info Pak at www.daff.gov.za (take publications option).

Marketing Stock management Personnel management General administration

Grain Quality and Arbitration Services (GQAS) Gert Delport Tel: 012 329 0064 / 083 227 8163 Grain Training Institute Tel: 012 656 1870 / 083 227 8161 info@gtinstitute.co.za

Pest Management Academy Henk Pottas Tel: 0861 99 99 00 http://pestmanagementacademy. com Fumigation training

6. Companies involved
The millers and animal feed companies also own silos. See the relevant chapters

A call centre is run by ABC Hansen Hendrik van Aswegen has years of for the industry 0861 GRAIN1 diverse experience, ranging from (472461) grading, management of stored grain, and fumigation of bag-, bulk, ship and closed circuit fumigation systems. ARC PPRI Stored Grain and Oil Seed Research Unit Tel: 012 808 8217 infoppri@arc.agric.za The need for sufficient, safe and nutritious food permeates the strategic imperatives of government and therefore the goals of the ARC. Many of the institutes core activities relate to food safety in some way, sometimes less obviously and indirectly. Our activities include research on fungal contamination, insect pests and rodent infestation of grain in bulk storage, mills and small-scale farming systems. A number of examples, in no order of significance, are listed below. East Cape rural communities tend to store grain in closed galvanized tanks in which the high moisture content of the grain encourages fungal growth. The infected grain may be toxic to humans and animals, leading to unsafe food. Drying huts, to reduce the moisture content of the grain, have been developed and the technology implemented. The control of pests in stored grain, if carelessly or incorrectly done, may result in unsafe food due to - Contamination with pesticides - Contamination with toxic organisms - Food with little or no nutritional value Pesticide evaluation (suitability, method of application, safety periods) is of the utmost importance to ensure that harvested grain is stored optimally and is safe for consumption. Our research addresses aspects of both on-farm (household use) and mass storage. Resistance to stored grain pesticides is increasing, therefore development and evaluation of new pesticides and/or pesticidefree methods like microwaves to control stored grain pests are important for the stored grain industry. Ecologically-based rodent management in emerging pig and poultry farming systems
Source: A RC PPRI. C ontact Frikkie Kirsten at KirstenF@arc.agric.za

SILO OWNERS
AFGRI Ltd Tel: 017 624 1000 Fax: 017 624 1475 www.afgri.co.za Allem Broers (Pty) Ltd Tel: 056 343 3111 Fax: 056 343 2361 BKB GrainCo Tel: 021 807 8908 www.grainco.co.za GWK Ltd Tel: 053 298 8200 Fax: 053 298 3968 www.gwk.co.za Humansdorpse Koperasie Beperk Tel: 042 295 1082 Fax: 042 291 0901 sarie@humkoop.co.za Kaap Agri Ltd Tel: 022 482 8000 Fax: 022 482 8088 www.kaapagri.co.za MGK Ltd Tel: 012 381 2839 Fax: 012 252 4179 www.mgk.co.za Moorreesburgse Koringboere (Edms) Bpk Tel: 022 433 6300 Fax: 022 433 4579 www.mkb.co.za NTK Limpopo Agriculture Ltd Tel: 014 719 9211 Fax: 014 717 1010 www.ntk.co.za NWK Ltd Tel: 018 633 1011 Fax: 018 663 1923 www.nwk.co.za Oos Vrystaat Kaap Bedryf (OVK) Tel: 051 923 4500 Fax: 051 924 2630 www.ovk.co.za Overberg Agri (Pty) Ltd Tel: 028 214 3800 Fax: 028 212 1521 www.overbergagri.co.za Sentraal-Suid Koperasie Beperk Tel: 028 514 8611 Fax: 028 514 8656 www.ssk.co.za Senwes Tel: 018 464 7800 Fax: 018 464 1094 www.senwes.co.za Suidwes Tel: 018 581 1000 Fax: 018 581 1097 www.suidwes.co.za Tuinroete Agri Ltd Tel: 044 601 1200 Fax: 044 695 1746 TWK Ltd Tel: 017 824 1000 Fax: 017 824 1077 Villiersdorp Koperasie Beperk Tel: 028 840 1120 Fax: 028 840 1833 Vrystaat Koperasie Beperk (VKB) Tel: 058 863 8111 Fax: 058 863 8527 www.vkb.co.za

5. Websites and publications

Grain Handling, Storage & Drying Handbook. This is an excellent guide to plan your silo storage complex, one of those things a processor or farmer will do sooner or later. It is available from ABC Hansen (find contact details under heading 6). ABC Hansen also puts out a monthly electronic newsletter. The website, too, is a wealth of information.

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EQUIPMENT
ABC Hansen Tel: 012 804 2033 www.abchansenafrica.co.za www.millingsupply.com AC Trading Tel: 033 386 1417 www.hippomills.co.za African Micro Mills Tel: 031 584 6250 www.africanmicromills.com Bessemer Tel: 011 762 5341/2/3/4 www.bessemer.co.za Big Dutchman Tel: 011 452 1154 www.bigdutchman.co.za Buhler Tel: 011 801 3660 www.buhlergroup.com Cango Engineering Tel: 044 279 2099 www.hammermills.co.za Drotsky Tel: 011 864 1601 www.drotsky.co.za Flomech Tel: 031 569 2038 www.flomech.co.za The GSI Group Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 794 4455 Fax: 011 794 4515 www.gsiafrica.co.za Hydrex Tel: 011 440 4472 www.hydrex.co.za Jones Masjiene Tel: 014 543 4889 / 083 627 6026 Kongskilde Tel: 011 894 2341 www.kongskilde.com Martnez Y Staneck SA www.martinezystaneck.com.ar Maximill Roller Mills Tel: 056 217 1580/1 Plantkor Tel: 036 468 1309 plantkor@plantkor.co.za www.plantkor.co.za Silo Warehouse Tel: 012 332 1469 www.silowarehouse.co.za Snell Africa Marketing Tel: 056 212 2697 www.snellafrica.co.za

Avima Tel: 011 769 1300 www.avima.co.za Stored grain protection pesticides Buckle Packaging Tel: 011 613 8024 www.bucklepack.co.za Electronic Silo Certificates (ESC) Tel: 011 797 5591 www.silocerts.co.za Managing silo certificates online GPB Consulting Tel: 021 852 7811 www.consultgpb.co.za

Just Another Problem Solver (J.A.P .S.) Tel: 011 965 1205 jaapjan@worldonline.co.za Sorter and cleaner for grain, seeds etc Silobag Systems Tel: 011 267 5868 www.silobag.co.za SIQ (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 807 9460 www.siq.co.za South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Tel: 012 428 6648 garberhv@sabs.co.za

GPB has been involved in the Pesticide residue testing for quality upgrading of a number of grain control and R&D purposes storage depots.

7. Farmer points of interest

A farmer has the following storage options: deliver the crop immediately to the miller/processor use silo bags erect your own silos make use of commercial silos off-farm.

The advantages of on-farm grain storage include the following: The producer is adding value to his grain. By cleaning and proper storage of his own grain, the producer can convert a previous cost item only into a small cost portion and a large asset portion. After five years, a quality grain silo is paid for at roughly the same rate as central storage would have cost with the remaining 25 35 year; only the relative small operational and maintenance cost remains. Large savings on transport can be realised. Easier, automated logistics in the case of flow-through bins. Proper grading and in the case of wheat for instance, blending up or down can realise huge additional revenue. Own cleaning of grain results in the producer retaining the screenings for feed and avoiding the penalty. Ensuring grain is delivered at the right moisture allows several percent higher realisation. Grain can be stored for longer periods at lower cost, thereby taking full advantage of the time value of grain. The only qualification to these advantages is that a proper, low risk system be installed. Source: ABC Hansen

FUMIGANTS
Coopers ES Tel: 011 979 4246 / 082 447 9333 www.cooperses.com Degesch SA Tel: 011 974 2338 www.degesch.co.za National Fumigants Tel: 011 769 1300 Tel: 031 767 3972 www.natfum.co.za

GRADING EQUIPMENT
Ronin Grain Management Solutions Tel: 011 606 2194 www.roningms.com Rhine Ruhr Process Equipment Tel: 011 444 1321 www.rhineruhr.co.za

OTHER
ARC Plant Protection Asgisa Eastern Cape (Pty) Ltd Tel: 043 531 0103 Research Institute http://asgisa-ec.co.za Frikkie Kirsten 012 808 8217 Kirstenf@arc.agric.za AsgiSA Eastern Cape has allocated money for the construction of silos Pesticide testing, rodent control in the province as part of a cropping research, mycotoxin analysis programme aimed at alleviating poverty in rural areas. Our gratitude to Dirk Kok (Grain Silo Industry) and Frikkie Kirsten (ARCPPRI) who gave feedback on the draft chapter

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Inputs
Implements
1. Overview
Included in the category of Implements are hay and forage equipment, planters, telehandlers and loaders, sprayers, ground-working equipment, spreaders and graders. In this chapter we give details of suppliers and dealers, and where more information may be found. The reader is also referred to supplementary chapters e.g. Tractors, Combines and Balers, Precision Farming, Conservation Tillage, Use of Animal Power, the different crop chapters etc.

BP Implements Tel: 056 515 1066/7 www.bpimplemente.co.za Cango Engineering Tel: 044 272 3590 www.hammermills.co.za Carel van Niekerk Engineering Tel: 022 913 2435 www.piket.co.za Implements include no-till Carrotech Agricultural Equipment Tel: 021 865 2044 www.carrotech.co.za Diamond Implements Tel: 013 665 1032 diamond.berd@netactive.co.za Electrolee Tel: 012 347 9933 www.electrolee.co.za Monitor fertiser flow ... Farmers Supply Tel: 011 423 2801 www.farmersupply.co.za GC Tillage Tel: 033 346 2251 www.gctillage.co.za GMG Power SA Tel: 011 392 1144 www.gmgpower.co.za GWK Ltd Tel: 053 298 8200 www.gwk.co.za Havco Tel: 017 712 5266/5355 www.havco.co.za INTTRAC Tel: 016 365 5799 www.inttrac.co.za Inyoni Africa Tel: 013 712 2175 www.inyoniafrica.co.za Just Another Problem Solver (J.A.P .S.) Tel: 011 965 1205 jaapjan@worldonline.co.za Josco Services Tel: 021 853 3300 www.joscoservices.co.za Kaap Agri Tel: 021 877 6118 / 083 407 7740 www.kaapagri.co.za Kouga Implements Tel: 042 295 1146 / 082 655 1146 Mascor Tel: 033 413 2164 www.mascor.co.za Mnani Implements Tel: 013 665 3054 www.mnani.co.za

Monosem Planters Tel: 021 865 2044 NewQuip Agri Supplies Tel: 011 472 2201 / 082 610 0960 martinhobbs@mweb.co.za Nigel Plen see Turfmaster (Pty) Ltd Orbach Agri Tel: 016 424 1125 www.orbach.co.za Quali Prod Tel: 086 178 2547 www.qualiprod.co.za Reapers Tel: 033 394 6301 www.reapers.co.za Rogue Agriculture Tel: 033 345 0038 www.roguesteel.co.za Rolo Voermengers Tel: 082 350 8051 / 082 964 6879 Fax: 058 303 1134 Rovic & Leers Tel: 021 907 1700 www.rovicleers.co.za Senwes Tel: 018 464 7553 www.senwes.co.za Skaarland Engineering Works Tel: 022 433 2343 Southtrade Tel: 021 981 6044 Staalmeester Tel: 018 431 0693 www.staalmeester.co.za Tatu contact Valtrac (see Tractor, Combines & Balers chapter) Theebo Tech (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 981 2161 www.equalizer.co.za Tijbros Agricultural Machinery Tel: 011 662 1371/63 www.dicla.com Turfmaster (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 7303400 www.turfmaster.co.za Van Zyl Staalwerke Tel: 058 863 2452/ 082 800 1389 www.vanzylsraal.co.za Vitamech Tel: 021 907 8000 www.vitamech.co.za VKB Ltd Tel: 058 863 8111 www.vkb.co.za Wesmeg (Suidwes) Tel: 018 581 1000 www.suidwes.co.za

2. Websites and publications

Koos le Roux has written the Meganisasiegids (Mechanical Guide). Also find the columns written by him on the Landbouweekblad website www. landbou.com. Look for the Meganisasie menu option. Le Roux can be contacted at 082 828 9531. Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publications, available from the ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering in Silverton: Mechanisation basics: Sprayers en spraying techniques (Training manual) Mechanisation basics: Row crop planters (Training manual) Mechanisation basics: Calculations and measurement (Training manual) Introduction to row crop planters Comparative review of technical specifications for no-till jab-planters The operation and application of mounted mowers The operation and application of hay rakes and hay tedders The operation and application of medium and big square balers The application and operation of round balers The application and operation of rotary cultivators The operation and application of subsoilers and rippers The operation and application of chisel ploughs

See the websites of companies involved e.g. New Holland (www.nhsa.co.za), John Deere SA (www.johndeere.co.za), Rovic & Leers (www.rovicleers. co.za), Falcon Agricultural Equipment (www.falconequipment.co.za) etc. www.agrisales.co.za agricultural equipment, new or used

3. Roleplayers
Affiliates of the South African Agricultural Machinery Association (SAAMA) see the Tractors, Combines and Balers chapter are also major suppliers of agricultural implements e.g. Barloworld Agricultural Products, John Deere etc. Find suppliers of implements in the Conservation Tillage chapter Producer organisations like Grain SA run farm implement maintenance training courses. Agribusinesses and co-operatives deal with agricultural implements (refer to the Agribusiness chapter). AFGRI Tel: 012 643 8169 www.afgri-ir.co.za Agri-Phyto Tel: 028 735 2425 dbx@dbx.co.za Alpha Engineering Tel: 028 514 3450 www.alpha-engineering.co.za Alrite Engineering Tel: 011 626 2580 www.alrite.co.za BJP Supplies Tel: 023 342 6070 www.rumax.co.za Feed mixers, hammer mills

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Inputs
Irrigation
1. Overview
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. Agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed farming. Sources of irrigation water can be groundwater extracted from springs or by using wells, surface water withdrawn from rivers or dams, or nonconventional sources like treated wastewater, desalinated water or drainage water. Irrigation systems typically being used in South Africa today include: canals flood irrigation draglines, quick-coupling lines. pivots sprinklers micro irrigation drip irrigation

The South African National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (SANCID) Dr Gerhard Backeberg (chairperson) gerhardb@wrc.org.za www.sancid.org.za SANCID represents South Africa at the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID). Addresses for representatives of SANCID may be found on the website. Southern African Regional Irrigation Association (SARIA) Based at the Water Research Commission Tel: 012 330 0340

Other irrigation-related associations and industry organisations:

Landscape Irrigation Association Tel: 011 606 3855 Fax: 011 606 3098 www.sali.co.za The Borehole Water Association of SA Tel: 011 447 0853 Fax: 011 447 0831 boreholewater@iburst.co.za www.bwa.co.za Water Research Commission Tel: 012 330 0340 Fax: 012 331 2565 www.wrc.org.za Network on Irrigation and Extension for Small-scale Agriculture (NIRESA) Tel: 012 330 0340 Fax: 012 330 0275 gerhardb@wrc.org.za

These irrigation systems can be defined under the following types: static (micro and sprinkle) these systems remain static while water is applied; moveable (quick coupling; dragline; hop-along; big gun; rotating boom) these remain static during irrigation but are moved, manual or mechanically, between irrigations; moving (centre pivot; linear and travelling irrigator), which move by themselves during while irrigating; flood (basin; border; furrow; short furrow) water flows over the soil surface for spreading and infiltration purposes.
Source: http://en.w ikipedia.org/w iki/Irrigation (adapted); Irrigation Basics, an article by Johannes Maree (contact him at johannesmaree@absamail.co.za)

3. National strategy
Department of Water and Environmental Affairs (DWEA) Tel: 012 336 7500 www.dwa.gov.za Selecting the Documents menu option will provide a spread of available information, including the National Water Act 36 of 1998, Water Quality Management and more.

Relevant directorate within the Department of Agriculture

Directorate: Water Use and Irrigation Management Ms Mary-Jean Gabriel Tel: 012 846 8567 DWUID@daff.gov.za DAFF has identified irrigation development as one of five priority areas for the Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (AsgiSA). Expansion of irrigation by 50% is being targeted, which triggered the need for a revised irrigation strategy. Find the document Irrigation Strategy for South Africa on the internet, or approach DAFF for it. The chapters are listed below: General Natural resource base fir irrigated agriculture in South Africa Institutional structures and arrangements required for successful, efficient, sustainable irrigated agriculture Resource surveys, land suitability evaluation and land use planning Irrigation research, extension and advisory services Infrastructure for irrigated agriculture Management in irrigated agriculture Education and training of irrigation scientists and farmers Revitalisation, re-development or upgrading of irrigation schemes and private irrigation farms that have collapsed or are under-utilised and handling of cases of unlawful irrigation Development of new commercial irrigated areas Mini-scale irrigated agriculture for household and community level food security Strategies relating to non-agricultural laws which strongly impact on irrigated agriculture

Irrigated agriculture plays an important role in stabilising the production of food and eventual food security. Although it uses 60% of the available water in South Africa, it does not do so at the expense or the detriment of any other sector of the economy. Yet no farmer would disagree that the demand on our scarce water resources makes the efficient use of all water in South Africa a necessity.
Source: adapted from a letter w ritten by Johannes Mller, president of A gri SA , to the Minister of the Department of Water and Environmental A ffairs

2. Associations involved
SA Irrigation Institute (SABI) Tel: 021 855 5412 riana@sabi.co.za www.sabi.co.za SABI has more than 450 members that include inter alia designers, engineers, soil scientists, crop experts, economists and irrigation farmers. Furthermore, there are more than 60 company members, which represent mainly manufacturers and suppliers of irrigation equipment. SABIs main roles are: irrigation standards and norms; and being a forum where industry players can raise issues. SABI serves the interests of both the irrigation farmer and irrigation designers. Irrigators who experience problems with their irrigation systems can contact SABI. SABI will provide a list of approved Irrigation Designers who can be approached for a quotation and a technical evaluation for the system.

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4. Training and research

Chapter 8 of Irrigation Strategy for South Africa deals with the education and training of irrigation scientists and farmers

5. Websites and publications

SABI Magazine/Tydskrif is published by SABI every second month. It is the only irrigation industry magazine in South Africa and is distributed to more than 5 000 irrigation farmers and associated professionals in South Africa. SABI Magazine/Tydskrif gives the reader first hand information and a range of topical and technical articles on the irrigation industry in South Africa. Visit www.sabi.co.za for more information and to subscribe to the magazine. Newsjet is the newsletter of SABI. Find a copy on their website. Irrigation Design Manual usually given as part of the Irrigation Design Course. Contact SABI for a copy. The Water Research Commission has numerous relevant publications. One of these is Irrigation water measurement Guidance for water user associations. Water user associations (WUAs) will be assisted greatly by these guidelines addressing the choice, installation and management of water measuring devices for canal, pipeline and river distribution systems. This and many other publications are available from the Water Research Commission. Call 012 330 0340, email orders@wrc.org.za after viewing www.wrc.org.za Available from the Training Resources Development at Cedara are 8 posters on irrigation. Contact Clive Viljoen (033 355 8234 / clive.viljoen@kzndae. gov.za) or Noreen Mhlongo (033 355 8237 / Noreen.mhlongo@kzndae. gov.za). International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) www.icid.org Irrigation Association Australia www.irrigation.org.au Irrigation Association (US) www.irrigation.org International Water Management Institute www.iwmi.org Visit the websites of companies and associations involved. Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publications, available from the ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering: Irrigation design manual (Planning and design of irrigation systems) Irrigation Users Manual (installation, management and maintenance of irrigation systems) Besproeiingsbedryfshandleiding/Irrigation Users Manual on cd (pdfformat) The efficient use of labour in sprinkler irrigation systems The effects of wind on sprinkler irrigation Aspects to consider when selecting sprinklers for use in irrigation systems Critical elements which influences the efficiency of small-scale farm sprinkler irrigation systems Engineering aspects of sub-surface drip irrigation Treatment of low quality water for drip irrigation systems The performance and care of drip irrigation emitters Investigation into materials for lining of canals Petrol-driven irrigation pump for emerging farmers An evaluation of some irrigation methods for small vegetable gardens in remote rural areas Manual on the evaluation of irrigation systems Irrigation made easy (training manual)

SABI, as the recognised representative organisation of the irrigation industry in South Africa associated with the optimal and effective use of irrigation water, organises and facilitates a series of training courses each year. SABIs training courses are suited to experienced and trainee farm workers, irrigation managers and irrigation designers, and have been presented for more than 10 years in co-operation with the private sector, universities, research organisations and agricultural colleges all around the country. SABI courses are all built on sound theoretical foundations but are presented in a practical manner with the assistance of SABI company members and approved SABI designer members. Since 2009 SABI courses have been accredited by SAQA (South African Qualifications Authority), and are thus recognised as part of the registered NQF (National Qualifications Framework) learning programme. The following courses are presented: Irrigation Operator Course Irrigation Manager Course (Installation and management of irrigation systems) Introductory Irrigation Design Course Advanced Irrigation Design Course The Agricultural Colleges and Provincial Departments of Agriculture present short courses on irrigation for small scale as well as for commercial farmers. These include a basic introduction to irrigation planning, examination of soil, economics and irrigation scheduling. Find contact details in the Agricultural education and training chapter. The ITSC has run courses in the past Irrigation practices and systems (subtropical crops); Irrigation Scheduling. Companies involved provide training on practical aspects of irrigation, such as installation, maintenance and management of irrigation systems.

Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Providers of South African Department Civil Engineering Qualification Authority (SAQA) Tel: 041 504 3461/3531 courses, accredited with www.nmmu.ac.za AgriSETA, offer courses related to irrigation. Find contact details Designing of various types of in the Agricultural Education and irrigation systems Training chapter. University of the Free State ARC-Institute for Agricultural Lengua Agricultural Centre Engineering (IAE) Tel: 051 443 8859 Tel: 012 842 4000 mcvdw@telkomsa.net reindersf@arc.agric.za www.arc.agric.za University of Pretoria Continuing Education For the development, testing and Tel: 012 420 3880 evaluation of irrigation equipment Martin.steyn@up.ac.za in world-class laboratories, in-field evaluations of irrigation systems, A short course in irrigation improvement of existing designs, management is offered practices and established irrigation methods as well as the rehabilitation Water Research Commission Tel: 012 330 0340 / 9053 of irrigation schemes. www.wrc.co.za ARC-Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Crops (ITSC) Tel: 013 753 7000 www.arc.agric.za

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6. Companies involved
For a complete list of companies involved, visit www.sabi.co.za - take the Company Members menu option. Postal address, contact person, telephone, email and fax are given for each company.

Franklin Electric South Africa Tel: 011 609 4150 House of Irrigation (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 391 1000 Hytech Agriculture Tel: 011 664 8767 Inyoni Africa Tel: 013 712 2175 Irricon (Edms) Bpk Tel: 013 712 4261 Irrigation Unlimited CC Tel: 012 736 2121 KSB Pumps & Valves (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 876 5600 Lindsay Africa Tel: 021 868 7100 Marley Pipe Systems (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 739 8600 Mikon Agri (Pty) Ltd Tel: 013 665 4050 Irri-Gator Products (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 982 7561 J Gey van Pittius (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 858 1204 Kubuta Agri Design & Civils Tel: 00 268 416 2420 Macsteel Fluid Control Tel: 021 950 5500 Microjet Irrigation Systems Tel: 021 535 1310 Model Maker Systems Tel: 012 665 0121 Mottech Water Control Solutions Tel: 022 492 3469 Netafim South Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 987 0477

Optima Agrik CC Tel: 012 654 6097 Petzetakis Africa Tel: 021 980 2500 Plastiek Pype Tzaneen Tel: 015 307 5585 Rain Bird International Inc Tel: 042 296 0943 Rhino Plastics Tel: 021 932 6601 RJ Irrigation Tel: 018 294 6665 Rotrix Africa Tel: 023 342 3438 Salmson Tel: 021 948 6104 Senninger Irrigation Tel: 033 330 7583 Senter 360 Tel: 018 469 1331 / 082 564 5955 www.senter360.co.za Swaziland Water Agri Dev Enterprise Tel: 00268 404 7950 T-Systems Europe, SAS Tel: +33 5 34 27 05 05 Turf-AG Products (Edms) Bpk Tel: 011 315 0224 Ubuntu Plastics Tel: 012 542 3064 UIC Instrumentation (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 468 2561 Valley Irrigation of Southern Africa Tel: 011 814 7007 WSM Leshika Consulting Tel: 015 491 4756

Agrinet Tel: 012 657 2000 Agri-Tech Distributors Tel: 021 949 5844 Amatola Irrigation Tel: 043 732 1927 Andrag / Agrico (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 950 4111 Bauer South Africa Tel: 034 212 3238 Agriplas (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 917 7177 Aquatan Pty Ltd Tel: 011 974 5271 Amitech Tel: 011 864 2040 Arand Engineering Tel: 021 905 4410 Arcus Gibb Tel: 043 706 3600 Boland Plastiek Produkte Tel: 021 872 7436 Boseng (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 905 5555 Campbell Scientific (CS) Africa Tel: 021 880 1252 CropSystems Tel: 021 914 4591 D & D Pumps Tel: 021 981 5392 DFM Software Solutions Tel: 021 904 1154

EC Pumps Tel: 041 364 0669 Elster Kent Metering (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 470 4900 Calafrica Tel: 021 847 1215 Conns Manufacturing Co (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 981 7601 DFM Software Solutions CC Tel: 021 904 1154 DPI Plastics (Edms) Bpk Tel: 021 946 2294 Electric Motor Laminations Tel: 021 531 9473 Elsumo (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 875 5781 FAB Water Engineering Tel: 011 793 5513 Floppy Sprinkler (Pty) Ltd Tel: 013 752 4252 Friendly Agri Tel: 013 790 0977 Grundfos South Africa Tel: 011 579 4800 Hose Manufacturers Tel: 021 948 3971 Incledon Tel: 011 323 0800 Farmarama Tel: 043 732 1633 Flowmetrix SA CC Tel: 031 206 6630

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7. Commercial farmer points of interest

Computer Software for Farmers Irrigation scheduling is defined as the correct amount of water being applied to a crop at the correct time. We have only a limited resource of water, which should be utilised in the most efficient way possible. By optimising scheduling principles we can: prevent over and under watering facilitate crop manipulation prevent unnecessary crop stress create ideal air-water balance manage soil water buffer optimise salinity management prevent soil compaction save on energy costs promote root development improve fertiliser uptake maximise harvest potential

designer to optimally design an irrigation system for specific circumstances. A multi- disciplinary approach is required when evaluating water quality for irrigation purposes, so as to identify any anticipated problems with drip systems, the determination of and management of available water sources e.g. boreholes, peak and annual crop water requirements, analaysis of soil water holding capacity and infiltration rate. The designer must highlight any problems e.g. the blockage of drip systems with irrigation water, and make recommendations to solve the envisaged problems. Find the SABI makes proposals and provides technical information on www.sabi.co.za take the Design Norms menu. Norms in the following are proposed: pipe friction in main and sub-main pipelines, application efficiencies, irrigation hours per week, minimum pump capacity (safety factor for wear and tear), permissible suction velocities. The following types are dealt with: Micro Irrigation Drip Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Centre Pivot Flood Irrigation

Water legislation means that a farmer has to budget for how much water will be used. By using scheduling software the farmer can tell exactly how much water he used so that he can estimate how much hes going to need for the next year as required. Some software companies have addressed the new regulations by developing software solutions that can successfully keep track of water budgeting information and spray records. One module uses climate and soil moisture information to generate irrigation recommendations. It will also help predict water requirements. By loading this information, you will be able to make use of a second module which controls the irrigation in the field. This module also can determine when to irrigate in order to prevent frost or to cool down the plants by keeping track of temperature readings. By means of radio or of wired links, the pumps and valves in the field are controlled.
Source: DFM Softw are

9. Small-Scale Farmer Information

Find out about the support offered by the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) to resource-poor irrigation farmers. Drip irrigation is the ideal solution for small-holders (see diagram which follows). It uses specially designed pipes pre-fitted with advanced drippers. The irrigation system drips the exact amount of water and nutrients that crops need right at the root zone. Thus, every drop of water is effectively used to raise quality and increase year-round yields. Why is drip irrigation so successful? It keeps soil aerated. It reduces weed growth. It cuts down diseases and fungiUniform, efficient water distribution. Evaporation and water run-off are minimised. It enables easy control of water consumption. It is the most efficient, accurate use of water and nutrients.

8. Design Norms
Find the menu option Approved Designers on the SABI website. Contacts are given for seven of the provinces: Gauteng, Eastern Cape, Kwazulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Free State and Western Cape. In South Africa there is a great need for farmers, crop, soil and fertiliser specialists to have information on crop water requirements, nutritional requirements and the scheduling thereof in terms of recommendations for the

Source: Netafim Thanks to Riana Lombard from SABI for feedback on the draft chapter

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Inputs
Livestock-related equipment
For livestock identification equipment see the Precision Livestock Farming chapter

Abaserve Tel: 012 460 7834

1. Companies involved

A completely integrated application designed for abattoirs, wholesalers Poultry equipment and meat-processing industries. Drotsky Aktief & Agrifeed Systems AAB-Dart system Tel: 011 864 1601/2 www.pnenviro.co.za www.drotsky.co.za A darting system deigned for farmers and game ranchers to Manufacturers of hammer mills, deliver medicines and vaccines feed mixers, pelleting machines and to both large domestic stock and other feed processing equipment game animals in captivity, over The Downer Cowjack ranges of 2m to 10m. Tel: 044 878 1138 / 082 878 1138 www.cowjack.co.za Agrifeed Systems Tel: 048 881 1711 / 082 652 4930 Durotec Tel: 041 585 5578 Animal Handling & Safety Equipment Services Surface, skin and udder hygiene, Tel: 0861 264625 isoglove, dairy and equipment www.animalhandling.co.za cleaning solutions Animal control poles, gloves, cages, Four Lakes remote injection equipment Tel: 021 557 0606 www.fourlakes.co.za AXXON Tel: 011 837 7177/6/0 Suppliers of quality animal health Fax: 011 837 3100 and dairy herd management Milking systems from parlours to products trolley-milkers for cattle and small stock. Electronic Weighing and I.D. GSI Group Africa (Pty) Ltd systems including Electronic I.D. Tel: 011 794 4455 Fax: 011 794 4515 for all classes of stock. www.gsiafrica.co.za Bessemer A variety of equipment for poultry Tel: 011 762 5341/2/3 Fax: 011 762 5345 and pig farming e.g. fans, heaters, electronic climate controls, feeders, Poultry houses watering systems etc. Biltong Droer Tel: 016 362 3733 BJP Supplies Tel: 023 342 6070 / 082 335 3970 www.rumax.co.za Havco Tel: 017 712 5355 www.havco.co.za

Dicla Farm and Seeds Tel: 011 662 1371 www.dicla.com

HOTSURE Tel: 0861 HOTSURE Manufacturer of feed mixers, Fax: 086 640 5744 hammer mills and electronic scales www.hotsure.co.za Blitz Voermengers Tel: 058 303 1127 Feed mixers Chemvet Tel: 011 437 9000 www.chemvet.co.za Chicken and pig houses Diamond Implements Tel: 013 665 1032 Fax: 013 665 1436 Dealers in Lachish Feed mixers Biotelemetry solutions for proactive risk management and precision farming.The benefits include: animal health remote monitoring precision grazing and veld utilisation monitoring livestock and game remote monitoring (eco-tourism, health & safety) estrus and bull performance monitoring

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Image X Tel: 011 869 6888/2 www.imagex.co.za

Richard Keenan SA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 033 330 3135 Fax: 033 330 3136

Inputs
Miscellaneous equipment
1. Companies involved
Building and welding
Afrox Client Centre Tel: 0860 020 202 www.afrox.com Welding equipment for farmers BM Power Centre Tel: 021 511 2346 Blockmaking machines Genpower Tel: 0861 101 103 www.genpower.co.za Builders plant, welders Grinding Techniques (Pty) Limited Tel: 011 271 6400 www.grindtech.com

Ultrasound scanners for Suppliers of Mixer Wagons and pregnancies in sheep, cattle, horses Orbital Spreaders and goats Roff Industries Jarvis Products Corporation Previously Snell Africa RSA Tel: 056 212 2697 Tel: 011 974 6776/9 www.roff.co.za John F Marshal Tel: 011 842 7100 www.johnfmarshall.co.za Feed mixers and more Rolo Voermengers Tel: 082 964 6879/ 082 350 8051

Cables and electrical

Anzac Cables & Wire Tel: 011 873 5775 www.anzac.co.za Marshall-Fowler Tel: 011 412 11230 http://marshall-fowler.com/ TECH Cables Tel: 012 330 1703

Agro processing and abattoir equipment; a range of poultry, Feed mixers rabbit and livestock equipment Storti International Kanhym Landgoed (Northmec) Tel: 013 249 7964 Tel: 011 922 2300 www.kanhym.co.za www.northmec.co.za Feed mills, feed kraals Feed mixers

Keenan see Richard Keenan TAL-TEC SA Tel: 012 250 2188/9 www.taltec.co.za Kentmaster Tel: 011 455 3748 Manufacturer of cattle and sheep www.kentmaster.com handling equipment (animal husbandry): scale, neck clamps, Equipment for the meat industry clamps, feeders, water troughs, loading ramps, mobile equipment Kylami Trailer Hire and trailers, spray race for tick Tel: 011 466 2997 dipping, branding equipment. New Quip Tel: 011 472 2201 Pig and poultry equipment Noordkaap Livestock Co-op Tel: 053 927 3871 Plantkor Tel: 036 468 1309 Fax: 036 468 1258 www.plantkor.co.za Trogtek Tel: 057 355 2588 / 082 855 3445 Oasis feed and water cribs Voer- en Waterkrippe Wimpie Meyer 082 789 4777 Feed troughs, water troughs

Clothing and tents

Canvas & Tent Tel: 036 634 1902 www.canvasandtent.co.za Four Lakes www.fourlakes.co.za Muck boots and other footware

Manufacture Superflex cutting and Janki Oorpakke angle grinding wheels Tel/fax: 058 223 0418/368 Harding Treated Timbers Tel: 039 433 1805 Building, fencing, telephone poles Hydraform Tel: 011 913 1449/ 083 627 8203 www.hydraform.com Jonsson Workwear Tel: 031 314 4000 www.jonsson.co.za KRB Safety Equipment & Packaging Tel: 012 661 0935/6 www.k-r-b.com

Zoological Live Animal Suppliers Tel: 011 964 1446 Feeders and drinkers as well as an www.zoosupplies.co.za extensive range of pig equipment Animal handling and other specialised equipment. Surgical Plastiflo Products tools and equipment (medical and Tel/fax: 042 293 1827 veterinary). Various troughs and feeders Whole Concepts CC available Tel: 053 927 4999 / 082 459 9451 www.nosering.co.za RAU Easy Farming Tel: 058 863 1515/082 550 6883 www.animalimmobilizer.com Reapers Tel: 033 394 6301 Fax: 033 394 6333 Stop gates, scales, drinking troughs, catch dips, ovifeeders etc For livestock Nose Rings

Machines for the production of Sifort interlocking dry-stacking soil- Tel: 012 667 2586 cement blocks www.sifort.co.za Jaytrade CC Tel: 021 385 1652 www.jaytrade.co.za Construction and Agricultural equipment Lula Gauteng 082 576 6007 Eastern and Western Cape 082 968 8403 www.lula.co.za Army tents, trading tents, marqees and more

Cold Storage
Commercial Cold Storage Group Tel: 031 205 1231 www.comcold.co.za Cool Space Tel: 011 452 5109

Cost effective digger for big and Echo Coldrooms small jobs (foundations, trenches) Tel: 012 803 9490 www.echocoldrooms.co.za Rand Plastics (Pty) Limited Tel: 011 626 2630 Emmies Refrigeration Tel: 014 736 6918 / 20 / 21 Stackable tables and chairs www.emmies.co.za Wilkinson Brick Making Machines Tel: 011 948 9702 ww.wbm.co.za Profreeze Tel: 051 433 24 69 Fax: 051 433 4027

Find the ARC-IAE publications to do with livestock structures/buildings in the Structures and Building Supplies chapter.

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Crop and Horticulture-related LYNX Dave 083 463 4332 www.fruitsizers.co.za Alrite Engineering Tel: 011 626 2580 Fruit and vegetable packhouse www.alrite.co.za equipment Brushcutters, chainsaws etc. Mayfield Fertiliser Applicator Tel: 011 880 0007/083 301 3568 Dormas (Pty) Limited www.mayfield.co.za Tel: 011 496 2800 www.dormas.co.za Back-pack for manual application Fruit and vegetable handling Taljar Services & Wincut equipment and spares Tel: 011 882 0804 www.taljar.co.za GPB Consulting Tel: 021 852 7811 Shears for all types of tree farming www.consultgpb.co.za forestry, citrus, deciduous and Design of fruit packhouse viticulture equipment layout Fire Fighting Goldpack Tel: 031 569 4199 See separate chapter on fire. www.goldpack.co.za Knife sharpeners Automatic weighing and packing solutions for fresh vegetables and BC Technologies fruit. Branches in KZN, Western Tel: 082 403 2638 Cape and Gauteng. Blade Buddy Hardi Crop Protection SA Tel: 083 514 3454 Tel: 011 613 8711
Sprayers, Pumps etc. Husqvarna Tel: 033 846 9700 www.husqvarna.co.za Chainsaws, brushcutters etc. Jaytrade Tel: 021 385 1652 www.jaytrade.co.za Sprayers, pruning equipment etc. JOSCO Services Tel: 021 853 3300 www.joscoservices.co.za Mowers, slashers, sprayers, driveshafts

Jo Jo Tanks Tel: 013 262 3021 www.jojotanks.co.za Portabuild Tel: 087 751 4431 www.portabuild.co.za

Gedore Tel: 0861 GEDORE www.gedore.co.za Hand Tool Manufacturers Association Tel: 011 298 9419

Portable sanitation and modular Husqvarna buildings Tel: 033 846 9700 www.husqvarna.co.za SA Biotech Tel: 087 751 4431 Irwin Industrial Tools www.sabiotech.co.za www.irwin.com Sani-tech Tel: 011 922 6600 www.sanitech.co.za Sanitation systems portable toilets Lasher Tel: 011 825 1100 www.lasher.co.za including Mech-Tech Tel: 033 386 2331 www.mech-tech.co.za Metabo Power Tools Tel: 011 372 9600 www.metabo.co.za Passetti Power Tools Tel: 012 327 1753 Pick a Tool (buy online) www.pickatool.co.za Protea Industrial Equipment Tel: 011 719 5700 Robotic Systems SA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 608 3182 Skill Craft Tel: 011 434 4064 www.skillcraft.co.za Snap-on Africa Tel: 031 719 1600 www.snapon.co.za Stihl www.stihl.co.za

Sannitree International Tel: 021 761 2335 www.sannitreeinternational.co.za

Septank Tel: 028 271 5001 / 083 251 3038 www.septank.co.za Siyageza Tel: 011 452 6800 www.siyageza.co.za

Scales and weighing equipment

Scalerite Tel: 011 618 2554 www.scalerite.co.za

Tools
Adendorff Machinery Tel: 011 683 8360 www.tooltime.co.za Agrinet www.agrinet.co.za All Power Tel: 041 451 3936 www.allpower.co.za Black & Decker Power Tools www.blackanddecker.com

Septic Tanks and Sanitation

Atlas Plastics Tel: 018 469 1201 www.atlasplastics.co.za Ballam-Waterslot Tel: 012 347 9151 / 9013 Cell: 082 417 8069 ballam@mweb.co.za

Bio-Systems SA knapsack Tel: 021 786 2972 / 082 901 9011 www.biosystemssa.co.za

Bolt & Engineering Distributors Find provincial contact numbers on the website Tel: 018 469 4218 / 9 www.bolteng.co.za South African Machine Tools Manufacturers Association Bosch Power Tools Tel: 011 833 6033 Tel: 011 651 9600 www.bosch-pt.com Toolquip & Allied Tel: 011 370 2760/2727 Cortool www.toolquip.co.za Tel: 012 565 6587 Domar www.dolmarpowerproducts.com Tools for Africa Tel: 011 334 3487 www.nattools.com

Echo Outdoor Power Equipment The Toolshop www.echo-usa.com Tel: 011 792 4185 www.toolshop.co.za Festool Tel: 011 390 7200 Wrth South Africa www.festool.co.za Tel: 011 281 1000 www.wurth.co.za

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Inputs
Packaging
1. Overview
Packaging here includes rigid and flexible plastic containers, cardboard containers, plastic bulk bins, punnets and trays for fruit and vegetables, sachet machines, tinplate pails and cans and other metal containers, polyfoam, polystyrene, as well as equipment to vacuum pack meat, fish, cheese, confectionery, pasta, fruit, powders. Packaging has moved way beyond the old concepts of a box cheap as possible in which to move produce from farm to store. Before the consumer makes the buying decision, packaging must fulfil a number of basic criteria i.e. protecting the product and the consumer, providing information for informed choices, functional design and offering fair value. In promoting your product, a fundamental requirement is that the produce should arrive at its destination in top condition. Packaging that offers strength (especially in stacking), correct ventilation, overall protection and that are gentle on the produce is essential. A walk along any fresh produce market floor will emphasise the role of packaging in promoting fresh produce. Nothing looks better than a neatly stacked row of pallets boasting an attractive, branded, quality product for sale. (The contrast is brown, unattractive cartons, often bent and buckled, offering inferior quality to the cheap-line buyer).
Source: Packaging C ouncil of South A frica (adapted)

Training and research

Institute of Packaging SA (IPSA) Tel: 011 782 0233 www.ipsa.org.za The organisation is also a voluntary body focusing on industry professionalism via education. As part of its commitment to education the Institute of Packaging manages a packaging diploma programme and also runs the well known Goldpack and Student Goldpack Awards. FOODBEV Tel: 011 253 7300 www.foodbev.co.za FoodBev is the Sector Education and Training Authority responsible for facilitating training in the food and beverages manufacturing sector. Packaging operations are included in its learning programmes. Find accredited training providers on the website. SA Agri Academy Tel: 021 880 1276 / 7 www.agriacademy.co.za

BMI Foodpack Tel: 011 450 1874 www.bmifoodpack.co.za Bowler Plastics Tel: 021 704 2223 Boxmore Plastics International Tel: 058 624 2200 www.boxmore.co.za Buckle Packaging & Engineering (Pty) Limited Tel: 011 613 8024 www.bucklepack.co.za Secure packaging is essential to keep and protect the product inside the bag and must be able to withstand physical transport and handling during distribution toallow the bag to be received by the consumers in good condition. From manual and portable heat sealing and stitching machines for low production, to high speed industrial systems that are fitted over conveyors for continuous production, we are able to advise accordingly.

Often smaller farmers, far from the market, dont see that other farmers get a higher price for the same quality, but better presentation. Whether on the market floor or in a supermarket, buying is based more on appearance than on eating quality. The buyers first glance is decisive. Bill Kerr in an article Presentation boosts profits. Find it in the archives at www.farmersweekly.co.za

Consol Ltd Tel: 011 874 0000 Packaging and packaging www.consol.co.za requirements is included in the training done on technical market Cotton Picker Plastic Products Tel: 011 801 3000 access requirements.

Companies
AFCOM GE Hudson Tel: 011 627 7000 / 051 432 4758 www.afcom.co.za Agri Oranje Tel: 054 332 1004 Astrapak Ltd Tel: 011 784 5577 Azapac (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 700 5816

Crown Bag Tel: 058 635 1167 www.crownbag.co.za Dairypack Tel: 011 494 4470 www.dairypack.co.za Diversified Paper & Plastics Tel: 011 616 4145 Gerber Packaging Tel: 011 652 0710 www.gerberfresh.co.za

2. Some trends in agriculture

A major trend in the food industry is to make packaging more environmentally friendly and to increase the rate of recycling. Local fresh produce buyers have refined logistics to where produce is packed in the field and stays in that container all the way through to the retailers shelf. Bulk bins are used, but this is for produce that is intended for juicing. Computerisation (bar coding) makes it possible for the producer or purchaser to trace any pallet, bulk bin or carton from the farm to the supermarket throughout the supply chain. For high value products RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Discs) tags are increasingly being used to counter fraud and control inventories. Some of the repacking takes place overseas for two reasons: 1) to recheck the quality of the fruit received, and 2) to react quicker to the market demands.
Source: Packaging C ouncil of South A frica

3. Roleplayers
Associations
Packaging Council of South Africa (PACSA) Tel: 011 463 9909 The Council is a national voluntary association of raw material suppliers, packaging converters and manufacturers. PACSA is a spokesbody for the industry in South Africa, dealing with issues like legislation, environment, etc.

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Goldpack Packaging Systems Tel: 031 569 4199 www.goldpack.co.za After sales technical support, as well as the supply of the consumable packaging materials, is provided through Goldpacks various branch offices strategically located in the major industrial centers. Gundle Plastics Group Tel: 011 813 2180 www.gundle.co.za Heb Cooler Tel: 031 791 0005 www.hebcooler.co.za Hon Shin Group Tel: 021 552 5036 www.hsgroups.com Houers Koperatief Bpk Tel: 015 345 8100 Huhtamaki Tel: 011 730 6300 www.huhtamaki.com IMIBALA Packing Tel: 021 874 3853 ILIP Packaging (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 790 2364 International Bag Buyers Tel: 012 250 0120 www.internationalgroup.co.za

Linpac Materials Handling SA Tel: 011 314 2110 Metal Closures Group S.A. Ltd Tel: 011 616 1900 www.mcgindustries.com Mondipak Tel: 011 647 0595 www.mondipak.co.za Morningdew Farms Tel: 011 613 4266/7 Nampak Limited Tel: 011 719 6300 www.nampak.com National Packaging Systems KZN Tel: 031 700 2700 www.nationalpackagingsystems. co.za Nkanyamba Pumps and Packaging Tel: 011 821 5900 Pallet Supply Company Tel: 021 907 2300 www.palletsupply.co.za Rand Plastics (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 626 2630/5 Rheem South Africa Tel: 021 531 6661 Rotopack Tel: 011 849 7884

The modern consumer has much less spare time and wants to spend this time doing things he or she enjoys. Much less time is spent in the kitchen, thanks to microwaves and the packaging technology that allows fresh readymade meals to be prepared in an instant. The amount of packaging ending up on landfills in SA is estimated to be well below 10% of total volume going to landfill. Nonetheless, throwaway packaging presents an opportunity to roleplayers.
Source: Packaging C ouncil of South A frica and Susanne Dittke of EnviroSense (adapted)

Roleplayers
Capespan Tel: 021 887 1134 www.experico.co.za Capespan supplies British retailer, Tesco, with a biodegradable apple pack both the tray and the flowwrap are biodegradable. EnviroSense Tel: 021 706 9829 www.cleanerproduction.co.za Greenhome Tel: 021 671 6033 www.greenhome.co.za A newsletter is also available Lucent Packaging Tel: 011 788 9151 lucentp@mweb.co.za National Recycling Forum Tel: 011 675 3462 www.recycling.co.za New Ice Inc of the US, a company dedicated to the development, production and marketing of compostable food packaging, has been granted patents in the US, Europe and some Asian countries that cover the manufacturing of a new class of compostable containers. Write to them at info@newiceinc.com or visit www. newiceinc.com Planet Agro Ecology Concepts Tel: 011 887 0800 tar@planetac.co.za Tetra Pak South Africa Tel: 011 570 3000 www.tetrapak.co.za

Knitted vegetable pockets, woven Sakpro vegetable pockets, (WPP) woven Tel: 011 692 1658 bags, cardboard and paper etc Sealed Air Africa Tel: 011 392 1870 Jumbo Bin Tel: 021 577 1205 Smart Farming Technologies Hadran Advanced Labelling Solutions KRB Safety and Packaging Ltd Tel: 011 674 1982 smartfarming@telkomsa.net www.k-r-b.com www.hadran-labelers.com LANDPAK Tetra Pak South Africa (Pty) Tel: 012 250 0120 Ltd. www.internationalgroup.co.za Tel: 011 570 3000 Packaging products include www.tetrapak.com cardboard and paper, fomo packs, soft plastics and miscellaneous Tristar Plastics (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 494 2103 items.

Market a biodegradable and Ask for the Environmental compostable tray made from Manager cassava-starch as well as a range of Zero Emissions Research and products made from sugar cane. Initiatives (ZERI) nair@zeri.org National Cleaner Production www.zeri.org Centre Tell: 012 841 3634 www.ncpc.co.za

5. Websites and publications

A Handbook of Packaging Technology is a most valuable information source for the African packaging industry and is the prescribed text book for students at the Institute of Packaging SA. To order a copy contact the national secretariat at 011 782 0233 or email secretary@ipsa.org.za. Packaging Review is the official journal of the Packaging Council of South Africa. Contact the editor by calling 011 835 2221 or by faxing 011 835 1943. Another publication is Packaging & Print Media. Visit www.packagingmag. co.za or phone 021 712 1419 for more information. Food & Beverage Reporter, which includes Packaging Reporter, is the widest-circulating printed magazine for the food, beverage and packaging industries in southern Africa. Contact 011 880 3682 or visit www.developtechnology.com. Bizcommunity.com put out a weekly retail newsletter which includes a packaging heading. Call 021 680 3500 or visit http://retail.bizcommunity. com. Book thirteen of the series Training manuals: cooperatives is called Packaging, Pricing & Storage. The books can be viewed at www.daff. gov.za/publications. Ingeo bioplastics offers the food, cosmetics and other industries a new packaging material derived from sugar instead of petroleum. Read about it at www.natureworksllc.com. Visit websites of associations and companies mentioned in this chapter e.g. www.ipsa.org.za.

4. Recycling and Biodegradable Packaging

What better way is there to sell sustainable values than through that most important of marketing initiatives - packaging? Using the packaging to explain why consumers are seeing and holding less packaging presents a valuable opportunity that should not be missed. How about this for a paradox: Reducing packaging will only increase its importance in promoting the brand. The old adage Less is more is true, after all.
Source: Ted Mininnis article When it comes to packaging, less is more on w w w.mediapost.com/publications (adapted)

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Inputs
Pumps and generators
See also the Boreholes and Windmills chapter

3. Websites and publications

Visit the different websites mentioned in this chapter. The Southern Cross Industries website, for example, has technical information on factors which you should bear in mind if pumping water from creeks, dams, bore drains or earth tanks. www.worldpumps.com covers developments in power generation, pulp and paper, food and drink, desaliniation all the uses that pumps and generators could have. Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publications, available from the ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering: Petrol-driven irrigation pump for emerging farmers A guide to manufacturing the kit treadle pump The topics of manure pumps (types suitable, considerations for pump installation etc) is dealt with in the publication Manure handling in intensive animal production units, written by HT Breedt, edited and revised by F Cilliers. Copyright. 2009. It is also available from the ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering. Visit the website of the British Pump manufacturer Association www. bpma.org.uk

1. Associations involved
There is both a South African Pump Manufacturers Association (SAPMA) and a Submersible Pump Association (SPA). In the past, SAPMA has provided a forum for members to air their views on matters affecting the industry. Not much is happening at either SAPMA or the SPA at present. The SAPMA website is www.sapma.net

2. Training and research

In-house training on products and pumping systems is done for staff and distributors by companies involved in this industry.

4. Companies involved
Aesseal SA Tel: 011 466 6500 www.aesseal.co.za All Power Tel: 041 451 3936 www.allpower.co.za Agrimaster Tel: 021 859 1816/7 Automotive Equipment International (AEI) Tel: 011 334 7650/3 www.aei.co.za

2KG Training Tel: 011 325 0686 www.ipuc.co.za Training in pumps and pumping systems is offered, and aimed at both users and manufacturers. The company also offers pump manufacturing software and remote pump performance monitoring and consultancy.

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Barloworld Power Perkins Tel: 011 898 0450 www.bwep.co.za Diesel and gas engines supplied to the industrial, construction, agricultural, marine and electrical power generation markets. Based in Boksburg, they are responsible for providing parts, warranty, sales, service and technical support throughout the subcontinent. Brisan Turbo Tel: 012 349 1934 www.brisanpumps.com B&S Commercial Power Tel: 021 982 6146 Continental Genset Supplies Tel: 018 431 1817/8 Cyclone Industries cc Tel: 011 821 5900 www.cyclone.edx.co.za Davy Pumps Tel: 082 322 7305 www.davypumps.co.za Denorco see Franklin Electric DR Pumps Tel: 012 811 0224/9 www.drpumps.co.za Elsumo (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 875 5781 www.elsumo.co.za Ernest Electro Engineering Tel: 011 792 9550/1/2 www.ernestee.co.za Franklin Electric SA Tel: 011 723 6500 www.franklin-electric.co.za FTT Pumps (Edms) Bpk Tel: 041 487 0022 GEN-TEK Tel: 011 608 4676 www.gen-tek.co.za Genpower Tel: 0861 101 103 www.genpower.co.za Genset Bemarking Tel: 018 469 4167 genset@wol.co.za Grundfos Tel: 011 579 4800 www.grundfos.co.za

Heidelkor Tel: 016 341 6130/1 www.heidelkor.com Jomandi Generators Tel: 011 662 1371 dicla@icon.co.za KSB Pumps Tel: 011 876 5600 www.ksbpumps.co.za Kirloskar Group Tel: 011 493 3330 / 082 451 3635 Fax: 011 666 4745 Maiden Electronics Tel: 011 466 0899 www.maidenelectronics.co.za Power solutions for Africa McBeans Tel: 011 786 4204/5 Tel: 033 342 1541 www.mcbeans.co.za New Way Power Systems Tel: 018 596 2007 www.newway.co.za Nkanyamba Pumps and Packaging Tel: 011 821 5900 Northern Generator Services Tel: 012 346 5514 / 082 777 9483 www.northerngenerator.co.za N and Z Instrumentation & Control Tel: 011 435 1080 www.nz.co.za Oddesse Tel: 011 792 9550 www.ernestee.co.za Pelargo Tel: 051 522 0397 Fax: 051 522 0415 Performa Pumps Tell: 011 845 1100 Perkins see Barloworld Power Perkins Pump & Seal Services Tel: 011 894 5106/7 Pumps for Africa www.dayliff.com Rapid Allweiler Pump Engineering (Pty) Limited Tel: 011 573 7400 www.rapidpumps.co.za &

Red Rhino Tel: 011 668 1923/4 www.red-rhino.co.za Sable Data Works Tel: 011 476 1700 Salister Diesels Tel: 016 422 5501 www.lister.co.za Southern Cross Industries Tel: 051 434 3575 www.southx.co.za Stewarts & Lloyds Tel: 0860 10 27 99 www.stewartsandlloyds.co.za Sulzer South Africa Tel: 011 820 6000 www.sulzerpumps.com Vac-Cent Services Tel: 011 827 1536 www.vaccent.co.za

Verder Pumps SA Tel: 011 708 0880 www.verder.co.za Warman Africa Tel: 011 617 0700 www.warman.co.za Water Max Solar Pumps Tel: 041 451 3936 www.allpower.co.za Waterlinx Tel: 011 444 9116 www.waterlinx.co.za Watson Marlow Bredel SA Tel: 011 796 2965 www.watson-marlow.com Zakpower Tel: 011 803 5502 www.zakpower.co.za ZM Pumps Tel: 082 552 3917 www.zmpompe.co.za

5. Commercial farmer points of interest

Selecting a pump for a project is a team effort: the more the user can tell about his requirements (i.e. flow, head, levels, alternative duties), the easier it is for the supplier (and the user) to select the correct equipment. Here is a piece written by Gerhard Botha of New Way Power Systems points to guide a successful engine-driven generator application. Write to him at wollies@newway.co.za

Considerations for proper hardware selection, from the engine manufacturers perspective, to achieve a successful engine-driven generator application.
Generator basics A generator may be either AC (Alternating Current) or DC (Direct Current). AC generators are also called alternators and are now so common that AC generator and generator has become synonymous terms. An AC generator produces electrical current by passing a conductor through a flux field. On 15KW and smaller generator sets permanent magnets are typically used for the flux field, while larger sets use a DC current in field windings. The AC generators output current is generated when the armature windings cut the flux field. Regulating the DC current in the field windings, controls voltage. Early AC generators used a fixed field and a rotating armature. The modern AC generators use rotating field windings with a stationary armature to produce output current. The rotating field is called the rotor and the stationary armature is the stator. An exciter generates the DC current for the rotating field. The exciter can either be static or rotating. Sizing generators Three ways of sizing a generator set are: Peak Load, Motor Starting and Transient Response. When sizing for Peak Load, the installer calculates the maximum kilowatt electrical load and selects a generator set with equal or greater kilowatt capacity.

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To size an engine for Motor Starting, the installer determines the maximum motor starting current (inrush current) together with any other loads and selects a generator set with equal or greater kilowatt capacity. Since typical motor starting current is five times running current, maximum voltage dip occurs during motor starting. Smaller generator set sizes can be used when motors have sequential starting or use reduced voltage starting. Sequential starting spreads out the inrush load of several motors, while reduced voltage starting lowers individual motor starting current. Transient response sizing is based on the ability of the generator set to accept a load and recover to normal frequency and voltage within a specified time. Transient response is typically checked by block loading the set with a load bank. The customer must specify the limits for maximum voltage dip, recovery time and power factor. Power factor When an AC circuit is composed of a pure resistive load, the current wave is in phase with the voltage wave. With a pure inductance load the wave lags the voltage wave by 90 degrees. A pure capacitance load will have a current wave that leads the voltage wave by 90 degrees. The inductance and capacitance waves do not consume engine power, but they do increase the current flow in the generator and are measured by the ammeter. For this reason inductance and capacitance are sometimes called reactive power or wattles power. Watts or kilowatts are real power. With a resistive load, watts equal volts times amperes. If inductance or reactance is in the load, the current will be higher, so multiplying volts times amperes gives a result that is more than the real power. Therefore volts times amperes is called apparent power and is measured in kilovolt-amperes or kVA. Real power (kW) divided by apparent power (kVA) is the power factor or PF. Technically PF equals cosine q, where q is the phase angle between the voltage wave and the current wave. kW = Real Power= kVA x PF kVA = Apparent Power PF = kW/kVA = Real Power/Apparent Power Excess capacity The typical generator set runs at less than its full capacity most of the time. As the load decreases, the operating efficiency of the engine decreases which increases cost per produced kilowatt. This not a major concern for Standby generator sets. However, the increased cost of operating Prime and Continuous systems at decreased loads can be significant. Part load operation also allows unburned fuel to gather in the engine exhaust and lubrication systems. This type of operation can result in unsightly leakage from the exhaust system, as well as increased maintenance costs. An oversized engine will more likely have these problems. A generator set operates best from 50% to 90% of full rated load. Long-term operation at less than 30% of full load is not recommended. Single phase and three phase power Single phase (1f) AC consists of either one or two voltages in series with exactly the same phase relationship. Single phase AC supplies power over two or three lines. Three phase (3f) consists of three separate voltages spaced 120 electrical degrees apart, using three lines plus a neutral line. The phases are usually given letter designations (Phase A, Phase B, Phase C). Not two phases are at zero voltage at the same time. No two phases are at peak voltage at the same time. Exercising Standby generator sets are exercised on a regular basis to ensure readiness when needed. Exercising for short periods of time with no load is detrimental to the engine. The engine is best exercised when run for 30 minutes or more with 50% to 75% load. This allows the engine to run at normal operating temperatures. Balanced three phase loads Generators should have the resistive and inductive loads balanced on each phase. A phase imbalance of more than 5% will cause unstable voltage regulation. This problem cannot be corrected with engine or generator adjustments. The distribution circuits should be rearranged until balance can be achieved.

Inputs
Seeds and seedlings
1. Overview
Find the latest Annual Report on www.sansor.org. Included are reports given by the Chairman and General Manager, and then each of the following are addressed: Agronomy Horticulture Forage National Seeds Certification Plant Breeders Rights Licences Phytosanitary Issues Plant Breeding Seed Analysts Genetically Modified Seed Industry Issues

2. Associations involved
South African National Seed Organisation (SANSOR) Tel: 012 349 1438/9 www.sansor.org Etablished in 1989, SANSOR assumes the position of watchdog to ensure that standards are maintained. Southern African Plant Breeders Association wcb@sun.ac.za www.sapba.co.za Seedling Growers Association of SA Tel: 033 343 1285 / 082 562 7167 www.seedlinggrowers.co.za Grassland Society of Southern Africa Tel: 049 842 4335 / 083 256 7202 www.grassland.org.za

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Directorate: Genetic Resources Directorate: Food Safety and Tel: 012 319 6024 Quality Assurance Agricultural Production Inputs Directorate: Plant Health (Sub-directorate) Tel: 012 319 6505/39 Tel: 012 319 7036 Directorate: Plant Productions Tel: 012 319 6079 Registration of crop protection chemicals, seed treatments, fertilisers.

The seed industry is regulated under the Plant Improvement Act, 1976 (Act No. 53 of 1976) to ensure orderly trade in seed. This Act makes provision for the registration of premises from which the sale, cleaning and packing of seed may be undertaken and to prescribe the conditions subject to which seed may be sold. Included in the Act is provision for the establishment of certification and other schemes and it also provides for the designation of the authority that shall exercise the powers, perform the functions and carry out the duties conferred upon them. SANSOR has been appointed as the designated body to administer seed certification schemes under the Plant Improvement Act of 1976. The South African Seed Certification Scheme is a legally prescribed scheme underwritten by provision of this legislation. However, participation in seed certification is voluntary. The basic objective of seed certification is to make seed of superior quality available and guarantee the quality by means of a certificate, seal and label. The emphasis is on genetic quality i.e. varietal

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true-to-type, with high requirements of germination and physical purity. Strict field requirements are laid down for seed production. Seed testing started in South Africa in the late 1940s. The Official Seed Testing Station (OSTS) is based at Roodeplaat. The OSTS has as its aim to ensure the physical and physiological quality of seed. Its functions include the development of policy and guidelines for the physical and physiological quality of seed and also to control, investigate and maintain seed quality. A system has been introduced whereby private and company seed testing laboratories are able to register and conduct tests for own purposes, test seed for certification purposes and also advertise their testing services at a cost. Currently 24 such laboratories are registered in accordance with the prescriptions in the PIA whereby testing of approximately 35 000 seed samples takes place on an annual basis. This frees the OSTS to deliver an official service in terms of legislation.
Refer also to the Intellectual Property and Plant breeding and biotechnology chapters.

5. Websites and publications

The websites of companies and associations involved are a useful source of information. Companies involved supply customers with growing guides and technical information on how to get the most out of seeds supplied. Biowatch South Africas Outreach Facilitators give training in low-cost and organic agricultural methods. Included in this is the concept of starting a seed bank. Read about more at www.biowatch.org.za

6. Companies involved
Find SANSOR member lists (by crop and by activity type) on www.sansor. co.za. Find contact details of nurseries in KwaZulu-Natal,the Eastern Cape and Western Cape on www.seedlinggrowers.co.za, the website of the Seedling Growers Association of South Africa A Ford & Co (Western Cape) Tel: 021 850 0011 aford@tiscali.co.za AC Seeds (Eastern Cape) Tel: 042 291 0849 ov@acseeds.co.za Agricol (Edms) Bpk Tel: 021 981 1126 www.agricol.co.za Capstone Seeds Tel: 033 330 4474 www.capstone.co.za Dicla Farm & Seed Tel: 011 662 1371 Fax: 011 662 1363 www.dicla.com ELECTROLEE Tel: 012 347 9933 www.electrolee.co.za ENVIROGROW (Mpumalanga, Gauteng, North West, Eastern Free State and Northern Cape) Tel: 011 605 2231/2/5 anita@envirogrow.co.za GWK Ltd Tel: 053 298 8200 www.gwk.co.za McDonalds Seeds (KwaZulu-Natal) Tel: 033 346 0121 Monsanto SA Tel: 011 790 8200 Fax: 011 790 8350 www.monsanto.co.za Pannar Seed (Pty) Ltd Tel: 033 413 9500 / 9583 Fax: 033 413 1097 www.pannar.com Pioneer Hi-Bred RSA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 683 5700 www.pioneer.com SAKATA Seed Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 548 2800 Fax: 011 548 2820 www.sakata.com Free State area and Northern Cape Tel: 051 522 6374 mayford@sakata-eu.com Seedplan (Eastern Cape) Tel: 043 732 1307 gail@seedplan.co.za Senwes Ltd Tel: 018 473 1761 ben.kleinhans@senwes.co.za

4. Training and research

Training of seed inspectors began with SANSOR and developed into an ongoing programme. Some 230 private seed inspectors report to SANSOR in the execution of functions under the certification schemes. Training courses for seed analysts have been ongoing. Because of this, the seed trade was in a position to react rapidly by establishing an accredited, national Sub-Sector Unit for Seed in terms of the new Skills Development Act. SANSORs experience has shown that training: improves quality and efficiency of employees; ensures adherence to quality standards; provides spin-offs by conveying expertise to others. SANSOR runs courses in conjunction with Mpontshe Training Provider. The course consists of the following modules: Introductory course to the seed industry Background course to the seed industry (includes seed processing, handling, licensing, grading, production amongst other lectures) Legislation (includes the GMO, Plant Improvement and Plant Breeders Acts amongst others) Seed Certification scheme (includes certification steps, inspection times and field methods amongst others) Sampling Seed physiology and Technology Practical Evaluation The ARC institutes do research. They breed new cultivars on different crops, and produce breeder seed for these cultivars developed in breeding projects. Training courses on crop and cultivar selection are also run. Find their details in the Science & Research chapter. Stellenbosch University Department Genetics: Plant Breeding Tel: 021 808 4680 wcb@sun.ac.za University of the Free State Department of Plant Sciences Tel: 051 401 2514 Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Tel: 051 401 2212 University of KwaZulu-Natal School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness Tel: 033 260 5808 University of Pretoria Department of Plant Production and Soil Sciences Tel: 012 420 3227 Department of Plant Science Tel: 012 420 2487

Find contact details for all trade Spoedwel Agriculture branches on their website. (Gauteng, Limpopo and North West provinces) Hygrotech SA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 087 751 4372 Tel: 021 881 3830 vup@hygrotech.co.za Spoedwel North www.hygrotech.co.za (Limpopo and Mpumalanga) Tel: 015 307 4710 Kaap Agri infotzn@spoedwel.co.za Tel: 022 482 8000 / 8049 johan.truter@kaapagri.co.za Starke Ayres www.kaapagri.co.za Tel: 021 534 3231 www.starkeayres.co.za Find contact details for all trade branches on their website. Top Crop Nursery Tel: 033 569 1333 Klein Karoo Seed Marketing topcrop@superlawn.co.za (Pty) Ltd Tel: 044 203 5180 www.seedmarketing.co.za

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7. Local business environment

The Annual Report, available on www.sansor.org, provides updates. Below is an excerpt from the 2007/08 report: The South African Seed Industry displayed an actual turnover of more than R2.5 milliard (USD278 million). This was made up primarily by winter and summer grain crops (74%), vegetables (16%), pasture and forage species (9%), with flowers accounting for approximately 1%. Genetically modified seed of cotton accounted for approximately 96% of local cottonseed sales, whilst this estimate was 88% and 52% for genetically modified soybean and maize seed respectively. The demand for hybrid seed obtained through conventional breeding was still the main driving force on most markets, both locally and abroad, whilst the market for open-pollinated cultivated varieties was limited to mainly Sub-Saharan Africa.

9. Aspects to consider when deciding what to plant

Environment
Make sure the soil is suitable for the proposed crops. Take into account soil depth, texture, acidity and salinity. Study the rainfall and temperature pattern over the various seasons when deciding which crop can be grown successfully at different times of the year.

Cultivar
Ensure that the cultivar to be planted is adaptable to the prevailing conditions. Consider yield potential, tolerance to drought and acidity, length of growing season, disease and insect resistance, lodging, sprouting or prolificacy (multiple cobs) and intended use. However, in some instances, rotation of cultivars can be used to spread the risk of entire crop loss from infestation and to maintain a high biological diversity. Note: The use of certified seed is highly recommended. Consult an expert, a seed merchant, or the local co-operative to obtain information on cultivars recommended for a specific area.

8. International business environment

The Annual Report, available on www.sansor.org, provides updates. Both the International Seed Federation (ISF) and the African Seed Trade Association (AFSTA) have recently had South African presidents Mr Deon van Rooyen of Pannar Seed and Mr Mark Sachs of SAKATA Seed Southern Africa respectively. South Africa hosted the 2009 African Seed Trade Association (AFSTA) Congress in Cape Town. African Seed Trade Association (AFSTA) www.afsta.org. AFSTA, the African Seed Trade Association, represents the seed industry in Africa and the Indian Ocean islands. It is a non-profit, non-political association with a mission to promote development of seed industry and national seed associations, which will facilitate farmers access to improved varieties. Other regional and international bodies include: Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA) www.asareca.org International Seed Federation (ISF) www.worldseed.org International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) www.seedtest.org West African Seed and Planting Material Network (WASNET) www. wasnet.org Global Crop Diversity Trust www.croptrust.org An interesting international event has been the construction of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. It is a doomsday vault carved into a frozen mountainside in the archipelago of Svalbard, a few hundred kilometres from the North Pole. The huge cavern backed by the Norwegian government and the Gates Foundation will be filled with more than a million types of seed.The bread you eat today is made from very different wheat strains from the bread you had 10 years ago. The old strains which can date back hundreds of years are a crucial resource, nevertheless. Their seeds may prove invaluable as environments alter. Varieties discarded for more bountiful but less hardy types could regain their usefulness. By 2030, for instance, current strains of maize will no longer be able to grow in South Africa because of rising temperatures. Possessing old types of maize seed as a basic resource could be invaluable, say scientists. The Global Crop Diversity Trust, which is building the vault, looked for a site that was remote but accessible, and which was so cold that there would be no problem if the refrigeration equipment failed.
Source: Mail & Guardian 11 November 2007, Mail & Guardian 24 February 2008.

Planting dates
Make sure of the correct planting dates of each crops and for each region.

Fertilisation
Make sure that the soil has sufficient nutrient content for crop growth by using fertiliser before planting and/or top dressing. Compost or organic matter (manure) should be applied three to four weeks before planting. Fertiliser can be applied when the results from soil analysis will tell you what nutrients are required in the soil, with the type of fertiliser to use recommended. To have soil analysed, contact the Department of Agriculture or ARC in your area, an extension officer, or one of the roleplayers from the Soils chapter. The type of fertiliser best suited often depends on the expected yield and the previous crop (in the case of crop rotation). The optimum pH for most crops is 4,5 to 5,5 (KCI). Lime should be applied in the case of soils with a pH of below 4,5. Poultry manure also alleviates low pH problems.

Seedbed preparation
A plough or tined implement can be used for primary cultivation. Ploughing is, however, not recommended for sandy soils that are susceptible to erosion. Wind erosion is an important factor that should always be taken into account. In areas where wind is a problem, conservation tillage (zero or minimum cultivation and use of stubble or mulch) is recommended. The seedbed should be firm and weed free. In cases where wind erosion is a problem, the seedbed should not be too fine.

Planting spacing and depth

Planting depth is determined by the moisture status of the soil, as well as clay fraction and the soil type. Generally bigger seeds can be planted deep and smaller seeds shallow. The spacing between plants is wider in low rainfall areas.

Planting method
All the crops mentioned in the table can be planted mechanically or by hand. In the latter case, a hand hoe or spade can be used. Do not compact the soil, but firm it down to ensure good soil/seed contact.

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Economy
Before planting, note the inputs required and estimate the costs. Dont look at the cost of individual products in isolation, but at the combination of them all. At times, you might need to invest more at the beginning of the season but will find you need to spend much less towards the end of the season. Consider product marketability before planting. Compare the input costs to the crop income. Remember: When using chemicals, you need to use protective clothing for your eyes, face and skin. You also need to ensure that all chemicals are stored separate from food, feed and seed and locked away from children. Remember too that it is important to read and follow instructions on labels.

Diseases and insect pests

Crops belonging to the same family are often attacked by the same group of pests and diseases. Related crops should therefore not be included in successive plantings or even in the same three-year rotation programme (e.g. cowpeas, groundnuts, bambara groundnuts, soyabeans). Pesticides should be used as recommended to prevent yield loss Fields should be inspected on a regular basis to spot pests at an early stage, especially in the case of maize and cotton. Pesticides can be applied manually or mechanically.

Harvesting Most crops can be harvested mechanically or by hand. These methods can also be combined. If harvesting is done by hand, threshing can be either mechanical or by hand. Watch out for seed damage during harvesting (especially to legumes). Gradual growth
Do as much as possible in the first season. Spend as much as you can afford in the first season for inputs and increase expenditure in the second season (e.g. work on 1ha or less first and make enough money and gain enough experience to expand to 2ha or more in the second season).
Source: w w w.sansor.org A C rop Guide for Emerging Farmers. Our thanks to SANSOR for feedback on the draft chapter

Weeds
A weed free environment during seedling emergence time is highly recommended because by the time the weeds germinate the crop will be well established and have a competitive advantage. Weeds can be controlled by hand, mechanically, or by the use of herbicides (especially when using conservation tillage), or a combination of the three methods. In the case of chemical control, particular attention must be given to herbicides residual periods, during which the remedy is active in the soil.If a system of crop rotation is followed, the herbicide applied may damage follow-up crops. Bear in mind that the clay fraction of the soil has an influence on the quality and quantity of the herbicide needed refer to the product guidelines.

Highveld

Middleveld

Lowveld

Northern KwaZuluCape & Natal Great Midlands Karoo Not applicable Oct - dec mid Oct Nov 20 Dec 15 Jan 20 Oct 30 Nov N/A N/A May - Jul Oct- mid Nov Oct - Jan N/A 15 Dec 15 Jan 20 Oct 30 Nov Oct - Nov Oct - Nov May - Jun

Eastern Sowing Cape & depth Little Karoo (cm) N/A Oct Jan N/A Dec 15 Jan N/A Oct Nov Oct Nov N/A Jun - Jul 5 45 4-5 5 5-7 45 5 35 4-5

Seed (kg/ha)

Spacing in rows (in cm) 15 15 15 20 7.5 7.5 30 30 20 20

Spacing between rows 90 90 100 75 90 90 90 - 230 60 - 90 90 30 - 45

Bambara groundnut Cow-peas Cotton Dry Beans Groundnuts Maize Sunflowers Soybeans Wheat

Oct Oct - Jan N/A Nov - Dec 20 Oct 20 Nov Oct - Nov Oct - Nov Oct - Nov May - Aug

MidNovember Oct - Jan mid Oct Nov Jan mid Feb 20 Oct 20 Nov Nov - Dec Oct - Jan Nov May - Jul

Oct-Nov Oct - Jan mid Oct Nov Mar - April 15 Oct 30 Nov N/A N/A Oct N/A

50 40 20 25 60 75 50 6 12 3 65 80 70 - 130

Nov - Dec Oct - Nov

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Inputs
Structures and building supplies
Buildings are also covered in the Human Settlements and Labour chapters

Telgo Trading Tel: 082 899 0655 corno@mweb.co.za Tugela Steel Tel: 031 566 4601 www.tugela.co.za

VIP Construction Tel: 011 952 2331 vipbez@absamail.co.za WEP Engineering & Construction Tel: 011 967 1574 www.wepeng.co.za

2. Websites and publications

Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publications, available from the ARC in Silverton:

1. Roleplayers
ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering (ARC-IAE) Tel: 012 842 4000 www.arc.agric.za The ARC-IAE is involved the designing, testing and development of farm structures, stores, workshops, labour housing and appropriate animal housing/ handling facilities Amatola Tel: 043 732 1927 amairri@telkomsa.net B & T Structures Tel: 013 665 1914 / 1966 www.btsteel.co.za BANBRIC BUILDING Tel: 033 396 0882 sales@banbric.co.za www.banbric.co.za Bison Construction Cell: 072 878 0654 nardus@topmail.co.za BPB Gypsum Tel: 011 873 2401 Breathecoat Paints Tel: 0861 000 435 www.breathecoat.co.za Holcim Tel: 011 670 5500 www.holcim.co.za Homescor Wonings Tel: 011 892 1045 www.homescor.co.za Hough Structures Tel: 016 366 1960 IG Construction Tel: 011 696 1119 Jet Vest Steel Structures Tel: 012 258 0385 Lookout Trailer & Lift www.lookoutlifts.co.za Magna Housing Tel: 011 828 2452 Mittal Steel Tel: 016 889 4110 www.mittalsteel.com Modek Tel: 011 398 8200 www.modek.co.za PATT Projects Tel: 012 811 0125/0753 www.pattprojects.co.za

Manual on housing for pigs (also available in Afrikaans) Extensive pig housing (also available in Afrikaans) Beef cattle facilities manual (also available in Afrikaans) Dairy cattle facilities manual (also available in Afrikaans) Manual on sheep facilities (also available in Afrikaans) Small-scale broiler house (also available in Afrikaans) Heating of broilers and broiler housing Small-scale poultry housing in South Africa Concrete on the farm (also available in Afrikaans) Building of permanent trench and bunker silage silos (also available in Afrikaans) Manual for the construction of grain silos for farm storage (also available in Afrikaans) Structures and equipment for the storage and handling of grain on the farm Small-scale milking shed (also available in Afrikaans) Agricultural structures and facilities database (suppliers of livestock/ agricultural equiment) also available in Afrikaans

And only available in Afrikaans: Afkoel van melkbeeste in Suid-Afrika Lae-koste melkverkoeling Handleiding oor volstruisbehuising Also available from the same ARC Institute is Manure handling in intensive animal production units, written by HT Breedt, edited and revised by F Cilliers. Copyright. 2009. This publication includes notes on the optimal structure and location of different farm buildings in relation to the management of livestock manure Visit www.saili.co.za, website of the South African Institute of Agricultural Engineers.
Publications which overlap with Water storage, fencing and undercover growing/ hydroponics are listed in those chapters.

Pro-spec A South African manufacturer and Tel: 033 330 2295 producer of quality, eco-friendly Tel: 021 982 0222 paints (lead and solvent free) www.pro-spec.co.za Cheeta Nutec Asbeshuise Tel: 012 546 1950 Chemvet Tel: 011 437 9000 www.chemvet.co.za Dolfyn Staal Produkte Tel: 056 515 1985 Econo Steel Structures Tel: 012 254 0496 Fax: 012 254 2361 Ezehut Products Tel: 012 803 7433 www.ezehut.co.za FinnBUILDER Tel: 011 705 1897 www.finnbuilder.co.za Harding Treated Timber Tel: 039 433 1805 Rhino Steelhouses Tel: 012 549 0230 SM Structures Tel: 011 786 1043 www.stemansteel.co.za Space Steel Tel: 011 693 3180 Span Africa Steel Structures Tel: 033 346 2555 www.spanafrica.co.za Steel Space Frame Structures Tel: 011 675 7491 Structures 2000 Tel: 011 974 4797 Structures2000@absamail.co.za Styrox Tel: 083 290 2482 / 011 883 6954 www.styrox.co.za

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Inputs
Tractors, combines and balers
1. Overview
Find the Latest Month report on www.saama.co.za, website of the South African Agricultural Machinery Association

The ARC-IAE possesses a tractor testing laboratory, where power take off tests on tractors are performed strictly according to the ISO 789-1 international standard. This institute also tests agricultural implements and is involved in research and development with regards to implements and tractor utilisation. Training can be provided in basic mechanisation concepts and mechanisation planning. Several AgriSETA accredited groups run tractor and tractor-related courses. Examples include: Dewcrisp Tel: 011 840 1600 Koue Bokkeveld Training Centre Tel: 023 317 0983 Skills for Africa Tel: 012 379 4920 www.skillsafrica.co.za Phezukomkhono Training Services Tel: 044 279 3288 SA Sugarcane Research Institute (SASRI) Tel: 031 508 7404 carolyn. baker@sugar.org.za Protea Training Centre Tel/fax: 021 982 4580 protea@kingsley.co.za Suppliers like New Holland and John Deere run training courses, both for clients as well as for others.

2. Associations involved
SA Agricultural Machinery Association (SAAMA) Tel: 011 453 7249 www.saama.co.za SA Society for Agricultural Mechanisation Tel: 033 343 3496 South African Haulage Tractor Transport Association Tel: 011 453 7249

Producer organisations like Grain SA have courses: Grain SA Tel: 056 515 2145 Tractor mechanical, maintenance on High Application Tractors and a contractors course are three of the training courses they offer. The contractors course is for the farmer who owns vehicles or implements and who wishes to allow others to make use of these there are some things of which he should be aware.

3. Training and research

ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering (IAE) Tel: 012 842 4000 www.arc.agric.za

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4. Websites and publications

www.saama.co.za SA Agricultural Machinery Association www.agfacts.co.za Agricultural Facts News Brief www.trekkerwerf.co.za a Landbouweekblad initiative The publications below are available from Agfacts): Agfacts Agricultural Machinery Price Comparisons White Book. This detailed monthly pricing report covers tractors, combine harvesters and attachments, hay and forage machinery, planters, fertiliser spreaders and spray equipment available on the South African market. Agfacts Newsbrief. The AGFACTS Newsbrief appears on a monthly basis and contains current information on conditions within and connected to the South African agricultural machinery industry. Agfacts Used Tractor Price Guide Blue Book. This is a quarterly report, available on annual subscription. It is the most comprehensive guide to used tractor prices available in South Africa. It also contains new prices and abbreviated specifications on new tractors currently available in South Africa. Agfacts Tractor prices/Specifications Green Book. This is a quarterly report, available on annual subscription. It contains the latest prices of all tractor models available in South Africa, together with abbreviated specifications. Agfacts Tractor Guide Grey Book. This publication contains detailed specifications of all tractor models available in South Africa.

5. Companies involved
SAAMA members:
For the list of SAAMA members, go to www.agfacts.co.za take the Services and SAAMA menu options. AGFACTS Tel: 011 453 7249 AgroTractor House Tel: 011 423 2325 www.agrotractor.co.za AIM Group Tel: 011 394 3800 Andrag Agrico Tel: 021 950 4111 www.andragagrico.co.za ARGO Industrial Tel: 011 914 1700 www.argosa.co.za www.landini.co.za Barloworld Equipment Agriculture Tel: 011 898 0450/80 www.barloworld-agri.com Bell Equipment Tel: 035 907 9199 Carel van Niekerk Engineering Tel: 022 913 2435 Farmyard Tel: 082 959 2196 www.farm-yard.co.za Authorised Jinma Tractor dealer Foton Tractors Tel: 033 263 1305 www.fotontractors.co.za GC Tillage Tel: 017 702 3028 Hinomoto Tel: 010 222 0670/082 379 0290 www.hinomoto.co.za Indo Trak Tel: 011 664 8852 www.indoplast.co.za Irrimec Tel: 032 944 5679/81/83 www.irrimecsa.com Sonalika tractors John Deere Tel: 011 437 2600 www.deere.com/sa

Other publications:
Meganisasiegids. The greater and more important costs of mechanisation arise from using equipment to carry out the various functions e.g. ploughing, disking, harrowing etc. The book consists chiefly of tables which make it possible to work out costs per hour or per hectare with a specific tractor, fuel usage (litre/hour or litre/hectare) and more. The Meganisasiegids can be ordered from Koos le Roux. Call 012 998 2803 or 082 828 9531. Kejafa Knowledge Works has books on mechanisation. Call 014 577 0005. Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publications, available from the ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering: Tractor Maintenance (Training manual) Field capacities of agricultural machines & tractor performance Werktempos van landbouwerktuie & trekkerwerkverrigting Tractor performance optimisation

Donaldson Filtration Systems Tel: 011 997 6000/021 530 2900 Kirloskar www.donaldson.co.za Tel: 011 493 3330 / 082 451 3635 Fax: 011 493 3336 Ernest H Johnson Tel: 011 613 8711 Kongskilde SA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 894 2341/5 Falcon Agricultural Equipment www.kongskilde.com Tel: 033 330 4764 www.falconequipment.co.za Kverneland Tel: 033 345 2733 Farmtrac www.kvernelandgroup.com Tel: 011 662 1371

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Mahindra SA Tel: 012 661 3161 Manitou Tel: 011 975 7770 www.manitousa.co.za New Holland SA Tel: 011 922 2000 www.nhsa.co.za Northmec Tel: 011 922 2000 www.northmec.co.za Orbach Agri Tel: 016 424 1145 www.orbach.co.za Radium Engineering Tel: 012 719 9062 Response Group Trendline www.response.co.za Rovic & Leers Tel: 021 905 1158 www.rovic.com

Smith Power Equipment Tel: 086 176 4847 www.smithturf.co.za Kubota tractors Southtrade Tel: 021 981 6044 Staalmeester Agricultural Imports Tel: 018 431 0300 Valtrac Tel: 056 817 7308 www.valtrac.co.za VB Agri Tel: 021 883 9595/6 www.vbagri.co.za Lamborghini tractors VITAMECH Tel: 021 907 8000 www.vitamech.co.za

Your local agribusiness / co-operative e.g. AFGRI, Suidwes (Wesmeg), GWK, Kaap Agri and VKB. Their websites often include new and used agricultural machinery menu options.

6. Local business environment

Find the Chairmans Report on www.saama.co.za or www.agfacts.co.za for an updated economic overview.

The estimated value of the South African agricultural machinery market was R6.1 billion. Statistics released by AGFACTS in 2009 showed that since 1994 the average age of tractors has been declining. The AGFACTS Newsbrief appears on a monthly basis. Subscribing to it gives you the following: a concise, four page summary of current factors affecting the South African agricultural machinery industry; the latest retail tractor sales information for the month and the yearto-date; on a quarterly basis, the latest retail combine harvester and baler sales information for the quarter and the year-to-date; the latest information on agricultural machinery price changes by category; the latest information on crop prospects, whether it be summer or winter crops, intentions to planting or crop forecasts; and subjects such as size and age make-up of the South African tractor park, the used tractor market, the breakdown of tractors available in South Africa by manufacturer and model and future tractor sales prospects.

From the SAAMA chairmans report at the 2009 AGM:

Coming from a record sales year in 2008 and facing a rapidly deteriorating business environment in 2009 due to the worst global economic crises since 1932, all expectations were however exceeded by the level of agricultural equipment business conducted through 2009. Though we notice the impact on year to date tractor sales to reflect a 21% drop in volume, combine sales were less affected while the demand for new technology products such as productive fuel efficient tractors, self propelled sprayers, precision farming systems and no-till equipment remained in demand.

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The chairman listed the following positive factors for the 2009 year: The agricultural industry fortunately experienced favourable climatic conditions through 2008/2009 across most of the main crop production territories which supported high average yields for summer crops and other production commodities, softening to some extent the full impact of lower commodity prices and high production cost. As maize and wheat production remains a significant driver to the success of the agricultural mechanisation business in South Africa, it is important to emphasise the significance in productivity gains and improved sustainability of farming operations that have been achieved by producers over recent years. Recognising the advancements achieved through the availability of new plant bio-genetics, factors such as the large scale investment in new and improved production practices, investment into new advanced equipment and technologies, as well as the professional management practices applied by producers, have been paramount to the success we experience today in the mechanisation industry.
Source: SA A MA C hairmans report, 2009. Find it at w w w.saama.co.za

8. Small-Scale farmer information

Although tractors may work more quickly than draught animals, they are expensive to buy, to maintain and repair. In the first and second year the repair costs are not that high. But by the time the tractor is five years old, more things start going wrong and repairs become more expensive. Size of tractor: If you have large areas of land, a bigger tractor pulling larger implements will do the work more quickly. If your area of land is less than 10 hectares, then buying a big tractor is a waste of money. Buying tractors: Since the tractor is expensive, farmers may end up spending more on ploughing than on what they get from selling their crops. Options are to hire a tractor, or perhaps better, to buy a tractor together as a group of farmers. Maintaining your tractor: When Everyday Every 50 hours What to do Clean the air pre-cleanerCheck the oil, water and tyre pressure Grease the hydraulic lift nipples, kingpin nipples, front axles, brake and clutch nipples.Check and clean the air filter/oil bath.Drain condensate from the first fuel filterTighten all nuts and bolts, check for leaks. Check battery, clean connections with baking soda and water. Check the alternation fan belt tension Drain oil, change oil filter and first fuel filterCheck and top up, if necessary, gear box, differential and hydraulic oil levers. Get a trained mechanic to set tappets and calibrate injectors and to see if it needs any other servicing or repairs.

7. Commercial farmer points of interest

It is possible to equip a wide range of tractors with programmes linked to satellites that enable the tractor to drive itself. Precision farming is the way of the future for the commercial farmer in the quest to limit wastages and improve efficiency, and these programmes play a vital roll in this farming method. For more information, enquire at your dealer.

Buying equipment is one of the largest investments that a farm business can make. Furthermore, the machinery needs to be constantly maintained and eventually replaced. The provision for capital replacement is therefore very important. When buying machinery, large amounts of money are committed and some of the equipment is used only a few times during the year, and in many cases it is difficult to sell this equipment at a suitable trade value. You need to analyse and evaluate your future capital replacements carefully. Planning when and how the equipment will be replaced can mean a difference of thousands of rands in annual production costs. An article run in AgriReview looks at the following options: Keep [machinery] until it no longer functions. Replace when cash is available. Replace something every year. Replace regularly.

Every 100 hours

After every 1000 hours

It is possible for Emerging Farmers to spend more on repairing their tractors than it costs to buy a new tractor. If a group of farmers is starting a tractor hire scheme, then they should always put money into a fund to pay for a new tractor, and include this fund in their hire charges. (They should also remember that tractor prices increase).
Source: The Peoples Guide to Farming Grow ing Plants Handbook by the Environmental & Development agency trust and Juta Education. O ur thanks to Donaldson Filtration Systems for feedback on the information.

Find the article Provision for capital replacement in A griReview 1st Q uarter 2007 on w w w.standardbank.co.za, or contact Standard Bank Vehicle and A sset Finance at 0860 000 000

You can extend the life of your air filter by removing up to 90% of the dirt and contaminants before it reaches the filter. The pre-cleaners are designed especially for equipment operating in very heavy dust and debris environments such as agricultural and construction vehicles and mining equipment. The Donaspin Pre-cleaner has a durable, corrosion-resistant steel construction. There is no maintenance required and it has no moving parts. The Pre-cleaners are self-cleaning and require no maintenance. They also offer a lower restriction which means: Your engine breathes easier You can reduce air filter element usage You will have lower costs per operating hour Source: Donaldson Filtration Systems Pty (Ltd). Call 011 9976000 or visit www.donaldson.co.za

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9. Buying a second-hand tractor

When you buy a second-hand tractor from a garage, ask if there is a guarantee (an agreement with the seller that you can return an item or get it repaired if something is wrong with it). Guarantees for second-hand tractors are usually only for three months. If you are buying from another farmer, then try to find out why he or she is selling the tractor. Try to ask the tractor driver if the tractor has given a lot of trouble. Is there something seriously wrong with the tractor? Try the following test when you go to at the tractor. Take a friend who knows about tractors and who can do these tests with you, if you have no experience with tractors. Check the air filter. If it is a paper filter, then it will have two rubber seals glued at both ends of the cartridge. Check that the seals do not let air through. If they do, then it means that dust may have gone past the filter and into the engine. Dust in the engine is very serious. Check carefully for oil and fuel leaks. You might not see any straight away because at garages tractors are steam cleaned and degreased before they are sold. Turn on the ignition. On most tractors there are lights, one for oil pressure and the other to show that the alternator is charging. They should both go on when the key is turned. If they dont, you know that something is wrong. Start the engine both lights should go out. If they dont go out, then dont buy the tractor unless the garage repairs this fault. Warm up the engine check that the temperature gauge works. Listen to the engine as it warms and watch the exhaust. If the engine does not run smoothly and there is blue-white smoke coming out of the exhaust, then it probably means that something is wrong with the fuel-injection system. This can be very expensive to repair. If the tractor blows a lot of dark smoke, then the piston rings could be worn. This usually means that the tractor needs an engine overhaul.

Use all the gears in both ranges. Check that the gear lever is not too loose in any gear and check that it does not jump out of gear. Check the hydraulic lift system. You will need a plough to check that it works properly. Check to see if any hoses are broken or needing replacing. Check the grease nipples. If they are clean, then it probably means that the tractor has been maintained regularly. Also check that the power-take-off works. Run the tractor for a while until the engine is hot. Then check again for oil and diesel leaks. Make a list of all the things that are wrong and which need fixing. Work out the cost of repairs. Then decide if you still want to buy the tractor. Show the list to the seller to see if he or she will sell the tractor to you for a better price. Whether you buy a second-hand tractor or a new one, make sure you get an operators manual. Read this carefully. It will tell you how to get the best use from the tractor. If you want to do a lot of repairs yourself, then buy a workshop manual. This will tell you how to do most type of repairs.Workshop manuals are expensive and they must be ordered from the factory.
Source: The Peoples Guide To Farming Grow ing Plants Handbook By The Environmental A nd Development A gency Trust and Juta Education.

Our thanks to Dr Jim Rankin of SAAMA for feedback on the draft chapter.

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Inputs
Trailers
1. Companies involved
Some companies mentioned in the Trucks and heavy machinery and Implements chapters also supply trailers

originally cheaper (and metallurgically incorrect) built. A few fractures, a coating of paint and new tyres will do the trick if it was right when bought. Cheaper can be expensive.

SABS
All trailers are required to be SABS sanctioned. Legal requirements are for the purpose of road safety: reflector lights, basic dimensions etc. This is not a statement on the strength of livestock railings or indeed of the soundness of the trailers structure.

Safety
The majority of trailers is registered to a maximum of 2400kg (GVM) i.e. the mass of the trailer itself combined with the weight of the load should not exceed this figure. For good reason: the maximum braking ability of the brake component only goes up to this figure. In this country, there are very few manufacturers are registered for 2400kg 3500kg bracket. Their components meet the standards and these are largely imported.

Aluglide Tel: 011 392 2259/ 082 707 3214 www.aluglidetrailers.co.za Bulperd Tel: 082 414 2569 www.bulperd.co.za Crisbox Tel: 012 719 8319/ 072 274 7269 www.crisbox.co.za Cruiser Trailers Tel: 011 660 3683 www.cruisertrailers.co.za Engelbrecht Sleepwaens Tel: 018 786 2545 Hardmans Trailers Tel: 031 202 5887 www.hardtrail.co.za JME Trailers Tel: 053 444 1313 Landmech South Africa Tel: 086 047 2337 www.landmech.co.za

Leos Sleepwaens Tel: 013 932 4151/2 www.leostrailers.co.za M&N Engineering Tel: 033 390 2555 NICs Trailers Tel: 018 673 0224 / 082 859 0904 www.nictrailers.co.za Rogue Agriculture Tel: 033 345 0038 www.roguesteel.co.za Torsion Engineering Tel: 016 362 3456 www.torsion.co.za Vencedor Trailers Tel: 018 290 1774 VTEC Trailers Tel: 016 986 2194 www.sleepwa.co.za

GCM / BKM (Gross combination mass / Bruto kombinasie massa)

The gross combination mass is that of the bakkie, the trailer, the bakkie load and the trailer load. This figure appears on the bakkie or vehicle towing the trailer. EXAMPLE: 4500 kg (Bakkie BKM) - 1600kg (Bakkie mass) = 2900kg. This represents the load on the bakkie, the load on the trailer and the trailers mass. 2900kg - 600kg (trailers mass) = 2300kg. Divided this could be 1 ton on the bakkie and 1300kg on the trailer. The weight classification varies from vehicle to vehicle.

Weight implication
The average cow weighs 500kg, and requires space of 1800mm x 900mm. Thus, a cattle trailer [beeswa] will typically be 3600mm x 1600mm high. Be careful of trailers of 1.7m height: this is too low. 4x500kg = 2000kg + trailers weight of 600kg = 2600kg is necessary reading. This means the average bakkie may not pull this trailer (with four cattle on board). The average cattle trailer is registered for 1800kg, weighs approximately 600kg, which gives you an carrying capacity of 1200kg i.e. only two animals of 500kg. It does not matter how long or wide the trailer is: it is about weight. NB Some manufacturers do not include the extras when giving the figures, and you may find that the weight of the spare wheel, railings, rubber mats etc is not included. NOTE: There is a difference between a cattle cart or sheep cart and a trailer that can transport cattle and sheep. The former have rubber mats (to prevent slipping), a gate combination at the rear in the middle because animals moving to the rear cause pressure which lifts the bakkie up.

2. Key points for livestock farmers

Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM)
It is common practice amongst farmers to compare trailers prices by looking at size and GVM, and then buying the cheapest one. The GVM is not a reflection of the trailers carrying capacity. The weight of the trailer should be subtracted from the GVM to arrive at its carrying capacity. Should you buy a 2,6T trailer, it is illegal for it to carry a 2,6T load. EXAMPLE: A trailer is equipped with so-called 3T axle. It is registered for 2000kg. Its weight is 680kg. Its legal carrying capacity is 1320 kg.

Technology and quality

Consequently, the technology and workmanship which goes along with building a trailer becomes crucial. Flexible undercarriages last longer and absorb shock and vibration. Independent sprung suspension is more lasting than conventional suspension [leaf-spring suspensions]. This suspension gives more stability to the trailer and fewer vibrations which make livestock restless (horses, in particular, become restless if the underframe vibrates beneath them, but this applies to cattle and sheep too).

Home-made
Complying with the law becomes very difficult, if not impossible, particularly for a trailer with a GVM of more than 750kg. Remember: trailers are vehicles that must be roadworthy and loaded according to specifications. If an accident were to occur, even were the trailer not the cause, there would be potential problems with insurance and third-party claims. When it comes to the trailer, its load and the vehicle pulling it, stay within the bounds of the law and road regulations. It is not worth a life or a third-party court case.
Source: NIC Trailers (contact details under heading 1)

Value and resale value

The extras like removable livestock railings add to the value of the trailer and, together with the previously mentioned points, contribute to the trailers second-hand value. Some manufacturers produce combination trailers, suitable for cattle, sheep or horses. The premise that a trailer is without value once it is finished only applies to that trailer which was

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Inputs
Trucks and heavy machinery
See also the Infrastructure and agrologistics chapter

Mercedes Benz Commercial Vehicles Tel: 012 677 1500 www.mercedes-benzsa.co.za Nissan Diesel UD Tel: 012 564 9500 www.nissandiesel.co.za Powerstar Tel: 011 565 5300 Renault Trucks Tel: 011 695 4358 www.renault.co.za Scania Tel: 011 6619600 www.scania.com

Tata Tel: 011 255 9600 www.tata.com Toyota Hino Tel: 011 809 2000 www.toyota.co.za Volkswagen see the Find a dealer option on the website www.vwcommercial.co.za. Volvo Tel: 011 842 5000 / 918 3287 www.volvo.co.za Western Star Tel: 012 677 1589

1. Overview
This chapter is weighted towards the trucks. Readers wishing for a database of heavy machinery providers should consult a copy of the Plant Equipment & Hire bulletin magazine. Each issue runs an updated directory with over fifty categories e.g. bulldozers, crawler excavators, backhoe loaders, landfill compactors etc.

Trailers
ADR Africa Trailer Spares http://adrafrica.co.za Fruehauf Components Tel: 011 878 4000 GRW Engineering Tel: 023 348 6300 SA Truck Bodies / Henred Tel: 011 878 4000 www.satruckbodies.co.za

2. Associations involved
Contractors Plant Hire Association www.cpha.co.za It might be better to hire than to buy Road Freight Association Tel: 011 974 4399 www.rfa.co.za

AFRIT see Other heading Duncanmec Tel: 011 900 2580 www.duncanmec.co.za

3. Websites and publications

Fleetwatch Tel: 011 794 2490 / 1 www.fleetwatch.co.za FOCUS on trucking and logistics Tel: 011 782 1070 www.charmont.co.za BROOKE PATTRICK Tel: 011 603 3960 subs@brookepattrick.co.za Brooke Pattrick does magazines of relevance to this chapter like Plant Equipment & Hire Bulletin and The Civil Engineering Contractor.

Truck spares
See the Fleet maintenance and spare parts chapter

Other
AFRIT Road Transport Equipment Tel: 012 541 2123 www.afrit.co.za ALS Agri Hire Tel: 034 341 1636 www.alsgroup.co.za High Power Equipment Africa Tel: 0111 397 4670 www.hpeafrica.co.za Komatsu Southern Africa Tel: 011 923 1000 www.komatsu.co.za Landmech South Africa Tel: 086 047 2337 www.landmech.co.za Quali Prod Tel: 012 653 8189 www.qualiprod.co.za Trailord Tel: 031 705 2006 www.trailord.com US Truck Sales (Dodge trucks) Tel: 011 452 3805 www.ustrucks.co.za

4. Companies involved
Components
Barloworld Tel: 011 445 1000 www.barloworld.com Cummins Diesel SA Tel: 011 321 8700 www.cummins.com Eaton Tel: 011 961 2460 www.eaton.com ZF SA Tel: 011 457 0000 www.zfsa.co.za

Als Manufacturing Tel: 018 291 1113 www.alsmanufacturing.co.za Bell Equipment Tel: 035 907 9111 www.bellequipment.com Ford Tel: 012 842 2911 www.ford.co.za

Manufacturers
DAF Tel: 011 255 4000 www.dafrucks.com DFM Warrior Tel: 011 859 2004 www.dfmwarrior.co.za FAW Tel: 011 392 1530 www.fawtrucks.co.za Freightliner Tel: 012 677 1611 www.mercedes-benzsa.co.za Fuso Mitsubishi Tel: 012 677 1500 www.fuso.co.za Isuzu Tel: 041 403 9111 www.isuzutrucks.co.za IVECO Tel: 011 205 3990 www.iveco.co.za MAN Truck and Bus Tel: 011 928 6800 www.man-sa.co.za

EQSTRA Holdings Limited Tel: 011 966 2000 www.eqstra.co.za

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Inputs
Tyres
1. Overview
South Africa produces most of the countrys agricultural tyre requirements. Some of the larger and more powerful tractors as well as certain specialised implements, usually imported, are fitted with unique tyre sizes and styles that are not manufactured locally. Some of these tyres and sizes are only available on special import or through the equipment supplier. Tyres manufactured here are done for a global market, exports going mainly to sub-Saharan Africa. Tyres can either cost you a lot of money through incorrect use and care, or they can help to reduce operating costs. Sound advice is vital in order to be able to contain costs. This is essential even at the time of selecting the correct tyre for the operation. Correct tyre pressures have to be recommended and then these have to be maintained. Injuries to tyres will occur, and it is necessary to have them repaired correctly. Dont take short cuts on tyres.

Local Manufacturers
Bridgestone South Africa Tel: 011 923 7600 www.bridgestone.co.za Continental Tyre SA Tel: 041 406 5111 www.continental.co.za Dunlop Tyres International (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 242 1111 www.dunloptyres.co.za Good Year Tel: 011 345 6700 www.goodyear.com

Tyre Dealers
Conti Partner Tel: 021 862 1797 www.contipartner.co.za Dunlop Accredited Dealers Tel: 080 033 5722 www.dad.co.za Hi-Q Tel: 011 917 3400 Maxiprest Tel: 011 387 2000 Tel: 012 719 8715 www.maxiprest.co.za Speedy Tyre and Exhaust Tel: 0861 773 339 (SPEEDY) www.speedy.co.za Supa Quick Auto Centres Tel: 011 836 2161/2/3 www.supaquick.co.za Tiger Wheel & Tyre Tel: 011 256 4000 www.tigerwheelandtyre.com Trentyre Tel: 0860 94 33 57 www.trentyre.co.za

Major Importers
Heavy Duty Tyres Tel: 011 394 4125 www.hdep.co.za Michelin Tel 011 579 0300 www.michelin.com Pirelli Tel: 011 541 4270 www.pirelli.com Tubestone Tel: 011 6081301 www.tubestone.co.za Yokohama Southern Africa Tel: 011 437 4600 www.yokohoma.co.za

2. Roleplayers
Associations
Retail Motor Association (RMI) Tyre Dealer and Fitment Association (TDAFA) Paul Britz (National Director) Tel: 011 886 6300 www.rmionline.co.za

Publications and websites

Southern Africa Treads Liana Shaw (Editor) Tel: 011 658 0011 satreads@mweb.co.za www.satreads.co.za

Each company involved see Represents tyre dealers and fitment following heading has a website centres and manuals, which are usually beefed up versions of what is on South African Bureau of their website. Standards (SABS) Standards Information Centre Other publications (usually Car enquiries: ones) carry tyre-related articles Tel: 012 428 6666 / 7911 every now and then. info@sabs.co.za www.sabs.co.za Tyre changing and repair The regulations pertaining to the equipment service conditions under which Pneumatic tyres may operate within Automotive Equipment South Africa are covered under the International (AEI) South African Bureau of Standards Tel: 011 474 7480 Data Book 1550 and its annexure. www.aei.co.za The leading specialist in Garage Equipment, involved in the supply and service of quality workshop equipment, lubrication equipment, wheel care equipment and tyre repair consumables. Branches This group represents the new in Johannesburg, Durban, Port tyre industry on matters relating to Elizabeth and Cape Town. WTO negotiations, tyre safety, and the environment. South African Tyre Manufacturers Association (SATMC) Tel: 011 791 1449 Fax: 0860 503 9880 SATRP Company T/A South African Tyre Recycling Process Company Tel: 011 792 0359 www.rubbersa.com (Association Incorporated under Section 21)

3. Radial Ply
Speed Symbol A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 B C D E F G Speed km/h 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 65 70 80 90 Imported tractors are normally fitted with Radial Ply tyres. These tyres are all marked with a Load Index and Speed Symbol on the sidewall. A copy of the table is to the left. However, these merely indicate the tyres maximum carrying capacity and speed at the maximum speed. When it comes to recommended tyre pressures, it would be advisable to either use the tyre pressures as recommended by the tractor manufacturer, or alternatively call in a tyre expert to recommend tyre pressures. This is particularly important when look at 4 wheel drive or Front Wheel Assist tractors.

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4. Useful notes
Checking tyre pressure
The best time to check tyre pressures is when theyre cold. Hot tyres build up pressure by about 20 per cent. Never deflate hot tyres. Always inflate your tyres to the vehicle or tyre manufacturers specifications. If you are setting out on a long journey, or carrying a heavy load, increase the pressure of each tyre by 30kPa. If you notice that a tyre requires repeated inflating, it could have a slow puncture, or the valve could be leaking. Ask your tyre dealer to inspect the tyre. Each tyre should always be fitted with a valve cap to stop dirt from entering the valve core, causing it to leak. NB Dont forget to check the pressure in the spare tyre.

Inputs
Undercover growing & hydroponics
1. Overview
Translated directly, hydroponics means plants working (growing) in water. The word hydroponic is derived from two Greek words: hydro meaning water, and ponos meaning labour. A modern definition of hydroponics: A system where plants are grown in a growing media or substrate other than natural soil. All the nutrients (6 macro- and 6 micro-elements) are dissolved in the irrigation water and are supplied at a regular basis to plants. It is the cultivation of plants in nutrient-rich solution rather than in soil. Hydroponics supplies the plant with what it needs, when it needs it. There is no genetic mutation that takes place inside the equipment nor are any mysterious wonder chemicals introduced to the plant roots. In hydroponics, water is used much more efficiently than in soil cultivation. In certain hydroponic closed systems (recirculation) probably as much as 50% less water is used, while in open systems (drain to waste) 20-30% water savings can be realised. Hydroponics can be incredibly sophisticated and requires good management. Hydroponics gives better and faster plant growth and potentially greater yields since the growth factors such as nutrients, temperature, humidity and light are closer to the plants exact needs. In some hydroponic environments you can grow the plants much more closely together than with conventional methods (provided there is sufficient light). This is because the plants do not make as large a root system as under conventional conditions since they dont have to go looking for food. The food comes to them. In South Africa, Hydroponic vegetable production is almost always done under protection (e.g. tunnels covered in special plastic and shade-cloth). Although Undercover is mostly seen as greenhouse and tunnel production, shade-cloth systems (where plants are grown mainly in soil but protected from harsh climate by the shade cloth) is also included in this category.

Under inflation
A correctly inflated tyre generates heat when moving - it is designed to do so. But an under inflated tyre can heat up to dangerous levels, causing the tyre components to separate. Under inflation increases shoulder-wear, resulting in heavier steering, which can cause your vehicle to become unstable when cornering, braking or accelerating. It also increases the vehicles rolling resistance, i.e. its ability to roll freely on the road, which will increase fuel consumption.

Over inflation
Over inflation causes premature wear on the centre of the tread, shortening the life of the tyre. Although advanced materials may be used that protect against tyre damage, rubber is particularly prone to absorbing oil, grease, fuel and other solvents, and is further degraded by exposure to heat and light. Therefore, tyres should be kept in a cool, clean and dark area, and away from other machinery such as motors, generators and welders as the ozone emitted by such equipment causes cracks in the rubber and, ultimately, failure of the tyre carcass. Similarly, wash any chemicals offthe tyres after using the tractor in spraying operations. For storing tyres mounted on rims, but not on machinery, reduce the pressure to ten psi and store vertically on the tread. Tyres off rims can be stacked evenly on their sidewalls, but never so high as to distort the bottom tyre. On a machine or implement in storage for extended periods, block up the vehicle to lift the tyres off the ground. If this is not possible, increase the standard tyre pressure by 25% to reduce deflection and move the vehicle periodically.
Source: adapted from an article by Goodyear w hich appeared in Pula-Imvula (a magazine put out by Grain SA ), January 2009. Sources: C ontinental Tyre SA and Dunlop

The difference between Hydroponics vegetable production and production in soil:

Hydroponics No soil is required. Field production Good topsoil is required. Good soil = good drainage, texture, organic material (e.g.compost), diseasefree. Nutrients must be added to soil. Unless a laboratory analysis is done, too much or too few nutrients can be added.

Thanks to Liana Shaw for feedback on the draft chapter

Nutrients are available at all times. Only water-soluble fertilisers are used. Hydroponics fertiliser formulations contain a balanced nutrient content, taking the plant species and growth stage, climate and water conditions into consideration. Soil borne controlled diseases can

be Soil borne diseases can build up in the soil. It is possible to produce organic vegetables in soil because one can use organic fertilisers such as compost and manure.

Hydroponic production is not organic because artificial nutrients are always used and plants are never grown in soil.

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2. Associations involved
Association for Intensive Plant Production Tel: 021 808 2965 / 4803 aipp@sun.ac.za East Coast Intensive Horticulture Tel: 033 343 8090 / 084 822 5051 Intensive Agriculture SA Tel: 021 808 4809 info@iasa.co.za www.iasa.co.za

Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publications available from the ARCs Institute of Agricultural Engineering: Low-cost shade net structure Development of an automatic rolldown shade-net for glasshouse compartments

6. Companies involved
Alnet Tel: 021 530 2400 www.alnet.co.za Amatola Tel: 043 732 1927 Biogrow Tel: 028 313 2054 www.biogrow.co.za Natural organic solutions Bimac International Tel: 011 462 9238 sales@bimac.co.za fabric novotex agro-crop cover Combustion Technology Tel: 011 452 5060 www.combustion.co.za Cyclone Greenhouses Tel: 012 205 1770 Cyclone@greenhouse.co.za DFM Software Tel/fax: 021 904 1154 www.dfmsoftware.co.za Dicla Farm & Seeds Tel: 011 662 1371 www.dicla.com Dynatrade SA Tel: 011 764 5416 www.dynatrade-sa.co.za Feed The People (FTP) Tel: 031 562 1110 www.ftp.org.za Flow Grow Hydroponics Tel: 031 776 3458 www.flowgrow.co.za Golden Age Consulting Tel: 084 941 3993 www.aae.co.za Greenhouse Technologies Tel: 011 613 3103 www.ghtech.co.za GreenZone Tel: 011 868 1141 www.greenzone.co.za Gundle API Tel: 011 813 2180 - plastics for greenhouses Hanna Instruments Tel: 011 615 6076 www.hannainst.co.za find the details for the Cape Town, Durban and Port Elizabeth branches on the website Haygrove Tunnels Tel: 021 859 1026 www.haygrove.com Hefer Construction Tel: 011 698 1686 / 1740 www.hefer.co.za Hygrotech SA Tel: 012 545 8000 www.hygrotech.com I&M Smith Tel 011 337 8740 greenhouse electrostatic sprayers John F Marshal Tel: 011 842 7100 www.johnfmarshall.co.za Kemira Grow How Tel: 031 910 5100 www.kkan.com Knittex Shadenetting Tel: 011 692 1658 knittex@mweb.co.za Landpak Agrishade Tel: 012 250 0120 www.internationalgroup.co.za Find the shade cloth menu option Marais, Gerard Tel: 011 803 4631 Consultant Mayford Seeds Tel: 011 548 2800 www.mayford.co.za Morningdew Farms Tel: 011 613 4266/7 www.mdf.co.za Munters Tel: 011 971 9700 / 997 2000 Netafim Greenhouse Tel: 021 987 0477 www.netafim.net Plaaskem Tel: 011 823 8000/19 www.plaaskem.co.za Plus Net Tel: 011 412 3954 nets@plusnet.co.za Rhino Plastics Tel: 041 451 3197 SAKATA Seeds Tel: 011 548 2800 www.mayford.co.za Silver Ponds Tel: 011 465 1072 Starke Ayres Tel: 021 534 3231 www.starkeayres.co.za Strange Ways Tel: 031 765 3255 Terratek Tel: 018 581 1000 www.suidwes.co.za Trempak Trading Tel: 011 452 3268 Tunnela Tunnels Tel: 012 335 6999 www.tunnelatunnels.co.za TunnelMan Tel: 083 633 6378 Fax: 015 293 1586 Vegtech 2000 Tel: 021 987 6980 www.vegtech.co.za Vermiculite Tel: 015 780 3770/04 www.palabora.com VERTI-GRO Tel: 031 767 2096 www.vertigro.com Wetwall Equipment Technologies Tel: 021 789 2308 temperature control of greenhouses WillGRO Tel: 076 824 3038/44 www.willgro.co.za Windell Hydroponics Tel: 021 448 6194 www.windell.co.za Windmaster Ventilation Tel: 011 452 8256 fans / ventilation

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Directorate: Food Safety & Quality Directorate: Plant Production Assurance Tel: 012 319 6079 Tel: 012 319 7306 www.DPP@daff.gov.za DFSQA@daff.gov.za

4. Training and research

Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products (ASNAPP) Tel: 021 808 2918 info@asnapp.org www.asnapp.org Dewcrisp Tel: 011 840 1600 Flori Horticultural Services Johannes Maree Tel: 082 564 1211 / 013 735 6883 johannesmaree@absamail.co.za

Specialist in hydroponics production systems and natural See Marees notes later in this plant development chapter. Some of the Agricultural Colleges present short course on hydroponics (find their contact details in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter). ARC-Vegetables and Ornamental Plants (VOPI) Tel: 012 841 9611 / 74 Gert Venter 083 635 6176 gventer@cis.co.za ejoubert@arc.agric.za Intensive Agriculture South Africa details under heading 2 Skills for Africa Tel: 012 379 4920 www.skillsafrica.co.za Stellenbosch University Department of Agronomy Tel. 021 808 4803 browne@sun.ac.za

University of the Free State Three courses are offered Lengau Agricultural centre Hydroponic (Basic), Hydroponic Tel: 051 443 8859 (Practical) and Hydroponic mcvdw@telkomsa.net Management Systems. Verti-Gro presents a course Central University of Practical hydroponics. Call Technology (CUT) 031 767 2096 or write to Tel: 051 507 3134 / 3113 rednjucy@iafrica.com

5. Websites and publications

IASA members have access to many technical publications on subjects relating to vegetable production. Find IASAs details under heading 2. Undercover Farming, a bi-monthly magazine, is for greenhouse, tunnel, shade net and hydroponics farmers. Call 012 804 5854 or visit www. undercoverfarming.co.za for more. Guide to Hydroponics Vegetable Production 2001 Editor: JG Niederwieser. Published by Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute. ISBN: 1-86849-196-X. Offenbach R. and Ethiel E. (2000) The contribution of washing the roofs of greenhouses in which peppers for export were cultivated. Gan sade Vameshek May 2000. Offenbach R. and Tzuberi Y. Washing the roofs of tomato greenhouses. Gan sade Vameshek May 2001. Miron Y., Amir R. (2000) The influence of coloured mulch on the cultivation of cucumbers in greenhouses. Gan sade Vameshek December 2000. Companies involved (see below) usually have publications and guides to growing crops undercover.

7. Local business environment

Production of flowers or vegetables, especially for the export market, is unthinkable without undercover growing. If produced in a climatecontrolled greenhouse, the producer can supply vegetables out of season when the price is good. Hydroponics is becoming a very important way to produce vegetables in South Africa because of the production potential, the high quality of the produce and the efficient water usage. Commercial scale hydroponics production is capital, labour and management intensive.

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Flowers offer by far the best opportunities for environmentally controlled farming, with roses, mini roses, chrysanthemums, carnations, gysophili, gerberas, asters, alstromeria, cymbidium and ferns all easily saleable between October and mid-April in Europe and the Far East. Prices for cut flowers such as mini roses and alstromeria are substantially higher in this period when Northern Hemisphere production is limited because of dull skies and the high cost of heating. Markets also exist for a range of vegetables, including peppers, courgettes and cherry tomatoes, but profits may be lower. In South Africa plants are grown in greenhouses to protect them against the strong UV radiation, to increase the humidity around plants, and to decrease to some extent the extreme minimum and maximum temperatures that can occur in a single day. The principal advantage of plastic tunnels is that they are significantly less expensive, but they do not offer climate control. Tunnels are often not warranted against high winds. Planting space in tunnels is less favourable than in greenhouses and the installation of climate control is very expensive and therefore not recommended for tunnels. The permanency and rigidity of an atmospheric controlled glasshouse provides excellent protection against temperature fluctuations and strong winds. A well constructed and erected greenhouse, with proper insect preventing netting, will drastically reduce the incidence of insects (making this pest more controllable). If the temperature and humidity are very high and ventilation and circulation is poor, incidence of diseases may occur though. Controlled environment farming is not cheap to introduce. Half a hectare would generally be the minimum viable size for cut flower only enterprises. Lack of finance has restricted the SA greenhouse industry, but there are sources other than local banks for farmers to get credit. There are a number of companies that assesses the suitability of developing world farming ventures for funding from European financiers. European financiers require projects that are practically and economically viable, run by people with the necessary technical and managerial expertise and that have guaranteed markets for their produce. Growers should have done some extensive planning before they consider contacting these companies. Potential growers must prepare a feasibility study, including a marketing plan, the projects running costs and projected cash flow for its first year and subsequent five-year period markets must also be already identified. Advantages of hydroponics vegetable production Hydroponically produced vegetables can be of high quality and need little washing. Soil preparation and weeding is reduced or eliminated. It is possible to produce very high yields of vegetables on a small area because an environment optimal for plant growth is created. All the nutrients and water that the plants need are available at all times. One does not need good soil to grow vegetables. Water is used efficiently. Pollution of soil with unused nutrients is greatly reduced Disadvantages of hydroponics Hydroponics production is management, capital and labour intensive. A high level of expertise is required. Daily attention is necessary. Specially formulated, soluble nutrients must always be used.
Source: Johannes Maree. C ontact him at johannesmaree@absamail.co.za

8. Closed and Open Systems

Many different hydroponic or soilless culture systems are in use today. In true hydroponics no medium is used, which is typically called liquid hydroponics compared to aggregate hydroponics in which a soilless medium is used. These mediums can be organic (sawdust, wood-shavings, wood chips, coco-peat, etc.) or inorganic materials (gravel, perlite, rockwool, vermiculite, etc.) Both liquid and aggregate hydroponics can be used in an open or closed production setup. In a closed system the excess nutrient solution (runoff) is recovered and reused. While in an open system the runoff is channelled away and not reused in the system. It is important to mention that in a closed system the reservoir is normally flushed once a week and a completely new batch of nutrient-rich water made up.

Advantages and disadvantages of closed and open systems

Open System 1. Initial capital outlay is less Closed System 1. Initial capital outlay is more because it needs more pipes, pumps, a water purification system and bigger reservoir 2. Use less water 3. Use less fertiliser

2. Use more water 3. Use more fertiliser

4. Less change of contaminated 4. Greater change of contamination nutrient rich solution. of nutrient rich solution 5. Less expense and capitalisation 5. Greater expense and capitalisation needed to sterilise nutrient rich needed to keep recycled nutrient solution rich solution sterile 6. Greater negative impact on 6. Less negative environment environment impact on

In South Africa two types of hydroponic systems are most often used. The most common system is the open bag culture system (or drain-to-waste system). In this production type, tomatoes, cucumbers and sweet peppers are produced in tunnels or multi-spam structures and grown in plastic bags or containers filled with media such as pine sawdust or Coco-peat. The second system is the closed gravel flow technique systema closed, gravel flow technique system (GFT). In GFT, vegetables such as lettuce and celery are produced in troughs filled with gravel, normally under shade-cloth.
Source: Johannes Maree. C ontact him at johannesmaree@absamail.co.za

9. Diseases and pests

Systems must be managed carefully. Factors like inadequate greenhouse management, poor facilities, poor plant material, untrained workers etc can lead to disease outbreaks. For a disease-causing organism or pathogen to be able to infect a plant and cause a disease, three conditions have to be optimal: The pathogen/insect has to be present in the stage that causes infection. The plant must be susceptible to infection. The environment must be conducive to allow infection to occur. This is known as the disease triangle. It is important for a producer to know what pests or diseases are likely to become a problem. Steps can then be taken to reduce the possibility of the pest or disease entering the greenhouse and gaining a foothold on the plants. Prevention is easier than cure! If you are uncertain about the identification of the disease or pest, contact an expert such as the Roodeplaat Diagnostic Centre - Tel: 012 841 9611 or the Stellenbosch University Plant Pathology Disease Clinic Tel: 021 808 4798. Only registered pesticides may be used to combat pests and diseases (Act 36/1947). These can be obtained at registered chemical distributors,

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nurseries and certain retail stores. The control chemical or pesticide will only be effective if the pest has been correctly identified, and if the pesticide has been applied correctly (mixing, spray technique, time of day etc). Important: Study the label carefully and apply the pesticide only as indicated on the label. Give attention to the safe use of chemicals and the protection of the person applying them. Make sure than pesticides do not occur on harvested products. All pesticides are poisonous.
Source: Johannes Maree. C ontact him at johannesmaree@absamail.co.za

Management skills: Production, labour, marketing, infra-structure Expertise in crop production, fertilisation and irrigation, pests and disease management Location: Infrastructure, labour, market, etc Financing: The amount needed depends on the size, type of greenhouse, labour cost and your market Dedication

Know the basics

To be able to produce vegetables successfully year after year, one needs to be familiar with the basics of Hydroponics that is: the plant, growth medium, water and nutrients. By relying on recipes only, one will not be able to identify the cause of a problem and you may not be able to correct them.

10. New farmer information

What do I need to start a Hydroponics production unit?
Garden units source of clean water the right location specially formulated fertiliser time to attend to the system daily a little knowledge of plants and gardening a commercial or home made unit

How do plants function?

Plants have only three types of organs: Leaves, roots and stems. Know what the organs look like and how they function so that you can deal with their needs.

Growth medium
Growth medium is the substitute for soil in Hydroponics systems. The functions of growth medium are: to provide the roots with O2 bring the water and dissolved nutrients in contact with roots anchor the plants so that they do not fall over Many different materials can be used as long as they provide the roots with O2, water and nutrients. In South Africa, gravel is popular in re-circulating systems, sawdust is the most popular for the open bag system / drain to waste system.

Commercial Water is the most important consideration. Quality, quantity and reliability A market. Know what, where and when to market your crop Hydroponics is labour intensive. During peak season, labour must be available for 7 days a week

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Water and nutrients

All the nutrients plants need are dissolved in water and they are supplied to plants every day. Macro elements (N; P; K; S; Ca) are needed in substantial amounts, whereas plants need very small amounts of micro elements (Fe; Zn; Mn; Mg; Cu; Co, Mg). It is necessary to use specially formulated fertilisers. Fertilisers used for Hydroponics are more pure (and expensive) than other fertilisers to prevent precipitation and blockages of the system.

Taking care of plants

Different crops are planted at different spacing. Small plants can be planted close to each other. Large plants need more space to grow and must be spaced further apart. Water flow must be checked every day and adjusted when necessary. If plants turn yellow, it is normally a symptom of nutrient deficiency, too little light or a disease. Inspect the leaves every day for disease symptoms and insects. Act immediately if a problem occurs. Harvesting Vegetables are perishable. The shelf life and quality depend on a chain of actions: Pick at the right stage without damage to the plant. Pick early in the morning or when it is cool. Keep picked vegetables out of the sun. Handle carefully. Store them at the right temperature (depends on crop). Use the right packaging (depends on crop and market). Transport with care.

Different hydroponics systems

Two different Hydroponics systems are used to produce vegetables: the gravel flow and the drain to waste system. In the drain to waste system, plants are grown in containers and nutrient solution is supplied to plants by means of a dripper, up to 12 times per day. The number of irrigation cycles per day depends on temperature and the growth stage of plants. The crops in the drain to waste system grow tall and need to be trained and pruned so that they grow upwards as a single stem. In the gravel flow system, the nutrient solution is re-circulated and the roots of the plants stand in a thin film of nutrient solution all the time. Gravel or sand is used most often as growth medium.

Source: Johannes Maree. C ontact him at johannesmaree@absamail.co.za

Which crops can be grown in a hydroponics system?

Any crop can be grown, but some will not be cost effective e.g. cabbages. Presently, what is popular in South Africa are tomatoes, cucumbers and peppers in a bag culture method with an open system drain to waste systems and lettuce and herbs in gravel flow systems.

11. Emerging farmer news

Timbali Technology Incubator is a Section 21 company, based in Nelspruit, Mpumalanga, South Africa. The Incubator is funded by STP (SEDA Technology Program) which facilitates the development of Business Technology Incubators in South Africa. Small scale farmers in Africa are entrenched in a cycle of inertia resulting in poverty due to limited access and are often excluded from formal markets. This barrier to entry is caused by factors, such as economy of scale, which tips the balance in favour of the larger farmers. Farming in general has further become more demanding, competitive, and knowledgeand-technology-intensive. To address the challenge of economy of scale, that causes an uncompetitive disadvantage to small scale farmers, Timbali established a Prototype TurnKey Agri-Cluster Development of 30 small scale farmers on 3,3 hectares of land. The farmers benefit from: shared infrastructure, bulk buying, shared services, collective marketing, branding and advertisement, and coordinated selling under the trade name AmaBlom. Timbali has thereby created an enabling environment where fledgling apprentice farmers have the opportunity to grow into independent, competitive Agri- Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs. This is achieved through mentorship, access to expertise, technology packaging, finance and markets. For more information, visit www.timbali.co.za or call 013 752 4247. Our thanks to Paddy de Vries for feedback and his edit of the draft chapter

Which crop should I grow?

Nobody can make the decision of which crop to grow for you. Every situation, every crop and every market has its own advantages, disadvantages and requirements. Important considerations are the market and the climate. The type of unit e.g. garden unit or commercial unit is also a factor in determining which crops to grow.

Which variety do I choose?

There are many vegetable varieties available. Some were developed specifically for commercial Hydroponics production in greenhouses. Local seed companies are able to recommend varieties that are widely adapted and easy to grow. For household units common garden varieties are recommended.

Seedlings
Seedlings can be purchased at nurseries, or you can produce them yourself. When buying seedlings, look for young plants; the roots must not be stuck to the walls of the seedling tray and must be white, not brown. Soil- and water-borne diseases can be transmitted through seedlings. Transplant only the strongest seedlings. Do not use seedlings that are too old and pot bound. To produce seedlings, follow instructions on seed packages.

Buying seed
Seed is available in small or large packages. Small packets are sold at nurseries, co-ops and retail stores and are suitable for garden and small-scale hydroponics units. Large packets, suitable for commercial scale production, are available from seed companies.

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Inputs
Use of animal power
1. Overview
In the previous edition, this chapter was titled Animal traction. We have enlarged the content to include transport, something which is central to agriculture and rural development. In 1990 the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) was formed to link animal traction specialists in the region. National animal traction networks were formed in several African countries. In 1993, the South African Network of Animal Traction (SANAT) was established with a view to promoting the use of working animals, along with the relevant research, development and training. At the same time, with the assistance of the National and Eastern Cape Departments of Agriculture, the Animal Traction Centre (ATC) at Fort Hare University in the Eastern Cape was established. This Centre was started with a view to providing a centre where training and research in animal traction could be conducted. In 1994 SANAT conducted a national animal traction survey throughout South Africa to assess the state of animal traction in South Africa and, in the long term, to improve small farmer productivity and to raise rural living standards through the use of animal power for transport and crop production. The survey revealed that throughout the rural communities of South Africa some 60% of the rural farmers were using animal power. It also revealed that animal power was being re-introduced on some large scale commercial farms to reduce the heavy mechanisation costs resulting from increases in fuel and machinery prices. Since 1994, SANAT and the ATC (where SANAT is currently based) have worked to expand the understanding and use of animal traction throughout the country, to provide training and conduct research in animal traction.

SANAT is currently assisting the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) in the preparation of a National Policy Document which will provide a strategy whereby animal traction and related issues can be managed both nationally and regionally. The Traction Centre (TC) at Fort Hare University, which incorporates the ATC, is recognised and supported financially by the Eastern Cape Department of Agriculture. A number of provincial departments of agriculture are supporting animal traction initiatives in their provinces.

3. Roleplayers
Afritrac Tel: 011 918 4698/9 Fax: 011 918 5983 mike@afritrac.co.za www.afritrac.co.za ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering Tel: 012 842 4000 Fax: 012 804 0753 simalengat@arc.agric.za The South African Network of Animal Traction (SANAT) Tel: 040 602 2125 Fax: 040 602 2488 sanat@ufh.ac.za Stellenbosch University Sustainability Institute Tel: 021 881 3196 Fax: 021 881 3294 www.sustainabilityinstitute.net

2. National and regional strategy

Department of Transport Integrated Implementation Support Tel: 012 309 3403 Fax: 012 309 3486 ronaldm@dot.gov.za The Department of Transport has allocated funding to the improvement and safety of donkey carts.

Research is being done in the use of Tracka-Trekka animal traction as a complimentary Tel: 083 442 4848 power source to agricultural www.tracka-trekka.com tractors. University of Fort Hare Donkey Power Traction Centre Tel: 015 517 7011 / 083 686 7539 Tel: 040 602 2125 asstute@lantic.net Fax: 040 602 2488 gmeikle@ufh.ac.za or Inttrac Trading ajoubert@ufh.ac.za Tel: 016 365 5799 inttrac@cyberserv.co.za University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science National Council of SPCAs Tel: 012 529 8000 Farm Animal Unit Fax: 012 529 8300 Tel: 011 907 3590/1/2 Yokes for Africa Rudcon Engineering Tel: 072 185 9381 Tel: 016 422 1013/3827 prinsloo@lantic.net

4. Websites and publications

Find the following Info Paks on www.daff.gov.za: Care and use of working donkeys (isiXhosa, isiZulu, seSotho) Developing agriculture with animal traction The Golovan cart

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Call 040 602 2125 or write to sanat@ufh.ac.za for the following publications: Animal Traction In South Africa, Empowering Rural Communities, compiled and edited by Paul Starkey. Improving Animal Traction Technology, Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA), Paul Starkey, Emmanuel Mwenya and John Stares (editors). Meeting the challenges of Animal Traction, Animal Traction network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA), Paul Starkey and Pascal Kaumbutho (editors). Animal Traction in Development, South African Network of Animal Traction (SANAT), Timothy Simalenga and Bruce Joubert (editors). Conservation Tillage with Animal Traction, Animals Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA),PG Kaumbutho and TE Simalenga (editors). Empowering Farmers with Animal Traction, Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa ATNESA, PASCAL Kaumbutho, Anne Pearson and Timothy Simalenga (editors). Developing Agriculture with Animal Traction. TE Simalenga and ADB Joubert. Published by Department of Agriculture, South Africa. Harnessing and hitching donkeys, horses and mules for work. RA Pearson, TE Simalenga and R Krecek. University of Edinburgh. ISBN 0-90714615-7 Using Cows for work. TE Simalenga and RA Pearson. University of Edinburgh. ISBN 0-907146-15-5 Empowering Farmers with Animal Traction. PG Kaumbutho, A Pearson and TE Simalenga (editors) A Resource Book of Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA). Harare. Zimbabwe ISBN No 0-907146-10-4 Conservation tillage with animal traction. PG Kaumbutho and TE Simalenga (editors). ATNESA resource book. The ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering has a few publications of relevance here. Call 012 842 4000 or write to stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following: Yokes for animal traction (also available in Afrikaans) Animal traction implements Find information on ATNESA and SANAT at www.ATNESA.org.

Animal power is particularly relevant to subsistence farmers. Most subsistence farmers work small pieces of land which are difficult to manage with conventional tractor-drawn ploughs, harrows, planters and cultivators. Such equipment is usually too expensive for these farmers to purchase, and they have to hire from local contractors who thereby dictate when critical operations such as planting can take place. On the other hand, when more sustainable cost-effective crop production systems such as Conservation Agriculture are utilised, farmers can afford to purchase the animals needed. They can utilise implements already available or borrow from neighbours. Conversely, especially when more sustainable cost-effective crop production systems such as Conservation Agriculture are utilised, farmers can afford to purchase the few animals needed and can utilise implements already available on the farm or which can be readily borrowed from neighbours. Many subsistence farmers are women who are helped by children. Donkeys (easier to handle for women and children) and smaller light weight equipment is needed for this type of farming. Such equipment has been and is still being developed and is becoming available to subsistence farmers in South Africa. Inputs are readily available countrywide, especially for ox- or cow-drawn harnessing and crop production equipment. Manufacturer/distributors such as Afritrac and INTTRAC (find contact numbers under heading 3) can be contacted to find nearby suppliers.

6. International business environment

SANAT is an affiliated member of ATNESA and has benefited from this international network, which has enabled South Africa to network and link up with all the countries which are still using or have reverted to animal traction. Animal Traction or Draught Animal Power as it is sometimes referred to has played a most important role in the development of humankind. It has been replaced by fossil fuel powered engines and machines, which are in most cases less cost-effective and environment-friendly than Animal Power. Animal Power is still used on a large scale in many third world countries throughout the world and is beginning to make a comeback in many first world countries as well. In the United States of America, Animal Traction is used in particular by the Amish people as a major power source for their agriculture and transport. In the United Kingdom, Europe and Canada Animal Traction is used more as a hobby but some areas have seen an increase in the use of animal traction, notably in the forestry industry and for cartage over short distances e.g. on-farm, milk delivery.
We are indebted to Bruce Joubert for his information and assistance with this chapter. Thanks are also owed to the number of people who also gave feedback on the draft chapter, including Prof Tim Simalenga, Dr Peta Jones and Richard Fowler.

5. Animal traction and agriculture

A few commercial farmers in South Africa are using animal traction to supplement their tractor operations and reduce operating costs. Typical activities are transporting of farming inputs, produce and fodder; spreading fertiliser and manure; and weeds control. Animal power has a potentially important role to play in the development of emerging farmers entering commercial agriculture. The initial capital investment is about one third what it would be if tractor-powered mechanisation were used. Animals present a much lower investment risk, while the running costs are likewise much lower. Instead of depreciating with time and use, the use of cows for the short periods when traction is required (especially in crop production) can result in alternative sources of income in the form of calves and milk. Equally, the use of donkeys provides additional savings or income from the transport of goods and water. This enables the emerging farmer to compete on the open market with largescale commercial farmers.

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Inputs
Water storage
1. Overview
Legal requirements before building a dam are listed in this chapter as well as on the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) website. All the required documents and forms can be downloaded from that website. Contact details of relevant government departments are given in this chapter, as well as the details of companies involved in water storage. Information on the daily and weekly flow into the major dams can be found on www.dwaf.gov.za/hydrology. Details of International, African and South African umbrella groups and roleplayers can be found on the Water Information Network website, www.win-sa.org.za.

JoJo Tanks Tel: 013 262 3021 www.jojotanks.co.za Water tanks LandMech Tel: 0860 472 337 www.landmech.co.za MBB Services International Tel: 021 887 1026 www.mbb.co.za Poly Aqua Linings Tel: 0800 203 257 / 083 442 4600 www.polypools.co.za

Quick Pools Tel: 015 293 2333/4/5 www.quickpools.co.za Rainbow Reservoirs Tel: 015 297 7640 www.rainbow-reservoirs.co.za Techno Marketing Tel: 021 852 8259 / 082 771 5818 Wilcote Tel: 032 942 2022/33 www.wilcote.co.za

4. Websites and publications

Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publications, available from the ARC in Silverton (these publications are also available in Afrikaans): Earth Dams Manual for the building of circular reservoirs Affordable round dam for farms: a do-it-yourself manual Find relevant statistics and information on www.wrc.org.za, the website of the Water Research Commission.

2. National Water Resource Strategy

Department of Water Affairs (DWA) www.dwaf.gov.za Written permission or a Water Use License must be obtained from the regional offices. Contact details can be found on www.dwa.gov.za (take the contact us and Regional Offices options) or in the general water chapter of this directory. Other menu options on www.dwa.gov.za relevant to this chapter include Dams, flows and floods, Dam Safety Office and Water Use Licensing & Registration. Additional information regarding national norms and standards on water storage for irrigation purposes can also be obtained from the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Directorate: Water Use and irrigation Development Ms Mary-Jean Gabriel Tel: 012 319 8567 DWUID@daff.gov.za

5. Legal requirements before constructing new dams, altering existing dams or repairing dams that failed
There are three legal requirements that must be met before a person may construct, alter or repair a dam, namely Entitlement to Water Use, Dam Safety Regulations and Environmental Legislation.

Entitlement to water use (Chapter 4 of the National Water Act, 1998)

A Water Use Licence or written authorisation must be obtained from the Regional Director of the relevant region. An extensive guideline named Water Use Authorisation Application Process describes this process in detail. Since the acquisition of a new licence for the storage of water takes a considerable time, it is advisable to apply for such a licence as early as possible. Furthermore, the dam safety licence will not be issued for any dam before the Water Use Licence is approved by the Department. In the case of dams that failed, existing lawful water use (subject to verification) will normally be acknowledged but it is essential that confirmation is obtained in writing from the Regional Director.
The contact information for the relevant Regional Offices can be found in the Water chapter in this directory, or at www.dwaf.gov.za/contactRegions.asp

3. Companies involved
ALS Agri Hire Tel: 034 341 1636 www.alsgroup.co.za Amatola Tel: 043 732 1633 amairri@telkomsa.net Circa-Flow Reservoirs (Pty) Ltd Tel: 056 212 1956 Darachem Industries Tel: 011 892 2917 www.darachem.co.za Dam seals

They design, erect and install weirs, dams, pipelines etc Duys Tanks Tel: 011 769 2738 Aquadam Tel: 012 810 0940 Erichsen Konstruksie RSA www.aquadam.co.za Tel: 056 212 1956 marie@waterinfra.co.za Aquatan Tel: 011 974 5271 Flexi Linings www.aquatan.co.za Tel: 011 334 7492 Atlas Plastics Tel: 018 469 1201 www.atlasplastics.co.za Buster Tel: 034 393 1188 / 082 928 1492 Dam scrapers Hydrex Waterstorage Tel: 011 440 4472 www.hydrex.co.za Hydrotek International Tel: 011 974 5715 www.hydrotek.co.za

Requirements in terms of dam safety legislation (Chapter 12 of the National Water Act, 1998)
All relevant forms and contact details can be downloaded from www.dwaf.gov.za take the Dam Safety Office menu option.

The first step is to apply for classification of the dam on form DW 692E if the wall height exceeds 5,0 m and if the storage capacity exceeds 50 000 m3. The Department will then inform the applicant of the classification of the dam and of further procedures. If the dam is classified as a category I dam, apply for a licence to construct on form DW 694E and submit construction drawings. (Construction may only commence after the licence to construct has been issued).

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If the dam is classified as a category II or III dam, the services of an approved professional person/engineer (APP) must be obtained. The APP must apply for a licence to construct on behalf of the dam owner (this involves the submission of an application form, design report, engineering drawings and construction specifications). (Construction may only commence after the licence to construct has been issued). The APP must also ensure that an adequate quality control programme is in place during the construction period. Before starting with storage of water, the APP must apply for a licence to impound (this involves the submission of an operation and maintenance manual and emergency preparedness plan together with an application form DW 696E). After completion of all construction work, the APP must submit a completion report, completion drawings and a completion certificate stating that the work has been completed according to his/her specifications. On completion, the dam must be registered on form DW 693E.

Inputs
4x4s and other vehicles
1. Associations involved
Automobile Association (AA) Tel: 083 843 22 www.aa.co.za Automotive Industry Export Council www.aiec.co.za Civil Aviation Authority Tel: 011 545 1000 www.caa.co.za Regulates aviation in South Africa. Provides official information for the aviation industry. Commercial Aviation Association of South Africa Tel: 011 659 2345 www.caasa.co.za Find the link to affiliate associations e.g. Airports & Aerodromes Association of Southern Africa, the Helicopter Association of Southern Africa etc. Motor Industry Bargaining Council Tel: 011 369 7750 www.mibco.org.za Motor Industry Development Council (MIDC) Tel: 012 564 5245 resolution forum for the South African Motor Industry and its customers National Association of Automotive Component & Allied Manufactures (NAACAM) Tel: 011 392 4060 / 5748 www.naacam.co.za National Association of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa (NAAMSA) Tel: 012 323 2980 www.naamsa.co.za National Automobile Dealers Association (NADA) Tel: 011 789 2542/3 NADA is a constituent association of the broader retail motor industry organisation Retail Motor Industry Organisation (RMI) Tel: 011 886 6300 www.rmi.org.za South African Motor Body Repairers Association (SAMBRA) Tel: 021 939 9440

Requirements in terms of environmental legislation

The provisions and regulations of Government Notices GN 385, GN 386 and GN 387, dated 21 April 2006, promulgated in terms of sections 24, 24D and 24[5], read with section 44 of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998) regarding control over activities which may have a detrimental effect on the environment, must be complied with. Normally it will be required that an environmental impact assessment (EIA) must be carried out before construction of a new dam or raising/reconstruction of an existing dam will be authorised. Written authorisation must be obtained from the relevant provincial government department before commencing with the project.

6. Legal requirements for existing dams

Entitlement to water use
Section 21(b) of the National Water Act, 1998 (Act 36 of 1998) defines storage of water as a water use. If more than 10 000 m3 of water is stored or in case a dam has a full supply surface area of more than 1,0 hectare, then that water use must be registered on a form that will be supplied by the Regional Director for this purpose. However, in some Water Management Areas the general authorisation does not allow any dam, irrespective of size, outside the licensing procedure and in those areas all dams must be registered. Please contact the relevant Regional Office for information in this regard.

Requirements in terms of dam safety legislation

All dams with a safety risk (a dam with a wall height exceeding 5,0 m and with the storage capacity exceeding 50 000 m3) must be registered on form DW 693E. The Department must be notified of any changes of particulars (dam owner, address, telephone numbers, person in control, etc.) The dam must be operated and maintained in a responsible manner. Basically this requires that the owner, or the person appointed by the owner, will visit and inspect the dam on a regular (at least weekly) basis. Maintenance work must be done regularly. In the case of unsafe conditions, emergency procedures and safety measures must be taken and the Department informed about it. The dam owner must arrange for the execution of a formal dam safety inspection when instructed to do so by the Department (at intervals between 5 and 10 years). In the case of category II and III dams the inspection must be done by an APP . In the case of category I dams it is not prescribed by whom the inspection must be done but it is in the owners interest to appoint an experienced person to perform this task. If necessary, the inspection report will indicate what work should be done to upgrade the dam to acceptable safety standards.

Southern African Vehicle The Motor Industry Ombudsman Rental and Leasing Association of South Africa (see www.miosa. (SAVRALA) www.savrala.co.za co.za) is the independent dispute

Source: www.dwa.gov.za. Our thanks to Francois van der Merwe and Jan Nortje of DWA for feedback on the draft chapter.

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2. Websites and publications

CAR Magazine Tel: 011 301 4447 www.cartoday.com. They also have booklets and technical booklets e.g. 4x4, Auto Africa and Techno Burst. Leisure Wheels the adventure motoring magazine. Tel: 011 704 3046. www.leisurewheels.com Truck and Trailer Tel: 011 888 6686 www.truckandtrailer.co.za. They publish a photo-concept magazine for commercial vehicles (which includes agricultural equipment). Subscribe to the weekly newsletter from www.motormag.co.za, South Africas first motor magazine online! Find the Automotive pages on www.mbendi.co.za (take the Industries option). Overviews, news and events are captured. www.naamsa.co.za the website of the National Association of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa. News, statistics and initiatives within the industry may be found here, including month-bymonth national sales. www.car.co.za for updates on motoring, motorsport and motoring services (including insurance, car-hire and a newsletter) www.autotrader.co.za The South African Automotive Yearbook and Industry Database is the authoritative guide to the industry in South Africa. The book can be ordered online: www.mbendi.co.za - select Automotive yearbook menu option. Agricultural publications like Landbouweekblad and Farmers Weekly carry articles about bakkies, cars and other vehicles.

4. ATVs and Others

Some companies listed under heading 3 also supply quad bikes and motorcycles. See www.honda.co.za

Adendorff Machinery Mart Tel: 011 683 8360 www.tooltime.co.za Motorcycles supplied and quads

Quadmaster Tel: 033 330 6247 www.quadmaster.co.za also Rhino Tralies Tel: 051 448 4842 Rails (tralies) for bakkies Savannah Africa Tel: 043 732 1321 www.savannahac.co.za the bakkie of the sky Rambo see Work Horse Rotor Ops Tel: 079 697 3931 www.rotorops.co.za Helicopter charter and pilot recruiting services

Dicla Tel: 011 662 1371/63 Battery Power Tel: 021 852 5493 www.batterypower.co.za Sit and ride vehicles for kids GROGRO Tel: 012 348 3006 www.grogro.co.za Jetrunner Tel: 084 604 3815 www.batterypower.co.za

3. 4x4s, bakkies and motor vehicles

Audi www.audi.co.za BMW South Africa www.bmw.co.za Chevrolet www.chevrolet.co.za Colt www.mitsubishi-motors.co.za Fiat www.fiat.co.za Ford www.ford.com OR www.ford.co.za GWM www.gwm.co.za Honda www.honda.co.za Hyundai www.hyundai.co.za Isuzu www.isuzu.co.za OR www.delta.co.za Kia Motors www.kia.co.za Land Rover www.landrover.co.za Lexus www.lexus.co.za Mazda www.mazda.co.za Mercedes Benz www.daimlerchrysler.co.za Nissan www.nissan.co.za Opel www.opel.co.za OR www.delta.co.za Proton Cars South Africa www.protoncars.co.za Suzuki Auto South Africa www.suzukiauto.co.za Toyota www.toyota.co.za Volkswagen www.vw.co.za

Battery powered quads, bikes, Sifort scooters, golf trolleys etc Tel: 012 667 2586 www.sifort.co.za Muck Truck Tel: 016 423 2484 / 082 506 9872 Awnings for trucks and trailers www.mucktrucksa.com SMM Steel Top Built for rugged outdoor life Tel: 011 787 0014 steeltop@telkomsa.net Nigel Plen (Pty) Limited Tel: 011 730 3400 Work Horse and Rambo Tel/fax: 012 348 3006 Ride-on Lawnmowers and other as Cell: 082 801 4676 well as spares

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Livestock
Animal Improvement and Breeders
1. Overview
The registration of animals maintains the interest in specific breeds, and also leads to a pursuit of excellence i.e. to get top performance from the animal. There is a vast difference between performances of the two groups within most breeds where registered animals outperform non-registered animals. There is also a vast price difference between them. The breed is thus promoted, and the breeder obtains maximum return on his investment. The first objective of the registration of animals is a guarantee to the buyer that the particular animal is authentic in terms of breed, breeding, breeder, performance, breeding values etc. Other objectives include breed improvement and limiting of inbreeding. The farmer who breeds with unregistered animals of a particular breed is not regarded as a bona fide breeder but as a commercial one. The Breeders Societies are a vital part of Organised Agriculture. Registered animals around the world are also known as Seedstock,Stud-, Pedigree- and Pure-bred animals. With the infrastructure breed societies have, it is easy and straightforward to register animals. SOME CONCEPTS: Artificial insemination (AI) is the placement of sperm into a female reproductive tract by other than natural means. The use of AI is a very cost effective way to speed up genetic improvement because it allows the use of superior male animals to be propagated very easily and quickly. Embryo transfer is the process of removing embryos from a superior cow and placing them in a surrogate cow where they develop into a calf. Like AI, embryo transfer is a very cost effective way to speed up genetic improvement. In this instance the genetics of a superior female animal can be propagated. Cloning uses specialised DNA technology to produce multiple, exact copies of a single animal. The first calf was cloned in South Africa in 2003. It is envisaged that cloning will become a cost effective way to speed up genetic improvement as exact replicas of superior animals can be produced.

Livestock Registering Federation (LRF) Tel: 051 446 0456 The Livestock Registering Federation is an association of Breeders Society and includes many of the larger breed Societies in South Africa and the Namibian Stud Breeders Association in their membership. In South Africa these societies administer and issue the registrations for their own breeds of cattle and are known as Independent Registering Authorities (IRA). The principal business and purpose of the Livestock Registering Federation is to unite, promote and protect its members acting as Independent Registration Authorities (Animal Improvement Act 62 of 1998), into an affiliated federation. Most IRAs use the BREEDPLAN animal recording system (see heading 7). Membership and animal details can be found at www.breedplan.co.za. The South African Societies include the: 1. Brahman Cattle Breeders Society of SA 2. Brangus Society of SA 3. Limousin Cattle Breeders Society of SA 4. SA Braford Society of SA 5. SA Holstein 6. Santa Gertrudis SA 7. Simmentaler/Simbra Cattle Breeders Society of SA SA Semen and Embryo Group (SAVSEG) C/o Dr R de la Rey Tel: 012 250 2359
For details of Breeder Societies, see the Cattle, Sheep etc headings later in this chapter

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Directorate: Animal and Aqua Production Tel: 012 319 7493 DAAP@daff.gov.za The Registrar Tel: 012 319 7424 / 33 joelm@daff.gov.za The above directorate is responsible for the evaluation of new breeds and the regulation of the activities of breed societies and registration authorities. Application forms to register for the above can be found at www.daff.gov.za. Regulations pertaining to Animal Improvement are published in the Animal Improvement Act, 1998 (Act 62 of 1998). The Department also co-ordinates local and regional activities relating to the conservation and sustainable use of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture.

2. Associations involved
SA Stud Book and Animal Improvement Association Tel: 051 410 0900 www.studbook.co.za SA Stud Book is an association of 63 Breeders Societies (various breeds and species). Studbook and the ARC Livestock Business Division use the INTERGIS system (see heading 7) for their animal recordings. The objectives of SA Stud Book are to: assist these Breeder Societies to achieve their respective objectives; safeguard and advance the collective interests of stud breeders and their breeders societies; act as a mouthpiece for the stud breeding industry; promote the export of animals with credible pedigrees, registered or recorded with the Association of semen or embryos begotten from animals thus registered or recorded; render technical and advisory services to breeders societies and their members; act as a breeders society in respect of breeds of animals for which no breeders society exists.

4. Training and research

ARC-Livestock Business Division Tel: 012 672 9111 www.arc.agric.za AI courses are offered by the ARC-Livestock Business Division. Find details of the Universities, the Universities of Technology and the Agricultural Colleges in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Animal breeding is covered in degrees and diplomas. Some short courses are also offered. The School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences at the Central University of Technology (Bloemfontein), for example, offers the following short courses: Santa Gertrudis Judging Course; Dorper Judging Course; Artificial Insemination (Cattle); Simbra Judging Course; Dohne Merino course.

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The University of the Free State runs the post graduate school of animal breeding. This is a body that represents the tuition of post graduate studies in Animal Breeding in South Africa. Specific departments involved here are: Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences Tel: 051 401 2427 neserfw@ufs.ac.za Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Tel: 051 401 2163 GroeneI@ufs.ac.za

Dairy Agrimelk Tel: 012 365 2683 www.softwarefarm.co.za DIMSSA Tel: 051 447 9123 www.dimssa.co.za Milkfriend Cell: 082 555 5054 www.milkfriend.co.za Plan-a-head Dairy Tel: 033 342 7888 www.planahead.co.za Triomelk Tel: 012 376 4180 www.saboer.co.za Equine Equimaster Tel: 012 667 5258 Fax: 012 667 5259 www.agribsa.co.za

Beef Agribeef Tel: 012 365 2683 www.softwarefarm.co.za Beefpro Tel: 012 672 9145 Cell: 082 801 2026 www.beefpro.net HerdMASTER Tel: 012 667 5258 www.agribsa.co.za Plan-a-head Beef Tel: 033 342 7888 www.planahead.co.za Studmaster Tel: 0861-101-525 www.studmaster.com Triobees Tel: 012 376 4180 www.saboer.co.za

Most universities which offer agricultural degrees do research in animal breeding. National and Provincial Departments of Agriculture also have an involvement in this regard. Some of the companies involved offer some training as part of their packages e.g. herd management and performance recording by BREEDPLAN, AI courses by Kanhym and Taurus. The LRF-BREEDPLAN Stockmans School is held annually at Aldam resort during the month of October. Leading national and international speakers discuss the very latest production techniques, market trends, management systems and the latest research to produce better and more efficient cattle. Further details can be found on the LRF website (www.lrf. co.za) or the BREEDPLAN website (www.breedplan.co.za) or by contacting 051 446 0455 (secretariat) or 012 667 5258 (BREEDPLAN).

5. Websites and publications

Many Breeders Societies in South Africa publish an annual journal. Contact the respective Societies for further information. The SA Stud Book website, www.studbook.co.za, has much information and is worth a visit. Furthermore, two publications are available. SA Stud Breeder, a bilingual quarterly magazine published by the SA Studbook and Animal Improvement Association, has articles written by scientists and leaders in the field of livestock and covers topics such as animal health, feeding and nutrition, identification, pastures as well as farmed wildlife under the concept of sustainable agriculture. SA Livestock Breeding is a publication with chapters on all breeds and relevant structures in the industry. BREEDPLAN and the National Beef Cattle Improvement Scheme (INTERGIS) have publications, updating the market. The www.breedplan.co.za website has many tip sheets and articles on their website on performance recording. Details of Societies in most beef and sheep counties in the world are listed. The BREEDPLAN websites currently receive over 3 Million page impressions per month. Beef News is a publication done by Taurus twice annually. www.agriwiki.co.za has information on the different animal breeds. The International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR) website is www.icar.org

Artificial Insemination/Embryos
ABS South Africa Mr MC Steyn 082 809 2999 ARC-Livestock Business Division Tel: 012 672 9111 www.arc.agric.za Ramsem Tel: 051 441 7913/4 www.ramsem.com Semark Tel/fax: 033 234 4382 Cell: 083 630 4124 tim@semark.co.za

The Animal Genetics and Biotechnology and the Animal Semex Southern Africa Recording and Improvement units Tel: 021 905 0225 www.semex.co.za are both relevant to this chapter. Brakfontein Embryo Centre Tel: 046 685 0519 www.dohnemerino.org/ brakfontein BREEDPLAN SA Tel: 012 667 5258 www.agribsa.co.za Embryo Plus Tel: 012 250 2359 www.embryoplus.com GAI (Genetic Actions International CC) / Genimex Tel: 012 667 1012 www.newzealandgenetics.com INTERGIS Tel: 012 672 9064 www.studbook.co.za/intergis Kanhym Estates Tel: 014 577 4558 Cell: 082 805 6803 www.kanhym.co.za Taurus Tel: 012 667 1122/8 www.taurus.co.za VRIESIT Veterninary Andrology Laboratories Tel: 012 547 0446 www.vriesit.com W Pringle Export Holdings Tel: 021 557 0606 Fax: 021 557 6522 Walloon Animal Genetics Tel: 031 303 2840 belcondbn@icon.co.za World Wide Sires South Africa Tel: 021 557 0606 johannes@wwsires.co.za www.wwsires.co.za Zais International (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 768 4264 Fax: 011 768 4265

6. Companies involved
Software programmes
Many on-farm software programmes applicable to animal breeding are available for producers. Many combine the functionality of herd management with on-farm recording. Some of the programmes listed have selection decision aids. Small stock and poultry Eggs2000 Gallus TM C/o ARC-LBD Tel: 012 672 9068 HerdMASTER Tel: 012 667 5258 www.agribsa.co.za Pig Pro Tel: 017 819 3027 / 8 Cell: 082 900 5915 www.planahead.co.za Plan-a-head pig Tel: 033 342 7888 www.planahead.co.za Shepherd Tel: 049 842 1113 http://Gadi.agric.za Studmaster Tel: 0861-101-525 www.studmaster.com

Exporting/importing
There are procedures and protocols applicable here. For further information contact the Registrar of Animal Improvement / Directorate Animal Health. A number of companies operate as Export / Import agents. Two examples are:

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Veterinary Import-Export Authority CC Tel: 012 361 3116 Fax: 012 348 2644 They provide a consulting service pertaining to the international movement of animals and animal products. An inspection service is offered. They compile the documents, take these through the various departments.

Buiatrica Farming SA Tel/fax: 012 667 2548 caio@mweb.co.za

National Recording Scheme

The Agricultural Research Council (ARC) runs the National Recording Schemes for beef, smallstock, pigs, poultry and dairy cattle. A performance scheme for developing farmers has also been established. These schemes use the INTERGIS as the data platform. The INTERGIS integrates registration and performance data. Find Livestock Schemes on www.arc.agric.za.

BREEDPLAN
A number of the Societies in South Africa use the international BREEDPLAN recording system. BREEDPLAN is used by over 100 Breed Societies or corporates that offer Stud Book services in 15 countries. It has over 60 000 member producers and routinely does across-country evaluations. Further details of the system can be found at the www.agribsa.co.za website. The Namibian Stud Breeders Association (NSBA) uses the BREEDPLAN system as its National Registration and Recording system. Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs) allow animals of all species that are performance recorded to be fairly compared to one another regardless of herd of origin, year of birth, sex or season. EBVs are the basis of most performance recording systems. BREEDPLAN also provides Rand Index values where EBVs are combined into a single figure that meets specific market requirements for a particular animal.

Other
Agri-Expo Tel: 021 975 4440 www.agriexpo.co.za Agri-Expo supports Breeder Societies by presentation of championships.

7. Breeds and Breeder Societies

A Breeders Society may be formed if members of a particular breed wish to form such a society. The application forms can be obtained from the registrar at the National Department of Agriculture. Breed societies exist for most breeds of animals. The objectives of most societies are to: promote and develop their breed; offer various services to their members; improve the national herd in the country. The Animal Improvement Act of 1998 allows societies to issue their own registration certificates if they so wish. These societies act as their own registering authorities. The SA Stud Book is a registration authority providing registration and secretarial services on behalf of many different breed societies. Registration certificates certify that an animal is a stud animal and is issued on behalf of the Breeders Society. These certificates are intended to be a guarantee that the animal has met certain requirements as laid down by the society and registering authority. A list of registered breed societies with their contact details is given under relevant headings later in this chapter. Lists may also be found at the following websites: www.studbook.co.za www.agribsa.co.za www.taurus.co.za

8. Cattle
Beef breeds:
Afrigus Club Tel: 051 447 9849 Fax: 051 447 2378 Afrikaner Cattle Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 447 7405 www.afrikanercattle.com Afrisim (c/o the Afrikaner Cattle Breeders Society of SA) Charl van Rooyen 082 575 6370 Angus Society of SA Tel: 051 447 9849 www.angus.org.za Beefmaster Cattle Breeders Society of SA Tel: 086 111 3144 www.beefmastersa.co.za Bonsmara Cattle Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 448 6084/5 info@bonsmara.co.za Charolais Cattle Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 410 0900 charolais@studbook.co.za Dexter Cattle Breeders Society of SA Tel: 082 878 9723 dextersociety2@gmail.com Drakensberger Cattle Breeders Society Tel: 017 735 5056/8 www.drakensbergers.co.za Gelbvieh Cattle Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 410 0952 gelbvieh@studbook.co.za Hugenoot SA Tel: 014 755 4102 hugenootsa@spiderconnect.co.za

Performance recording
Performance recording entails the measuring of traits that affects the profitability of the animal and ultimately the breed. Different breeds measure different attributes based on what is considered important to that breed. Members of cattle breed societies usually measure attributes such as reproduction, growth, carcass and functional efficiency. Merino breeders would for example measure additional traits such as fibre diameter and fleece weight. Performance recording occurs at different levels. There are a number of privately run schemes whereby producers form groups to promote the interests of the group and measure certain traits that are of interest to the group. In general, breeders in a district will form a club. Superior animals are then selected from within a grouping of animals that are usually run under similar environmental conditions.

Recording schemes administered by societies themselves

Many of the societies in South Africa administer their own performance recording schemes. Examples include the Dohne Merino society, most of the equine societies and many beef cattle societies.

Limousin Cattle Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 444 5082 Boran Cattle Breeders Society info@limousinsa.co.za of SA Nguni Cattle Breeders Society Tel: 051 410 0951 Tel: 051 448 7302/3 elna@studbook.co.za izak@studbook.co.za www.ngunicattle.info Brahman Cattle Breeders Society of SA Pinzgauer Cattle Breeders Tel: 051 448 0603 Society of SA info@brahman.co.za Tel: 051 410 0952 www.brahman.co.za pinz@studbook.co.za Brangus Cattle Breeders Red Poll Cattle Breeders Society of SA Society of SA Tel: 051 444 1144 Tel: 012 673 7492 / 082 857 3980 info@brangus.org.za redpoll@wam.co.za www.brangus.org.za www.redpollsa.com Braunvieh SA Romagnola Tel: 051 410 0950 Tel: 041 576 1014 Fax: 051 430 4352 www.romagnola.co.za www.braunviehsa.co.za

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SA Braford Breeders Society Tel: 051 448 0603 sonja@brahman.co.za www.bradford.org.za SA Hereford Breeders Society Tel: 051 410 0958 hereford@studbook.co.za SA Senepol Club Tel: 082 449 9863 calcrete@wam.co.za Sanganers Tel: 051 447 2678 Fax: 051 448 8404 Santa Gertrudis SA Tel: 051 444 0418 santagertrudis@telkomsa.net Shorthorn Society of SA Tel: 041 581 3056 Fax: 041 581 3056 agritise@axemail.co.za

Simmentaler/Simbra Cattle Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 446 0580 / 2 info@simmentaler.org / info@simbra.org www.simmentaler.org www.simbra.org South Devon Cattle Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 410 0950 sdevon@studbook.co.za Sussex Cattle Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 447 1121 sussex@studbook.co.za Tuli Cattle Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 410 0958 elna@studbook.co.za

Merino Landsheep Society of SA Van Rooy Sheep Breeders Tel: 051 447 4953 Society Tel: 053 313 1994 / 083 233 8875 SA Mutton Merino Breeders Society Vandor Sheep Breeders Tel: 051 522 6827 / 8 Society of SA sammsheep@yebo.co.za Tel/fax: 053 664 0173 Suffolk Sheep Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 410 0955 anneline@studbook.co.za

10. Horses
Appaloosa Horse Breeders Society of SA Tel/fax: 021 855 5469 alvanr@telkomsa.net Arab Horse Society of SA Tel: 051 410 0957 arab@studbook.co.za Friesian Horse Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 410 0954 valana@studbook.co.za Kaapse Boerperd Breeders Society of SA Tel: 042 247 2138 capeboerperd@EquineSA.com Lipizzaner Society of SA Tel: 051 448 9347 charl@studbook.co.za Nooitgedacht Horse Breeders Society Cell: 076 900 3537 nicosny@mweb.co.za Percheron Horse Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 448 9347 lettie@studbook.co.za SA Miniature Horse Breeders Society Tel: 051 410 0955 minhorse@studbook.co.za SA Paint and Pinto Club Tel: 039 832 0042 holiday@mountainpark.co.za SA Quarter Horse Association Tel: 082 723 3089 elmie@bronco.co.za SA Sport Horse Federation Tel: 051 448 9347 / 072 854 1641 lettie@studbook.co.za SA Vlaamperd Breeders Society Tel/fax: 022 481 3614 cblwel@telkomsa.net SA Warmblood Horse Society Tel: 011 702 2220 / 083 260 6495 sawhs@mweb.co.za Saddle Horse Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 410 0956 saddle@studbook.co.za

Other breeds include Charbray, Brahmousin and Droughtmaster.

Dairy breeds
Ayrshire Cattle Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 430 5430 olene@ayrshire.co.za Jersey SA Tel: 051 444 6249 poena@jerseysa.co.za SA Dairy Swiss Tel: 051 410 0953 swiss@studbook.co.za SA Friesland Cattle Breeders Society of SA Tel: 082 566 6776 heavitree@futurenet.co.za SA Guernsey Cattle Breeders Society of SA Tel: 028 542 1426 / 083 441 0555 guernseysa@vodamail.co.za SA Holstein Tel: 051 447 9123 herman@saholstein.co.za

9. Sheep
Visit the websites of the breeders, linked to www.studbook.co.za Afrino Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 821 1856 info@afrino.co.za Bapedi Club of SA Tel: 072 275 8257 Damara Sheep Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 821 1488 info@damarasheep.co.za Dohne Merino Breed Society of SA Tel: 043 683 1330 www.dohnemerino.org Dormer Sheep Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 410 0954 dormer@studbook.co.za Dorper Sheep Breeders Society of SA Tel: 049 842 2241 dorperinfo@adsactive.com www.dorper.co.za Ile de France Sheep Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 410 0953 idf@studbook.co.za Kalahari Red Club Tel: 049 842 4411 / 053 712 2677 boerbok@adsactive.com Karakul Club Tel: 054 337 6237 johline@kik.co.za Letelle Sheep Breeders Association Tel: 056 212 6531 www.letelle.co.za Meatmaster Sheep Breeders Society Tel: 051 410 0955 sonja@studbook.co.za Merino Breeders Society of SA Tel: 049 892 4148 merinosa@eastcape.net

Thoroughbred Breeders Association of SA SA Boerperd Breeders Society Tel: 011 825 1713 Tel: 051 410 0952 jan@tba.co.za saboerperd@studbook.co.za Welsh Pony Society of SA SA Hackney Horse Breeders Tel: 012 668 1003 / 083 788 2503 Society suecook@wpcs.co.za Tel: 051 410 0955 hackney@studbook.co.za SA Hackney Pony Breeders Society Tel: 021 396 1245 / 072 396 9099 Fax: 021 705 7104

11. Goats
Angora Goats Tel: 049 836 0140 Fax: 049 836 0329 SA Boer Goat Breeders Society Tel/fax: 049 842 4411 boerbok@adsactive.com SA Milch Goat Breeders Society Tel: 051 410 0953 milch@studbook.co.za Savanna Goat Breeders Society of SA Tel/fax: 049 842 4411 boerbok@adsactive.com

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12. Pigs
Pig Breeders Society of South Africa Tel: 051 410 0955 Fax: 051 448 4220 pigs@studbook.co.za PO Box 506 Bloemfontein 9300 Breeds include Chester White, Duroc, Large Black, Large White, Hampshire, Hamline, Pietran, Robuster, SA Landrace, Welsh. The Pig Breeders Society of South Africa (PBS) was formed on 20 September 1919 and has been affiliated since its inception to the South African Stud Book and Livestock Improvement Association. The Objectives of the PBS are: to bring about an improvement in the general standard of all recognised pig breeds in South Africa; to keep registration and performance records of the pedigrees and purebred boars and sows duly registered through the PBS; to enhance the functional production and economic merit of stud animals through active participation in the National Pig Performance; and to participate in the National Pig performance Testing Scheme (NPPTS) of the Agriculture Research Councils Livestock Business Division, Irene. A list of their members amongst other information can be found on their webpages at www.studbook.co.za

Stud breeding is a long-term investment with no instant formula for quick results. A stud breeder must be prepared to continually broaden his knowledge and keep abreast of modern developments and tendencies. The breeder must aim for a breeding programme that recognises the most economic characteristics of the breed avoid a haphazard breeding policy. Use all the modern selection aids to facilitate a stud-breeding venture e.g. keeping of records with one of the Registering Authorities and Performance Testing. Prospective stud breeders must have certain managerial qualities, as stud breeding requires sound decision-making, planning and care of the animals. Good public relations are essential. Easy communication with people and honesty with yourself and with others play an important role. The chosen breed should suit your production system.

Registering Authorities:
Knowing about the relationship between individual animals (i.e. who the father is/was), AND performance measurements are vital for the genetic improvement of farm livestock. Classical pedigrees (which reflect only the name/number of an animal and its ancestor) have a limited value when it comes to livestock improvement. Modern pedigrees are: based on scientifically founded recording methods and systems; linked to performance. These are indispensable for optimal genetic progress. A record is kept on these results. Find details of the National Recording Scheme, INTERGIS as well as BREEDPLAN under heading 7.

Artificial Insemination (AI)

13. Other breeds

Consult the Speciality Fibre Production (Alpacas) and Ostrich chapters. The Africanis Society of Southern Africa Johan Gallant (President) Tel: 033 343 2699 gallant@iafrica.com See the Indigenous Breeds chapter. South African Sheep Dog Association (SASDA) Tel: 017 735 1844 sasda@telkomsa.net www.sasda.za.net www.sa-breeders.co.za for dogs and cats

Because of the increasing number of black cattle farmers turning to AI, Taurus holds Farmers Days to give developing farmers practical advice. Successful projects exist in Hammanskraal, Rust de Winter and Mokopane. Joel Nkuna (Taurus) can be contacted at 082 807 1557.

SA Studbook/Unistel Award: Emerging Farmer of the Year

When Element Mashai lost his job in 1994, he put his UIF money to good use he bought himself 10 cattle. After a major drought, during which he had to move his cattle to look for grazing, he rented a farm of 200ha in the Modjadjiskloof area, where he now keeps his stud and commercial herd, which he uses for producing calves for the feedlot market. This multi-skilled man is also a roadwork artisan who works as site manager for a construction company. Element mentions various characteristics that he deems important for a good stud breeder. Firstly and most importantly, you must love cattle. You must have a passion for your breed; patience, energy and willingness to put in a large effort; and a good knowledge of both stud breeding and the traits of your breed. Element Mashai is described as someone who participates in all his societys activities; that he ploughs all his savings back into his animals and that late at night, weekends, Sundays youll find him with his cattle!
Source: adapted from the article in SA Studbreeder/Stoetteler October 2009

14. Emerging farmer information

When deciding on a breed, the following points are important:
Preference and love of the breed is imperative. Suitability of the farm for stud breeding, i.e.: - situation of property; - quality of grazing; - supplementary feed production potential and/or availability source of supply; - sufficient, well watered camps; - good handling, kraaling and, if necessary, shedding facilities. Provision for fairly large financial commitments, especially at the outset in order to finance the purchase of good breeding material.

Our thanks to SA Stud Book and BREEDPLAN. This chapter has been built up mostly from information supplied to us by them.

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Livestock
Aquaculture
1. Overview
An excellent way to stay up-to-date with developments in aquaculture is to subscribe to the Aquaculture Innovations newsletter. Email leslie@aquaafrica. co.za Aquaculture the cultivation of aquatic organisms for human consumption, ornamental or pharmaceutical use Mariculture the cultivation of marine organisms Aquaponics the combination of aquaculture and hydroponics within a single system whereby the plants utilise the fish waste as a source of nutrients As much as 80 percent of the worlds main fish catch species have now been exploited beyond or close to their harvest capacity. In words not to be taken lightly, UNEP is now warning that unless governments around the world enforce some radical changes right now, we could be in the process of witnessing a collapsing ecosystem. Should that happen, it would mean nothing short of a catastrophe, with far reaching consequences for marine life and human life. One billion people around the world rely on fish as their main source of protein, while 2.6 billion of us get at least 20 percent of our animal protein intake from it. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) says that, taking into consideration population growth, we will need an additional 37 million tons of fish a year to feed us all by 2030. The only way to do this is through controlled fish farms. Here, then, is the aquaculture chapter
Source: CNN (adapted), the report In Dead Water by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

The global trend towards the farming of marine fish species has also become a major new focus in South African aquaculture. Thus far only two companies are operational, but a number of other marine fish farming ventures are being planned at present. South Africa is still in the developing phase of aquaculture, which is an underutilised market with great potential for job creation and food security.

3. A closer look
Overviews of the production statistics, trends and status of the key sectors of the South African aquaculture industry may be obtained from AASA (see heading 4). The timely collection, reporting and dissemination of reliable production statistics on aquaculture in South and Southern Africa is one challenge that needs to be addressed by the industry and governing authorities. Water hawthorne (Aponegeton distachyos). The sector is fragmented and informal in nature which complicates the dissemination of data. The water hawthorne sector seems to be stimulated by the increase in tourism in the Western Cape, and products are becoming available at specialised shops and retail counters. Goldfish (Carrasius auratus) has shown a steady growth in local retail sales, but the vast majority of these fish are being imported from the Far East and Israel. Currently around 85% of the goldfish sold in South Africa are imported as local producers struggle to compete with cheap imports. The reduction in ornamental Koi carp (C. carpio) production was caused by a severe global and local outbreak of Koi herpes virus that has adversely affected local production and global trade. The sector has recovered from this setback, with the majority of high value koi being imported and the lower grades being obtained from imports and local production. Significant opportunities exist in this sector for further producers. Not much development has been recorded with regard to other ornamental fish species, particularly since the closure of large-scale operations in KwaZulu-Natal in 2003. The sector revolves mainly around small-scale production systems, hobbyists and informal trading, although huge potential exists within this sector for investment and employment to produce local product to replace imported product. It was estimated that 250 boxes of ornamental fish were imported into South Africa weekly during 2006, representing at least 2/3 of the fish sold within the country. Little development is currently taking place with regard to bass (Micropterus salmoides), carp (Cyprinus carpio) and mullet (Mugulidae) species, although there is scope for all three.

2. Aquaculture in South Africa

Aquaculture in South African consists mainly of freshwater species such as trout, crocodiles, ornamental fish, marron, catfish and tilapia; and marine species such as abalone, fish, prawns, oysters and mussels. Candidate species such as white steenbras, crayfish, kob, yellowtail, grunter, turbot and seaweed are being investigated. Freshwater species are generally farmed in recirculating systems, earth ponds, cages or raceways whereas marine fish are farmed in onshore recirculating systems or cages in sheltered bays. The marine molluscs are farmed on rafts or longlines, and abalone are produced in tanks through which marine water is pumped continuously. The technology and services are well establish for species such as ornamental fish, tilapia, trout, crocodiles, catfish, abalone, prawns, oysters and mussels, and are being refined for species such as kob, yellowtail and seaweed. The most important areas for the production of warm water species (including catfish, tilapia, carp and ornamental fish) are the Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga Lowveld and northern KwaZulu-Natal. Trout are farmed along the high mountains in Lydenburg area, KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg and the Western Cape. Marine prawns were farmed on two facilities in Zululand, but the strong Rand and cheap imports resulted in the closure of these facilities; there is a new project for super-intensive prawn production being rolled out near Port Elizabeth. Abalone is the big success story of South African aquaculture. It has grown from a total production of farmed abalone of less that 100kg in 1996, to approximately 1 000 tons produced in 2008, with an export value of US$32million (R256-million). This species is a highly prized and priced cuisine in south eastern Asia, but the international wild population has been radically reduced through poaching.

ABALONE
Abalone Association of South Africa Tel: 028 384 1371 Fax: 028 384 0023 nickl@ij.co.za Abalone Farmers Association of Southern Africa (AFASA) Wayne Barnes (President) Tel: 021 785 1477

Abalone Farmers are represented through the Abalone Farmers Association of Southern Africa (AFASA). AFASA is a very active producer association which promotes research to solve common problems and undertakes various projects to promote the interests of abalone farmers. About a hundred species of abalone occur world wide, with some species popular in the Far East where they form an important part of traditional menus. The South African species, Haliotis midae, or perlemoen, enjoys high acceptability in these markets because of its excellent taste and the white colour and texture of its meat. Successful artificial culture of the species Haliotis midae led to the establishment of some 15 commercial farms in SA since the 1990s, with more sites under investigation by potential investors. It takes 3 years to grow an abalone to the market size of 100g or 80mm length. Present total farmed production in SA is approximately 1 000 tons live mass per annum with a farm gate value of R256 million. About 70 tons are exported as canned product and the rest mainly as live abalone. Although profitability is affected by fluctuations of the Rand exchange rate, the price of farmed abalone has remained stable around $32/kg live weight and the long term future of the industry remains attractive.

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Services to the sector such as feed and seed supplies, veterinary services, equipment, processing, etc. are fairly well established and improving. Although some farms use only kelp for feed, most use both kelp and a formulated artificial feed. The abalone industry is making an important contribution towards the socio-economic development of coastal communities.

informal local markets and household food security and is contributing very little to global markets at this stage, although there is a large project on Lake Kariba (www.lakeharvest.com). The transfer of the species from Africa to Asia and Central America has lead to the development of substantial industrial sectors in those regions for supply of first world markets in Asia, Europe and North America. Domestic tilapia production methods vary from extensive to highly intensive farming systems. There are approximately 15 tilapia producers in South Africa of which most (10) are operative in the warmer Northern and Eastern regions of South Africa. The sector also incorporates a substantial informal sector of which the output is difficult to quantify. Various small scale and pilot phase operations have been initiated over the past two years. Production in conventional open water systems is hampered by the cold winter climate with temperatures below 24 oC occurring in large parts of South Africa. The sector can to some extent rely on the service providers supplying other sectors, although the geographical distribution and associated logistics are presenting some problems in this regard. A large potential exists for future development of tilapia aquaculture in the region, both in terms of subsistence farming systems and as an export commodity. The biggest hindrance to the growth of the tilapia industry in South Africa is the illegal status of all species other than O. mossambicus, which is too slow growing to justify commercial investment. O. niloticus grows at roughly double the rate of O. mossambicus, and has been the focus of international genetic refinement, further improving the suitability of this species for aquaculture. Until they are legalised for culture in South Africa the tilapia industry will remain marginal. This species makes a highly suitable species for community projects due to its toughness. Current changes to the relevant legislation should mean that producers can soon apply for permits to farm O. niloticus, and this should stimulate the growth of the industry in areas where such permits are obtained.

TROUT
Western Cape Trout Association Tel: 021 372 1100 Krijen Resoort 072 245 7605 Mpumalanga Trout Producers Forum Tel: 013 235 1248 lunsklip@intekom.co.za

The four main areas of production are Mpumalanga (500 tons, 14 farms), Western Cape (450 tons, 14 farms), KwaZulu-Natal (150 tons, 4 farms) and the Eastern Cape (20 tons, 3 farms). A variety of production systems such as cages, earth ponds, raceways and circular ponds are used for production. Fingerlings, feed and production technology is readily available, with market access being the main factor regulating the growth of the industry. There has been a shift in individual producer tonnage as smaller producers have fallen away and larger producers benefit from increased economy of scale within their businesses. The industry is expected to grow by 2 to 3 % per year. The sport fishery and related ecotourism industries have developed into an important sector of its own and provides an important economic contribution to the rural areas of KZN, Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga. Trout lends itself to the production of a wide range of value added products. Approximately 60 to 70 % is sold in the food service sector and 30 to 40 % in the retail sector. Direct sales to local markets also play an important role in terms of marketing. Trout ova are also exported from South Africa on a regular basis during the winter months. Services providers such as feed suppliers, hatchery services, equipment suppliers, veterinary services and processors are well represented in Mpumalanga and the Western Cape. Production costs are generally higher than in Europe due to less favourable economies of scale. Fluctuation in the value of the Rand and cyclical oversupplies on world markets often affect the local industry in terms of competition from substitute products such as imported Pacific and Atlantic salmon. The sector does, however, manage to maintain stability and competitiveness, particularly with regard to value added products.

CATFISH
Catfish Supreme Johan Kooij 083 298 1311 Tel: 018 264 4294 johankooij@yahoo.com Catfish Supreme operates 5 commercial super-intensive recirculating units that are distributed over a wide geographical area including Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North West provinces. These farms have a total capacity of 1000 tons per year at a potential value of about R 16 million, although little is currently being produced. Despite its enormous aquaculture potential this species has not gained a foothold in South Africa or in Europe, and all local production is very small scale and supplying localised markets. Jagido Holdings Gido Crous 084 2400 636 Jagido Holdings operates a recirculating catfish farm that includes a hydroponics unit in George. They have a production capacity of 80 tons per annum. They are also seeking to create a marketing company to unify the marketing of all aquaculture products across South Africa.

PRAWNS
Conditions in South Africa that are conducive for the culture of prawns are limited to the north eastern coastal regions of KwaZulu-Natal. There was only one commercial producer in South Africa, namely Mtunzini Prawn Farms (Pty) Ltd (trading as Amatikulu Prawns). Their farms were based on the Umlalazi (Mtinzini) and Amatikulu river estuaries. Mtunzini Prawn Farms was liquidated in 2003 due to the strengthening of the Rand making their product non competitive on the global markets. A new operation is currently farming prawns at Coega to the east of Port Elizabeth. This operation is based on super-intensive, zero-exchange technology, which is very new internationally and consequently this operation is run behind closed doors. The investors were satisfied with the outcome of the pilot phase and are now rolling out a R9.2bn investment.

EELS
The Anguillid Research Institute (ARI) was established with the objective of co-ordinating efforts directed towards the development of a sustainable eel aquaculture sector in South and Southern Africa. Their mother company, SA Eels (Pty) Ltd (in partnership with overseas investors and technology partners), planned to establish four 300 MT intensive eel farming systems in the Eastern Cape, Western Cape and Mpumalanga, but unfortunately was unable to obtain the necessary permits and has subsequently closed. The total value of this production would have been in the region of R42 million p.a. The potential still exists for another operator to invest in the development of a local eel farming venture and the international demand for eels is huge at around 230 000 tons p.a. and undersupplied due to the reliance of wild glass eels as seed stock for aquaculture. Any local investor would need to firstly establish the migratory patterns and volumes of glass eels to ensure sufficient stock is available for local production.

TILAPIA
BREAM (Tilapia Growers Association) Tel: 011 974 5715 david@hydrotek.co.za www.aquaculture-africa.com The tilapia industry in South Africa is in an introductory phase with widespread interest from several sectors of the local economy as well as from abroad. Tilapia has gained widespread acceptance on global markets and is currently the second most produced finfish species in the world behind carp. The main tilapia species (Oreochromis niloticus, O. aureus, O. mosambicus) are all indigenous to Africa indicating suitable environmental conditions and natural resources. Africas production focuses mainly on

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MUSSELS AND OYSTERS

The oyster and mussel sectors have been characterised by steady growth over the past few years. Production of oysters and mussels are currently limited to the areas of Algoa Bay, Knysna, Saldanha Bay and Alexander Bay/Port Nolloth. Existing operations are expanding production according to local demand, whilst the potential of new production ventures are also being evaluated. Substantial quantities of mussels are still imported into SA. The sector is expected to double its production over the next fiveyear period, although suitable sites along the coast are limited. Problems associated with a coastal monitoring programme for harmful algal blooms and other factors influencing food safety issues, are hampering the export potential of this sector.

5. National strategy
The move of Fisheries, previously a directorate in the Department of Environment and Tourism (DEAT), to the Department of Agriculture promises a more streamlined government approach to aquaculture. The implementation is expected to take some time, and at the time of writing (January 2010) this merger is not yet complete. We print previous contacts here, and encourage the reader to keep an eye on www.daff.gov.za for updates.

CROCODILES
The South African Crocodile Farmers Association (SACFA) Tel: 012 807 4100 info@sacfa.co.za www.sacfa.co.za Croc City Crocodile Farm Tel: 083 321 1016 Izintaba www.izintaba.com

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Animal and Aqua Production Governing body for Freshwater Aquaculture Tel: 012 319 7662 SMAAPS@daff.gov.za Marine Resource Management Previously part of DEAT Tel: 021 402 3911 Department of Water and Environmental Affairs (DWEA) Tel: 080 020 0200 www.dwaf.gov.za

Infosa (Infopeche Regional Office in SADC Region) Tel: +264 61 279 430 infosadc@mweb.com.na www.infosa.org.na An intergovernmental organisation for marketing information and co-operation services in Africa. INFOSA is the regional office for the SADC region. Endangered Wildlife Trust Marine and Coastal Working Group Tel: 011 486 1102 / 082 576 3107 shanan@dolphins.org.za www.ewt.org.za

Revenue may be derived from Ratho Farms skins, meat, and hatchling sales but Tel: 015 575 1425 www.ratho.co.za also from a tourist market. SACFA usually recommend one or the other (Production for export or Tourism) as your target market will determine the methodology and expertise that will be required. Riverbend Crocodile Farm Tel: 039 316 6204 www.crocodilecrazyl.co.za Thaba Kwena Tel: 014 736 4774 / 082 576 9540

National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (NSPCA): Farm Animal Unit Tel: 011 907 3590/1/2 www.nspca.co.za The Farm Animal Unit has become very closely involved with the Crocodile Farmers Association and both parties have come together to formulate a code of practice through the SABS. This code lays down minimum standards within the industry and will apply to all parties who keep or breed crocodiles in captivity, including tourist parks. Regular inspections of breeding farms and tourist attractions are carried out and regular contact is maintained with the association.

Current legislation includes the Marine Living Resources Act of 1998 (MLRA), the National Environmental Management Act (Act No. 107 of 1998), the related National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act No. 10 of 2004) and the Draft Alien and Invasive Species Regulations, 2007. The last three are powerful laws regulating environmental assessment and the use of exotic species respectively. As many cultured species are exotic, there is an environmental incentive to introduce other economically attractive species, although the Draft Alien and Invasive Species Regulations, 2007 does not negatively affect the species currently being farmed to the degree that was feared. South African legislation and regulations pertaining to aquaculture in their current form are adequate from an environmental management perspective, but have raised questions from the perspective of sectoral growth stimulation.

4. Associations involved
Find details of different producer groups under heading 3. The Aquaculture Association of South Africa (AASA) Tel: 012 807 6720 info@aasa-aqua.co.za www.aasa-aqua.co.za The website provides a background to aquaculture, gives details on new developments well worth a visit for interested parties. ASSA has representation from the various sectors contributing towards the aquaculture industry of the region producers as well as service providers (feed companies, equipment suppliers etc). The objectives of the Association are to contribute towards the development of aquaculture in Southern Africa through effective representation and dissemination of information. South African Koi Keepers Society Tel: 011 433 2665 www.koisa.co.za South African Pet Traders Association Craig Campbell 082 458 3904

6. Training and research

Companies like Abagold do in- Clients include extension officers house training. Visit www.abagold. throughout SADC, entrepreneurs, com companies and individuals. Aquaculture Innovations Leslie Ter Morshuizen Tel: 046 622 3690 / 083 406 0208 info@aquaafrica.co.za www.aquaafrica.co.za The theoretical training is offered at various locations around the region, whereas the practical training is either done on site or at the Aquaculture Academy in Grahamstown. Distance learning is Aquaculture Innovations is a Service made possible through DVDs. Provider to the Aquaculture Industry throughout Southern Aquaculture Institute of South Africa, providing consulting services Africa as well as theoretical and practical lbotes@ai-sa.org.za training in aquaculture. Tel: 021 430 7026

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The CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research) has promoted several aquaculture projects over the years. KZN Department of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs & Rural Development Makhathini Research Station Tel: 035 572 5303 Oceanographic Research Institute Durban Tel: 031 328 8222 Rhodes University www.ru.ac.za

The University was involved with a fish farmers co-operative whereby fish are cultivated in floating cages made up of a wooden platform and steel supports covered with netting. This device is then anchored in the deepest part of the dam where the water is the cleanest. The University also has a programme whereby staff on farms are assisted to establish cage culture in irrigation dams as a second source of income. Contact Danie Brink in this regard: db@sun. ac.za

7. Websites and publications

Leslie Ter Morshuizen of Aquaculture Innovations compiles an Aquaculture electronic newsletter. Contact leslie@aquaafrica. co.za. Also available are Aquaculture manuals, which serve as a first introduction to the topics they cover, to assist new-comers in determining which branch of aquaculture interests them and how to proceed and Aquaculture Textbooks covering a wide range of topics including Tilapia Farming, Earth Pond Management, Disease Management and Cage Aquaculture. More recently Aquaculture Innovations recorded a Distance Learning Training Program onto DVD which is available from leslie@aquaafrica.co.za. Sign up for the Agritrade Fisheries newsletter from www.cta.int. Overview of Aquaculture in South Africa: 2003 by Danie Brink, Division of Aquaculture, University of Stellenbosh, db@sun.ac.za. Find the Library menu option on www.feike.co.za. Find the multilingual Glossary of Aquaculture published by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). One of the primary objectives of the glossary is for it to serve as a reference to fish farmers, consultants and all those involved or interested in aquaculture. The online glossary of aquaculture is available in the five official languages of FAO (Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish) at the following address: http://www.fao.org/fi/glossary/aquaculture/. Aquaculture Network Information Centre (AquaNIC) http://aquanic. org A number of CD-Roms, videos and publications are available at the On-line store menu option at www.was.org, website of the World Aquaculture Society. The World Aquaculture Magazine is available from them. Integrated Farming Methods farm ponds for water, fish and livelihoods is a publication by J Miller, produced by the FAO and available online at www.eldis.org. Fishing Industry Handbook. Contact George Warman Publications. Fishing News International (United Kingdom). www.intrafish.no/fn is the website. Maritime Southern Africa is a bi-monthly aimed at the maritime industry. If you make your living from the sea, or are simply interested in mariculture, contact them at 021 914 1157 or csjacka@mweb.co.za. Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following leaflets, available from the ARC in Silverton: Processing of Marine Foods (Fish products) Faktore wat die terreinkeuse van n akwakultuuronderneming benvloed Factors that influence the choice of a site for an aquaculture enterprise The publication Manure handling in intensive animal production units, written by HT Breedt and edited and revised by F Cilliers (Copyright 2009), covers the topic of utilising animal manure in aquaculture.

Department of Ichthyology and Tompi Seleka Agricultural College runs a course which Fisheries Science (DIFS) covers the practical and theoretical Tel: 046 603 8415/6 methods of aquaculture. Call 013 difs@ru.ac.za 268 9300/1/2. The DIFS has a long standing involvement in the development of abalone farming and more recently in developing the farming of indigenous marine fish species. The South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Tel: 046 603 5800 saiab@ru.ac.za Research excellence for the sustainability of Africas aquatic environments. SAIAB is a Research Facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF) The South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic Research (SANCOR) is a consultative, communicative and advisory body that represents institutions and scientists from different provinces and disciplines. Visit http://sancor. nrf.ac.za Stellenbosch University Division of Aquaculture Tel: 021 808 4737 aqua@sun.ac.za University of the Free State Department of Zoology and Entomology Prof JG van As 051 401 2427 Prof L Basson 051 401 3244 University of Limpopo Tel: 015 268 2203 / 188 www.ul.ac.za An Aquaculture Research Unit and an Experimental Farm are among the facilities offered by the School. Other Universities, which have project-based involvement in aquaculture include the Cape Peninsular University of Technology (CPUT), University of Cape Town, Nelson Mandela Cosmopolitan University and the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Most of these contact details can be found in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Water Research Commission Tel: 012 330 0340 www.wrc.org.za

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8. Companies and associations involved

Company Abagold (Pty) Ltd Absolute Aquaculture Africa (Pty) Ltd African Fish (Pty) Limited Zambia Alnet (Pty) Ltd Amanzi Biosecure Aquaculture Innovations Contact Details Tel: 028 313 0253 Tel: 021 863 3201/082 569 8906 www.absoluteaquacultureafrica.com Adrian Piers 073 264 4280 Tel: 021 530 2400 zainoeh@alnet.co.za Tel: 083 293 0218 annamouton@telkomsa.net Tel: 046 622 3690 Cell: 083 4060 208 leslie@aquaafrica.co.za www.aquaafrica.co.za Tel: 021 430 7026 Lbotes@deat.gov.za Tel: 022 482 4575 dirk@aquanutro.com Tel: 035 772 4586 Aquaponicsafrica@zulucom.net www.aquaponicsafrica.co.za Tel: 021 808 5838 db@sun.ac.za www.sun.ac.za/aquastel Cell: 083 298 1311 Abalone farming One stop shop for intensive, cage culture, semi intensive and even extensive fish farm design Provides Consultancy Services throughout the SADC region on Aquaculture A wide range of products such as trawls, purse-seine, fish farming nets, together with rope and twines and a wide range of hardware A veterinary service to the aquaculture industry Aquaculture Innovations serve as Consultants, conducting Feasibility Studies, Business Planning, Site Selection, System Designs, Production Audits and offering a Mentorship Program whereby existing and new entrants into the industry are supported. The Company offers a free eNewsletter on their website as well as a comprehensive 3-day Aquaculture course. Newly formed one-stop-shop for aquaculture in South Africa, providing advice on legislation, consultants, training, etc and forming a link between industry and the government Manufacturing, design, research and development of scientifically balanced extruded animal feeds for aquaculture, mariculture and pet food industries. Aquaponics Africa supplies and installs complete turnkey aquaponic systems specialising in the commercial size units All necessary items are supplied including the fish and vegetable seedlings if needed. Advice and a manual are available. AquaStel is responsible for commercialising the intellectual property emanating from the Division of Aquaculture within the Stellenbosch University. Operate a catfish (Clarias gariepinus) hatchery with a capacity to produce 8 000 000 fingerlings per year. The fingerlings are mainly produced for Catfish SAs members for grow-out and export purposes. Combustion Technology specialises in combustion solutions for all your heat requirements. They offer sales, spares, installation, commissioning, service and full turnkey project management. An independent private consulting company operating under the auspices of Rhodes University www.epol.co.za Feed and advice for trout. Ask for the Epol Trout Feeding Manual. They undertake impact assessments; attend to the legal permutations associated with obtaining approvals; and manage the start-up phase and reporting to authorities. Information

Aquaculture Institute of South Africa AquaNutro (Pty) Ltd Aquaponics Africa

Aquastel

Catfish Supreme (Pty) Ltd Combustion Technology (Pty) Ltd Enviro-fish Africa (Pty) Ltd Epol

Tel: 021 715 3171 Fax: 021 715 6297 grantr@rielloburners.co.za

Feike Marine Tel: 021 425 6700 Regulatory Law www.feike.co.za and Environment Management Advisors Fish for Africa & Aquaculture Africa Goldmann Engineering CC Grenco (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd Healthtech Laboratories (Pty) Ltd Highveld Fisheries Invest North West Tel: 011 783 7250 Tel: 021 511 3755 info@afrigol.com Tel: 021 555 9000 lynnette.lee@grenco.co.za Tel: 011 805 5703

Organised by Exhibitions Africa For separating, filleting, cut-up lines, skinning, mincing, weighing & grading, production control, labelling, carton forming and sealing Complete industrial refrigeration facilities are designed. They are also active in related specialist markets such as road Transportation Refrigeration (Thermo King). Healthtech Laboratories is a biotechnology company based in South Africa. The company conducts research in bioscience with practical applications in sectors of the agricultural industry with various academic and private institutions. Do everything from supplying fish to setting up fish farms. Involved with the development of catfish production for export to various Asian countries, including Japan and China. KABO seeks investment and business partnership opportunities in the three largest Western Cape Industries: Fruit; Fish and Wine.

Nick Robets 083 226 1329 Tel: 014 594 2570/ 5 www.inw.org.za

Kapa African Business Themba Siyolo Chairman Opportunities (KABO) Tel: 021 421 0158 or Loyiso Mbabane 083 261 7166 Kirloskar Multivac Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd Cell: 082 451 3635 Fax: 011 666 4745 Tel: 016 341 5911 alex.ferguson@multivacsa.com

Pumps, valves, engines, gensets and more Machines, tray sealers and chamber machines for quality packaging equipment

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New Way Motor & Diesel Engineering (Pty) Ltd Olgear Path Plastics Co (Pty) Ltd

Tel: 011 680 5632 Tel: 021 510 5132 newway@icon.co.za Tel: 021 702 4111 info@olgear.com Tel: 021 551 9191 joyce@pathtrading.co.za

The authorised distributor for John Deere marine and industrial engines for southern Africa OLGEAR supplies complete ozone based solutions for unsurpassed fresh and marine aquaculture water quality. Their processes include: expanded polyethylene technology, food grade and HACCP approved raw materials, fully UV resistant materials, fully recyclable materials. Our products include a range of: fish bins, pallets, insulated bulk bins, containers, drums, food- & change room lockers. Pro-Fish Cape are manufacturers and suppliers of plastic products for specific uses in the fishing industry. Bacteria to keep aquaculture ponds and fish tanks clean

Pro-Fish Cape cc Sannitree International

Tel: 021 419 6480 profish@iafrica.com Tel: 021 761 2335 brian@sannitree.co.za www.sannitreeinternational.co.za Tel: 041 461 9161 Tel: 011 496 1580 Tel: 021 674 1603 info@sowerby.co.za Tel: 021 876 2485 info@three-streams.co.za www.three-streams.co.za Cell: 083 357 6765 nic@clad.co.za

SeaArk Sowerby Engineering (Pty) Ltd Three Streams

An indoor prawn farming operation A comprehensive range of Air Blowers / Exhausters / Vacuum Pumps

A family operation takes quality Rainbow Trout from the hatchery phase through to the Smokehouse. An intensive Tilapia production unit in the Limpopo Province. Its market is solely the local table market where demand exceeds current supply. Wallacedale also offers consultancy to prospective start-up entrepreneurs.

Wallacedale Fisheries

9. Local business environment

1. Various factors are currently stimulating the development of aquaculture development in South and Southern Africa, including: availability of resources: water, land, labour, energy, etc. limited fisheries resources increasing market price for fish in Europe causing a vacuum in the local market marine and agricultural infrastructure need for diversification and optimisation of resources access to technologies international partnerships and collaboration socio-economic factors recognition by government of the need to employ people and provide a replacement for the seafood shortfall 2. Factors that are currently inhibiting development within the industry include: The lack of a national policy with regard to aquaculture development. In countries where there is active government and regulating authority support (e.g. Chile), aquaculture develops at a rapid rate. Complicated and fragmented statutory procedures (this too is being improved). The lack of marketing structures and access to global markets. Limited access to finance and development capital. Limited human resource capacity, skills and expertise. 3. Potential funding includes: A capital subsidy to new aquaculture ventures in the form of the Department of Trade and Industrys SMEDP (Small and Medium Size Enterprise Development Programme) fund. Support by provincial government agencies (e.g. Wesgro, East Cape Development Corporation, Gariep Spatial Development Initiative, and Northern Cape Province Department of Economic Affairs and Tourism) to plan, appraise and market aquaculture investments. Loan finance and equity investment by the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) and Development Bank of Southern Africa. Grant and loan support for small farmer development through the CPPP (Community Public Private Partnership) programme funded by the Department of Trade and Industry. Find the aquaculture notes on the TradeInvestSA website www. tradeinvestsa.co.za or call 021 657 6200.

10. International business environment

Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing food production systems in the world. Yet Africa, with all its resources, makes up less than 1% of global production, with South Africa contributing only 1% of the continents production. Statistics from the Aquaculture Association of Southern Africa show that the world aquaculture industry contributes 30% to total food fish production and is worth $52-billion. Aquaculture globally has been growing at 8% to 9% a year for the past 20 years. Aquaculture development in a global perspective is driven by: market forces: supply and demand diversification of the economic base sustainable utilisation of resources a quest for food security

The commercialisation of aquaculture and the development of associated technologies were initiated mainly by first-world countries in Asia, Europe and North America and have since spread to include a number of developing countries in South-East Asia and South America. The establishment of commercial aquaculture in developing countries is mainly reliant on the utilisation of natural, human and energy resources of the developing country. Since first-world countries provide the technology and capital investment, output is largely directed towards lucrative firstworld markets. This often leads to a situation whereby developing countries obtain a limited share in the domestic aquaculture development/venture, when compared to business/technology partners from First World countries. Developing countries should strive to acquire the technologies, skills and finance that will enable them to take the initiative and responsibility for local aquaculture development, thereby ensuring a more equitable share in the sustainable utilisation of their natural, human and energy resources, and its contribution towards economic growth. Aquatic species indigenous to Africa and South Africa, such as prawn, tilapia, catfish and abalone have developed into aquaculture species of major importance.

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Nepad The fish sector makes vital contributions to food and nutrition security of 200 million Africans and provides income for over 10 million engaged in fish production, processing and trade. Strategic investments are needed to safeguard the future contribution of Africas fish sector to poverty alleviation and regional economic development, and capacity needs to be strengthened. For further information check www.fishforall.org. Email inquires can be addressed to nepad@worldfish-eg.org or sloansc@nepad.org. World Aquaculture Society www.was.org World Fish Centre www.worldfishcentre.org Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) is a roleplayer in fighting against Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing (IUU), and has led workshops on the impacts and challenges of IUU for African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. Read more at www.cta.int Tiny fish farms have helped 1,200 poor families hit by AIDS in Malawi to raise their incomes and improve their diets in a scheme being expanded to other African nations. About $90 can enable construction of a small rain-fed pond that can be stocked with juvenile fish costing $10. Once the fish grow and reproduce, the ponds produce food with far less backbreaking work than subsistence farming. The project, run by the Malaysia-based WorldFish Center and targeted at families where some members have died from AIDS or are suffering from the epidemic, has doubled income for 1,200 families in Malawi and improved diets, WorldFish said. WorldFish, a non-profit research group, said it was expanding the scheme to neighbouring Mozambique and Zambia with a goal of reaching 26,000 households. WorldFish is backed by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research and World Vision, an aid group. Farmers are encouraged to use farm waste and crop by-products to feed their fish. In turn, the fish farms are twinned with a drive to get farmers to grow more vegetables, using pond sediment as fertiliser. Adapted from a report Fish Farms Help Families in Africa Hit by AIDS which appeared in an Africa.bizcommunity.com newsletter.

The market price for trout varies by area and product, but whole fish to a processor currently earns about R32/kg whereas value added products can be sold for several R100s per kilogram. Rainbow trout has been the most cultured fish species by mass in South Africa for many years with more than 1 000 tons being produced annually. However demand continues to exceed supply such that this species is imported in the country.
Source: November 2009 Aquaculture Innovations newsletter. Other newsletters have discussed ornamental fish farming and Tilapia Farming etc. Write to leslie@aquaafrica. co.za

12. Basic requirements and aspects to consider when investigating the potential of farming with fish
The free Aquaculture Innovations newsletters are essential reading for the newcomer. Subscribe to them by writing to leslie@aquaafrica.co.za The basic requirements and aspects that must be considered by any prospective fish farmer when investigating its potential are the following: water availability and supply; suitable site or dam; suitable area for species (warm/cold water); suitable species (demand/market); available feed; availability of fingerlings; legal aspects; willingness to work hard aquaculture is a 24 / 7 livestock-based form of agriculture, with the associated effort requirement and risks.

As it is primarily a business venture and profits are the main concern, factors such as initial establishment costs of the ponds, the market demand for product and correct management are some of the most important aspects affecting the success of the enterprise. When all the basic requirements have been investigated and you are satisfied that you can and want to continue with the venture then you can investigate the type of systems and methods of production to suit your conditions and interest.
Source: SJ Goetze (KZN Department of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs and Rural Development) The majority of the material for this chapter was supplied by Danie Brink (AASA) and Leslie Ter Morshuizen (Aquaculture Innovations).

11. Trout farming in Southern Africa

Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are cold water fish and should be kept in water below 50 oC throughout the year and, depending on the strain being farmed, the ideal growth temperature is in the region of 15 17 oC. Most trout farms are therefore either in the colder parts or have a year-round supply of cold water. The existing trout farms mostly either use cages or raceways as culture tanks, both requiring large volumes of water. Under local farmed conditions the fish attain a market size of around 1kg in 12 to 14 months. The hot, dry summer conditions in the Western Cape, which is one of the main trout farming area, mean that many farmers struggle to keep their crop going throughout the year as their water supply decreases and warms up. Consequently there is a glut of product on the market as this time of the year, causing the price to drop. The logical solution would be to erect a recirculating system to rear trout in, as this offers temperature control to the optimal growth temperature throughout the year allowing for constant production throughout the year, improving your position when negotiating supply agreements.

Our thanks to Leslie Ter Morshuizen for thorough feedback on the draft chapter

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Livestock
Beef
See also the Abattoirs and Animal Improvement and Breeders chapters

Red Meat Producers Organisation (RPO) Tel: 012 348 1933 www.rpo.co.za

economic empowerment within the supply chain of the industry.

1. Overview
Statistical information can be found on www.daff.gov.za, take the Publications menu option

Cattle are found throughout the country, but concentrated in the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State and North West. The national estimated cattle figure has moved between 13.5 and 13.8 million over the past four years, 30 to 40 % in the non-commercial sector. Beef cattle comprise approximately 80 % of the total number of cattle in the country, while dairy cattle make up the remaining 20 %. South Africa consumes more red meat than it produces. South Africa produces 17,3% of the total meat produced on the continent of Africa and 1% of global meat production. Production systems are extensive pastures, feedlotting and subsistence. Approximately 75% of beef produced in South Africa comes from feedlots.
Source: Pieter Taljaard, University of the Free State in a presentation in September 2009 which can be found on www.assocon.com.be

In order to achieve these, NERPO had to develop and implement The RPO is recognised as the special programmes. Read about mouthpiece organisation for these programmes on their commercial red meat producers website. and represents the highest authority within the red meat industry in South African Feedlot terms of commercial producers Association (SAFA) interests in South Africa. Tel: 012 667 1189 www.safeedlot.co.za National Emergent Red Meat Producers Organisation The SA Feedlot Association is (NERPO) an umbrella organisation that Tel: 012 361 9127 addresses collective interests of www.nerpo.org.za the South African Feedlot industry The principal objectives of NERPO which collectively markets some is to influence policy and legislation 75% of the total beef produced in in favour of the emerging farmers; South Africa. facilitate sound decision making; facilitate access to technical support, The Federation of Red Meat finance, and markets; facilitate Producers is the combination of participation of youth and women the RPO and NERPO, relevant on in the industry; and facilitate black some occasions.
All Beef Breeder Societies are listed in the Animal Improvement and Breeders chapter. Below are some examples:

The Brangus Cattle Breeders Tel: 051 444 1144 www.brangus.org.za Braunvieh SA Tel: 051 410 0950 www.braunviehsa.co.za Nguni Cattle Breeders Society Tel: 051 448 7303 www.ngunicattle.info

SA Braford Tel: 051 448 0603 www.braford.org.za Santa Gertrudis Cattle Breeders Tel: 051 448 0318 www.santagertrudis.co.za

2. Associations involved
Red Meat Industry Forum Tel: 012 667 1189 www.redmeatsa.co.za The Red Meat Industry Forum of South Africa represents all the nationally representative role-player organisations in the Red Meat industry. Its website is comprehensive, and is for consumers and the industry alike. The website enables the public to access information on news, events, promotions. Also find information on red meat research projects, industry objectives and statistics. Included in its structure are: The Meat Industry Trust (MIT) Tel: 012 348 7572 Red Meat Research Development Trust (RMRDT) South African Meat Industry Company (SAMIC) Tel: 012 361 4545 www.samic.co.za Meat Statutory Measure Services (MSMS) Tel: 012 348 7572 Red Meat Levy Admin (RMLA) Tel: 012 348 7572 Livestock Welfare Co-ordinating Committee (LWCC) Tel: 012 807 1367 Member organisations included here are the RPO, NERPO and SAFAS (see to the right). Other member organisations are SHALC (see the leather chapter); SAFLA (see livestock auctions chapter); RMAA, SAMPA, NFMT (see abattoir chapter); SAPPO (see pork chapter); the South African National Consumers Union (SANCU) and the Gauteng Meat traders Employees Union (GMETU).

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Contact details for and information on all directorates can be found at www.daff. gov.za

Directorate: Animal and Aqua Production Tel: 012 319 7662 DAAP@daff.gov.za

Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306 DFSQA@daff.gov.za

4. Training and research

There are two formal structures in the red meat industry from which funds are made available for research and development, namely the Red Meat Industry Forum (RMIF) and the Red Meat Research and Development Trust (RMRDT). Read about them at www.redmeatsa.co.za.

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The universities offer degree courses on animal production. Agricultural Colleges offer diplomas. The Provincial Departments of Agriculture work closely with the Agricultural Colleges to offer short courses on animal production. Details of all training providers can be found in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Details of AgriSeta-accredited training providers may be found in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. An example is: Skills for Africa Tel: 012 379 4920 www.skillsafrica.co.za

Contact 012 672 9111 the ARC at Irene for the following publications: Beef Cattle (complete set of Bulletins, available in Afrikaans or English) Feedlot Management CD Beef Management CD Beef Breeding in South Africa

The ARC at Silverton can be reached at 012 842 4000. The following publications are relevant to this chapter: Handleiding oor vleisbeesfasiliteite Beef cattle facilities manual Mishanteringshandleiding vir intensiewe diereproduksie-eenhede in SA Manure handling in intensive animal production units, written by HT Breedt, edited and revised by F Cilliers. Copyright. 2009.

Some roleplayers:
ARC-Livestock Business Division Tel: 012 672 9111 www.arc.agric.za The ARCLBD feedlot at Irene offers facilities for research to all stakeholders in the feedlot industry. At the feedlot individual and group feed intake and weight gain can be recorded for research purposes. The feedlot also provides opportunities for hands on training in all aspects of feedlotting. The unit has 58 group facilities of up to 15 animals each and a 104 single pen facility for research on feedlot animals. The unit also has access to pastures for field trials. Ms Annetjie Loubser at 012 672 9153 (training in beef cattle management) Mr K-J Leeuw at 012 672 9320 (feedlot) Mr M M Ratsaka at 012 672 9306 (feedlot) Dr P E Strydom at 012 672 9340 (meat quality, meat processing) Institute for Production Development Tel: 034 341 1270 Sustainable Ranching Tel: 072 594 4626 www.sustainableranching.co.za University of the Free State Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences Tel: 051 401 2210 Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Tel: 051 401 2163 Lengua Agricultural Centre Tel: 051 443 8859 Read about the Aldam Stockman School in the Animal improvement and breeders chapter

Find the following Info Paks (booklets) at www.daff.gov.za (take the publications menu option): Beef Cattle: dehorning How to estimate the age of cattle Beef Cattle: Castration Beef Cattle: weaning of calves Cattle: Condition scoring of cattle

On the same website, www.daff.gov.za, find the excellent Agricultural Marketing Extension papers. Paper no. 7 covers Red Meat Marketing. Some farming operations have their own websites. Read about Fortress Bonsmaras, Driving Bonsmaras to the top at www.fortresscattle.co.za
Visit the websites of roleplayers

6. Companies
See this heading in the Abattoir chapter. Find the directory of the major beef feedlots at www.safeedlot.co.za AFGRI Animal Feeds Tel: 011 306 4300 www.afgri.co.za Afrivet Training Services Tel: 082 454 0532 www.afrivet.co.za Agricultural Tours Worldwide Tel: 082 447 7718 www.agritoursandtravel.com Tours to the Australian Beef Expo Asgisa Eastern Cape (Pty) Ltd Tel: 043 531 0103 http://asgisa-ec.co.za AXXON Tel: 011 837 7177/6/0 axxon@global.co.za Biorem Biological Products Tel: 053 401 1000-2 Products for calf rearing BJP Supplies Tel: 082 335 3970 Feedmixers for your cattle ComMark Trust Dr Xolile Ngetu 083 532 4435 NGO ComMark strives to give traditional producers access to mainstream markets. Den Vet Tel: 033 345 1093 www.denvet.co.za

5. Websites and publications

Kejafa Knowledge Works stock a number of livestock publications. Call 014 577 0005 or visit www.kejafa.co.za for more about the following: The ABC of Beef Production by Schalk J Viljoen No risk ranching G Judy Essential Guide to Calving: Giving Your Beef or Dairy Herd a Healthy Start Heather Smith Thomas Herd Bull Fertility James E Drayson Getting Started with Beef & Dairy Cattle Heather Smith Thomas Grass-fed cattle by Julius Ruechel Natural Cattle Care Pat Coleby Reproduction and Animal Health C Walters and G Fry Knowledge Rich Ranching Allan Nation Raising Beef Cattle Heather Smith Thomas Vleisbees Produksie The agricultural weeklies, Landbouweekblad and Farmers Weekly frequently run stories on beef production. Find archived stories on www.landbou.com and www.farmersweekly.co.za. On the latter find: Great tasting premiums from grass-fed beef, What stands in the way of profitable beef farming etc.

Den Vet consults to the feedlot Suppliers of electronic animal scales industry. These distributors of and ID systems that integrate with veterinary and associated services most local software programmes. also give information talks and presentations in rural areas. They BALIMI BONKE advise farmers, agricultural co-ops Tel: 083 736 2638 etc. balimibonke@webmail.co.za Invest North West (INW) Small scale feedlot projects Tel: 014 594 2570 planning, building, supply of animal www.inw.org.za handling equipment INW runs Beef and goat meat processing projects.

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Keenan Mixer Wagons Tel: 033 330 3135 / 082 335 0506 keenan@netfocus.co.za KK Animal Nutrition Tel: 031 910 5100/29 www.kkan.com Meadow Feeds Tel: 011 991 6000 www.meadowfeeds.co.za Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP) Tel: 012 522 1500 www.OBPvaccines.co.za

South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Tel: 012 428 7911 Veterinary remedy residue testing of meat Trogtek Tel: 057 355 2588 Tel: 082 855 3445 Oasis feed and water cribs Whole Concepts cc Tel: 053 927 4999 www.nosering.co.za

8. International business environment

Order the Beef Report 2009 at www.agribenchmark.org. An extract is available on the website to whet your appetite www.cattlenetwork.com, the source for cattle news, reports that the top beef producing countries are (in order): the US, Brazil, the EU, China, Argentina, India, Mexico, Australia, Russian Federation and Canada. Also find international news and articles here: www.meatinternational.com industry information from gate to plate www.BEEFmagazine.com US magazine (and website) www.nbcec.org the US National Beef Cattle Evaluation Consortium website

7. Local business environment

Statistics and reports can be found at www.daff.gov.za, www.redmeatsa. co.za and other websites linked to the Red Meat Industry Forum i.e. www. samic.co.za, www.rpo.co.za, www.nerpo.co.za and www.safeedlot.co.za Beef production remained fairly constant over the period 2008-2009 on the back of high feed costs. Lower feed prices in 2009 and 2010 will boost production from 2010 onwards. The expected softening of beef demand due to the economic downturn has not materialized. However, the restaurant and take-away industries have been negatively affected by the tendency of consumers to buy fresh meat for home entertainment. As the economy recovers and interest rates decline, beef consumption is projected to grow at a moderate rate due to projected growth in personal disposable income of the South African population. Prices will consolidate on the early gains in 2009 and are projected to increase from 2010 onwards.
Source: the BFAP Baseline 2009. Find this at www.bfap.co.za

9. New farmer information

Find NERPOS contact information under heading 2.

10. Beef cattle: weaning of calves

It is important to decide when and by what means to wean beef calves, because it influences the weaning mass of calves as well as the condition of the cows, and indirectly their conception rates. Timing: The major priority in beef production is to produce as many calves as possible. The main objective of weaning is therefore to enable a cow to calve every year by allowing her to regain condition after weaning. Calves are ideally weaned when they are 7 to 8 months old. The right time to wean a calf depends on the condition of the cow and not the age of the calf. Calves should be weaned before the condition score of the cow falls below 2,5 if adequate winter feed is available and the cows maintain their condition. The calves should preferably be weaned before the cows condition score falls below 3,0. During years of drought and poor feed supply, calves should be weaned early (about 6 months), to allow the cow to recover before the onset of winter. It is important that the cow should recover and that the secretory tissue be restored before the next calf is born. In the eastern parts of the country calves born during spring can be weaned early in May at the age of about 7 to 8 months. In the more western parts calves can be weaned late in May or early June at the age of about 7 to 8 months as the breeding season tends to be later in these areas.

The popular carcase competition rewards farmers who produce animals that the market wants. Find out more from NERPO, SAMIC or the RPO. Commercial farmers, represented by the Red Meat Producers Organisation (RPO) have demonstrated their dedication to assist emerging farmers by making mentors available to help them in the transformation process to become commercial farmers. The Kanhym Feedlot in Mpumalanga is one example of a commercial enterprise that has transformed into a modern, BEE compliant company.

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Early weaning: This practice should only be considered during times of severe drought or feed shortages. Calves weaned at a relatively young age (less than 5 months) experience severe setbacks. If the condition of the cow deteriorates considerably before the planned weaning time, the producer must decide whether to - wean early and supply concentrate feeding to the calf - provide a roughage supplement to the cows that are still suckling their calves. This decision will depend on the availability and cost of feed. Generally, the feed (mainly concentrates) costs to rear early weaned calves are relatively high. Therefore, feeding concentrates to calves should only be considered during adverse conditions. Methods of weaning: Circumstances on the farm determine the method of weaning. following methods can be used: The

Keep the calves in a kraal or well-fenced camp and remove the cows to a distant camp, preferably out of earshot of the calves. Remove the cows temporarily from a camp and in their absence move the calves to another distant camp. Cows tend to look for their calves in the camp in which they were last seen and this method should prevent the cows from breaking out of the camp. Exchange calves from two different herds. The calves will then have the company of cows. Some cross suckling is, however, likely to occur. Separate the cows and calves by a strong, close-strand wire fence. This method can reduce weaning stress. Nose plates, commercially available or homemade, can be fitted to calves for 7 to 14 days. These prevent suckling, even if cows and calves remain together throughout the weaning period. When the nose plates are removed the cows and calves are separated, but with relatively little stress. General: Perform castration, dehorning and branding when calves are 2 to 3 months old, not immediately before weaning. This will ensure that the stress associated with these operations does not add to that of weaning. A few dry cows can be kept with the weaners to calm them. Provide sufficient good-quality roughage, water and shade in the weaning camps. To prevent excessive walking and trampling the camps should not be too large. The weaning process could last 7 to 14 days, depending on the age at which the calves are weaned as well as the breed of the cow.

The Case for NoseRings

NoseRing is an agricultural product used for stress-free weaning of livestock without having to separate the young animal from its mother. This results in weight gains during weaning for both mother and young. This means healthier, more robust livestock, no damage to fencing and kraals, higher conception rates and happier farmers! If traceability becomes a requirement, buyers of weaners, whether for feedlotting or grazing, would do well to insist that producers wean with NoseRings as a method that is animal friendly, and that can significantly increase production and the potential for profit. Feedlotters too benefit from purchasing weaners that were weaned using low-stress weaning methods.
For more information visit www.nosering.co.za

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2. Associations involved

Livestock
Beekeeping
1. Overview
A devastating disease of bee colonies is threatening the South African beekeeping industry. American Foulbrood (AFB) is an extremely serious bacterial disease of honeybee brood, and results in the death of honeybee larvae and, in serious cases, the collapse and death of the entire honeybee colony. The AFB outbreak is of national importance, and is considered a severe risk to the beekeeping industry and to crop commodities such as the deciduous fruit industry which relies on honeybees for pollination. Find updates and measures to contain AFB on www.sabio.org.za.

South African Bee-Industry Organisation (SABIO) Tel: 012 356 9832 www.sabio.org.za 400 registered beekeepers are members of SABIO. Small farmers are encouraged to register, because this enables SABIO to: release more accurate statistics; to keep the sector informed and prepared for any potential future crises; to assist you in applications for funding. Regional/Provincial Associations: Eastern Highveld Beekeepers Association (Eastern Gauteng) Tel: 011 362 2904 Free State Beekeepers Association Tel: 051 433 4663 KwaZulu-Natal Beekeepers Association Tel: 033 239 5292 Mpumalanga Beekeepers Association Tel: 013 750 0723/ 082 608 2008 Northern Cape Bee Group Tel: 053 441 2341 Northern Transvaal Beekeepers Association (Pretoria) Tel: 083 259 4466 Southerns Beekeeping Association (Gauteng Province and country districts) Tel: 083 262 2047 www.beekeepers.co.za Southern Cape Bee Industries Association Tel: 044 871 1935/ Western Cape Bee Industry Association Tel: 021 971 1022

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Commercial pollination of apples Development projects using honeybees Honeybee products include: honey, bee-collected pollen, royal jelly, wax, and health supplements. Honey and wax go beyond the food market and are used in large quantities in the manufacture of beauty products, candles, lipstick, medicine, herbal tea and chewing gum. Honey is a natural anti-oxidant and can, for example, be used to extend the shelf life of meat. Other products that can be exploited are pollen, an extremely pure form of protein, propolis (a natural antiseptic), royal jelly (a health and cosmetic product) and bee venom (used medically in the desensitising of allergic people). Many beekeepers sell their products in bulk to honey packers, or they market their products themselves. Smaller operators often sell from the home, in roadside stalls or to local cafs. Beekeeping works on economies of scale: the more hives you have, the more profitable your enterprise will be. The large bee farmers only farm with bees. The smaller ones usually diversify. Bees are the most important pollinators of agricultural crops, being responsible for about one in every three mouthfuls of food we eat each day.
Source: Mike Allsopp, Dr Connal Eardley (ARC PPRI)

Find the Agricultural Pests Act (Act No.36 of 1983) and control measures relating to honeybees on websites like www.beekeeping.co.za and www. beekeeping.co.za Legislation divides South Africa into a Cape beekeeping region and a Scutellata (African Honeybee) beekeeping region, along the Siegfried Line, an estimate of the traditional boundary between the races. Honeybees are not allowed to be moved across the line in either direction except under permit issued by DAFF.

The Siegfried Line Directorate: Plant Health Tel: 012 319 6529 DPH@daff.gov.za

Black Cape bees and yellow African bees. Directorate Food Safety & Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306 DFSQA@daff.gov.za

Honeybees are also of value in South Africa as vehicles of Empowerment and Rural Development. Small-scale beekeeping has great potential as a means of entrepreneurial development and economic empowerment, particularly among rural communities and especially for women. The greatest potential for beekeeping development rests in the gum plantations managed by commercial companies such as SAPPI and MONDI, which are presently underutilised for beekeeping and honey production. Collaboration and partnerships between these companies, government and local communities could result in economic development for a large number of communities and individuals in South Africa.

Directorate: Agricultural Products Directorate: International Trade Inspection Services (APIS) Tel: 012 319 8451 Tel: 012 319 6100 Directorate: Animal Production Tel: 012 319 7424

4. Training and research

The Agricultural Colleges, working with Provincial Departments of Agriculture run courses in beekeeping. Find details of Cedara and the other Colleges in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter.

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Other training is done by: ARC-PPRI. Tel: 012 808 8000 or 021 887 4690 Honeywood Farm Tel: 028 722 1823 Joe Hugill at Saronda Valley Tel: 011 953 4883 Robert Post Tel: 021 971 1022 SABIO Tel: 012 807 7433 SM McGladdery Tel/fax: 033 342 4990

ARC Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI) Tel: 021 887 4690 allsoppm@arc.agric.za South Africas foremost honeybee researcher GoszczynskaT@arc.agric.za the PPRI bacteriologist doing laboratory analyses eardleyc@arc.agric.za bee identifications (taxonomist). Dr Eardley is also vice-chair of the International Commission on Plant Bee Relations (ICPBR) LundallME@arc.agric.za honeybee development projects
Find the quick link to the African Pollinator Initiative at www.arc.agric.za

Bees are the most important group of pollinators (other pollinators include flies, beetles, butterflies, moths, lacewings, birds, rodents and bats, or by wind or water). Within the scope of present research the links between bee systematics and the ecological role of bees as pollinators, their importance in agriculture, and the presence of other pollinators, are recognised. Therefore participation in ecological, pollination, conservation and international policy development projects are important activities. The bee collection of the SA National Collection of Insects comprises over 15 000 database records. Material belonging to genera that have been revised are identified. Material is made available to researchers interested in studying Afrotropical bees and aculeate wasps. Bees, in general, are very sensitive to disturbance of their habitat, and some land use changes lead directly to their local extinctions. Thus bee biodiversity conservation has become a global concern. Taxonomy is essential for proper bee conservation and management. Contact: Dr Connal Eardley. E-mail: eardleyc@arc.agric.za Look for the Research & Development option at www.arc.agric.za University of the Free State Department Zoology & Entomology Tel: 051 401 2566 vdlindet@ufs.ac.za University of Pretoria Tel: 012 420 3233 Rhodes University Tel: 046 603 8528 Stellenbosch University Tel: 021 808 3160 International Bee Research Association www.ibra.org.uk

Some associations (e.g. Southerns Beekeeping Association) have their own newsletters. Find contact details for the different associations under heading 2. Find the two Info Paks on bees at www.daff.gov.za take the Publications menu option. The first is Basic Beekeeping. The second is entitled Bee: Capensis bee problem. Find the Where to buy Beekeeping books option on www.satweb. co.za/bees Kejafa Knowledge Works has publications on beekeeping. Visit www. kejafa.co.za or call 014 577 0005. Find the publications, some available as a free download, at www. biobees.com. The Barefoot Beekeeper, How to Build a Top Bar Hive and other titles. The British Beekeepers Association www.britishbee.org.uk www.friendsofthebees.org bee conservation and natural beekeeping www.beesabroad.org.uk Bees Abraod is a UK-registered charity which support beekeeping projects in developing countries. Read about one such project at www.berudep.org, the Belo Rural Development Project in Cameroon. Honey D Botha. ISSN: 0014-8482. Looks at the practice of apiculture in South Africa and the cultivation of colonies of honeybees for honey and beeswax production. The Hive Bee Wilson John Murray IBSN 0 7195 65987 Find Value-added products from beekeeping on the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations Rome website. This volume is intended to improve the possibilities for diversification in beekeeping activities.

6. Companies involved
ARC-IAE Tel: 012 842 4000. A solar wax extractor for small-scale beekeeping entrepreneurs Aalcapri Apiaries Tel: 011 825 4764 Apitherapy Tel: 053 833 1834 www.apitherapy.co.za Beequipment SA Tel: 011 476 5626 www.beequip.co.za BioAfrica Tel: 082 534 4807 www.bioafrica.co.za Clover Apiaries Tel: 012 343 6344 Comb Honey Apiaries Tel: 021 987 0667 www.comb-honey-apiaries. co.za Douglas Bee Farms Tel: 053 298 1101 Fleures Tel: 012 362 6991 Fax: 021 362 6992 Honey buyers Hasslers Honey Farm Tel: 011 849 1990 Highveld Honey Farms Tel: 011 849 1990 / 083 229 4467 brett@highveldhoney.co.za Honey Badger Tel: 012 365 1015 Honeybee Foundation & Products Tel: 021 511 4567 honeybee@global. co.za, www.beekeeping.com/honeybee-africa Honeysuckle Tel: 011 662 1492 www.honeysucklehoney.com Honeywood Farm Tel/fax: 028 722 1823 www.honeywoodfarm.co.za Makana Meadery Tel: 046 636 1227 Necta Honey Farm Tel: 021 981 4702 Fax: 011 698 3274 Nu-Life Beekeepers Tel: 039 433 1140 / 082 578 0827 Peels Honey Tel: 033 330 3762 The Propolis People Tel: 053 831 2705 www.thepropolispeople.co.za Raw Honey Tel: 083 653 6290 www.rawhoney.biz Rivendale Apiculture www.apiculture.co.za Ruperts Honey Tel: 012 650 0064 www.rupertshoney.co.za Slabber Apiculture Tel: 082 852 4392 www.pollination.co.za SM McGladdery Tel/fax: 033 342 4990 www.satweb.co.za/bees Schnetler (Specialised products) Tel: 011 782 8996 / 082 927 9629.

5. Websites and publications

Visit websites listed elsewhere in this chapter e.g. www.sabio.org.za, www.beekeepers.co.za etc. Beekeeping in South Africa (The Blue Book). 3rd edition. Provides information and instruction, caters for hobbyists, beginners and professionals. Call 021 887 4690, email allsoppm@arc.agric.za or visit www.arc.agric.za. From Beekeeping a practical guide for Southern Africa by D Marchand & J Marchand-Mayne. Allsopp, MH 2005 Commercial pollination of deciduous fruit - a pamphlet, obtainable from the Deciduous Fruit Producers Trust at telephone 021 882 8470. The South African Bee Journal (SABJ). Contact SABIO for details. Find the publications available on www.apiculture.co.za

7. Local business environment

American foulbrood (AFB) is an extremely serious bacterial disease of honeybee brood, caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. It results in the death of honeybee larvae and, in serious cases, the collapse and death of the honeybee colony. AFB is found almost world-wide, but has previously not been reported in sub-Saharan Africa. AFB was recently found in South Africa for the first time during an ARC survey for AFB, funded by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

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The origin of the AFB in South Africa is unknown, but is likely to be as a result of non-irradiated honey being brought into the country. Other possible avenues for entry are imported beeswax, imported bee-food, or ship-borne honeybee swarms. For many years, South Africa has insisted on the compulsory irradiation of all bee products entering the country, specifically to prevent the entry of AFB. AFB is a notifiable disease in almost all countries, including South Africa. Clinical symptoms in colonies are diseased larvae and pupae, which collapse into a mucus-like mass at the base of a cell, and then dry into a hard, black scale. The colony has a sickly, old boots smell. If the disease is not contained and eradicated, it will almost certainly spread throughout South Africa, and eventually to neighbouring countries and throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Beekeepers are strongly urged to adopt extreme precautionary measures to prevent the disease spreading further, and to prevent their apiaries from contracting the disease. This applies to all beekeepers in South Africa, but particularly those in the Western Cape. The suggested measures are as follows: Beekeepers should endeavour to keep all apiaries isolated from each other; that is, do not move honeybee colonies from apiary to apiary. Beekeepers should not place their colonies in the near proximity of colonies belonging to other beekeepers. Do not move equipment (brood boxes, supers, frames) from apiary to apiary, or from colony to colony. Sterilise all beekeeping equipment (hive tools, gloves) with alcohol or boiling water after use, so as not to spread the infection from apiary to apiary or from colony to colony. Do not put out wet supers for bees to feed from. Do not feed colonies with anything containing honey or pollen. Keep robbing to an absolute minimum, and hence, keep beekeeping management to a minimum. Contact: Mike Allsopp at AllsoppM@arc.agric.za

Projects
Read about the Beekeeping for Poverty Relief Programme (BPRP) on the ARC website, www.arc.agric.za

Vhembes flagship beekeepers are taking a big step towards restoring their position as one of the main emerging honey producers in the country. Backed by a R2-million grant from the European Union (EU) through the Limpopo Local Economic Development (LED) Programme, they are planning to become bulk honey suppliers in the Limpopo Province. They are reinventing themselves and plan to install and share specialized processing equipment, deliver their produce in consumer friendly packs, and promote their products. They believe their actions will increase the competitiveness of Limpopos honey industry by ensuring direct access to local markets. The Limpopo LED Programme grant is a contribution towards the costs involved in changes to the projects processing centre house, new processing equipment to be shared by the beekeepers, and the transportation of their honey. The farmers own the orchards surrounding the area, which will make it easier to accommodate their beehives. South Africa imports honey because it does not produce sufficient honey to meet local demand. Shortages of honey on international markets are causing prices to rise. The increasing demand for honey locally makes the project more viable, and the aim is to supply the local markets at a reasonable price. Since consumers prefer to purchase in smaller quantities, the project also aims to meet the demand for smaller, high-value packs of honey. The project will focus on selling to the local markets until they can become their own wholesalers. This will ensure higher returns to the farm, and will increase the market share, turnover and profitability, as well as sustainability and pricing. Contact: Tebogo Mailula at MailulaT@arc.agric.za Tips for Newcomers to the Beekeeping Industry

8. New farmer information

Apiculture (bee-farming) is ideal for women, young people and the disabled, people who also have other responsibilities such as housework, school or are physically challenged. When husbands migrate to cities to seek employment, women stay behind with all the responsibilities. Beekeeping offers an opportunity to earn an income while tending to the rest of her agricultural and household responsibilities. It is light labour and not mechanised. It is not suitable for the lazy though. When honeybees have been established in beehives, the bees will produce the honey and other hive products. The farmers job is to pay attention to their bees and manage their hives effectively. This free workforce will work for the farmers as long as there are nectar-producing plants in the area. The future of this programme is dependent on the South African honey consumer market knowing about this project and for the beekeepers to be innovative in exploiting the spin-offs from hive products. Honeybees are found all over South Africa and are a free and accessible resource. People do not have to own land but only need permission to place their hives in a safe place. If there are adequate bee plants in an area to allow bees to produce surplus nectar a beekeeping operation could be started.

Bee colonies have to be protected from the wind. If no natural windbreak is available, erect a temporary wind shelter. Colonies should be placed in sunny locations and preferably where the sun shines on the entrances. Hives should be kept off the ground with old tyres or concrete blocks as dampness and the lack of ventilation could stress the bees. Ensure uncontaminated water is close to the hive. Introduce new bees at certain times of the year the new blood ensures a healthier and stronger colony, as does the continuous splitting of the colonies. On the Highveld, in the winter, when there is not enough forage, the bees are transported up to 350 hives at a time, in trucks, to more fertile areas. The ability of bees to navigate is centred around the sun and as dusk approaches, they return home that is why they are transported at night. Apart from selling honey and beeswas, one the most profitable aspects of beekeeping is providing pollination service to farmers. For further information on beehives, safety and processing equipment or for advice, contact SABIO.
Source: Brett Falconer, Highveld Honey Farms

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9. International business environment

Visit the International Bee Research Association pages at www.ibra. org.uk There is a worldwide demand for honey and wax. The major exporters of honey are: China, Argentina, Australasia, and the USA. The major importers are Europe, the USA and the Middle East. Beeswax is mainly exported from Africa to Europe. Most countries have strict regulations regarding the importation of honeybee products and these should be obtained from the local trade commissions. Europe, the USA and Canada require further tests against residues of pesticides in honey. There are strict regulations regarding importation of beeswax and honey in order to keep infectious diseases out of the country. All imported honey and bee products need to be irradiated for disease control purposes, and are required to display the radurised sign on these products. Importers can bring honey in more cheaply even with the transport costs. The picture is changing because local producers have increased production. The supply and demand, foreign exchange rates, and quality of the product all play important roles in determining the world trade prices of all honeybee products. Sources for the chapter: Mike Allsopp (ARC-PPRI); Brett Falconer. Notes on American Foulbrood were taken from different ARC-PPRI newsletters, mostly from edition 79 of 2009 (find these newsletters on www.arc.agric.za) Our thanks to Hans Blokker and the South African Bee-Industry Organisation (SABIO), Brett Falconer (Highveld Honey Farms), Connal Eardley (ARCPPRI), Elize Lundall (ARC-PPRI) and Tom Cain (Southerns Beekeeping Association) for feedback on the draft chapter.

Livestock
Dairy
Find also the Dairy chapter in the Agro-processing section

1. Overview
South Africas dairy industry compares favourably with the worlds top dairy industries in farming methods and processing of dairy products. Dairy farming occurs throughout South Africa with the highest concentration being in the Eastern Free State, the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, the Eastern and Western Cape, and the southern parts of Mpumalanga. Holstein Friesians and Jerseys are the predominant breeds, followed by Ayrshires, Guernseys and SA Dairy Swiss. The number of milk producers in South Africa in October 2009 was approximately 3 330. Around 660 processors and distributors of milk and milk products process milk from the farmers and sell it to consumers nationwide. Internationally the South African farmer still produces milk at one of the lowest prices in the world. Dairy farming is not subsidised by government and South Africa is a net importer of milk and milk productsfor the past three years. Africa is responsible for only 1% of the worlds dairy output, and half of that comes from South Africa. Below, courtesy of the MPO, is a map giving the distribution of milk production.

2. Associations involved
Milk SA Tel: 012 460 7312 www.milksa.co.za Milk SA represents the primary and secondary industries. More than 80% of all milk produced and processed in South Africa is represented by Milk SA. Milk Producers Organisation (MPO) Tel: 012 843 5600 www.dairyconnect.co.za The MPO is a voluntary, democratic organisation which act as the mouthpiece for commercial and emerging dairy farmers (approximately 84% of dairy farmers belong to the MPO). It is established as a non-profit company, in terms of section 21 of the Company Act.

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MPOSA Holdings was established in 2001 as the holding company for the MPO and its affiliates. MPOSA has seven independent affiliates that it supervises. They are: MPO Milk Producers Organisation. Agri Inspec The countrys most important forensic monitoring business in the agricultural sector. Initially it focused on stopping the illegal import of dairy products, but since 1998 it has benefited other business commodities including poultry, red meat, plant oils and sugar with its services. AgriBonus A benefits programme for South African farmers. Agri Connect The MPOs publication and media company which informs its members and other interested parties about developments in the milk industry, as well as the broader agricultural industry. Agri Travel & Tours A travel bureau which specialize in the agriculture. Agri Travel & Tours can organise agricultural tours to any possible country in the world and also bring tours to South Africa. The /MPO Institute for Dairy Technology Provides new, relevant information to the farmer about the latest technology in the dairy industry. Its services are also available to other livestock industries. Cendel The Centre for Producer Development is responsible for the organising of courses for dairy farmers, as well as the management of the mentorship programme of the MPO. The organisation also has a weekly radio programme on RSG: Landbou Suiwelsake, on Tuesdays at 12h30, which informs the dairy farmer of the latest developments in the dairy industry. A similar programme is run on Radio Pretoria on Thursdays at 13h00. The MPO also manages the All Africa Dairy Expo on an annual basis and the Large Herds Conference on a bi-annual basis.

The aim here is to keep farmers farming, keeping the farmer on his farm, and putting him in the position to make money. Goals: supplying relevant and new information as well as technology to the milk industry; promoting milk quality; to strengthen the negotiating power of the dairy industry and the milk producer; promoting the status and perceptions of all role players in the dairy industry; ensuring maximum profitability for the milk farmers; co-ordinate the relevant research. Target Market commercial and emerging farmers veterinarians, nutritionists etc. secondary dairy industry farm labourers government and parastatal institutions Milk SA Training and Development Tel: 012 460 7312 www.dairysa.co.za This group facilitates the entire training process, supplies the learning material, and assesses the learners competence. They have a booklet on their courses which gives a list of their unit standards and learnerships. ARC-Livestock Business Division (Irene) Annetjie Loubser Tel: 012 672 9153/ 44 Ms S Erasmus at 012 672 9188 www.arc.agric.za The dairy unit also offers facilities for research to all stakeholders in the dairy industry. Individual feed intake and milk production can be recorded for research purposes. The dairy unit also provides opportunities for hands -on training in all aspects of dairy farming. A three-day course which deals with Dairy Management is run at Irene. To find out about the Master Dairyman Competition, contact Reinder Groenveld at 012 672 9097 or reinder@arc.agric.za Fort Hare Dairy Trust (FHDT) Jeff Every 041 379 4800 Leonard Mavhungu 082 795 7455 FHDT is a partnership between white farmers from the Tsitsikamma and Underberg areas through their company Amadlelo Agri and the University of Fort Hare. It provides hands-on training to black farmers from around the country. Four Lakes Tel: 021 557 0606 www.fourlakes.co.za Suppliers of quality animal health and dairy herd management products The Provincial Departments of Agriculture work closely with the Agricultural Colleges to present short courses on Dairy Production, often in an African language e.g. the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environment and Cedara offer a small-scale dairying course in Zulu, Dairy Production (basic and advanced) and Dairy Processing. Glen College offers dairy management courses. Find contact details for all Agricultural Colleges in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter.

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find information on the different directorates under the Divisions menu option at www.daff.gov.za.

Animal Production Tel: 012 319 7662

Agricultural Product Inspection Services (APIS) International Trade Tel: 012 319 6100 Administration Commission (Itac) Grootfontein Agricultural Tel: 012 394 3590 Development Institute www.itac.org.za Tel: 049 842 1113 Itacs core business is to create Food Safety and Quality an enabling environment for Assurance fair trade through customs tariff Tel: 012 319 7306 investigations, trade remedies and import and export control. Other National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) Department of Health Tel: 012 341 1115 Tel: 012 312 0985 www.namc.co.za www.doh.gov.za

Competition Commission Tel: 012 394 3332 www.compcom.co.za

4. Training and research

MPO Institute for Dairy Technology and Centre for Producer Development (CenDel) Tel: 012 843 5600

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Stellenbosch University Department: Food Science Tel: 021 808 3578 voedselw@sun.ac.za University of Fort Hare Tel: 040 602 2126 agripark@ufh.ac.za University of the Free State Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences Tel: 051 401 2210 Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Tel: 051 401 2163 Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology Tel: 051 401 2396

University of KwaZulu-Natal School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness Tel: 033 260 5808 Contact Animal and Poultry Science at Gous@ukzn.ac.za University of Pretoria Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences Tel: 012 420 3271 South African Institute for Agricultural Extension Tel: 012 420 3247 Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology Tel: 012 420 4622

Lacto Data provides the latest statistics on the dairy industry, including breakdowns of imports and exports. Find it on www.dairyconnect. co.za. www.milkismilk.com The Centre for Global Food Issues webpage to help dairy producers learn about and share opinions regarding the challenges of dairy production. www.dairyexpo.co.za the showcase of the dairy industry in the SADC region. www.fil-idf.org, website of the International Dairy Federation Find the current world production, market and trade reports at www. fas.usda.gov/currwmt.asp the Foreign Agricultural Service arm of the US Department of Agriculture.

6. Companies involved
See also the chapter in the Agro-processing section.

Agri Services Tel: 033 342 2887 Alles-In-Een Tel: 018 596 1410 Akshan Consulting Tel: 011 803 7139 / 084 777 4472 www.ashkan.co.za Dairy hygiene Asgisa Eastern Cape Tel: 043 735 1673 http://asgisa-ec.co.za AXXON/MILKING Tel: 011 837 7177/6/0 Fax: 011 837 3100 axxon@global.co.za

Clover Tel: 011 471 1400 www.clover.co.za Coastal Milking Equipment (CME) Tel: 044 878 0553 Dairy Care Tel: 017 773 1209 Delaval Tel: 031 792 9800 www.delaval.com For all products required by farmers to run a dairy operation Den Vet Tel: 033 345 1093 www.denvet.co.za

5. Websites and publications

The Dairy Mail is a monthly publication for dairy farmers. It provides indepth research, comprehensive industry news, and excellent technical and management information. Call 012 843 5600 or visit www.dairyconnect. co.za. Also find the AgriBooks menu option on this website. Publications include Vaccines and immunisation of farm animals (Drs Jan du Preez and Faffa Malan), and Udder health (Dr Inge-Mari Petzer). Contact the ARC-Irene at 012 672 9111 for the following publications: Dairy cattle feeding and management (complete set of Bulletins, available in Afrikaans or English); Dairy herd improvement in South Africa Call 012 842 4000 or email Stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publications, available from the ARC in Silverton: Handleiding oor melkbeesfasiliteite Dairy cattle facilities manual Lae-koste melkverkoeling Small-scale milking shed Kleinskaalse melkstal

Manure handling in intensive animal production units, written by HT Breedt, edited and revised by F Cilliers, is also available from the ARC in Silverton. In its treatment of dairy cattle, this invaluable book looks at the dairy building, housing facilities and the design of flushing systems for dairy housing. Kejafa Knowledge Works has numerous livestock publications including Getting Started with Beef and Dairy Cattle, Dairy Cattle Manual and Natural Cattle Care. Visit www.kejafa.co.za or call 014 577 0005. Under the General Reports option (take Publications at www.daff.gov. za), find the excellent Agricultural Marketing Extension. Training Paper No. 6 covers dairy marketing. Under the Info Paks option on the same website find Guidelines for handmilking procedures and Rules for clean handmilking. The International Dairy Federation (IDF) has produced several publications aimed at improving environmental performance. Find IDF bulletin 436/2009 Environmental / Ecological Impact of the Dairy Sector at its website, www. fil-idf.org. The secretary of the South African National Committee of the IDF is Edu Roux who can be contacted at 012 843 5701. South Africa will host the IDFs 2012 World Dairy Summit.

Install and supply large and small milking parlours plus spares Solving your animal health problems. Various products for BALIMI BONKE the dairy e.g. milk liners, Kenotest, Tel: 083 736 2638 Denvet Dairy Wipes. Find the Dairy balimibonke@webmail.co.za Parlour check list and notes on mineral deficiency on the website. Supply and refurbish milking parlours Guth SA Tel: 041 373 5448 Bayer Animal Health www.guth.co.za Tel: 011 921 5723 Kwikelec Bio-Fly (Pty) Ltd Tel: 041 365 7394 Tel: 083 601 7221 www.biofly.co.za Installation of dairy farm (including processing) equipment Bio-insectaries SA (BISA) Tel: 042 286 0978 Lactolab www.bioinsectsa.com Tel: 012 665 5655 www.lactolab.co.za Biogas Power Tel: 086 124 6427 Lactolabs main focus is the analyses www.biogaspower.co.za of raw milk for milk buyers as well as for milk recording purposes. Central Melk Tel: 013 246 1094 Mbisi www.centralmilk.com Tel: 012 667 1122

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Melkboer Dienste Tel: 011 949 1162 Melkor Tel: 017 712 1081 Midlands Milk Tel: 082 872 8681 www.midlandsmilk.co.za Milk-Pro Tel: 011 566 2022 www.milk-pro.com Nkateko Productions Tel: 021 853 7007 / 082 716 9548 www.nkateko.com NIQL Tel: 012 672 9111

Overberg Melkery Toerusting Tel: 028 514 2402 Robust Rubber Suppliers Tel: 011 363 1348 Heavy-duty anti-slip matting Southern African Milk Cooperative Ltd (SAMILCO) Tel: 021 886 4730 www.samelko.co.za Streamline Milking Services Tel: 022 482 1568 Strydom Melkmasjiene Tel: 051 421 1007

8. Animal comfort makes good milk

Cows that are comfortable will have less stress, eat more, have less health problems, and be injured less. Good cow comfort makes milk. Cows should be eating, drinking, milking, or lying down. If cubicle comfort is a problem, cows stand more. This could increase laminitis. Cows should get up in cubicles as they would out on a pasture and with the same comfort. Bedding is needed to facilitate cow movement and maintain cleanliness. Cows should eat comfortably. Overcrowding and slippery floors cause slug feeding. Check important measurements like holding area space, floor slopes and finishing of concrete surfaces. Control the flies on your farm. Cows need to be psychologically comfortable and unstressed.
Source: Rykie Visser

Tammac Consultants Tel: 039 834 1405 Northfield Engineering (Pty) Ltd www.tammac.co.za Tel: 041 484 3211 Taurus Olmex Agriculture Tel: 012 666 1122 Duncan Clements 082 318 8865 www.olmex.co.za Total Pipeline Industries Tel: 028 722 1371 Onderstepoort Biological www.dairymaster.com Products (OBP) Tel: 012 522 1500 Tube & Product Distributors www.obpvaccines.co.za Tel: 039 727 2041

9. A note on fly-control
It is common knowledge that flies can reduce feed intake on dairy farms where proper fly control is not in place. A drop in milk production up to 35% is possible when flies are not controlled. They also spread diseases like mastitis from cow to cow. It pays to invest in a yearly fly control program! Avoid the build up of manure and bedding material, and fix water troughs that leak water. This will be ideal breed areas for the flies to multiply in their millions.
Source: Rykie Visser

7. Local business environment

Lacto Data, a publication that is given out twice a year, provides the latest statistics on the dairy industry. The publication can be found on www. dairyconnect.co.za Dairy producers have a number of marketing opportunities: Sell direct to consumers. Producers can build a sound relationship with local customers. Sell to a retailer e.g. a small caf or supermarket Sell to a processor. There are some 250 of these, and through technology like www.olmex.co.za you should be able to sell to any of them. Value adding through processing (see the dairy chapter in the last section of this directory). Value adding through packaging. Put milk or other product in attractive and functional packaging. The profitability of milk producers has decreased radically over the past year, owing to continued input cost increases and the lowering of farmgate prices. Advice to dairy farmers has included: to form buying groups and purchase grain directly from grain producers; to join forces when they sell their products to put them in a better bargaining position. Inquire from the MPO about the manual to help farmers with group forming, developed by the University of the Free State. The MPO, in conjunction with the National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC), was to put out a study to further identify possible costsaving opportunities. It is also in the process of establishing an export advisory service to assist potential exporters of dairy products. Find out about the milk trading platform on which dairy producers and milk buyers are able to trade milk on the internet. Trading caters mainly for six to twelve month contracts, although there is provision for shorter term and once-off transactions. Contact Duncan Clements at 082 318 8865, or visit www.olmex.co.za

Solutions for flies: Bio-Fly (Pty) Ltd Cell: 083 601 7221 carine@biofly.co.za www.biofly.co.za Bio-insectaries SA (BISA) Tel: 042 286 0978 / 083 270 4866 bisa@bioinsectsa.com www.bioinsectsa.com

10. Milk Recording

Milk recording is of utmost importance not only to the individual farmer, but also to the entire dairy industry. Milk recording provides the farmer with up-to date information on milk yield and milk composition (fat and protein %, lactose, Urea and somatic cell counts). This information provides the basis for informed herd management and profitability. It increases herd profitability through maximising genetic improvement. It helps the farmer maintain low herd somatic cell count by monitoring individual cow SCC and taking appropriate action in time. It creates the possibility of corrective pairing. Producers who join the scheme get an increase in the value of their animals (buyers are inclined to pay more for animals where additional information such as performance test results and breeding values is available. Joining the scheme Participation does not require exceptional skills. The farmer only needs to keep basic records such as the testing date. Since not all farmers can afford the time and /or manpower to do milk recording, ARC technicians/milk recorders can do the test for you. The farmer pays for the delivery and testing of the samples, the control and maintenance of standards and the processing of the data. To join the scheme you need to contact the ARC in Irene: 012 672 9111.
Sources for the chapter: Milk Producers Organisation; Agricultural Marketing Extension. Training Paper No. 6 Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF); correspondence to this project by the Animal Production directorate at DAFF. Our thanks to the Milk Producers Organisation for feedback on the draft chapter

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Livestock
Donkeys
1. Overview
Donkeys can play a vital role in the economy. As a result of the droughts the number of donkeys used for cultivation and transport has increased dramatically. In the southern part of Africa donkey use is on the increase and liable to remain at high levels for the foreseeable future. Donkeys are utilised throughout the country for a variety of reasons such as transport on farms, rural villages and everyday water and supplies collection, and ploughing. Recently their value in guarding sheep and goats has reduced the need for other forms of predator control 1. Donkeys are pretty optimal because: They are cheap to buy and have a long life (~ 50 years). Kilogram-for-kilogram, they produce more work than oxen. Kilogram-for-kilogram, they eat and drink much less than oxen, and eat particularly low quality vegetation. They are outstandingly easy to train and handle. They have a fairly low center of gravity and pull from a point not too high from the ground. Their hoofs, being without points, do minimal damage to soils. Advantages friendly towards humans willing to work can turn in a small space easy to train need little supervision in work can utilise poor food well need little water not affected much by external parasites less impact on soils than cattle or machines can survive well in tsetse areas can survive droughts better than cattle comparatively cheap to buy strong relative to size live/work long years in good care milk good for humans, especially babies useful for calming, training and guarding other kinds of animal work better in pairs with a friend Disadvantages suffer from being alone noisy when frustrated or lonely friends not easily separate uncastrated males aggressive towards other donkeys skin easily wounded tendency to wander long distances if not supervised tendency not to move out of the way of traffic need shelter from cold and damp produce only enough milk for own young, no extra comparatively small in size mature slowly breed slowly manure more fibrous than nutritious

A responsive donkey will be very watchful and, although allowing a stranger to come quite close in an open field, will be prompt in backing away from any strange movement. An Excitable donkey will run, probably kicking its heels in the air, when seeing a stranger in an open field. A donkey is obedient if it knows the commands, responds to them quickly and does not need to have them repeated. Moving 1 km under 5 minutes is FAST for a donkey, and it cannot be expected to go much further than 1 km at this speed. A donkey that walks more slowly than a human being is TOO SLOW. A donkey is AGILE if it can turn in a space only a little wider than itself and climb up and down steps at least 50 cm high; if it cannot do these things, it is CLUMSY. Some important considerations: Bearing in mind that donkeys separated from their friends are liable to suffer and, at the very last, give trouble, it is wise to choose donkeys in pairs, i.e. pairs of friends. A female must not be separated from her foal before it is about a year old and certainly not before she has weaned it herself otherwise behavioural problems might be caused in both mother and foal. Not to be forgotten, when a donkey is bought, is its name. If the previous owner has a name for the donkey, then this indicates that the donkey has probably received good treatment, and most probably some good training. As a buyer, you will need to use the donkeys original name so as to establish a good relationship with it. What is the difference between a donkey and a mule? A mule is a donkey-horse hybrid: the mother a horse, the father a donkey. The disadvantage of size in a donkey can be overcome if mules are bred. Mules are just about as strong as horses, but have the disease resistance and willingness to work that donkeys have. The great disadvantage of mules is that they are not fertile, and only extremely rarely can breed further mules. Although donkey transport has been in place in South Africa for over 400 years, the animal responsible for its success and sustainability has been ignored and worse. Using sound economic-based research, it can be shown that one donkey can bring in a profit of more than R3000.00 a month if it is used for less than 10 days a month, using current income and cost factors. As Dr Peta Jones points out under heading 10, the very worst kind of cart for donkeys is the one most common in South Africa: two wheels, giving balance problems, and one shaft, giving hitching problems (hitching is the way the animal is connected to what it operates). It is important for donkey health and efficiency to overcome these problems. Carts have been designed so that they are safe for passengers, but ergonomically efficient so a single human student (who weighs about half of the 150 kg that is the weight of an average donkey) can pull the single donkey cart with 2 students on board, with ease! Two students can pull the 4 wheel cart with six students on board with no real effort. Contact Prof C McCrindle for more information

Source: P Jones

2. Institutions and associations involved

Find details of the Highveld Horse Care Unit, the Eastern Cape Horse Care Unit and the Cart Horse Protection Association Clinic & Training Centre in the chapter on horses. These groups are very much involved with donkeys too. Animals in Distress Cell: 083 640 8822 manager@animalsindistress.org.za www.animalsindistress.org.za ARC-Institute of Agricultural Engineering Tel: 012 842 4000 SimalengaT@arc.agric.za stoltzg@arc.agric.za www.arc.agric.za ARC-Livestock Business Division Rain Gerhard Tel: 012 672 9111 / 9086 De Rust Donkey Project Tel/fax: 044 241 2231 moonbeams@odn.co.za Helping local communities with equipment and donkey care to offer donkey-based tourism.

Ways of Judging a Donkeys Temperament A donkey with its ears pointed forward is interested and willing to participate. A donkey with its ears back is frightened, angry or too excited and can easily behave badly. A donkey with a calm temperament would, in an open field, allow a strange human (or donkey) to come quite close before moving away, and when it moves, it will move slowly.
1. Not all donkeys make good livestock guards because there are significant behavioural differences between individuals. Also, A donkeys behaviour may be unpredictable during oestrus, or when ewes are lambing or rams are working, as donkeys are able to sense behavioural changes in these animals.

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Donkey Power Facilitation and Consultancy Dr Peta Jones Tel: 015 517 7011 asstute@lantic.net

Advice on the management of and making equipment for donkeys, and Research has been conducted on participatory training for owners, the internal parasites (worms) and handlers and extension workers is their control in donkeys. provided. Donkey Sanctuary Tel: 023 625 1593 www.donkeysanctuary.co.za Madzivhandila College of Agriculture Tel: 015 962 7200 National Council of SPCAs Farm Unit Tel: 011 907 3590 The NSPCA provides training and equipment to donkey owners throughout South Africa. Old, worn, inappropriate, broken bridles and harnesses are removed and replaced with correct fitting and appropriate equipment. Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) Soshanguwe campus Dr Hendrik van Zyl vanzylh@tut.ac.za University of Johannesburg Mr Chris Bradnum (Design Group Leader Animal Drawn Carts) Tel: 011 406 559 1387 cbradnum@uj.ac.za University of the Free State Department of Zoology & Entomology Prof OB Kok Tel: 051 401 2489 Kokob@ufs.ac.za University of Pretoria Veterinary Faculty at Onderstepoort Prof C McCrindle Tel: 012 529 8022 / 75 cheryl.mccrindle@up.ac.za

Stellenbosch University Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Dr S Matthee Tel: 021 808 4777 smatthee@sun.ac.za

4. Websites and publications

Donkeys for Development. Jones, PA. ATNESA/ARC/Donkey Power. ISBN 0-620-22177-1. This small handbook designed for resourcepoor rural donkey owners covers everything from choosing and buying donkeys, through their life-cycle and nutritional and veterinary needs, to equipment-making and donkey training in a mere 160 pages with plenty of photographs and diagrams. An updated version on CD (along with PowerPoint presentations on donkey use) is also available. These are obtainable from Donkey Power CC. Contact Peta at 015 517 7011, email at asstute@lantic.net. The postal address is PO Box 414, Makhado / Louis Trichardt, 0920. Care and Use of Working Donkeys, an educational booklet, is available at www.daff.gov.za. Take the Publications and Info Paks menu options. Find Animal traction: care and use of working donkeys on the listing. This publication can also be obtained from the Resource Centre (012 319 7141) or from the National Council of SPCAs (NSPCA) at 011 907 3590. A revised version is also available electronically from asstute@lantic.net. There are many documents available on www.atnesa.org (find the Documents by country and region menu option). South African titles include Profitability of using animal traction under small holder farming conditions in Eastern Cape, South Africa (TE Simalenga, A Belete, NA Mseleni and LL Jongisa), Extension methods for improving the welfare of traction animals (Cheryl ME McCrindle and Limakatso E Moorosi), Response to demand: meeting farmers need for donkeys in southern Africa (Peta A Jones), Animal traction in South Africa: overview of the key issues (Paul Starkey, Funiwe Jaiyesimi-Njobe and Dirk Hanekom) etc. Other works include: Fielding, D, & P Krause, 1998. Donkeys. London: Macmillan ISBN 033-62750-4 Hutchins, B, P Hutchins & L Patton, 1999. The definitive donkey (2nd edn). Texas: Hee-Haw Book Service. ISBN 0-9659312-0-X James, M & Jones, P , 2007. Care and use of working donkeys. Fort Hare: South African Network for Animal Traction and National Council of SPCAs. (Available electronically f rom asstute@lantic.net) Svendsen, ED, J Duncan and D Hadrill (eds), 2008. The professional handbook of the donkey (4th edn). Yatesbury, UK: Whittet Books. ISBN 13 978-1-873580-68-4

If warranted, local veterinarians / state veterinarians are called upon to castrate stallions, often at the NSPCAs expense. These outreach programmes are performed in rural areas where resources are either Research has been conducted on unobtainable locally or owners do the internal parasites of donkeys, and they are now actively involved not have the funds. in donkey castration and other South African Network for donkey care techniques, and Animal Traction (SANAT) designing donkey carts, wagons Tel: 040 602 2125 and harnesses. AJoubert@ufh.ac.za This group organises meetings and keeps a directory of South African stakeholders in animal traction, including donkeys.

5. International business environment

Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) www.atnesa.org. Various publications and organisations worldwide (dealing with donkeys) are mentioned. The ATNESA contacts menu option includes details for contacts in Zimbabwe, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Zambia, and the UK. Three of these contacts are given below: Kenya Kenya Network for Dissemination of Agricultural Technologies Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Dept of Agricultural Engineering at the Sokoine University of Agriculture Agricultural Engineering and Appropriate Technology Research Center (AEATREC) Tel: +254 2067 66939 KENDAT@africaonline.co.ke www.kendat.org Tel: +255 22 286 2003 rmshetto@yahoo.co.uk Mark.lyimo@gmail.com Tel: +255 56 4562 or 4617 nhatibu@suanet.ac.tz s_okurut@yahoo.com

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Strategy varies from province to province, and also involves the Department of Transport notably in Limpopo and North West and the South African Bureau of Standards as regards donkey carts. Directorate: Animal and Aqua Production Tel: 012 319 7448 Tel: 012 319 7512 K Ramsay KeithR@daff.gov.za Tel: 012 319 7511 M Selepe mosihlanas@daff.gov.za

Tanzania

Other
Department of Transport Deputy Director: Integrated Implementation Support Tel: 012 309 3403 ronaldm@dot.gov.za www.dot.gov.za Uganda

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www.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk UK Donkey Sanctuary works worldwide www.spana.org Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad (SPANA) www.ifrtd.org The International Forum for Rural Transport and Development www.thebrooke.org an equine welfare charity based in the UK. The University of Edinburgh puts out a Draught Animal News newsletter. Visit www.vet.ed.ac.uk www.animaltraction.com hosts some useful information and links.

6. Donkeys, transport and the environment

The transport of donkeys is problematic because they do not respond well to being put in lorries often dying in transit and cannot always cope with the different vegetation in new environments. (See more under Nutrition and Transport in the heading to follow). The best place to buy donkeys is locally, and the best way to transport them is to walk them. Where soils are concerned, donkeys are light, hoofs small and cause less compaction than larger animals such as cattle or horses and of course tractors and trucks. Where vegetation is concerned, donkeys have relatively low feed requirements compared to cattle and horses and because they are very selective, will leave many plants and grasses alone, preferring to journey long distances in search of what they like rather than to stay in one place and eat everything. Because this helps them survive droughts so well, they are often the only animal survivors of droughts. Some people blame them for the bareness of the landscape whereas in fact they are simply the survivors, existing where few other animals can.

7. Donkeys and nutrition

Daily rations for a working donkey. (Working donkey is a 200300 kg donkey carrying 25-70 kg load at 4 km/hr, 6 hrs/day), to be given in the morning, and then the same amount again in the evening: - 500g grain (e.g. maize, sorghum) coarsely ground FOLLOWED BY - 2.5 kg chaff (i.e. waste matter from winnowing sorghum or millet) or groundnut shells. Some chaff can be replaced with hay or straw (dry grass) A general rule of thumb is that a donkey should be provided daily with straw or hay equalling 5% of its bodyweight, even though it may only eat about half of this. If a donkey is working and has no opportunity to graze, specific daily amounts are recommended (see above). Old donkeys which cannot easily use their teeth should be allowed to have finely ground grain and chaff, in slightly lesser quantities if they are not working. Young, pregnant or lactating donkeys may require another half a kilogram of grain. A resting donkey which cannot graze and has to be given food needs about 1 kg less than a working one. Although donkeys do not have a rumen, they make very good use of the cellulose in plants by means of a specialised part of their colon, and require a high proportion of such roughage. On the other hand, an excess of proteins can actually be harmful to donkeys, so if supplements are provided, these must be especially selected for a donkeys own digestive needs. Cattle supplements will not do, and horse supplements must be used with caution.

Food industries in some countries produce a supplementary food for horses in large pellets, known as horse cubes. These can quite safely be given to donkeys, who like them very much. However, it should always be borne in mind that donkeys need more fibre and less protein in their diets than horses do. They are not simply small horses, as they are quite different in many ways. Even when well fed, donkeys will often seek out their own supplements if they have the opportunity. This is because of the different individual requirements of each donkey. They will search rubbish heaps and poultry runs for tidbits, but should really be prevented from doing so. They might take in substances harmful to their digestion, like plastic and meatmeal. Also, they might over-eat, or eat decaying food with poisonous bacteria or fungi. Sometimes it could be minerals that donkeys are looking for. Salt blocks or licks, as well as calcium and phosphorous in powder form (the most important ones) can sometimes be obtained from farm suppliers. A WARNING: Urea is poisonous to donkeys in large enough quantities, and is sometimes included in cattle licks. An occasional supplement which provides minerals and can also help with constipation, is molasses. Because it is sweet and could rot their teeth, donkeys should not be encouraged to have it too often or in large quantities. However, it is very good for their health and they love it. Mixed with their evening tidbit to bring them home, it has a powerful effect. Supplementary feed should be provided in clean containers that cannot easily be knocked over by donkeys and there should be sufficient containers that the donkeys do not need to fight for priority. If there is one thing that really interests a donkey above all else, it is food. One way to ensure that a donkey has enough to eat is to provide at least the fibre component in the form of hay cut dried grass or the smaller stalks of grain available in the night enclosure in a hay net. It is one thing that will draw the donkey home at night, but should not simply be scattered on the floor. Nets of wide mesh can be made which can be hung from poles or walls, and the nimble mouths of donkeys can easily take out what they want. Crop Residues available as Supplements Such residues piled in a yard that donkeys occupy can serve as supplementary feed through the dry season. If mouldy, however, they can harm donkeys. A haynet holding 6 kg straw daily ration for one donkey can easily be made of rope, to be kept away from damp and raised and lowered as required. Nutrition and Transport Donkeys cannot easily be transported in lorries and trucks in the way that cattle and sheep are, and it is necessary for those selling and buying donkeys to be aware of this. Too often, donkeys will die a couple of days after reaching their destination. This could be for a number of reasons, one of which could be separation from friends, another the sheer terror of the journey. Both of these contribute to a nervous reduction in a donkeys blood sugar levels. A period without food will also contribute to this; it has to be remembered that donkeys digest food more rapidly than ruminants like cattle, sheep and goats and must therefore eat more regularly. In normal circumstances a couple of days without food might not kill a donkey, but a stressed donkey is a different matter. A donkey suffering from fear or any other nervous upset is also likely not to want to eat, and the problem can thus be compounded. The anxiety may also cause diarrhoea and this too will stress a donkeys digestive system as well as dehydrate it. Just by itself, the drop in blood sugar level can be fatal, but this can be prevented if the donkeys are given a glucose injection immediately before the journey begins. That then leaves other things to be dealt with: physical damage caused by other donkeys and the vehicle, the effect on the donkeys behaviour, and also dehydration. It is far better, and probably cheaper too, to have donkeys driven on foot across country than to have them taken in a motor vehicle. It may be slower, but it has a less disastrous effect on donkeys.

Nosebag for supple-mentary feeding while at work or away from home. A net instead of a bag, and fitted well over muzzle, can be used to prevent a donkey taking supplementary feed for itself when working among crops.

8. Donkeys and work

Effective utilisation of donkeys requires a technology that matches the animals size, shape and abilities. Donkeys in sub-Saharan Africa are used increasingly for packing, carting and tillage, all of which demand different technologies. The technology needed for draft applications is less well established but requires consideration. This is especially important as donkeys are increasingly being obliged to take on the role of oxen even to the extent of working with traditional ox-drawn equipment, which can damage donkeys. Elsewhere they have taken over from horses, but even so they may often require different equipment.

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To specify what technology and equipment is appropriate for donkeys, the characteristics of the power unit (i.e. the donkey) must be defined. Detailed information in the literature is sparse and possibly suspect. However, a typical African donkey weighs about 140 kg. It has a sustainable draft capacity equal to about 17% of this live weight, or 240280 N draft force (dependent on the specific task being performed). It walks at about 0.7 metres per second while working and can sustain this output for 3-4 hours per day. Such a typical sub-Saharan donkey therefore can develop 170-200 W of sustainable power and perform 1.8-2.8 MJ of work in a day. If implements or carts require more energy input than this, they will not be appropriate for single donkeys. Similarly, common donkey carts in southern Africa weigh 250 kg. With a small 100 kg payload, a single donkey could only pull this cart if the road were flat. What needs to be avoided is the system in common use, adopted from horse technology, whereby the front end of the shaft is suspended from the animals necks by means of straps attached to a horizontal transverse pole shared by the two animals. Especially in the case of two-wheeled carts rather than four-wheeled wagons, load imbalance generally means that much of the cartload is transferred through the shaft onto the draft animals. If the traces are too short, this load comes directly onto the donkeys necks rather than their withers, and donkeys necks are less strong than those of horses and can suffer damage. If the traces are too long, the load may be on the withers but the animal ends up exerting pulling force not through the harness but on the transverse bar which depending on the length of the straps can hit against its neck or the tops of its legs and can cause damage through not being designed for the purpose of being pushed to move the horizontal weight of the cart.

Some First Aid: Item Methylated spirits Purpose Initial cleaning of wounds or injection site, also cleaning of application stick

Cotton wool (in disks Initial cleaning of wounds or injection site, etc. or balls) Solution of salt in spray Initial cleaning of wounds, even treating wounds bottle or washing of eyes Solution of bicarbonate Washing of eyes in case of cobra attack of soda in spray bottle Purple wound spray Vaseline Stockholm tar Application stick Large nail Small hacksaw Treatment of septic-looking wounds after cleaning For skin complaints, including ticks and wounds already healing Covering cleaned wounds For covering sites with Stockholm tar For cleaning out hoofs and removing embedded objects For trimming hoofs

Hoof Wall Disease and some other causes of lameness

9. Donkey First Aid

Orphaned foals
If a foals mother dies, and there is no other mother available, or one cannot be persuaded to adopt it (by covering the foal with salt to encourage mother-licking), then of first importance is to find a suitable other animal, not necessarily a donkey, to keep it company 24 hours a day. It should of course be kept warm and dry, and have plenty of soft places where it can lie down to sleep. Foals have teeth and will start tasting plants and gradually eating them from the time that they are only a few days old. However, they will not survive without plenty of milk, and they should have this for at least 6 months. The recommended mixture for donkeys is very close to human formulae i.e. 375 ml cows milk + 125 ml water + 1 tablespoon brown sugar. Feed this, warmed to blood temperature, every 3 hours to a young donkey out of a suckling bottle. One advantage of donkeys is that they suffer very little from diseases and pests. Intestinal helminths and ticks can, however, affect their work and shorten their lives and so regular treatment or environmental control should be part of good husbandry. Problems to watch out for are: hoof and leg problems from neglectful use; harness wounds; snake and other predator attack; respiratory ailments from poor housing in cold and wet conditions; eye irritations which, if not treated, can result in blindness.

When a donkey is lame and the problem is clearly in the hoof, it is sometimes difficult to know exactly what is wrong. Fungal infections within the hoof wall can occur, which are very painful for the animal and can be transmitted to others. There are treatments which can be tried because they are often effective. The following is considered to be tried and true: Copper Sulphate ( Blue Stone) Bath: This method remains one of the most effective control techniques. To 2 litres of water, add 225 ml (11 tablespoons or 45 teaspoons) copper sulphate and 27 ml (5-6 teaspoons) vinegar and/or citric acid. This bath should be used on each affected foot for about 5 minutes every other day. If all else fails, this should work. A good technique is to use a section of inner tube to hold the solution in contact with the foot. Slip the tube half its length up the leg and pour in a cup or so of the solution and fold the rest up around the pastern. It can be secured with a soft rope or rubber catapult.. The donkey is then walked around for a while. The walking action forces the solution up into the affected area. Be sure to keep the pH of your solution around 4 or a little higher with this method since it will come into constant agitated contact with the skin. You can adjust the pH upward with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). The advantage of this is that it can be mixed and kept stored indefinitely. Even if it evaporates, it can be reconstituted with water, but it is better to keep it from evaporating.

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10. The donkey cart

The very worst kind of cart for donkeys is the one most common in South Africa: two wheels, giving balance problems, and one shaft, giving hitching problems (hitching is the way the animal is connected to what it operates). It is important for donkey health and efficiency to overcome these problems. Fitting it all together, step by step

CHEAP , EASY AND KIND TO DONKEYS: Harnessing to a single-shaft cart

What you will need: Item Cart Description Quantity

Step 1

What you do Hook swingle sets to front and back hooks on cart. Fix traces/chains between swingles, keeping them straight and tight.

What it looks like

From top:

One shaft, at least 1 2m long from front of loadbed. Two hitching points (hooks or rings): * above shaft, at front end, * pulling point under shaft just in front of loadbed. Wheels as large as possible. Tyres pneumatic as possible. Springs if possible (Sketch design available on request) In good condition, especially their legs and feet. 2

(NB These can stay in place permanently) 2 Put two harnesses on each donkey, one for chest and one for backside.

Donkeys

With end of disselboom/ shaft on the ground, put donkeys into position between the traces, clear of front and back swingles (when donkeys are accustomed, they do this on voice command). On both sides of each donkey (easy to lean over): pull up traces to hook tight to harnesses. Front harness hooks to back. Back harness hooks to front. (This is a little easier if someone lifts the disselboom/shaft). Slack chain remains between the hooks. Stand back and check: Disselboom/shaft far enough from ground at front (if not, then tighten traces more with hooks). Donkey front and back far enough from swingles so no contact when moving (if not, unhook and reposition donkey, then re-hook). READY TO GO! Donkey comfort and efficiency assured.

Harnesses

No sharp cutting edges or wire. Must fit the donkey wearing it, so preferably adjustable. Various materials possible, but must be: strong, easy to clean, preferably absorbent (Design available on request) Made of light, strong, rigid material (metal or wood). Each swingle connected to evener by two chain links. Swingles long enough so that traces move clear of donkey body.

Swingle and evener sets

Traces

Preferably chains, 4mm. 4 Each 2m maximum

Hooks

Strong carbon steel (to (as take force)S-shaped can required) link traces to swingles, if not fixed, and eveners to cart, if not fixed.Cshaped, if not already fixed to harnesses, to link harnesses to traces.

Unless stated otherwise, the information in this chapter is from Dr Peta Jones. Contact her at asstute@lantic.net

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Livestock
Equine industry horses
1. Overview
Horses in South Africa are used in a wide array of activities. They are very effectively utilised in poorer communities as draught animals, for general transport and as an agile means of tracking stock animals in remote and rural areas where motorised vehicles are inadequate or unavailable. Horses are also extensively used in sport and leisure and in some cases are considered champion athletes that can have large commercial values attached to them.
Source: Otto Koekemoer, ARC OVI

South African National Equestrian Federation (SANEF) Tel: 011 468 3236/7 info@horsesport.org.za www.horsesport.org.za SANEF is the umbrella body for the following Provincial Bodies: Eastern Cape Horse Society Tel: 041 379 1361 www.eastcapehorsesociety.co.za Free State and Northern Cape Horse Society Tel/fax: 018 468 1353 www.fsnc.org.za KwaZulu-Natal Horse Society Tel: 031 768 1220 www.kznhs.co.za Mpumalanga Horse Society Tel: 017 647 0205 www.mphs.co.za

Western Province Horse Society Gauteng Horse Society Tel: 021 531 7971 Incorporating Limpopo and North www.wphs.co.za West Tel: 011 702 1657-9 www.thsinfo.co.za SANEF supervise the following disciplines: Dressage, Driving, Equitation, Eventing, Showing, Show Jumping and Vaulting. It formulates the rules and codes of practice for competitors and officials in South Africa, and in turn falls under the Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI visit www. horsesport.org), which governs the sport internationally. Most of the following are SANEF-affiliated bodies and groups: The Polocrosse Association of South Africa www.polocrosse.co.za has useful links on Polocrosse worldwide. Write to secretary@polocrosse. co.za The Racing Association Tel: 011 683 3220 www.racingassociation. co.za National Horseracing Authority Tel: 011 683 9283 www. horseracingauthority.co.za South African Farriers Association Tel: 082 552 5468 South African Polo Association Tel: 031 303 3903 sapolo@saol.com Endurance Ride Association of South Africa Tel: 051 448 2428 www. erasa.co.za South African Equestrian Tent Pegging Association Tel: 023 417 1691 Harness Racing Association of South Africa Tel: 031 314 1680 www. harnessracingsa.co.za South African Equestrian Tent Pegging Association Tel: 023 417 1691 South African Tentpegging teams have competed in Australia, Great Britain, India, Israel, Pakistan, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

2. Associations involved
SA Stud Book and Animal Improvement Association Tel: 051 410 0900 www.studbook.co.za See the Animal Improvement and Breeders chapter for contact details of the following: Appaloosa Horse Breeders Society of SA Arab Horse Society of SA Friesian Horse Breeders Society of SA Kaapse Boerpers Breeders Society of SA Lipizzaner Society of S A Nooitgedacht Horse Breeders Society Percheron Horse Breeders Society of SA Saddle Horse Breeders Society of SA SA Boerperd Breeders Society SA Hackney Horse Breeders Society SA Hackney Pony Breeders Society SA Minature Horse Breeders Society SA Paint and Pinto Club SA Quarter Horse Association SA Sport Horse Federation SA Vlaamperd Breeders Society SA Warmblood Horse Society Thoroughbred Breeders Association of SA Welsh Pony and Cob Society of SA

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Horsecare Units
Highveld Horse Care Unit Tel: 016 360 9900 Emergencies: 082 921 1644 info@horsecare.org.za www.horsecare.org.za This is the largest equine welfare organisation in the southern hemisphere, addressing all aspects of equine welfare and covering an area of over 4000 km2 Musina to Kimberly. They have two inspectors who work full time in the townships educating owners in how to care for their working horses/donkeys, and assisting with primary care harnessing, wound treatments, deworming etc. They recently opened the Eastern Cape Horse Care Unit in Port Elizabeth, which deals mainly with working horses and donkeys in the many townships in the area. Contact Megan Hope on 072 357 2505 or write to her at mrhope@mweb.co.za There are two additional horse care units in KwaZulu-Natal and the Western Cape. These are based at, and managed by, the NSPCA. Western Cape Horse Care Unit KwaZulu-Natal Horse Care Tel: 021 700 4173 Unit www.spca-ct.co.za Tel/fax: 031 764 2949

HORSEwoMAN Tel: 011 702 1223 / 082 491 6678 Truuske Gerdes horseman@iafrica.com Diagnostician and Head: the OIE www.horseman.co.za reference centre for African horse sickness Onderstepoort Biological Tel: 012 529 9114 Products OneillM@arc.agric.za Tel: 012 522 1500 www.obpvaccines.co.za Otto Koekemoer Molecular Biologist REC Equestrian Academy Tel: 012 529 9229 Tel: 072 247 2929 koekemoero@arc.agric.za http://academyrec.co.za Contacts at OVI: Gert Venter SANEF Schools Entomologist: Ecto parasites and Tel: 011 702 1657 blood feeding flies www.sanefschools.org.za Tel: 012 529 9181 venterg@arc.agric.za South African Jockey Academy Tel: 031 769 1103 As part of national efforts to control www.saja.co.za of African Horsesickness (AHS) in South Africa, the OVI fulfils two Satellite campuses in Cape Town important functions research and and Port Elizabeth disease surveillance The South African National Visit www.arc.agric.za for more Equestrian Federation (SANEF) information. Tel: 011 468 3236 www.horsesport.org.za Beaulieu College Tel: 011 468 2114 Find the Education menu option www.beaulieucollege.co.za on the website. Cedara College of Agriculture Tshwane University of Tel: 033 355 9304/5 Technology Equine Diploma, Training and Tel: 012 382 5332 www.tut.ac.za facilities on site Damelin Tel: 011 948 9801 Equine Research Centre (ERC) Tel: 012 529 8068 Fax: 012 529 8301 alan.guthrie@up.ac.za University of the Free State Lengau Agricultural centre Dr MC van der Westhuizen Tel: 051 443 8859 mcvdw@telkomsa.net

Rehabilitation of neglected horses

Cart Horse Protection Association (CHPA) Tel: 021 535 3435 www.carthorse.org.za Over the past years, the CHPA has established regular clinics, introduced the sale of subsidised feed, a farrier service and veterinary care. With 70% of income going directly to benefit the horses, the enforcement of relevant provisions of the Animal Protection Act and education of cart horse owners, CHPA has successfully improved the condition and standard of many cart horses on our roads today. National Horse Trust Tel: 011 683 4388/9 www.nationalhorsetrust.org.za A programme developed, unique to South Africa, to reduce potential neglect and deterioration of Thoroughbreds after their racing careers.

3. National strategy
African horse sickness (AHS) is a notifiable disease in SA all suspected cases have to be reported to a State Vet. Cases have to be confirmed at the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) reference centre for African horse sickness at the ARC-OVI. Member countries have to report outbreaks to the OIE headquarters. The head of the OIE reference centre for AHS is Dr Truuske Gerdes (contact details under heading 4). Find more at http://www.oie.int/eng/ OIE/organisation/en_listeLR.htm Directorate: Veterinary Services Tel: 012 319 7679 DAH@daff.gov.za Directorate: Animal and Aqua Production Tel: 012 319 7493 DAAPS@daff.gov.za

University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science The ERC was established to Tel: 012 420 3111 provide scientific and veterinary www.up.ac.za services to the horseracing and For information on feeding an breeding industry. The Centre is orphaned foal contact Dr Enette situated within the University of van Dyk. Pretorias Faculty of Veterinary Science at Onderstepoort. EquiworkSA Tel: 033 266 6035 / 084 375 6045 www.equiworksa.co.za

5. Websites and publications

The Horse Junction website www.horsejunction.co.za is a meeting place for people interested in horses. There are classifieds, listings, a place to ask advice etc Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI) visit www.horsesport.org EquineSA.com marketing and networking Africas horse world

4. Training and research

ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI) Tel: 012 529 8000 www.arc.agric.za

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Visit www.kejafa.co.za or call 014 577 0005 for the following publications, available from Kejafa Knowledge Works: The Complete Equine Veterinary manual Tony Pavord & Marcy Pavord; Die SA Boerperd (a full colour Afrikaans publication); Natural Horse Care Pat Coleby; Storeys Guide to Raising horses (breeding, care, facilities) Heather Smith Thomas; Storeys Guide to training horse (ground work, driving, riding) Heather Smith Thomas. South African Bloodstock News Picasso Headline (Pty) Ltd. Tel: 021 469 2500 Horse Books Unlimited Tel: 011 315 5333 www.equiworksa.co.za/ books.php Horse & Stable offers a free listing to any equine related business, organisation, association or society. Tel: 011 501 3189 HQ South Africas Premier Equestrian Magazine, Panorama Publications (Pty) Ltd, Private Bag X4, Kyalami 1684. Tel : 011 468 2090, fax: 011 468 2091/2 A Guide to Animal Diseases in South Africa Horses, Donkeys and Mules by Pamela Oberem is available from Briza Publishers. Visit www.briza. co.za or call 012 329 3896. Visit the Big Five website for information on management, diseases, nutrition and treatment of horses www.bigfive.jl.co.za. Take the Information and Information on horses menu options. Take a look at a network of equine industry business on the Equine South Africa website visit www.equinesa.com The List of Prohibited and Restricted Substances and Methods in Sports may be found and downloaded from www.wada-ama.org. If you are concerned about products that you may be taking or thinking of using, which may be banned, phone SAIDS Drug Free Information Hotline on 021 448 3888 Mon-Fri, 9H00-17H00 or visit the SAIDS website www.drugfreesport.org.za which provides a comprehensive list of prohibited and restricted products & details of the substances which they may contain. Horse Identification in SA Veterinary Genetics Laboratory Onderstepoort. For further information and a free copy of the CD contact Dr Cindy Harper on 012 529 8068. It is also available on www.kalahari.net Animals in Translation Temple Grandin and Catherine Johnson. Bloomsbury. www.horseandhound.co.uk Home of Equestrianism A checklist for keeping your horse healthy (Refer to Horse Riding and care Handbook) www.horsekeeping.com Visit the African Horse Sickness Trust website www. africanhorsesickness.co.za Find the archived articles on www.farmersweekly.co.za Visit the websites of companies and associations mentioned in this chapter.

Electro-Brake Tel: 083 449 7658

Kathy Wiles kathy@kidbuddie.co.za Tel: 044 877 1825 An affordable electrical mechanical Fax: 044 877 1824 system for horsebox owners Monitoring of African horse Embryo Plus sickness in the the Garden Route Tel: 012 250 2359 area www.embryoplus.com Rodney Foster Equistar Tel: 011 702 1873 / 082 807 5805 Tel: 011 660 5505 / 082 619 0818 forsterr@mweb.co.za www.equistar.co.za Carriages designed and built. Bringing peace of mind to the SANEF instructor game, wildlife, livestock, equine and eco-tourism industries The Ultimate Horse Fest Tel: 011 314 4404 Gold Anvil Horse & Farrier krafties@worldonline.co.za Tel: 011 314 2054 Tellington TTouch SA Horseshoes, farrier supplies and Tel: 011 884 3156 saddlery www.ttouch.co.za Horseracing South Africa (Pty) Ltd Trading as Racing South Africa Tel: 031 314 1799 horsetradesa@mweb.co.za www.racingsouthafrica.com Identipet Tel: 011 957 3455/6 bruce@identipet.com Zais International Tel: 011 768 4264 Fax: 011 768 4265 Export agents

7. International business environment

Find the Export menu option on www.racingsouthafrica.com

6. Other roleplayers
The Equine Directory and Resource Guide of SA (see heading 5) is a thorough database of companies and associations involved. See also the livestock-related chapter in the Inputs section of this directory.

Agri-Expo Tel: 021 975 4440 admin@agriexpo.co.za www.agriexpo.co.za

Bio-Fly (Pty) Ltd Cell: 083 601 7221 carine@biofly.co.za www.biofly.co.za

Agri-Expo are involved with shows, Bio-insectaries SA (BISA) Tel: 042 286 0978 auctions and trials. bisa@bioinsectsa.com www.bioinsectsa.com Alu-star info@alustar.net Cape Equine Therapy www.alustar.net Tel: 021 557 2747 spetiteaud@telcom.sa.net Details of distributors and dealers of the worlds most advanced Connolly & Turner aluminium trailers in Gauteng, Fax: 011 646 8942 KwaZulu-Natal, the Western Cape and Namibia are available on the International shipping agent website.

The Import Export Working Group was formed in response to the de-registration of the South African Horse Import and Export Council. It is responsible for the ongoing maintenance of the South African Export Protocol (97/10/EC) and the development of a sustainable delivery system for the movement of horses in and out of South Africa. The working group meets on a monthly basis. The South African Equine Trade Council (SAETRAC) is the marketing arm of Racing South Africa. It is also responsible for establishing market access in foreign countries and facilitating the export of horses of all breeds. It is a Section 21 Company that derives its funding on a matching grant basis from Racing South Africa and the Department of Trade and Industry (the DTI). The African Horsesickness Trust (Reg. No. IT 043/2005/PMB) was primarily established to raise funds for research into the control and management of AHS and, for a potential cure for the disease. The Trust is primarily funded by Racing South Africa although contributions are made by interested equine groups towards solving specific problems. Since the 2006 AHS season, the Trust has managed a surveillance service in parallel with the existing SA Veterinary Service system. This includes a 24hr response line, an outbreak reporting arrangement with SA Veterinary Services, distribution of sample kits and the financing of sample collection and testing. Increasing awareness of the disease and accuracy of reporting has been achieved with the result that better decisions could be taken by both industry and State Vet. Additionally, strategic AHS vaccination campaigns have been facilitated by the AHS Trust in order to raise levels of immunity amoungst horses belonging to the indigent communities.
For more information on any of the above points, contact Peter Gibson at 031 314 1799 or email horsetradesa@mweb.co.za.

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Kenilworth Quarantine Station Tel: 021 761 8388 Fax: 021 700 1964 quarantine@telkomsa.net www.racingsouthafrica.com The South African export protocol, 97/10/EC, was ratified by the European Union in 1997. Built on the principle of Regionalisation, South Africa is only permitted to export from the African horsesickness (AHS) Free Zone in the Western Cape. State Vet: Dr Gary Buhrmann Tel: 021 808 5026 / 083 642 0602 Fax: 021 808 5125 garyb@elsenburg.com

When horses are allowed to graze one must be careful not to assume that the grazing quality is better than what it really is, in general the paddocks that we use are overgrazed and the nutritional value of the plant material is not as good as what it could have been. The time of the year also play a role in the quality of grazing and in the early spring although the grazing might look lush and green the plant material consists of about 80 % water. This means that a 500 Kg horse would have to consume 50 Kg of fresh grass to get to a 10 Kg of dry matter per day intake. Supplements Most horse feed manufacturers take in account that horse owners have not got access to good quality grazing, and that stabled horses do not have the freedom to graze and move around in order to find the best grazing and fields. Manufacturers also assume that not all horses has got access to good quality, well fertilised hay, and that the vitamin and mineral quality of the hay available are not always up to standard; also that the need for vitamins and minerals increase for horses that do work. Therefore they include vitamin and mineral supplements in their concentrates; there is no need to add extra supplements to a concentrate. If you feel that your horse needs extra supplements a good idea is to supply a saltlick rather than to add supplements to the diets. This will give the horse the opportunity to replenish its vitamin and mineral or salt supply if needed: horses will generally only lick on mineral and salt licks if they need it.
Source: Helena Horn EPOL. Reference: The Horse Nutrition Bible. Ruth Bishop.

8. Horses and nutrition

It is extremely difficult to give exact feeding rates, because of the great difference between horses, breed, size, and work intensity as well as the difference between different horse feed concentrates. Therefore the following should be seen as a guide only. A General rule of thumb is that horses should consume about two percent of their body weight as dry matter, this means that a horse that weighs 500 Kg need to eat 10 Kg of dry matter a day, and this should include the concentrate as well as the hay part of the diet. If we now look at what we know about a horses digestive system than we know that this should consist mostly of good quality hay and that just a small fraction should be concentrates that is high in grains. Depending on the work intensity of the horse and the density of the concentrate the following could be used as a general guideline. Maintenance 20 percent concentrate and 80 percent hay (2 concentrate and 8 Kg hay) Light work 30 percent concentrate and 70percent hay (3 concentrate and 7 Kg Hay) Moderate work 40 percent concentrate and 60 percent hay (4 concentrate and 6 Kg hay) Intense work 50 percent concentrate and 50 percent hay (5 concentrate and 5 Kg hay) Kg Kg Kg Kg

For more information see: Equine Directory & Resource Guide of Southern Africa (Kejafa Publishing) or on www.epol.co.za.

There are several ways to reduce the worm burden in pasture. One way is to start with clean pasture. Large numbers of larvae on grass coincide with optimal conditions for grass growth. Land that has not been grazed by horses since the previous season and is then used for conservation purposes or burned is considered clean. Cattle, and sheep to a lesser extent, are not the host of most horse parasites so these animals will break the parasites life cycle. An extract from Grassland Management of a Worm Problem by Mr Linde du Toit (lecturer at TUT). For more information see: Equine Directory & Resource Guide of Southern Africa (Kejafa Publishing, p 185).

If horses on 50 % concentrate 50 % hay still do not maintain weight and performance it will be advisable to go to a higher density concentrate, thus a concentrate with a higher protein and energy concentration per volume, rather than to give more concentrate. To sum up the rules of feeding: Always allow access to fresh, clean water, in the paddock and in the stable. Feed according to bodyweight, temperament and condition of horse. Feed for work done, not in anticipation of the work the horse is about to do. Feed lots of fibre for healthy gut function, always try to feed at least a minimum of 50% roughage. Feed by weight, not by volume. This means that you must fiscally weigh your roughage as well as you concentrates. Keep to a regular routine when feeding, always feed horses at the same time of the day. Feed little and often and try and keep concentrate feed down to 22.5Kg per feed. Feed only the best quality feeds, do not feed dusty or mouldy hays, and do not feed concentrates that is not formulated specifically for horses and that is not registered for horses. Dont work horses directly after feeding and do not feed horses directly after work, allow an hour after work before feeding. Further Considerations Further considerations when feeding horses is always to make any changes to a feeding regime gradually to give the horse time to adjust and to ensure that your horse has always got clean fresh water available.

9. New entrants and farmers

The Equestrian Development Scheme (EDS) Tel: 011 702 1657 THSinfo@iafrica.com The main aim of the scheme is to identify previously disadvantaged riders, who have potential, natural talent and empathy with horses, and who have already started riding, and train them taking them up the grades so that one day they can compete at the highest level. Their specific needs can be looked at and sponsorship (in the case of child riders, a benefactor) can be found. Our thanks to Gert Venter of the ARC OVI and to Racing South Africa for feedback on the draft chapter

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2. Websites and publications

Livestock
Gamebirds, waterfowl and other poultry
1. Associations involved
African Gamebird Research Education & Development Trust (AGRED) Tel: 083 445 2685 agred@netdial.co.za www.agred.com AGRED promotes the sustainable utilisation of indigenous gamebirds and undertakes integrated programmes to develop the wise management of commercial farmland and natural habitats to increase the abundance of gamebirds. AGRED undertakes advocacy work in policy and legislation, and research into gamebird management and utilisation. AGRED targets landowners generally. AGRED offers a comprehensive advisory service through their publication on gamebirds and their website. South African Wingshooters Association Tel: 012 346 1220 admin@wingshooters.co.za www.wingshooters.co.za The SA Wingshooters Association is involved in sustainable harvesting and management of wild fowl populations as well as maintaining sound ecosystems, provide advice as well as assistance to farmers. It has a Helpline to assist members, for a nominal fee, with the relicensing of firearms and the new licensing of firearms. South African Show Poultry Organisation (SASPO) Tel: 012 546 2866 www.saspo.org.za SASPO publishes a quarterly newsletter and an annual yearbook. Details of affiliated clubs throughout the country are available on the website. Waterfowl South Africa Tel: 051 433 1845 / 082 875 0124 kobussnyman@absamail.co.za www.waterfowlsouthafrica.com Waterfowl South Africa is not really a Club or Association: the website is devoted to the many Waterfowl Breeders in the various provinces of South Africa and also Namibia who love exotic swans, geese and ducks as well as the many domestic ducks. The website is for subscribers to the Waterfowl Bulletin. The objective of Waterfowl South Africa and its many devoted breeders of exotic Swans, Geese and Ducks is to encourage the culture and propagation of all species of Waterfowl available in South Africa, and to perpetuate, to the best of their ability, those species in their purest and most perfect form; to collect and distribute scientific data and information relating to the keeping and rearing of waterfowl by the Internet and the SA Waterfowl Bulletin.

Kejafa Knowledge Works supply publications relevant to this chapter. Visit www.kejafa.co.za or phone 014 577 0005 for Raising Ducks and Raising Turkeys. AGREDs Gamebirds of South Africa Field Identification and Management (also available in Afrikaans), illustrated by Penny Meakin, features 62 species of gamebirds, including guineafowl, francolin, partridge, quail, sandgrouse, duck, geese, snipe, bustard and korhaan. This includes species no longer hunted, but which are included to emphasise their conservation. The informative text includes identification keys, which guide the reader in diagnosing difficult species, and the illustrations of feathers, enabling the enthusiast to recognise the presence of gamebirds from feathers often found in the wild. The book provides the most comprehensive written information in South Africa on gamebird management, yet it is practical and easy to use. Refer to the following website for details www.AGRED.com or phone 083 445 2685. The pocket-size Wingshooting Handbook contains hints and tips from 21 experts and is a must-have for wingshooters. It is packed with the knowhow and experience of leading wingshooters scientists, field trial judges, gundog experts, veterinarians and others. Visit www.wingshooters.co.za. Waterfowl Bulletin. Editor: JJ Snyman. Find contact details under heading 1. This publication is available electronically. Subscribers can access all of the following information: The Basics; Scientific Classification; Swan Species; Geese Species; Duck Species; Profiles of Breeders; Breeders List; Eggs & Breeding; Ring Sizes; Rehabilitation Centrums; Nest Boxes; Housing & Aviaries; Buying; Feeding; Rearing Young; Rodents. The website is www. waterfowlsouthafrica.com Find the archived articles by Abr J Steyn on www.farmersweekly.co.za Contact the editor of the Waterfowl Bulletin for details of publications written by South African breeders on waterfowl. Neville Brickell and Hilko Insel are examples of such authors. Treehaven Waterfowl Trust sell a video on Successful Waterfowl Management refer to www.treehaven.co.za. Goose Farming is a book about breeding, feeding, raising, farming, caring, as well as utilising down for hobbies and feather products. Contact Mignon Smit at 083 254 1335 or write to mignon@vlooi.co.za The ARC-Livestock Business Division has had a number of relevant publications, some now out of print. Contact 012 672 9238/9 for the following: Waterfowl (Duck, Geese and Muscovy Ducks) The Quail (Updated) The breeding of Quail (Updated) General aspects for the management of quail (Updated) Guinea-fowl breeds and natural breeding Breeding, selection and AI in guinea-fowl Intensive guinea-fowl production (Updated) Turkeys The Info Pak (booklet) Muscovy Ducks is available from the Resource Centre at the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Call them at 012 319 7141, or visit www.daff.gov.za take the Publications menu option.

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Visit the following overseas-based websites: Take The Poultry Page at www.feathersite.com for notes on various species relevant to this chapter www.thatquailplace.com all about gamebirds www.gamebird.com a US website (and magazine) that offers information, photographs and articles on hundreds of pheasant, quail, ducks and gamebirds www.ducks.org Ducks Unlimited conserves, restores and manages wetlands and associated habitats for North Americas waterfowl. Their vision is wetlands sufficient to fill the skies with waterfowl today, tomorrow and forever. A website with information on turkeys is www.free-range-turkey.com. Biology Browser (General info on animals or birds) www. biologybrowser.org www.homestead.org take the Poultry menu option for articles on peacocks and guinea fowl. Find the books available at the NHBS Environment Bookstore (UK, but worldwide delivery) www.nhbs.com

Nel, Diana Find this breeders link at www. Tel: 058 671 0072 / 082 789 3550 waterfowlsouthafrica.com Rous, T Tel: 051 753 0301 Ramsay, Keith KeithR@daff.gov.za Guest house with waterfowl on the N1 (near Colesberg) A member of the Animal and Aquaculture Production Directorate at DAFF who did some research into turkey production in South Africa in early 2008.

Snyman, Kobus A breeder of waterfowl and Tel: 051 433 1845 / 082 875 0124 editor of the Waterfowl Bulletin for Southern Africa breeders Spangenberg, Francois Tel/fax: 016 364 0773 Cell: 083 342 3734 Steyn, Abr J Tel: 083 235 4822 abrejsteyn@gmail.com Treehaven Waterfowl Trust (TWT) Tel: 082 900 0656 www.treehaven.co.za A breeder of waterfowl

3. Breeders and other roleplayers

Contact details of additional waterfowl breeders is available from Waterfowl South Africa (details under heading 1). The details of numerous South African Show Poultry Organisation (SASPO) clubs can be found at www.saspo.org.za Roleplayer and contact details Find details of AGRED under heading 1 Bester Birds and Animals Zoo Park Tel: 012 807 4192 / 082 566 7898 zoo@besterbirdsanimals.co.za Cape Duck Farm Tel: 021 988 4050 Conradie, Pieta One of the largest collections of Tel: 023 342 1219 / 082 574 5956 waterfowl in South Africa. Find the link on www.waterfowlsouthafrica. com De Klerk, Estelle Sinzane Turkey Farm (near Potchefstroom) Tel: 072 375 3854 estelle@sinzaneturkeyfarm.co.za Estelle is perhaps the only woman breeding turkeys in South Africa. She handles the entire production chain, has her own abattoir and does deliveries. Demand outstrips production and therefore there is great potential for other roleplayers who have the stamina to farm turkeys. www.ducko.co.za Duck farming: produces duvets, pillows and sleeping bags In addition to the availability of the booklets listed above, advice, information, courses as well as eggs (e.g. quail eggs) may be purchased from the ARC. Breeders of waterfowl Find his link on www. waterfowlsouthafrica.com Breeders of waterfowl Website and/or information Expert advice on gamebird management and utilisation www.besterbirdsanimals.co.za As breeders of exotic birds and animals, the zoo imports and exports various rare animals.

An authority whose articles sometimes appear in publications like the Farmers Weekly. The largest collection of waterfowl in the world

Van der Kamp, Willem A breeder of waterfowl who Tel: 012 732 1141 / 083 204 5654 undertakes many trips to Holland where trading in waterfowl is big business. A contact person to import waterfowl. Dr Viljoen, Slang Tel: 084 2020184 A field expert in gamebirds who has developed management techniques for South African farms.

Dr Whittington-Jones, Craig An ornithologist in the Gauteng Tel: 011 355 1493 Provincial government craig.whittington-jones@gauteng. gov.za Wing Haven Gardens Tel: 011 460 1311/082 574 6688 Find the link on www. waterfowlsouthafrica.com

4. Gamebirds
Not only have gamebirds played a role in human survival throughout ancient history, but all domestic turkeys and chickens also originate from them. South Africa offers a wide variety of game birds, some 14 huntable species of duck, two of geese, 10 partridge (francolin) species, two pheasant-sized birds (guinea fowl) and quail. Gamebirds usually not recognised as resource on farms, yet gamebird hunting is a sport that can be developed. Gamebirds often reach far higher densities on farms, particularly grain and mixed farms, than in natural habitats or game farms. Farmers often regard gamebirds as a pest, yet they constitute an additional source of income. AGRED will also help farmers to develop hospitality services, and to market shoots, so adding considerable value to their gamebirds. The infrastructure required to establish gamebird utilisation will readily support other forms of eco-tourism and recreational land use, such as hiking, birding, mountain-biking or to simply escape from cities. Farmers in turn have shown that they constantly expand this system by encouraging their neighbours to participate. AGRED contact details can be found under heading 1.
Sources: Abr J Steyn and Aldo Berruti (adapted)

Ducko Processing Tel: 014 537 2124 ARC Livestock Business Division Tel: 012 672 9238/9

Groenewald, Gawie Cell: 082 852 1678 Lingenfelder, Albert Tel: 028 841 4936 Fax: 028 841 4004 The Maysmith family Tel: 084 250 6144/ 058 853 0647 Fax: 058 853 065 Montagu Springs Tel: 023 614 1050 (ask for Una) Tel: 021 462 2050 (ask for Karin) msprings@intekom.co.za

www.montagusprings.co.za. A resort with a large collection of waterfowl. Some 264 breeding pairs in 65 species.

Thanks to Dr Berruti for feedback on the draft chapter

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Livestock
Goats
1. Overview
The unimpressive goat is, in reality, one of natures most useful animals. It can be used for meat, fibre, milk, skins and manure. Owing to its great adaptability it can survive almost anywhere in South Africa. The goatherd currently stands at approximately 2 106 000, 40% of which consists of Angora goat, from which mohair is derived. Saanen, Toggenburg and Alpine goats are mainly kept for milk production. Gorno Altai goats produce cashmere. The several indigenous breeds are very well adapted to South African conditions, and seldom get foot rot. Some types are also resistant to Heartwater. Goats milk is highly prized for its quality of being less prone to cause allergies in humans than cow s milk. Mohair is one of the rare noble fibres of the world. The Boer goats meat contains less fat, fewer calories and higher levels of protein and iron than meat from beef, pork, lamb and chicken. This chapter looks at the meat aspect and the information that is common to all goat enterprises, whether it be meat, mohair or milk. See the separate chapters that are more specific to mohair and goat milk.

Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute (GADI) Tel: 049 8421113 Fax: 049 8424352 http://gadi.agric.za GADI undertakes research and provides training in the theory and practice of small stock production. The following services are rendered in support of the mission and strategic objectives: Training: Higher Education and Training for studies towards a qualification in agriculture on NQF level 5-7 bands. Further Education and training for studies towards a qualification in agriculture on NQF level 1 -4 bands. Skills development programmes which are agricultural based and relevant to a sustainable sector. Research & Technology Development: research on sustainable natural resource management and use; research on livestock production technologies; economic research for the benefit of the small stock industry. Extension and Outreach: presentations at Farmers days and industry congresses; advice to individuals; written and electronic information dissemination ; initiatives and partnerships towards local economic development.

Kalahari Kid Corporation Tel: 011 807 5623 / 4 (JHB office) www.kalaharikid.co.za Their agricultural officers do training on two processes: Based on the Kalahari Kid Contract Growers Manual Training provided by Kalahari Kid Agricultural Officers on a continuous basis. AgriSETA Goat Management Training Course (NQF 1, 10-months, provides the learner with a National Diploma in Agriculture (Goats Specialisation). Provincial Departments of Agriculture, working closely with the Agricultural Colleges, offer courses on goat production. Examples include Cedara, Fort Cox and Glen College. Find contact details of all Agricultural Colleges in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Scientific Roets Tel: 039 727 1515 www.scientificroets.com Umnga Farmers Group Tel: 045 933 1318 University of Fort Hare Tel: 040 602 2126 University of the Free State Department Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences Prof JPC Greyling Tel: 051 401 2211

2. Associations involved
International Goat Association www.iga-goatworld.org The different breeder societies are listed in the Animal Improvement and Breeders chapter

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Under the governments Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (AsgiSA visit www.info.gov.za) goats are identified as a priority.

Directorate: Animal and Aquaculture Production Tel: 012 319 7493 DAAPS@daff.gov.za Goat statistics can be found on www.daff.gov.za (find the Statistics menu option under Publications).

5. Websites and publications

GOATS GENERAL
Available on the AGIS website www.agis.agric.za (take the AGIS, Skills Development and eFarmer options) are easy-to-understand Infotoons. Included are Why keep goats and The manufacture of goat meat products. Scientific Roets (Pty) Ltd has created a searchable on-line Information Database containing information primarily on goats and development (including information on toxins, nutrition etc.). Visit www. scientificroets.com www.goats-goats.com a highly useful website of information, setting out the economic sense of goat farming. It also provides a range of links (take the Information menu option). A number of publications/papers relevant to goat farming are available on the Grasslands Society of South Africa (GSSA) website: www. grassland.co.za South African Journal of Animal Science. Official Journal of the South African Society for Animal Science. (ISSN 0375-1589). Goat breeding, goat development and goat physiology are amongst the many papers presented. Visit the websites of companies and associations involved e.g. www. iga-goatworld.org Small-scale Livestock Farming a grass-based approach for health sustainability and profit. Carol Ekarius. Storey Publishing.

4. Training and research

ARC-Animal Production Institute Small Ruminant Nutrition Division Mr T Langa 012 672 9269 Mr D. Nkosi 012 672 9300 Dhne Agricultural Development Institute Tel: 043 683 1240

Eastcape Midlands College Tel: 041 995 2000 / 083 611 1803 The ARCAPI Small Ruminant jjc@emcol.co.za Nutrition unit offers technology www.emcol.co.za transfer services in a form of training to individuals involved in A 34-week course was offered in goat farming, and research on the 2009 (sponsored by the Eastern nutrition of goats. For information Cape government, Mohair South on goat production and products, Africa, and the Cacady District and Ikwezi municipalities) to please contact Mr T Langa. unemployed rural women. Contact For training on small stock Mr Klasie Claasen for details. management, contact Annetjie Loubser at 012 672 9153.

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Call the ARC-Irene 012 672 9111 for the following publications: 1. Commercialisation of indigenous goat production and products in South Africa 2. Goat management manual The ARC and DAFF supply a series of very informative Info Paks (booklets) that covers various aspects of sheep/smallstock: Boer goats: ewes and rams Boer goats: mating Boer goats: kidding Boer goats: breed standards Goats Common & Important diseases of sheep and goats Skin conditions in goats and sheep Breeding in sheep and goats Reproduction management of a sheep and goat farming enterprise How to estimate the age of goats and sheep Sheep and goats: Feeding Sheep and goats: How to estimate the age of a goat and sheep by looking at their teeth

Invest North West Tel: 014 594 2570 / 2575 Elijah@inw.org.za www.inw.org.za Invest North West (INW) is a Section 21 company established under the auspices of the Department of Economic Development and Tourism in the North West Province (NWP).

KwaZulu-Natal Department of Economic Development Tel: 033 264 2504 mntambob@kznded.gov.za www.kznded.gov.za Makana Goat Village Co-op Tel: 072 215 6412 www.makanagoatvillage.org.za The Makana Goat Farmers CoOperative and Village is in the process of the development of the infrastructure, institutions, the skills and business acumen required to provide long term employment and sustainable development for the Makana community.

Most of the Info Paks can be accessed at www.daff.gov.za take the Publications option. Alternatively, call 012 319 7141.

GOATS MEAT
Visit www.kejafa.co.za or call 014 577 0005 for the publication Raising Meat Goats. This comprehensive manual is the small-farm guide to profitable meat goat production. www.boergoats.co.za for Research, Nutrition & Feeding, Mating, Kidding, Diseases, Selection, Weaning, Marketing. Johan Steyn says: This is the definitive resource for all information relating to Boer Goats. Whatever information or resource you cannot find on this site, contact me and I will do my very best to either obtain it for you or to put you in touch with the experts. Contact him at 072 594 4626 or info@boergoats.co.za http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/meatgoat.pdf a pdf. http://users.iafrica.com/m/mw/mwdatru/index.htm the website of a South African farmer. Find the research done involving boer and indigenous goats, Damara and Dorper sheep. www.kalaharikid.co.za www.boergoatmania.com a boer goat farm in the USA. Excellent information on goat behaviour, as well as fencing, housing, working facilities, and predator control, may be found in the Meat Goat Production and Marketing Handbook at www.clemson.edu/agronomy/ goats/handbook. www.boergoats.com, www.boergoats.ws and www.boergoat.bz www.goatconnection.com. This portal provides info on Goat Meat Analysis, Marketing Slaughter Goats, and Marketing Channels for Meat Goats

INWs strategic intent is to provide vision, leadership and direction to key growth sectors in the provincial economy, to increase the level of direct foreign investment flow, and assist in the development of trade in the second economy to enhance its capacity to export to various The estimated residents of eRini are 120,000 people of which a markets. large percentage is unemployed. Amongst the planned agro- This enterprise hopes to bring processing industries is the some relief to the community and development of a goat industry also the emerging farmers. with a potentially lucrative export market to Islamic countries and Scientific Roets to China, where demand for goat Tel: 039 727 1515 www.scientificroets.com meat is high. Kalahari Kid Corporation Tel: 011 807 5624/5 (JHB office) info@kalaharikid.co.za www.kalaharikid.co.za The Kalahari Kid Corporation is dedicated to producing only superior quality goat and lamb products for both the local and international markets. It is a joint initiative between the Northern Cape Provincial Government and emerging farmers in the Northern Cape. It has been in operation for 8 years and has 113 co-operatives with some 600 emerging farmers. Kalahari Kid Corporation also offers a training programme for emerging farmers wishing to specialise in goat production through the Kalahari Kid Training Programme, which is a SETA accredited training programme in the Northern Cape. Kalahari Kid exports to the Middle East and Africa and has a satellite Kalahari Kid project in Uganda with 500 breeding does. The Kalahari Kid project will be rolled out on a national scale in the near future. A second phase Mala Mamas will invest in bringing the food to the people through empowering women and youth to participate in distributing goat meat to homes in informal communities and rural outlets. Kalahari Kid Corporation is the vehicle used to commercialise the goat industry in South Africa. Scientific Roets has been involved in a number of projects involving goats, whether this be drafting business plans and project management (e.g. Nkangala Goat Project, Rooiwal Goat Production and Processing Business Plan), skills programmes (e.g. Lady Frere Goat Skills Programme, Ukhahlamba Goat Skills Programme, Nkangala Goat Skills Programme, developing contract growers and other agri-business systems for the Kalahari Kid Corporation) or building infrastructure (e.g. Umzimvubu Goats Regional Goat Infrastructure). For the South African Goat Breeders Society, South African Boer Goat Breeders Society and the Savanna Goat Breeders Society, contact 049 842 4411 or write to info@boerboksa.co.za South African Milch Goat Breeders Society Tel: 051 410 0953 / 083 457 5775 milch@studbook.co.za South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Tel: 012 428 6648 garberhv@sabs.co.za Veterinary remedy residue testing of meat Thornview Ranch Tel: 072 594 4626 www.thornviewranch.co.za www.boergoats.co.za

5. Roleplayers
eThekwini Municipality Akhona Ngcobo: Agri Business Manager Tel: 031 267 1813 www.dipa.co.za/agribusiness Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) Food, Beverage and Agro Industries Tel: 0860 693 888 callcentre@idc.co.za Research shows that 6 500 to 7 www.idc.co.za 000 goats are sold in the eThekwini region each week, a market The IDC is to inject R15,4 million that is begging to be developed. into the Northern Cape goat The project is about growing farming industry. the goat farming industry, first in the eThekwini region and then enticing Amakhosi from around the province to join in.

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6. Local and international business environment

Find the Marketing, International / Export menu options on www. kalaharikid.co.za. They are targeting Mauritius, USA, UAE, Oman, France, Jordan, DRC, Greece, Italy, Turkey, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Yemen, Algeria, Algeria and Switzerland. Northern Africa and the Middle East markets are to be targeted in initially the bulk carcass form, but also in a six cut and boxed sliced forequarter form. DAFF hopes Boer goat farming and exporting will attract thousands of black emerging and small-scale farmers. Local herds and breeding material are still too small to meet overseas demands. In the Northern Cape, a joint initiative between the Department of Agriculture and Land Affairs, the IDC and the Kalahari Kid Corporation aims to transform stock herders into active participants of the local and global economies.The project seeks to expand the current estimated goat population of over 700 000 by using the available natural resources and marketing opportunities.This will help develop the live goat market, increase supply of naturally reared meat to major retailers, and further allow for the processing of goat meat for exporting and the use of goat skin for leather.
Source: BuaNews (adapted)

Livestock
Goats mohair
For information that is common to all goat enterprises, see the Goats chapter. Refer also to the Fibre Trading chapter in this directory.

1.

Overview

Mohair is one of the rare noble fibres of the world. It is especially suitable for apparel, knitwear, curtaining, upholstery material, socks, shawls and accessories. Angora goats are shorn at least twice a year, and the year is divided between a summer and winter marketing season. Eastern Cape farmers produce nearly all of South Africas mohair. Since South Africas contribution to world mohair production stands at 54%, Port Elizabeth may rightly be called the mohair capital of the world.

7. Goat meat
Meat goats can be raised with very little supplemental grain and with minimal shelter, and are generally an easy-care animal. The key management issues for a successful meat goat enterprise are fencing, parasite control, predator control, and marketing. Attention must also be paid to nutrition and to breeding stock selection. While goats are enjoyable to raise and may be profitable, they are not a way to get rich quick. As with any farming endeavour, knowledge and skills are essential for success. Prospective producers are well advised not only to read up on the subject, but to find and spend time with a local meat goat producer, and ask lots of questions. Before committing themselves to meat goat production, prospective producers should investigate market conditions, estimate costs, and work out a rough budget. In some areas, land and feed costs will be higher, increasing the cost of production; in some areas, lack of demand for meat or kids will make marketing more difficult. Economic feasibility will be enhanced if the meat goat enterprise uses land already owned but not fully utilised, such as brushy land on a cattle farm. If the financial prospects are encouraging and the decision is made to proceed, the next step is to install adequate fencing. Housing needs for meat goats are very simple, and in moderate climates may consist of natural cover such as thick trees and brush or rock ledges. Goats need protection from rain and from cold wind and snow. Keeping them in a shed near the farmhouse will deter predators. For night shelter, allow 0.5 square metres per goat. It will be helpful to have a sturdy catch pen, at least 1,2 metres tall. This pen is essential when handling the goats for deworming, vaccinations, foot trimming, and sorting. A small group of goats will provide many learning experiences in the first year or two, and may easily be expanded as expertise is gained. Since one buck (male) can easily service 25 to 50 does (females), that is a logical herd size to begin with. Of first importance is the health status of the animals, and it is a good idea to buy all your animals from one reputable breeder, if possible. Other important features to check out before purchase are udders, teeth, hooves, and overall body structure. A goat should not be fat. The hair coat should look healthy and shiny. Hooves, teeth, and udders should be sound. Teeth are important for grazing and browsing, and are an indicator of age. Whatever breed is chosen for the meat goat operation, strict culling will be necessary to maintain a productive and profitable herd. Emphasis on reproduction, growth rate, carcass quality, and ability to thrive in the environment will be rewarded.
Adapted from the article by Linda Coffey at http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/ meatgoat.pdf Our gratitude to Douglas Nkosi (ARC) and Judith Weidmann (Kalahari Kid Corporation) for feedback on the draft chapter.

2. Associations involved
The different breeder societies are Their website, www.mohair. listed in the Animal Improvement co.za, includes auction and and Breeders Chapter market news, articles, background information and other useful tools. Mohair SA Tel: 041 487 1386 SA Wool and Mohair Buyers info@mohair.co.za Association www.mohair.co.za Tel: 041 484 5252 Mohair SA supports overseas and local manufacturers with market and product development and the promotion of the use of mohair. It promotes the advancement of the entire mohair industry. Mohair SA funds research, training and information. SA Mohair Growers Association Tel: 049 836 0140 samga@xsinet.co.za South African Textile Industry Export Council Tel: 021 959 4162 www.satiec.co.za

3. Websites and publications

Visit the websites of roleplayers. Go to www.mohair.co.za, www.cmw. co.za and www.bkb.co.za, for example. A number of publications are available from the Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute (GADI). Find these listed at http:// gadi.agric.za

4. Companies involved
Find the Buyers, Processors and Manufacturers menu options on www. mohair.co.za A Dewavrin Freres Tel: 041 484 4443 www.adfsa.com ADEF SA Tel: 041 484 4443 BKB (Pty) Ltd Tel: 041 503 3013 / 302 www.bkb.co.za Border Combing Company see Samil (Pty) Ltd Camdeboo Mohair Tel: 041 484 5255 www.camdeboo.com Cape Mohair and Wool (CMW) Tel: 041 406 7500 www.cmw.co.za

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Cape Mohair Ltd Tel: 021 534 4134 www.capemohair.co.za

Mohair Spinners SA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 041 994 7583

Mohair Yarns Cape Mohair Spinners (Pty) Ltd Tel: 041 397 4700 Tel: 041 486 2430/3 www.capmohspin.co.za Momentos of Africa Tel: 041 507 7270 ADEF SA www.momentos.co.za Tel: 041 484 4443 Mosenthals Wool & Mohair SA Dombeya Farm Tel: 041 581 8613 Tel: 021 881 3746 PureCape Elsa Barnard Mohair Carpets Tel: 041 486 1143 Tel: 046 648 2687 www.purecape.co.za www.mohaircarpets.co.za Samil Ikhwezi-Cacadu Angora Goat Tel: 041 486 2430 Project Tel: 049 838 0001 / 083 244 1028 Sanmin & Sanhong Textile www.cz-sm.com Gubb and Inggs Ltd see Stucken & Company Shuttleworth Weaving Tel: 033 266 6818 Jan Paul Barnard Tel: 042 231 1247 Southseas Mohair Tel: 046 675 1090 Karoo Classics www.southseasmohair.co.za Tel: 021 886 7596 www.karooclassics.co.za Stucken & Company Tel: 041 397 4700 Malusi Fashions www.stucken.co.za Tel: 084 515 1131 www.malusi.co.za Mohair Direct www.mohairdirect.co.uk

The Eastern Cape town of Jansenville located in the geographic heart of Mohair country has the countrys first mohair museum, thanks to funding from the Mohair Trust, with Mohair SA as project co-ordinator. The museum theme is From the veld to the fibre and the future. The displays follow a logical sequence of the actual processes from shearing to yarn to end product. Added to which there is a display of historic articles, coupled with an educational experience of the Mohair story. Read more at www.mohair.co.za

6. International business environment

South Africa is the world leader in mohair production and exports over 95% of its total production. Other mohair producing countries of the world include the United State of America, Turkey, Argentina, Australia and Lesotho. Smaller numbers of Angora goat are also found in Mexico, New Zealand, Iran, Chile, Swaziland, Canada, Spain and the UK. However, compared to South Africa, production in these countries, individually, could be regarded as insignificant. Exporting of mohair takes place mainly to India, Taiwan, Italy, France, South Korea, Japan, China, Germany, the UK and Turkey.
Find the latest news in the Mohair SA Newsletters.

7. Farming mohair
Find the Classing Standards on www.mohair.co.za. Take the Growers and Classing standards menu options. Historically, the Eastern Cape has been the prime Angora farming area in South Africa and today, Angora farming is mainly practiced within a 300km radius of Port Elizabeth. Consequently, the city forms the nucleus of the South African mohair industry. Advanced breeding and farming techniques in the country ensure consistent availability and fibre quality. To this end, meticulous care is taken in the selection of stock to ensure superior generic breeding material. Because of the increase in fibre diameter as they get older, a small kid would shear about 26 micron mohair which could sell for anything up to R250 per kilogram. At the next sheering, the micron diameters would increase and the selling price would drop. An ideal herd of goats would obviously have as many animals that are producing the best income in the herds. That would be a herd of breeding ewes, with high fertility that are producing as many kids as possible. To achieve this, one would need a careful breeding policy that concentrates on breeding animals that are suited to the areas grazing conditions. A good selection of the breeding ewes is important and further to breed or buy good quality rams to use in the breeding herd. A good breeding programme would be to cull all old animals and poor breeders. Class the young ewes as replacements for the old and poor breeders and make sure you purchase or breed good rams. The ewes need careful attention during kidding time. Once the newborn kids have their first drink of colostrum, they are normally fine. After six months, theyre ready to be shorn. The technique in sheering an angora goat, is just as important as sheering a wool sheep. Particularly in avoiding double cuts so the length of the fleeces remains constant. Length is an important factor in the sale of mohair. To this end, meticulous care is taken in the selection of stock to ensure superior genetic breeding material.

5. Local business environment

The Mohair South Africa monthly newsletter brings you the latest in the Industry. Find these under the news menu option on www.mohair.co.za. Auction results can be found on the same website. The mohair market has traditionally been heavily influenced by fashion demand, or the lack thereof. This is one of the reasons for the volatility in demand experienced from time to time. Find the latest news in the Mohair SA Newsletters. There are contradictory elements in justifying efforts to increase mohair production when the market, at certain times, cannot take up the limited volumes currently on offer. Market reaction is often the result of fear of supply rather than only the demand for the end product. As is the case with other natural fibres where production has been falling, rationalisation of processing capacity can be expected. We are in an era of change in the global market environment, where technological advances and information create new opportunities in terms of marketing alternatives. These developments would require a new approach by producers in terms of involvement in the marketing of their mohair. The volatility in currency/exchange rate can cause difficulties for the South African Mohair industry.

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New Farmer Information In order to produce top quality mohair, thorough breeding programmes are of vital importance. Breeding programmes are difficult to apply in a communal pastoral system where the veld belongs to the community, as all types of goats run together. During the mating season, this producer will have to tend the goats day and night to avoid crossbreeding. Further challenges to entering the primary mohair industry include: Sufficient and easily accessible sheltering. Angora goats are very sensitive to drastic weather changes. Usually more than one large shelter has to be erected on different locations on the farm, and this can be costly. Sufficient shearing and mohair sorting equipment is a prerequisite. Applicable hair sorting and classing knowledge of both farmer and labourers. Investing in training in shearing and sorting is essential. In order to fully reap the benefits of a deregulated marketing system, the producers must have access to an effective and working infrastructure that includes the free flow and availability of marketing information.

Livestock
Goat and sheep dairy
1. Overview
Sheep and goat milk are a healthy dairy alternative, even if your physical condition is not compromised. They are rich in fats and minerals, and the (very favourable) facts regarding the nutrition value of this milk can be found on websites mentioned in this chapter e.g. www.goats-cheese.co.za, www. indezi.co.za, www.sasheepdairy.co.za and www.sheepdairying.co.uk. The milk can be processed to make cheese, butter, ice cream and other dairy products. This is a niche market.

8. Manufacturing and processing mohair

The conversion of mohair fibre into a product, such as a garment or a household article, is a lengthy process. It can, however, be grouped into four distinct stages: Fibre is cleaned and combed. Fibre is converted into a yarn. Fibre is converted into fabric. The final stage involves converting the fabric into an end product.

2. Roleplayers
The Dairy chapter in the Agro-processing section includes companies and dairies which process goat milk.

Alpine Goats Cheese Tel: 028 423 3112 www.goats-cheese.co.za AXXON Tel: 011 837 7177/6/0 Fax: 011 837 3100 axxon@global.co.za

Although mohair is processed in very much the same way as wool, it also requires particular attention during certain processes, to ensure that it retains its smooth, lustrous appearance. Since the intricacies and finer details of the processes are a closely guarded secret, the conversion of mohair into end products remains more of an art than a science, both in the home craft industries and in the large industrial mills. Quality remains the highest priority throughout the process of mohair production in South Africa. Fixed standard are also in place to ensure that quality consistency of the raw material can be guaranteed throughout the world.
Source: www.agritv.co.za Source: Frans Loots, Mohair SA and the websites mentioned in this chapter. Thanks to Angelo Coppola for feedback on the draft chapter.

Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute (GADI) Tel: 049 842 1113 http://gadi.agric.za Indezi River Cheese Company Tel/fax: 033 234 4795 www.indezi.co.za

Specialist supplier of goat and Kambrokind Guest House / sheep milking equipment and Fransplaas Sheep Cheese Farm Tel: 023 571 1405 feeder yokes jjwagener@worldonline.co.za info@sutherlandinfo.co.za Belnori Boutique Cheesery Tel: 011 964 3405 La Rochelle Cheese www.belnori.co.za Tel: 023 356 2091 izakj@mweb.co.za Caldecott, Roy Tel: 033 263 2951 Lattaia Goats Cheese Tel: 083 535 4341 A dairy goat farmer lattaia@xsnet.co.za Cheese Academy Mooiland Cheesery Tel: 082 828 1832 Tel: 056 777 2253 http://cheeseacademy.co.za jhloubser@lantic.net Dairy Standard Agency (DSA) Ovis Angelica Tel: 012 804 0818 Tel: 082 412 3787 www.dairystandard.co.za eva@sasheepdairy.co.za www.sasheepdairy.co.za Dairygoat SA Tel: 082 779 4899 Ovis Angelica (formerly Prodwww.dairygoat.co.za Patria Sheep Dairy) has received Dairygoat SA is the national numerous awards for its cheeses. marketing body for goats milk. It Read more on the website. also hosts an annual Dairy Goat SA Milk Goats Association Conference in Gauteng. Tel: 051 430 2457 Geluksfontein Goat Cheese Farm SA Milk Sheep Breeders Club Tel: 083 619 6980 Tel: 051 713 7091 info@goatmilk.co.za eva@sasheepdairy.co.za www.goatmilk.co.za www.sasheepdairy.co.za Guided tours, training consulting are offered. and

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SA Stud Book and Animal Improvement Association Tel: 051 410 0900 www.studbook.co.za The SA Milk Sheep (a cross between East Friesan and three indigenous breeds) is registered with SA Studbook. Southern African Goat and Sheep Milk Processors Organisation (SAGS) Tel: 082 377 5698 rina@belnori.co.za Find their webpages off www. studbook.co.za

University of the Free State Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Tel: 051 401 2163 Department Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences Tel: 051 401 2677 University of Pretoria Prof Edward Donkin Animal and Wildlife Sciences Tel: 012 420 3271 Wilde and Roare Tel: 083 280 0643 www.wildeandroare.co.za

Livestock
Indigenous breeds
1. Overview
South Africa has a variety of genetically diverse breeds of livestock that have played a major role in the social, cultural and economic history of the country. These include breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry and equines that have adapted over centuries to a range of natural and socio cultural environments. Goats and sheep were introduced around 200 AD and recent evidence suggests that the Sanga cattle breeds of southern Africa were domesticated from Bos primiginius, the aurochs, in the area now occupied by the Sahara desert during a wetter period. Dispersal with nomadic owners brought the cattle to the southern part of the continent where they arrived on the northern borders of the South Africa around 700 AD. The origin of chicken and pig breeds is less clear and could have been influenced by early introductions from early European settlers. Over the past 400 years, numbers and types of indigenous breeds in southern Africa have been declining at an alarming rate largely as a result of indiscriminate crossbreeding and replacement with introduced exotic breeds.

3. Websites and publications

The websites of roleplayers are an excellent place to start. Find the archived articles on dairy goats at www.farmersweekly.co.za. DAFF has Info Paks entitled Dairy goats: milk production and Starting a dairy goat enterprise. Both can be viewed at www.daff.gov.za (take the Publications option). Raising Dairy Goats by Jerry Belanger is available from Kejafa Knowledge Works at www.kejafa.co.za. They can also be contacted at 014 577 0005. Easy-to-understand Infotoons are available on the subject Preparing Fresh Goats Milk. Visit the AGIS website www.agis.agric.za and take the AGIS, Skills Development and eFarmer options. The British Sheep Dairying Association www.sheepdairying.com Practical Sheep Dairying by Olivia Mills Find the general goat publications in the Goats chapter. General sheep publications can be found in the Sheep chapter.

The value of indigenous livestock

During their protracted journey from the north of the continent, the livestock adapted to a variety of biomes. Most of the areas had periodic droughts, seasonal dry periods, nutritional shortages and an array of parasites and diseases. Adaptation to these conditions made these animals hardy and well suited to the harsh South African environment where they can survive without additional feed or medication. This makes them a viable alternative to imported breeds that have not acquired these adaptive traits. In addition, parasites and diseases are showing an increasing resistance to drugs which makes the natural tolerance of indigenous breeds all the more valuable.

4. Local business environment

Find the notes on dairy goat farming on www.dairygoat.co.za. Expert advice about the regulations governing safe milk production can be obtained from the Dairy Standard Agency (details under heading 2). The case for dairy sheep: Sheep is a triple purpose species, yielding wool, mutton and milk. You can keep up to four times as many sheep per hectare as cattle, and they reproduce faster than other species. Cattle take a long time to produce saleable offspring. Most goat breeds are seasonal breeders and will kid only once a year. But sheep can reproduce up to three times in two years. Milk sheep are prolific breeders. The SA Milk Sheep has a lactation period of six months (other sheep three months). The SA Milk Sheep gives up to four litres a day. The wool is strong 30 micron. The ewes are productive: twins and triplets are the norm. Maternal instincts are excellent. The carcass quality of slaughter lambs is very good and has a good spreading of fat. The sheep are relatively big, ewes weighing 70 75 kg.
Source: Elmarie van Aswegen

The perception problem

The smaller frame and lack of uniform colour of indigenous livestock breeds led the colonial settlers of South Africa to believe that indigenous breeds were inferior when compared to European breeds. Recent scientific evaluations of indigenous livestock has shown that, far from being inferior, the animals produce more than exotic breeds under the low maintenance conditions that are typically found in the marginal areas of the country.

Conservation through sustainable use

Conservation has never been effective where people are hungry. This has made it difficult to protect small nucleus herds and flocks in order to maintain purebred indigenous livestock breeds. A recent conservation approach is one of sustainable use that includes the commercialisation of indigenous breeds and the marketing of products such as hides and meat in niche markets. In South Africa, this strategy has proved successful with breeds such as the Nguni, Afrikaner and Drakensberger cattle, the Dorper sheep and the Boer goat. The establishment of markets and the development of products for indigenous livestock has the potential to mushroom in the future.
Source: Jenny Bester, previously of the ARC and Keith Ramsay, DAFF (adapted)

2. Breeds of indigenous and locally developed (Landrace) livestock

Indigenous breeds have maintained their adaptive traits and in their natural environment can tolerate heat, drought, and an array of parasites and tickborne diseases. In traditional extensive systems, cattle are used for beef,

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beef, milk and hide production, as a form of security, for religious ceremonies and as fuel and floor covering. Sheep and goats are predominantly used for their meat (unlike European breeds, indigenous breeds are not used for wool production as they have hair rather than wool). Sheep and goats are also used as a form of security. Purebred indigenous pig breeds are becoming increasingly scarce due to crossbreeding with commercialised lines; the same is true of chicken breeds. Both species have the potential of being exploited for commercial production but only very limited research has taken place and the possibilities remain to be explored. The following are indigenous and locally developed breeds: Cattle Afrikaner, Bonsmara, Drakensberger, Hugenot, Nguni (Venda, Pedi, Royla Nguni, Tswana and Shangaan ecotypes), Sanganer and Tuli Kolbroek, Windsnyer Afrino, Damara, Dohne Merino, Dormer, Dorper, Izimvu (Zulu), Namaqua Afrikaner, Pedi, Persian (Blackhead or Redhead), Ronderrib Afrikaner (gladde- or Blinkhaar), Ronderrib Afrikaner (steekhaar), South African Mutton Merino, Speckled Persian (Black or Red), Vandor and Van Rooy Improved Boer Goat, Kalahari Red Goat, Savanna Goat, Unimproved Veld Goat Boschvelder, Naked Neck, Ovambo, Potchefstroom Koekoeks, Venda Basotho pony, Kaapse Boerperd (Cape Boer Horse), Namib Horse, Nooitgedachter, South African Boerperd

South Africas landrace breeds are part of our national heritage and should be marketed with pride and with a guarantee on genetic purity and soundness. With this in mind, legislation has been passed to monitor and certify exports of genetic material of South African landrace breeds. This will be successful if breed societies, registering authorities, service providers and traders in farm animal genetic material work together to provide the necessary certification on positive identification, purity, pedigrees and performance.

4. Roleplayers
Africanis Society of Southern Africa Johan Gallant Tel: 033 343 2699 www.africanis.co.za Africanis is an umbrella name for the aboriginal or native subequatorial African dogs. The Africanis Society of Southern Africa has made it its goal to conserve the Africanis or native African dog as a land race. Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute Tel: 049 842 1113 Fax: 049 842 4352 http://gadi.agric.za Nguni Cattle Breeders Society Tel: 051 448 7303 www.ngunicattle.info Nguni cattle, long the mainstay of Zulu culture, are possibly the most beautiful cattle in the world, with their variously patterned and multicoloured hides everywhere in demand. The breed is widely acknowledged to be the outstanding beef breed for optimal production under harsh African conditions.

Pig Sheep

Goat Poultry Horse

Another locally developed breed is the South African Black Ostrich.

Photographs and a description of some of these indigenous breeds are given on the ARC website. Visit www.arc.agric.za

The Agricultural Research Council at Irene has been involved with indigenous and locally developed breeds for many years. It provides farmers, large and small, with the technologies and information to help them feed the PELUM South Africa nation. They provide research as Tel: 033 260 6173/5094 Michael Malinga 072 561 9239 well as training courses. www.pelumrd.org Dr M Scholtz (Nguni Cattle specialist) Tel: 012 672 9119 gscholtz@arc.agric.za Leon Kruger (Small stock specialist) Tel: 012 672 9169 lkruger@arc.agric.za Bandiri Poultry Solutions Jan Grobbelaar 084 567 8975 jan@reveal.co.za The Farm Animal Conservation Trust (FACT) no longer exists. Find the South African Society of Animal Science entry. The contact person there was involved with FACT.

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Directorate: Animal and Aqua Production Tel: 012 319 7662 DAAP@daff.gov.za Registrar: Joel M Mamabolo Tel: 012 319 7424/33 joelm@daff.gov.za

The PELUM Association is a regional network of over 200 civil society organisations in east, central and southern Africa. Its focus on food sovereignty includes traditional and indigenous crops and breeds. There is a branch of the South African Society of Animal Science the Developing Areas Animal Interest Group which focuses on all indigenous species in southern Africa. Contact Heleen Els for details. Tel: 012 529 8463 Fax: 012 529 8468 Email: heleen. els@up.ac.za

Directorate: Genetic Resource National Co-ordinator of Farm Management Animal Genetic Resources Julian Jafta Keith Ramsay Tel: 012 319 6024 Tel: 012 319 7448 tlouc@daff.gov.za keithr@daff.gov.za

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SA Stud Book and Animal Improvement Association Tel: 051 410 0900 info@studbook.co.za www.studbook.co.za SA Studbook keeps records of the pedigrees and performance of registered livestock and has the mandate of granting membership to breeders societies. Amongst its many other roles it promotes the breeding and genetic improvement of the production potential of registered animals, renders technical and advisory services and promotes the export of genetic material. It is through Studbook that indigenous breeds such as the Nguni have been registered and commercialised.

University of Fort Hare Dr Vorster Muchenje Tel: 040 602 2059 vmuchenje@ufh.ac.za www.ufh.ac.za Results of research into Ngunis have been published in the worlds leading animal production, animal health and food science journals. The Nguni is attracting international attention for its resistance to ticks and tick-bourne diseases, high reproductive performance, good walking and foraging ability and low maintenance requirements acquired through centuries of natural selection. Find the article Ngunis have what it takes, printed in July 2009 on www. farmersweekly.co.za.

Field Guide of South African Farm Animal Genetic Resources. A field guide containing a summary of existing indigenous livestock breeds. Exotic breeds having the most marked influence on landrace breeds are included to assist in the identification of crossbred animals. Listed are nine cattle, thirteen sheep, four goat, two pig, five chicken and five equine breeds and their known varieties and ecotypes. Contact the ARC (Irene) at 012 672 9030. The Story of the African Dog University of KwaZulu-Natal Press ISBN 1-86914-024-9. Find notes on indigenous breeds at www.arc.agric.za (take the Divisions option) About 1000 of the 6400 recognised breeds of farm animals worldwide became extinct during the last 100 years, and 300 of these alone during the last two decades! The Food and Agriculture Organisation warns that another 2000 breeds are at stake if no countermeasures for their conservation are taken. Find the Data base: Domesticated Animal Diversity Information System http://dad.fao.org Indigenous breeds, local communities. www.mamud.com/indigenous_ breeds.htm Breeds of Livestock www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds RBI (Rare Breeds International) www.rarebreedsinternational.org

Several livestock breeders from at Contact the Agricultural Information least eight neighbouring countries Centre 040 602 2403 for details are currently participating in the of the Nguni Cattle Project. INTERGIS-database. University of the Free State Stellenbosch University Centre for Sustainable Agriculture Prof Kennedy Dzama and Rural Development Tel: 021 808 4737 Tel: 051 401 2163 kdzama@sun.ac.za GroeneI@ufs.ac.za The Boerperd and Boerperd cross www.ufs.ac.za/censard breed horses used by Thornview Ranch are an indigenous breed Department of Zoology and dating back to the 1800s. Contact Entomology Johan Steyn at 072 594 4626 or Prof JG van As 051 401 2427 email info@thornviewranch.co.za Prof S Louw 051 401 9219 Find details of the following Breeders Societies in the Animal Improvement and Breeders chapter. Afrikaner Cattle Breeders Society of SA Afrino Sheep Breeders Society of SA Bonsmara SA Damara Sheep Breeders Society of SA Dohn Sheep Breeders Society of SA Dormer Sheep Breeders society of SA Dorper sheep Breeders Society Drakensberger Cattle Breeders Society Kalahari Red Namaqua Afrikaner c/o Grootfontein Small Stock Institute Nguni Cattle Breeders Association Pedi Club of SA SA Boer Goat Breeders Society Savanna Goat Breeders Society of SA Tuli Cattle Breeders Society of SA Vandor Sheep Breeders Society The Van Rooy Sheep Breeders Society

6. Local business environment

Global concern on the loss of diversity of farm animal genetic resources, along with a growing awareness of the real value of adapted minimum care breeds for sustainable animal agriculture off natural vegetation, has led to the emergence of a world market for these breeds. The international popularity of the South African Boer goat, Dorper sheep and Bonsmara cattle breeds are typical examples of this trend. Another notable example of an overlooked indigenous breed that proved to hold its own under modern production methods is the Nguni breed in South Africa. A tremendous potential lies in the development of livestock products. Examples are the hide of the attractively patterned Nguni cattle, the fine glove leather of the indigenous sheep and goat breeds and branded organic meat products. Even the lowly Kolbroek pig found in the rural areas has potential for lard and pork production in a country that is a net importer of lard. Innovative marketing and the investigation of niche markets will develop this potential. Here assistance is required from the government and/or industry. Products from indigenous breeds would also allow poor communities to exploit a gap in the market. The raising of public awareness is of crucial concern in any management plan for the utilisation of indigenous livestock breeds. The breeds are useful and constitute a valuable contribution to the biodiversity of the country.

7. International business environment

Refer to www.rarebredsinternational.org, website of Rare Breeds International (RBI)

5. Websites and publications

Landrace breeds: South Africas Indigenous and Locally developed Farm Animals. Compiled and edited by: K Ramsay, L Harris & A Kotz. Published by: Farm Animal Conservation Trust. ISBN 0-620-25493-9. This publication combines information on the origin of breeds, general descriptions, outstanding qualities and performance data. Phone 012 529 8463, email heleen.els@up.ac.za. The Indigenous Sheep and Goat Breeds of South Africa. Quentin Campbell. Published by Dreyer Printers and Publishers. Available from The Animal Production Institute: Livestock Business Division Commercialisation of indigenous goat production and products in South Africa. Edited: M Roets. Published by the Advisory Bureau for Development (Pty) Ltd.

Native breeds are increasingly being supplanted by high-yield Western farm animals, which may be less well able to adapt to their new environment in times of drought or disease, found a joint report by International Livestock Research Institute and the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) on the diversity of farm animals in 169 countries. The Western breeds may offer high volumes of meat, milk and eggs, but the researchers warn that the growing reliance on a handful of farm animal species is causing the loss on average of one livestock breed every month in developing countries. And over the longer term, the imported breeds may not cope with unpredictable environmental change or outbreaks of indigenous disease.
Source: The article Number of native livestock breeds declining at www.allaboutfeed. net

Sources for this chapter: Keith Ramsay (DAFF), Jenny Bester (previously ARC), www.arc.agric.za and the other mentioned websites.

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2. Predators and the stock farmer

Livestock
Livestock
To be read along with the relevant livestock chapters

The commercial livestock industry has placed a value of up to R1.4 billion on the stock it loses annually to predators, particularly to jackal and caracal. This figure is four times the number of animals lost to stock theft (Farmers Weekly, 3 July 2009 p14). See the Wildlife on Farms chapter of this directory.

3. Stock theft
Relevant legislation here is the Stock Theft Act 1959 (Act no. 57 of 1959). Find the notes about stock theft at on www.agriwiki.co.za and www.rpo. co.za Stock-theft hampers the profitability of the stock farmer. It also interferes with the Governments land reforming process and the empowering of the emerging farmers. For each stock-theft incident at a commercial farm, three similar incidents take place amongst emerging farmers. What makes it worse is that many emerging farmers suffer a total loss of stock kraals are literally emptied. Stock theft has become a business and there are clear indications of syndicate involvement. The days when a sizable portion of stock theft was ascribed to pot slaughtering are long gone. Although South Africa has always been a nett importer of red meat, stock theft has a detrimental effect on the industry and on agriculture in general. Solving the problem will make a huge contribution to the countrys selfsufficiency. The National Stock-theft Forum was founded soon after the birth of democracy in South Africa and consists of representatives from: Red Meat Producers Organisation, Red Meat Abattoir Association, SA Studbook Association, National Woolgrowers Association, National Emergent Red Meat Producers Organisation, Department of Agriculture and Land Affairs, Department of Correctional Services, National Prosecuting Authority and the SA Police Services. The National Stock-theft Forum is supported by Provincial Stock-theft Forums in each province. Recommendations from the National Stock-theft Forum: All vacant posts in the stock-theft units must be filled and capacity issues should be resolved. Create permanent training capacity for training and re-training of prosecutors and members of the stock-theft units. Create mobile reaction units which can on short notice be involved in specific operations. Finalise the Pounds Act as soon as possible. Legislation must be amended to create heavier sentences. The process of bail and parole for stock thieves must be reviewed. SAPS members of Stock-theft units, who render service of a high order, could be given incentives for their work in inaccessible areas under very difficult working conditions. The agriculture department could help mark or brand livestock in the emerging sector. For more or updated information, contact Gerhard Schutte at 012 348 1933 or by email rpo@lantic.net SA Police Service The Stock-Theft Unit: National Tel: 012 393 1196/7 Fax: 012 393 1548 oosthuizeno@saps.org.za A comprehensive document Hints for the Prevention of Stock Theft is available from the National Stock Theft Unit. It will help livestock owners to minimise their vulnerability, and to successfully lay charges against stock thieves.

1. Overview
Statistics for herd composition, slaughterings etc can be found on www.daff. gov.za take the Publications and Statistical Information menu options. Also find the latest quarterly economic overview. The National Livestock Strategy (NLS) put into perspective the current and future importance of the sector, highlighting its contribution to the national economy, its comparative role in agriculture, food security and rural development and its contribution to the food and fibre basket. The following is of particular significance: The sector currently accounts for more than 40% of the total value of agriculture. Because the sector is largely natural resource based and because of major limitations to crop cultivation, 80% of the agriculture land is occupied by livestock enterprises; as a consequence the bulk of increased production and rural development will have to come from this sector. From a food and income security point of view animal agriculture is the primary income generator in the majority of rural areas domestically and in the developing world, with projections indicating that by 2020 it will be the most important contributor to sustenance, poverty relief and agribusiness development. Animal food products are a major contributor to a balanced diet because of the high biological value of their protein and significant quantities of high bioavailable minerals and vitamins; in addition, animal fibre products quantitatively contribute significantly to the clothing, leather, housing and decorative industries. Livestock earnings amount to about 10% of agricultural exports and through import plays a significant role in stabilizing the economies of SADC countries. The sector is a major employer and employment generator in the economy with some 425000 employees and 2125000 dependant on the sector for their livelihood. Through backward and forward linkages to e.g. the food industry the contribution of agriculture to the national economy increases to about 30%, with livestock production accounting for more than a third.
Source: Challenges for the animal science industries and profession a strategic perspective, a paper by Dr Heinz Meissner

We might adapt the philosophers quote to read, I FEEL therefore I am, to increase an awareness of livestock or living stock. An awareness of animals as sentient beings comes out strongly in the five freedoms espoused by the NSPCAs Farm Animal Unit: freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition freedom from discomfort freedom from pain, injury or disease freedom to express normal behaviour freedom from fear and distress

How far the science of animal husbandry has evolved has everything to do with how well we blend profitable livestock farming with those listed freedoms.

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4. Animal identification
The Animal Identification Act (Act No. 6 of 2002) replaced the old Livestock Brands Act (Act No. 87 of 1962). It is compulsory to mark all cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. A permanent legal mark is the first line of defence against stock theft. The legislation in South Africa provides for an effective animal identification system A booklet Animal Identification in terms of Animal Identification Act (Act No. 6 of 2002) sets out information like how to register an identification mark, what is not included as an identification mark, alternative method of identification, parts on which animals must be identified etc This is done in a clear, attractive, colorful and easy-to-understand way. For a copy, contact the Resource Centre at the Department of Agriculture 012 319 4171. Find the electronic copy on www.daff.gov.za. The Registrar of Animal Identification Tel: 012 319 7431/2/3 zeldaw@daff.gov.za Private Bag X138, Pretoria 0001 The LIDCAT LIVESTOCK IDENTIFICATION is an irrefutable identification system for animals. A biological sample is collected from individual animals and stored under ideal conditions. In the case of theft or a dispute over parentage, the system can be used to identify the animal beyond doubt and the sample that has been stored can be used for comparison with an animal (or animal tissue such as blood or meat) recovered by the SAPS Stock Theft Units. The contact person is Ben Greyling at 012 672 9393. See the Precision Livestock Farming chapter for other roleplayers involved with animal identification.

6. Female reproductive data of our main farm animals

Animal Duration of oestrus cycle 18-24 days 16-18 days Duration of heat 6-24 hours 24-48 hours Timing of ovulation 6-14 hours after oestrus 12-24 hours before end of oestrus at end of oestrus 36-48 hours before end of oestrus Duration of gestation 278-290 days 144-152 days 114-120 days 320-370 days

Cattle Sheep and Goats Pigs Horses

19-22 days 18-24 days

18-48 hours 4-9 days

Source: Dr Reinette Snyman, Cape Penisular University of Technology

7. Estimating the water required for livestock

To estimate the quantity of water required DAILY per animal, allow: 6,5 litres per head of sheep 45 litres per head of cattle or horses 90 litres per head of dairy cattle. 9 litres per pig 18 litres per hundred birds (poultry)

Source: Southern Cross Industries (see www.southx.co.za) and the Handbook for Farmers in South Africa. Government Printers. 1937.

5. Livestock Codes of Conduct

South African Bureau of Standards Standards Information Centre Tel: 012 428 6666 www.satenca.co.za Together with the different livestock groups, the following Codes of Practice have been drawn up: 1. South African Poultry Association Code of Practice 2. Code for Feedlots 3. Code of Practice for the Handling of Livestock at Saleyards and Vending sites 4. Duties and Functions of Abattoir Managers 5. A Guideline for the use of Prodders and Stunning Devices in Abattoirs 6. Code of Practice for the Transport and Handling of Animals 7. Trade Code: Ostrich Feathers 8. Code of Practice for the Transport, Handling and Slaughter of Ostriches 9. South African Code for the Welfare of Pigs These Codes are the minimum requirements for the relevant sectors e.g. the poultry, feedlot etc sectors. Other Codes are still under discussion. Interested parties can obtain copies of these codes and other pending codes from SABS or from the NSPCA website www.nspca.co.za. The NSPCA continues to research and promote continued upgrading of all the laws and codes pertaining to Animal Welfare.

8. General livestock associations

Each chapter in this section gives details of relevant associations, companies and other roleplayers. Associations mentioned here have a more general relevance to the livestock industry. Livestock Animal Welfare Association Tel: 012 460 9216 Livestock Welfare Co-ordinating Committee (LWCC) Tel: 012 807 1367 www.redmeatsa.co.za National Council of SPCAs Farm Animal Unit Tel: 011 907 3590/1/2 www.nspca.org.za Established in 1970 this unit has grown not only in its knowledge of livestock but also in its duties. Initially formed to ensure the welfare of food animals at the abattoirs throughout South Africa, the unit now inspects, researches, educates, and promotes the welfare of all animals that are farmed. The unit performs many functions: Inspections. Law enforcement Educate and then prosecute. Education. Carried out in indigent communities at arranged outreach programs throughout the country.

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Assisting. Practical solutions to assist farmers and at the same time uplifting the welfare of animals. Legislation. To promote, research, initiate amendments, or new legislation to enhance animal welfare. Training. The unit undertakes external workshops to 1. Agricultural Departments within the Correctional Services throughout South Africa. 2. Also lectures at the Stock Theft Course on Current legislation. 3. Hands on training presented to our inspectors at local societies throughout South Africa. Reactive. Reacts and deals with accidents involving livestock, or disaster situations. Small Scale Farmers An increasing number of Government and internationally sponsored small scale individual and co-operative farming projects as well as large commercial projects for previously disadvantaged people are being established in commercial farming areas. The NSPCA has worked reactively and pro-actively on such projects, trying to establish where they are and visiting to make contact, give guidance and monitor. Poor administration or ignorance can lead to considerable suffering of animals and deaths. Veterinary Services Back-Up South Africa is vast. Population and services tend to be focused on the main urbanised areas, with the affect that immense areas are bereft of adequate veterinary services. These tend to be the indigent, rural areas. The State Veterinary Services do not exist in certain (usually remote and impoverished) areas and in other areas, they are inadequate to cope. This is why the NSPCA has taken on the role of outreach to provide a veterinary service back-up. Specific outreach programmes and projects are planned and undertaken, in addition to any reactive or response work that may be required. The farm animal unit of the National Council of SPCAs performs various workshops and lectures to relevant state departments to remind and enlighten teaching, research or production facilities on current animal welfare trends, legislation, moral and social responsibilities. Some of the areas where current workshops / lectures are performed are Correctional Services, Agriculture Departments throughout the country, stock theft detective course and 3rd year veterinary students. We hope to expand these workshops to include Animal Health Technicians, Agricultural Colleges and local S.A. Police Services. If other organisations, departments, educational facilities wish to carry out similar workshops, please contact the NSPCA via email on nspca@nspca. co.za.

Directorate: Animal Health Tel: 012 319 7456 DAH@daff.gov.za Directorate: Animal Production Tel: 012 319 7662 DAAPS@daff.gov.za

Joel M Mamabolo (Registrar) Tel: 012 319 7424 / 33 joelm@daff.gov.za

The publication Livestock Development Strategy for South Africa, compiled by the Animal and Aquaculture Production Directorate at the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is compulsory reading for anyone wishing for an introduction to the livestock sector, or to understand the issues and potential involved. Find it on www.daff.gov.za (take the Publications and General publications options).

10. Featured roleplayers

Asgisa Eastern Cape (Pty) Ltd Tel: 043 531 0103 http://asgisa-ec.co.za AXXON Tel: 011 837 7177/6/0 Fax: 011 837 3100 Onderstepoort Biological Products Tel: 012 522 1500 www.OBPvaccines.co.za

Plantkor Tel: 036 468 1309 plantkor@plantkor.co.za Supplier of all types of I.D. www.plantkor.co.za devices from Electronic ear tags/ intraruminal boluses/sub-dermal Plantkor manufactures and supplies chips, ankle/neck bands and visual high quality equipment to the pig tags and leg-/neck bands industry of Africa. The Brangus Cattle Breeders Tel: 051 444 1144 www.brangus.org.za Braunvieh SA Tel: 051 410 0950 www.braunviehsa.co.za Cape Wools SA Tel: 041 484 4301 www.capewools.co.za DEN VET Tel: 033 345 1093 www.denvet.co.za Solving your animal health problems HOTSURE Tel: 0861 HOTSURE (468 787) Fax: 086 640 5744 info@hotsure.co.za www.hotsure.co.za Santa Gertrudis Cattle Breeders Tel: 051 448 0318 www.santagertrudis.co.za SA Braford Tel: 051 448 0603 www.braford.org.za South African Pork Producers Organisation (SAPPO) Tel: 012 361 3920 Fax: 012 361 4069 www.sapork.com TNH Wildlife Tel: 082 890 9993 / 074 114 8651 Fax: 086 519 0124 www.tnhwildlife.com

9. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find contact details and information on all directorates under the Divisions option at www.daff.gov.za The guidelines for Legal identification marks can be found at www.daff. gov.za. The Animal Identification Act, 2002 (Act no.6 of 2002) makes it compulsory for all livestock owners to apply for a registered identification mark from the registrar of Animal identification. Call 012 319 7431/2/3 for assistance.

Fencing materials, wildlife and electric fence installations, solar electricity, GIS mapping and the supply and application of herbicides are some of the animal and wildlife management services offered by Biotelemetry solutions for proactive risk management and TNH. precision farming TOPIGS SA Tel: 012 348 3676 Kanhym Estates francoist@topigssa.co.za Tel: 013 249 7964 www.kanhym.co.za TOPIGS SA supports clients Nguni Cattle Breeders Society with genetics, feeding, disease prevention, housing, management Tel: 051 448 7303 and artificial insemination. www.ngunicattle.info

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11. Training and research

See the Agricultural education and training chapter, as well as the individual livestock chapters.

The English agricultural weekly publication Farmers Weekly regularly covers livestock issues. Find archived material at www.farmersweekly. co.za A number of livestock publications are available from Kejafa Knowledge Works. Visit www.kejafa.co.za or phone 014 577 0005.

Animal husbandry training is included in the diplomas as well as in short courses offered by Agricultural Colleges. Examples of some short courses presented at Cedara in KwaZulu-Natal are: poultry production, dairy production (basic); small-scale dairying; beekeeping (also presented in isiZulu); goat production; pig production; and dairy processing. Madzivhandila College course Livestock management. Find details of all Agricultural Colleges in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. AgriSETA-accredited training providers do courses in livestock production. An example is Skills for Africa whose courses have included broiler, cattle and small stock production. Find details of this provider and of all other providers, in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter.

Included in the Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) baseline publication are analyses of the livestock sector. The baseline is a benchmark of what could happen under a particular set of assumptions. Scenarios and risk analyses, not included in the baseline, are prepared as confidential reports for individual clients. Call 012 420 4583/2 or visit www.bfap.co.za The Red Meat Research and Development Trust (RMRDT) was instituted to fund specific research and development projects concerned with red meat production processes and products deriving from red meat producing livestock. Read more at www. redmeatsa.co.za. The South African Society for Animal Science (SASAS) www.sasas.co.za is an association of animal scientists who have the following common objective: to practice and report on animal agriculture based on science. The website contains scientific papers and much more.

13. International business environment

Veterinary Import-Export Authority is consulting service pertaining to the international movement of animals and animal products. An inspection service is offered. They compile the documents, take these through the various departments. Where the export of live animals for poverty allieviation / developmental projects is concerned, they offer some training too (so that the beneficiaries are not left unsupported). Contact Dr Adle Fau at 012 361 3116. Find the Info Paks Livestock: Procedures for the export of fresh meat from South Africa and Livestock: Import requirements for fresh meat on the Department of Agricultures website: www.daff.gov.za (take the Publications menu option). There is also a guide to exporting animals on www.mbendi.co.za/ export/sa/10. These notes cover Animal products (meat, eggs etc) as well as live animals. www.cites.org Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. World Association for Animal Production (WAAP) www.waap.it The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) publications site offers detailed bibliographic data of their latest publications. Topics included are crop-livestock systems, ruminant genetics, health and feed resources, and strengthening collaboration with national agricultural research systems. www.ilri.cgiar.org www.cgiar.org publications Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international agreement between governments designed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Visit www.cites.org Animal rights groupings such as the International Organisation for Animal Protection (OIPA) www.oipa.org. This is a Non Governmental Organisation affiliated to the UN Department of Public Information since 1992. Find out about the global campaign to end unnecessary long distance transport of live animals at www.handlewithcare.tv (transport meat on the hook, not on the hoof).

The ARC-Livestock Business Division aims to broaden access to market opportunity, increase efficiency of the livestockproduction chain, and improve product quality and safety through Animal Husbandry training is research and development included in training offered by Universities and Universities of support. Technology. For the complete list, Call 012 672 9153 for information consult the Agricultural Education on training courses. These and Training chapter. include: Beef cattle management, Meat cuts and processing, Small stock management, Pig artificial insemination, Poultry production and Pig production. Details can also be found at www.arc.agric.za.

14. A few ideas for free range animals (smallscale farming)

Free range, stress free animals living on a healthy diet will go a long way to make your operation profitable. Plant pastures with nutritious grass. Consider the age old favourites like kikuyu, rye grass, lucerne etc. Plant more trees for fodder and shelter. Like fruit trees, leuceana trees, karee trees etc. Improve your veld conditions. Look at what the natural veld has an abundance of sweet grasses like rye, love grass, etc. and re-seed. Fence with sturdy fences so that your stock is unable to get out of an area or off your farm. You have to contend with thieves, predators and dogs that attack stock. Fence in an area relatively close to your house to deter stock theft and you may be lucky enough to hear the predators or dogs should they attack the animals. You will sleep more peacefully.

12. Websites and publications

Find the numerous livestock publications on www.daff.gov.za. The Directorate Animal and Aquaculture Production has compiled many helpful publications and policy documents including the Livestock Development Strategy for South Africa. Find the Info Paks, too, which cover legal identification marks, auctioning, animal health topics and more. Find the Livestock option at www.agriwiki.co.za. Find notes on the different breeds, animal health and more. Find the Diere menu option under Bedrywe at www.landbou.com, the electronic arm of the Afrikaans agricultural weekly Landbouweekblad. Services on the website include a veterinary question and answer column and an SMS notification of livestock auction prices.

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Shelters can be a choice of your own. Individual pens, a communal pen whichever suits your requirements and your pocket. Stock can be camped together during the night; you will need to have a big enough area for them to sleep in. The different species do not sleep together; they separate into their respective herds at night. The alternative is separate camps for the cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses. When any animal is about to give birth, separate the mother from all the other stock. New-born babies need shelter and warmth. Keep mom and the new-born apart from the herd for two to three days so that the mother can recover from the exhausting birth process (in peace) and the baby can gather strength to face an inquisitive herd. Sick animals need shelter and warmth. Birth pens and your sick bay must be separate and on opposite sides in any camp. These facilities must never be near to each other. Free-range pigs eat anything. The list includes chicks and chickens; any new born babies from goats, sheep, cattle, etc. To prevent such mishaps from occurring ensure the pigs get a supplement of a balanced feed. Pigs cannot survive only on grass or mielies. If a pig is not fed a balanced diet you will eventually notice your number of free-range chickens dwindling. Always separate pigs from any livestock about to give birth. Free-range chickens keep the yard clean. They eat all the insects they can find and they clean up feed wasted by the other livestock. Dung heaps are scratched apart searching for insects that may be breeding therein. Dispersing cowpats inhibits fly larvae from breeding into annoying adults. The spread of manure benefits a large area of ground and no big pats or bundles are all over for you to walk into at the most inconvenient moment. Feed Chicken manure and all other biodegradable wastage to earthworms. Feed earthworms to chickens. The casts go back into the ground to feed the ground, no need to buy fertilisers. Natural fertilisers will encourage healthy plants. Less pesticides to get our vegetables to grow. Never compromise on the feed. The allocated daily balance diet from a bag and good grazing should never be veered from. This is the backbone of production The people that work for or with you should be reliable and have the welfare of the animals at heart. They must be alert to the health of the animals. If something is amiss they should notice it immediately. They should have a basic knowledge of how to cope should an emergency arise. The cost of doctoring a sick animal is cheaper than a dead animal.
Source: Joanne Vosloo in an email to the National Agricultural Directory team. Joanne has farmed with everything except ostriches for 25 years. Contact her at 083 350 8555

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Other:

Livestock
Ostriches
1. Overview
More than seven million years ago ostriches migrated across Africa. These birds became a source of food for the San people and a popular theme for their rock paintings. The San were not the only ones who found these birds fascinating: detailed pictures of ostriches have also been found in ancient Egyptian tombs, Roman generals and their wives wore their beautiful plumes during state functions and Arabs hunted the bird for sport. The largest concentration of ostriches in the world is found in Oudtshoorn in the Western Cape. South Africa accounts for 70 % of the ostriches slaughtered in the world and has a 70 % stake in the worldwide ostrich population. Globally ostrich meat is regarded as high quality red meat due to the fact that it is low in cholesterol and fat, versatile and tasty. There are six EU approved and registered export abattoirs and some 600 export registered ostrich farms. About 95 percent of the meat slaughtered is being exported mainly to Europe. An awareness of (and compliance with) the food safety and animal health regulations of the European Union is thus necessary. Today, ostrich meat, leather, feathers, eggs and a great variety of ostrich curios and gifts are available all over the world. Durable feathers are used in feather dusters and the more colourful and attractive ones in stage productions, carnivals, as fashion accessories and for stylish garments. The Ostrich meat, leather and feathers contribute a staggering R2 billion annually in foreign revenue to the countrys economy. 42% of this comes from leather, 55% meat and 3% feathers. This contribution per product has changed over the past two years due to the strengthening of the Euro against the US Dollar as meat is being paid for in Euros and leather in US Dollars.

The National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) Schalk Burger Tel: 012 341 1115 Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Export Council Secretariat Phina Mashilo Tel: 012 394 1433 Western Cape Department of Agriculture (Elsenburg) Dr G Msiza Tel: 021 808 5111/ 021 808 5002 www.elsenburg.com

Eastern Cape Department of Agriculture Dr L Mrwebi Tel: 040 609 3548 Northern Cape Department of Agriculture Dr R Moerane Tel: 053 838 9112/8

4. Training and research

Research is conducted on all factors influencing commercial farming as well as the welfare of the animals. A formal agreement exists between the SAOBC and the Western Cape Department of Agriculture, which results in some 35 research projects. The research results assist farmers with decision-making. Prof Tertius Brand and Prof Schalk Cloete are two specialist researchers. Call 021 808 5111. Oudtshoorn Experimental Farm Tel: 044 272 6077 - Anel Engelbrecht, Principal Researcher - Kobus Nel, Farmer Support & Development Roleplayers like Klein Karoo International undertake their own private research, focusing largely on food safety and animal health. The Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences at the University of the Free State is involved with research. Contact 051 401 2677 or vanwykjb@ufs.ac.za There are currently no formal training courses for prospective producers: all training is done in-house, on-the-job, but the SAOBC did commission the publishing of a booklet titled The ostrich farm: How to get started. The SAOBC also launched a BEE-project in 2008 consisting of a three month theoretical training (NQF-accredited), followed by nine months interships/learnerships for 30 new entrants per annum. Formal qualifications tend to be the B.Sc.Agric. or diplomas in agriculture. There are training opportunities for processors in this industry (abattoirs and tanning). Employers make use of accredited trainers to ensure that training falls in line with the National Qualifications Framework (NQF). Lectures on ostrich diseases are included in a wildlife Elective taught at the Veterinary Faculty of the University of Pretoria.

2. Associations involved
SA Ostrich Business Chamber (SAOBC) Tel: 044 272 3336 www.ostrichsa.co.za SA Ostrich Producers Organisation (SAOO) Tel: 044 272 3336 National Ostrich Processors of SA (NOPSA) Tel: 044 272 3336 www.nopsa.com Ostrich Breeders Society of South Africa Tel: 044 272 6077 / 7314 kobusn@elsenburg.com

The SA Ostrich Producers Organisation (SAOO) and the National Ostrich Processors of SA (NOPSA) are the two main representative bodies and together they form the SA Ostrich Business Chamber (SAOBC). The mission of the SAOBC is to promote a sustainable, economically viable ostrich industry in South Africa through the participation of stake holders. There are Codes of Practice pertaining to the breeding and rearing of ostriches. These Codes apply to anyone keeping ostriches for any reason. Farms and abattoirs are regularly inspected to ensure welfare and compliance with EU standards is maintained to a high standard.

5. Websites and publications

www.ostrichsa.co.za S.A. Ostrich Business Chamber. Find links to other web pages e.g. S A Ostrich Producers Organisation (SAOO) and NOPSA, to members of the SAOBC, as well as to information about the industry. Ostrich Newsletter / Volstruisbrief, a quarterly publication. For Research results contact Prof. Brand and Prof. Cloete at Elsenburg. Diseases of ostriches and other ratites. F W Huchzermeyer 1998. Agricultural Research Council Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute. Ostrich production systems M M Shanawany and John Dingle ISBN 92-5104300-0 Food And Agriculture Organisation. Contact Dr Willem Burger, Technical Advisor to the SAOBC, for other publications. Write to rnel@kleinkaroo.com www.dedenne.com is the website of ostrich farmer Johan Keller who diversified into the tourist market. The guesthouses income is quite significant compared with that generated from primary farming activities. Farmers Weekly did a write up on this venture entitled Agritourism helps ostrich farm fly high. Find it on the archives at www.farmersweekly.co.za

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find information on all directorates at www.daff.gov.za Directorate: Animal Production 012 319 7662 / 561 Directorate: Animal Health Tel: 012 319 7456 Directorate: Marketing Tel: 012 319 8455 / 6450

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6. Companies involved
Camexo SA Ltd T/As Camdeboo Meat Processors Tel: 049 891 0622/ 082 377 5063 piet@camdeboo.co.za Meat only Camexo SA Ltd T/As Exotan Tel: 041 402 8000/ 082 906 7531 hennier@exotan.co.za Leather only Gondwana Marketing Tel: 079 871 8231 Tanya@gondwanamarketing.co.za Meat Mosstrich Tel: 044 606 4400/ 082 776 3550 fdewet@mosstrich.co.za Meat only Oasis Tanning Tel: 011 416 2270/ 083 555 5433 oasistan@netactive.co.za Leather only Ostrimark SA (Edms) Bpk. Tel: 046 603 5300 claudie@ostrimark.co.za www.ostrimark.co.za

8. International business environment

South Africa is the largest producer, processor and roleplayer in the ostrich industry, and despite the growing international competition, maintains its dominance in the ostrich market. The main competitors are emerging industries in the East and South America. South Africas climate, experience and expertise are the main factors contributing to its sustained success. Marketing is done through selected agents, internationally and local representatives, as well as by attending trade shows. Advertising is also used on a selective basis. The European Union is the biggest consumer of South African ostrich meat. Meeting EU and other international requirements is essential for effective marketing. As a result, the industry adheres to the strict EUrequirements; especially regarding full traceability. This is mainly an export business for South Africa, 90% of all ostrich products being exported. Currently, South Africa exports about R2 bn worth of ostrich meat, leather and feathers annually. South Africa at present has about 600 export-registered farms, producing around 220 000 slaughter birds annually. There are six export-approved abattoirs for European Union purposes and eight tanneries. Meat is also exported to the East.

Philippe Genuine Ostrich Products Tel: 046 622 6567/ 082 4934 732 Grahamstown Ostrich Abattoir philippe@imaginet.co.za Tel: 046 636 1685/ 082 576 5507 gerrie@goea.co.za Meat, leather, feathers maureen@goea.co.za South Cape Ostrich Tanning Meat only (SCOT) Tel: 044 606 4500/082 572 6067 IMPEC (Integrated Meat fkriek@mosstrich.co.za Producers of the Eastern Cape) Tel: 046 622 6567 Leather only philippe@imaginet.co.za Swartland Volstruise Meat de-boning plant. IMPEC was Tel: 021 851 2694 formed as a joint venture aimed gerrie@roelcor.co.za at uplifting emerging black ostrich farmers within the established Meat, leather, feathers ostrich industry of the Eastern Cape. Klein Karoo International Ltd Tel: 044 203 5100 jstumpf@kleinkaroo.com jgreyling@kleinkaroo.com www.kleinkaroo.com Leather, meat, feathers

9. Commercial farmer points of interest

The commercial ostrich farmer must ensure adherence to EUrequirements with regards to bio-security, traceability and disease control. Compliance with labour legislation, etc is also becoming increasingly important. The Ostrivision report contains information on the entire value chain. For technical information and advice to farmers, Contact Kobus Nel at 044 272 6077.

10. Black Economic Empowerment initiatives

Principles:
1. OstriBEE should be aligned to the national AgriBEE-guidelines. 2. Due to the nature of the ostrich industry it is important to distinguish between producer level and processor level. This distinction also minimises risk for the new entrants. 3. Increase participation in the entire value-chain: - General living standards of employees / new entrants can be improved; - Access to capital and natural resources (land); - Number of Black managers and specialists. 4. The following risks and challenges need to be realised and managed properly: - Access to capital: It takes 30 months for a new entrant to receive the first income. - Access to land: 22,8 hectares required per ostrich on natural veld. - Disease control: ostrich chicks are born without an immune system and thus specialised care for chicks is essential.

7. Local business environment

Activities and practices in the SA ostrich industries are being guided by a Code for the Commercial Production of Ostriches as well as a Bio-diversity Long term strategy for the SA Ostrich industry. As a result of the international demand for exotic leather products and the trend towards healthier food (like ostrich meat low in fat and cholestrol), this industry is mainly export orientated. The industry is mainly influenced by the exchange rate, the international economy, market growth and market stimulation, by supply and demand chain dynamics and animal disease control. Other cost factors which affect this industry include the prices of input supplies (fuel, grain etc.) and production processes. The biggest cost contributor is feed which amounts to 80% of input costs. The domestic market has great potential, particularly in value-add activities like ostrich leather products. During the ban on meat exports in 2004/2005, the local meat consumption grew five-fold.

5. Increase skills of Black roleplayers by providing: - Skills and artisan training: Abattoirs, tanneries, etc. - Mentorships on farm level as well as at processors. 6. Manage affirmative action in employment - set clear targets for staff development; - implement development programmes.

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Implementation:
The SAOBC commissioned the publication of a booklet in 2007 with the title The ostrich farm how to get started to assist BEE-entrants. The booklet is being distributed free of charge. Members of the SAOBC report at each meeting on programmes and progress.

Projects already implemented: Western Cape

Klein-Karoo Agri-Business Centre: Oudtshoorn Funded by Absa, Land Bank, Klein-Karoo International Aim: Resource and advice centre for business plans, assistance with funding applications, etc. Implemented with the assistance of Agri Klein Karoo, the collective organisation for all farmers in the Klein Karoo region. Klein-Karoo Feather sorting project: Dysselsdorp (Klein-Karoo) Employs 100 people in the Dysselsdorp area. It is an independent project that is being run by the members. Feathers supplied and bought back by Klein-Karoo Group. Ten students from the previously financial disadvantaged community are given study grants by Klein Karoo Group and the Free State University to enable them to commence with their first year degree studies. Klein Karoo Leather Goods Project: The initial purpose was to produce marketable small leather goods from low value raw material such as leather pieces. However, through mentorship and training, the project has now evolved to the manufacturing of high-quality leather goods for the export markets. The products are being sold by the Klein Karoo Boutique. Emphasis is on training and productive employment of the people involved. Currently employs15 people from previously disadvantaged groups. Southern Cape: (SCOT Southern Cape Ostrich Tanning Member of the Mosstrich Group) : Mossel Bay Joint venture between SCOT, Transnet, Eskom Manufacturing of ostrich leather goods Training to unemployed women SCOT donates leather Sells products via SCOTs marketing channels Mosstrich BEE Trust Mosstrich is owned by 180 ostrich producers and has implemented a project whereby 6 000 preferred shares, representing 6.5 % of the issued share capital, were given to the 250 employees. The employees share in the company profits and a total amount of R1,815 million was paid out to the employees in the form of dividends. The next step is to extend this programme to farm labourers on some the farms of the 180 producers.

The Middleton Ostrich Development Project. Creating the opportunity for the upliftment of a whole range of previously disadvantaged role players and farm employees. Empowerment and advancement of farm workers who wish to use the Middleton Ostrich Development Project as a stepping stone into commercial production. The project seeks fair and responsible profit that is largely dependent on participants dedication to the raising of their own ostriches from day old to the mass of to 50kg. The properties, consisting of 4 farms totaling approximately 484 ha of which approximately 270 ha is scheduled for irrigation which is developed into flood irrigated lucerne pastures. The farms are all situated in the Middleton Area and are highly developed into small paddocks which enable the farm to maximise its carrying capacity. The properties are well developed with the entire infrastructure required for grazing the ostriches, Breeding Bird pens, incubator, workshops and sufficient housing for all the people involved with the project. Camexo ( Graaff Reinet and Port Elizabeth) 400 ostriches are being placed at black producers. The producers function on their own as independent producers (chick raisers).

Northern Cape
Kuruman This is a black owned enterprise with about 30 members who are involved in ostrich production. The SAOBCs training booklet is being used extensively by this group. On farm-level in all ostrich production areas, individual producers: donate chicks to workers and assist them with raising and obtaining feed; and buy mature slaughter ostriches from workers; provide mentorship on farms Financial contributions towards BEE by the ostrich industry amount to some R12 million per annum
Read some of the full stories on www.ostrichsa.co.za

11. Farming with ostriches

A nutritionally well fed and well cared for high pedigree female ostrich can easily produce 40 offspring per year, but not before the female bird is three years of age. Coupled with a short gestation period of only 42 days to hatch an ostrich egg, it is easy to see why this is an industry worthy of investigation. In theory, 500 offspring from one high pedigree female bird can bring a long term and worthwhile farming operation. In reality however, mortalities are high (50% plus) in chicks. Ostriches breed well in a warm climate. Heavy rain and thunderstorms will certainly affect the breeding cycle. High humidity can also be a problem - not necessarily for breeding itself, but for young chicks. High humidity means high bacteria and young chicks are susceptible to catching all kinds of diseases when they are young. A good supply of natural feed, including alfalfa (lucerne), maize, soy and wheat are a definite advantage as these are staple foods for an ostrich. A mature ostriches consumes 2,5 kg of feed per day. An unlimited supply of fresh, clean water is an absolute necessity. Ostriches drink up to 2 gallons (9 litres) of water every day. The global focus of farming is now truly pointing towards environmentally friendly business operations. With the huge amounts of antibiotics being

Eastern Cape
Salem Project in Eastern Cape Focus on community development 70 black farmers are trained per annum. The farmers are chick raisers. 7000 ostriches are being raised per annum on a contract basis. Proper business training is being provided to ensure sustainability. The focus is on individual ownership.

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force fed into chickens, beef, pork and turkeys, together with intensive farming, steroids, growth hormones and all the other unnatural additives, it makes a fresh change to find a farming industry which does not require such techniques. Farming ostriches is environmentally friendly; steroid, hormone and force- feeding free. Ostriches are free roaming livestock and feed off all natural Ostrich feed. Whilst ostriches are free roamiong, the industry also realises the need to pro-actively manage the natural environment and thus a Bio-diversity Management Unit was established in 2008 to ensure the creation of a balance between utilisation and conservation of the natural environment. Ostriches require little or no handling once they reach four or five months of age. However, they need to be vaccinated against Newcastle Disease three months before slaughter and also need to be treated against ticks and be kept in a quarantine camp (which is free of any vegetation) fourteen days prior to slaughter. Farming ostriches can be financially rewarding. As with all livestock, there are pitfalls and danger areas to be aware of. Prospective farmers should be aware of the fact that it takes 30 months from hatching before any income is received.

Livestock
Other livestock
This chapter concerns the farming of livestock not covered in the other chapters of this section. Should you be aware of a species not included in this directory, please let us know. We are not aware of any butterfly operations in South Africa other than Butterflies for Africa in Pietermaritzburg visit www.butterflies.co.za. There are other projects within the region. The Kipepeo Butterfly Project in Kenya is one project where butterflies are farmed. Visit www.kipepeo. org. And in Tanzania, farmers in the Usumbura mountains who had been earning a meagre living producing cash crops such as coffee and bananas are now reaping the rewards of butterfly farming, says the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group. Crickets can be farmed as a high protein feed (for fish, poultry etc) and freshwater bait. Call 031 767 1992, write to herpetology@iafrica.com or visit www.herpetology.co.za. Crocodiles see the Aquaculture chapter. An emu is a ratite, the same category as the ostrich. Emu farming is a relatively new industry. Emuphoria is a role-player, and their website www.emuphoria.co.za has notes on emu products, farming with emus and more. Emuphoria can be contacted at 083 235 0219 / 073 271 7520. The South African Emu Association is housed at the same telephone number. Landbouweekblad ran an article Emoes: Foefie of geldmaker? in their 16 October 2009 edition. Silkworms find details of role-players in the specialised fibre production chapter. Farming with snails is known as heliciculture. Snails are usually kept in outdoor pens, in buildings with a controlled climate, or in closed systems such as plastic tunnel houses or greenhouses. The West Coast Snail Project aims to create direct employment for up to 200 people by positioning the Western Cape as a key exporter of gourmet snails. For more information, contact Bertie Hechter at bhechter@pgwc.gov.za Another contact for snails is Dr WF Sirgel from the Department of Zoology at Stellenbosch University 021 808 3064. Find the article Snails: premium-priced pests in the archives at www.farmersweekly.co.za. Food scientist Sheldon Breda was heading up an enterprise in which invasive alien snails are either exported or processed. The pest is collected off farms (allowing the latter to save on chemical pest control). Contact Sheldon at 082 404 3574. Insects The objective of the website www.food-insects.com is to provide information on the current importance and the future potential of insects as a global food resource. Examples of insect eating are found in many different cultures throughout the world. In South Africa insect eating is especially important in the northern provinces such as Limpopo, North-West, Mpumalanga and Gauteng. Some of the most important edible insects are mopane worms, locusts, bees, termites and edible stinkbugs. The cultural uses of these insects is different, as is the lifecycle of the insects and the requirements for sustainable harvesting. In South Africa there is a great need for sustainable harvesting of the important insect crops. Sustainable harvesting should increase the harvest and make it more dependable. This would help to alleviate food shortages and provide a greater and more reliable income for the people involved in the harvest. Museums have a special role to play in preserving the traditional uses of plants and animals as an important part of our heritage. Great interest in Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) is now being shown and support for work on ethno-ecology is growing.
Source: adapted from On the trail of missing Mopane Worms, an article which can be found at www.scienceinafrica.co.za

The 2 biggest problems by far are:

Capital required due to high feeding costs and the amount of land needed to keep ostriches (if ostriches are to be kept on natural veldt the carrying capacity is one ostrich per 22,8 hectares) High risk due to the fact that ostrich chicks are being borne without an immune system, leading to high mortalities during the first month.

Advice to new ostrich farmers:

Make sure you can comply with all the international regulations and requirements. Investigate the most suitable marketing arrangement(s), i.e. where to slaughter the birds, methods of payment (entire ostrich or skin and feathers separate from meat, etc). Ensure that you do have the financial resources to carry you through the first 30 months. For more information contact: SAOBC (see heading 2). Our thanks to the South African Ostrich Business Chamber for editing the draft chapter

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Livestock
Pork
1. Overview
SAPPO info, the monthly electronic newsletter of the South African Pork Producers Organisation (SAPPO), is an excellent way to stay in touch with what is happening in this industry. Find contact details under heading 2. The South African pig industry is a very tiny player (only 0.2%) in comparison to world pig production. With approximately 105 000 sows, the value of slaughter pigs contribute only 3.29 % of the total value of animal production and only 1,5 % of the total value of primary agricultural production in the country. Despite this the South African pork industry has evolved into an into an economic important industry with a gross producer value of about R2,1-billion and a gross consumer value of more than R4-billion. Commercial pig producers are distributed across all nine provinces of South Africa. The largest concentrations are found in the provinces of Northwest (17%), Western Cape (16%), KwaZulu-Natal (16%) and Mpumalanga (11%). Climate (summer rainfall) and the regional concentration (access to top quality abattoirs and the monetary spending potential of consumers) play an important role in this regard. In 2004 the average herd size for the South African pig industry was 338 sows. The most recent figure (2008) is approximately 535 sows per herd. The application of artificial insemination (AI) is growing and approximately 65 % of the commercial sows in South Africa are currently inseminated. Five reputable AI Stations are operational with a standing capacity of 290 boars and a potential maximum output of more than 10 000 doses per week. Approximately 79.85% of the total pig numbers of the RSA is designated to the commercial areas and 20.15% to the developing areas. Internationally it is a well-known fact that pig production usually takes place close to maize production areas, because this is more economically viable and sustainable. The cost of transporting maize to outlying areas is expensive.
Source: Dr D P Visser, TOPIGS. Tel: 012 348 3676

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find contact details and information about directorates under the Divisions option at www.daff.gov.za The amendment of the Animal Identification Regulations as published in Government Gazette No. 29174 - R877 of 8 September 2006 requires all animals to be identified. The main reason for these markings is to trace pigs back to the owner in the case of any swine disease outbreaks or theft. In the case of pigs, these animals must be tattooed. The following extracts serves as a reference: Section 7 of the Act prescribes that: - All owners of cattle, sheep and goats must register an identification mark at the office of the registrar of animal identification. This mark can be used on cattle, sheep, goats and pigs (only the method of identification differs). Parts on which animals must be identified (Regulation 12) - (3) Pigs: the mark must be tattooed in the left or right ear. The use of the hog slapper is also accepted as a method to identify replacement sows and boars. This slab mark must be applied on the neck. Pork producers have been advised by the SA Pork Producers Organisation of these requirements. Abattoirs are requested to take note of these regulations when accepting pigs for slaughter.
Source: RMAA, quoted in the SAMIC Newsletter

National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) Tel: 012 341 1115 www.namc.co.za The current statutory levy of R6 per slaughter pig will expire on 31 October 2010. SAPPOs annual general meeting in 2009 approved plans to apply for an increase from R6 to R7 per slaughter pig. Audited financial statements have to be submitted to the National Agricultural Marketing Council and Audit-General.

4. Training and research

The Pork Planning Committee at the Red Meat Research and Development Trust (RMRDT) consists of experts in their particular field of research. Members of the committee follow a particular procedure to allocate an amount of money annually to various submitted research proposals. At some stage during the procedure, the proposals are ranked in order of priority. Research is done through the ARC, the universities or other institutions approved by the committee. Research report summaries are available on the SAPPO website. For complete reports, contact SAPPO at 012 361 3920. ARC-Livestock Business Division (LBD) www.arc.agric.za The pig unit offers excellent training opportunities to students from tertiary institutions and those wanting to start pig farming. Type of Course Introduction Course to Pig Production Pig Judging Course Duration 3 days Contact Person Annetjie Loubser Telephone 012 672 9153 083 285 4532 083 232 4234 083 957 4885

2. Associations involved
South African Pork Producers Organisation (SAPPO) Tel: 012 361 3920 Fax: 012 361 4069 info@sapork.com www.sapork.com SAPPO is responsible for communications and promotion of the pork industry, and for commissioning research, serological and residue tests. Premier Pork Producers (Gauteng area) Tel: 012 361 3920 info@sapork.com www.premierpork.co.za Western Cape Pork Producers Association Tel: 021 948 1821 lana@wlpork.co.za Pig Breeders Society of SA Tel: 051 410 0955 www.studbook.co.za Pig Abattoir Forum Tel: 011 420 1376 KwaZulu-Natal Pork Producers Organisation Tel: 033 342 8592 kznppo@futurenet.co.za Free State Pork Producers Organisation c/o Tel: 012 361 3920 info@sapork.com

2 days

Pig Veterinary Society Dr Koos Botha 082 600 8424 Red Meat Industry Forum Tel: 012 807 1367 / 082 399 8908 www.redmeatsa.co.za

Freek Botes Frik Voordewind

The ARCLBD pig production unit offers expertise, animals and facilities for applied and generic research in management, nutrition and production related health and reproduction to all stakeholders in the pig industry. Pigs and piglets from a 150 head sow unit and environment controlled houses are available for this purpose. Contact Dr A Kanengoni at 012 672 9355.

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The Provincial Departments of Agriculture work closely with the Agricultural Colleges to provide training on Pig Production. Basic training includes: 1. Planning the pig production unit 2. Housing pigs 3. Pig care in various stadia 4. Nutrition 5. Breeding and selection of pigs

Pig Study Groups (PSG)

Knowledge and ideas are shared at the PSGs. Feedback is given on national (i.e.SAPPO) meetings, domestic matters are discussed. The role of these groups is also to expose members to the latest technology and developments in the industry. This is usually done by guest speakers who are invited to address the group. Limpopo PSG Potgieterus based Kobus Raath 083 258 6808 Magaliesburg Pork Producers PSG Bruce Bourhill 082 466 2376 Northern Free State PSG Heilbron based Gawie Pretorius 058 852 1822 North West PSG Klerksdorp based Shane Cotty 083 633 1109 Gauteng PSG Pretoria based Dr Andrew Tucker 012 460 9385

Find details of the Agricultural Colleges in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Agrimark Trends (AMT) Tel: 012 361 2748 www.agrimark.co.za University of the Free State Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences Tel: 051 401 2163 AgriSETA accredited trainers vanwykjb@ufs.ac.za offer courses on pig production. An example is Umnga Farmers Training Lengau Agricultural Centre Centre at 045 933 1318 (find a Tel: 051 443 8859 complete list in the Agricultural mcvdw@telkomsa.net Education and Training chapter). Department of Microbial, Bureau for Food and Biochemical and Food Agricultural Policy (BFAP) Biotechnology Tel: 012 420 4582/3 HugoA@ufs.ac.za www.bfap.co.za University of KwaZulu-Natal BFAP publishes a regular feature in Tel: 033 260 5808 Porcus on statistics and trends with Animal and Poultry Science regard to the South African pork Gous@ukzn.ac.za industry. Dicla Training Tel: 011 662 9024 / 5 www.diclatraining.com Stellenbosch University Animal Science Tel: 021 808 4916 Food Science Tel: 021 808 3578 www.sun.ac.za South African Society of Animal Science (SASAS) Tel: 012 420 5017 secretary@sasas.co.za Visit www.sasas.co.za for scientific papers dealing with pork research. University of Pretoria Animal and Wildlife Sciences Tel: 012 420 3271 edward.webb@up.ac.za Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development Tel: 012 420 3248 johann.kirsten@up.ac.za Food Sciences Tel: 012 420 3239 amanda.minnaar@up.ac.za

5. Websites and publications

SAPPO puts out 9 copies of Porcus published for the pork industry per year. A newsletter by email is also available. Find contact details under heading 2 or visit www.sapork.com. SAPPO has videos available in English, Afrikaans, isiXhosa, isiZulu, and Northern Sotho: examples are Piglet Management (birth to 24 hours); Piglet Management (24 hours to weaning); A.I.; The Dry Sow; Handling. SAPPOs Promotions Committee has compiled a publication, The complete guide to South African pork, which provides information on the nutritional content of pork, buying tips, preparation and handling tips and recipe ideas. Pig Production Problems John Gadds Guide To Their Solutions, published by Nottingham University, covers 32 major pig problems. The book is intensively practical, and is firmly aligned to the bottom line. It is available from Exclusive Books. Pigs for profit Drs Jim Robinson and Mary-Louise Penrith Find the South African Code for the Welfare of Pigs on www.nspca.co.za By looking under Publications at www.daff.gov.za, find the following Info Paks, available from the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: 1. Care of sow and piglets 2. Common diseases of small pig herds 3. Skin conditions in pigs 4. Pig care 5. Pig Farming general hints Call 012 672 9068 for the following publications, available from the ARC in Irene: Pig production in SA Reproduction and Artificial Insemination in Pigs CD: Pig Breeds of South Africa The following ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering (IAE) publications can be obtained by calling 012 842 4000 or by emailing stoltze@arc.agric. za: Manual on housing for pigs (also available in Afrikaans) Extensive pig housing (also available in Afrikaans) Also available from the ARC-IAE is the excellent Manure handling in intensive animal production units, written by HT Breedt, edited and revised by F Cilliers. Copyright. 2009. Animal manure can be utilised for fertiliser, as an energy source (fuel) and as a supplement to animal feed rations. The different applications of animal manure on the farm are dealt with in Chapter 12 of the publication. Kejafa Knowledge Works has publications in both English and Afrikaans on pigs. Visit www.kejafa.co.za or call 014 577 0005.

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6. Companies involved
AgriBio Tel: 021 979 3180 www.agribio.co.za Alzu Depots (Pty) Ltd Tel: 013 249 8900/1 www.alzu.co.za AXXON Tel: 011 837 7177 Fax: 011 837 3100 axxon@global.co.za Dorna Distributors Tel: 031 266 3353 dorna@premieronline.co.za Enterprise Food Tel: 011 821 7000 Eskort Tel: 012 345 4452 www.eskort.co.za

New Style Pork Tel: 016 362 0936 www.newstylepork.co.za OdorCure (Pty) Ltd www.odorcure.co.za Pig Reproduction Equipment and Products Suzette Vos 083 647 3762 Plantkor Tel: 036 468 1309 plantkor@plantkor.co.za www.plantkor.co.za

TOPIGS SA Tel: 012 348 3676 francoist@topigssa.co.za TOPIGS supports clients with genetics, feeding, disease prevention, housing, management, artificial insemination, depop repop. Troskie en De Wet Tel: 011 769 1480 United Meat Packers Tel: 011 444 8436

GSI Group Tel: 011 794 4455 Ear-tags, ID and electronic weighing www.gsiafrica.co.za equipment Pig Equipment Big Dutchman SA Pty Ltd Tel: 011 452 1154 Kanhym Estates www.bigdutchman.co.za Tel: 013 249 7964 www.kanhym.co.za Charles Street Vet Tel: 012 460 9385 PIC pig genetics pevans@imaginet.co.za Longside Bull Brand Tel: 012 376 2607 Tel: 011 953 2334/48 longside@skyafrica.co.za www.bullbrandfoods.com Lynca Dalein Plaasbou Tel: 016 362 0936 Tel: 012 808 5999 Milos Abattoir Construction material and design Tel: 016 976 2549 for piggeries www.pigs.co.za

High quality equipment and services Vereeniging Meat Packers to the pig industry Tel: 016 422 4093 / 972 8800 R&R Abattoir Tel: 012 561 1126 RTV Abattoir Tel: 011 749 7000 South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Tel: 012 428 6648 garberhv@sabs.co.za Veterinary remedy residue testing of meat Winelands Pork Tel: 021 948 1821 www.wlpork.co.za

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7. Local business environment

As up to date information is crucial for the successful production of pork, SAPPO provides its members with the latest market information on a continuous and regular basis. Take the Market Information menu option on www.sapork.com. A weekly price report is e-mailed to SAPPO members, providing them with countrywide producer and consumer prices. A monthly import figures email also goes out to members. Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) publishes a regular feature in Porcus on statistics and trends with regard to the South African pork industry. Visit www.bfap.co.za Agrimark Trends (AMT) provides a market information service (Website www.agrimark.co.za). You can subscribe for weekly market reports. Contact Minda at 012 361 2748 Exotic diseases such as PRRS, Aujeskys disease and classical swine fever are a major threat to any countrys pork industry. Infections get into piggeries via people, vehicles, feed, other animals, wind, water or birds. Quarantine pens are an essential part of any biosecurity system and people or pharmaceutical, equipment or feed reps should remain outside the piggery on routine visits. Others like Vets, Electricians or anyone who has to work in the piggery must go through the appropriate clean-up procedure which applies to the owner, manager and all labour who come and go at the end of each day. Record keeping is paramount and all movements of pigs must be recorded. Biosecurity is an awareness more than a set of rules and it is important to use expert help refer to SAPPO for further information. Read about the Biosecurity Plan on the SAPPO website.

8. International business environment

The European Union (EU) is the largest exporter of pig meat in the world, followed by the United States of America. Germany and Denmark are the leading EU exporters. South Africa imported close to 18 947 of pork in 2008 (in 2006 the figure was 20 546 tons). Almost 70% of these imports consist of ribs. Europe (59%) and Canada (34,3%) were the main exporters to South Africa. www.thepigsite.com online news and technical resource to the global swine industry www.pigprogress.net your portal on global pig production. Pig International is a publication giving an international perspective. Visit www.pig-international.com Visit the websites of various national pork organisations e.g. USAs National Pork Producers Council www.nppc.org and the British Pig Executive www.bpex.org.uk Find out about the 2010 World Meat Congress at www. worldmeatcongress2010.com

9. Commercial farmer points of interest

Conditions Causing Trims and Condemnations
1. Chest Adhesions Chest adhesions are scars in the lining of the chest cavity. They occur after severe pneumonia or septicemia (infection). The membrane lining will adhere to the ribs, making lung removal difficult or impossible. Adhesions can be small spots or can involve the entire chest cavity. When severe, the ribs must be trimmed and lose their value for sale. Chest adhesions are reported to be commonly caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP), pneumonia, and Glassers disease. Mycoplasma pneumonia, influenza and Actinobacillus suis (A. suis) infection may also contribute to adhesions. Infection may occur in young pigs, but when the pig recovers, the adhesions or scars will remain for the life of the animal. Affected pigs may have difficulty breathing, especially after exercise, or they may appear normal. European research has shown that herds with higher rates of adhesions have higher stocking densities, poorer ventilation rates, mixed multiple source pigs and did not practice all-in-all-out production. The prevalence of adhesions is reportedly lower in Mycoplasma pneumonia-free herds. Chest adhesions not only affect carcass losses, but overall growth performance. Herds with high adhesion rates will have slower growth rates, reduced feed efficiency, increased days to market and increased medication costs. 2. Arthritis Arthritis is the inflammation of one or more joints in the body. There are two types of arthritis: infectious and non-infectious. Erysipelas is the most common cause of infectious arthritis, while OCD (osteochondrosis) or degenerative joint disease is the most common non-infectious cause. Erysipelas can be controlled through strategic vaccination programs. The cause of OCD is not completely understood, but stocking density, genetics, nutrition, growth rate, environment, flooring and exercise have been reported to be involved. Since the control measures for erysipelas and OCD are different, an accurate diagnosis is essential to reducing arthritis trims and condemnations. It is suspected that the majority of joint trims at slaughter may be OCD. 3. Abscesses Abscesses are pus-filled cavities that range from marble size to grapefruit size and larger. They are the result of an infection, either from a wound or from a blood borne infection. Bacteria can enter the blood via a wound or needle stick and spread throughout the body, producing abscesses far from the site of entry. Tailbiting is a common cause of abscesses hidden within the body. Internal abscesses may not be visible, and an affected pig may appear normal. Common causes of abscesses are tailbiting, wounds, dirty needles, dirty tail docking equipment, fighting and castration wounds. In units with high abscess rates, consider cleaning and disinfecting all medical equipment between uses, changing needles more frequently, reducing stress to control tailbiting, improving cleanliness of pens and removing sharp edges that cause injuries.

Selling pigs on fixed price contract Advantages to the pork producer: A guaranteed income which is higher than his expenses. Makes it easier to budget for the contract period. Makes it easier to decide on new capital expenditure because of guaranteed prices. Disadvantages to the pork producer: Depending on the negotiated profit margin, if the market prices are in favour of the producer, he will never reap the benefit of the good times. If the pork producer has made a mistake in his cost calculation, he will be at a disadvantage. If the pork producer increases his efficiency e.g. lower FCR or lower feed costs, will the processor reap all the benefits? Advantages to the processor: Carcasses will be coming in at a set price, which cuts out the huge fluctuations in the market prices, often driven by sentiment. The processor can negotiate longer term prices with the retail chain stores. The chain stores expect to have constant prices of pork products supplied. Takes guess work out of budgeting for the processor. The processors are guaranteed of a supply of carcasses, because they keep the pork producer on the farm by paying him more than his production cost. Disadvantage to the processor: The processor will not benefit during times of overproduction, where pork prices usually are below cost of production. If the processor is signing contracts with less efficient farmers, the cost of production will tend to be higher.
Source: By Dr Thomas Volker, Penvaan Group

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4. Peritonitis Peritonitis is an inflammation of the lining of the abdomen, which causes the internal organs (viscera) to stick together. Peritonitis indicates a previous or ongoing infection. Common causes include hernias, umbilical infections, torsion of the intestine, infected castration wounds and Glassers disease. 5. Nephritis Nephritis is inflammation of the kidney. Common causes are leptospirosis and urinary tract infections. Leptospirosis is a waterborne infection spread by wildlife urine. It can be controlled by vaccination. Bladder infections can be a result of dirty wet pens and inadequate water intake. Affected hogs usually appear normal. Conclusion Reducing trim and condemnation rates can result in big paybacks. Pigs may appear healthy on the outside, so closely following trim and condemnation rates is the only way to catch any problems.
Source: Alberta Government September 2005. Article supplied by Kanhym Estates.

11. Emerging farmer information

Qeda Nyoka is responsible for SAPPOs emerging farmer projects. He is busy with projects countrywide. He reported that 2009 had been a good year for the Emerging Farmer portfolio Committee. Twnety percent of the statutory levy is earmarked for emerging producers. SAPPO trains emerging pig producers at emerging farmer pig units erected by the government in Limpopo, North West and the Western Cape. These are suitable to demonstrate how a modern pig unit should function. Weaners are bought from commercial producers and reared at the units. SAPPO also assists with the marketing of the pigs. Nyoka assists in the establishment of pig study groups, drawing up business plans, evaluating training facilities, the establishment of pig projects etc. Qeda Nyoka is busy with numerous projects country-wide. These include: Todays emerging farmer could be tomorrows commercial farmer. Develop market awareness make sure you have a market for your product. Plan buildings and lay-out of piggery in such a way that it is easy to double up, and double up again as your herd grows. Plan to erect a pig unit where feed can be stored and dispensed in easily available maize form i.e. 65% of ration, so as to save transport costs. There are regional advantages to some farmers e.g. in Gauteng maize is plentiful and there is easy market access. Pigs must be kept warm in winter and cool in summer. Well-insulated buildings should be erected, concrete floors are a must, for health and hygiene. Effluent disposal must be planned, good drainage is needed. Contamination of streams or rivers is not allowed. Pigs are fed a well-balanced diet. Growing pigs must always have food available to optimise growth. Different diets are used for different size pigs. New Farmers should fist visit two or three successful commercial farmers to obtain advice and join a study group in their area. Consider starting farming by first buying weaners and growing them out to baconers (phase 1). If this is successful, move on to breeding. In Europe, many farmers are specialist growers. They do no breeding. Do not farm with pigs in the swine fever area this has market limitations and one could lose all your stock. Ensure that you know which permits you need to have in your area. Source: Peter Mockford. Write to him at mockford@cybertrade.co.za

10. The Synchronised Group Management System (Sygma System)

The ideal in pig farming is to have a strict hygienic control with an all in all out system. This is achieved by keeping the same age groups, or production groups in the same houses. This is impossible for the small farmer if he does not use group farrowing. Since a synchronised sow group moves all together to the next accommodation, each housing is totally emptied all-in, all-out. The farms that use the Sygma system leave the accommodation to stand empty for a week after cleaning. This is called hygienic emptying. The resulting reduction in disease level usually leads to an improvement in the fertility of the sows and in the growth of the piglets. Farms that use the Sygma system provide a healthier environment by the policy of all-in, all-out combined with hygienic emptying. Therefore, they use less medication and the production cost per piglet is reduced. The outlay for animal health on the average farm is R120.00 per sow per year. By using the Sygma system with strict all-in all-out and hygienic emptying, the same average farm will save R30.00 per sow per year on veterinary costs. The sows are divided into 7 groups of sows that are at the same stage of production. This grouping of the sows enables the three main activities of insemination, farrowing and weaning to be planned into a schedule, which gives the pig breeder many advantages. They also achieve higher performance results with their animals. The farmer will only have one manger task per week e.g. weaning, insemination and Farrowing. In a conventional weekly farrowing program these tasks are repeated weekly and occupy the farmer daily. Small farmers cannot afford to employ a pig manager and normally do these tasks themselves. This limits the time available for other enterprises on the farm. With the 3 week farrowing the farmer will wean on a Thursday, inseminate the following Tuesday and his next group sows will farrow the following Tuesday. The advantages for the pig farmer are numerous. healthy pigs better health status larger litter size more litters per sow per year and larger litter size labour savings up to 25 per cent 1309 increased profits less work, more income more time for the animals sell larger batches of weaners at better prices reduced AI costs

Source: Joos Solms, Plantkor. Write to plantkor@plantkor.co.za or call 036 468

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12. Absolute basics

Pigs must always have clean, fresh water to drink. One pig needs at least 5 to 10 litres of water every day. When they are feeding young, sows need to drink more water because they have to produce milk. Pigs are single-stomach animals and require two or three meals a day. Divide the food into two portions; feed the pigs half in the morning and the rest in the evening. Do not feed your pigs only once a day because once they had their fill they will only play with the rest of the food, stand in it and soil it. This food is going to waste and the pigs will be left hungry. Do not only feed one vegetable (such as cabbage), because pigs need a varied diet to stay healthy. Even cutting grass (especially green grass) and feeding this in small quantities will help supplement the pigs diet. It is important that small or weak pigs should be fed separately from the bigger ones, because these stronger pigs will eat all the food. If you have more than four adult pigs, then food should be divided into two containers, so that every animal can have a share. Many pigs are pink and when kept in the sun their skins turn red and get sunburn. Pigs do not have much hair on their bodies to protect them from the cold or insulate them against heat. Pigs suffer if they get too cold or too hot and should not be kept in too cold or hot conditions. Many pigs die from pneumonia if left in the cold, wind or rain. Pigs can also die from heatstroke after being left in the sun with no shelter or water. Even if the pigs do not die, they will not be as healthy and strong as they should be. Pigs must have a warm, dry sleeping area. Pigs must be able to lie in the shade out of the sun. Part of the pen must have a roof to provide enough shade for all the pigs. (Experts advise that the whole pen be covered). If the roof is made of metal, it must be covered with grass or branches to keep it cool. Many people think pigs like to be in dirty pens with only mud to stand in. This wrong idea may result in the pigs becoming sick because they are kept in unhealthy conditions. Pigs roll in mud to protect themselves against the sun and extreme temperatures and against parasites such as flies.It is not necessary for pigs to have mud if they have shelter and their pens are kept clean to limit the number of flies and other parasites. It is important that the floor of the pen should slope so that excess water can run off allowing the pen to stay dry.If water does collect in the pen, it is important to dig a drainage furrow or ditch, leading out of the pen. Pigs always dung in the same place. Make sure that this mess is cleaned out at least twice a week, to lessen the risk of disease. Food and water containers must be cleaned thoroughly at least twice a week.
Source: The Pig Care info Pak (booklet) see heading 5. Our thanks to Dr DP Visser for valuable feedback on the draft chapter.

Livestock
Poultry
1. Overview
Find the Industry menu option on the Southern African Poultry Association (SAPA) website www.sapoultry.co.za for statistics. Information is also available in Trends in the Agricultural Sector and other economic analyses done by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Find these under the Publications option at www.daff.gov.za. The Poultry and Egg Industry is at times the biggest Agricultural sector, depending on the size of the maize crop. The poultry industry consists of three separate sectors: the day-old chick supply industry the broiler industry, and the egg industry. Broiler chickens are raised for meat i.e. fresh, frozen or value added (e.g. chicken fingers, saucy steaklets or polony). Egg layers or dual-purpose chickens are used for the production of eggs (they are lighter in weight than broilers, and so fattening cockerels from this second category with balanced feed bought in a bag is not as economically viable as doing the same with broilers). The poultry industry provides about 61% of all animal product protein consumed in SA. In addition to its importance as a source of food and its contribution to the nations Gross Domestic Product, the South African poultry industry remains an important contributor to job creation and employment opportunities, both in the formal and informal sector, with in excess of 80% of the industry consisting of SMMEs (Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises).

2. Associations involved
Southern African Poultry Association (SAPA) Tel: 011 795 2051 sapa@sapoultry.co.za www.sapoultry.co.za One of the many services SAPA offers is the compiling of the Code of Practice for the industry. The SPCA gives input to this. This Code is an objective guide for all poultry produced in South Africa and is an endeavour to lay down the accepted norms of the industry, incorporating various legal requirements where necessary. The Code considers safe and wholesome food for human consumption to be of the highest priority and therefore fully supports the implementation of applicable measures to comply with the requirements for safe food of poultry origin, as approved by the relevant Health Authorities. The Developing Poultry Farmers Organisation can be contacted at the SAPA office. Find the downloads for the Broiler Organisation, the Chick Producer Organisation and the Egg Organisation on the SAPA website. On www.saspo.org.za find contact details of clubs/associations affiliated to the South African Show Poultry Organisation KwaZulu-Natal Poultry Institute (KZNPI) Tel: 033 346 0049 www.kznpi.co.za

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find information on directorates at www.daff.gov.za

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International Trade Administration Commission of South Africa (ITAC) Tel: 0861 843 384 www.itac.org.za

National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) Tel: 012 341 1115 www.namc.co.za

5. Websites and publications

Pluimvee/Poultry Bulletin a monthly magazine issued by SAPA. Previous copies are available on their website as pdfs. The Southern African Chicken Book Ed Wethli. Juta. It is available from KwaZulu-Natal Poultry Institute 033 346 0049. A Guide for Beginner Poultry Farmers available from the ARC. Call 012 672 9239 or visit www.arc.agric.za. A portal to various poultry-related sites: www.thepoultrylink.com Visit www.kejafa.co.za or call 014 577 0005 for the DVD entitled Successful Broiler Production. A number of publications are also stocked, including: Raising poultry (Leonard S Mercia), Raising Chickens (Gail Damerow) and Hoenderproduksie Braaikuikens (Dr Jean A Cilliers). Worldwide poultry updates www.thepoultrysite.com Find the current world production, market and trade reports at http:// www.fas.usda.gov/currwmt.asp the Foreign Agricultural Service arm of the US Department of Agriculture. Find the excellent Training Paper on broilers and eggs at www.daff.gov. za (take the publications, General publications and Agricultural Marketing Extension Training Papers options) Anyone wishing to start a poultry abattoir should know that there are legal, health and safety requirements to meet. A list of Poultry Abattoirs can be found at www.nda.agric.za/vetweb/Food%20Safety/Abattoir/ Poultry_Query.asp on the National Department of Agricultures website. www.obpvaccines.co.za click on the livestock you wish to know more about (in terms of health). The chicken will give you information on the following diseases, a background, symptoms and the necessary vaccine: Newcastle Disease, Fowl Pox, Fowl typhoid and Haemophilus Coryza. Subscribe to the Poultry Information Centre newsletter. Write to rod@poultryinfo.co.za Find the technical articles on www.meadowfeeds.co.za Available from the SPCA: Chicken Care Booklet. Try your local branch of contact the National SPCA 011 907 3590/1/2 Info Paks (Booklets) available on www.daff.gov.za: Are your chickens healthy? Chicken Care Factors affecting egg production and quality Marking of poultry meat Newcastle disease Respiratory diseases in chickens Gut conditions in poultry Disease prevention in chickens Small-scale egg production Practical egg production Household chickens Keep chickens Poultry diseases Nervous conditions in chickens Feather, skin and leg conditions

Find the list of state vets on www.sapoultry.co.za (take the Downloads option) or refer to the Animal Health chapter in this book.

4. Training and research

See also the Agricultural Education and Training chapter Many AgriSETA-accredited training providers offer poultry courses (find the list in the Agricultural Education & Training chapter). One striking example was for a broiler production project run by disabled people in Polokwane. Skills for Africa did the training. ARC-Livestock Business Division Tel: 012 672 9111 Annetjie Loubser 012 672 9153 www.arc.agric.za The poultry unit offers excellent training opportunities to students from tertiary institutions and those wanting to start poultry farming. It also offers facilities for research to all stakeholders in the poultry industry. The Provincial Departments of Agriculture, working with the Agricultural Colleges, offer poultry courses. SAPA arranges training courses, done by KZNPI. These include broiler flock management, broiler breeder flock management, commercial layer management and hatchery management. Contact Hendrien at SAPA in connection with these. Call 011 795 2051 or mail hendrien@sapoultry.co.za Stellenbosch University Department of Animal Science Tel: 021 808 4716

University of the Free State Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology Council for Scientific and Tel: 051 401 2676 Industrial Research (CSIR) braggrr@ufs.ac.za Tel: 012 841 3260 cerasmus@csir.co.za Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences A research team led by its Tel: 051 401 2153 bioscientists successfully developed a novel pasteurisation system. Lengau Agricultural centre Tel: 051 443 8859 KwaZulu-Natal Poultry mcvdw@telkomsa.net Institute (KZNPI) Tel: 033 346 0049 University of KwaZulu-Natal kznpi@mweb.co.za (PMB) www.kznpi.co.za Animal & Poultry Sciences Tel: 033 260 5808 National Certificate: Poultry nsahlaii@ukzn.ac.za Production (NQF 3), accredited with AgriSETA. Shorter poultry University of Pretoria production courses are run in Agricultural Economics, Extension conjunction with SAPA and the KZN and Rural Development Department of Agriculture. Other Tel: 012 420 3248 training courses by arrangement. Animal and Wildlife Sciences Tel: 012 420 4018 Mpofu Small Stock Training Centre Production Animal Studies: Poultry Tel: 040 864 9064 Reference Centre A training centre in the Eastern Tel: 012 529 8224 alida.demeillon@up.ac.za Cape which has been instrumental in providing poultry farming skills. Contract and academic research is done on poultry diseases. SmallPoultry Information Centre scale farmer projects are run. Rod Simpson 082 853 5701 www.poultryinfo.co.za The Zululand Centre for Sustainable Development Provides short courses on poultry Tel/fax: 035 772 4746 and is an accredited facilitator and www.ecosystems.co.za/zcsd.htm assessor with AgriSETA.

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Telephone 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publication, available from the ARC in Silverton: Small-scale broiler house (also available in Afrikaans) Heating of broilers and broiler housing (also available in Afrikaans) Small-scale poultry housing in South Africa Another excellent publication available from the ARC is Manure handling in intensive animal production units, written by HT Breedt, edited and revised by F Cilliers. Copyright. 2009. Contact the ARCs Institute of Agricultural Engineering at 012 842 4000. The following pamphlets are also available from the ARC in Irene: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Housing of poultry (Updated) The rearing of chicks (Updated) The nutrition of broilers Care of broilers (Updated) Mechanically Ventilated Broiler house The rearing of chicks (Updated) Care of the young hen (Updated) Feeding egg-type chicks Feeding egg-type replacement pullets 16 Artificial insemination of poultry 17 Cannibalism among poultry (Updated) 18 Debeaking of poultry (Updated) 19 Management of a poultry farm (Updated) 20 Housing densities for chicks and laying hens (Updated) 21 Equipment for the housing of chickens and laying hens (Updated) 22 Temperature, ventilation and lighting for layers (Updated) 23 The laying house production graph (Updated) 24 The importance of egg quality (Updated) 25 The artificial incubation of eggs (Updated) 26 Formation of the egg (Updated) 27 General feeding principles for poultry 28 Poultry: Nutrition of breeders 29 Historical background of the fowl industry (Updated) 30 Simple breeding plans for the maintenance of breeding flocks (Updated)

Big Dutchman SA Pty Ltd Tel: 011 452 1154 www.bigdutchman.co.za Biogas Power Tel: 086 124 6427 www.biogaspower.co.za Adding value to poultry manure Boschveld Tel: 014 733 0775 www.boschveld.co.za Farming with indigenous chickens Breathecoat Tel: 0861 000 435 www.breathecoat.co.za Environmentally friendly paints Chemvet Tel: 011 437 9000 www.chemvet.co.za Poultry equipment Chicken Shack Agencies Tel: 012 669 0164 www.chickenshack.co.za Chubby Chick Tel: 018 293 0202 Combustion Technology Tel: 021 715 3171 www.rielloburners.co.za

Echo Tel: 012 803 9490 www.echocoldrooms.co.za Eggbert Eggs Tel: 034 922 1618 www.eggberteggs.co.za Elite Breeding Farms Tel: 033 266 6135 / 028 341 0979 Epol (Branches countrywide see Animal Feeds chapter or visit www. epol.co.za) Eskom supplies a Small Scale Broiler Production Unit and also offer an energy advisory service. Find contact details in the Energy chapter. Heidel Eggs Tel: 013 751 3897/8 Hyline Hatchery Tel: 011 318 2355 Grootvlei Chickens Tel: 083 408 3858 Day-old chicks GSI Group Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 794 4455 www.gsiafrica.co.za Poultry equipment: fans, heaters, vents, electronic climate controls and much more.

7 8 9

10 Feeding of laying hens 11 Housing of Poultry 12 Care of laying hens 13 Record keeping for the Poultry farmer (Updated) 14 Quality of day-old chickens (Updated) 15 The broiler carcass and the factors that influence it

Country Bird Holdings is the holding company for several brands JF Equipment Machinery including Country Bird, Ross Africa Tel: 011 760 3494 www.jfequipment.com and Nutri Feeds. Country Fair Tel: 021 505 8000 www.countryfair.co.za Poultry processing equipment.

6. Companies and other roleplayers

Agri BIO Tel: 021 979 3180 www.agribio.co.za Equipment and consulting Alzu Depots (Pty) Ltd Tel: 013 243 3442 www.alzu.co.za

John F Marshall Tel: 011 842 7100 A division of Astral Operations www.johnfmarshall.co.za Ltd. Meadow Feeds Tel: 011 991 6000 Daybreak Farms www.meadowfeeds.co.za Tel: 013 661 1063 Dicla Broiler Production Unit Tel: 011 662 1363/71 www.dicla.com Poultry equipment and training Dorna Distributors Tel: 031 266 3353 dorna@premieronline.co.za Dynamic Automation Tel: 031 736 2071 www.dynamicautomation.co.za Eagles Pride Hatchery Tel: 012 808 9930/1/2 www.eaglespride.co.za Early Bird Farms Tel: 011 316 3420 / 206 0600 Tel: 017 720 0100 Midway Chix Pty Ltd Tel: 014 730 1903 National Chick Limited Tel: 031 785 9100 www.natchix.co.za Supplier of day-old chicks New Quip Tel: 011 472 2201 Nulaid Tel: 013 935 1159 Nuway Poultry Tel: 011 437 9000 Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP) Tel: 012 522 1500 www.obpvaccines.co.za

Akshan Consulting Tel: 011 803 7139 / 084 777 4472 Poultry breeding stock (Indigenous www.ashkan.co.za and some standard breeds) can be purchased at the Agricultural Astral Foods Ltd Research Council in Irene. Tel: 012 990 8260 Contact them at 012 672 9238/9. www.astralfoods.com Get in touch with the ARCs Poultry section at Glen in the Free State by Avichicks Tel: 018 787 4475 calling 051 861 1175. ALFA CHICKS Tel: 012 561 1205 www.alfachicks.co.za Supplier of day old broilers Avipharm Tel: 033 342 7042 Bandiri Poultry Solutions Jan Grobbelaar 084 567 8975 jan@reveal.co.za

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Rainbow Farms (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 242 8500 www.rainbowchicken.co.za Reliance Poultry Tel: 011 794 4880 www.reliancepoultry.co.za Rock Farms Tel: 014 576 1117/38 Rocklands Poultry Tel: 011 792 9962 Ross Poultry Breeders Tel: 016 366 0249 Safe Eggs Tel: 083 640 0300 www.safeeggs.co.za Patented technology for the pasteurisation of shell eggs

Sangiro Tel: 012 205 1035 www.sangiro.co.za Sovereign Foods Tel: 041 995 1700 www.sovereignfoods.co.za Spartan Equipment Tel: 011 318 2239 Tel: 033 387 6233 www.spartanequipment.co.za Tydstroom Poultry Tel: 021 970 5400 www.tydstroom.co.za Diagnostic services, advice etc. is available from the Universities e.g. the Poultry Reference Centre at the University of Pretoria. The contact number there is 012 529 8224.

9. Emerging farmer information

Find the New Farmers Information under the Downloads menu option at www.sapoultry.co.za. Guidelines for the Broiler Industry and Guidelines for the Egg Industry are provided here. If, for whatever reason, you cannot access this information, call SAPA.

Current situation: It is difficult for small farmers to enter into the retail supply chain, since it is looking for suppliers who can guarantee the demand at an acceptable price and quality. While some smaller producers can match the price and quality criteria, they are too small to supply the needed quantities. At present, emerging farmers sell their eggs to black-owned shops, spaza shops, butchers, hawkers, restaurants, hotels and to a small extent to white traders (e.g. cafs). Future market growth: The African population represents the best market opportunities for emerging farmers. Distribution channels to the low-income groups need to improve and are doing so. The distribution of eggs to township spazas and door-todoor sales must be promoted. Catering companies, hawkers buying in bulk from producers, cooperatives, contracting and government tenders all represent possible markets. Many farmers do not adhere to the grading requirements as stipulated by legislation. For small-scale farmers to penetrate other markets it is important to begin following the regulations. Training in grading and packaging can open new markets for small-scale producers, especially on government tenders. Co-operative marketing: Black-owned co-operatives could be a vehicle for penetrating the formal marketing channels in South Africa. Through co-operatives, the produce of farmers can ensure larger supply of quantities, create a brand name, and have muscle to negotiate prices on behalf of farmers. The function of the co-operative can be to look for markets for members and also assist in preparing the produce (grading and packaging) and marketing it. Possible strategies: 1. Contracting: small-scale farmers can enter into a contract with a processing or a packaging plant, or an integrated company to supply a stipulated number of eggs or chickens at a time. This provides a steady market for the small-scale farmer. 2. Supply to Consumers: consumers can buy chickens or eggs at the farm stalls. The farmer can employ a door-to-door sales representative to take orders in the township. 3. Supply to Hawkers: eggs can be sold to hawkers on a regular basis. Since most hawkers have a transport problem, the farmer can entice them by delivering the eggs at their sheds. 4. Supply to Hospitality Trade: supply to hotels, restaurants, caterers, township bed & breakfast, guest houses and shebeens. There are many tourist initiatives and developments in the townships that need to be catered for. 5. Supply to Township Cold Storage Distributors: some entrepreneurs have positioned themselves in the townships and other former black areas to distribute eggs. The concept here is to bring the product to the consumer, to reduce the transport constraint. Small-scale farmers can supply these distribution centres. 6. Supply Through Tendering: every year tenders from the government departments (e.g. correctional services, hospitals, etc.) are published for the supply of chickens and eggs. Small-scale farmers stand a change because of the system designed for the previously disadvantaged individuals, provided they can meet the price, quality and quantity requirements. 7. Supply Mining Houses: mines have kitchens and hospitals that are serviced by caterers (in-house or as an outsourced service. Some of these mines are now owned by black empowerment groups who can be lobbied to empower small-scale farmers.

7. Local business environment

The Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) Baseline Reports cover chicken production (expected to expand 14% by 2014). Find these annual reports at www.bfap.co.za. The latest South African Poultry Industry Profile and other downloads on www.sapoultry.co.za give complete overviews of the status of this industry and related issues. Visit www.thepoultrysite.com for updates on international news and articles.

8. Commercial farmer points of interest

Subscribe to the newsletter from The Poultry Site, which carries news, tips and technical information. Find details at www.thepoultrysite.com

Quality and standards: (hatcheries accreditation) Hatcheries Accreditation is considered crucial from a technical perspective as the hatchery is the starting point of the whole process of broiler and egg production. Accreditation is voluntary and only for SAPA members. The list of accredited hatcheries appears on www.sapoultry.co.za Software: Software programmes exist through which production data can be collected, broilers can be managed etc. Contact details are in the Animal Improvement & Breeders chapter.

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Before starting a chicken or poultry venture, check on any applicable regulations/legal considerations with your local authority or associations listed in this chapter.

Success Stories
The Eastern Cape Department of Agriculture and Rural Development has sponsored the reigning National Female Farmer of the Year (2009), Bongiwe Kali, with a hatchery worth R3 million. Find the story on www. buanews.gov.za In 2003, more than 200 farm workers became the new owners of Heidel Eggs, a 68 hectare farm. This is not a share-equity scheme and as such the business is owned and run by the trust. As with most of these types of empowerment projects one of the most difficult obstacles is to educate the workers around the complicated aspects of a viable and sustainable business. It is critical that everyone involved understands the longterm goals and buys into the plan. Often BEE is misunderstood as a get-rich quick scheme. Heidel Eggs has been able to pay dividends to its beneficiaries since 2003 when the farm was taken over; with the exception of 2008. On average, this dividend is equal to 20% of their annual salary; one example of the tangible benefits and real value ploughed back into the workers pockets. There are many indirect benefits such as improvements in their housing and ablution facilities, free access to water and electricity, and recreational facilities such as a soccer field. Heidel Eggs also grants loans to its staff when they need additional finance and supplied the workers with a piece of land as well as seeds to grow their own vegetables. In addition, all the workers have the benefit of a life insurance policy, a funeral plan and a provident fund. All these small benefits add up to a rather significant lifestyle change. Find the full article in the 4th quarter issue of Agri Review, available on www.standardbank.co.za In October 2006 a group of young black enthusiasts that had a poultry project in Daveyton Township approached Agri Gauteng. They wanted to farm successfully and required assistance in reaching their goal. A preliminary business plan by a consultant indicated a capital requirement of multi millions of rands. It consequently lacked viability. A practical business plan, based on the farms natural resources, was then drafted by a neighbouring farmer member of Agri Gauteng and submitted to the mining group Impala Platinum. Impala Platinum agreed to carry the financial risks by supporting the project financially, notwithstanding the lack of security. The neighbouring commercial farmer provided mentorship on a running basis and, whenever there was a need for equipment that the farm lacked, a plan was made to assist. Now in its fourth year, the enterprise is a mixed farming unit, including 60 ha of land, planted to maize, 300 sheep and 45 head of cattle. In addition, the new farmers continue operating their poultry unit in Daveyton with the intention to move it to their farm at Langseekoeigat.
Source: AgriSA Press release, December 2008. Enquiries can be addressed to Freek Tomlinson, Manager Agri Gauteng, 012 663 9935, or to Dawid Groesbeek, Mentor of the programme, 083 267 2240.

Samuel and Zoleka Joka run one of the successful small-scale broiler operation in Bumbane village, on the outskirts of Keiskammahoek. Mike Burgess interviewed them and Fumanekile Ngqokweni, an extension officer, for the article Broilers transform Keiskammahoek. Below are some of the points included in the advice given by the Jokas and Ngqokweni: Success is linked to the ability to access start-up capital and skill to grow broilers successfully. The new farmer has to renovate or build adequate facilities, buy equipment (e.g. heaters, self-feeders, drinking pans, sawdust), feed and chicks. This is quite a capital outlay before you get anything back. Samuel stressed the importance of training He advises beginners to start small say 50 chicks and build volume with experience, thereby minimising the risk of initial failure Disease control is vital. Growers can radically decrease the probability of disease through correct management e.g. ensure clean water and watch the general cleanliness of production areas (disease can spread through contaminated drinking water, food and chicken waste). Before a new batch of chickens is introduced to the pen, clean it thoroughly and rest it for at least ten days. The temperature should be kept at about 30oC in the first two weeks. There must be significant air circulation during hot periods. During cold times, heat should be generated using heaters and infrared lamps. Wood shavings should be evenly distributed in the pens: this ensures cleanliness and the retention of heat. The Jokas have two structures: a large rondavel with large windows where they rear their chicks up to four weeks, after which they are transferred to a large wooden shed fitted with canvas flaps (that can be lifted) and ceiling fans to ensure circulation.
Source: Adapted from the article Broilers transform Keiskammahoek at www. farmersweekly.co.za

Some useful contacts are listed below. For a wider option, refer to the full lists provided earlier in the chapter, both for equipment and training. Agricultural Research Council (ARC) and Fowls for Africa Tel: 012 672 9238/9 www.arc.agric.za The Agricultural Colleges like Cedara and Madzivhandila College, working with the Provincial Departments of Agriculture, are able to assist with training. Find their contact details in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Bandiri Poultry Solutions Jan Grobbelaar 084 567 8975 jan@reveal.co.za Developing Poultry Farmers Organisation Tel: 011 795 2051/2 The organisation has been established specifically to be of assistance to emerging poultry farmers. KwaZulu-Natal Poultry Institute Tel: 033 346 0049 www.kznpi.co.za Training of existing and smallscale poultry farmers including mentorship of trainees

The Poultry Section (ARC in Mpofu Training Centre Bloemfontein) Tel: 040 864 9064 Tel: 051 861 1175 Out thanks to Maarten De Kock from the Southern African Poultry Association (SAPA) and Rod Simpson of the Poultry Information Centre for providing feedback on the draft chapter

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4. Farming with rabbits

Livestock
Rabbits
See the Speciality Fibre Production chapter for notes on farming rabbits for their wool.

There is no single husbandry method that can be universally recommended for successful rabbit farming: the selection of any appropriate mix of practices and methods must consider a range of criterion, including three basic determinants: 1. The nature of the rabbit, its needs and stresses, 2. What products are being farmed for, 3. Availability of requisite inputs.

1. Nature of the rabbit

High reproductive ability, concomitant to high mortality. Good dress-out ratio. Flesh low in body fat. Quick maturing. Highly-strung, small, nocturnal mammal, intensely predated upon by rats, raptors, mongooses, dogs, cats and snakes. Fearful of sudden movements and sounds, and prone to panic. Good converter of vegetable roughage due to bacterial action in the hindgut, therefore requiring freely available fresh water, and sensitive to sudden changes in diet. Relatively large intestinal tract necessitating high throughput of clean roughage and sufficient mobility to stretch its gut and expel gas buildups. Vulnerable to sudden changes in temperature and its extremes, particularly heat, and to drafts and damp. Susceptible to a number of infectious diseases and parasites, particularly if stressed. (Importation of live rabbits is often restricted, as it is currently). Males are progressively territorially aggressive as they mature. This takes the form of urinating on neighbours and attacking other males with tooth and claw. The entire animal can be converted to product.

1. Overview
The area required for an economic unit is fairly small. A plot or even a comparatively large town property (regulations permitting) is suitable. Rabbits compare favourably with other animals as converters of vegetable feed to meat. To produce 1 kg. live mass meat, the Rabbit only requires 3,5 kg. vegetable feed. The reproduction potential of the doe is remarkable if one considers, in a commercial herd, a progeny of 40 can be marketed out of a single doe, with one 3 kg animal producing up to 40 kg of meat in a year. Certain breeds are bred for both their meat and pelts, such as Chinchilla and Rex Rabbits, whilst the New Zealand White and The Californian are used for meat production. Angora Rabbits (see Speciality Fibre Production chapter) are farmed for their wool. Locally, rabbit health Research and Development has had little commercial incentive to advance, and what knowledge does exist has seldom been accessible when and where needed. Overseas expertise applicable to mass production can be accessed, but issues of licensing and cost work against this.

2. Websites and publications

Kejafa Knowledge Works supplies the publication Raising Rabbits, a 256-page publication complete with photographs. Visit www.kejafa. co.za or telephone 014 577 0005. The following Info Paks are available under the publications option at www.daff.gov.za: Rabbits: Keeping Rabbits and Rabbit recipes. Hard copies can be obtained by calling 012 319 7141. Find the article The Ndekero Challenge: A Systems Approach for Rabbit Keeping by a Rural Community in Partnership with a Commercial Rabbit Farm on www.AfricaRuralConnect.org. It is a project idea being implemented in the small town of Ndekero , Kenya, and will produce 100 kg of rabbit meat every month and generate part-time, incomegenerating opportunities to several parents in the community.

2. Products.
Meat, fur, wool. (Plus all value added conversions and processed derivatives). Farming for meat and fur means slaughtering, farming for wool does not. But the production and marketing of wool and wool products demands a set of skills, management techniques, and markets that differ markedly from those centring around rearing animals for slaughter which need to be dealt with specifically. Farming for quality furs (and certain meat products) requires that animals be housed for 2 and more times longer than one would for carcasses destined for fryer markets. This impacts upwards on required housing infrastructure, and requires a cost-effective tanning method or facility. South African consumer resistance to rabbit carcasses (association with pets or taboos) can generally be obviated by presenting portions, pies, pts etc.

3. Local business environment

Pelts: The market for pelts fluctuates, and breeders may have to find their own markets. Breeding for Pelts also means extra expense as animals must be kept until after the primary hair coat has been shed. Pelt processing by the producer himself could also involve great expense. Meat production: A carefully worked out breeding programme can achieve top production and the economic productive life of a doe is from about 24 to 36 months. At 11 weeks rabbits are usually ready for the market with a mass of 2,3 to 2,5 kg. The law requires slaughtering at an approved Abattoir, either the producers own or an existing one. An eleven week-old rabbit should dress at about 54%. Rabbits can be kept as pets, for meat, pelts, or to produce Angora wool. In South Africa, commercial rabbit farming is somewhat neglected.

3. Availability of requisite inputs.

Choose the right rabbit: Do: Buy healthy rabbits with bright eyes, dry noses and clean ears and feet. The rabbits fur should be smooth and clean and its teeth in line. It is best to buy breeding stock at about six months, and to replace them every three years. Select your rabbits from parents which have a good breeding record. A female that does not perform well will also have poor offspring. Dont: Do not buy a mature female because you cannot always know how old she is. She might for instance have reached the end of her productive life and will be of no use (for breeding). Long toenails indicate that the rabbit is older. Housing: Rabbits can be kept in very simple housing. Whether a single rabbit is kept as a pet, or a warren of rabbits is farmed on a larger scale, they can be housed in cages of wire mesh or scrap wood.

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In commercial rabbit enterprises, professional hutches can be made for quality and durability. Individual cages should at least be 50cm x 60cm x 30 cm for a 4 kg Rabbit (rabbits need not be kept in sheds or buildings). They prefer cooler temperatures, and are comfortable at 16o C. They should be shielded from direct sunlight, wind and rain. The cage should have a wire mesh floor with holes large enough for the droppings to fall through (the holes in the mesh should not be big and allow their feet to get stuck). The droppings can be used as a fertiliser in vegetable patches or flower gardens. The cage should not have a ground floor because the rabbits will dig a way out. If a wooden frame is used, the wire mesh should be placed on the inside of the frame to prevent the rabbits from gnawing through it. The mother, however, needs a nesting box to keep her babies warm. This box should be about 38 x 25 x 25 cm. Clean the cage regularly and keep it dry to prevent disease. Protect the cage from sun, wind and rain. It is not necessary to put the cages inside buildings such as sheds to protect the rabbits against cold as they can tolerate cold better than heat. Rabbits need plenty of fresh air. Their cages therefore have to be well ventilated. The cages should be put in a quiet place where dogs, cats and rats cannot get to them. Feeding: Do: Feed your rabbits lucerne, grass, green maize, leaves, carrots, turnips, lettuce, maize meal, porridge, bread, samp, weeds and leaves of fruit trees (rabbits will eat almost anything that grows in the soil). Most rabbit breeders use commercially produced rabbit pellets too. These contain most of the nutrients and vitamins needed to keep rabbits healthy. They also make for less waste and mess than feeding big vegetable leaves. Good quality hay is also recommended in addition to pellets, followed by treats of various vegetables or fruit. Feed the rabbits early in the morning and late in the afternoon. Most of the food should preferably be given late in the afternoon. You can grow your own green material for rabbit food. Dont: Never feed your rabbits potato, tomato and rhubarb leaves. These are poisonous to rabbits. Never leave them without water: rabbits must have access to clean water at all times. Be careful not to introduce sudden changes in the rabbits diet. Do not feed rabbits greens that have become heated, food that has been sprayed with pesticides, spoiled food or mouldy hay. Breeding Female rabbits are ready to breed when they are 4 to 6 months old and males when they are 5 to 6 months old. Keep the male rabbit in a separate cage. Always put the female into the males cage. If the mating was successful the male will roll over. If the female is not ready for mating, she will try to run away. When mating does not take place, the female can be put into the males cage for the next 5 to 6 days. The female is more productive during springtime, summer and early autumn. Breeding during the winter months is not recommended as it is too cold. Pregnancy lasts about 1 month.

Birth About 25 days after mating soft dry grass can be placed in a clean, dry nesting box for the female. The female will add some of her own fur to the grass. Stay away from the cage at this stage until the babies have been born. The babies are usually born during the early morning hours. Inspect the babies carefully to see if they are alive and well. Remove dead babies immediately. The babies should lie close together in the nesting box. Make sure that the babies are suckling and well nourished. The female cannot always feed all the babies if there are too many. Some of the babies can then be given to another female who only has a few babies. The babies should be of the same age. Weaning: The baby rabbits can be weaned from the age of 30 to 35 days. At this stage they can be taken away from their mother. Put the young females and males in separate cages. Depending on the feeding and management level, the female can be mated again from 2 to 3 days up to 1 month after having given birth. Young rabbits are usually big enough to be eaten or sold at the age of 3 to 4 months. If you keep them for a longer period they will eat much more and the males will begin to fight.

5. Roleplayers
Yolandi Buhr Tel: 039 679 9106 Greener Pastures Tel: 082 454 6889 www.rabbits.co.za Natal Rabbit Club Heather Heron Tel: 031 464 3823

The Natal Rabbit Club have been active for more than 50 years and can advise on any aspect of For the supply of live and dressed rabbit breeding. Write to Heather rabbits Heron, PO Box 39042, Escombe, Queensborough 4070. John F Marshall Tel: 011 842 7100 Karoline Steenekamp Fax: 011 872 1078 Tel: 021 469 2426 (o) www.johnfmarshall.co.za Karolines@picasso.co.za Rabbit cages and accessories Rabbit expert and consultant Danie Janse van Rensburg Tel: 072 798 2802 Sources: Karoline Steenekamp and Tjaart Steenekamp; Rabbits: keeping rabbits, a booklet published by the Department of Agriculture (see publications and websites in this chapter). Our thanks to Karoline Steenekamp for assistance with this chapter

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3. Training and research

Livestock
Sheep
1. Overview
Refer to the Department of Agriculture, Fishing and Forestry website for statistical updates www.daff.gov.za (take the Publications menu option). Along with the Sheep and goat numbers: Breed composition in RSA in the report is Sheep, lambs and goats: Numbers slaughtered at abattoirs, average prices of mutton, production and consumption. There are an estimated 28,8 million sheep in South Africa, with sheep farming happening mostly in the Northern, Eastern and Western Cape; the Free State and Mpumalanga. Karakul sheep are farmed in the more arid areas. About 50% of the countrys sheep are fine-woolled Merinos South Africas mutton is produced from the Dorper, a highly productive and locally developed mutton breed for arid regions, and the South African Mutton Merinos (SAMM) which has been used, as a sire line, in the development of four other landrace breeds in South Africa i.e. the Dormer, Dohne Merino, Afrino and the Vandor. Other sheep breeds in South Africa include the Damara, the Meatmaster, the Ille de France, the Dormer, the Suffolk, and the Van Rooy, which are mainly bred for mutton, although they also produce wool. Refer to www.studbook.co.za for details of the different breeds. The domestic sheep (Ovis aries) is produced for its wool, meat and milk. Other sheep byproducts: Clothes, footwear, rugs, and other products are made from sheepskin. Sheep tallow can be used in candle and soap making. Sheep bone and cartilage has been used to furnish carved items such as dice and buttons as well as rendered glue and gelatin. Sheep intestine can be formed into sausage casings, and lamb intestine has been formed into surgical sutures, as well as strings for musical instruments and tennis rackets. Sheep droppings, which are high in cellulose, have even been sterilised and mixed with traditional pulp materials to make paper. Of all sheep byproducts, perhaps the most valuable is lanolin: the water-proof, fatty substance found naturally in sheeps wool and used as a base for innumerable cosmetics and other products.
Source: Livestock Development Strategy for South Africa (find it on www.daff.gov.za); http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_sheep; Sheep Farming in South Africa, Vol 22 April/May 2008 issue www.togoto.co.za

Agricultural degrees/diplomas at universities and Agricultural Colleges cover smallstock production. Short courses are also offered (Glen College does short courses in mutton technology, for example). Find contact details in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Research is done by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC), the universities, and the Agricultural Colleges amongst others. AgriSETA accredited trainers provide courses on the production of sheep. Below are examples of such training providers: Umnga Farmers Association Tel: 045 933 1318 Buhle Farmers Academy Tel: 013 665 4001 Koue Bokkeveld Tel: 023 317 0983 ARC-Livestock Business Division Tel: 012 672 9111/ 320 www.arc.agric.za Skills development programmes which are agricultural based and relevant to a sustainable sector. Research & Technology Development Research on sustainable natural resource management and use Research on livestock production technologies Economic research for the benefit of the small stock industry

To enquire about short courses in Extension and Outreach small stock management, phone Annetjie Loubser at 012 672 9153. Presentations at Farmers days and industry congresses Carnarvon Experimental Advice to individuals Station Written and electronic Tel: 053 382 3333 information dissemination Initiatives and partnerships Central University of towards local economic Technology development School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences SA Society for Animal Science Tel: 051 507 3134 (SASAS) Tel: 012 420 3268 Grootfontein Agricultural www.sasas.co.za Development Institute (GADI) SA Veterinary Society Tel: 049 8421113 Tel: 012 346 1150 Fax: 049 8424352 http://gadi.agric.za University of the Free State GADI undertakes research and Department Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences provides training in the theory and Prof HJ van der Merwe practice of small stock production. Tel: 051 401 2606 The following services are Department of Microbial, Biorendered in support of the mission chemical & Food Biotechnology and strategic objectives: Dr A Hugo Tel: 051 401 2729 Training hugoa@ufs.ac.za Higher Education and Training for studies towards a qualification in agriculture on NQF level 5-7 bands. Further Education and training for studies towards a qualification in agriculture on NQF level 1 -4 bands. University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Tel: 012 529 8000 Department of Animal and Wildlife Science Tel: 012 420 3271

2. Associations involved
Find contact details for the sheep breeder societies in the Animal Improvement and Breeders chapter, and at www.studbook.co.za. Red Meat Industry Forum Tel: 012 667 1189 / 082 399 8908 www.redmeatsa.co.za Red Meat Producers Organisation (RPO) Tel: 012 348 1933 www.rpo.co.za National Emergent Red Meat Producers Organisation (NERPO) Tel: 012 361 9127 www.nerpo.org.za National South African Meat Industry Company (SAMIC) Tel: 012 361 4545 www.samic.co.za SA Stud Book and Animal Improvement Association Tel: 051 410 0900 www.studbook.co.za National Wool Growers Association (NWGA) and Cape Wools SA see the Sheep - Wool chapter

4. Websites and publications

Visit roleplayer websites e.g. www.redmeatsa.co.za, www.rpo.co.za and www.samic.co.za Call 012 672 9111 for these publications, available at the ARC-Irene: 1. Karakul (complete set of Bulletins, available in Afrikaans or English); 2. Mutton (complete set of Bulletins, available in Afrikaans or English). 3. Indigenous Sheep and Goat Breeds of South Africa

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Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for these publications, available from the ARC in Silverton: The Manual on sheep facilities (also available in Afrikaans) Manure handling in intensive animal production units, written by HT Breedt, edited and revised by F Cilliers. Copyright. 2009. Manure handling practices for sheep is handled in the seventh chapter. Find the Info Paks under the Publications option at www.daff.gov.za. These include: 1. Common and Important diseases of sheep and goats 2. Sheep-scab 3. Diarrhoea 4. Skin conditions in goats and sheep 5. Breeding in sheep and goats 6. Reproduction management of a sheep and goat farming enterprise 7. How to estimate the age of goats and sheep 8. Sheep: Hints for dipping sheep 9. Sheep and goats: Feeding 10. Sheep and goats: How to estimate the age of a goat and sheep by looking at their teeth Available from Kejafa Knowledge Works are several publications dealing with sheep. Call 014 577 0005 or visit www.kejafa.co.za to find out about the following: Barn Guide for Sheep Storeys Guide to Raising Sheep by Paula Simmons. 400 pages, photographs and illustrations throughout. Natural Sheep Care by Pat Coleby. This is a comprehensive guide, whether for wool, meat or milk. Skaap Produksie is an A5, 250 publication Small-scale Livestock Farming a grass-based approach for health sustainability and profit. Carol Ekarius. Storey Publishing. ISBN 1580171621. Natural, organic approach to livestock management that produces healthier animals, reduces feed and health-care costs, and increases profits. Shepherd Manual Dr JJ Olivier. Agricultural Research Council. February 2003. It is available in English and in Afrikaans. A magazine for practical sheep farmers covering profitable sheep tips, current issues, extensive sheep links and resources www.sheepmagazine. com

Your local Agribusiness e.g. Konsortium Merino Suidwes, Kaap Agri and GWK. Find Tel: 082 771 2008 contact details in the Agribusiness www.konsortium-merino.com chapter. Onderstepoort Biological Products Akshan Consulting Tel: 011 803 7139 / 084 777 4472 Tel: 012 522 1500 www.obpvaccines.co.za www.ashkan.co.za AXXON Tel: 011 837 7177/6/0 Fax: 011 837 3100 axxon@global.co.za Supplier of all types of I.D. devices from Electronic ear tags/ intraruminal boluses/sub-dermal chips, ankle/neck bands and visual tags and leg-/neck bands. Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute (GADI) see heading 4 HOTSURE Tel: 0861 HOTSURE (468 787) info@hotsure.co.za www.hotsure.co.za Biotelemetry solutions for proactive risk management and precision farming. South African Sheep Meat Marketing Forum Tel: 012 348 1933 www.healthymeat.co.za SA Sheepdog Association (SASDA) Tel: 017 735 1844 www.sasda.za.net Vleissentraal Ltd Tel: 012 460 9916 www.vleissentraal.co.za Find companies like BKB and CMW in the Sheep - Wool chapter

6. Local business environment

Find the Imports & exports and Market trends menu options at www.rpo.co.za Market information is obtainable from Agrimark Trends. An example of their market reports may be found on their website www.agrimark. co.za. The review includes an international perspective e.g. Australian exports. The agricultural weekly publications Landbouweekblad and Farmers Weekly provide regular updates. For statistical information regarding slaughterings at abattoirs, auction prices on the hook, production and consumption, visit www.daff.gov. za, find the statistical information under Publications.

5. Other roleplayers
See the list in the Abattoir chapter

7. Controlling predators
Refer to the Wildlife on Farms chapter.

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8. New farmer information

If youre really serious about starting with sheep youll look for information everywhere! Ask the right questions and talk to the right people not websites. Ask about the districts: stock theft predation labour diseases markets veld and grazing

Livestock
Sheep wool
1. Overview
The sheep and wool industry is one of the oldest agricultural industries in South Africa. It plays an important economic role as an earner of foreign exchange for the country. (Economic indicators can be found on www. capewools.co.za) During the whole of its colonial period, the Cape Province remained the most important wool producing area in Southern Africa. Although the sheep industry spread rapidly throughout virtually the whole of the country during subsequent years, Cape Wool has become the international generic trade term for all wool produced on the sub-continent. South African wool is largely an export commodity, in both processed and semi-processed form. It is produced and traded in a sophisticated free market business environment into the international marketplace, where supply and demand forces determine price levels. Main production areas are in the following regions: Eastern Cape, Free State, Western Cape, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal. The South African clip is mainly a Merino clip, which makes up over 80% of all lots offered for sale. South Africas wool prices follow those of Australia where the world price of apparel wool is determined since the largest volumes of wool are traded there. More than 90% of South Africas wool is exported either in greasy form or semi-processed as scoureds or wool top.

Experience is the best teacher, and commercial farmers have learnt most through direct contact with other farmers (which includes fathers and grandfathers), a kind of osmosis. Talk to a few reasonably successful sheep farmers in the area, preferably neighbours. This sounds like stupid advice but people dont follow it. They buy farms in districts without doing any research; they start farming enterprises without talking to the locals. Either theyre shy or they think they know more than the people whove lived there for generations. Attend farmers days and shows and ask questions instead of drinking Free State Cabernet (klippies & coke). Many breed societies have a programme for the year.
Source: Roelof Bezuidenhout, a farmer from the Eastern Cape. He is also a writer and contributing editor for Farmers Weekly.

HINTS FOR DIPPING SHEEP All sheep on the farm should be dipped. When lambs dry off after birth, they can become infested by lice and they should therefore also be dipped. Dipping fluid Make sure that the dipping-fluid is suited for the purpose intended, such as getting rid of scab, lice or both. Read the label before mixing the dipping fluid. Do not add anything to the dipping-fluid, unless it is recommended on the label. Make sure that the dipping-tank is clean before mixing the dipping fluid. Strictly follow the instructions concerning the replenishment and storing of the dipping fluid. Dipping dos Try to postpone dipping until after lambing, or dip the sheep before the start of the lambing season. Lice can only survive on sheep. Make sure that ALL sheep are dipped. Animals should be submerged in the dipping-fluid for at least 1 minute. The head should be submerged at least 3 times. Dipping donts Do not place ewes and lambs in the tank simultaneously. Sheep should not be driven over long distances before and after dipping. Never dip thirsty sheep. Start dipping early in the morning and do not continue until late in the afternoon. Sheep should get the opportunity to dry off sufficiently before the evening. Do not dip recently shorn sheep. Allow a period of about 14 days for shearing wounds to heal.
Source: taken from one of the Info Paks (see heading 5)

2. Associations involved
Cape Wools SA Ona Viljoen Tel: 041 484 4301 www.capewools.co.za The South African wool industry was restructured in 1997 to comply with the regulations of the new Marketing of Agricultural Products Act, 47 of 1996. The first step was to establish a Wool Forum representing the various affected groups in the industry. The Forum meets biannually and its representatives carry their own expenses. The main functions of the Forum are the following: to create opportunities for industry issues to be discussed; to liaise with Government and other organisations; to ensure an independent and objective information, statistical and supportive service; to establish a viable business environment through the promotion of the necessary research, development and training; to promote South African wool. Cape Wools SA is a non-profit organisation established by the Forum as its executive arm. Its directors proportionately represent these groups and they are elected from the Wool Forum. Cape Wools reports to the Forum regarding its activities. To minimise overhead costs and to make maximum funds available for services and functions required by the industry, Cape Wools operates with a small staff complement of five and outsources certain of the functions but accepts full responsibility for the planning and management of all functions. The company started operating on 1 September 1997. It has been granted statutory measures for the collection of statistics (records and returns) for the wool industry, which enables it to create a wool statistics data bank from which a national market indicator and other information regarding the industry can be made available locally, as well as internationally. Wool Forum Tel: 041 484 4301

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National Wool Processors Association Tel: 041 365 5035 South African Wool and Mohair Buyers Association (SAWAMBA) Tel: 041 484 5252 SAWAMBA represents the wool buying industry in South Africa. Most of the companies belonging to it have a significant shareholding in local early stage scouring and combing facilities, or are associated with international wool trading houses. South African Wool and Mohair Exchange Tel: 041 484 5252 South African Wool and Mohair Processors Association Tel: 041 484 5252 Wool Testing Bureau of South Africa Tel: 041 503 6600 www.wtbsa.co.za WTB is a test house accredited with the International Wool Textile Organisation. Its responsible for all independent objective measurement testing services to the trade. Wool Textile Council Tel: 041 484 5252 The South African National Committee representing the buying, processing and exporting industry on the International Wool Textile Organisation (IWTO). The Wool Trust Tel: 041 484 4307 Fax: 041 484 4309 The Wool Trust was established in 1997 in terms of the Marketing

of Agricultural Products Act, 47 of 1996, which stipulates that assets accumulated by agricultural boards under the previous government be transferred to trusts and utilised to the benefit of the relevant industry as a whole. The Wool Trust Deed stipulates that a minimum of six and a maximum of seven trustees be appointed: one to represent the trade, two to represent the producers and one to represent the Minister of Agriculture. The other three should be independent specialists in the field of asset and financial management. The Wool Forum appoints the trustees (except the ministerial representative). The main objectives of this Trust are: protection of Trust assets; utilisation of Trust assets to increase value and maximise income; funding of services deemed in the interest of industry by a body with similar objectives, which also enjoys tax exemption. Though it is a discretionary trust (it can decide whether there are sufficient funds available for financing certain services) there are certain restrictions. The trustees are obliged to ensure that only activities that comply with the regulations of the Trust deed and benefit the entire industry are funded. The Trust also has to report to Cape Wools, the income beneficiary, which ensures effective communication and facilitates financial planning and management of Trust funds. South African Textile Industry Export Council Tel: 021 959 4162 www.satiec.co.za

Producer organisations:
National Wool Growers Association SA (NWGA) Tel: 041 365 5030 www.nwga.co.za The production and advisory and training services are outsourced from Cape Wools SA to the National Woolgrowers Association (NWGA). The main aim of these services is to assist producers to increase production efficiency and profitability in order to maximise income. It involves the transfer of production technology and research results. It also includes development and training with the emphasis on farmers who previously did not have access to such services. The largest share of this budget is earmarked for the upliftment of small-scale or emerging producers, mainly in the old Ciskei and Transkei regions of the Eastern Cape, Free State and Mpumalanga. Members are kept abreast of current news and trends in the wool industry through the monthly Wool Farmer newspaper, sent to them free of charge.

For the different breeder associations, see the Animal Improvement and Breeders chapter of this book.

SA Sheepdog Association (SASDA) Tel: 017 735 1844 www.sasda.za.net

best breeding material selected according to working ability.

Clotex Tel: 021 686 0522 The SA Sheepdog Associations www.clotex.co.za main objective is to introduce farmers and other interested Clothing and textile service centre people to sheepdogs as labour saving force. This is done through South African Topmakers demonstrations and courses, Association as well as competitions, where Tel: 041 484 5252 breeding success is tested and the

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find contact details and information on the different directorates at www. daff.gov.za

Other:
National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) Tel: 012 341 1115 www.namc.co.za

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In 2000 the Wool Industry Forum, the representative body of directly affected groups in the wool industry, requested the Minister for Agriculture and Land Affairs, in terms of the Marketing of Agricultural Products Act, 47 of 1996, for the introduction and promulgation of the following statutory measures, which shall be administered by Cape Wools SA (a Section 21 Company): Section 18 of the Marketing of Agricultural Products Act: Records and Returns Section 19 of the Marketing of Agricultural Products Act: Registration In terms of the above-mentioned statutory measures, each broker, trader, processor, importer and exporter of wool has to register and furnish records and returns to Cape Wools SA. The purpose and aims of these statutory measures are to compel parties to keep records and render returns, to ensure that continuous, timely and accurate information relating to the products is available to all roleplayers. Market information is deemed essential to make informed decisions.

6. Companies involved
Find the directory on www.capewools.co.za for a complete list of wool buyers, processors, exporters, traders and brokers

Wool buyers
Chargeurs Wool (SA) (Pty) Ltd Tel: 041 581 0081 Fax: 041581 0212 asauer@chargeurs-wool.com Modiano SA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 041 484 6545/6 Fax: 041 484 1143 modsa@modiano.co.za Segard Masurel (Pty) Ltd Tel: 041 451 0481 Fax: 041 451 0497 wool@segardmasurel.co.za New England Wool (SA) Tel: 041 360 6788 / 083 759 8589 Fax: 041 585 4827 ken@newenglandwoolsa.co.za Standard Wool SA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 041 487 0610 Fax: 041 487 0680 trading@standardwool.co.za Stucken & Co (Pty) Ltd Tel: 041 397 4700 Fax: 041 397 4735 stucken@stucken.co.za www.stucken.co.za Lempriere (South Africa CC) Tel: 041 503 3431 Fax: 041 503 3118 ken.craig@bkb.co.za

Processors
Cape of Good Hope Wool Combers (Pty) Limited Tel: 041 992 3412 Chargeurs Wool (SA) (Pty) Ltd Tel: 041 581 0081 Gubb & Inggs Limited www.stucken.co.za

4. Training and research

Find the SA Research option on www.capewools.co.za. A similar option exists on www.nwga.co.za (take the Resources menu option). Courses at all universities offering agricultural degrees/diplomas cover small stock production (see the Agricultural Education and Training chapter). Two examples are: The Provincial Departments of Agriculture, working closely with the Agricultural colleges, offer short courses.

Wool Traders And Brokers:

BKB Ltd Tel: 041 503 3111 jacobus.leroux@bkb.co.za martin.schwellnus@bkb.co.za Cape Mohair and Wool (CMW) Tel: 041 486 1143 www.cmw.co.za Junior Steenkamp Wool & Mohair Tel: 041 484 2022 Fax 041 484 2037 Lanata (Pty) Limited Wool/ Mohair Tel: 041 486 2255 / 082 570 3135 www.lantana.co.za Van Lill Woolbuyers Trust (Pty) Ltd Tel: 041 486 1237

AgriSETA accredited training. University of the Free State The following are some of these Department Animal, Wildlife and providers: Grassland Sciences Prof JB van Wyk National Wool Growers Tel: 051 401 2677 Association (NWGA) 041 365 5030 Central University of Technology Umnga Farmers 045 933 School of Agriculture and 1318 Environmental Sciences Koue Bokkeveld Training Tel: 051 507 3134 Centre 023 317 0983 Short courses are also offered at Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) the above two institutions. Dr Anton Botha The Agricultural Colleges cover Tel: 041 508 3223 small stock production in their www.csir.co.za diploma courses. For the full list, consult the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Examples are: Glen College Tel: 051 861 1248 Grootfontein Agricultural College Tel: 049 842 1113

7. Local business environment

Cape Wools SA supplies an SMS message service supplying market information directly after sales, as well as a weekly market report via e-mail. In South Africa, as in Australia, wool is traded primarily via the open-cry auction system. About 15% of the Australian clip is traded via alternative selling mechanisms (contract growing, forward deliveries, futures, etc.) but in South Africa these mechanisms have not yet found a niche. Wool auctions are characterised by many sellers and few buyers. Buyers normally have to compete for wool over a number of auctions to make up processing batches to meet their clients contract specifications in terms of price, quantity and delivery date. Contracts in foreign currencies, such as the Euro or the US dollar, have to be converted to buying limits in rands and the buyer carries the risk. The wool market can be divided into three broad product segments based on mean fibre diameter: Fine wools (<19,5) are used in luxury products and supply is increasing rapidly, particularly from Australia. Prices are rather volatile and poor quality (e.g. as a result of drought) suffers significant penalties on price. Fashion trends and consumer demand for soft, light products for next to the skin wear are and will remain the key drivers in this segment. The finer end of this segment competes with other products e.g. cashmere. Medium wools are usually in the 20-25 category and are used essentially in the classical menswear, womenswear and knitwear product sectors. Probably the major offtake of wool in this product

5. Websites and publications

See the websites of the various organisations and companies e.g. www. capewools.co.za, www.nwga.co.za and www.cmw.co.za An educational DVD of the wool value chain was produced by Cape Wools SA and the NWGA. Find their contact details under heading 2. Downloads on the Grootfontein Agricultural College website http:// gadi.agric.za include useful management charts and tools for working out measurements e.g. how many ewes can you keep? The agricultural weeklies Landbouweekblad and Farmers Weekly frequently cover stories of interest to the wool producer (and processor). Find archived articles at www.landbou.com and www. farmersweekly.co.za Find the general sheep publications in the previous chapter, under the Publications and Websites heading.

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sector is in blends with synthetic fibres to target lower price points at retail, and in some cases to achieve certain technical effects. Prices in this category are particularly sensitive to competition from synthetics. Strong (coarse) wools (>26) are mainly used for interior textiles such as furnishings, carpets and bedding products. South African wool does not feature in this product segment. South Africas wool clip is, and will probably remain for the foreseeable future, an export commodity in either the unprocessed or semi-processed form. On both value and volume, Europe is the main export destination. The international supply and demand equation is therefore the dynamic which influences local prices, and which needs to be understood in order to take a view on the outlook for prices over the next few years. In difficult economic times advice Maintain quality levels dont allow them to drop because of low prices. Guard against contamination: when crossbreeding with mutton breeds, use only white sheep. We cant afford to let our wool be contaminated. If SA wool gets a bad name we may just as well sell our sheep. For further information please contact: Cape Wools. Tel: 041 484 4301

9. Farmer news
The National Wool Growers Association (NWGA) has brought out a Code of Good Practice, enabling South African Wool to be marketed under a green standard. The following is included in the declaration: no child labour is used; no sheep are made to trek a distance of 20 km per day; sheep are kept in the shearing shed after being shorn; sheep always have access to sufficient water.

The document is being dispersed among wool farmers for signatures, and will appear in sales catalogues in the new season. Contact the NWGA at 041 365 5030 or visit www.nwga.co.za.

10. Small-scale farmer news

Around half of the sheep in the Eastern Cape have always come from the former homeland (communal) regions. Unfortunately, people in these areas received very little for their wool. The NWGA Empowerment and Training Programme aims to ensure sustainable economic wool sheep farming. The programme is progressing well. The main activities include sheep shearing and wool classing, with the emphasis on marketing. Since 1997/1998, the wool income received by communal producers increased by 300%. (R1,5 million during 1997/1998 to R31 million during 2006/2007. Simultaneously with the training programme, the NWGA is also implementing a Genetic Improvement scheme. This consists of three programmes: the distribution of 3200 quality rams per annum and the removal of the same number of home grown rams; the establishment of eight group breeding schemes within the communal areas; the demonstration of sound veld management practices. Through the programme, NWGA upgrades existing infrastructure and creates new infrastructure. They focus on the handling of wool, dealing with animals, animal health, the use of facilities, the marketing of wool, and the organisational components of farming. Source: Elize Pretorius, NWGA Manager Communications (Editor Wool Farmer). Sources: Ona Viljoen; www.capewools.co.za, www.nwga.co.za and other websites listed in this chapter. Our thanks to Ona Viljoen (Cape Wools SA) and Elize Pretorius (NWGA) for feedback on the draft chapter.

8. International business environment

Find updates on www.capewools.co.za Wool is an export product with over 90% of total production exported in either greasy or semi-processed form (scoureds and wool top). The global price for apparel wool is determined in Australia, the worlds largest supplier of apparel wool, where the largest volumes of wool are traded. South Africa, with its small clip, is therefore a market follower or price taker. Factors affecting prices are exchange rate movements, supply and demand in consumer markets, the relative price for wool compared with other fibres, and fashion trends. At consumer level, wool as a textile fibre is a non-essential product and to some extent a luxury fibre. Economic growth in key consumer markets, consumer confidence and spending patterns, therefore, affect wool pipeline demand. The main wool-exporting countries are Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, the UK, Uruguay and South Africa. The main importers of South African wool are China, Italy, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, India and the UK.
South Africa is a full member of the International Wool Textile Organisation (IWTO).

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4. Associations and companies involved

Livestock
Speciality fibre production
1. Overview
Speciality fibres refer in general to those natural hairs or wools that enhance garments in some way, be it in terms of warmth, handle, or lustre. The very nature of many of these fibres is such that the environment in which the animals live contributes to the properties of warmth in particular that makes the fibre special. Whilst there are a number of exceptions to the rule, many of the better-known fibres come from either the goat family or the camel family. Speciality fibres are different to Commodity fibres - cotton or standard wool of above 18 microns or so (there are all sorts of new terms for wool finer than 17 microns). When wool gets as low as 15 micron it also becomes a speciality fibre, partly because wool of that fineness is very difficult to grow and very scarce. A major advantage of speciality fibres is that they lend themselves to the big brands and can get the producer closer to the supply chain through direct contracts with processors as opposed to the open cry auction system used for commodities. We look at three speciality fibres in this chapter cashmere, alpacas and rabbits. For mohair, please consult the separate chapter.
Source: www.heritage-cashmere.co.uk and Roelof Bezuidenhout rbezu@telkomsa. net

African Alpacas Tel: 021 873 0321 / 082 340 2650 info@africanalpacas.co.za www.africanalpacas.co.za

Chris Ltz, 084 560 5602, farms with silkworms. Duvets and even make up (silk is rich in fibre) made.

Makoadi Angora Rabbit Products and services: stud, Handcraft boarding, importation, seminars Tel: 051 943 0278 and farm tours Hair from over 500 Angora rabbits spun by hand. Alpcaca Designs Tel: 011 452 2725 Serena Alpacas make contact www.alpacadesigns.co.za through the website www. serenaalpacas.co.za. Natural fibres Yolanda Buhr of Paddock in KZN from alpacas, goats, angora rabbits is an established breeder of quality and wild African silk are produced. angora rabbits in white and many colors. Tel 039 679 9106 or email Shibumi Ranch lundy@venturenet.co.za Tel: 083 417 0460 (Dennis) Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Dr Anton Botha Tel: 041 508 3200 www.csir.co.za Research has been done on mohair and cashmere; also on the contribution that indigenous goats can make to the cashmere industry. The Dhne Agricultural Department Institute (ADI) was a research partner. Dhne Agricultural Development Institute Tel: 043 683 1240 Des and Esna have developed a new, humane style of angora farming and have stock of high quality in white and many colours. SA Alpaca Breeders Society Tel: 011 282 8413 The Society controls breed standards and keeps a register of all Alpacas in South Africa, each being identified by a microchip. The club is registered with the S.A. Studbook Livestock Improvement Association.

2. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find contact details and information on the different directorates at www. daff.gov.za

SACOYO Alpacas Tel/fax: 021 863 3192 alpaca@sacoyo.com Christine Fischer markets www.sacoyo.com scarves from Ethiopia made of a mixture of raw silk and organic Tsakani Wild Silk cotton, handspun and woven, dyed Tel: 013 755 3213 with plant material. Contact her at www.tsakanisilk.co.za cfischer@global.co.za John F Marshall Tel: 011 842 7100 www.johnfmarshall.co.za Rabbit Cages and Accessories

3. Websites and publications

Find the links on www.africanalpacas.co.za e.g. the American and Australian alpaca associations. www.alpacaseller.co.za matching buyers and sellers across South Africa. www.llamapaedia.com Llama and alpaca information A copy of a basic introduction to Cashmere may be downloaded from www.daff.gov.za (take the Publications option) or obtained from the Resource Centre, Directorate Agricultural Information Services Tel: 012 319 7141 www.cashmere.org website of the Cashmere and Camel Hair Manufacturers Institute. Technical notes and details of international role-players are provided. www.wormspit.com a site about silkworms, silkmoths, and silk. Available from Kejafa Knowledge Works is the publication Raising Lamas. Visit www.kejafa.co.za or phone 014 577 0005.

5. Cashmere
A number of International Roleplayers in cashmere can be found on the Cashmere and Camel Hair Manufacturers Institute website www. cashmere.org. Cashmere is the fine undercoat or down produced by goats during winter. There is a worldwide shortage of cashmere. Products made from this fibre are in great demand, especially in Western countries. In spite of large fluctuations in both wool and mohair prices internationally, the cashmere market has remained stable. For further information contact the CSIR or Dhne Agricultural Development Institute.

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6. Alpacas
Alpacas, llamas, guanacos and vicunas form the group of South American camelids, originating from northern Andean mountains mainly Peru, Chile and Bolivia. Large scale exportations began in the mid 80s to the other countries including the USA, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, China, and in 2000 into South Africa. Alpaca produces a fine silky fibre. Thickness of baby alpaca might be 1520, the average being 22-26, and older alpacas over 30. It is devoid of the lanoline found in sheeps wool which causes shearing equipment to overheat. Yield varies from 2-5kg. There are two fibre types: huacaya (over 90%) which grows out of the skin like Marino wool is crimpy, lustrous and gathered in staples; and Suri which hangs in tight locks without crimp similar to the Angora goat. The fibre is carded and sometimes blended with sheep, silk, angora or other natural fibres. It spins easily and is made into knitted, woven or felted garments. Alpaca come in 12 natural colours white, fawns, browns, greys and black but also dye easily into fashion colours. Alpacas are frequently farmed on smaller properties. Stocking rate recommended is10/ha on irrigated pastures. They are intelligent and easily trained. This makes them ideal farm pets. Yet, these child-friendly animals ate used with great success as herd protectors by commercial sheep farmers in the Eastern Cape. They are used especially during the lambing season against the jackal and caracal/rooikat.

A common (and lethal) error made by most rabbit farmers in the past in order to reduce costs has been the tendency to limit the individual space allowed for each rabbit, in terms both of height and floor area. All rabbits need to be able to stand on their rear feet and stretch upwards, and to lie at full stretch to help move intestinal gasses, but angoras more so because of their longevity and high-bulk diets. Cage or pen flooring for angoras should be made of spot-welded galvanised wire mesh that is comfortable to be on but allows droppings to fall through. Floors should be kept free of shed wool and fallen feedstuffs so that spoiled food is not eaten, coats are kept clean, and floors are not blocked. Angoras can be housed singly, or run 4 or 6 in a raised pen provided they are all of the same age and gender and have enough space for each to be able to claim its territory. Whether housed in suitably protected outdoor hutches, or in buildings, good ventilation and cleanliness are essential practices. Ammonia build-up under cages or hutches causes nasal, chest, and eye irritations. Angoras shed fibres that settle despite good ventilation, and this should be periodically removed by blowtorching or scrubbing. There are two methods of harvesting wool: Plucking (preferred by most hand-spinners). This is done monthly, or more frequently, by pulling loose wool from the skin. It requires skill to avoid pain or follicle damage. It is laborious, and there is the risk of injury, for large scale production Shearing (preferred for intensive production). Each rabbit is shorn 3 or 4 times a year. This is performed with very sharp hair dressing scissors, or with electric shears. This ensures even wool growth and simplifies management, and assists maintenance of accurate wool-yield records. It requires care. Managing a viable production unit of angoras to crafted end product employs a range of skills and is very labour intensive. Daily tasks of repairing, feeding, watering, cleaning, breeding, record keeping, grooming, shearing, spinning, knitting, weaving etc., can embrace entire communities or families in profitable enterprise, but only if the necessary skills have been acquired, and if the requisite shelter, water, and foodstuffs are available. Our gratitude to Karoline and Tjaart Steenekamp for information supplied to the project. Contact Karoline at KarolineS@picasso.co.za Our thanks to Gavin Lindhorst (African Alpacas) provided feedback on the draft chapter.

7. Rabbits
Angora wool is one of the most expensive and desired fashion fibres. Due to its thermal properties the wool is also widely used to manufacture garments worn for the effective relief of pain from arthritis and rheumatism. Angora wool is lightweight and extremely soft, making it ideal as a garment that can be worn close to the skin. It adds a luxurious quality when blended with other fibres such as silk, alpaca, or lambs wool. Although not an easy fibre to master, its beauty and rarity lends well to hand-spinning, knitting, and weaving. The wool can be dyed using either acid dyes or natural dyes. Because of the smoothness of the fibre, angora does not absorb dyes as readily as mohair or sheep wool, but the colours can be both intense and very beautiful. Angoras are not slaughtered to yield their primary product, and because they are not intensively bred they live longer productive lives during which both their well-being, and the quality of the wool they carry on their bodies, need to be tended. As a consequence farming methods differ in some ways from those used to produce animals for slaughter. Nevertheless their nature and needs demand the same considerations that should be afforded to all rabbits. Once a farmer has reached optimum herd size only the top animals should be bred in order to replace ageing or inferior stock, and to sell stud stock to a developing market. Those animals that are selectively culled can be consumed on the farm, or supplied to a pre-arranged market. Systematic record keeping and management are essential to sustaining continual improvement. Angoras take longer to reach adult weight than meat rabbits do and therefore do not require the same very expensive high-protein diet. A diet over rich in protein causes a build up of fat deposits resulting in conception and health problems. A large proportion of roughage (fresh vegetables, good hay etc.) supplemented with some protein concentrate is preferable.

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Livestock
Wildlife ranching
Previously the Game chapter

DWEA, through provincial conservation authorities, is responsible for issuing a variety of permits and for setting norms and standards. In addition, it has to create a climate for the strengthening of South Africa as a globally desired hunting destination by facilitating, inter alia, responsible and ethical hunting operations. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) has as its prime responsibility the enhancement of international trade.
Find contact details for all government departments at www.info.gov.za

1. Overview
Currently, South Africa has about 9 000 wildlife ranches. This number includes big farms, small farms, breeding farms, intensive and extensive farms, covering approximately 20.5 million ha (approximately 16.8% of the total land in South Africa). South African wildlife ranching is a relatively young economic sector. Growth in the sector has gained momentum during the past three decades because, for the first time, an economic value has been attached to wildlife. Before that, wildlife was seen as an undesirable competitor for limited grazing land. As it became clear that a much wider range of income possibilities could be generated from wildlife, landowners started to realise that wildlife ranching might be an alternative option to, for example, domestic animals or other agricultural activities. Wildlife ranching provides consumable activities (such as recreational hunting, trophy hunting, biltong and wildlife meat) as well as nonconsumable activities (such as accommodation, breeding material, wildlife viewing, adventure and tourism). Other sub-sectors are the wildlife capturing/translocation industry and taxidermy. Many conservationists regard the conversion of marginal agricultural land into wildlife ranching as a step towards reverting to more natural systems. South African wildlife ranching is integrated with other sectors of the economy the agricultural sector on the one hand and tourism and conservation on the other. The wildlife sector claims that it makes a large contribution towards conservation because it is in its interest to preserve wildlife. There is more wildlife in South Africa at present than at any other time in the past 150 years.
Source: excerpts from a National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) report by Schalk Burger. Contact him at 012 341 1115 or visit www.namc.co.za

3. Roleplayers
Find details of the Professional Hunters Association of South Africa (PHASA), the Confederation of Hunters Associations of South Africa (CHASA) and other associations in the hunting chapter. Animal Handling Support Systems Tel: 0861 ANIMAL (264 625) www.animalhandling.co.za Bushveld Eco Services Tel: 014 717 3819 www.bushveldeco.co.za Game farming assessments Camdeboo Meat Processors Tel: 0800 214 787 info@camdeboo.co.za www.camdeboo.co.za Wildlife Meat (fresh meat) The Commercial Taxidermists and Game Skin Tanners of South Africa Tel: 012 650 0000 Eastern Cape Game Management Association Tel: 041 922 7618 www.ecgma.co.za HOTSURE Products and services: Livestock monitor & track collars Wildlife research collars Game monitor & track collars Hiker monitor & tracker Hunter monitor & tracker Guard monitor & tracker Vehicle monitor & tracker Container tracker Trailer monitor & tracker Small asset tracker Alarm monitor Wireless automator Freezer monitor (mobile & fixed) Web based GIS monitor & command

2. National strategy and government departments

Both the national Departments of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) and Water and Environmental Affairs (DWEA) are significant roleplayers in the wildlife and hunting sectors. While DAFF leads agricultural production (including wildlife husbandry), DWEA leads environmental conservation. The latter plays a most important role with regard to resource utilisation, as demonstrated by the appointment of a panel of experts to advise on appropriate norms and standards for hunting (both professional and recreational). DWEA (Eco) tourism Conservation Protected areas development Wildlife Enforcement of legislation/ compliance DAFF Labour, land and land tax issues Wildlife meat Diseases Wildlife Veterinary services Enforcement Extension services (extending knowledge)

The primary role of the National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) is to advise the Minister for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. The mandate of the NAMC is contained in the Marketing of Agricultural Products Act, 1996 (the MAP Act). The MAP Act declared wildlife and its products as agricultural products for the purposes of the Act. Since 1995 the Department of Agriculture (now DAFF) has also regarded wildlife ranching as an agricultural activity.

The benefits include: animal health remote monitoring precision grazing and veld utilisation monitoring livestock and game remote Endangered Wildlife Trust monitoring (eco-tourism, (EWT) health & safety) Tel: 011 486 1102 research tool as well as Fax: 011 486 1506 monitoring the research www.ewt.org.za subject. estrus and bull performance Equistar monitoring Tel: 011 660 5505 farm tomation www.equistar.co.za movable asset usage monitoring Bringing peace of mind to the game, wildlife, livestock, equine remote freezer/cooler and eco-tourism industries monitoring (mobile & fixed) farm security (alarm Game Rangers Association of monitoring and personal Africa protection) Tel: 013 735 6639 guard, herder, hiker & hunter www.gameranger.org monitoring vehicle usage monitoring and HOTSURE tracking Tel: 0861 HOTSURE (468 787) produce temperature Fax: 086 640 5744 monitoring during transport info@hotsure.co.za farm planning and natural www.hotsure.co.za resource utilisation management Biotelemetry solutions for proactive risk management and precision farming.

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National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (NSPCA) Wildlife Unit Tel: 011 907 3590/1/2 www.nspca.co.za National issues and problems are addressed through the development of standards and codes of practice for the benefit of animals within the wildlife ranching industry, physical inspections of game auctions and game capture operations, wildlife rescue operations, lobbying to outlaw unethical practices, and assisting member societies with wildlife issues in their respective areas. PricewaterhouseCoopers Agri Industry Group Kobie Bekker (National Leader) Tel: 023 346 5502 As trusted business adviser the Agri Industry Group focuses on providing specialist services e.g. tax, accounting, entrepreneurial advice, internal audits etc. Safari Club International (Africa Office) Tel: 012 663 8073 Fax: 012 663 8075 sciafric@global.co.za South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Standards Information Centre Tel: 012 428 6925 Fax: 012 428 6928

South African Institute of Ecologists and Environmental Sciences Tel: 021 789 1385 www.saiees.org South African National Parks (SANParks) Tel: 012 426 5000 www.parks-sa.co.za Southern African Wildlife Management Association Tel: 021 554 1297 elma@mweb.co.za www.sawma.co.za Stud Game Breeders Tel: 083 778 0628 www.studgamebreeders.co.za Taxidermy Association of South Africa (TASA) Tel: 051 443 8621 (secretary) info@kotoko.co.za www.taxidermysa.com TNH Wildlife Tel: 082 890 9993 / 074 114 8651 Fax: 086 519 0124 tnhfence@mweb.co.za www.tnhwildlife.com Fencing materials, wildlife and electric fence installations, solar electricity, GIS mapping and the supply and application of herbicides are some of the animal and wildlife management services offered by TNH.

Conservation Union) and aims to ensure that the trade in wild plants and animals does not impinge on nature conservation. The TRAFFIC Network works in close co-operation with the Secretariat of the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and also collaborates with a wide range of other partners, including the IUCN Species Survival Commission, various governments and many other organisations. Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa (WESSA) Tel: 033 330 3931 bryan@wessa.co.za www.wessa.org.za Wildlife Ranching SA (WRSA) Tel: 012 335 6994 admin@wrsa.co.za www.wrsa.co.za WRSA is the official mouthpiece of game farmers whose farms are situated in South Africa. WRSA negotiates benefits for game farmers with provincial authorities, assist with firearm and renewal licenses, compliance with exemptions for game farms and transport of livestock, annual game auctions and training courses i.e. meat processing, tanning of skin, game farm management meat inspectors, etc. For further information refer to www.wrsa. co.za. The Wildlife Translocation Association (WTA) Tel: 016 341 2534 info@wta.org.za www.wta.org.za The WTA is the organisation in South Africa that represents wildlife capturing operators. All members have to adhere to the WTAs Code

of Conduct and have their equipment regularly inspected. There are no figures available, but it is estimated that about 70 000 animals are captured and translocated annually. Some observations: The movement of live wildlife is subject to a permit system controlled by the relevant provincial authorities. The slow processing of permit applications and other legislative burdens are often regarded as impractical and as a result capture teams move wildlife illegally. It is estimated that up to 50% of the movement of wildlife animals is done illegally. Licence and permit application costs are excessive the operator who moves animals illegally without a permit thus gains an unfair advantage. There is a shortage of qualified state personnel to police capturing and translocation operations. Recognised operational standards are required as animals can be injured or die during the capturing and translocation process or shortly afterwards. Wild animals that have been captured are prone to physical injuries and mental stress and should be handled and offloaded most sensitively as soon as possible after capture. WWF South Africa (World Wide Fund) Tel: 021 888 2800 Fax: 021 888 2888 www.panda.org.za

TRAFFIC International TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa Tel: 011 486 1102 The Game Standard SANS 10331, trafficza@ewt.org.za obtainable from SABS, covers www.traffic.org aspects of the translocation, such as the capture, transportation, The TRAFFIC Network is the temporary accommodation and worlds largest wildlife trade release, of wild herbivores such as monitoring programme with offices antelope, elephant, rhino, hippo, covering most parts of the world. giraffe and zebra. The document TRAFFIC is a joint programme run can also be viewed at www.nspca. by the WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) and IUCN (The World co.za.

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4. Training and research

Find details of South African Journal of Wildlife Research under the Publications and websites heading

5. Websites and publications

Refer to the publication Wildlife Ranching in South Africa , July 2008. Department of Agriculture. Contact: Victor Musetha (VictorMu@daff. gov.za) or Keith Ramsay (keithr@daff.gov.za). Articles include: Calculation of grazing capacity and browse capacity for game species Prof G N Smit Game ranching or game breeding & the Biodiversity Act. Where to now ? R Saayman Implementation of regulations relating to listed threatened or protected species (TOPS) Magdel Boshoff, DEAT. Naturally occurring common spcies an overview Deon Furstenburg The treatment of game Dr Pierre Nel The role of captive facilities in wildlife ranching Antoinette,Kotze, Craig Allengy & Dave Morgan. Assisted reproduction technology (ART) for the conservation and genetic management of wildlife Dr Ronnie de la Rey of Embryo Plus. The role of the Department of Agriculture in the development of a sustainable wildlife ranching sector in South Africa Dr Keith A Ramsay and Victor Musetha. SA Wingshooterss a profile Wingshooters and rural community development. Guidelines for importing and exporting animals and genetic material. Report on the investigation to identify problems for sustainable growth and development in South African Wildlife Ranching. 2006.Contact: Schalk Burger, The National Agricultural l Marketing Council (NAMC), SchalkB@namc. co.za The magazine Game & Hunt is an independent monthly publication aimed at promoting the sustainable utilisation of South Africas wildlife. Game & Hunt serves the entire spectrum of the game industry, including game ranchers, hunters and nature lovers. Visit www.wildlifehunt.co.za or call 012 348 5550. SA Journal of Wildlife Research www.sawma.co.za. Contact Mrs Elma Marais at 021 554 1297 or elma@mweb.co.za Find the frequent articles in the agricultural weeklies Landbouweekblad and Farmers Weekly or visit the websites www.landbou.com and www. farmersweekly.co.za The following publications are available from Bryan Pierce (phone 011 954 4675 or 082 488 5081): The Capture, Care & Management of Wildlife. Mike le Grange. Game Farming and Wildlife Management. Young. Kejafa Knowledge Works stock game publications including Game Capture and Relocation Guide. Contact them at 014 577 0005 or visit www.kejafa. co.za Various post-graduate dissertations at University libraries. J du P Bothma. 2002. Game ranch management. 4th edition. Van Schaik. ISBN 0-627-02471-8. J du P Bothma. 2005. Intensive wildlife production in southern Africa. Van Schaik. ISBN 0-627-02549-8. D Furstenburg. 1996-2006. Game series in Game & Hunt, www. wildlifehunt.co.za Also available on CD The Wildlife CD www.wildlifecd. co.za or Tel: 012 348 5550.

Africa Nature Training Tel: 012 667 5440 www.AfricaNatureTraining.co.za Agricultural Research Council Deon Furstenburg Tel: 012 672 9322 dfurs@mweb.co.za Bushwise Tel: 015 793 2989 / 083 565 7387 www.bushwise.co.za The Game Capture School Tel: 014 743 3051 / 082 825 8735 www.gamecapture.info Ghoenaskraal Training Centre Moetsie du Plessis 083 272 7486 Piet du Plessis - 083 272 7485 www.ghoenaskraal.co.za

SANWILD Tel: 015 318 7900 www.sanwild.org Anti-poaching training for wildlife rangers South African Wildlife College Tel: 015 793 7300 www.wildlifecollege.org.za Tshwane University for Technology Brian Reilly Tel: 012 382 5306 / 5215 www.tut.ac.za University of the Free State www.ufs.ac.za

Department of Genetics Prof JP Grobler Courses are presented for farm Tel: 051 401 2776 owners and workers and include GroblerJP@ufs.ac.za training in processing of game meat, hunting guide training and a Department Animal, Wildlife and one-day game tanning course. Grassland Sciences Prof HO de Waal Grassland Society of South Tel: 051 401 2210 Africa (GSSA) Tel: 049 842 4335 Department Zoology & admin@grassland.org.za Entomology www.grassland.org.za Prof OB Kok Tel: 051 401 2489 Impala Field Guide Training kokob@ufs.ac.za Tel: 014 735 0361 www.impalatraining.co.za University of KwaZulu-Natal Botany and Zoology Unit International School of Tanning Rob Slotow Technology Tel: 033 260 6086 Tel: 046 622 7310 www.ukzn.ac.za info@tanschool.co.za University of Pretoria Nelson Mandela Metropolitan www.up.ac.za University (NMMU) Centre for Wildlife Management Agriculture and Game Ranch Tel: 012 420 2627 Management Tel: 041 801 5018 Animal and Wildlife Sciences Mike.Cameron@nmmu.ac.za Tel: 012 420 3271 School of Natural Resource Conservation Ecology Research Management (Saasveld Campus) Unit (CERU) Tel: 044 801 5043 Tel: 012 420 2753 Fax: 044 801 5031 National Diploma and B. Tech Mammal Research Institute degree offered in Game Ranch Tel: 012 420 3776 Management University of the Witwatersrand North West University Animal, Plant and Environmental Potchefstroom Campus Sciences (APES) Tel: 018 299 1351 / 1433 Tel: 011 717 6404 Tel: 018 299 1812/1810

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The Info Pak (booklet) Diseases shared by Wildlife and Livestock, available from the ARC-OVI and DAFF, explores links between the various animals and diseases like African swine fever and corridor disease. Find the publication at www.daff.gov.za Other websites: www.aata-animaltransport.org Animal Transportation Association www.ifaw.org International Fund for Animal Welfare www.wildnetafrica.biz and www.wildnetafrica.com tourism and marketing websites www.africanconservation.org the African Conservation Foundation. The profitability of game ranches versus stock farming is well documented in the Absa Economic research report with the full text available at www.absa.co.za

The cost of stocking a property with wildlife may also be regarded as an inhibiting factor. The rare species are animals that were almost extinct three decades ago. They have been bred at such a rate that there is currently no fear that they will become extinct. These animals are now available at high prices which are determined by the market. The expectations of sellers are also high, with the result that they prefer to keep the animals rather than sell them at lower prices. The numbers of these animals are therefore steadily increasing. In 1984 the cost of a white rhino was approximately R800, whereas the record price for a white rhino was R450 000 in 2005. If the wildlife rancher wants to expand into accommodation, infrastructure developments to provide this service also require a major capital outlay. Demarcated areas The conservation of the local environment as outlined in the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act guards against the movement of wildlife to unsuitable habitats. One of the main inhibiting factors in South African wildlife management is demarcated areas. This regulation means that wildlife ranchers are prohibited from keeping particular wildlife species in specific areas because these areas are not regarded as natural habitats for those species. Wildlife ranchers want to be allowed to farm with whatever indigenous species they choose even though some reports might indicate that a species did not occur in a particular area a hundred years ago. They argue, further, that market forces will dictate the resettlement of wildlife. If wildlife is translocated to unsuitable habitats or with incorrect herd compositions, this will result in low reproduction and eventually the enterprise will become uneconomic. Lastly, they argue that similar restrictions do not apply to other herbivorous animals such as cattle, sheep and goats. The restrictions on freedom of movement of live animals (based on historical occurrence) are therefore seen as counter-productive and not economically friendly. To increase the existing area for wildlife could assist the wildlife base to secure sustainable growth. Our gratitude to Schalk Burger (National Agricultural Marketing Council) for valuable input. Additional valuable sources of information: Investigation by the Wildlife Section 7 Committee into the marketing potential for South African wildlife ranching; Wildlife Ranching in South Africa National Department of Agriculture July 2008. Thanks to Dr Gert Dry and Reinhardt Holtzhausen (Wildife Ranching SA) and Elma Marais (SA Wildlife Management Association) for feedback on the draft chapter.

6. Local business environment

Five methods are used in South Africa for trading with wildlife, namely: 1) Private sales negotiated between the buyer and the seller (Professional wildlife catchers play an important role by translocating the animals.) 2) Public live wildlife auctions 3) Public wildlife catalogue auctions 4) The tender system (This method is used mainly by municipalities that own wildlife and nature reserves. The SANParks calls for tenders to buy animals like elephants and rhinoceros.) 5) Electronic auctions

7. Considerations for the interested farmer

Capital outlay To develop a wildlife ranch or convert a livestock farm into a wildlife ranch requires major capital investments in fencing, stocking and other infrastructure. To fence a property for wildlife ranching is very expensive. The height of the fences will be 1.2 m, 1.8 m or 2.4 m depending on the type of wildlife kept, and the cost of new fencing could be as much as R30 000 per km. Once a property is fenced in terms of the minimum standards required by Nature Conservation, an exemption certificate is issued that is valid for a period of three years. This allows the holder or owner to hunt, capture and sell particular species of wild animals all year round on the exempted property. Without an exemption certificate hunting is restricted to the hunting season, from March to September.

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Marketing and finance

Agribusinesses and New Generation agricultural co-operatives
1. Overview
Co-operative societies were originally established to enable farmers who had clubbed together to gain enough capital to buy equipment in bulk and to sell their produce. The aim of these societies was to increase the profits of farmers. This they would do by getting best market prices for produce, finding new markets and buying equipment in bulk. South Africa faced a decade of change in the 1990s. The socio-political changes made world headlines. There were other changes too: domestic economic deregulation, removal of quantitative import controls in terms of GATT (General Agreement of Tariffs & Trade)/WTO (World Trade Organisation) agreements, and the opening up of South African agriculture to the forces of globalisation culminated in the scrapping of the Agricultural Marketing Act. Co-operatives were now permitted to have non-farmers as members and directors, as well as to move from the area in which their members farmed provided they converted into companies. This legislation was received with mixed emotions. Some co-operatives that decided to convert found themselves in hefty disputes with individual farmers. These farmers felt that the new companies would now switch their priorities from primarily looking at the interests of farmers to concentrating on those of investors (Agri-companies had to become profit driven to ensure that non-farming shareholders make returns on their investments). There were arguments for: non-agricultural shareholders would inject more capital into the entity than farmers could have injected into a co-operative. They could also bring business and management expertise with them. Some of these conversions resulted in farmers selling their shares and surrendering management of their former co-operatives. Some co-operatives that planned to become companies changed their minds: capital structures were satisfactory or they were secure in a market niche. The environment which had become increasingly competitive saw consolidation, and some infringement on each others territory not a characteristic of their operations up until then. Agricultural businesses play a significant role in the economy as handlers, processors and marketers of agricultural products, and as suppliers of production inputs and services. In addition, they are major employers, developers and sources of added value. In many rural areas, they are the business hub of the community and make a key contribution to maintaining the rural infrastructure. Agribusinesses, including co-operatives, provide a wide range of products and services. Largely products consist of commodities since the original role lay mainly in the first stage of processing of farm products. Apart from the supplying of agricultural inputs, services now go further. Marketing, for example, by assisting farmers to get the best price for their crops. Farmers are helped to manage risk, and have their grain stored. Financial services also continue to be an important aspect although commercial banks are increasingly encroaching on this traditional role.

2. Associations involved
Agricultural Business Chamber (ABC) Tel: 012 807 6686 Fax: 012 807 5600 www.agbiz.co.za The Agricultural Business Chamber (ABC) represents agricultural companies, agricultural co-operatives in the developing agricultural sector; companies which arose out of the conversion of agricultural co-operatives; and other agricultural business enterprises and organisations. The ABC strives to support its member organisations by creating an environment within which they are enabled to operate as competitive and innovative business enterprises. The ABC is affiliated to Business Unity South Africa (BUSA) in partnership with Agri SA, and the NEPAD Business Foundation (NBF), while maintaining close links with international organisations such as the International Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP), the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IAMA).

3. Websites and publications

A newsletter is available from the Agricultural Business Chamber (contact details under heading 2). The newsletter can also be found under the Publications menu option at www.agbiz.co.za The magazine SA Kop/SA Co-op is available from 018 293 0622. You can fax 018 294 4221 or send an email to mediacom@lantic.net mediacom@intekom.co.za Find the website of the International Food and Agribusiness Management Association at www.ifama.org Expanding business linkages worldwide visit the EMRC website: www.emrc.be Find the article Agrologistics at home and aboard on www. tradeinvestafrica.com, which looks at agribusinesses in Africa. The different agribusinesses put out an assortment of their own publications, videos, websites. The share prices of agro companies can be found on www.landbou. com, the electronic arm of the Landbouweekblad magazine.

4. A look at five agribusinesses

AFGRI Operations Limited Tel: 012 664 8000 www.afgri.co.za PO Box 11054 CENTURION 0046
Growing from a solid co-operative base evolving over 90 years, AFGRI has become South Africas leading agricultural services provider and the only JSElisted agricultural company. As a black empowered company, AFGRI offers a wide range of services, skills and expertise. The companys unique ability to develop hi-tech practical business solutions, supported by its wealth of resources and coupled with intellectual capital to provide innovative tailor made solutions, sets AFGRI apart from its competitors. AFGRIs core business consists of three main divisions: Agri Services, Financial Services and Foods.

Agri Services
This division consists of AFGRI Logistics Services, which includes logistics and trading, and AFGRI Producer services, which focuses on retail and primary inputs.

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AFGRI Logistic Services Logistical and general transport services are offered to a wide customer base, via a network of transport contractors and AFGRIs own fleet. The handling and storage infrastructure consists of 67 grain silos across the country, with a total capacity of over four million tons. Through leading edge world class technologies in silo inventory management, bunker silo storage and electronic silo certificates, AFGRI is positioned as the leader in the handling and storage of grain. The Trading unit offers the Southern African grain industry, including processors, traders and producers, an extensive range of grain and commodity trading services. AFGRI Producer Services AFGRIs Retail Services provides a full range of agri, outdoor and DIY, home and garden products and services to farmers, week-end farmers, smallholding owners and the general public at more than 60 stores. AFGRIs Primary Inputs is a direct supplier of diesel, fertiliser, seed and agrichemicals, and also provides advisory services. AFGRI Equipment is the largest John Deere agency in the Southern Hemisphere.

best possible services to all its clients. AFGRI will continue to invest in technology, expertise and its clients. With this kind of dedication, growth is the natural outcome.

GWK Ltd Tel: 053 298 8200 Fax: 053 298 3968 www.gwk.co.za
GWK is a sustainable agricultural business that delivers an excellent service to agricultural in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. Their production area includes 90 000 ha of irrigation farming alongside the Vaal-, Orange-, Riet- and Harts rivers. A map is available on www.gwk.co.za. GWKs core business includes: collective marketing of a unique range of products including maize, wheat, oilseeds, cotton, dried beans, potatoes, olives, wine, meat industry through abattoir businesses and live stock auctions; financing of shareholders and buyers; an all-inclusive Insurance Service; provision of production inputs through retail and mechanisation outlet.
The website gives overviews of the business branches and subsidiaries which includes the marketing of Information Technology and computer systems.

AFGRI Financial Services

Tailor-made financial solutions for farmers, processors and consumers of agricultural products are offered through AFGRI Capital and AFGRI Broking. AFGRI Capital Structured Finance specialises in creating client specific credit products and services to meet the evolving needs of businesses operating within the trade and commodity environment, both nationally and cross border. The Corporate Finance Department is a leading provider of innovative and customised financing solutions to the secondary agricultural sector, mainly within South Africa. Our expertise extends to grain, timber, sugar, fruit, tobacco and other agricultural commodities. AFGRI Insurance Brokers are specialists in farm and crop insurance, and also offer business and personal insurance with dedicated client service and reliable advice. AFGRI Broking This department offers price risk and hedging solutions for producers and consumers of agricultural products. Risk management services include price risk management through various term and option contracts, low hedging costs on both national and international markets, and effective SAFEX broker services at competitive rates, together with market related updates (local and international supply and demand figures; MTM daily; weather and other related information).

Kaap Agri Head Office Tel: 022 482 8000 Fax: 022 482 8008 www.kaapagri.co.za
Hardap Office Tel: +264 63 24 0809 Fax: +264 63 24 0459 Kaap Agri is an agricultural services group which supplies a variety of products and services mainly to the agricultural sector, but also to the general public. This public company has gone from strength to strength, supporting the agricultural community at over 100 business points in 62 cities, towns and places mainly in the country districts, but include several branches in the bigger metropolitan areas. The activities of agricultural customers are widely diversified and include small grain, pasturage, table and wine grapes, vegetables, stone fruit, citrus, meat, milk, wool, potatoes and other agricultural divisions. Kaap Agri is also the largest shareholder (32%) in Pioneer Food Group Limited, a listed group that is involved in the manufacturing of food, beverages and related products for human and animal consumption. Our greatest asset is our people. Their extensive experience in a wide range of agricultural fields and diverse abilities, from negotiating on volume to insurance cover, offer great support and advice to the communities they work in. We believe in constantly investing in our 1 400 employees through training and skills development as well as talent management and career growth. Our company stands for integrity and transparency in all our dealings. We place a high premium on conscious awareness of nature and on the impact we have on our environment. The actions of today affect generations to come and we pride ourselves on designing sustainable solutions that will make sound environmental sense well into the future. Our busines philosophy is to create prosperity for all our interested parties and to empower our personnel. We also strive to maintain reasonability, fairness and equality. We want to give back what we take out: to our people, our environment and our stakeholders. Nothing grows without nurturing. We provide a comprehensive service to the farming community including: Agrimark stores Kaap Agri has outlets across Western Cape, Northern Cape and now in Namibia. Our well-established infrastructure and technological systems make for a cost-effective one-stop-store of supplies and farming necessities. This includes fertiliser, chemicals, feed and hardware as well as tools, garden requisites, outdoor life, DIY and other related products. Through a central buying division we buy at competitive

AFGRI Foods
AFGRI Foods is subdivided into AFGRI Animal Protein (animal feeds and broilers), and AFGRI Oil and Protein. AFGRI Animal Protein AFGRI Animal Feeds operates six animal feed mills in Mpumalanga, Gauteng, the Free State, Western and the Eastern Cape. They continue to grow through technologically advanced products and value added services. Daybreak Farms forms part of AFGRI Foods strategy to expand in broiler production. The company currently processes 650 000 broilers on a weekly basis. Broilers are grown on the companys own farms and by contract growers on specially formulated high performance diets from AFGRI Animal Feeds. Daybreak Farms supplies the wholesale and retail markets with frozen chickens products under the Superior brand. AFGRI Oil and Protein Nedan is the market leader in Southern Africa in the processing of soya beans and cotton seed. They are a bulk supplier to the industrial food and related industries in Southern Africa, processing soya beans and cotton seed into edible oils and fats, soya and cotton protein for animal feed, high protein defatted soya flour, and texturised soya protein for human consumption. AFGRIs three divisions enable the company to have a complete picture of how business and agriculture fit together, and allow it to provide the

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prices, which enable us to deliver at a good price. Two fuel depots distribute a complete range of fuel products at a very competitive price, delivering on time. Liquormark Kaap Agri has established Liquormark shops conveniently situated next to certain Agrimark stores. These outlets provide a comfortable and neat buying experience at competitive prices. Agrilog Handles all imports of products for sales through our Agrimark, Pakmark and Mechanisation trading points. Agrilogs distribution centre is in Paarl with satellites in Upington, Hardap and Windhoek through which Agrimark stores and Mechanisation are serviced. Group Product Management Manages the value chain of all products. This includes the negotiation with suppliers and the implementation of trade agreements as well as the development and implementation of marketing and growth strategy for each product range. Agriplas irrigation the irrigation department, Agriplas, is a world leader in irrigation. We also manufacture plastic drop line, micro-spray equipment, valves and other irrigation equipment of world-class quality, specifically developed for the local market. Financial services a wide range of financing is provided to cover the needs of our clients. The products vary from deposit accounts to seasonal facilities with negotiable terms. Service is a top priority and our credit function is decentralised to bring the service closer to our clients. We provide personal service and consider personal needs, since we know that great vision needs financial backing. There are currently ten regional financing offices. Mechanisation Kaap Agri has nine mechanisation service points across its operating area in South Africa, providing a complete mechanisation product range. The company has a geographically well-established infrastructure, plus a engineering workshop. Spraying machines and tillage implements are imported directly from manufacturers as part of the total package we offer. Kaap Agri Mechanisation is also an agent for Maksimal fork lifts and New Holland light construction implements. Pakmark - Kaap Agris Pakmark division is the biggest supplier of packaging material nationally and has large storage capacity and excellent infrastructure. We supply a wide variety of packaging material for export as well as for the local market with all the components regarding carton insides, packaging and palletising. Packaging material is bought from selected suppliers on the basis of best quality and competitive prices. Buying can be financed until after harvest. Product and agricultural extension services Kaap Agri has storage capacity of approximately 320 000 tons. In addition to the 14 silo complexes of which 13 are Safex registered trading points, we also have four processing plants situated in Darling, Malmesbury, Porterville and Vredendal. These plants process small-grain seed and dried beans. The Malmesbury plant is considered amongst the best in the country. Although not involved in the processing of seed potatoes, we trade in seed potatoes, primarily from the Sandveld and Ceres regions. Kaap Agris grain-trading division is responsible for the marketing of small grain and oil seed, supported by agricultural advisory services. Insurance Kaap Agri has a minority interest in RSA Agri Brokers (Pty) Ltd, an insurance brokerage which covers the full spectrum of short-term insurance with specialist products for the agricultural sector. It also has agencies with various insurers. Chemical, Fuel, Fertiliser we provide a comprehensive package to the farmer plus financing linked to harvest. We strive to keep the supply chain as short as possible and to deliver personal specialist advice in every area. Black Enonomic Empowerment (BEE) Kaap Agri supports black economic empowerment and has plotted its own map.These plans focus mainly on internal training, development and promotion, as well as assistance, training and support to emerging farmers. Kaap Agri has a training academy in Porterville.

expand and improve its services to members and shareholders. With a turnover of more than R2 billion annually it is a financially viable company that has made its name in agriculture over the past 16 years. OVK is operational in a diversified agricultural field. It includes high potential agronomy, irrigation under centre pivots, planted pasture, large and small livestock, dairy and beef cattle, horses and ostriches. Its 44 commercial branches cover the entire region, supplying everything that a farmer needs. OVK offers a variety of services dealing with every aspect of agriculture: Grain handling, storage and marketing; Supplying all means of production and hardware a farmer may need; Mechanisation (tractors, implements, parts and work shops agent for New Holland and CASE); Financing for clients production and monthly accounts and hirepurchase; Agricultural services; Crop and short term insurance; Live stock marketing and Gariep Abattoir for slaughtering of cattle, sheep and game; Toyota vehicle agencies in Ficksburg and Ladybrand; Tyre services; Delivery of fuel to farmers; Maize and wheat mill.

Suidwes Group Tel: 018 581 1000 Fax: 018 581 1097 www.suidwes.co.za
The Suidwes Group includes the companies Suidwes Holdings Limited, Suidwes Investments Limited, Suidwes Agriculture (Proprietary) Limited, Suidwes Industries (Proprietary) Limited and Suidwesfin (Proprietary) Limited. Suidwes offers various agricultural products and services to farmers in the North-West Free State and the western areas of the North-West Province. The company strives to satisfy clients agricultural needs and has over time made alterations and adjustments, not only to the type of service the Company renders, but also to the geographical area within which it operates. Changing circumstances and needs of clients are looked after by means of innovative marketing and financial products and services that include technologically advanced agricultural support services. Today, Suidwes farmer customers are regarded as some of the most advanced farmers with regards to the application of scientific farming methods. To assure that Suidwes satisfies these needs and constantly delivers excellent service, its personnel always keeps abreast of the latest research methods, tendencies and developments. This is supported by certain values which include integrity, transparency, ethics, loyalty as well as fair and consistent conduct. The Company, that was founded on the 16th of August 1909 celebrated its centenary in 2009 in style. Various specially selected projects were successfully presented the company, with a stylish centenary celebratory function as main event. The companys head office is in Leeudoringstad in the North-West Province. Through its trade divisions Suidwes Grain, Suidwesfin, Wesmark, Wesmeg and Terratek, Suidwes delivers a diversified and competitive range of products and services to agricultural producers, which include: the handling and storage of grain; the marketing of grain and derivatives; the marketing of primary agricultural inputs through outlets; animal feeds depots; the provision of credit; insurance brokers; the marketing of mechanical goods with the support of parts centres and workshops.

Oos-Vrystaat Kaap Operations Limited (OVK) Tel: 051 923 4500 Fax: 051 923 4584 www.ovk.co.za
OVK, with its head office in Ladybrand, is a prominent agricultural company in the Free State, Eastern and Northern Cape that continually strives to

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Suidwes Grain specialises in the handling and marketing of grain. 16 Silos, two bunkers and one storage dam are strategically placed throughout the Companys operational area. Grain is dried, fumigated and transported by expert personnel who stay abreast with the latest methods in these fields with the goal to deliver the best possible service to Suidwes customers. Wesmark is the trademark through which primary inputs and agricultural requirements are marketed. The geographical distribution of the 17 trade outlets and one animal feed depot is ideal to deliver effective service to customers over a large area. The Suidwes Groups mechanical business operates under the Wesmeg trademark. Services include marketing of agricultural machines and equipment, as well as supplying parts and repair services for mechanical equipment through six workshops and parts centres. Wesmeg also provides farmers requirements regarding modern, progressive precision farming equipment. Suidwesfin provides financing through monthly accounts, production credit, installment sale agreements and short-term insurance for farmers, as well financings of grain for buyers. Suidwesfin constantly researches alternative sources and methods of financing to cover their customers financial requirements. Terratek is a young and dynamic division within the Suidwes Group that focuses on wealth creation of customers, within and outside the bigger picture of Suidwes as company. Terratek offers agricultural services based on a technologically-driven and integrated basis, focused on increased efficiency, greater effectiveness and more precision in all facets of farming,

to reduce risks and increase profits. This division presents a complete series of agricultural services, including soil science, agronomy, animal science, rangeland science, game farm management, geographical information systems and agricultural economics. It includes precision farming and irrigation services, as well as bureau services and facilitating of research projects on farms. Area

Please note: The darker and coloured areas represent the areas where Suidwes is currently operational. Suidwes farmer-shareholders can be found in the light green areas too. Source: Adri Theron.

Vrystaat Koperasie Beperk (VKB)

The history of VKB reaches back almost 90 years since it was founded. VKBs main area is traditionally the North Eastern Free State and consists of 43 operating outlets. In the past year VKB obtained an interest in NTK Limpopo Agric Limited, which consists of 42 operating outlets. VKB is therefore, through its interest in NTK, well positioned for business opportunities to Botswana and Zimbabwe, while the Eastern Free State location is excellently located for imports and exports through Durban. VKB was selected for the second consecutive year as one of the Top 5 agricultural businesses in the country, and with an average turnover of approximately R2 billion per annum and a favourable balance sheet, VKB is considered to be one of the most financially sound agricultural businesses. VKB is involved in the total provision chain of the producer and offers specialised services to its members such as: handling and storage of grain marketing of grain trade activities provision of inputs mechanisation needs (tractors, implements, parts and workshops) financing insurance agriculture-economical services agricultural services VKB also fulfils an important role as effective link between agriculture producers and commercial business. VKBs head office is situated in Reitz. Tel: 058 863 8111 E-mail: vkb@vkb.co.za Website: www.vkb.co.za

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5. Companies involved
AFGRI see heading 4 BKB Ltd Tel: 041 503 3111 www.bkb.co.za Ceres Koelkamers Ltd Tel: 023 315 5003 NCT Forestry Co-operative Ltd Tel: 033 897 8500 www.ctctimber.co.za NTK Limpopo Agric Ltd Tel: 014 719 9211 www.ntk.co.za

Marketing and finance

Agricultural shows and events
1. Websites and publications
Find the Farmers Diary regular in the Farmers Weekly and on www. farmersweekly.co.za. Find the Kalender en skoue menu option on www.landbou.com, the electronic arm of Landbouweekblad. Details of agricultural shows and events are also available in the weekly magazine. Find a calendar of upcoming events at www.agbiz.co.za. The Major Events heading of the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) Secretariat newsletter gives details of all African forums, conferences and other international congresses being hosted in Africa e.g. All Africa Horticulture Congress, Africa Crop Science Society Conference, World Congress of Agroforestry.

Coastals Farmers Co-operative NWK Ltd Ltd Tel: 018 633 1000 Tel: 031 508 8000 www.nwk.co.za www.coastals.co.za Oranjerivierwynkelders Fraserburg Co-operative Ltd (Koperatief) Bpk. Tel: 023 741 1014 Tel: 054 337 8800 www.ornajerivierwynkelders.net Gamtoos Tobacco Cooperative Oos Vrystaat Kaap (OVK) Tel: 042 283 0305 Tel: 051 923 4500 www.ovk.co.za GWK see heading 4 Overberg Agri Tel: 028 214 3800 Highveld Egg Co-operative www.overbergagri.co.za Ltd Tel: 018 293 0694 Sentraal-Suid Co-operative Fax: 018 293 0168 Ltd (SSK) Tel: 028 514 8611 Humansdorpse Koperasie www.ssk.co.za Beperk Tel: 042 295 1082 Senwes www.humkoop.co.za Tel: 018 464 7800 www.senwes.co.za Kaap Agri see heading 4 Kango Co-operative Ltd Tel: 044 272 6065 www.kangowines.com Karoo Vleisboere Koperasie Bpk Tel: 053 621 0162 Klein Karoo International (KKI) Tel: 044 203 5100 www.kleinkaroo.com Koup Produsente Kooperasie Bpk Tel: 023 551 1083 KLK Agriculture Ltd Tel: 054 337 6200 www.klk.co.za MGK Operating Company (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 381 2800 www.mgk.co.za Malelane Citrus Co-operative Ltd Tel: 013 790 0391 Moorreesburgse Koringboere (Pty) Ltd Tel: 022 433 8300 www.mkb.co.za Mosstrich Tel: 044 606 4400 www.mosstrich.co.za Southern African Milk Cooperation Ltd Tel: 021 886 4730 www.samelko.co.za Suidwes see heading 4 Sutherlandse Landboukoperasie Tel: 023 571 1001 Taurus Stock Improvement Co-operative Ltd Tel: 012 667 1122 www.taurus.co.za Tuinroete Agri Beperk Tel: 044 601 1200 www.tagri.co.za TWK Agriculture Limited Tel: 017 824 1000 Umtiza Farmers Corp Limited Tel: 043 722 4215 www.umtiza.co.za Vrystaat Koperasie Beperk (VKB) see heading 4 Willistonse Vleiskoperasie Bpk Tel: 053 391 3204 Zeder Investments Ltd Tel: 021 887 9602 www.zeder.co.za

2. Some roleplayers
Numerous producer and district associations are involved. Find details under headings 3 and 4.

Agri-Expo Tel: 021 975 4440/1/2/3 admin@agriexpo.co.za www.agriexpo.co.za An agricultural organisation which runs numerous shows and events e.g. the South African Cheese Festival, various equestrian and breeder events and championships. Agri Mega Expos Tel 028 424 2890 / 425 2524 www.agrimega.co.za

Included in their agricultural tours are visits to international and national shows e.g. Nampo and Allfresh. Exhibitions and Event Association of Southern Africa (EXSA) Tel: 011 805 7272 www.exsa.co.za Exhibition Management Services Tel: 011 783 7250 Fax: 011 783 7269 www.exhibitionsafrica.co.za

Agri Mega Expos is responsible for various industry focused agricultural Royal Agricultural Society of expos, shows and farmers days in Natal the Western Cape. Tel: 033 345 6274 admin@royalshow.co.za Agri Promo (www.agripromo. www.royalshow.co.za co.za) is a one-stop agricultural media and marketing company, They host the Royal Show South delivering the corporate services Africas oldest and largest mixed like media and communication agricultural event and the services, corporate marketing Sunday Tribune Garden Show, the services etc. countrys largest horticultural event. They are further involved AGRIFICA with a range of projects. Tel: 012 804 9729 www.agrifica.co.za Tshwane Business and Agricultural Corporation Tours to South African and African (TSHWABAC) agricultural functions Tel: 012 327 1487 www.tshwabac.co.za Agricultural Tours Worldwide Tel: 082 447 7718 hestiecb@mweb.co.za www.agritoursandtravel.com

Sources for the chapter: Agricultural Business Chamber; AFGRI; GWK; Suidwes; VKB

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3. Shows
Agri Mega Week (Bredasdorp) Tel 028 424 2890 / 028 425 2524 www.agrimega.co.za Interactive expo and Indaba, focusing on the wintergrain, sheep and wool, and dairy industries. Industry focused. Happens over 3 days. 300 exhibitors, 15 000 visitors. Africas Big Seven, which happens at Midrand, incorporates AgriFood, Food Tech Africa, Interbake Africa, Food Biz Africa, Retail Trade Exhibition, Retail Solutions Africa and IFMA Africa. Several conferences happen parallel to the exhibitions. Find the Exhibition Management Services entry under heading 2 for contact details. All Africa Dairy Expo Tel: 012 843 5745 www.dairyexpo.co.za Allfresh info@buzztzn.co.za www.allfresh.co.za A national summit for suppliers and producers in the fresh produce industry. From The Earth Tel: 021 975 4440/1/2/3 www.fromtheearth.co.za Gardenex is the most important floricultural show in South Africa. Call 011 549 8300 or visit www. gardenex.co.za Nampo Harvest Day Tel: 056 515 2145 wim@grainsa.co.za www.nampo.co.za

For accommodation (book early!), South African Cheese Festival call the Maize Capital Forum Tel: 021 975 4440 056 515 3042 or Viljoenskroon www.cheesefestival.co.za Tourism Tel: 056 343 3992. Sunday Tribune Garden Show Natural & Organics Products find Royal Agricultural Society of Tel: 021 671 0935 / 083 346 3465 Natal under heading 2. www.naturalandorganic.co.za Intervitis Interfructa Southern Royal Show (PMB) find Royal Africa Agricultural Society of Natal under Incorporating the Wine Farmers and heading 2. Fruit Growers Exhibition Tel: 021 448 7330 SAITEX www.intervitis-interfructa.co.za Tel: 011 783 7250 www.exhibitionsafrica.com

Some other shows

Northern Cape
Kimberley Show Tel: 053 833 3581

Limpopo
Agri Letaba (at Tzaneen) Tel: 015 307 2725 www.agriletaba.co.za Naboom Windpomp Fees Tel: 014 743 3137 / 082 087 0360 www.naboomwindpompfees.co.za Polokwane Agricultural Show Tel: 015 290 2297
Other shows happen at Makhado (Louis Trichardt), Bela-bela (Warmbaths), Tolwe and Vivo.

The NAMPO Harvest Day - an annual agricultural show held over four days at the NAMPO Park near Bothaville - is intended to create an The Expo is mainly aimed at the environment where farmers and needs of dairy farmers, but it also input suppliers meet. The input offers stock farmers value for suppliers exhibit and demonstrate their products; the farmer has the money chance to see what is available on the market.

Free State
Bloemfontein Tel: 051 448 9894 www.bloemskou.co.za Reitz Bieliemieliefees Tel: 072 180 3380
There are also shows in Parys and Dewetsdorp.

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Gauteng
Pretoria Show Tel: 012 327 1487 www.tshwabac.co.za Vaal Show Tel: 016 421 3570

KwaZulu-Natal
Eston Show Tel: 031 781 1995 www.estonshow.co.za The Royal Show see heading 3

The Food & Beverage and Meat NAFCO Management Conferences occur Tel: 013 262 4474 during the Africas Big Seven www.nafco.co.za Exhibition. South African Large Herds Mega Events Conference Tel: 021 863 0397 Tel: 012 843 5745 www.agrimega.co.za www.largeherds.co.za One stop event management service, specialising in agriculture. Any event, any time, anywhere.

Mpumalanga
The show in Nelspruit happens over 5 days. Call 013 752 2801.

Western Cape
A complete list of shows in the Western Cape is available from AgriExpo. Some of the larger ones are:

Eastern Cape
Contact the Eastern Cape Agricultural Show Association at 041484 4520

6. Some international shows

Agri Mega Week see heading 3 Agri Cape Week (Paarl) Tel 028 424 2890 / 028 425 2524 www.agrimega.co.za Interactive expo and focusing on the fruit, and vegetable industries. focused. Happens over 100 exhibitors, 6 000 Robertson Lenteskou Tel. 023 626 2512 Swartlandskou (Moorreesburg) Tel: 083 231 5484 Indaba, vineyard Industry 3 days. visitors. The most important agricultural shows are listed, per country, on the Agricultural Tour Operators International (ATOI) website. Visit www.atoi.org. See also www.biztradeshows.com. www.exhibitionsafrica.co.za find details of shows in Nigeria, Ghana and Mozambique. International Aquaculture events contact Aquaculture Innovations at 046 622 3690, visit www.aquaafrica.co.za or write to leslie@aquaafrica. co.za. Note that international shows/conferences are periodically held in South Africa e.g. the Global Citrus Conference 2010. For shows and events in the USA, contact Denvor Julies at the US Commercial Services: call 011 290 3241. Agritechnica Expo www.agritechnica.com Agromek is the largest annual agricultural mechanisation exhibition in Northern Europe. Visit www.agromek.dk Australias premier agricultural exhibition visit www.anfd.com.au to read about the Australian National Field Days. BioFach www.biofach.de. An extensive range of organic food and fair trade products. Contact Ian Robinson from Go-organic.co.za for more information. Enterprise Florida is Americas Food and Beverage Show for South African companies wishing to get their products into the USA market. Write to EnterFlorida@TheManlyGroup.com or call Tongila Manly at 082 560 8001. Fruit Logistica call +49 30 3038-2045 or write to lamusse@messeberlin.de Hortifair is the floriculture show in the Netherlands. Membership of SAFGA (see the Cutflowers chapter) is compulsory should you wish to exhibit there. Call 011 692 4237. The Stockbreeding show in France is called SPACE. Call 011 303 7193 or visit www.space.fr for information. The UKs Royal Show ceased in 2010.

North West
Lichtenburg Show Alice van Wyk 082 701 6928 Rustenburg Show Tel: 014 592 1318/9 Vryburg Show Tel: 053 927 3945

Billed as South Africas third largest agricultural show, and the biggest Worcester Show cattle show in the country. Tel. 023 347 0091

5. Conferences
Agribusiness Africa Conference Food, Agriculture and Natural Tel: 012 804 9729 Resources Policy Analysis www.agrifica.co.za Network (FANRPAN) Tel: 012 804 2966 / 3186 Agrmark Trends (AMT) see www.fanrpan.org page 521 Tel: 012 361 2748 Regional policy dialogues are held www.agrimark.co.za across Southern Africa. Visit the website for details. Economic overviews are given of the various agricultural sectors. IIR Conferences Find the Conference Proceedings Tel: 011 771 7000 menu option on the website. www.iir-conferences.co.za

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Marketing and finance

Auctions livestock
1. Overview
The perfect market is defined as one where you have many buyers, many sellers and many cattle.

2. National strategy
Agricultural Products Agents Council (APAC) Tel: 011 894 3680 www.apacweb.org.za Agents in South Africa must register with APAC in terms of the Agricultural Products Agents Act (Act 12 of 1992 as amended). Members of the above council are appointed by the Minster of Agriculture and Land Affairs. The purpose of council is to regulate three categories of agricultural produce agents, namely: Fresh Produce Agents, Livestock Agents and Export Agents. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Directorate: Marketing Tel: 012 319 8455 www.daff.gov.za Auctions are included in the discussion on marketing of livestock in Training Paper No. 7 of the very useful Agricultural Marketing Extension series. Find this at www. daff.gov.za take Publications and then General publications options. On the same website, see the Auctioneering of Livestock Info Pak , part of the small-scale farmer marketing series.

Types of Auctions:
A Calendar Auction auction is held on the same place /auction pens on a weekly, monthly, quarterly or even yearly basis by an agent who advertises the auction in a calendar. The venue for the auction would have been selected and developed over years and its mere survival shows that there is a need for such an auction. The sellers and buyers at the calendar auction can vary according what is on offer and what are the needs of both seller and buyer. The auctioneer, marketing officer, accountant, roll clerk and labourers facilitate the auction and their versatility enables them to even conduct real estate auctions. The marketing officer will source the livestock for the auction, receive it at the auction pens, classify the animals in lots preferred by buyers and he and the auctioneer will source buyers to attend the auction. The accountant will see to the financial administration which refers to all statutory requirements as well as collecting payments and financing of buyers, and payment of sellers. The roll clerk will keep accurate records of what is sold, by whom, price of animals and who is the buyer. The labourers will identify the animals and load them on trucks to be delivered at the buyers place. A Special auction is an auction requested by a seller or sellers to sell some their livestock or a seller could sell of his livestock, farms etc. It could be a dispersal sale if the seller stops farming. At a Stud Auction animals of special breeding qualities are for sale. The auctioneer, seller/sellers will work closely with a breed society who will select the animals according to their standards for such an auction. The auctioneer conducting this auction is a specialised stud auctioneer. The Stud Breeders Manual includes an in-depth look at animal and performance recording, the principles of marketing purebred livestock. Visit www. studbook.co.za or call 051 410 0900 for more information. At a Game auctions game is either sold in a open auction or on catalogue. Special arrangements are needed to transport game and auction pens and handling facilities must be according to specifications. All auctions are attended by NSPCA personnel to make sure animals are being handled humanely and facilities meet specified criteria. A Private treaty is where a marketing officer/agent facilitates a transaction directly between a seller and buyer of livestock. The transaction is well documented. Farmers can also, of course, sell their animals at guaranteed prices to abattoirs, feedlots etc. with the help of an agent or not.

3. Roleplayers
Associations and training
South African College of Auctioneers South African Federation of Tel: 011 979 0176/8 Livestock Auctioneers and www.auctioncollege.co.za Meat Brokers (SAFLA-MB) is a federation represented by Courses are held nationwide (the members from 9 regions of website carries news of these). livestock auctioneers and meat However, once the course has been brokers. Contact Red Meat SA at mastered, it has also been said to be an ability that is further developed 012 807 1367. by the individual Auctioneer. SA Feedlot Association (SAFA) Tel: 012 667 1189/ 667 2055 Auctioneers www.safeedlot.co.za Alliance Group A major market focused on at Tel: 011 430 5555 auctions is the slaughter market Pieter Geldenhuys 082 808 1801 which has its own specific www.alliancegroup.co.za requirements. This is a different market to stud stock trading. Andre Kock & Son Tel: 053 927 1981 Refer to the Abattoir chapter for details of roleplayers and major BidCo commercial groups. Tel: 012 808 9903-5 www.bidco.co.za South African Institute of Auctioneers (SAIA) BKB Cell: 082 378 8112 Tel: 041 503 3111 www.auctioneering.co.za www.bkb.co.za SAIA aims to protect the image of auctioneers and the auctioneering profession in the eyes of the public, business and Government sectors and to encourage healthy and innovative trading in an atmosphere of honesty, ethics, fair play and cooperation. Find the Livestock Auctions menu option and details of their subsidiary companies BKB Louwid and BKB Van Wyk.

The roleplayers in Livestock Marketing

Agents they facilitate transactions between sellers and buyers on a professional basis. Sellers primary and secondary producers Buyers abattoirs, trade, feedlots, speculators Financers (usually banks) The livestock market and related value chain is the single biggest industry in Agriculture in RSA. All the role players in the value chain add value and enable survival of the industry.

Breedplan is a modern genetic evaluation system for beef cattle. Visit www.breedplan.co.za or call Find the Regional Representatives, 012 667 5258. Auctioneers by Province, Auction Info and other menu options on the Brandon Leer Auctioneers website. The Code of Conduct for Tel: 082 570 5863 Fax: 033 343 4530 agents is also available. Most Breeders Societies now specify a (within breed) standard catalogue format for auctions. Each has its own rules. Find roleplayers in the Animal Improvement and Breeders chapter. Clive Gardner Auctioneers Tel: 018 290 9610 ECO Auctioneers Tel: 051 446 5511 www.ecoauctions.co.za

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Elite Auctioning Company Tel: 058 813 4146 GWK Ltd Tel: 053 298 8200 www.gwk.co.za Hobson & Co Tel: 046 622 4724 Huis van Oranje Tel: 086 010 4297 www.hvo.co.za

The electronic arm of the weekly agricultural publication Landbouweekblad offers an SMS service with livestock auction prices. Mike Killassy is a noted and experienced stud stock auctioneer who has sold thousands of stud animals to commercial buyers over many years. Call 012 664 4548 or 082 378 8112.

Auctions as a marketing mechanism. Contact SA Studbook at 051 410 0900 or visit www.studbook.co.za. An interesting idea: Reverse auctions are fixed-duration bidding events hosted by a single buyer, in which multiple suppliers compete for business. Visit www.farmerfirstgroup.co.za. The reverse side of the monthly magazine ProAgri, AgriTrader, gives notice of livestock auctions. Call 086 111 2297, fax 086 675 0617 or visit www.proagri.co.za. The Southern African Livestock Exchange (SALEX) for online auctioneering www.salex.co.za

SHM Stud & Commercial John Kirk Auctioneers is Marketing Dundee-based. Details of upcoming Tel: 018 290 9409 sales are on the website www. johnkirkauctioneers.co.za. Call 082 Sheard Auctioneers 903 6019 / 082 329 0227. Tel: 045 843 1722 Keevy Auctions Tel: 041 581 1951 www.keevyauctions.co.za KLK Landbou Beperk Tel: 054 337 6200 www.klk.co.za Landbou.com Tel: 021 406 2296 / 2414 Fax: 021 406 2940 www.landbou.com Tirhani Auctioneers Tel: 0861 847 426 www.tirhani.co.za Vleissentraal Tel: 012 460 9916 Tel: 015 491 3141 www.vleissentraal.co.za www.vleissentraalbosveld.co.za

5. The advantages and disadvantages of auctioneering

Advantages
Without an auction, prices can be manipulated downwards by the buyers e.g. in beef production there are a few strong buyers and many weak sellers. The fact that the market is price efficient, producers receive payment almost immediately after the animal is sold and all types of livestock can be marketed. No market knowledge is required by the producer. A good auctioneer is able to break up buyers rings if the sellers are on his side.

Disadvantages include
High shrinkage and transportation costs. Disease spreading is more likely. Excessive stress is placed on animals. This is a lengthy, time consuming process. Auctions can be manipulated. Buyers form rings and this usually occurs when cattle supplies are in a surplus situation. Traditionally, auctions are held at specific places such as Farmers Association sale yards which means cattle have to be moved from the farm to the yard. The seller feels pressure to sell his cattle at the sale at the price offered or take his animals home again.
Source: SA Stud Book With gratitude to those who contributed to this chapter: Mike Killassy; Lizel Pretorius (APAC); Pieter Geldenhuys (Alliance Group).

An Auctioneers personal skills should include: being professional, competent and projecting an impartial image; excellent communication skills, humour, charm; reliability and trustworthiness; a commanding if not charismatic presence; good sales skills; versatility in applying these skills e.g. being able to sell a race horse today and wine tomorrow; not only being knowledgeable about information in the catalogue but knowing how to interpret, communicate and clarify pertinent details for the buyer e.g. EBVs that are significant to the pedigree about the Sires family as well as that of the Dam and her performance traits; intuition and being astute; being a psychologist and sociologist know how to read people (the crowd) as well as the context accurately; being able to easily assume appropriate facilitation roles; understanding all the roleplayers as well as their agenda; reading the dynamics unfolding before they happen e.g. the values and norms of specific groups and how they are likely to respond to events; each other and why.
Source: Mike Killassy

4. Websites and publications

The weekly agricultural publications Farmers Weekly and Landbouweekblad carry news of auctions. Find the auction report, auction advertisements and auction calendar options at www. farmersweekly.co.za. The electronic arm of the weekly agricultural publication Landbouweekblad, www.landbou.com, offers an SMS service with livestock auction prices. Find auction prices under the Markte option. Find the DAFF entry under heading 2 in this chapter. Visit websites linked to auctioneers e.g. find the Livestock auctions option at www.bkb.co.za and GWKs livestock auctions portal, www. lewendehawe.co.za. Chapter 18 of the Stud Breeders Manual deals with auctions and sales under the auspices of breeders societies. The chapter is titled

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Marketing and finance

Banks
1. Associations and government departments involved
Roleplayers can also be found in other chapters e.g. Providers of financial services, Risk management and insurance, and by taking the Links option on websites mentioned in this chapter. The Banking Association South Africa Tel: 011 645 6700 www.banking.org.za The Banking Association South Africa is an industry body representing all registered banks in South Africa. These include both South African and international banks. Find a list of the member banks under the Our Industry menu option on the website. BANKSERV Tel: 011 497 4000 www.banserv.co.za SADC Banking Association Tel: 011 645 6726 www.sadcbanking.org South African Banking Risk Information Centre (SABRIC) Tel: 011 847 3000 www.sabric.co.za SABRIC was established to assist the banking industry to combat organised crime. Key stakeholder are the banks and Cash-in-Transit (CiT) companies.

3. Publications
Find the Bankers Almanac at www.bankersalmanac.com. Of particular interest to this directory are the banks agricultural publications e.g. Agri Review (Standard Bank), Agriland (FNB) etc. Visit the websites of roleplayers e.g. www.banking.org.za. See the world through a bankers eyes! Visit www.worldbank.org for reports on development and the global economic outlook. The African Development Bank (AfDB) is the lead agency on the NEPAD programme for infrastructure development. Visit www.afdb. org.

4. ABSA
Absa AgriBusiness
Head office: Tel: 011 350 4000 AgriBusiness regional offices: Southern Region Tel: 021 915 5320 Central Region Province Tel: 011 350 6160 Eastern Region Tel: 051 401 0836 Find the notes about the AgriBusiness Team, and the AgriBusiness range of products and solutions at www.absa.co.za

5. Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA)

Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) Tel: 011 313 3911 www.dbsa.org The DBSA is a leading Development Finance Institution (DFI) in Africa south of the Sahara, playing the roles of financier, advisor, partner, implementer and integrator. It is particularly committed to infrastructure and rural development. The DBSA maximises its contribution to sustainable development in the region by mobilising financial, knowledge and human resources to support government and other development role-players in improving the quality of life of people in the region. The Bank also is also committed to accelerating the sustainable reduction of poverty and inequity, whilst promoting broad-based economic growth and regional economic integration.

South African National Treasury Tel: 012 315 5944/ 5645 An Automated Clearing House www.treasury.gov.za that provides interbank electronic transaction switching and South African Reserve Bank settlement services Tel: 012 313 3911 www.reservebank.co.za The Ombudsman for Banking Services Tel: 011 838 0035/38/39 info@obssa.co.za www.obssa.co.za www.oba.org.za Providing South African banking customers with a free, informal dispute resolving service

2. Training and research

BANKSETA Tel: 011 805 9661 www.bankseta.org.za enabling the skills development of employees within the banking sector.

6. First National Bank

A division of First Rand Bank Limited. An Authorised Financial Services and Credit Provider (NCRCP20)

This is the sector education and Institute of Bankers training authority (SETA). The Tel: 011 481 7000 Skills Development Department www.iob.co.za within the BANKSETA focuses on

If youre a farmer or intending to farm and you would like to find out what we can do to help you and your business, please: Visit your nearest FNB Branch and/or arrange to see your relationship manager or an FNB agricultural manager/specialist. Visit www.fnb.co.za (Commercial Banking). Send an enquiry to agric@fnb.co.za

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Easy Interaction with FNB Your relationship manager ensures we understand your needs and provides an appropriate solution for you. You can interact with us face-to-face by contacting your relationship manager, or go into one of our branches countrywide during normal banking hours. You can also bank electronically via FNB Online Banking. Short-term production finance Available in the form of a fluctuating overdraft, this facility is aimed at farmers or farming businesses operating as proprietors, partnerships, close corporations, companies, trusts and co-operatives. It provides working capital for day-to-day expenses and to purchase production inputs. Agricultural medium-term or project loan This is a mediumterm loan that can be used for the establishment of production capacity such as the purchase of livestock, establishing orchards, farm buildings and other projects that take time to generate an income. The type of farming enterprise and its economic lifespan will determine the repayment term, up to a maximum of 10 years. Agricultural long-term loan This is a mortgage loan used to finance the purchase of farmland and finance capital improvements(e. g. buildings, dams and fencing). The loan term is usually limited to a maximum of 15 years. Pre-plant crop finance loan With this FNB product the farmer can limit production and price risk by combining multi-peril insurance with price hedging instruments. The farmer has several options to manage market price risk while having the comfort of knowing that, if climatic conditions have a negative impact on his production, it will be covered by insurance. Grain contract financing The aim of these products is to manage price risk for the client through a variety of pricing options varying from a simple minimum price contract with participation should the market strengthen to highly complex derivative instruments to reduce the cost of hedging. Force majeure is applicable, so you are protected in the event of a natural disaster. Asset finance Vehicle, machinery and plant can be financed through FNB and Wesbank (a division of FirstRand Bank Ltd). Savings and investments We provide farmers with an array of investment solutions to help you make the best of your surplus cash. All you need do is decide how long you wish to invest your money for and then choose the solution that best suits your requirements. Options include Call Accounts, Notice Deposits, Fixed Deposits, and FNB Unit Trust Accounts. Insurance and risk management You can choose from our experienced product partners, based on your need to use a broker or go direct. If you would like a broker to help you, FNB Insurance Brokers, provides specialised short-term insurance for all your individual assets and liabilities. Crop insurance products FNB has a proven track record of providing reliable, value-for-money crop insurance products to our clients by prior arrangement with third-party vendors. Rewarding you We reward our business customers with eBucks for Business. As a member of eBucks you can earn eBucks by simply using selected FNB business products and services. These eBucks can be spent on an array of great offerings available in the eBucks Shop, in retail partner stores or from our eBucks online shopping partners. Please visit www.ebucks.com.
Visit www.fnbagricomm.co.za for market information and prices

8. Nedbank
Nedbank Ltd Tel: 021 807 1369 Fax: 021 807 2854 agriculture@nedbank.co.za www.nedbank.co.za Nedbank Business Banking is all about partnerships a concept that we pioneered in the area of business banking in South Africa. With our clientcentric philosophy of partnering with you to grow your business, our Agricultural Division offers clients a banking partnership founded on our willingness and ability to understand your business and our solutions-driven service offering. At Nedbank Business Banking we are able to offer a focused range of products that are supported by superior electronic banking capabilities and a straightforward, professional approach to service. Our clients enjoy the benefits of direct access to financial expertise supported by a client service team and a strong service ethic. Even our highly competitive pricing is individually structured and based on the risk profile and track record of your business. Our specialist industry knowledge is aligned to the needs of both the primary and secondary production of three main market sectors (as well as its value chain). These are: agronomy horticulture livestock production Nedbank Business Banking is a leading provider of tailor-made agricultural financial solutions offering, these include: Lending solutions Cheque accounts and Overdrafts Debtor finance Agricultural instalment sale agreement Agricultural medium-term loan Agricultural NedBond Agricultural production loan

Transactional products Current account Global trade finance Card products Electronic banking

Other services include: Investments solutions Value-added solutions Financial planning solutions Short-term insurance Corporate Schemes

7. Land Bank
Land Bank Tel: 0800 00 52 59 www.landbank.co.za The Land Banks sole shareholder is the government. Its mandate is to support the development of the entire agricultural sector. Key strategy: to achieve social and developmental growth that is financially sustainable by providing competitively priced products and services tailored to meet every diverse need of the agricultural sector. It is committed to rural development and supporting commercial agriculture. In May 2009 the global agency Fitch Ratings gave the Land Bank a rating on par with the commercial banks, and in June 2009 government approved a R3,5 billion capital injection.

Emerging Farmers Programmes and Projects When it comes to finding optimal solutions to BEE projects, Nedbank Business Banking seeks to pool information with professional advisers and to use available expertise. The bank is involved in various projects in the sector which include: The Biodiversity Wine initiative, WWF - SA Green Trust, The Cape Winemakers Guild & Enterprise Development, and Cape Wine exhibitions with WOSA (Wines of South Africa).

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9. Rand Merchant Bank

Structured trade finance and trading/hedging solutions for the agricultural sector Specialised Structured Finance We provide specialised structured finance, both local and cross-border, against current assets (stock or debtors). We work across a wide variety of commodities, from soft commodities and coarse grains to metals and energy. Our solutions seek to mitigate risk, both local and in emerging economies. These solutions go beyond mere cession and pledge thinking and are based on a managed, structured collateralisation of commodities/debtors. They are underpinned by a wide variety of products and services such as: Purchase & repurchase transactions (repos) Instalment sale financing Warehouse/in-silo financing Mill-door financing Pre-export financing Trade financing (imports and exports) Invoice discounting

Benefits
Creating expansion capacity; you do not have to use your own funds. The agricultural business manager or a specialised banker with sound knowledge of agriculture, manages the relationship between the bank and the client. Agricultural advisors give advice on business banking, compilation of comprehensive agricultural reports, and advice on strategic planning and expansion programmes. Provide price risk-management tools to producers, processors and traders.

Features
Provide information through our quarterly AgriReview publication and Finance & Farmers manual. Differentiated banking services: crop and livestock insurance, assurance products, commodities trading, debtor finance, wealth creation, estate planning and black economic empowerment finance. Structured advances and loans to finance the acquisition of property, financing of equipment or fund operating expenses. BEE: to create an economically sustainable black business sector. Agriculture is characterised by strong cyclical trends. We offer structured advances and loans, which take the effects of these cycles into account. Whether you need to acquire new property, finance equipment or fund operating expenses, we have a solution to meet your requirements, such as overdrafts, asset finance, medium-term loans and Business Revolving Credit Plans. The table (top, next page) provides information on our finance options. Working capital should be financed with an overdraft. Fixed assets should be financed according to their economic life span. Movable assets should be financed by asset finance over the same period or shorter as the write-off period for tax purposes. Fixed property can be financed for up to 15 years with a medium-term loan. In this case a bond is usually required as security.

Trading and Hedging RMB offers over-the-counter and exchange-traded financial riskmanagement solutions in the soft-commodities market. These solutions include: Price Risk Management RMB provides clients with the ability to trade futures and options on SAFEX as well as offering them a wide range of Over-the-Counter Options. We cater for the individual clients needs, thus resulting in RMB developing a wide range of exotic type Overthe-Counter Options. Through these options, the clients price risk is managed in an effective and efficient manner. Trading in physical stock RMB will assist their clients to procure or sell stock at the most preferred locations and negotiate the most beneficial rates on their behalf. For further information visit www.rmb.co.za or contact: Francois van der Plas Structured Trade and Commodity Finance Tel: 011 269 9692 Johann Theron Trading and Hedging Tel: 011 269 9733

Specialist Advice
Because of the complex nature of the agricultural industry we have a team of experts to assist with agricultural finance.

Agricultural Advisors
Our team of agricultural advisors, who work closely with our business managers, are an extremely important component of our agricultural service offering. The duties of these economists include assistance and advice on business banking, feasibility studies, compilation of comprehensive agricultural reports, and advice on strategic planning and expansion programmes. Agricultural Advisors (security assessments and feasibility studies) Province Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Western Cape Contact Numbers 041 391 2429 051 403 4712 011 636 6143 031 374 2142 015 290 8379 013 757 5595 014 591 6187 053 807 8172 021 872 0939 / 970 4261

10. Standard Bank

Standard Bank Agriculture head office, Johannesburg General enquiries: Fax: Email: Postal address: Physical address: 011 636 6162 011 636 8218 sbsaagriculture@standardbank.co.za P O Box 6702, Johannesburg, 2000 5 Simmonds Street, Johannesburg, 2001

We have provided financial services to the agricultural sector for over 140 years. We are committed to the development of agriculture and to adding value to your farming business. We have a range of specialised products and services, including the support of our agricultural advisors and business managers. We believe that you should expect more than just banking products from your bank. This is why we have a team of agricultural specialists to advise you on a range of areas related to your agricultural business. Agricultural products include savings and investment products, as well as short-, medium- and long-term loans.

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Business Managers
The relationship between you and us is managed by a business manager. Our business managers are specialised bankers with a sound knowledge of agriculture.

Choose the right finance What you need the money for: Working capital Input costs, crops or livestock Implements, machinery and other capital equipment Overdraft

Kind of finance
Business Business Revolving Term Credit Plan Loan (BRCP) Yes Yes No No MediumTerm Loan No No Agricultural Production Loan No Yes Vehicle and asset finance No No

Black Economic Empowerment

We are committed to demonstrating responsible corporate citizenship by supporting social transformation and job creation. Our commitment to black economic empowerment (BEE) is driven by the need to create an economically sustainable black business sector as the foundation for our growth and profitability. Funding requirements for BEE include buying into an existing farming operation, the expansion of an existing operation, and integration along the value chain, contract finance and communal land.

Yes Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Office No Yes Yes Yes No A Leveraged Finance team has been put together to equipment facilitate applications for BEE finance. This team can also give guidance on structuring deals and how the different Vehicles No No No No No parties could be organised effectively. Where risk-based Property No No Yes Yes No pricing is applied, BEE enterprises often attract a higher interest rate. The Khula Land Reform Empowerment Facility (LREF) is used to re-finance BEE enterprises at a Our agricultural commodities trading desks services include: reduced rate. This results in subsidised interest rate that will further improve the sustainability of the BEE enterprise. The LREF is accessed through us. Grain price hedging advice Providing market information A Leveraged Finance team has been put together to facilitate applications Market risk analysis for BEE finance. This team can also give guidance on structuring deals and Silo certificate financing how the different parties could be organised effectively. Where risk-based pricing is applied, BEE enterprises often attract a higher interest rate. The Khula Land Reform Empowerment Facility (LREF) is used to re-finance BEE Agricultural Trading Desk 011 378 8605/6/7/8/9 enterprises at a reduced rate. This results in subsidised interest rate that will further improve the sustainability of the BEE enterprise. The LREF is accessed through us. Conclusion Our agricultural commodities trading desk will handle your futures and options deals in white and yellow maize, wheat, soya beans and sunflower seed. It is a major player on the South African Futures Exchange (Safex) for agricultural commodities. This market provides price-risk management tools to producers, processors and traders.

Yes Yes No

The Agricultural sector is cyclical in nature, and with sound financial planning and prudent use of financial instruments and accurate information, farmers are better equipped to navigate the economic and climatic ups and downs that impact profits. As financial partner in agriculture, we would like to provide a service which enables every farmer to become financially successful in their farming business. For further enquiries on this and any of our service offerings, please do net hesitate to visit your local Standard Bank branch or contact us at Standard Banks Agricultural Banking head office on 011 636 6162.

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Marketing and finance

Commodity trading
See also the Grain Storage and Handling chapter

2. What is the role of agricultural derivatives?

Agricultural derivatives play an active role in price determination and transparency in the local agricultural market whilst providing an efficient price risk management facility. Producers and users of agricultural commodities hedge their price risk, thereby limiting their exposure to adverse price movements. This encourages increased productivity in the agricultural sector as farmers and users are able to concentrate their efforts on managing production risks. These are the risks associated with variables such as the weather, farm/production management and seasonal conditions. The futures market exists primarily for the purpose of allowing commercial users to hedge their transactions or lock in favourable prices. Yet, the market could not operate efficiently and effectively without speculators, as they provide the necessary market liquidity which allows commercial users to hedge. Speculators use futures and options in an attempt to make profits on short-term price movements. Financial institutions lending to these sectors are also ensured of reduced risk profiles when dealing with clients who have hedged a portion of their price risk. Such clients could typically access funds at cheaper rates than would otherwise have been offered. The agricultural derivatives market has developed to such an extent that the cash market now largely relies on its price transparency and discovery process to function properly. Prices generated on the derivatives market are now considered the industry standard and reference point throughout Southern Africa.

1. Overview
Since deregulation of the agricultural market in the mid 1990s, the agricultural derivatives market in South Africa has continued to develop. The price risk management tools that the derivative market provides allow participants to hedge the price volatility in the underlying physical market. The commitment from Government in 1995 to stay out of the price determination process in the agricultural market remains firm, therefore allowing for a truly free market environment to develop. The graph below illustrates the total volume in number of contracts traded for the years 1998 to 2006. The volumes grew exponentially reaching a peak in 2003, fell off to a low point in 2005 and have since increased to a record level in 2008.

3. Why trade agricultural derivatives on an exchange?

1. Regulation Commodity Derivatives is a division of the JSE Limited managed by the JSE and regulated by the Financial Services Board (FSB) which oversees the exchanges reporting with regards to Securities Services Act of 2004. 2. Margins When trading derivative products, the exchange requires the payment of both initial margins and variation margins. The initial margins are determined by the clearing house and vary depending on historical price volatility. The variation margin is a daily flow of funds (profits/losses) resulting from any open position calculated through a methodology of Mark-to-Market (M-t-M). 3. Financial Integrity When dealing with the exchange the exchanges clearing house becomes seller to every buyer and buyer to every seller. Members are free to deal with each other without any credit risk. This eliminates counter party risk which is prevalent in the over-the-counter markets (OTC). The most active contract traded remains the white maize futures contract that trades on average over 70 000 contracts per month. This represents 7 mt of white maize. The wheat futures contract has grown over the recent months and now represents the second most active contract on the market with close on 39 000 contracts traded monthly. In August 2001 the members of the South African Futures Exchange (SAFEX), both financial and agricultural markets, accepted an offer by the then JSE Securities Exchange to buy them out. The Agricultural Products Division of the JSE Securities Exchange was established to take over the functions of the old AMD. The agricultural derivative market is now managed by the Commodity Derivative Division of the JSE Limited (the Johannesburg Stock Exchange). 4. Transparency Pricing is determined purely on the basis of demand and supply. Prices for each contract are negotiated between buyers and sellers via an electronic order matching platform called the Automated Trading System (ATS). The presence of numerous buyers and sellers ensures that prices are always competitive and adjust efficiently to reflect changes in the underlying market.

4. How are agricultural derivatives traded?

Registered agricultural derivative brokers input orders into the ATS from remote locations (during trading hours (09h00 12h00) which are automatically matched on the basis of time and price priority. The exchange guarantees performance by counterparties in a futures contract. Agricultural derivative prices are quoted at their Rand value per ton, delivered on truck alongside silo basis Randfontein. One futures contract comprises 100 tons for white and yellow maize and 50 tons for wheat and sunflower seeds. Soybean contracts are quoted at their Rand value per ton,

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and comprise 25 tons per contract. The soybean contract trades at the same basis price in a number of registered silos with no location differentials. Daily price limits, limiting the daily movement of prices, add security to the market. If the limit is reached on two like contracts on two consecutive days the price limits are increased to 150% of the original limit and the extended limits will remain in place until the daily movement on all like contracts is less then the original limits. Extended price limits also result in increased initial margin requirements for those periods when the extended limits apply. Futures are quoted on the trading system as: Month of expiry, year of expiry, four letter code of commodity JUL06 WMAZ White maize contract DEC06 YMAZ Yellow maize contract SEP06 WEAT Wheat contract MAR06 SUNS Sunflower seeds contract MAY06 SOYA Soybean contract In early 2009, the CORN contract based off of the CBOT corn contract was launched. This allows direct participation in South African rand to the most liquid international maize contract. The fundamental difference between the CORN contract and the domestic grain contracts traded is that the CORN contract is cash settled and not physically settled. Full details can be obtained from www.jse.co.za

If the bid is better than the last traded price the bid will be used as the mt-m price. (In simple terms this can be interpreted as buyers in the market prepared to pay more than the last traded price). Should the offer be lower than the last traded price then the offer will be used as the m-t-m. (This means that there are sellers in the market who are prepared to sell lower than the last traded price). A volume weighted average price (VWAP) is used to calculate the m-t-m for all liquid contracts. A liquid contract is defined as any expiry that trades 100 or more contracts in the last half hour of trading. The closing option volatility is calculated using at-the-money option trades and two strikes either side during the last half hour of trade. The exchange reserves the right to set the m-t-m volatility. This implied volatility is then used to value all option positions.

6. Settlement procedures of agricultural derivatives

What is Physical Delivery? All products traded on the agricultural derivatives market can be physically delivered at expiry in fulfillment of a futures contract. This does not mean that 100 tons of maize is delivered by truck to the exchange to complete the delivery process. The exchange makes use of a silo receipt, a transferable but not negotiable document, representing a specific quantity of stock in a registered Safex silo to effect delivery. Paper and electronic silo receipts issued by registered silo owners are accepted by the exchange. The silo owner storing the product guarantees the quality of stock as per detailed grading methodology specified by the National Department of Agriculture and to outload the specific product upon presentation of the silo receipt. Delivery can take place any business day on a particular delivery month. (A futures position in the July contract can only be delivered on during July). Physical delivery takes place over a two-business day period, the notice day followed by the delivery day (the next business day).

5. Market to market (M-t-M) calculation of futures and options

The Mark-to-Market (m-t-m) for the day, also referred to as the settlement price, is determined at random any time in the last 5 minutes of trading at the discretion of the exchange.

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Delivery can take place at any Safex approved silo and each delivery point is subject to a location differential (based on transport costs). Location differentials are fixed by the exchange and are available from the exchange (available on the webpage www.safex.co.za) Notice day The short position holder (seller of the commodity) notifies his broker about his intention to give notice of delivery to close-out a futures position. Notice must be given before 12 noon on any business day during the delivery month. The last notice day being the second last business day of the delivery month. For example a short position holder could give notice on the September futures contract on the 31 August for delivery on the 1 September or his last notice day would be the 29 September for delivery on the 30 September. (For all delivery dates see Agricultural Markets Contract specifications on the web page). The deliveries are randomly allocated by computer programme to existing long position holders. A long position holder allocated stock will be notified through the clearing member of the allocation. Any long position holder (buyer of the commodity) could be allocated product at any time during the delivery month with one days notice but is assured that he/she will receive such stock by the last day of the delivery month. Buyers are guaranteed that it will be at a registered silo and free along side the rail. The best case scenario is being allocated maize in a silo convenient to the buyer; however, the worse case scenario would be Randfontein. Therefore the location differential will always ensure that the basis Randfontein price is traded. The closing price (mark-to-market) on the notice day is the price at which contracts are closed. The location differentials and any outstanding storage is deducted from the amount payable by a long position holder (in the case of wheat a grade discount is also applicable). The exchange does not take any prepaid storage into account and the seller forfeits any storage costs that have been prepaid. Long position holders are charged a standard daily storage rate fixed for each marketing season for any outstanding storage costs and are responsible for storage from the delivery day onwards. Delivery day Silo receipts have to be delivered to a broker who will in turn ensure that they reach the exchange no later than 12h00 on the delivery day. Payments for products take place by 12h00 on the delivery day. Long position holders are able to collect silo receipts from the exchange from 14h00 onwards. Positions can still be opened or closed during the delivery month until the last trading day. The last trading day is the eighth last business day of each delivery month. Once the contract has closed for trading any position still open will have to be honored by payment or delivery (short position holders have until the last business day of the delivery month to make delivery).

Southern Africa and an El Nino expected in the middle of the maize growing season, maize prices will naturally soar. As the market has grown and developed over the last 15 years, so the rules and regulations have progressed to ensure market integrity for all participants trading on the market. Compliance to the FICA regulations has afforded members the opportunity to understand their clients business better and in so doing understand their risks. At the end of 2003 position limits were introduced on white maize futures contract for non-hedgers (speculators). This was done since the open interest on the contract had grown significantly larger than the available crop in South Africa and to prevent manipulation of the underlying market. Non-hedgers are restricted to an exposure of 15% of the net delta open interest. Broker-client relationships remain key to all participants in the market. It is imperative that clients understand the agreements they enter into and most importantly the trading strategies they use to manage their price risk. Without understanding the true downside and upside of any strategy, hedgers may very well become speculators without even realising it. For the last 15 years the exchange has provided an efficient facility for price discovery and price risk management of agricultural products in South Africa, reducing trading fees as the trading volumes increased. Except for one day in 1999 due to severe technical problems, the exchange has been open for trading every single business day providing a platform for buyers and sellers to match their trades. The JSE Limited looks forward to the years ahead and is committed to providing South Africa and the region with an efficient and cost effective product to manage price risk.

8. Associations involved
JSE Limited Commodity Derivatives Tel: 011 520 7535 Rod Gravelet-Blondin Rodgb@jse.co.za Chris Sturgess Chriss@jse.co.za www.safex.co.za

9. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find information on the various directorates under the Divisions menu option at www.daff.gov.za Directorate: Marketing Tel: 012 319 8455 DM@daff.gov.za Directorate: International Trade Tel: 012 319 8451 DIT@daff.gov.za Directorate: Agricultural Statistics Tel: 012 319 8454 DAS@daff.gov.za Crop Estimates Committee (CEC) Tel: 012 319 6507 CDESS@daff.gov.za National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) Crop Estimates Liaison Committee (CELC) Tel: 012 341 1115 www.namc.co.za The Crop Estimates Liaison Committee (CELC) is an official committee that functions under the auspices of the NAMC. CELC is amongst others, to monitor the performance of the Crop Estimates Committee (CEC) and make recommendations for the further improvement of crop estimates on an ongoing basis.

7. How is risk managed?

Delivery and settlement on any exchange traded derivative contract is always 100% guaranteed. This is done through the novation process whereby the clearing house assumes the position of buyer to every seller and seller to every buyer. The counterparties do not deal with each other directly as the exchange matches all long and short positions. To manage default risk, the exchange uses its three-tier system, initial margin requirements as well as the daily m-t-m process. Should a client default on a contract, his/her broker assumes these positions. The broker could then close them off and use the initial margin deposit held to cover his/her losses. In the event that the broker is unable to assume the clients positions, his clearing member would stand in for him/her. Currently the clearing members consist of South Africas largest financial institutions. This tier system ensures that the client on the other side is always guaranteed fulfillment of his/her position. The key factors influencing grain prices in South Africa can be identified as first - the local, then regional and finally international- supply and demand. The exchange rate is also an important contributor since world grain is traded in US dollars, should the Rand weaken then the demand for South African maize would increase. Since the market is information driven, should organizations like the Crop Estimates Committee (CEC), weather bureau or South African Grain Information Services (SAGIS) release new information, it will have a direct impact on the current trading prices. To illustrate this, imagine the Rand trading at 14 to the dollar, huge shortages in

10. Training and research

Find the How to Invest option at www.jse.co.za

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Agimark Trends (AMT) Tel: 012 361 2748 www.agrimark.co.za

TMS Training Services Tel: 011 853 2777 Cheryl@tradintex.co.za www.hochfeld.co.za

Brokers
Member and member code Absa Bank Ltd ABL Market Making ABSA Afgri Broking (Pty) Ltd AFG Alpha Derivatives ALP Anglorand Futop (Pty) Ltd ARF Applied Derivatives (Pty) Ltd ONE Badger Securities (Pty) Ltd BAD Bester Feed & Grain Exchange (Pty) Ltd BES BGC Financial Brokers (Pty) Ltd BGC B & P Group Financial Services (Pty) Ltd BPG Brent Trading )Pty) Ltd BRN Brisen Commodities (Pty) Ltd BRI Bushveld Grain (Pty) Ltd BVG Cargill RSA (Pty) Ltd CGL CJS Securities (Pty) Ltd CJS Commodity House (Pty) Ltd CTH Corn International (Pty) Ltd CRN Degro Futures (Pty) Ltd GRO Derived Market Investment and Planning (Pty) Ltd DMP DHJ Grain Brokers (Pty) Ltd DHJ DWT Securities (Pty) Ltd DWT Farmwise Grains (Pty) Ltd FAR FCB Harlow Butler (Pty) Ltd IAP First World Trader (Pty) Ltd FWT Futureline (Pty) Ltd FTR Grainman International (Pty) Ltd GMI Grainvest Futures (Pty) Ltd GVF GWK Trading (Pty) Ltd GWK JP Morgan Equities Ltd AMI Kempro (Pty) Ltd KEM Kernel Maize (Pty) Ltd KMC Market Traders (Pty) Ltd MKT MGK Bedryfsmaatskappy (Edms) Bpk MGK Mooirivier Grain (Pty) Ltd MRG Nedbank Ltd NED Nedcor Securities (Pty) Ltd BSL NWK Ltd NWK Oos-Kaap Boerdery & Graanhandelaars (Edms) Bpk OVK Peregrine Derivatives (Pty) Ltd MER PSG Prime (Pty) Ltd CPT Rand Merchant Bank, a division of FirstRand Bank Ltd RMB Contact details 011 221 9100-5 012 683 5310-2 011 485 2321 011 484 7440 021 671 8220 021 979 1194 021 809 2500 011 706 9202 031 583 4600 071 602 0100 056 811 2966 012 640 1600 0861 111 640 0861 227 445 011 447 3531 021 888 8114 011 317 7180 011 317 7183 012 807 1788/1805 012 807 1838 018 632 7748 021 914 6460 011 787 3666 011 276 9009 011 214 8006 021 851 9573 021 886 7202 0861 6600 00 053 298 8241 011 507 0619 018 441 0094 028 313 2731 033 343 5792 012 252 3778/9 018 297 4795 021 413 9302 011 294 4566 011 535 4036/8 018 633 1000 051 923 4500 011 722 7519 021 799 8089 011 269 9800 021 888 8310

AMT provides market information TMS runs the successful and research Fundementals of Futures course. Bureau for Economic Research Universities conduct research on Tel: 021 887 2810 SAFEX and various models based www.ber.ac.za on SAFEX are developed. Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) Tel: 012 420 4583/2 www.bfap.co.za Grain SA Tel: 056 515 2145 www.grainsa.co.za University of the Free State Department of Agricultural Economics Tel: 051 401 2250 University of KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agricultural Economics Tel: 033 260 5494

Grain SA offers a short SAFEX University of Pretoria Course. Agricultural Economics, Extension South African Institute of and Rural Development Tel: 012 420 3248 Financial Markets (SAIFM) Tel: 011 802 4768 University of Stellenbosch www.saifm.co.za Department of Agricultural Their vision is to be the leading Economics professional body providing Tel: 021 808 9000 educational, examination, and accreditation services for financial market professionals in South Africa and other African countries.

11. Websites and publications

www.cmegroup.com Chicago Board of Trade www.nass.usda.gov the National Agricultural Statistics Service (USA) www.usda.gov/oce/commodity the World Agricultural Outlook Board (WAOB) serves as a focal point for economic intelligence and the outlook for world agriculture. China National Grain and Oils Information Centre www.chinagrain. gov.cn www.igc.org.uk International Grains Council Find the Trade intelligence option at www.agbiz.co.za, website of the Agricultural Business Chamber. Visit the websites of associations like the Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa (aeasa.org.za), Grain SA (www.grainsa. co.za) and the South African Grain Information Service (www.sagis. org.za). The websites of various companies involved give current information. Visit www.farmwise.co.za, for example. Companies involved stay in regular contact with clients e.g. Farmwise send out two email-updates per day. Contact Machiel Jacobsz at machiel@farmwise.co.za. Fine the regular features AGRIcommodities and Markneigings in the Farmers Weekly and Landbouweekblad. Find the document Existence and use of Location Differentials in SAFEX Cash Market Settlement by Matthew C Roberts on www. grainsa.co.za

12. Companies involved

Broking Members are those members who have one or more registered dealers and the required clearing agreement and can trade on behalf of clients. Clearing Members are member who clears deals on behalf of broking members.

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Member and member code Regiments Securities Ltd FFO Robinsin Mulder De Waal Financial Services (Pty) Ltd RMD SA Derivatives Senwes Ltd SWK Sigma Options Writers (Pty) Ltd SOW Southern Alliance (Pty) Ltd SAL Standard Bank of South Africa STD Suidwes Landbou (Edms) Bpk SWL Thebe Securities Limited TBE Tlotlisa Securities (Pty) Ltd TSE Tradekor (Pty) Ltd TDK Trademar Futures (Pty) Ltd TMR TTSA Securities (Pty) Ltd IMB Unigrain (Pty) Ltd UNG UT Grain Management (Pty) Ltd UNI Vanguard Derivatives (Pty) Ltd MMM Vantage Capital Markets SA VCM Verus Farming & Commodities (Pty) Ltd VFC Vorlon (Pty) Ltd VOR Vrystaat Koperasie Beperk VRY Vrystaat Mielies (Edms) Bpk VMB

Contact details 011 471 0500 012 665 5010 044 873 5930 021 914 3760 018 464 7800 028 313 0104 011 549 5100 011 378 8605 018 581 1000 012 643 0916 011 506 7000 011 721 3100 011 244 9860 011 277 5323 011 692 4400 011 452 5117 011 722 7511 011 326 2239 031 467 0308 011 502 2760 058 863 8280 018 294 2200

Any farmer can have SAFEX prices delivered to their cell phone. Some use these as indicators and sign fixed-price contracts based on that exchange price. However, if the price changes those farmers will still have to accept the contract price, even though it is worse than the current exchange price. Tips for Farmers: Keep in touch with the supply and demand conditions relating to your commodity. Try to obtain price forecasts, from 2 to 3 different sources. Regularly contact their grain brokers to get their opinion of the market whether prices are going to rise in the future or decline, and their reasons for this. Understand domestic and world markets. Understand the limitations of price forecasting accurate forecasting is impossible. Have a well thought-out, written marketing plan. It is recommended that you follow and chart futures prices daily. Analysis of why prices were strong or weak on a particular day is one of the most efficient methods of gaining knowledge of the grain markets. Where your marketing plan includes hedging; futures or options, be sure to include the costs in your calculations. Your marketing plan should be updated regularly and objectively. Use this information when deciding to sell or store your crop to take advantage of future price increase. Realise that high prices often stimulate production which can result in prices declining, hence the importance of locking in prices when prices are high. Do not store for too long, as storage fees are high and you will lose interest on the money you could have made if you sold. Farmers can always obtain the upside of rising prices with the use of financial instruments on the JSE. Consider all the costs involved and include shrinkage. Understand the futures markets since futures are traded up to 12 months in advance, they extend the marketing season from a few weeks to 12 months allowing you to take advantage of frequent temporary price increases. If prices increase at any stage because of weakening exchange rates, weather and crop factors, international supply and demand factors and intentions to plant later in the year then you have an opportunity to take part in those price increases. This strategy prevents if only scenarios. Prior to planting any crop, a farmer must see what price the futures contract for that commodity is trading at the time of planting i.e. July contract. If it is profitable to plant based on that price using an average three-year yield for that commodity, he can go ahead and plant. He must however hedge (lock in) that price by either forward contracting / or buying puts or futures. This means that he will not be exposed to possible price declines before he harvests the crop. Understand the options markets: Options offer new opportunities. Buy insurance against adverse price movements without you losing the benefits associated with favourable price movements. You do not have to put up margin money, as in the futures market and do not have to worry about having sufficient cash to meet margin calls. Also, there is no production risk associated with your marketing decision. Should your production be less than expected, you are not committed to delivery grain or offsetting your position. The ultimate value of these options depends on the cost of the insurance premium, (which changes daily), and the risk of adverse price movements. For more information on options go to: www.standardbank.co.za.
Source: Finance for Farmers Standard Bank.

Clearing Members
Member and member code ABSA Clearing VKSC JP Morgan Securities SA (Pty) Ltd JPMC Nedbank Clearing NEDC Rand Merchant Bank RMBC Standard Bank Clearing STDC For an updated list see www.jse.co.za Contact details 011 895 7245 +44 207 325 3687 011 667 1317 011 282 8375 011 636 8431

13. Commercial farmer points of interest

Learning from past mistakes a word of caution: Experts advise that the exchange is better used for protection against price fluctuations, not for quick profit. Some market participants have been caught short because they thought that they could read the market and left themselves open to price volatility. It is easy to make money on a rising market (bull phase), but when it ends you could suffer great losses. Farmers and experts alike, and unfortunately some pension funds, have lost money by speculating on SAFEX.

Sources: Rod Gravelet-Blondin (JSE Ltd); Finance and the Farmer, Standard Bank Agricultural Division. The websites mentioned in this chapter Thanks to Rod Gravelet-Blondin (JSE Limited) for updating the draft chapter.

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Marketing and finance

Co-operatives
1. Overview
Among all business organisations, co-operatives reach down most to the low income groups. That does not mean that co-operatives are for the poor only: co-operatives are ALSO for the poor. They help people help themselves by organised self-help in the co-operative way. Helping people to help themselves means: making them aware of needs and problems they have in common; giving them access to information about co-operative values, principles and practices; giving them the chance to learn how to work together the co-operative way for the benefit of each individual member and of the group as a whole. National and provincial government promote co-operatives as a type of business entity and a means to get informal economic actors involved in and benefitting from the formal economy. What isnt possible for the individual is possible when many persons act together.

Member economic participation Members contribute equitably to, and democratically control, the capital of their co-operative. At least part of that capital is usually the common property of the co-operative. Surpluses may be used to develop the co-operative further; paying members in proportion to their transactions with the co-operative; and supporting other activities approved by the membership. Autonomy and independence Co-operatives are independent, self-help organisations controlled by their members. If they enter into agreements with other organisations, including governments, or raise capital from external sources, they do so on terms that ensure control remains with their members. Education, training and information Co-operatives provide education and training for their members, elected representatives, managers, and employees so they can contribute effectively to the development of their cooperatives. They inform the general public particularly young people and opinion leaders about the nature and benefits of co-operation. Co-operation among co-operatives Co-operatives serve their members most effectively and strengthen the co-operative movement by working together through local, national, regional and international structures. Concern for community Co-operatives work for the sustainable development of their communities through policies approved by their members. The co-operative principles are guidelines by which co-operatives put their values into practice.

4. Types of co-operatives
Co-operatives are usually understood to be either an agricultural form of business or a state-driven welfare intervention. The law does not place any limit on the kinds of co-operatives that can be registered, though. These are some of the possibilities: An agricultural co-operative is a co-operative that produces, processes or markets agricultural products and supplies agricultural inputs and services to its members. A consumer co-operative is a co-operative that gets and distributes goods to its members and non-members, and also provides services to its members. A co-operative which buys bulk groceries and sells them to its members and to the public, while giving its members a special discount or a refund based on the amount of their transactions, is an example of a consumer co-operative. A marketing and supply co-operative means a co-operative that supplies production inputs to members and markets or processes their products. An example is a sewing co-operative that provides fabric and sewing machines to its members and then markets the items they sew. This category also includes agricultural marketing and supply cooperatives. A housing co-operative is a primary co-operative that provides housing to it members, or a secondary co-operative that provides technical service to primary housing co-operatives. A financial services co-operative is a primary co-operative with the main purpose of providing financial services to its members, or a secondary co-operative that provides financial services to a primary cooperative. An example is a savings and loan co-operative, where the members pool their savings and make loans to each other. A social co-operative is a non-profit co-operative that provides social services to its members, such as care for the elderly, children and the sick. A co-operative burial society is a co-operative that provides funeral benefits, including funeral insurance and related services, to its members and their dependants. A services co-operative is a co-operative that provides housing, health care, child care, transportation, communication or other services. A worker co-operative is a primary co-operative that provides employment to its members, or a secondary co-operative that provides services to primary worker co-operatives. NOTE: It is possible to combine different types of co-operatives into a multipurpose co-operative.

2. Co-operatives: a definition
A co-operative is defined as an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise (definition by the International Co-operative Alliance). We can break down this definition into five main points in order to understand it more clearly: A co-operative is an independent organisation. It must stand or fall on its own feet. A co-operative is a group of persons who freely decide to come together to meet common needs and goals. A co-operative is jointly owned. Its primary duty is to its members, not to anyone else outside the co-operative. The benefits of the cooperative are shared by all of the members. A co-operative is controlled democratically, so that each member has an equal voice in decisions. A co-operative must follow co-operative principles (see next heading) in its organisation and activities.

3. Seven Co-operative Principles

There are seven co-operative principles that are followed by co-operatives all over the world. Everyone who is involved in a co-operative should know and understand these basic co-operative principles. Voluntary and open membership nobody is forced to be a member, and there is no gender, social, racial, political or religious discrimination. Democratic member control Co-operatives are democratic organisations controlled by their members, who actively participate in setting their policies and making decisions. Elected representatives are accountable to the membership. In primary co-operatives members have equal voting rights (one member, one vote). Members becoming uninvolved often leads to the collapse of the co-operative.

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5. Why form agricultural co-operatives?

The importance of agricultural co-operatives is job creation, mobilising resources, generating investment and their contribution to the economy. In their various forms agricultural co-operatives promote the fullest participation in the economy and social development of all people. Agricultural co-operatives serve their members in the following ways: Improve bargaining power: combining the volume of several members improves their position when dealing with other businesses. Reduced purchasing costs: volume purchasing reduces the purchasing price of needed supplies. Obtaining market access or broadening market opportunities: more buyers are attracted because of the value you can add, and the assurance you can offer to clients looking for larger quantities. Improve products or service quality: member satisfaction is achieved through improved facilities, equipment and services. Obtaining products or services otherwise unavailable: agricultural co-operatives often provide services or products that would not attract other private businesses. Reduce cost / increase income: reducing the operating costs increases the amount of earnings available for distribution to members to boost their income.
Source: Adapted from Guidelines for establishing Agricultural Co-operatives. Find the document on www.daff.gov.za

6. Finances
See notes on SACCOL and Dora Tamana under heading 8 of this chapter.

Grants and donations

Some co-operatives try to raise additional funds from donor and development agencies, NGOs or governmental sources, who occasionally set aside funds to support co-operative development. Grants and donations are a possible way to help a co-operative that is struggling to obtain access to funds. Nonetheless it must be noted that this source of funding carries with it potential problems: They can contribute to dependency, as co-operative members may have less incentive to make the organisation work on its own feet. In the long term this might mean that co-ops do not become selfreliant and wait for an outside agent to intervene whenever there are problems. They can also mean some loss of autonomy as many grants will have prescriptions and conditions attached, according to the agendas of the funding bodies. Grants and donations available to co-operatives can be researched by looking at the various corporate social investment schemes offered by private companies, parastatals, and government departments.

The Land Bank: provides finance to all sectors of the agricultural economy and agri-business. Co-operatives that are involved in these activities are entitled to apply for finance. For more information on services visit the Land Bank website www.landbank.co.za or call the toll free queries number: 0800 00 52 59. Find out about Co-operatives Incentive Scheme (CIS) run by the Department of Trade and Industry contact details under heading 7. The Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA): provides finances to projects related to the development of infrastructure. Co-operatives whose work focuses on development of infrastructure are entitled to apply for funds from this bank. The operations office can be contacted at 011 313 3911. The Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) finances initiatives in different sectors, such as: manufacturing, small scale mining, agriculture, transport, tourism, fishing, information and communication technology, business services, etc. Clients of this loan must show assets and/or a certain amount of savings. This is a draw back for many emerging cooperatives that are just beginning. The IDC can be contacted at www. idc.co.za. Department of Trade and Industrys Khula Enterprise Finance Ltd: Khula provides loans for smaller enterprises that do not qualify for IDC loans. Khula works through Retail Financial Intermediaries to disperse the loans. One way in which co-operatives can access these loans is through a SACCO (Savings and Credit Co-operative) that can act as an RFI. More information on the Khula project can be accessed at www. khula.org.za. Provincial contacts are listed on the website and below: - Bloemfontein 051 444 1040 / 0860 548 522 - C ape Tow n 021 671 9056 / 0860 548 521 - Durban 031 301 1916 / 0860 548 526 - East London 043 726 0756 / 0860 548 527 - Kimberley 053 832 2275 / 0860 548 528 - Johannesburg 011 838 7638 / 0860 548 529 - Nelspruit 013 755 2370 / 0860 548 520 - Polokw ane 015 294 0901 / 0860 254 852 - Port Elizabeth 041 363 2570 / 0860 354 852 - Rustenburg 014 592 6391 / 0860 454 852 - Tshw ane 012 324 8236 / 0860 554 852 The Independent Development Trust operates largely within the realm of the second economy, supporting government to implement developmental projects. Find the paper Co-operatives as a Model for Development on their website www.idt.org.za. Provincial development agencies e.g. the Limpopo Business Support Agency (Libsa) give financial assistance to co-operatives. Find details of provincial bodies in the Providers of Financial Services chapter.

7. National strategy and government contacts

Co-operatives have been so successful in certain parts of the world that the South African government wants more people to start co-operatives here. If co-operatives are set up in the right way with enough commitment, support and planning they can play a major role in helping provide jobs and fight poverty.

Loans
Most small business enterprises in the world obtain funding through the lending cycle. Applying for loans is an important way for co-operatives to access the capital needed to purchase equipment and pay for training of co-operative members. The drawback to this form of funding is the limited access many poor South Africans have to financial institutions as well as the high interest rates and services fees charged to people. In South Africa the following institutions play an important role in providing loans through the lending cycle: 1. Commercial banks are privately owned (e.g.: Standard Bank, ABSA, FNB). The main objective of commercial banks is to maximise profits. The loans they give have interest rates that clients must pay in addition to the amount that they have borrowed. 2. State Owned Development Banks and Agencies. Emerging businesses often find that these institutions offer services that are not available to them by commercial banks.

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Directorate: Agricultural Development Finance Co-operative Development Support Unit Tel: 012 319 7295 DADF@daff.gov.za Tel: 012 319 6714 / 084 688 7377 AmonM@daff.gov.za Tel: 012 319 7909 VivianP@daff.gov.za Tel: 012 319 6965 RoseMOL@daff.gov.za Tel: 012 319 7885 As a government institution tasked with economic development in the agricultural sector, DAFF views the development of agricultural cooperatives as central to farmer empowerment in the Second Economy. The mobilisation of farmers through co-operatives serves two purposes: the first purpose is that co-operatives are used as delivery systems for government programmes; the second purpose is that farmers are able to receive agricultural services that would have been impossible to acquire individually.

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As economic development organisations, co-operatives are expected to render certain cervices to their members. It is believed that there are certain services that members of co-operatives need and cannot access them on their own as individuals. That is the underlying philosophy of co-operation. These services can be listed as follows: supply of agricultural inputs access to finance marketing of agricultural output value adding or agro-processing Human Resource development

Our development and consultancy activities are performed with the objective to foster both local and economic development (especially SMME) and to contribute to poverty alleviation.

Home of Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises Trust (HOST) C/o SACCOL

The ultimate objectives of the Department are to support farmers in the Second Economy so that they can contribute effectively to job creation in agriculture and also to make them active participants in the Economy by increasing the output of the sector.

Other government departments

The dti and CIPRO assumes responsibility for the registration of co-operatives in South Africa.

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Co-operative Enterprise Development Unit Tel: 012 394 9500 www.thedti.gov.za Find the co-operatives development menu option on the website

Companies and Intellectual Property Commission (Previously CIPRO) Registrar of Intellectual Property Tel: 0861 843 384 For the registration of co-operatives in South Africa. National Treasury Find notes on the Co-operative Banks Development Agency under heading 8.

International Labour Organisation (ILO) In fulfilling its mandate, DGRV is Tel: 012 341 2170 providing advice and assistance pretoria@ilo.org www.ilo.org to co-operatives in South Africa. These activities range from Co-operatives is one of the areas agricultural co-operatives, to in which the ILO provides technical savings and credit co-operatives, assistance. and to co-operatively organised self-help initiatives in townships. Invest North West (INW) DGRV offers demand driven and Tel: 014 594 2570 outcome oriented training in co- Fax: 014 594 2575/6 operatives and business principles www.inw.org.za as well as in accounting and bookkeeping to these groups, including INW does co-operatives institution on-the-job training and follow-up building measures. Further training activities include training-of-trainer programs Limpopo Business Support for government personnel and Agency (Libsa) other service providers. For this Tel: 015 287 3000 purpose DGRV has established www.libsa.co.za training and conference facilities on Find details of co-operative their premises in Pretoria. development on the website (take the Key Programmes menu In addition to this a model-bakery option). The website also provides has been opened, where a qualified links to numerous co-operatives master baker offers basic and e.g. the Champaign Chicken advanced training in baking and Meat Co-operative, Bohlabela confectionary. Chicken Broiling Co-operative, Peanut Butter Khula find details under heading Thohoyandou Manufacturing Co-operative etc. 6, or visit www.khula.org.za. Micro-agricultural Financial Institution of South Africa (MAFISA) Tel: 012 319 7216 The management, legal and elizabethkh@daff.gov.za structural framework of cooperatives in South Africa is well MAFISA is a micro and retail adapted to the implementation agricultural financial scheme for of the National Organic Produce economically active poor people. Initiative (NOPI) concept of The organisation provides savings Organic Villages. The project is and banking facilities at approved an integrated solution to empower financial institutions and offers and liberate small-scale farmers loans for production inputs (e.g. in South Africa and is endorsed fertilisers, seeds, pesticides, etc.), and supported by South African livestock, small-scale irrigation Council for Organic Development systems and small-scale farming and Sustainability (SACODAS). equipment and implements to NOPI provides all the regulatory small and emerging farmers and guidance and recommendations for other target groups. the institutionalisation of Organic Villages. National Youth Development Agency Dora Tamana Co-operative Formerly National Youth Commission Centre (DTCC) / Dora Tamana and the Umsobomvu Youth Fund Savings and Credit CoTel: 011 651 7000 operative Centre www.nyda.gov.za C/o SACCOL Youth co-operatives intent on making a success with co-operatives can approach the NYDA. NOPILIFE (National Organic Produce Initiative) Tel: 011 887 0800 / 073 303 1554

8. Groups involved
Agricultural Business Chamber Tel: 012 349 1315 / 082 441 2308 Fax: 012 349 1330 www.agbiz.co.za The Agricultural Colleges and Provincial Departments of Agriculture run short courses on agricultural co-operative management. Cactis Agencies Tel: 083 407 7060 turnaround@telkomsa.net Co-operative and Policy Alternative Center (COPAC) Tel: 011 447 1013 www.copac.org.za Co-operative Banks Development Agency (CBDC) Tel: 012 315 5367 www.treasury.gov.za/coopbank Find the Documents and FAQs options. Deutscher Genossenschaftsund Raiffeisenverband (DGRV) German Co-operative and Raiffeisen Confederation Tel: 012 346 6020 / 083 629 8326 dgrvsa@worldonline.co.za www.dgrvsa.co.za DGRV is the national apex organisation and top-level auditing federation of the German cooperative sector.

Building worker co-operatives, supporting the cooperative For more then 20 years DGRV movement, promoting the co- is involved in co-operative operative sector and economy. development activities worldwide.

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National Women in Agribusiness country with great growth Co-operative (NAWACO) potential, as millions of people are Tel: 035 870 3978 inadequately served by the banking sector. Based in KwaZulu-Natal, Nawaco targets women with an interest in Scientific Roets (Pty) Ltd agribusiness. It provides information Tel: 039 727 1515 on how women can take advantage www.scientificroets.com of the agribusiness sector. Co-operatives is one of the areas North West University in which this consulting company Potchefstroom Business School does training. Centre for Co-operatives Dr Louw van der Walt Small Enterprise Development Tel: 018 299 1412/3 Agency (SEDA) Cell: 083 658 9013 Tel: 012 441 1000 Tel: 0860 103703 The objectives of the Centre www.seda.org.za is to assist members with the establishment of co-operatives, to Seda provides small business and develop and offer training courses, medium-sized enterprises with an to undertake research into co- invaluable gateway to information operatives, to publish co-operative on starting, managing and growing research outcomes and to maintain a business, business opportunities a resource centre of co operative and support for small business. Find the Co-operatives menu materials. option on the website. There is also vital information on coQhubekisa Agri Co-operative Tel: 079 965 5656 / 072 641 1212 operatives under the Starting Your Own Business option (click qhubekisacoop@yahoo.com on Legal Issues and look for the Co-operative Business option). The Savings and Credit Cooperative League of SA South African Institute for Limited (SACCOL) Entrepreneurship (SAIE) Tel: 021 422 3333 Tel: 021 447 2023 Tel: 011 440 6750 www.entrepreneurship.co.za SACCOL was established by Savings and Credit Co-operatives (SACCOs) and Credit Unions around South Africa as their National Association. SACCOL functions: has three Details of their projects appear on their website

9. Websites and publications

Various research issues are explored relating to co-operatives enquire at faculties such as the Social Science/economics departments/websites of universities, or at organisations referred to in this chapter. www.ncba.coop/clusa.cfm the Cooperative League USA (CLUSA) International Program has worked in developing countries to economically empower individuals and communities through development of effective, sustainable group businesses and democratic practices. Co-operatives in South Africa: Their Role in Job Creation and Poverty Reduction. Kate Philips. South African Foundation (October 2003). International Co-operative Alliance www.coop.org Find the document LED and co-operatives in South Africa summary outcome of a workshop at www.led.co.za Another valuable article is How farmers organise, the editorial of LEISA Magazine in March 2007. Find it at www.leisa.info

Where to find out more

If there is a group of you or even a whole community who want to start an enterprise where everyone benefits equally, and where profits are equitably shared with everyone involved, then it makes sense to start a co-operative enterprise. It must still be operated and managed with the same discipline and systems that apply in any business, so that people work efficiently and income exceeds expenditure, even if its principles are different, ensuring that the benefits of the enterprise are more widely spread. Find the menu option on co-operatives on the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) website www.seda.org.za. Find seventeen manuals on developing a co-operative at www.daff. gov.za. Take the Publications, General Publications and then Training manuals: Cooperatives options. Also see the Info Pak How to form a co-operative, also under the Publications option. Find the Co-operatives Development option on the Department of Trade and Industry website, www.thedti.gov.za Visit the websites of roleplayers mentioned in this chapter.

Yebo Co-operative Ltd Tel: 012 755 8377 yebo@yebocoop.co.za primary www.yebocoop.co.za Yebo is a registered co-operative formed by various business groups and co-operatives from all the provinces of South Africa in March 2003 as their own(ed) support and service organisation. Their focus has been a target market based in rural areas, townships and informal settlements. Yebo membership is comprised of Stockvels, Burial Societies, Clubs, Co-operatives, and Co-operatively Organised Groups.

to represent the SACCO movement both locally and inter-nationally; to provide development services to SACCOs. SACCOL services its member organisations by providing training, advice and other technical services as well as accepting deposit from and making loans to its members; to regulate SACCOs. SACCOL is member of the ACCOSCA, the African Confederation of Cooperative Savings and Credit Associations.

Our gratitude to the DGRV and Bernd Harms once again (see heading 8) for help with this chapter.

Yebo specialises in teaching people about mechanisms of how to generating their own money and coupled with that is a training on how to use their disposable income ACCOSCA, in turn, together with to create sustainable business that 86 counties in 7 regions world- could help them in alleviating wide makes up WOCCU, the poverty. World Council of Credit Unions. WOCCU sees South Africa as a

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Marketing and finance

Development financial services
1. Overview
Financial services contribute to activities that have a positive impact on poverty alleviation and rural development. It is critical for sustainable growth that all citizens are able to participate meaningfully in the economy. A lack of access to finance remained a key barrier to the growth and development of small business enterprises. The provision of financial services, vital to poorer people in a developing country, includes microcredit but needs to go beyond this; after all, most prefer access to savings and transactional services than turning to credit. The National Small Business Act and the Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative (AsgiSA) are two initiatives by the government intended to bridge the gap between the first and second economies and address existing inequalities. Find out more about these on www.polity.org.za and www. gov.za
Source: (adapted) www.microfinance.up.ac.za, website of the Centre for Microfinance based at the University of Pretoria

What is credit and why do you need it? Credit is money borrowed from someone or from a bank by agreement with the promise to pay it back at a later date, with or without interest. Commercial banks grant credit to farmers for various purposes e.g. for equipment, vehicles, land, livestock, irrigation equipment, water pumps, etc. The bank will want to know how the credit is going to be used and what your financial position is (assets and liabilities). Your bank will want to know this in order to assess your ability to generate income and pay back the loan. The bank will look at your: assets and liabilities (financial standing); present and expected income (cash flow); risks involved and how you plan to cover them; knowledge of the industry in which you want to get involved.

Ask your financial advisor or extension officer or to assist you to compile this information. The extension officer is a person who works for the Department of Agriculture in your area and who is trained to assist farmers in agricultural matters. When and how much can you borrow? Know the purpose for which you are borrowing money to improve the performance of your farming operations. Do not apply for credit that will generate too little income to cover the interest and capital (money borrowed) repayments. Therefore, the expected net income (income left over after all expenses have been deducted, except tax and interest) will give a good indication of how much debt the project will be able to carry. When applying for credit, make sure that your debt is not more than 30% of your current assets and 25% of the expected income. Repaying the bank. Before any commercial bank can grant a loan, it determines whether your income exceeds your costs to such an extent that there will be enough money to repay the loan and to cover household expenses. The bank will ask for a collateral or security for the loan. A collateral or security is property pledged as security for the loan. Should you fail to repay your loan, the bank will repossess your property and sell it to realise its security. Property which is presented as collateral must meet certain requirements: It must be identifiable and not perishable. It must be in a saleable condition. The bank must be able to estimate its market value. It must be your own property and preferably not immovable.

The term Emerging Farmer is commonly applied both to farmers who are emerging in terms of scale and to farmers who are emerging in terms of lack of skills. Farmers who are emerging in terms of scale battle with problems such as access to markets, quality inputs, land and finance. These farmers are no riskier than other categories of farmers. Rather, it is the environment in which they operate that brings increased risk. The business of a tomato grower in Giyani is obviously riskier than that of ZZ2 because the scale is smaller and market access is not there. But in terms of production techniques, the Giyani grower is equal to any top farmer. These farmers need a financing programme that includes support structures. For example, if such a farmer can be assisted to acquire a contract to supply a large retailer, this contract can be ceded to us in security for his or her loan. But it is also important to look beyond retailers for off-take agreements, especially as there is large untapped potential in informal markets. Source: Andrew Makanete

Repaying the loan within a given time limit will improve your credit worthiness and credibility with the bank and also save on interest charges. The best incentive to repay a loan is to have access to future loans. How to apply Once you have identified why you have to borrow money, you can go to your nearest bank and fill in application forms. Your application should contain all the relevant information because it forms the basis for negotiations with the bank manager. After submitting the forms, the bank will call you in for an interview. (You are allowed to take someone who knows your business well with you, if you like). During the interview you will be given a chance to motivate your proposal, negotiate the possible loan terms and also to develop a good business relationship with your bank manager prepare the presentation of your loan request beforehand. The bank manager will tell you after the interview whether your application was successful or not. See the Banks chapter for contact details of roleplayers

2. Credit
NB Only credit grantors that are registered with the National Credit Regulator (NCR) may grant credit. Visit www.ncr.org.za to find out more, including information and tips, debt counselling etc

Getting a loan or credit from a commercial bank

Farmers who want to establish or expand their farming operations can obtain finance from commercial banks. It is, however, important that they understand the terms and conditions of credit, e.g. what credit is and repayment requirements.

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3. What is a Credit Guarantee?

Farmers who do not have title deeds to the land they farm or who cannot meet the other conventional commercial bank security requirements are often excluded from access to agricultural finance. Obtaining Credit Guarantees is one of the remedies. For the individual: A credit guarantee is aimed at assisting borrowers to obtain normal banking facilities to enable them to establish, expand or acquire a new or existing business. Under normal lending criteria, they would not qualify for such finance since they would not have the support of an indemnity cover. Indemnity cover means the extent to which a Fund indemnifies the Bank against the Banks irrecoverable loss in relation to the Facility concerned (expressed as a percentage). For the company: Credit Insurance offers your company three main benefits: risk protection protection against non-payment; better financing enhanced financing mechanisms by providing added security to finance providers; increased sales credit Insurance will enable you to sell more goods to new and existing clients while substantially reducing the overall risk. What is credit insurance? Domestic Credit Insurance offers protection against non-payment of debts (e.g. due to insolvency or protracted default) incurred by debtors based in South Africa and/or the common monetary area.
Source: www.creditguarantee.co.za

4. Government departments and associations

The following are involved, regulating how finance is made available: Association for pro poor Micro Finance Institutions for South Africa (AMFISA) www.amfisa.org.za The Banking Association South Africa Tel: 011 645 6700 www.banking.org.za Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Directorate: Agricultural Development Finance Tel: 012 319 7295 DADF@nda.agric.za DAFF signed a partnership agreement with Khula Enterprise Finance to extend financial services to emerging farmers and agribusinesses which will see the establishment of the Khula-Mafisa Fund. The fund will provide a portfolio indemnity to financial institutions that provide production loans to emerging black farmers within the Khula-Mafisa target market. The arrangement improves access to credit by farmers, mainly black and emerging farmers, who have insufficient collateral but are bankable. Through this, the emerging farmers will have the opportunity to build a credit track record allowing them to graduate to commercial farming level. This will improve their productivity thereby increasing the sectors contribution to job creation and further ensuring food production and food security and contributing into the countrys economy. Directorate: Business and Entrepreneurial Development Tel: 012 319 8459/60 Tel: 012 319 8133/54 Find out about other DAFF/ government programmes like CASP and LRAD in the Land Reform and Emerging Farmer Support chapters. Department of Trade & Industry Tel: 012 394 9500 www.thedti.gov.za Financial Services Board Tel: 012 428 8000 Tel: 0800 110 443/ 0800 2020 87 www.fsb.co.za The Financial Services Board is a unique independent institution established by statute to oversee the South African Non-Banking Financial Services Industry in the public interest. Their mission is to promote sound and efficient financial institutions and services together with mechanisms for investor protection in the markets we supervise. Microfinance South Africa Tel: 012 348 0809 www.mfsa.net The recognised voice of reputable microfinanciers National Credit Regulator (NCR) Tel: 0860 627 627 www.ncr.org.za To prevent abuse by lenders of credit (e.g. exorbitant interest rates, unfair blacklisting) Registrar of Banks Tel: 012 313 3770 Fax: 012 313 3929 www.resbank.co.za South African Credit Cooperative League (SACCOL) Tel: 021 422 3333 www.saccol.org.za SACCOL Ltd. was established by Savings and Credit Co-operatives (SACCOs) and Credit Unions around South Africa as their National Association. South African Savings Institute (SASI) Tel: 011 269 3789 www.savingsinstitute.co.za SASI is committed to playing a meaningful role in securing sustained growth in the national savings rate to enhance the financial health of the nation and the wellbeing of its citizens. South African Micro-Finance Apex Fund (SAMAF) Tel: 012 394 1796/03 www.samaf.org.za The Apex Fund (samaf) is one of the instruments designed to close this gap of inequality by providing access to affordable financial services deeper and broader to the enterprising poor. Provincial contact details are on the website.

A loan guarantee fund provides and ensures access to finance and technical skills by black emerging agribusiness entrepreneurs and farmers. Many commercial banks and the Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) in the country participate in the guarantee scheme.

How is it done?
We shall look at ways in which collateral may be obtained for small-scale/ emerging farmers, allowing them the space and opportunity to develop their agricultural business. Submit a business plan to any of these institutions - banks or DFIs who will have the capacity to assess the viability, feasibility and creditworthiness of the agribusiness projects and borrowers. The participating banks screen and approve, in principle, the applications from prospective borrowers qualifying for guarantee by the fund. In each case they look at the parameters of the funds qualifying criteria. Upon approval in principle by the bank, it will lodge a fully completed written application (together with the necessary supporting documents and information required in the business plan) to the designated officer representing the Trustees of the Fund. The Fund considers and approves or rejects the application within ten business days of receipt thereof, which will be notified to the bank. The bank then needs to notify (within three months) the Fund that the guarantee has been taken up by the borrower, failing which the guarantee application as granted will lapse. From the time of the approval of the application until the bank credit together with finance charges has been repaid, the bank shall administer the repayments according to banking practice and procedures, which might include: 1. Q uarterly financial statements from the borrow er; 2. Enforcing the terms of credit in terms of prudent banking practice etc. Banks who participate in credit guarantees include ABSA, African Bank, Bank of Athens, FNB, Nedcor, Peoples Bank and Standard Bank.

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5. Roleplayers
Microloan Guarantors like Khula Enterprises were founded by The Department of Trade and Industry in 1994 to provide collateral for small businesses applying for SMME finance from commercial banks. It was given the responsibility to make it easier for small businesses to access finance. Other organisations, tasked with aspects such as training and support services and initiated by the dti, have been grouped under the SEDA umbrella. The Corporate Social Investment (CSI) part of the BEE scorecard allows rewards companies whose financial contributions favour Black people. Read more in the Black Economic Empowerment chapter. Since its inception in 2004, over six million South Africans have opened Mzansi bank accounts which provide previously un-banked clients easy access to banking services countrywide. The service was established following a recommendation by the Financial Services Charter (FSC) and is supported by the countrys four largest banks and the Post Office. Mzansi has increased the percentage of banked South Africans from 45% to 63% with the potential of reaching 78% of South Africans. (Mail & Guardian 30 June 2009, quoting FinMark Trust research) Co-operative banks refer to the chapter on co-operatives. The commercial banks have specialist SME divisions, providing finance for qualified entrepreneurs. Contact the banks or visit their websites to find out about their products and services, and their criteria to obtain finance. Most banks also participate in credit guarantees. Banks are not the only places that provide start-up finance to entrepreneurs. Its just a matter of doing your research, having a good business plan and then being prepared to sell yourself. Find provincial and regional development agencies in the Providers of financial services chapter. We list two of them here: Ntinga OR Tambo Development Agency Tel: 047 531 0346 www.ntinga.org.za A special purpose vehicle responsible for spearheading Local Economic Development in the OR Tambo district (Eastern Cape). Development Finance Institutions: Independent Development Trust (IDT) Tel: 012 845 2000 www.idt.org.za Find regional telephone details in the co-operatives chapter. More comprehensive contact details can be found on the website. Invest North West Tel: 014 594 2570 www.inw.org.za

Retail Finance Intermediaries (RFIs) are institutions that obtain loans from Khula in order to loan the money to clients in their communities. Different RFIs have different target markets depending on their operations. RFIs also use the Khula Credit Guarantee Scheme to access additional funds from participating banks. RFIs charge different interest rates depending on the risk involved in the application. Find a list of these on www.khula.org.za take the Products, Loans menu options. Enterprise information centres (EICs) assist the SMME with business plans, company registration, proposals for funding and more. They are contracted to the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA). Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) can be contacted at 012 441 1238 or faxed at 012 441 2238. Details of EICs with which we could make contact are listed below:

KwaZulu-Natal EICs
EIC Location Richards Bay Kokstad Mkhanyakude Service Provider Entrepreneurial Suport Services Scientific Roets Maputaland Development and Information Project Gateway KwaZulu Natal Development Foundation Contact Details Tel: 035 797 1821 Fax: 035 797 1849 Tel: 039 727 1515 Cell: 083 630 7787 Tel: 035 592 0125 Cell: 072 077 2408 Tel: 033 845 0400 Cell: 076 914 8980 Tel: 032 945 2531

Impendle Tongaat

Free State EICs

EIC Location Setshabelo Township Service Provider Seshupo Management Services CC (T/A Mokhuane and associates) Procuremet Marketing Consultancy (Pty) Ltd Education with Enterprise Trust (EWET) Contact Details Tel: 051 448 7735 Cell: 083 244 7937

Welkom, Kroonstad Harrismith

Tel: 057 353 2065 Cell: 082 905 2715 Tel: 058 623 0104 /0649/ 0123 Cell: 082 465 3573 Fax: 058 623 0107 / 0118 www.ewet.org.za

Contact details for their provincial Land Bank offices are on the website. Tel: 0800 00 52 59 www.landbank.co.za Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) The National Development Call centre: 0860 693 888 Agency (NDA) www.idc.co.za Tel: 011 018 5500 www.nda.org.za Khula Finance Limited Tel: 0800 11 8815/ 012 394 5560 NDAs primary mandate is to Fax: 012 394 6901 eradicate poverty by granting funds www.khula.org.za to civil society organisations that implement developmental projects Khula provides a guarantee of in all provinces (explore their 80% on the loan, which has interactive maps on their website). been approved by a commercial bank. Credit Guarantee schemes National Youth Development include: Agency Tel: 08600 96884 Individual Guarantees Fax: 011 805 9709 Institutional Guarantees www.nyda.gov.za Portfolio Guarantee Scheme

Mpumalanga ECIs
EIC Location Service Provider Contact details Tel: 013 235 1695 Fax: 013 235 4227/4436 Tel: 013 947 0315 Cell: 083 585 5664 mokhini@yahoo.com Tel: 013 752 6333 Cell: 082 868 7874 Tel: 013 986 0737

Thaba Chweu / Beehive Lydenburg Entrepreneurial Dev. Centre Lydenburg Thembisile / Empumalanga Mbombela / Nelspruit Dr SJ Moroka / Siyabuswa Umjindi / Nelspruit Highlands/ Belfast Diale Maphothoma & Assosciates Global Village Project Management Midveld Industrial Chamber of Commerce (MICAC) Megro Learning Centre Umndeni Enterprises

Tel: 013 752 5525 Cell: 083 310 4203 Tel: 013 253 1748 Fax: 086 653 5458

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Gauteng EICs
EIC Location Braamfontein Randfontein Service Provider Business Opportunity Centre (BOC) Bantsho Management and Marketing Strategies Contact Details Tel: 011 839 2750/3 www.brainsa.co.za Tel: 011 692 3287 Cell: 083 252 4050 www.bantsho.co.za Tel: 012 323 0220 Cell: 072 493 7156 Tel: 012 799 2842 Fax: 012 799 5954 Tel: 016 988 1350 Fax: 016 988 1347 Tel: 011 860 3415 Cell: 072 766 7068 Tel: 011 863 3966/70 Tel: 013 932 6305/6 Fax: 013 932 4091 Tel: 011 422 4083/4 www.boikano.co.za Tel: 011 421 5283 Cell: 082 408 0493 Fax: 011 421 5283

Northern Cape EICs

EIC Location Kimberley Service Provider Creative Thinking Trading 524 (T/A Eyethu Services cc) Contact Details Tel: 053 832 4632 Cell: 083 599 4233

Eastern Cape EICs

EIC Location Mthatha Service Provider Khanyisa Business & Management Consultancy Khanyisa Business & Management Consultancy Comsec Terra Consulting Pty Ltd Intsukaze Employment & Skills Dev Agency The Business Place Zola Management Consultants CC Contact Details Tel: 047 532 2685 Cell: 083 739 3347 Fax: 086 689 6018 Cell: 083 739 3347

Pretoria Mid City Hemix Projects Centre Soshanguve Vereeniging / Sebokeng Germiston/ Thokoza Vosloorus Bronkhorstspruit Benoni Benoni Centre for Business Education and Training Sedibeng Training Centre KLECO Local Business Service Centre JMT Executive Tax and Marketing Library Business Information Corner Boikano Accountants Inc Maximum Development Institute (T/A Ekurhuleni Business Advice and Information Centre)

Willowvale

Port Elizabeth Sydenham East London Fort Beaufort

Tel: 041 487 3996 Tel: 043 726 4272 Tel: 046 645 2221 Cell: 084 840 3994 Tel: 043 642 4477 Fax: 043 642 4798 Tel: 047 491 3574

King Williams Town Butterworth Others

Limpopo EICs
EIC Location Makhado / Louis Trichardt Fetakgomo / Apel Polokwane Service Provider Rivoni Society for the Blind Mokgalaka Business Development Services Joint Education Project Contact Details Tel: 015 556 3207/8 Cell: 083 276 1059 Fax: 015 556 3087 Tel: 082 467 2863

The Agricultural Colleges provide short course training in financial skills. Find contact details in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Business Partners Limited Tel: 011 713 6600 enquiries@businesspartners.co.za www.businesspartners.co.za Business Partners an investment company for small and medium enterprises, and has a range of support services to the entrepreneur. The company invests between R250 000 and R15 million in SMEs. They do not support farming, but may be able to help if you are looking to supply agricultural inputs or doing some form of processing. Centre for Microfinance (Based at the University of Pretoria) Tel: 012 420 5435 www.microfinance.up.ac.za The Centre fulfils four core functions: education, research, dissemination of information and providing support to other institutions. Export Credit Insurance Corporation of South Africa (ECIC) Tel: 012 471 3800 www.ecic.co.za

If you are exporting, the ECIC might be able to help. The ECIC evaluates export credit and foreign investment risks and provides export credit and foreign investment insurance cover on behalf of government. The National Emergent Red Meat Producers Organisation (NERPO) runs a farmer support Programme to enable agricultural entrepreneurs to develop into larger businesses. Contact 012 348 8566 or 083 640 5352. South African Institute for Entrepreneurship (SAIE) Tel: 021 447 2023 www.entrepreneurship.co.za Find details of agri projects countrywide on the website SBP Business Environment Specialists Tel: 011 486 0797 www.sbp.org.za Thembani International Guarantee Fund (TIGF) Tel: 012 362 0802 www.tigf.co.za Provides Credit Guarantees Thembeka Social Investment Company Tel: 021 447 8138 www.tembeka.co.za

Tel: 015 223 2386 Cell: 072 502 2978

North West EICs

EIC Location Potchefstroom Brits Service Provider Small Business Advice Bureau Furncol Training Centre Contact Details Tel: 018 299 1002 Cell: 082 880 7656/0 Tel: 012 258 0015 Cell: 083 468 4139 Fax: 012 258 0015

Western Cape EICs

EIC Location Rosebank Saldanha Gugulethu Cape Town (Heerengracht) Khayelitsha Service Provider CLOTEX West Coast Business Development Center Isibane Resource Center Nicro Zenzele Training Center Contact Details Tel: 021 686 0522 Tel: 022 714 1731 Cell: 084 767 7185 Tel: 021 633 1883 Tel: 021 462 0017 Fax: 021 462 2447 Tel: 021 36 11840 Fax: 021 361 1834 / 0274

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Marketing and finance

Embassies and donor programmes
1. National strategy and government contacts
Development Co-operation Information System International Development Cooperation Tel: 012 315 5969 Switchboard: 012 315 5111 www.dcis.gov.za Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Tel: 012 394 9500 www.dti.gov.za

Australia
Australian Agency for International Development www.ausaid.gov.au. The LandCare programme of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has its roots in AusAid and Australia.

Programmes in South include/have included:

Africa

Belgium
Tel: 012 440 3201/2 Fax: 012 440 3216 The Belgium government has been involved with financial and technical support to settle new farmers successfully. It sees agriculture as being essential to the economic development of this country.

Community project fund Water and sanitation (Masibambane III) regional infrastructure in Africa reinforcing the participation of South Africa in MWIRNET (SADC) Pesticides Initiative Programme Land Reform Credit facility Risk Capital Facility

France
The Agence Franaise de Dveloppement Group (AFD) www.afd.fr

Find the contact details for DTI foreign and regional offices by clicking on the contact us menu This website is an initiative of the option. South African National Treasury. It aims at providing information about Department of Government Official Development Assistance Communication and Information System (GCIS) (ODA) to South Africa. Tel: 012 314 2911/314 2900 Take the Partners and Institutions, www.gcis.gov.za then International Development Co-operation Partners. Options. Find the summary on Foreign Find the drop-down box. Countries Relations in the latest yearbook. around the world are listed: any details of grants and funds available Department of Agriculture, for use in South Africa are listed Forestry and Fisheries Directorate: International here. Relations Tel: 012 319 6801 Click on ODA Reports then www.daff.gov.za Contact Lists to get details on whom to contact for what kind of Find International Trade under funding. the Divisions option. Department of International Relations and Co-operation Previously Department of Foreign Affairs Tel: 012 351 1000 www.dfa.gov.za An important website from which the visitor is able to get find summaries of South Africas relationships other regions and individual countries. Foreign Representation in South Africa is also listed.

AFD is a public financial development organisation and Canada French Government arm for international support. Functioning Find notes on the International in nearly 70 countries worldwide, Development Research Centre AFD contributes to poverty at www.idrc.ca reduction, economic growth and environmental preservation. In Denmark 2008, 3 billion rand had been committed towards South Africas The Business Unit development. Tel: 012 430 9340 Presently, Denmark co-operates with eight programme countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia) and has some development activities with another two countries (South Africa and Niger). A main purpose of concentrating bilateral development assistance on a limited number of partner countries is to achieve critical mass as a donor, allowing Denmark to play a major role in local donor co-ordination and harmonisation effects. Visit www.sadsem.net to read about the Southern African Security and Defence Management Network (SADSEM), which Denmark is funding.

Germany
Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany Protocol, Agricultural and Environmental Affairs Tel: 012 427 8903 pol-200@pret.diplo.de Read about Inwent at www. inwent.org and the Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) at www.gtz.de/en

International Finance Corporation (IFC)

Read about this member of the World Bank Group at www.ifc.org.

Japan
Japan International Cooperation Agency www.jica.jp/english

European Union

2. Roleplayers
South Africas international development partners consist of bilateral and multilateral donors and agencies that provide some form of Official Development Assistance (ODA) to South Africa. You can select any of these partners from the alphabetical drop-down list provided to view general/strategic, contact or project-specific information pertaining to that partner. Visit www.dcis.gov.za Visit www.africanmonitor.org, website of an independent body which monitors funding commitments, delivery and impact on the grassroots

Tel: 012 452 5225 www.eusa.org.za The EU is the worlds largest trading bloc and is the worlds biggest aid donor to poor countries, contributing approximately half of global aid.

Luxembourg
Luxembourg Agency for Development and Cooperation www.lux-development.lu

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The Netherlands

The Nordic Countries

Technical Centre for Agricultural The Nordic countries - Norway, and Rural Cooperation (www. Denmark, Sweden, Finland and cta.int) Iceland contribute 0.5 percent of their Gross Domestic Product to Programmes include SANPAD the development of Africa. They (visit www.sanpad.org.za), the are involved extensively in Africa, NPT (visit www.nuffic.nl) and mainly in Burundi, Rwanda, the the PUM Netherlands Senior Democratic Republic of Congo and Experts Advisory Programme. Sudan. What Is PUM? PUM is the Dutch acronym for the Netherlands Senior Experts Programme. PUM is a fully independent organisation that assigns senior advisers, most of whom are retired or have taken early retirement, to companies and organisations in the developing world for short periods of time. Here they assist these companies and organisations with their knowledge and experience, whether it is of a technical nature, or assistance with management, financial management, company organisation, human resource management, marketing or whatever. PUMs programme also organises training courses and seminars in the countries in which we operate as well as training courses in the Netherlands (the latter can only follow on a mission to a client). Entrepreneurs are also assisted in getting in touch with fellow businesses in the Netherlands by means of the Business Link Programme. Clients who are interested can get further information from the local representative or from the PUM website (www.pum.nl). Contact Meyer du Toit at 082 801 2188 / myretooi@vodamail.co.za or Lesley Africa at 021 951 6852/ lesley@wecbof.com.

Finmark Trust Tel: 011 315 9197 www.finmark.org.za

United States of America

USAID (US Agency for International Development) Making Financial Markets Work Tel: 012 452 2000 for the Poor www.usaid.gov Read about NR International at ECIAfrica www.nrinternational.co.uk and Tel: 011 802 0015 Farm Africa at www.farmafrica. www.eciafrica.com org.uk Embassy USA Tel: 012 452 2247 United Nations

Sweden
Embassy of Sweden Tel: 012 426 6400 www.swedenabroad.com Sweden International Development Agency (SIDA) Tel: 012 426 6400 www.sida.se One of the key objectives of Swedish governments development cooperation strategy with South Africa is the development of economic co-operation between the two countries.

Development Programme UNDP

Tel: 012 354 8025 www.undp.org.za

Promoting Agribusiness Linkages Tel: 011 802 0015

Switzerland
Read about the Swiss Agency for Development and Co-operation (SDC) at www.sdc.admin.ch

Find details of all the UN agencies US Trade and Development at work in South Africa at www. Agency Tel: 011 778 4849 un.org.za www.tda.gov The Least Developed Countries States Agency for Report 2009 by the United United Nations Conference on Trade International Development US and Development, argues that Government agency supporting the worlds 49 least developed and funding sustainable and countries are likely to feel the participatory development in South impact of the global economic Africa www.usaid.gov . The Famine crisis most severely, necessitating Early Warning Systems Network a rethink of the development (www.fuws.net) is one of many paradigm. Find the report at www. programmes supported by USAid. unctad.org

United Kingdom
Department for International Development (DFID) Tel: 012 431 2100 www.dfid.gov.uk In the second half of 2009, the DFID and the European Commission allocated about R1.3 billion for the Economic Support and Employment Creation Programme in South Africa. For a full list of embassy contacts, visit www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/forrep/index. htm Find also the South African Representation Abroad menu option on the DFA website.

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Marketing and finance

Exporting
1. Overview
The diversification of South Africas agricultural exports base is a key priority. Our top markets at present are the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, Mozambique and the USA. South Africa must develop its export markets in the East (India, China) and the Middle East. This market is largely untapped. Our regional markets should also be developed. Product diversity is a priority. Diets in major cities should be researched and gaps in the food market sought. South Africas biggest agricultural exports are wine; citrus fruit; grapes; apples, pears and quinces; and sugar. The largest import spend was on rice, wheat, soy oil, palm oil and ethyl alcohol. Food/carbon miles is the distance traveled from farm gate to consumer. A direct correlation is assumed between distance traveled and carbon emissions. This issue has the potential to have an impact on exports. Farmers in the 21st Century are greatly influenced by international commodity markets, the exchange rates, and the flow of produce between countries. The domestic price of commodities in most countries is very close to import parity (the landed price of an imported product) as farmers compete with each other for markets. As long as the global economic system creates countries that are better able to produce products more efficiently (and cheaper) than others, the world trade system will continue unabated. South Africa has set itself the target of halving poverty and unemployment by 2014, one year before the date set by the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). A growth in exports will be crucial to our achieving this and to our having an economic growth of 6% and more.
Source: The article SA needs to grow exports in Farmers Weekly 26 June 2009 page 23. An article by Lizanne Case, FNB Business Analyst (adapted).

Services rendered free of charge by foreign representatives of the DTI: identification of suitable agents, importers and distributors; assisting trade missions to and from South Africa; spotting overseas business opportunities; entry strategies into foreign markets and related research; promotion of technology transfers and foreign investment in manufacturing in South Africa; assistance to exporters in overcoming obstacles such as quotas, customs tariffs and import restrictions; assistance to exporters in setting up appointments, translations, seminars, etc; general assistance in obtaining tender documents and negotiating with authorities such as customs and health; distribution of South African trade publications and newsletters to foreign business communities; inspection of South African products on arrival overseas.

Trade and Investment South Africa Mr Christiaan Saaiman Tel: 012 394 1021 Christiaans@thedti.gov.za International Trade Division: World Trade Organisation (WTO) Tel: 012 394 3070 xcarim@thedti.gov.za Asia East Region Tel: 012 394 1117 Fax: 012 394 2117 Free Trade Agreements SADC Tel: 012 394 3590 Fax: 012 320 7905

International Trade Administration Commission (ITAC) Import and export control Phillip Snyman Free Trade Agreements Americas/ Tel: 012 394 3590 Tel: 0861 843 384 MERCUSOR www.itac.org.za Tel: 012 394 3052 victorm@thedti.gov.za Rebate Applications on imports for value addition and re-exports Free Trade Agreements Europe Tel: 012 428 7745 Tel: 012 394 3015 Fax: 012 428 7717 styini@thedti.gov.za Through its division, Trade and Investment South Africa (TISA), the DTI provides financial assistance to registered exporters which meet certain performance criteria. Promoted under the banner of EMIA, the Export Marketing and Investment Assistance Scheme, partial compensation is available to exporters in respect of costs incurred, development export markets.

2. The Department of Trade and Industry (dti)

Department of Trade & Industry (DTI) Tel: 012 394 1021 www.dti.gov.za
Find the Exporting menu option on the website.

More about the Export Promotion Directorate at the Department of Trade and Industry (dti)
Mr Christiaan Saaiman Director: Export Promotion Tel: 012 394 1021 The Export Promotion Clusters sub-directorates are made up of the following priority sectors: agro-processing, chemicals and metals. Agro-processing priority sub-sectors fresh cut flowers fruit and vegetables organic foods beverages (wines, juices, indigenous teas) meat (venison, halaal) canned fruit and vegetables downstream sugar beneficiation fine foods

The Department of Trade & Industry (DTI) will assist registered exporters in the marketing and promotion of their products. Some of the services include overseas assessment, identification of business opportunities, developing entry strategies into foreign markets, assistance with trade fairs and exhibitions, identification of suitable agents and distribution abroad, assisting with trade missions and inspection of goods on arrival overseas.

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The Export Promotion Directorate is responsible for developing and promoting South African goods and services including specific technical interventions in terms of EMIA financial support, matchmaking, market intelligence, trade lead facilitation and in-market support. This business unit aims to increase the market penetration of South African companies in order to export products and services into various markets. The assistance provided is in the form of financial or non-financial assistance. The aim of the Export Promotion Clusters sub-directorates; are to lead and facilitate access to sustainable economic activity and employment for all South Africans through higher levels of employment, and increased access for South African products and services in international markets; and to create a fair, competitive and efficient marketplace for domestic and foreign business as well as for consumers. Export Promotion Offerings Market intelligence and advice e.g. identify new product and new market Trade lead facilitation Facilitating exports by matching potential exporters with foreign buyers In Market Support EMIA Financial Assistance

4. Other Government Departments

South African Revenue Servce (SARS) Tel: 0800 00 7277 www.sars.gov.za Find the Customs and Excise menu option, which also gives trade data. Contact details of head office, Revenue Branch Offices (provincial), Customs Offices and more are on the website.

5. Export councils
Export councils (in partnership with the DTI) have been given a forum to address all obstacles and proposals that may affect their ability to export successfully. This takes the form of a National Export Advisory Council, chaired by the Minister. The export councils database may be found on www.thedti.gov.za. Some of them are listed below. Name Fresh Produce Exporters Forum/ Fruit South Africa Farmed Abalone Export Council South African Flower Export Council (SAFEC) SA Footwear & Leather Export Council Wines of South Africa (WOSA) South African Wire Business Council (SAWA) South African Textile Industry Export Council (SATIEC) South African Ostrich Business Chamber South African Equine Trade Council Meat Exporters of South Africa Milk Producers Organisation SA Fruit & Vegetable Canners Association (SAFVCA) SA Fruit and Vegetable Exporters Council Contact details Tel: 021 526 0474 Tel: 021 701 1820 Tel: 011 692 4237 Tel: 031 701 4206 Tel: 021 883 3860 Tel: 011 453 0921 Tel: 021 702 4140 Tel: 044 272 3336 Tel: 031 314 1926 Tel: 011 601 8600 Tel: 012 843 5600 Tel: 021 871 1308 Tel: 021 871 1308

3. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF)

For various notes on exports, look under the Services option on www.daff. gov.za. For notes on the different directorates, click on Divisions.

Directorate: International Trade Tel: 012 319 8451/2 DITR@daff.gov.za

Directorate: Veterinary Services Tel: 012 319 7456 PA.DVS@daff.gov.za

Quotas for exports are determined Controls and certifies the health here. status of animals/animal products for import/export, including the Directorate: Marketing provision of quarantine facilities. Tel: 012 319 8455 Negotiates protocols on the import DM@daff.gov.za and export of animals/animal products. Permits for imports in terms of Regional Bilateral Agreements, Directorate: Plant Health Tariff Quotas in terms of Free Trade Tel: 012 319 6505/29 Agreements as well as minimum DPH@daff.gov.za market Access in terms of WTO Ensures compliance with With regard to certain export international plant health permits under the South obligations and responsibilities, Africa/ European Union Trade thereby creating an environment Development and Cooperation for safe imports and exports. Agreement. Directorate: Food Safety and Directorate: Agricultural Quality Assurance Product Inspection Services Tel: 012 319 7306 Tel: 012 319 6100 DFSQA@daff.gov.za DAPIS@daff.gov.za Phytosanitary certificates are issued here. The Agricultural Trade Forum (ATF), established by the National Department of Agriculture, facilitates the entire agricultural industry with regard to international trade. It is housed under the Chief Directorate: Trade and Business Development. Call 012 319 6910 or email LouwrensTh@daff.gov.za. Look for the government gazette notices under the publications option at www.daff.gov.za

6. Other roleplayers
www.sa-exporter.com an important trade portal

Antswisa Miyelani Mkhabela 079 230 4999 www.antswisa.co.za SMME export programmes Aramex (SA) (Pty) Limited Tel: 011 961 4800 Aviocean Tel: 011 974 2278

German Chamber of Commerce www.germanchamber.co.za; Southern Africa-Switzerland www.saswiss.co.za; South AfricanNetherlands www.sanec.co.za etc. Christopher Richards Consultancy Tel: 011 442 6071/2 http://dunkeld.co.za

Some chambers are geared Professional advice is available to towards trade between two facilitate the conduct of efficient countries e.g. the French South international trade African Chamber www.fsacci. co.za; the Southern African

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Clear Freight Tel: 011 856 6600 Clover Cargo International Tel: 011 974 1976 Customs Services (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 397 5370 Deugro (SA) (Pty) Limited Tel: 011 392 7370 DFM Software Solutions Tel: 021 904 1154 www.dfmsoftware.co.za For software that allows the user to create chemical and fertiliser instructions required for GlobalGAP , Natures Choice and the export market.

conditions for employees and empower communities through ethical and sustainable trade. Forward Air & Sea Tel: 011 392 5364 Hellmann Logistics Tel: 011 928 7000 Import/Export Trade Finance Experts Tel: 011 809 7500 IMPOSON Shipping Tel: 021 421 6110

Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa Ltd (IDC) Tel: 011 269 3000 callcentre@idc.co.za The Exporters Club of South www.idc.co.za Africa (ECSA) www.exportersclub.co.za International Trade Administration Commission ECSA has chapters in Johannesburg, (ITAC) Durban, Port Elizabeth and Cape Tel: 0861 843 384 Town. www.itac.org.za Fairtrade South Africa Tel: 021 448 8911 www.fairtrade.org.za Invest North West Tel: 014 594 2570 www.inw.org.za

enhancing its capacity to export to Provincial investment agencies like various markets. MEGA handle export and import enqiries, assist with government JSE Limited export incentives etc. Tel: 011 520 7000 info@jse.co.za National Agricultural Marketing www.jse.co.za Council (NAMC) Tel: 012 341 1115 If you are an exporter, foreign Fax: 012 341 1811/9 exchange is one of your top risks. A www.namc.co.za rand futures market exists allowing agribusinesses and farmers to National Council of SPCAs hedge themselves against negative Tel: 011 907 3590 movements in the exchange rate, www.nspca.org.za reducing risks and uncertainty. The Farm Animal Unit monitors Kintetsu World Express the export of live animals from East Tel: 011 573 5700 London and Durban harbours. KwaZulu-Natal Department of Perishable Products Export Economic Development Control Board (PPECB) Tel: 031 310 5300 Tel: 021 930 1134 mntambob@kznded.gov.za ho@ppecb.com www.kznded.gov.za www.ppecb.com The department has intensified PPECB provides internationally the training of and support for preferred food, safety, quality and entrepreneurs in agri-business assurance services to promote and export. instil confidence in the agricultural products of South Africa. MSC Logistics Tel: 011 627 6542 PPECB, mandated by the of Agriculture, Mpumalanga Economic Growth Department has been delivering end-point Agency (MEGA) inspection services on perishable Tel: 013 752 2440 products destined for export since www.mega.gov.za 1991.

The fair trade movement aims to Amongst its many services, INW enhance trading conditions for small assists in the development of scale businesses, improve labour trade in the second economy by

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Assessors are stationed across the country and delivers inspection services on 200 product types at more that 1500 locations.

Fortunately for exporters there are expert forwarders and clearing agents to call upon. The role of the freight forwarder, alternatively called the shipping and forwarding Planner Bee Plant Care or clearing and forwarding agent, is Tel/fax: 011 888 4215 to ensure that cargo is transported www.fertilis.co.za across international boundaries in the most efficient and economical FERTILIS (registration no B3664 way. Act36/1947) is certified by the Organic Food Federation There are many related ancillary UK: organic certification no: services that agents undertake 00371/01/00. to ensure this objective, such as documentation, customs Premier Freight clearance, booking of cargo space, Tel: 011 573 9000 packing, etc. The transport of goods internationally involves Reserve Bank shipping lines, airlines, groupage Tel: 012 313 3911 operators, container terminal and www.reservebank.co.za depot operators, port authorities, road and rail contracts and customs Responsible Container brokers. Management Association of Southern Africa RCMASA The freight forwarder co-ordinates Tel: 032 942 8256 the activities of these organisations Fax: 032 942 8328 and includes accurate preparation www.rcmasa.org.za and distribution of documents. SAITEX The agent should be able to advise Tel: 011 783 7250 the exporter on the following www.exhibitionsafrica.com aspects: Africas premier trade exhibition the best mode of transport for the goods, whether by sea, air, Safcor Panalpina rail, road or a combination of (Sea) Tel: 011 570 6000 these; (Air) Tel: 011 922 9600 schedule and transit times of www.safcorpanalpina.co.za the various transport services; The most suitable packing; Sasfin Bank Limited Tel: 011 809 7500 rates and insurance premiums; freight rates; Schenker Stinnes Logistics costing for export; Tel: 011 971 8502 compliance with maritime and other statutory obligations; South African Association of marking of cargo; and Freight Forwarders (SAAFF) all technical aspects of Tel: 011 455 1726 international forwarding. www.saaff.org.za

Agents also handle customs clearance, including related documentation needs and exchange control requirements, and any other permits required by law. Most agents have an international network of branch offices or associates, which enables them to give advice on the importing countrys regulations. South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) www.sabs.co.za Tel: 012 428 6896 smithes@sabs.co.za

food requirements, represents the greatest potential market for South African Halaal Certified products. Another market is European countries with large Muslim communities (e.g. UK, France and Germany). Membership of SAHEF is open to all certified Halaal manufacturers, export agents, freight companies and others. South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) Tel: 011 339 2021 www.saiia.org.za

A non-governmental research institute providing African Food Safety Certification perspectives and Global programmes: GlobalGAP , BRC, HACCP , ISO 22000, Pesticide insights. validation of Maximum Residue Levels for the SA Pesticide Initiative Starke Ayres Tel: 0860 782 753 Programme (PIP) www.starkeayres.co.za Tel: 012 428 6648 Trade Law Centre for Southern garberhv@sabs.co.za Africa (TRALAC) Pesticide residue testing for quality Tel: 021 880 2010 control and R&D purposes www.tralac.org Tel: 012 428 6844 fouchecm@sabs.co.za Building capacity to help Africa trade better

Constituent or nutrient analysis of UTI food and water Tel: 011 723 1600 South African Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SACCI) Tel: 011 446 3800 www.sacci.org.za South African Halaal Export Forum (SAHEF) Ismail Rawat 082 793 4494 WESGRO Tel: 021 487 8633 www.wesgro.co.za Workshops are run in the use of incoterms and participating in the international environment.

ZA Trans Logistics The Middle East and in particular Tel: 011 571 3000 the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, which import 80% of their

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7. Training and research

Agri Skills Transfer Network Prof Hentie Boshof Tel: 018 290 6019 There is a course which focuses on export readiness: business/export market viability, logistics, supply chain management etc. Business Unity South Africa (BUSA) Tel: 011 784 8000 www.busa.org.za SA AgriAcademy Tel: 021 880 1276 www.agriacademy.co.za Find the Export menu option on SA AgriAcademy agricultural Export Market Access programmes. Market Info the website. specialises in Readiness and Development

For those exporters looking for better access to the ever-growing European Union (EU) market now 25 countries strong and SAs major trading partner the Department of Trade and Industry (dti) has run a national series of workshops on the issue. The dti also runs a Small Exporters Development programme. Contact Phina Mashilo at 012 394 1060 or pmashilo@thedti. gov.za, or Solomon Magagula at 012 394 1343 or Smagagula@thedti.gov.za Exporting in a nutshell understanding and preparing for exports researching and segmenting export markets compiling an export plan implementing the export plan export transportation and logistics export documentation and payments export management

Facilitate training workshops for SMMEs interested in exporting. The South African Board of Standards (SABS) offers training The chamber movements see courses in GlobalGAP . Visit www. notes below sabs.co.za or call 012 428 6545. The dti see notes in the next Standard Bank Tel: 0800 FOREX column. forex@standardbank.co.za Freight Training (Pty) Ltd Hedging against foreign currency Tel: 011 450 4140 www.freighttraining.co.za (Can you afford volatility in exchange rates?) Find out how Training includes the mechanism of to start trading currency futures. credit who does what and why. Trade Information Promotion Fresh Produce Exporters Services Forum Fax: 086 621 7089 Tel: 021 526 0474 www.tips.co.za/training Fax: 021 526 0479 www.fpef.co.za Tips South Africa offers the following export training courses: Training covers the entire trade chain of the fresh fruit export Freight management course industry and is focused on PDIs in Exporting into Africa the industry and emerging farmers. Coming to terms with INCO 2000 Institute of Export International sales contract (Graduate School of Management) Bills of entry for exports Tel: 011 628 2000 The VAT act and exports iex@mfsa.co.za www.iex.co.za TMS Training Services International trade training Tel: 011 853 2777 Karen@hochfeld.co.za programme www.hochfeld.co.za International Trade Institute of A three-day course is offered South Africa (ITRISA) covering all you need to know Tel: 011 807 5317 about chartering ships for your info@itrisa.co.za business methods undertaken, www.itrisa.co.za costs and issues involved, case studies etc Short courses and distance education The chamber movement addresses all issues affecting the business community, including exporting. Find out how your nearest Chamber of Commerce can help you. Cape Town Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry www. capetownchamber.com Randburg Chamber of Commerce www.rcci.co.za Benoni Chamber of Commerce www.benonicci.org.za Johannesburg Chamber of Commerce www.jcci.co.za South Coast Chamber of Commerce www.scchamber.co.za Bloemfontein Chamber of Commerce www.bcci.co.za Zululand Chamber of Commerce www.zululandchamber.co.za Estcourt Chamber of Commerce www.ecci.co.za Pietermaritzburg Chamber of Business www.pcb.org.za (Etc)

Skills Development Specialists Tel: 0861 113 987 www.sdstraining.co.za

Find all you need to know on www.exporthelp.co.za, the other websites and in the publications mentioned under headings 9 and 10.

8. Export insurance and finance

Coface South Africa Tel: 011 208 2500 www.cofaceza.com Credit Guarantee Tel: 011 889 7000 www.creditguarantee.co.za The Export Credit Insurance Corporation of South Africa Limited (ECIC) Department of Trade and Industry Call Centre: 0861 843 384 www.ecic.co.za Lombard Insurance Group Tel: 0860 110 313 www.lombardins.com Pooley Thorne & Associates (Pty) Limited Tel: 011 849 9828 www.pooleythorne.co.za Prestige Credit Insurance Consultants Tel: 011 805 8958 www.prestigecredit.co.za Credit insurance for protection on your dealings with exports debtors. Short-Term Export Finance Guarantee Scheme Credit Guarantee Tel: 011 889 7000 The purpose of the scheme is to finance small to medium-sized businesses which lack the financial resources to execute export orders. The scheme enables the prospective exporter to obtain finance from a number of participating banks. These loans are then underwritten by Credit Guarantee and re-insured by the Department of Trade & Industry.

9. Publications
The PPECB Export Directory call 021 930 1134 or visit www.ppecb. com. Fresh Fruit Export Directory call 021 526 0474 or visit www.fpef.co.za Business consultant Chris Richards has authored training manuals on importing and exporting. Contact him at 011 442 6071 or write to chrisrichards@dunkeld.co.za Export South Africa is published monthly and aimed at all exporters and export service providers. Call 011 726 3081 ext 246 or 082 890 5255; or write to Lawrencemp@malnormags.co.za. Farmers Weekly Find the Trade Watch and Export Leads regular feature. Food & Beverage has a weekly email updating you on developments in South Africa, the region and internationally. Write to foodprod@global. co.za or call 011 880 3682 or visit www.developtechnology.com The Exporters Manual Alan Cowell and Pat Corbin. Johannesburg Chamber of Commerce. 1998. Tel: 011 726 5300. Email: info@jcci. co.za or visit www.jcci.co.za TRADERS, the African Business Journal. Visit www.tradersafrica.com or phone 011 452 9847. Global Enabling trade Report 2009 is a report by the World Economic Forum in which institutions, policies and services which enable trade in national economies around the world are measured and analysed. This can be downloaded at www.weforum.org

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10. Websites
Tools
www.exporthelp.co.za Your online export helpdesk www.daff.gov.za menu option Government gazette. Import/Export forms are available here. www.cargoinfo.co.za Cargo Info Africa, Southern Africas freight information port www.xe.com the worlds favourite currency site

benefit to smaller organisations. Fairtrade is one of the fastest growing markets in the UK. The international body is called Fairtrade Labeling Organisation. Find out more at www.fairtrade.org.uk , www.fairtrade. net and www.fairtrade.org.za

General export assistance

International Trade Centre www.intracen.org the development partner for export success www.cbi.nl Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries (CBI) provides market information, export promotion, matching, advice on import enquiries, and environmental information for exporters from developing countries. General trade reference International Trade Centre www.intracen.org World Trade Organisation (WTO) www.wto.org www.wcoomd.org World Customs Organisation United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) www.unctad.org International Air Transport Association (IATA) www.iata.org. IATA sets cargo rates which are published in a directory called The Air Cargo Tariff (TACT). www.tradeworld.net TradeWorld provide leads and tenders to South African companies www.tradeinvestafrica.com Ultimate guide to business, trade and investment in Africa See also the websites of roleplayers e.g. www.thedti.gov.za (take the exporting option). There are specific phytosanitary requirements for imports and exports of plants, plant products and other regulated articles. These requirements are set due to the fact that South Africa is part of the global village and an active trader in the global agricultural import-export market. In the international exchange of plants and plant products, there is a risk that pests and disease might be introduced into the territory of the importing country. South Africa is a signatory member of the WTO-SPS (Agreement on the Application of Sanitary & Phytosanitary Measures). Therefore the WTOSPS gives member specific rights & obligations. Find a presentation by Marianna Theyse (DAFF) under the Trade Intelligence option at www.agbiz.co.za www.wto.org World Trade Organisation rules on sanitary and phytosanitary measures can be found here www.ippc.int International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) website. This is an international treaty to secure action to prevent the spread and introduction of pests of plants and plant products, and to promote appropriate measures for their control. Inter-African Phytosanitary Council www.au-appo.org

Research and statistics

A monthly news update on agricultural trade issues subscribe at http://agritrade.cta.int www.trademap.org trade statistics for international business development Find the trade briefs, working papers etc at www.tralac.org (Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa). Download the latest weekly customs, excise, tariff and trade remedy summary notification. Find the INTERNATIONAL Trade Probe, a joint initiative between the NAMC and DAFFs Directorate International Trade, at www.namc. co.za. Joint Agribusiness Department of Agriculture Forum for Africa www. jadafa.co.za Find options like Trade within Africa, Country profile and Trade beyond Africa. Find the Trade intelligence option at www.agbiz.co.za www.p-maps.org 72 Market Analysis Portals directly accessible from the International Trade Centre. Access to all Product Map content is available on a subscription basis. www.mbendi.co.za the global information resource for business and travel. www.thefoodworld.com this website lists companies worldwide who supply food. www.africatrade.co.za an Africa Trade Initiative www.daff.gov.za the Quarterly Economic Overview includes notes on the world and Sub-Saharan economies. Also find the many relevant publications under Research papers. www.fas.usda.gov Foreign Agricultural Service (the United States Department of Agriculture)

Treaties and trade agreements

www.macmap.org Market Access Map, making import tariffs and market access barriers transparent www.sacci.org.za The increasing number of trade agreements and trade blocs around the World present business with as many problems as opportunities. In an effort to assist business people, SACCI has compiled a list of Trade Agreements and Trade Blocs with an overview and link to the official websites. Booklets and guides are available from the South African Revenue Service (SARS) e.g. Agreements, Trade Agreements and Preferential Dispensations administered by the South African Revenue Services. The Fairtrade Foundation gives consumers the opportunity to buy products that guarantee a better deal to producers. This is a huge

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11. Trade terms (Incoterms)

Incoterms are standard trade definitions most commonly used in international sales contracts. Devised and published by the International Chamber of Commerce, they are at the heart of world trade. The Incoterms you are most likely to use: Ex Works Free on Board Cost Insurance and Freight Carriage Paid to Delivered Duty Unpaid EXW FOB CIF CPT DDU

Marketing and finance

Fibre trading
Although there are some notes here on mohair and wool, the reader is asked to consult the various fibre chapters i.e. Sheep Wool, Goats Mohair, Speciality Fibre Production, Cotton, and Other Fibre Crops.

1. The case for natural fibres

Visit the website of the International Chamber of Commerce and the World Business Organisation for more information www.iccwbo.org Plant fibres include seed hairs, such as cotton; stem (or bast) fibres, such as flax and hemp; leaf fibres, such as sisal; and husk fibres such as coconut. See the Cotton and Other Fibre Crops chapters. Animal fibres include wool, hair and secretions, such as silk. See the Sheep wool, Goats Mohair and Speciality Fibre Production livestock chapters. Each year, farmers harvest around 35 million tonnes of natural fibres from a wide range of plants and animals from sheep, rabbits, goats, camels and alpacas, from cotton bolls, abaca and sisal leaves and coconut husks, and from the stalks of jute, hemp, flax and ramie plants. Over the past half century, these have been displaced by man-made fibres with names like acrylic, nylon, polyester and polypropylene. Unlike natural fibres harvested by farmers, commonly used synthetic fibres are mass produced from petrochemicals to uniform strengths, lengths and colours, easily customized to specific applications. Across the world, producers and processors of natural fibres need to develop and maintain markets in which they can compete effectively with synthetics. International Year of Natural Fibres (2009) was aimed at raising global awareness of the importance of natural fibres not only to producers and industry, but also to consumers and the environment.

12. Export tips

What to avoid in the export industry: Advance fee scams: a fraudulent importer claims to be interested in buying your product. You will then be requested to send your brochures, a quotaton and some samples. Later you will receive an e-mail confirming that your product has been approved for purchasing, but in order for the deal to go ahead, you are requested to send money for registering your business with the trade authority in that country. Sample scams: with this type of scam, you are given the hope of a good business deal. The fraud lures you to send a substantial number of sample products for approval. Once the samples are sent, you never hear from them again. This practice targets exporters with products of high resale value. Uncollectable payment scams. This is when you are tricked into shipping your goods with the promise that payment will follow. You will normally receive correspondence with letterheads of non-existent banks, or at times forged letterheads from existing banks. You only become aware of this one the shipment has gone. When you are pursuing a new deal, Gamwo suggests that it is vital for you to: - C heck the credentials of the company in most countries, businesses must register and be licensed before they can operate. You can check w ith the companies registry in the relevant country. C heck that the contact details exist and belong to the relevant company. - C onsider shipping your goods only after receiving money in your account, especially for new deals. C heck the authenticity of bank documents. If payment is by Letter of C redit, request confirmation from your bank. - Avoid sending too much of stock as samples. For high-value products, request payment for samples and/or payment of shipping costs. Invest in a proper and detailed brochure as a substitute for samples. - A sk your potential clients as many questions as possible; their registration, licence number, physical address, banker, their affiliation to any trade body or association in their country. A serious buyer usually doesnt mind answ ering such questions.
Source: Advice from Michael Gamwo, Africa Desk Manager for Wesgro (the official trade and investment promotion agency of the Western Cape). Our thanks to the Fresh Produce Exporters Forum for feedback on the draft chapter

A marketing angle on natural fibres

Natural fibres are a healthy choice. They provide natural ventilation. A cotton T-shirt feels comfortable on a hot day. Wool garments act as insulators against both cold and heat. Natural fibres are a responsible choice. They are of major economic importance to many developing countries and vital to the livelihoods and food security of millions of small-scale farmers and processors. Natural fibres are a sustainable choice. The emerging green economy is based on energy efficiency, renewable feed stocks in polymer products, industrial processes that reduce carbon emissions and recyclable materials. Natural fibres are a renewable resource. Natural fibres are a high-tech choice. They have good mechanical strength, low weight and low cost. That has made them particularly attractive to the automobile industry (increasingly coconut fibre, sisal, hemp wastes etc. are being used). Natural fibres are a fashionable choice. Natural fibres are at the heart of an eco-fashion or sustainable clothing movement that seeks to create garments that are sustainable at every stage of their life cycle, from production to disposal. Natural fibre producers, textile manufacturers and the clothing industry need to be aware of, and respond to, the opportunities provided by growing demand for organic cotton and wool, for recyclable and biodegradable fabrics, and for fair trade practices that offer producers higher prices and protect textile industry workers.
Source: adapted from www.naturalfibres2009.org and www.new-ag.info

2. Wool and mohair

The Eastern Cape is a leading world producer of high-quality merino wool and mohair luxury fibres. A significant proportion of the provinces wool and mohair is exported unprocessed or semi-processed and the sector has very good expansion potential.

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More than 150 years in wool and mohair has given the province valuable expertise in the relevant farming, technology, training, production and marketing. New investment will allow increased value-add to the provinces excellent raw materials through the production of high-value wool and mohair products for worldwide niche markets.

3. Roleplayers
Find detailed lists in the different fibre chapters e.g. Cotton, Sheep - Wool etc.

Mohair
The Eastern Cape Province is the premier mohair producing area in South Africa and the undisputed leader in mohair production in the world. The open cry auction system is the main trading platform with an average of 96% of the total volume of mohair. Other trading options between mohair producers and buyers are farm gate sales, contracts and forward selling, electronic auctions and tenders. A group of mohair producers marketing their mohair outside the spot marketing system as Camdeboo mohair and selling it directly to processors through systems of contracts and agreements has been a recent innovation. Growers have a number of options how to sell their production and are able to hold the sale until prices improve.

BKB Limited Tel: 041 503 3111 www.bkb.co.za Camdeboo Tel: 041 484 5255 www.camdeboo.com Cape Mohair & Wool (CMW) Tel: 041 486 1143 www.cmw.co.za Cape Wools SA Tel: 041 484 4301 www.capewools.co.za Cotton SA Tel: 012 804 1462 - 7 www.cottonsa.org.za GWK Ltd Tel: 053 298 8200 www.gwk.co.za

Mohair South Africa Tel: 041 487 1386 www.mohair.co.za National Wool Growers Association (NWGA) Tel: 041 365 5030 Tel: 041 484 1536 www.nwga.co.za OVK Ltd Tel: 051 923 4500 www.ovk.co.za South African Textile Industry Export Council (SATIEC) Tel: 021 702 4140 www.satiec.co.za Wool Testing Bureau of South Africa Tel: 041 503 6600 www.wtbsa.co.za

Wool
Wool is sold in a free market environment and producers are free to sell their wool to whomever they wish. The bulk of South Africas wool clip is sold via public auction. These auctions are held in Port Elizabeth on virtually every Wednesday during the wool-selling season, which stretches from late August to mid-June the following year. The auctions take place under the auspices of the South African Wool and Mohair Buyers Association (Sawamba) and only members of Sawamba are permitted to bid at auctions. Prices paid for wool are determined by free market supply and demand forces and are closely linked to the international price for apparel wool, which is determined in Australia where the largest volumes of apparel wool are traded. Due to space restrictions, wool is not displayed in the auction room and buyers buy from a catalogue which is provided by the various brokers. Buyers have the opportunity to inspect samples of the various lots in the brokers warehouses a few days prior to the auctions. Wool is typed into many different types and the different prices are paid for the different types, which may differ from auction to auction. The Wool Testing Bureau of SA tests wool for various characteristics, such as fibre diameter (micron), clean yield, length and strength and vegetable matter, after which a certificate is issued. This certificate is displayed with the sample so that a buyer knows exactly what type of wool he is buying. After sale, the wool is either exported in its raw form by the buyer or semi-processed before being exported. The top export destinations for SA wool are China, Italy, Germany, the Czech Republic and India.
For further information on wool contact Cape Wools SA, which is the official body keeping statistics for the entire wool industry.

4. Websites and publications

Investigating alternative governance systems for the South African mohair supply chain by D Jordaan and J Kirsten, University of Pretoria. Contact: danie.jordaan@up.ac.za and johann.kirsten@up.ac.za Find the excellent Agricultural Marketing Extension on the Department of Agricultures website www.daff.gov.za (take the Publications and then General Publications menu options). The eighth of the series is entitled Wool and Mohair. Its aim is to facilitate a better understanding of wool and mohair marketing in South Africa, primarily to enable extension officers to help emerging farmers play a greater role in the industries. Market reports and information can be found online and in the agricultural weekly publications. Visit www.capewools.co.za and www. mohair.co.za, or open your copy of Landbouweekblad and/or Farmers Weekly. The websites of the two publications also contain archived articles: take a look at www.landbou.com and www.farmersweekly. co.za. Sources: www.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/2263/6309/1/Jordaan_ Investigating(2008).pdf the study done by D Jordaan and J Kirsten, referred to under heading 4; Ona Viljoen of Cape Wools SA.

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Marketing and finance

Fresh Produce Markets
1. Overview
Markets selling agricultural products have been with humankind for many thousands of years. They have adapted and changed over time but the fundamental reason for their existence has never changed where supply and demand meet to establish a value for a product so that a sale can be made. There are different types of agricultural markets; such as farmers markets where the farmer is on hand to sell his products, or wholesale markets where a wholesaler has purchased the products from the farmers and sells those products for a profit, or a commission markets where market agents sells the products on behalf of the farmers. There are 24 fresh produce markets in South Africa. Twenty-two are commission markets and two are wholesale. Nineteen of the twenty-two are linked to the Freshmark System (see www.freshmark.co.za) In South Africa we have the added option of Informal Markets which are a feature of our national landscape as they can be found along main roads, outside bus stations, taxi ranks, alongside existing fresh produce markets and in rural towns. Informal Markets in various forms can also be found in many African countries. In this country they are essentially wholesale markets, as the vendors have purchased their products from farmers or the bigger markets to resell again to the public and tourists. They are classified as Informal Markets because they are not subject to the same formal structures and laws that govern the fresh produce markets.

i) There are 22 Fresh Produce Commission Markets in South Africa and of these, 19 are linked to the Freshmark System which is an IT network providing a comprehensive range of daily, weekly and monthly information on sales as well as national statistics. j) By reacting to the laws of supply and demand on a daily basis, fresh produce commission markets remain the purest form of price establishment available to farmers and buyers. k) The Market Agents Fidelity Fund also funds a comprehensive and unique training programme for fresh produce commission market salespeople. This programme requires a new salesperson to successfully complete the three module training programme as well as a number of audits in the workplace within a given time frame before being registered by APAC as a Fresh Produce Commission Salesperson. There is no other training programme like this in the world.

3. National strategy
In terms of the Agricultural Produce Agents Act. Act 12 of 1992 (amended 2003) the Minister of Agriculture is required to establish an Agricultural Produce Agents Council (APAC) a Statutory Body to administer the Act on behalf of the Minister. The basic reason for having the Act and for the establishment of APAC is because Agricultural Produce Commission Agents act on behalf of their clients farmers in a financial capacity and the Act is there to protect the farmers interests. The objective of APAC is: to regulate the occupation of fresh produce, export and livestock agents and to maintain and enhance the status and dignity of those occupations and the integrity of persons practicing these occupations. As far as Market Agents are concerned this includes: making policy, promoting market agents and markets; drawing up The Rules R1818 and Code of Conduct; administering the Fresh Produce Market Agents Fidelity Fund; registration of Agricultural Commission Agents; monitoring Market Agents Trust Accounts; the maintenance and promotion of the training standards of Agents; ad hoc audits of Agents stock on floor. The Minister appoints a Council of 18 members and each one serves for a maximum period of three years. Membership is made up of the following roleplayers: two persons representing agricultural producers of fresh produce two persons representing livestock producer three persons representing fresh produce market agents three persons representing livestock agents three persons representing fresh produce export agents two persons designated by the Minister two persons representing consumers one person representing DAFF Registrar and Deputy Registrar

2. The uniqueness of our markets

South Africas fresh produce markets can rightly claim to be unique in the following ways: a) They are the only system of fresh produce commission markets in the world. b) The registered Market Agents working on those markets, who sell on behalf of the farmers are governed by Act 12 of 1992 (amended 2003) which prescribes, amongst other requirements, how they will handle the farmers money. c) Act 12 also provides for a Market Agents Fidelity Fund to which only they contribute annually and which guarantees farmers money under specified circumstances. d) Another proviso of Act 12 is for the establishment of the Agricultural Produce Agents Council (APAC) which administers the Act and the Fidelity Fund on behalf of the Minister of Agriculture. e) In terms of Act 12 there are three groups of agricultural produce commission agents: fresh produce market agents, fresh produce export agents and livestock agents. These agents must register with APAC and comply to certain requirements of Act 12 before they can open for business. f) The Act requires a Market Agency to open a Trust Account on behalf of its farmers thereby ensuring that their money is controlled and regulated. g) Market Agents must submit a Trust Account Reconciliation to APAC every month. h) Market Agents must by law pay their farmers within 5 working days after completing the sale of a consignment.

The Council meets at various times through the year according to its needs and oversees the implementation of Act 12 on behalf of the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. A Registrar, Deputy Registrar and Secretary make up the full-time staff complement and they are charged with managing the day to day activities of APAC and the application of the Act. APAC makes use of outside service providers for functions such as forensic audits, training of Market Agents and other activities as required.

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Fidelity Fund
Many years ago the Department of Agriculture established a Fidelity Fund at the request of Fresh Produce Market Commission Agents to protect their name in the event of members going bankrupt and there not being sufficient funds in the Trust Account to pay the farmers, or if somebody was found guilty of any fraudulent actions with farmers money. In such cases a farmer who has sold his fresh produce through a registered commission agent may claim for his losses from the Fidelity Fund. Market Commission Agents pay an amount each year based on their annual turnover into the Fidelity Fund. It is part of APACs function to administer and control this Fidelity Fund in terms of Act 12. The Fidelity Fund guarantees a farmers money. This system of financial security for South African farmers is unique in the world.

4. The fresh produce markets

Bloemfontein see Mangaung Buffalo City Tel: 043 705 9500 Fax: 043 745 1992 elmarket@buffalocity.gov.za Butterworth Tel/fax: 047 491 4294 Cape Town Market Tel: 021 531 2191/2 john@ctmarket.co.za www.ctmarket.co.za Durban Tel: 031 311 5103 / 40 Fax: 031 465 4222 moonsamyj@durban.gov.za www.durban.gov.za East London see Buffalo City George Tel: 044 875 1286 Fax: 044 875 1287 briansimons@vodamail.co.za Johannesburg Tel: 011 992 8000 Fax: 011 613 8375 kramokgopa@jfpm.co.za www.joburgmarket.co.za Kei (Mthatha) Tel: 047 531 1907 Fax: 047 531 0512 tembanis@kfpm.co.za Kimberley see Sol Plaatje King Williams Town Tel: 043 652 3646 Fax: 043 642 3245 kwtmarket@ein.co.za Klerksdorp Tel: 018 469 1241 Fax: 018 469 3929 kldmark@lantic.net http://matlosana.org Mangaung Tel: 051 410 4500 Fax: 051 433 2948 thabiseng.moloi@mangaung.co.za Nelspruit Fresh Produce Market Tel: 013 753 3645 Fax: 013 753 3867 nelspruitmarket@lantic.net Noord-Einde Fresh Produce Market Tel: 041 451 3216 Fax: 041 451 3239 marietvermaak@gmail.com Phillippi Tel: 021 371 2645 Fax: 021 371 2648 Pietermaritzburg Tel: 033 392 3400 Fax: 033 392 3436 julie.dyer@mzundusi.gov.za Polokwane Tel: 015 297 8464 Fax: 015 297 5177 Port Elizabeth see Nelson Mandela Bay Port Shepstone see Ugu Sol Plaatje Tel: 053 830 6560 Fax: 053 831 2713 rsmith@solplaatje.org.za Springs Tel: 011 815 6010 Fax: 011 815 3175 gieln@ekurhuleni.com Tshwane Tel: 012 358 2398 Fax: 012 358 2301 christog@tshwane.gov.za www.tshwane.gov.za/ tshwanemarket Ugu Tel: 039 685 5186 Fax: 039 685 4395 Thamsanga.kwhela@ugu.org.za Uitenhage Tel: 041 992 1634 Fax: 041 992 1636 Ufpmarket@telkomsa.net

Trust Account
In terms of the Act a Market Agency must open a Trust Account at a registered banking institution on behalf of their farmers. This Trust Account has only two purposes: to deposit the proceeds from the sales of farmers products; to pay the farmers. It must be a separate bank account from the Market Agencys normal business account. Every Market Agency must submit a Trust Account reconciliation to APAC monthly before the 21st. The Trust Account therefore, controls the farmers money.

When does a farmer get paid?

Rule 25 of Act 12 stipulates that if a consignment of fresh produce is not fully sold within three business days after the receipt thereof, the fresh produce agent must inform the producer of the extent and condition of the unsold quantity. Rule 26 of Act 12 stipulates that a fresh produce agent shall within 5 business days after having sold the produce pay the farmer as well as issue a statement with detail such as date of receipt of the consignment, kind and class of fresh produce, the amount and nature of each deduction, the amount of commission deducted, etc. Act 12 of 1992 requires market commission agents to register with the Registrar of the Agricultural Produce Agents Council (APAC) Tel: 012 346 4117 / 011 894 3680 The most important difference that sets our commission markets apart from others (wholesale markets) locally or abroad is the security of payment for producers. All registered market agents contribute annually to a Fidelity Fund, which is controlled by the Agricultural Produce Agents Council (APAC) in terms of Act 12 of 1992 (amended in 2003). This fund guarantees that a producer receives payment for his goods in the event of a market agency going bankrupt or is found guilty of any illegal activities involving the producers money. This security is vital in a country as large and as diverse as ours. Producers hail from the farthest corners of our land, distances to markets are often great and personal contact between farmer and agent can be limited at times. The knowledge that his money is safe and that legislation requires the agent to pay him within 5 working days ensures that a farmer can market his produce with confidence. This is very important when seen against the background of our so-called, commercial farmers and the many thousands of small-scale emerging farmers. The former are geared for large-scale commercial farming and most have the tools for marketing. But an emerging, resource poor farmer has to struggle with many obstacles before landing his produce on the market floor. He generally will not have the marketing skills of his commercial neighbour so protection of his money on the market is absolutely essential.

Vereeniging Find information under City Tel: 016 451 1021 Services & facilities on www. Fax: 016 451 3832 bloemfontein.co.za johannt@sedibeng.gov.za Mpumalanga Fresh Produce Market (Nelspruit) Tel: 013 755 2768 Fax: 013 755 1933 nelmark@lantic.net Nelson Mandela Bay Port Elizabeth Tel: 041 461 1409 Fax: 041 461 1069 jkruger@mandelametro.gov.za Welkom Tel: 057 355 2382 Fax: 057 355 6606 kswanepoel@matjhabeng.co.za Witbank Tel/fax: 013 690 6277 mmwit@mweb.co.za

There are 105 registered market agents. To find out which agents operate at which market the reader is advised to contact the market concerned. Alternatively, APAC or IMASA (details also under this heading) will be able to help.

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Fresh produce markets sector organisations

Agricultural Produce Agents Council (APAC) Tel: 011 894 3841 Fax: 011 894 3761 lizel@apacweb.co.za www.apacweb.org.za IMASA was founded in 1945 and represents the registered Market Agents in South Africa. Membership is voluntary.

The Big Four in Fresh Produce Marketing

A farmer needs to understand the essential mechanisms of a market supply and demand. We cant change them and we cant wish them away. They are fundamental marketing laws. There will be oversupply situations and his prices will go down. There will also be undersupply situations and his prices will go up. One needs to understand them and learn to ride with them. But, there are two other essentials quality and continuity of supply. They both have an impact on the two scenarios sketched above and are just as critical. Quality gives the product the means to address virtually all market situations. Quality always gets a premium, no matter how small but really comes into its own when the market is full. Then a quality product is the one that has a chance of getting a price acceptable under those circumstances. The poorer quality products are the ones that receive a very low price or even end up being condemned on an oversupplied market. Continuity goes hand in hand with quality. If a farmer consistently delivers a quality product to a market through thick and thin, then he not only realises a better average but also builds credibility with buyers. When the market is full, the buyer will invariably opt for the brand that he knows and that has been seen regularly. The come and go farmer will have to take his chances, hope to get something and then blame everybody else for his woes. Linking these four essentials is the proviso that good communication should exist between market agent and producer. Communication implies that both have a responsibility to ensure that they keep each other informed on all marketing matters. The market agent must ensure that his producer is not only getting his prices but that he is fully informed on market conditions and trends. The farmer, in turn, must keep his market agent fully advised on current and future volumes, quality standards and deliveries. He should also be planning those volumes in conjunction with his agent to ensure that he delivers the right quantities according to market circumstances. Too many producers just deliver regardless of market conditions then expect their market agent to work miracles. Getting the Big Four right means a farmer will get his marketing right. In the highly competitive environment of fresh produce marketing it is as well for farmers to remember these words; Quality is not the objective, it is the minimum standard!

National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) APAC is a Statutory Body Tel: 012 341 1115 established i t o Act 12 of 1992 and Fax: 012 341 1811 administers the Act on behalf of the www.namc.co.za Minister of Agriculture. Members of the Council are appointed by the The NAMC is a Statutory Body Minister and represent role-players established i t o the Marketing Act in the marketing of fresh produce to advise the Minister of Agriculture as well as appropriate Government on matters regarding the marketing departments. In terms of the Act of all agricultural products. any person who wishes to trade as an agricultural produce commission National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications agent must register with APAC. (NRCS) Tel: 012 428 6152 Department of Agriculture, Fax: 012 428 6860 Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Directorate: Agricultural Products marnewj@nrcs.org.za www.nrcs.org.za Inspection Services Tel: 012 319 6100 PROKON (Produk Kontrole) Fax: 012 319 6350 Tel: 012 325 4579 MikeH@nda.agric.za Fax: 012 325 4585 www.daff.gov.za henry@prokonsa.co.za Institute of Market Masters of Prokon is an independent inspection SA (IMMSA) body which provides product Tel: 011 992 8000 Fax: 011 613 8375 inspections on all the main fresh President: Mr Kgosientso produce markets in South Africa Ramokgopa kramokgopa@jfpm.co.za 5-A-Day For Better Health Trust IMMSA was founded in 1946 and is Tel: 011 613 4391 the representative body for Market Fax: 011 623 1932 Masters and Market Management. info@5-A-Day.co.za www.5-a-day.co.za Membership is voluntary. Institute of Market Agents of 5-a-Day is the industry organisation charged with promoting the health South Africa (IMASA) Tel: 012 326 2485 benefits and consumption of fresh Fax: 012 326 2462 fruit and vegetables in South deon@rsa.co.za Africa.

6. Farmer points of interest

Tips to Farmers from Your Market Agent
The following advice to farmers is based on a picture that has evolved over many years on how to interact with your market agent and is based on an informal survey undertaken amongst market agents. Be honest and open about your products and marketing plans. Be loyal to your market agent and dont jump from agent to agent, allegedly seeking better prices. Farmers who do this on a regular basis develop a poor reputation amongst market agents and buyers, which reduces their chances for better service and prices. Give the market agent a fair chance over a reasonable period of time to produce results. Try to visit the market as frequently as possible to understand the market agent better who is handling your product/s and to learn about the modus operandi of the market. A farmer should evaluate a market agent on performance and not hearsay or perceptions. Ensure a consistent supply to the market through thick and thin. This builds confidence and trust from the market agent as well as the buyers. This will be reflected in your average price at the end of the day which is more important than a few high prices you might receive along the way. Keep in constant touch with the market agent in terms of products, varieties, volumes, planned deliveries and other relevant information. Listen to, and accept constructive criticism on your products from the market agent. Listen to what the market agent tells you about the state of the market and supply accordingly.

5. Local business environment

The Average price of important vegetables sold on the major fresh produce markets can be found in the latest Abstract of Agricultural Statistics document on the Department of Agriculture website www. daff.gov.za The Freshmark System provides daily prices for each market. Visit www.technofresh.co.za A monthly summary of all markets is compiled by Tshwane Market and is available on request.

The importance of price formation on a commission market

It is a simple question; if we did not have fresh produce commission markets how would a farmer know what the value of his/her products is on any given day? Would he ask his neighbour? Does he ask the local fruit and veg retailer in town? Does he phone one of the big supermarkets and ask them what they are paying today? In each case the reply he gets is understandably influenced by the self interest of the party concerned. The best the farmer can do is to end up guessing. However, when he sells his products through a commission market he gets the closest to a true value for his products because prices on a market are established in an open, competitive environment regulated by the oldest marketing laws in the world supply and demand and a host of other factors.

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Keep the market agent advised of your medium to long-term production plans so that the latter can advise you on the marketing prospects for that crop and also start preparing the groundwork for sales. Avoid attempts at price manipulation by playing agents off against each other. They see right through it and it is an insult to their intelligence. Share product information with the market agent storage requirements, holding temperatures, unique selling points, delivery arrangements, seasonal projections and marketing objectives. Finally, look upon the market agent as your own marketing and sales manager on that market. Remember its all about trust!

A Good Market Agent From the Farmers Perspective

The relationship between farmer and market agent is a delicate one at the best of times. It is something that has to be constantly and carefully nurtured. The onus for making the relationship work rests equally on both parties, and the foundation of the relationship is trust. Many farmers and market agents can boast of successful relationships and they will tell you that mutual trust has been the cement of that relationship. In the eyes of a farmer, a market agent should: Be someone who has the ability to sell. Treat the farmers products with respect. Be able to evaluate a product in money terms in other words, be able to put a fair value on the product given quality and market conditions at the time.

Be able to assess the product in terms of appearance, colour, packing and packaging, grade, variety and market conditions. Be able to assess, or read, the market in terms of supply and demand and all the other factors that impact on the final price of the product. Have the integrity to deal with both farmer and buyer in an open, friendly, honest and businesslike manner. Support his/her farmer through innovative sales techniques, attractive displays, visual samples, promotion and other sales generating techniques as well as good stock control. Be up to date on market conditions in general and more specifically on product availability and demand. Ensure that his/her farmer is kept informed on market prices and conditions on a regular basis even daily if necessary. Give his/her farmer an honest assessment of his/her products and not be afraid to offer constructive criticism. Actively canvass and visit buyers to build a solid client base and promote products on offer. Have the backing of a reputable market agency that can provide all the support services which add to the final package. These include prompt payments backed by efficient and accurate accounting procedures. Be the type of person who can remain positive, even through difficult times; has the will to sell and the desire to improve himself/herself all the time. Because of the unique position of trust that a market agent occupies between farmer and buyer, his/her business dealings should be impeccable at all times. Finally, a market agent will never become truly perfect if he or she is not prepared to get up very early six mornings a week! This chapter is based entirely on materials supplied to the editorial team by Michael Cordes (our grateful thanks to you, sir). Michael Cordes has spent almost 40 years working in agriculture mostly in the fresh produce sector. For 15 years he farmed subtropical fruit and vegetables before moving on to the marketing of fresh produce both locally and overseas. As a freelance journalist he specialises in the horticultural sector and also spends a lot of his time training farmers and marketing people in South Africa and SADC Region countries in the production, marketing and management of horticultural crops. You can contact him on: agripres@mweb.co.za or 073 637 6105.

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Marketing and finance

Infrastructure and agricultural logistics
1. Overview
The demands that the agricultural industry places on the national logistics infrastructure and services are complex, ranging from the mass movement and storage of bulk commodities, to the just-in-time movement of timesensitive freight brought within and outside of our borders. Inefficient transport of agricultural and forestry cargo leads to several problems: The competitiveness of the agricultural sector is compromised since it needs to transport its products to the markets. In places like Cape Town, it is cheaper to import maize from across the Atlantic than to have it transported from the Free State. The price of food is also affected by the countrys agro-logistics. Road transport is 25% more expensive than rail, and yet only 30% of our grain is moved by rail. Transporting by rail would translate into reduced food prices. The National Treasury has previously identified that 36% of the bread price is constituted by cost of transport and distribution. Food costs more in the rural areas. It might be produced there, but it is transported for processing in urban areas and then back to consumers in the rural areas. This problem is compounded by the limitations of our transport. The provision of infrastructure assists in the elimination of rural poverty. Economic activity and the resulting development is vitally linked to existing infrastructure.
Sources: The status of Agro-Logistics in South Africa 2006, compiled by the Directorate: Marketing at the Department of Agriculture; Meyer NG, Jooste A, Breitenbach MC, and Fenys TI The economic rationale for agricultural regeneration and rural infrastructure investment in South Africa;a report by Lindie Botha of the Agricultural Business Chamber; Cost of Transport: The reason why South African agriculture is becoming less competitive Farmers Weekly 24 April 2009, 30 October 2009, 25 December + 1 January 2010.

The South African government is seeking ways to revitalise the countrys rural railway networks in a bid to improve the agro-logistics industry by shifting cargo from the road back on to rail. Improved agrologistics has the potential to raise the efficiency of food movement whilst also lowering the cost of food processing.Furthermore, we will facilitate the establishment of agricultural marketing infrastructure for land and agrarian reform beneficiaries and improve the efficiency of agricultural logistics for all commodity value chains.The cost of logistics in both South Africa and the wider African continent have long been cited as one of the main constraints to doing business, and with current high food prices cutting these costs is deemed essential for agro-logistics.
Source: Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Minister, Tina Joemat-Pettersson during her inaugural vote in parliament, 17 June 2009, as quoted in Engineering News Online, www.engineeringnews.co.za

Department of Public Enterprises Tel: 012 431 1000 / 21 www.dpe.gov.za Department of Transport (DoT) Tel: 012 309 3000 www.transport.gov.za Other government departments involved include the Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (CGTA), the Department of Public Works, the Department of International Relations and Cooperation and the Department of Trade and Industry.
Road construction, repairs and maintenance form part of Governments Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP).

DAFF, in correspondence to DoTs National Freight logistics strategy, constructed an Agro-logistics strategy. The trends observed, which this strategy actively attempts to address, are: Because of structural and inefficiency problems, agricultural cargo is moved more by road than by rail. Road transport as an alternative to rail, though, is more expensive (about R60 to R70/ton more). Serious underutilisation of branch lines to move bulk commodities (about 80% underutilisation level). Congestions at ports and borders during peak times a problem. Export certification infrastructure inadequate to meet industry needs. About 55million tons of agricultural cargo is moved across the country at logistics costs of R17billion per annum (transport cost is about R7.8 billion). Agricultural freight is increasing at about 17% per annum, ahead of manufacturing or any other sector. Agricultural freight projected to grow by between 11% and 13% between now and 2015 (good scenario). Likelihood of a logistics system unable to cope in the long term without additional investment in freight infrastructure. Road Transport Management System (RTMS) is an industry-led, voluntary self-regulation scheme that encourages consignees, consignors and transport operators engaged in the road logistics value chain to implement a vehicle management system that preserves road infrastructure, improves road safety and increases the productivity of the logistics value chain. This scheme also supports the Department of Transports National Freight Logistics Strategy. The chairperson of the RTMS is Paul Nordengen. Write to him at pnordengen@csir.co.za. Support Programme for Accelerated Infrastructure Development (SPAID) was a two-year partnership between the Presidency and the Business Trust which ended in 2008/2009. Read about it at www.spaid. co.za

2. National strategy and Government contacts

The high level of public and private investment in infrastructure has helped to sustain South Africas economy in the midst of global economic recession. Infrastructure is one of AsgiSAs six priorities for intervention. Government spending on infrastructure will total R787 bn between 2009 and 2012 as part of the Public Infrastructure Programme. This includes the improvement of public transport, roads and rail networks. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Directorate: Marketing Tel: 012 319 8455 DM@daff.gov.za The Strategic Plan for South African Agriculture noted the fuel, transport and capital costs as a factor to be considered in the steps necessary to improve the working climate and morale of those engaged in agriculture in South Africa. Transport costs are influenced largely by inadequate and poorly managed transport infrastructure. Examples of these include the unavailability of railcars for bulk transport, lack of internal competition in rail and port services that result in unreliable and expensive services, limited and costly air freight for agricultural produce, damaged and inadequate national road infrastructure and poor communication infrastructure. These factors alone make production costs in agriculture on the African continent four times more expensive than in Asia, America and Europe.

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3. Roleplayers
African Micro Mills (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 584 6250 www.africanmicromills.com The DBSA is one of several development finance institutions in South and Southern Africa. Its purpose is to accelerate sustainable Localise your milling take out the socio-economic development transport costs. by funding physical, social and economic infrastructure. Agricultural Business Chamber Tel: 012 349 1315 / 082 441 2308 Envision International www.agbiz.co.za Tel: 011 326 1474 www.envision-int.co.za Find the agrologistics option under the Economic intelligence option Training in fleet, transport and fuel on the website. management Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS) Tel: 011 961 0100 www.atns.co.za Airport Company South Africa (ACSA) Tel: 011 921 6262 www.airports.co.za Animal Feeds Manufacturing Association (AFMA) Tel: 012 663 9097 www.afma.co.za Grain Handling Organisation of Southern Africa (GOSA) Tel: 011 237 6100 annatjie@unitrade826.co.za Grain Silo Industry (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 348 3044 lizbe@graansilo.co.za Imperial Logistics Tel: 011 821 5500 www.imperiallogistics.co.za Sponsors of the CSIR State of Logistics survey.

South African Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SACCI) SACCI Infrastructure Committee Mr Mbi Mbapeh Tel: 011 446 3800 www.sacci.org.za South African Federation of Consulting Engineering Contractors (SAFCEC) Tel: 011 409 0900 www.safcec.co.za

TFR has announced their investment programme, which can benefit agriculture greatly. It has a five year capital investment programme, with the intention to invest R34,8 billion in various projects and corridors.

Even though almost 60% thereof will be spent on a maintenance backlog, the rest will be allocated to rail improvements for general freight commodities, which includes South African National Roads agricultural commodities. Agency Ltd (SANRAL) Transnet Port Terminals Tel: 012 426 6000 Tel: 031 308 8333 www.nra.co.za SANRAL operates in four regions Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western. Find the Road Transport Management System (RTMS) under the Major Projects option. The contact number for the RTMS Technical Working Group is 011 848 5300. South African Transport and Allied Workers Union (SATAWU) Tel: 011 333 6127 / 9247 www.satawu.org.za Stellenbosch University Centre for Supply Chain Management Department of Logistics Tel: 021 808 3981 http://academic.sun.ac.za/CSCM Van Tonder Transport Tel: 012 803 3658 TradeInvestSA www.tradeinvestsa.co.za Acknowledging that South Africas transport capacity has not kept pace with economic growth, TRANSNET Port Terminals announced in June 2008 that R10.3 billion is to be invested in improving the efficiency of operations at South Africas ports. South Africa has six ports owned by Transnet Port Terminals in Durban, East London, Richards Bay, Port Elizabeth, Cape Town and Saldanha. The new Port of Ngqura which forms part of the Coega Industrial Development Zone in the Eastern Cape will join the existing ports along the countrys coastline in 2009. According to Transnet Port Terminals an estimated 90 percent of all SADC trade passes through South African Ports. Transnet National Port Authority Tel: 011 351 9001 / 3

AFMA has been part of transport task teams looking for solutions to Industrial Logistic Systems the transport problem. Tel: 011 883 0407 www.ils.co.za Business Unity South Africa (BUSA) JSE Limited Tel: 011 784 8000 Agricultural Products Division www.busa.org.za Tel: 011 520 7535 www.safex.co.za Consulting Engineers South Africa Market notices (location Previously South African Association differentials for commodities) take of Consulting Engineers (SAACE) into account the logistics involved Tel: 011 463 2022 in the transport of commodities. www.cesa.co.za The National Chamber of Council for Scientific and Milling (NCM) Industrial Research (CSIR) Tel: 012 663 1660 Tel: 012 841 3871 www.grainmilling.org.za www.csir.co.za Nepad Business Foundation Built environment includes the Infrastructure Sector provision of infrastructure such as Stanley Mkoko 087 310 1888 roads and ports. Tel: 011 884 1888 Find also the latest State of Logistics Survey for South Africa: logistics value and cost drivers from a macro and micro economic perspective on the website. It can be downloaded at www.csir.co.za/sol Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) Tel: 011 313 3911 www.dbsa.org Road Freight Association Tel: 011 974 4399 www.rfa.co.za South African Association of Freight Forwarders (SAAFF) Tel: 011 455 1726 www.saaff.org.za

Find the infrastructure webpages under the Sectors option for news University of the Free State stories, investment opportunities, Department of Agricultural incentives and trade leads. Economics Tel: 051 401 2250 TRANSNET Ltd. Tel: 011 308 3000 Department of Quantity Surveying www.transnet.co.za and Construction Management Tel: 051 401 3322 Transnets key role is to assist in lowering the cost of doing business University of Johannesburg in South Africa as well as enabling Department of Transport and economic growth through the Supply Chain Management provision of ports, rail and pipeline Tel: 011 559 1285 infrastructure. Transnet Freight Rail (TFR) Formerly known as Spoornet Tel: 011 773 9627

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4. African business environment

Africas infrastructure lags behind that of other developing regions. Moving goods across borders and the lack of infrastructure are major obstacles to efficient intra-African trade. The quality of the transport in low and the cost is high. The NEPAD Secretariat has identified infrastructure development as the most critical need in bridging the gap between Africa and the developed world. Without adequate transport, energy, telecommunications and water networks, all other development initiatives are severely hampered. Many investors are now viewing the situation as an opportunity. The Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP), the North South Corridor and the New East-West Transport Corridor (NEWCOR) are all measures adopted to improve intra-African infrastructure.
Source: TradeinvestAfrica newsletter April 2009, Issue 3; NEPAD Dialogue December 2009

Marketing and finance

Intellectual property rights
The following chapters are also of relevance: Plant Breeding and Biotechnology; Animal Improvement and Breeders; Indigenous Knowledge and African Vegetables; Indigenous Medicinal Plants.

1. Overview
Inventions of the mind ideas are very special. All culture and society is built upon innumerable layers of accumulated past knowledge and ideas. In the arts, medicine, education, agriculture, and industry in almost all areas of human endeavour knowledge and ideas lie at the base of the flowering of human life and its passions. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) emerged in the industrialised world as a means to mediate and control the circulation of knowledge, as a means of balancing the conflicting rights of different groups involved in the generation and use of ideas of economic value. IPRs are premised on concerns that the creators or authors of ideas have an economic right to a fair return for their effort and a moral right to not have their ideas misrepresented. However, ideas are not simply the product of individuals and corporations. For the most part they incorporate and build upon the traditions, collected wisdom, and understanding of social groups and societies. Sometimes they build upon natural creatures and processes that have taken millions of years to evolve. Generally, at least in part, research is financed or subsidised by public funds and tax dollars, and public institutions are deployed to develop and maintain their social and economic viability. Consequently, society in general has a social right to use ideas to the benefit of the public good especially if they are key to social and physical well-being. IPRs attempt to balance these rights: the moral, the economic and the social. According to recent estimates by the World Bank, at least 70 per cent of the extra food needed to feed the world must come from innovation (10 per cent could come from farmland expansion and another 20 per cent from intensification). If this proves true, agricultural policymakers must take a close look at how to encourage innovation and co-operation across all sectors of the food supply chain.
Sources: CRIS, Issue 2; Wuppertal Institute (adapted); Farming First 5 Oct 2009 www.farmingfirst.org

The simple fact is that as the world grows more prosperous we are going to need more grain and other foods. Where is the land we are going to need to feed the world? There is an abundance in Africa, along with the needed water and labour. And as African countries upgrade their infrastructure, it will improve the ability of farmers to get their grains to market at profitable levels. John Mauldin www.johnmauldin.com

Some websites and publications:

Transport World Africa is a bi-monthly magazine put out by 3 S Media. Find details at www.3smedia.co.za www.nepadtransportsummit.org the NEPAD Transport and Infrastructure Summit. www.powerindaba.com Africa needs to spend $93 billion per annum over the next ten years to catch up on infrastucture with other developing regions according to a report released by the United Nations, says the flyer for the organisers of the February 2010 Public Private Partnerships workshop. www.africa-investor.com find the infrastructure menu option. Also www.africa-rail.com Find the report World Bank urges developing countries to invest more in trade logistics on www.polity.org.za

Some roleplayers
African Development Bank www.afdb.org Southern African Rail Association rmakumbe@africaonline.co.za Find details of the infrastructure www.sararail.org short-Term Action plan (STAP) and other programmes on the website. Enquire here, too, about FESARTA the Federation of East, Southern Business Action For Africa African Road Transporters www.businessactionforafrica.org Association. Engineers Against Poverty (EPA) www.engineersagainstpoverty.org Infrastructure Consortium for Africa (ICA) www.icafrica. org. The ICA works to enhance and accelerate the development of Africas infrastructure, and to help remove technical and policy barriers. Southern Africa Global Competitiveness Hub Transport Advisor info@satradehub.org www.satradehub.org Southern Africa Trust Tel: 011 318 1012 www.southernafricatrust.org The organisation has identified transport, energy and water infrastructure as important to facilitate intra-regional trade and investment, and address the special needs of landlocked countries to access the rest of the world. Find the notes on SSATP (SubSaharan Africa Transport Program) on the World Banks website. Take the Countries/Africa/Transport options on www.worldbank. org. Find also the logistics competitiveness report

2. National strategy and relevant government departments

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in South Africa is subject to international agreements, particularly the TRIPS agreement which sets minimum standards for all signatories. A countrys IPR regime consists of several aspects, including standards, limitations and enforcement and these three elements vary widely across countries. The international body governing IPR is the UNs World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) of which South Africa (SA) became a member in 1995. SA is also a member of the Paris Convention, the Patent Co-operation Treaty (PCT), the Budapest Treaty and TRIPS. The PCT enables inventors to file patent applications in up to 124 countries simultaneously. Plant breeders rights are governed by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) (see heading 3) of which SA is a member. SA is not a member of the relevant regional intellectual property association ARIPO (the African Regional Industrial Property Organisation) as, according

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to policy makers, a proliferation of regional treaties could detract from multilateral rule-making. The Department of Trade and Industry (dti) is the custodian of IPR in SA, providing the general enabling legislation and services for registration, protection, examination, adjudication and commercialisation. However legislation can involve a number of governmental departments e.g. the Department of Science and Technology (DST); Arts and Culture; Health; Communications; Water and Environmental Affairs; Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; and Education. Statutory bodies can also be involved e.g. the National Advisory Council on Innovation and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.

The challenge is that it is difficult to apply Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection, as applied with allopathic medicines, since indigenous knowledge is often passed on within a communal system without an identifiable inventor or discoverer. Many traditional medicines are derived from plants and it is difficult to claim invention from a natural product. Director: Cultural Development Tel: 012 441 3047/3000

of enabling the recognition, affirmation, promotion, protection and development of indigenous knowledge in South Africa. Subsequent to the adoption of the policy, the National Indigenous Knowledge Systems Office (NIKSO) was established within the DST. NIKSO comprises three directorates and functions, namely: Advocacy and Policy Development, Knowledge Management as well as Knowledge Development.

Department of Trade and Industry (the dti) www.thedti. gov.za

Director: Commercial Law and Policy Tel: 012 394 1510 McDonaldN@thedti.gov.za Chief Director: Office of Company and IP Enforcement Consumer and Corporate Regulation Division Tel: 012 394 1505 mmnyatheli@thedti.gov.za Director: Education and Capacity Building Office of Company and IP Enforcement Consumer and Corporate Regulation Division Tel: 012 394 1523 mvimba@thedti.gov.za

Registrar for Plant Breeder Rights Act Tel: 012 319 6183 NoluthandoN@daff.gov.za Directorate: Research and Technology Development Tel: 012 319 6078 DRTD@daff.gov.za

Department of Water and Environmental Affairs www. environment.gov.za

Director: Co-ordination and Administration Tel: 012 310 3210 ptabata@environment.gov.za Director: Biosafety/GMOs Tel: 012 310 3395/6

Acting Director: Regulation and Monitoring Services Tel: 012 310 3545 Companies and Intellectual Smeintjes@ environment.gov.za Property Commission (Previously CIPRO) The Biodiversity Act (Act 10 of Registrar of Intellectual Property 2004) provides the framework, Tel: 0861 843 384 norms and standards for the Patent Office Tel: 012 394 0610 conservation, sustainable use and info@cipro.gov.za equitable benefit-sharing of South www.cipro.co.za Africas biological resources.

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries www. daff.gov.za

In addition to the Biodiversity Act and its regulations, the South African Patents Act has been amended to ensure that indigenous Find the different directorates communities are adequately under the Divisions menu option compensated when an invention, which is sought to be patented Directorate: Genetic Resources in South Africa, is derived from Tel: 012 319 6024 indigenous biological resource and DGR@daff.gov.za IK from South Africa. Registrar: Animal Improvement Tel: 012 319 7424 joelm@daff.gov.za There is always a potential risk of losing breeders rights through the registration of a patent on an identified gene of animal in another country. Cognisance must be taken of developments in the field of patents/ intellectual property to protect the rights of the owners and developers of South African Landrace breeds. A policy on Landrace breeds and IPR based on the AU model law should be developed in co-operation with the SADC livestock and relevant AU sectors.

National Department of Education www.education.gov.za National Department of Health www.doh.gov.za

Director: Media Officer Tel: 012 312 0420 Registrar of Medicines Tel: 012 312 0420 Long before the advent of allopathic medicines, Africans used traditional medicines derived from natural products for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of social, mental and physical illnesses, as well as for rehabilitation.

The National Intellectual Property Office (NIPMO) is being established after the passing of the Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research Find the Intellectual Property Rights Act. From Publicly Financed Research National Research Foundation Act at www.dst.gov.za (NRF) Tel: 012 481 4000/4191 General Manager: Innovation www.nrf.ac.za Tel: 012 843 6864 Steven.ratsatsi@dst.gov.za The Innovation Fund is an Modern-day factors critical instrument of the DST, managed for improving a countrys by the NRF in accordance with the competitiveness have evolved from national Research & Development a focus on resource endowments to (R&D) Strategy. Visit www. a focus on the growing importance innovationfund.ac.za). There is of knowledge. The nurturing and also a Patent Support Fund and an protection of Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Fund. (IP) is crucial in this regard. From a science and technology policy In addition, the Intellectual perspective, this will be achieved Property Management Office through a transformation to a (IPMO) and the Innovation Fund knowledge-economy, which Commercialisation Office (IFCO) are units within the Innovation is understood as one in which Fund that support IP management knowledge is the basic form of and technology commercialisation, capital and wherein economic respectively. It is understood that growth is driven by innovation. these functions will move to the Technology Innovation Agency South Africas ability to create, (TIA). The TIA has been created and subsequently derive enduring to turn smart but cash strapped benefits from, the knowledge- ideas into commercial products that economy is dependent on the will boost South Africas economy extent to which we are able to and create jobs. It will build on effectively translate our publicly existing capacity in institutions and funded research and development initiatives such as the Biotechnology (R&D) into innovative products and Regional Innovation Centres, the services that can be commercialised Innovation Fund, the Advanced for the benefit of all South Manufacturing Technology Strategy Africans. implementation unit, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Advocacy and Policy Research and the Advanced Development: National Minerals Initiative. Indigenous Knowledge Systems Office Read about Technology and Human Tel: 012 843 6544 Resources for Industry Programme Tom.suchanandan@dst.gov.za (THRIP) at www.nrf.ac.za/thrip General Manager: National Indigenous Knowledge Systems The National Department of Office (NIKSO) Arts and Culture www.dac. Tel: 012 8436683 gov.za Yonah.seleti@dst.gov.za

Department of Science and Technology (DST) www.dst. gov.za

Manager: Advocacy and Policy Development Tel: 012 843 6544 In 2004 the Cabinet adopted the Indigenous Knowledge (IKS) policy, with the overarching objective

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3. International roleplayers
The African Intellectual Property Organisation (AIPO or OAPI) is a central registration system for the French speaking African States. Altogether there are 16 countries. The headquarters of OAPI is based in Yaounde, Cameroon. Visit www.oapi.wipo.net Botswana, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe are all members of the African Regional Intellectual Property Organisation (ARIPO) www.aripo.org The African Union (AU) visit www.africa-union.org American Intellectual Property Law Association (AIPLA) www. aipla.org Convention on Biological Diversity www.cbd.int; take the Programmes and Article 8 (j): Traditional Knowledge, Innovations and Practices menu options. The Protocol menu option takes you to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, which seeks to protect biological diversity. The European Patent Office (EPO) provides a uniform application procedure for individual inventors and companies seeking patent protection in up to 38 European countries. Visit www.epo.org. Find the European network of patent databases at www.espacenet.com. Institute of Trade Mark Attorneys www.itma.org.uk Find the links to all international trade mark offices and international trade mark organisations under Useful links. International Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (AIPPI) www.aippi.org The aim of the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR) is to promote the development and improvement of the activities of performance recording and the evaluation of farm livestock www.icar. org International Federation of Intellectual Property Attorneys www. ficpi.org The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an autonomous international scientific organisation, supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). IPGRIs mandate is to advance the conservation of plant genetic resources for the benefit of present and future generations. Visit www.bioversityinternational. org International Trademark Association (INTA) www.inta.org The objective of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) is the protection of new varieties of plants through intellectual property rights. Visit www.upov.int www.lawyersforafrica.com - find the notes on Intellectual Property and the African Intellectual Property Organisation (OAPI) on the website of this Harare-based law firm. Find out about the concept of Livestock Keepers Rights (LKR) at www. pastoralpeoples.org, website of the League for Pastoral Peoples. PhytoTrade Africa www.phytotradeafrica.com. The Southern African Natural Products Association works on behalf of [their] members to develop products and partnerships for the benefit of Southern Africas people and biodiversity.

The SEED Initiative supports and promotes innovators in developing countries. It is a UK-based partnership between governments, international organisations, research and capacity building institutions, and business. More information can be found at www.seedinit.org TRIPS Agreement see World Trade Organisation United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office www.ipo.gov.uk The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) promotes international co-operation among its 193 Member States and six Associate Members in the fields of education, science, culture and communication - http://portal.unesco.org United States Patent and Trademark Office www.uspto.gov The World Health Assembly on May 2008 adopted a global strategy aimed at filling the research gap for diseases afflicting developing countries that places the UN agency squarely in global intellectual property policymaking, and despite compromises is the most significant reference document on IP and public health in years. Visit www.who.int The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) is responsible for promoting the progressive development and harmonisation of IP legislation, standards and procedures among its member states. This includes further development of international laws and treaties regarding patents; trademarks, industrial designs and geographical indications; and copyright and related rights. Visit www.wipo.int WIPO runs a range of programmes aimed at increasing the effective use of IP by developing nations as a tool for economic development. WIPO is responsible for the promotion of the protection of intellectual property throughout the world through co-operation among States and has been instrumental in ensuring that a number of developing and transitional countries establish a national industrial property information system. WIPO has established the Intergovernmental Committee (IGC) in order to address the protection of IPR interfacing with traditional knowledge, folklore and genetic/biological resources. Developing countries expect international legal binding instruments to be the end result whilst developed countries do not expect legally binding instruments. Negotiations have collapsed in this regard. The mandate of WIPO also includes the implementation of the Development Agenda as concluded by the General Assembly of WIPO in October 2007. The Development Agenda deals with the IPR interfacing with social, economic and developmental issues. The WIPO Worldwide Academy is entirely devoted to providing training in IP . The modules, using distance teaching methods, are: Essential Copyright Law, Competition Law, Patent Law, Trademark Law, Industrial Design Law, Internet Aspects of Copy right and Trademarks, Legal Aspects Of Electronic Commerce, Traditional Knowledge and Biodiversity, Collective Rights Management: Performers Rights. An IP programme with a focus on the special circumstances prevailing in developing countries has been formulated. The modules approach the subject-matter against the background of international conventions and the obligations they impose on developing countries. Applications for WIPO financial assistance must be submitted to the WIPO Worldwide Academy. Find the different contact details at www. wipo.int/academy/en/contact.html The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is the global international organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations. Visit www. wto.org. The WTO administers the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), an international agreement negotiated in 1994 that introduces intellectual property rules into the multilateral trading system for the first time. The TRIPS agreement under the WTO allows for patents over life forms and requires that plant varieties be protected by patents or sui generis protection. The TRIPS Agreement can also protect the interfacing of IP and IK (Indigenous Knowledge).

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4. National roleplayers
Companies and Intellectual Property Commission Previously CIPRO Registrar of Intellectual Property Tel: 0861 843 384 Patent Office Tel: 012 394 0610 info@cipro.gov.za www.cipro.co.za Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Rosemary Wolson Intellectual Property Manager Tel: 012 841 4301 rwolson@csir.co.za DM Kisch INC Tel: 011 324 3000 Tel: 012 460 3203 www.dmkisch.com SAIIPL represent patent attorneys, agents, practitioners and academics in SA who specialise in IPL. Southern Education & Research Alliance (SERA) The African Centre for Gene Technologies Tel: 012 420 5497 www.seralliance.com Stellenbosch University Prof Kennedy Dzama Tel: 021 808 4916 kdzama@sun.ac.za

Professor Kennedy Dzama points out that all stakeholders need to play an active role in countering genetic piracy i.e. Government DAFF, ARC, breeders, breed societies, academics, research Patent, Trade Mark and copyright institutions. From a policy attorneys standpoint there should be clear guidelines protecting our valuable, The Innovation Hub unique genotypes from piracy. Tel: 012 844 0000 But first the genotypes need to www.theinnovationhub.com be documented in great detail and A community of pioneers, publicised so that they dont show up in another country disguised as inventors, entrepreneurs some other breed. PROLINNOVA SA Triumph Venture Capital Tel: 033 346 0796 Tel: 011 463 2054 www.prolinnova.org.za www.triumphvc.co.za Research Institute for The Law Faculties at the various Innovation and Sustainability South African universities. Details (RIIS) of two South African universities Tel: 012 844 0670/1 linked to the WIPO Worldwide www.riis.co.za Academy are: South African Innovation University of Cape Town Network (SAINe) UCT-WIPO Tel: 012 844 0673/2 Business Graduate School www.saine.co.za Tel: 021 650 9111 www.uct.ac.za South African Institute of Intellectual Property Law University of South Africa (SAIIPL) UNISA-WIPO Tel: 012 844 0564 Centre for Business Law www.saiipl.org.za Tel: 012 429 8432

Visit the websites of roleplayers mentioned in this chapter e.g. www. saiipl.org.za www.ip-watch.org Intellectual Property Watch www.eta-awards.co.za rewarding innovation in the energy sector. The WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook offers a comprehensive introduction and is available on their website www.wipo.int A Developing Country Perspective on Animal Breeders and Intellectual Property Rights MM Scholtz, South African Society for Animal Science. Visit www.sasas.co.za Protecting Business Ideas Reinhardt Buys and Pria Chetty Frontline Publishing ISBN 1920099166 The Patent Journal is a journal published by the Government Printers on a monthly basis. It contains information on patents, trade marks, designs and copyright on cinematographic films that exist in South Africa, such as notification of provisional and complete applications, and notices of amendment, withdrawal and assignment. This Patent Journal is obtainable from Government Printers in Pretoria. Find the option Intellectual property on www.wrc.org.za, website of the Water Research Commission.

6. Livestock
Animal breeders have always protected their endeavours commercially by developing breed societies and using pedigrees to protect their knowledge or Intellectual Property which have been developed by master breeders, or by forming companies and holding germplasm. Biotechnology requires vast sums of money which are invested to improve animals genetically. With these investments come expectations by the companies of reward and the reality that technical improvements must be protected. The broad area of biotechnology in stud breeding encompasses many of the patent applications. The list of items in the field of animal breeding that may require IP protection include genetic markers, statistical methods, transgenic and cloned animals, expressed sequence tags new methods (e.g. ultrasound) to measure traits, electronic methods to identify animals, computer software and other written materials. Manuscripts, web pages and software can by copyrighted. Other forms can be protected using trade secrets or by patenting. Refer to the US patent and Trademark websitehttp://patents.Uspto.gov/; European Patent Office http://ep.espacenet. com; PCT Gazette http://pctgazette.wipo.int, ARIPO http://aripo.org/; Patenting Sentinel and Action Service http://www.psas-web.net/about_ psas.htm 2020 and beyond The 21st Century will bring sequenced genomes, transgenic livestock, cloned animals, artificial intelligence; and some animal breeders will continue to patent their IP . Economic, legal and ethical concerns will likely grow and change. Patenting can encourage innovations and technology transfer. The landscape of agriculture has changed and some IP will move quickly into the market place and disadvantage certain production sectors. The role of government? To provide an operating framework to balance private vs public interests with the input of interest groups like breeder societies. To develop a policy that will encourage innovation in the South African Livestock Breeding Industry and continue to while not limiting access to technology, research and development. To consult the AU model for IPR when drawing up legislation protecting animal breeders and IPR. To explore the unique needs in terms of IPR of developing countries. Developing countries should guard against bioprospecting - Plant Genetic Resources: (e.g. the Malva Flow er w here here has been no benefit sharing w ith the original ow ners). O ther instances are the controversy surrounding the Hoodia and Rooibos plants. - Animal Genetic Resources: SA should establish w hich countries do not ratify the Genetic Biodiversity Treaty (w hich requires access and benefit-sharing) and put a moratorium on the export of genetic material of landrace breeds to those countries, utilising the regulations of the A nimal Improvement A ct (A ct 62 of 1998). Indigenous knowledge, including animal husbandry and breeding practice, should be documented and captured and such IPR should be protected, using the law of data protection that is a form of IPR.
Source: Max F Rothschild, mfroths@iastate.edu (Center for Integrated Animal Genomics, Iowa State University)

5. Websites and publications

For an accessible introduction to IPR and Information issues, see: James Boyle (1997) A Politics of Intellectual property: Environmentalism for the Net, http://james-boyle.com Vandana Shiva Protect or Plunder? Understanding Intellectual Property Rights (Zed Books, 2001) Chapter 7 on the World Intellectual Property Organisation and Intellectual Property Rights in Global Media Governance, by Sen Siochr and Bruce Girard with Amy Mahan (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002). For more substantive readings, see: Ronald Betting Copyrighting Culture: The Political Economy of Intellectual Property, (Westview Press, 1996) Rosemary Coombes The Cultural Life of Intellectual Properties: Authorship, Appropriation and the Law, (Duke University Press, (1998) Lawrence Lessig The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World (Random House, NY, 2001).

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7. Plant Breeders Rights

Refer to the Plant Breeding and Biotechnology chapter.

Should it materialise that the patentee made, a false statement in the prescribed statement or a material representation, which he knew or should reasonably have known to be false at the time of lodging the application, the patent will be liable to be revoked. Conclusion

8. Biopiracy
The prescribed procedure for a party involved in research in South Africa is as follows: At the outset an applicant for a permit must identify the relevant stakeholder. A stakeholder may be a person, an organ of state or a community providing or giving access to the IBR or IK to which an application relates. The applicant must disclose all material information relating to bioprospecting to the stakeholder. Based on this disclosure, the applicant must obtain consent from the stakeholder for the provision of or access to the IBR required by the applicant. This must include consent to use any of the stakeholders knowledge of the IBRs for the proposed bioprospecting. The applicant and the shareholder must then enter into two agreements, one being a Material Transfer Agreement (MTA), which will regulate the provision of or access to the IBRs; the other being a Benefit Sharing Agreement (BSA), which provides for the sharing of future benefits that may be derived from the relevant bioprospecting. (These are standard agreements, which are annexed to the regulations of the Biodiversity Act). These MTA and BSA agreements must be submitted to the Minister of Environmental Affairs for approval. It is important to note that, unless approved by the Minister, the agreements are of no effect. Once the Minister is satisfied that the interests of any stakeholders have been protected, the Minister or the authorised Issuing Authority may issue a permit to the applicant for his proposed bioprospecting. This permit may be issued free of, or subject to, conditions set by the Minister or Issuing Authority. The permit will specify the purpose and the period for which it was issued. The IBR involved must also be specified as well as the quantity and source thereof. Once the permit has been obtained, the applicant can then commence with his bioprospecting. Under the Biodiversity Act and Regulations, it is an offence to undertake bioprospecting involving IBRs; to export any IBRs out of South Africa for the purpose of bioprospecting or any other research; or perform any activity for which a permit was issued in any manner other than under the conditions subject to which the permit was issued. Patents Act On 14 December 2007, the South African Patents Act, Act 57 of 1978, was amended to reflect some of the above aspects of the Biodiversity Act and now includes a new formal requirement in this regard. In terms of the Act and the relevant Regulations, every patent applicant is required to declare whether or not his invention is based on or derived from an IBR, or IK. Regulations were published on the same date, which further regulate the process. The administrative effect of these amendments is that a form P26 must always be filed with a South African complete application and a South African national phase application. In the event that the invention is based on an IBR or IK, the registrar of patents will thereafter require the applicant to furnish proof to his title or authority to make use thereof. Should this prescribed statement not be submitted, regardless of whether or not the invention is based on an IBR or IK, the patent will not be accepted by the Registrar.

All researchers interested in or engaged with research on IBRs or IK must be wary of the obligation to obtain a permit. If research has already commenced it may continue, pending the outcome of the application for a permit. The relevant agreements will then have to be concluded with the interested stakeholders. The Biodiversity Act grants the researcher of such research a year, from date of commencement of the Act, to conclude an appropriate BSA, while the Biodiversity Regulations grants six months, from date of commencement of the regulations, for the submission of an application for a permit. Should the permit be refused for one or other reason, then research will have to be terminated. However, the refusal is subject to appeal. It is expected that similar provisions will be introduced into the Trademarks and Designs Acts in order to protect other forms of IK and use.

For more information in this regard, contact At van Rooy of DM Kisch Inc. Email atv@dmkisch.com or visit www.dmkisch.com
The National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 Of 2004, was introduced into South African law inter alia to regulate and protect IBRs, genetic/biological resources, IK and its use, with an aim to prevent biopiracy. The regulations to the Biodiversity Act were published on 8 February 2008, and came into effect on 1 April 2008. The Biodiversity Act derives from the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was negotiated within the United Nations Environment Programme and adopted in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. South Africa ratified the CBD in 1995. Article 8 of the CBD affirms that the holders of IK have rights over their knowledge, innovations and practices whether or not they are capable of being protected by intellectual property. The CBD further states that contracting parties must encourage and develop modes of co-operation for use and development of IK. As a member of this Convention, South Africa has subsequently enacted the Biodiversity Act. A pivotal development created by this Act is that before any research based on or derived from any IBR or IK can be conducted, a permit must be obtained from the relevant authority and the procedure for such must be strictly adhered to.

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Marketing and finance

Managing your finances
A. Overview
This chapter covers the following financial considerations, vital for farm financial management: record keeping cash flow income tax The reader should also familiarise himself/herself with the notes on farm management information, analyses of farming results and farm planning covered in Finance and Farmers. This book is published by Standard Bank, and covers all the principles of finance in a solid, helpful manner. Finance and Farmers is also available in Afrikaans. In addition, the AgriReview newsletter contains helpful articles on these and other financial and marketing topics. Visit www.standardbank.co.za or contact your nearest Standard Bank. Lastly, computer software is available to take much of the sweat out of managing your finances. The interested reader is referred to the ICT chapter (see companies like LPF Systems and DFM Software Solutions). Details of financial consultants can be found in the Agricultural Consultants chapter.

From Internal Sources: The farmers own records and financial statements are indispensable. A farm business without records is a chicken without a head!

What a record keeping system should be

Useful: There is little point in gathering information and not using it in the process of management in order to plan the way forward. A farm record-keeping system is essential, but the records should be useful too. It is important that the farmer knows how to gather the right information so that it can be used to meet his own planning needs. The record-keeping system should therefore meet the specific needs of the farm. Simple and easy to use: Record-keeping should be simple and easy to use a simple system is more useful than a detailed one that takes up too much time and effort. It must be done regularly and will reflect what is happening on your farm at all times. A personal computer is an important aid in analysing and processing farm management information. There are special software packages for farmers which enable the farmer to deal with a great deal of data in a very short space of time. Complicated calculations can also be done quickly.

What the system should make provision for

The record-keeping system will depend on the nature and size of the farm business as well as the financial management requirements of the farmer. Your system should make provision for: Inventory (or asset register). This is a schedule of all the physical assets of the farm business and their money values. Drawing up an inventory is the first step of farm record keeping. The size, quantity and money value of everything on the farm (land, fixed improvements, machinery, stocks and supplies, etc.) need to be recorded. Depreciation schedule. Depreciation is the loss or decline in value of assets such as vehicles, machinery, tools, equipment etc. and is caused by age, wear and tear. Ideally the amount written off every year for depreciation should be kept in a special fund for when the item in question needs to be replaced. Remember Tax legislation makes provision for other ways to write off depreciation. Record of accounts receivable and accounts payable. A good accounting system (cash journal, buying journal for credit purchases, sales journal for credit sales and a ledger) should be kept to record all transactions. A separate income and expenditure record should be kept for each individual enterprise in the farm business. This recordkeeping system is needed to: - calculate the net farm income and the taxable income for a financial year; - determine the financial efficiency w ith w hich each product is produced; - evaluate the efficiency of the farm business as a w hole; - furnish information for making management decisions; - analyse the cash flow ; and - provide useful information w hen draw ing up budgets for the future. A comprehensive record of income and expenditure entails using information from the following sources: - bank statements - cash analysis book (records of receipts and expenditure) - petty cash book - w age book - cheque book counterfoils and deposit slips - deposit book - payments - proof of payment, credit vouchers and sales slips, statements, invoices and delivery slips (expenses) Production Records. These provide a good overall picture of the farm business. They are valuable to identify problems as well as opportunities! The records are usually used for crop cultivation, livestock, labour and machinery. Crop cultivation records will include details of crops, fruit, orchard numbers, areas, yields, soil analysis, fertilisation, seeding, cultivation methods, weed and pest control and eventual results.

B. Training
Agricultural Colleges and the Provincial Department of Agriculture run short training courses dealing with the financial and marketing side of farming. At Cedara in KwaZulu-Natal, for examples, the following are included in the courses offered: Farm record-keeping; farm business management and entrepreneurial skills. Find contact details for the Agricultural Colleges in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. AgriSeta-accredited training providers offer courses on the financial side of the business. Banks (see Banks chapter) have identified the need for training and have stepped into this mentoring role by providing specific programmes for those who are granted credit as well as providing training in financial management of their enterprises.

C. Record keeping
It is significant that one of the questions on the credit evaluation form for Mafisa applicants asks whether the applicant keeps some form of record keeping A clear picture of costs, yields and production over time is essential. A picture from the PAST enables a farmer to make good comparisons and know what went wrong, but especially when and why something worked! This is a light to the PRESENT but especially for the FUTURE if a farmer wants to be able to manage and control his business. Internal and external sources There are two sources from which a farmer makes decisions: External Sources: Obtaining information about farming from outside the farm business e.g. magazines, attending farmers meetings or events, brochures etc. is important to a farmer who needs to make wise decisions.

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Livestock records deal with stock-farming, feed, remedies, dosing, marketing costs for a specific flock or herd, individual records of milk production, calving records. Livestock tables set out opening and closing numbers of animals, their value, age, gender etc. Labour records are used to record all matters regarding labourers on the farm such as employment contracts which should include wages, rations, medical costs and workmens compensation. The number of workers, loans, debts, leave and absences should be included. Machinery records details of model, age, book value, repairs, service records, hours worked and insurance. This information will assist a farmer in planning, implementation, control and co-ordination of his tasks as a farm manager.

The cash flow statement comprises three components: 1. Income Operating Income from products e.g. wool, maize, milk; Capital income (sales of livestock, machinery etc) and non-farming income. Only cash income is regarded as income, and only in the month it is received. 2. Expenditure Operating Expenditure (seed, fertiliser, purchased stock-feed, etc.); Capital Expenditure (purchasing of livestock, machinery, etc.), debt repayments, and non-farming expenditure. Only actual payments are recorded in the cash-flow statement, and then only in the month of payment. Note: (1) Non-cash flow items (e.g. depreciation) are not recorded in the cash-flow statement. (2) Only actual payments are recorded, not arrears (items such as seed and fertiliser are often bought on credit and only recorded in the cash-flow statement when the account is paid). 3. Bank Balance The surplus or shortfall for a particular month is calculated by deducting total expenditure from total income.

D. Cash-flow
Cash-flow statement
Usually, the flow of cash into a farm business is seasonal (e.g. when the crop is harvested and sold). Expenses (cash outflow) happens throughout the year though. It is wise to know what money is coming in, and when, so that you can spread out your finances to cover your business when things are lean. The large number of farm businesses which experience cash-flow and related problems prove the point that this is an essential aspect of financial management. A cash-flow statement refers to the sources, amounts and dates of cash inflow and cash outflow within a specific period. A historical cash-flow statement summarises cash flow in the past and is usually compiled from recent records. A projected cash flow (budget) is based on the expected cash flow for a period in the future.

Cash flow budget

A cash-flow budget shows the following: 1. When and how much cash is received. 2. When and how cash expenditure is incurred. 3. When cash surpluses and cash shortfalls are experienced. 4. When and how much credit needs to be applied for. 5. What the credit is needed for. 6. The time and amounts of repayments.

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Notes: A farmers total cash and debt position is important here. It is not the profitability that is noted: what is relevant is the actual cash and debt position. A cash-flow budget can cover a period of 1 month, a few months, a year or even longer. The reason for drawing up a budget is important e.g. if the usual farming activities are envisaged for the following year, a monthly budget that stretches over one year could be compiled; if expansions are planned e.g. land, the budget should cover a longer period. Because of the uncertainties in farming, it is difficult to determine the cash flow for a long period and therefore the budget must be reviewed on a regular basis to update it when better information becomes available. A cash-flow budget is important for it enables the farmer to make arrangements with the bank manager or agribusinesses to: extend credit; defer payment; take out additional loans; schedule the purchase of capital items to coincide with cash surpluses; regulate enterprises so that income becomes more regular; and sell unnecessary capital items in periods of cash shortages. Cash-flow budgets are a sound method of controlling cash and focus on the viability of future planning. The advantages and problems are listed below (try to work around the disadvantages!) Advantages Guides farming and domestic expenditure the farmer knows how much money flows in and when and how much is spent and on what. Helps to make provision for large expenses. Helps to prevent spontaneous or impulsive purchases by the farmer. Helps the farmer to make decisions on credit requirements and repayment conditions. Facilitates communication between the bank and the farmer. Banks managers often require the type of information contained in a cash-flow budget before loans are granted. Disadvantages Information has to be obtained from several sources. Unforeseen future events could disrupt the financial plan. However, any plan is better than none at all. Compiling a cash-flow budget is time-consuming. If unreliable information is used, the cash-flow budget could be misleading rather than helpful.

Avoid problems with the SARS by getting your accounting right from the outset. Seemingly small mistakes can cause major problems later if uncovered by the taxman. Keep meticulous records of all financial and tax affairs for at least five years afterwards, so youre equipped to answer any questions from the Receiver. Being organised goes a long way in convincing the taxman that you know what youre doing. Make sure youre not losing out on any deductions that you can claim. Dont make decisions based purely on the tax advantages, and always factor in the cost of a tax-saving plan and any administration time involved. Know the rules about when you can postpone payment of tax, because this can help your cash flow enormously. Because youve got the use of the money for longer, youd also have the advantage of either earning interest on it, or using it to save yourself interest. Mark on your calendar when the various taxes that you are liable for are due, so that you dont land up paying interest and penalties on outstanding taxes.

Useful contacts
Boshoff Visser Tel: 028 722 8049 www.boshoffvisser.co.za South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA) Tel: 011 621 6600 www.saica.co.za

Independent Regulatory Board for Auditors (IRBA) Previously the Public Accountants South African Revenue Service and Auditors Board (PAAB) (SARS) Tel: 011 622 8533 www.sars.co.za www.irba.co.za The tax laws are administered A valuable site for those registered by the Commissioner for SARS, with the IRBA. Pretoria, acting through SARS offices situated in various centres Logista throughout the country. SARS is Tel: 012 362 1431 obligated by law to determine and collect from each taxpayer only the Netto Financial Services correct amount of tax that is due. Tel: 021 530 1260 www.netto.co.za Tax Warehouse Tel: 018 788 6203 PricewaterhouseCoopers Agri Industry Group National Leader 023 346 5502 Central Region 051 503 4100 Northern Region 013 754 3300 Eastern Region 041 391 4400 KwaZulu-Natal 031 271 2000

Tax publications and websites

Refer to the latest SARS Tax Guide for Small Businesses. The Guide is obtainable from any SARS office or on their website www.sars.co.za. The website itself is a must. Find the useful tax links option too. Practical Tax Handbook for SMMEs and the Practical VAT Handbook available from Fleet Street Publications. Contact them at tel. 011 699 6531 or visit www.fsp.co. Business Partners has a number of publications available. Call 011 480 8700 or visit www.businesspartners.co.za www.butterworths.co.za for anything to do with tax and legal matters www.sataxreturn.com where everything happens electronically www.tax.co.za

Remember! A cash-flow budget is invaluable when it comes to obtaining credit and finance. In future, it will become more and more difficult to obtain credit without submitting a complete cash flow budget.
Sources: Finance and Farmers (Standard Bank). www.standardbank.co.za; www.brain. org.za; www.werksmans.co.za; www.dti.org.za.

E. Income Tax
The first thing to consider is how youre going to operate your business as a sole proprietor, a partnership, a close corporation or a company. Each structure has its own tax and other financial implications that must be carefully reviewed. For example, while a sole proprietor has the advantage of being able to write off losses from the business against other personal income, he doesnt have the limited liability offered by other entities. Get good advice right from the start, either by doing your own research or by hiring a professional. Some of the decisions you make when you set up your business cannot be undone later, and you may regret being hasty. Good examples are deciding whether to lease or buy offices, equipment and vehicles and drawing up contracts with clients.

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Marketing and finance

Marketing
1.Overview
In a market-orientated system the price of a product is determined by supply and demand. A balance is achieved between what people are prepared to supply at a price and what people are willing to pay for the product. The essence of sound marketing is: find out what the consumer wants supply it at a profit For agricultural produce, how much the consumer wants and will purchase is affected by a number of factors, the most important being: the price of the goods tastes and preferences of consumers number of consumers incomes of consumers prices of related goods (competition) range of goods available to consumers

2. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Directorate: Marketing Tel: 012 319 8455 DM@daff.gov.za www.daff.gov.za find the government gazette notices under Publications The aim of the Directorate: Marketing is to develop, promote and support competitive, open and representative agricultural markets. The directorate comprises the following sub directorates: Domestic Market Development Commodity Marketing Marketing Administration

OTHER
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Find contact details in the Agro-processing chapter. National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) Tel: 012 341 1115 ronald@namc.co.za www.namc.co.za The Marketing of Agricultural Products Act, Act No.47 of 1996, was created following widespread negotiations amongst all directly affected groups in the agricultural marketing sector. The Act came into being on 7 January 1997 and provided for the establishment of the National Agricultural Marketing Council. The objectives of the 1996 Act are: to increase market access for all market participants; to promote the efficient marketing of agricultural products; to optimise export earnings from agricultural products; to increase the viability of the agricultural sector.

Producers need to be aware of marketing and market realities. Farmers also should be aware that the price paid by the eventual consumer is made up of the amount of money paid out to farmers for their produce plus all the costs involved in getting it to the consumer in the form in which he or she purchases it. There also has to be a reasonable return to those doing the marketing and processing for carrying out these functions. The percentage share of the final price, which is taken up by the marketing function, is known as the marketing margin. Sometimes this margin can be quite a high percentage and this may be used to argue that farmers or consumers are being exploited. High margins can often be fully justified by the costs involved. There are bodies like the Food Price Monitoring Committee and the Competition Commission who act as policemen and try to ensure that this chain is fair. Some producers have become more involved in the supply chain and this is usually to their profit. Stats SA publishes two price indices the Consumer Price Index (CPI), based on prices at retail level, and the Producer Price Index (PPI)., based on prices at the first point of trade, thereby measuring the cost of production. If the production cost of a product decreases, one can reasonably expect a decrease in the price the consumer pays. In addition to these two indexes, the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries also publishes a quarterly index of the price of farm requisites. Analysis of these three indices shows how prices develop in the value chains.
Source: the article What can we do about high food prices at www.farmerweekly. co.za

These objectives are not to be pursued at the expense of food security or job opportunities. The role of the NAMC is to advise the Minister of Agriculture on the application and co-ordination of agricultural marketing policy in accordance with national economic goals, social and developmental policies and international trade trends, as well as matters relating to statutory measures affecting the marketing of agricultural products. The agricultural marketing deregulation process that began in 1997, in terms of the Marketing of Agricultural Products Act (1996), has been completed. Agricultural industries have established an assortment of bodies to serve the agricultural sector in place of the former control boards. These structures include industry forums, trusts, section 21 companies and producer organisations.

3. Roleplayers
Note: Marketing Diplomas and Modules are offered at various colleges and universities.

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Agri-Africa Consultants Eckart Kassier Tel: 021 886 6826 / 082 950 9294 Fax: 086 684 6143 / 086 670 7439 info@agri-africa.co.za www.agri-africa.co.za

Grain SA Tel: 056 515 2145 www.grainsa.co.za

4. Websites and publications

For access to timely, market-related information, most farmers read the weekly publications either the Landbouweekblad or the Farmers Weekly. This information is also available electronically. Visit www.landbou.com or www.farmersweekly.co.za. Find the article From bargainer to beggar in 10 years amongst the archived articles at www.farmersweekly.co.za. Dr Phillip Theunissen has written that the Marketing of Agricultural Products Act has led to farmers being held hostage to low international prices, while local production costs play no part in determining prices, creating a situation where farmers are price takers because they have no collective bargaining power. Agriculture and food security in South Africa are heading for an iceberg, he says. Although there is the occasional place where they are dated, the Agricultural Marketing Extension on the Department of Agricultures website are highly useful. Visit www.daff.gov.za (take the Publications and then General Publications menu options). Paper No. 1 provides a general background to marketing issues in South Africa. Paper No. 2 is on horticultural marketing extension. Paper No. 3 reviews the South African horticultural market. Paper No. 4 looks at how extension officers can assist farmers with market information. Paper No. 5, on cereals marketing, mainly maize but also other cereals of interest to emerging farmers. Paper No. 6 is on dairy farming. Paper No. 7 is on livestock. Paper No. 8 reviews wool and mohair marketing. Paper No. 9 covers poultry and eggs marketing. The Directorate Marketing at DAFF have various manuals and policy reports. Contact Billy Morokolo at 012 319 8455 or write to dm@daff.gov.za. Find the Agricultural Marketing Information System at www.agis.agric.za Also find the economic intelligence option at www.agbiz.co.za A number of reports and publications are available from the National Agricultural Marketing Council. Find the Publications menu option at www.namc.co.za or call 012 341 1115. www.2b-marketing.co.za Practical marketing support for small businesses in South Africa A retail newsletter is available from Bizcommunity.com. Write to retailnews@bizcommunity.com

Included in training courses offered are Advanced maize production and marketing and Farm Consulting in agribusiness, financial management for profits. and technical farm management; agricultural marketing; agricultural Institute for Global Dialogue development; project design Tel: 011 315 1299 and management including Black www.igd.org.za Economic Empowerment. Marketing Surveys and Agri Direct Marketing (Pty) Statistical Analysis (MSSA) Ltd Tel: 012 804 7788 Tel: 041 487 0251 / 082 411 4755 www.mssa-research.co.za Agri Promo (www.agripromo. Proudly South African co.za) is a one-stop agricultural Agriculture and Food media and marketing company Tel: 011 327 7778 www.proudlysa.co.za Agrimark Trends (AMT) Tel: 012 361 2748 Research in Action www.agrimark.co.za Tel: 083 300 7756 www.researchinaction.co.za Agricultural and Industrial Marketing Company Sirkel Sourcing Company Tel: 012 993 1975 / 082 573 4344 Tel: 021 876 4891 www.theaimco.com www.sirkel.co.za Helps find markets and logistics solutions for communities. Training is also offered in trade matters, marketing and value chain management A food sourcing company for overseas clients

South African Advertising Research Foundation (SAARF) Tel: 011 463 5340 / 1 / 2 Agricultural Colleges, working www.saarf.co.za with the Provincial Departments of Agriculture, present marketing- Stellenbosch University related short courses. Find contact Centre for Supply Chain details in the Agricultural Education Management and Training chapter. Department of Logistics Tel: 021 808 3981 Agricultural Economics http://academic.sun.ac.za/CSCM Association of South Africa (AEASA) Unilever Institute of Strategic Thulasizwe@namc.co.za Marketing www.aeasa.org.za (Based at the University of Cape Town) Bureau for Food and Tel: 021 650 5213 Agricultural Policy (BFAP) www.unileverinstitute.co.za Tel: 012 420 4583 www.bfap.co.za University of the Free State DFM Software Solutions Tel: 021 904 1154 www.dfmsoftware.co.za The MB4000 Farm Management package allows the user to record production records per block, keep record of deliveries, packouts and payments. eWheels Tel: 012 807 6809 / 082 959 5679 www.ewheels.co.za Department of Agricultural Economics Tel: 051 401 2250 Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Tel: 051 401 2163 groenei@ufs.ac.za (Construction Related) Department of Quantity Surveying and Construction Management Tel: 051 401 3322 Lengau Agricultural centre Tel: 051 4438859 mcvdw@telkomsa.net

International
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) www.iied.org. Find the Sustainable Markets menu option. Professor Andr Louw from the University of Pretoria was the Southern Africa co-ordinator of research into small-scale producers in modern agrifood markets. The website for this specific research is www. regoverningmarkets.org See the analysis of Shoprite Checkers, Pick n Pay, Spar and Woolworths from www.fas.usda.gov/GainFiles www.intracen.org International Trade Centre (ITC) website. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) puts out a report World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE). Get a free e-mail subscription to the WASDE and other USDA crop reports at http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu. Commodity forecasts can also be found at the Office of the Chief Economist (OCE) menu option at www.usda.gov www.fairtrade.net Guarantees a better deal for producers. www.macmap.org Making import tariffs and market barriers transparent World Union of Wholesale Markets (WUWM) www.wuwm.org World Trade Organisation www.wto.org Farm Concern International, pro-poor marketing development initiatives for Sub-Saharan Africa www.familyconcern.net

MapIT Licensed Data Partner (put University of Pretoria your business on the map) Prof Andr Louw Tel: 012 420 5772 GPB Consulting Andre.louw@up.ac.za Tel: 021 852 7811 www.consultgpb.co.za Find details of the other universities Overall planning (facility master in the Agricultural Education and plans) and feasibility studies Training chapter. mainly agricultural industry related.

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5. Today, the success of farm planning starts at the market

What does this mean? Production should be market oriented knowing what the customer wants (demand) and the price at which you as the farmer are prepared to supply it (supply). Decide on your target group this is your particular group of customers (their age, are they male or female, where do they live in a city or farm, what do they do? Are they corporates (businessmen or professionals doctors, lawyers), farmers etc., what are their interests? Determine what their needs are (what do they want to buy and how much are they prepared to pay).

6. Some marketing options

Marketing opportunities for emerging farmers are limited. Generations of concentration on the needs of commercial farmers have led to a neglect of the needs of small-scale farmers. The following marketing options exist for the emerging producer: Market directly from their gardens to the surrounding communities. Supply hawkers who visit them with their bakkies for on-selling in the local town or city. Supply to processing units e.g. mills abattoirs, dairies, fruit packhouses, etc. This is a type of contract production and is normally limited to larger emergent commercial units and to emergent irrigation schemes that would market their product collectively. Supply to various retail outlets, such as the Spar Group, that buy directly from emergent farmers from time to time. Pick n Pay has instituted a programme to support the emergent sector. Sell through farm or market stalls (road stalls) in urban, peri-urban and rural areas. Sell into contract markets, such as government feeding programmes, schools, hospitals, retail contracts, hotels, restaurants and tourism outlets. The government is particularly supportive here. The extension officer is ideally situated to broker these contracts on behalf of groups of farmers who may lack the confidence and expertise to do so. Add value to their own produce, and then market products through the various marketing channels mentioned above. The following are some of the value adding activities which farmers could carry out: Fruit graded, prepacked, dried, semi-packed. Meat cooked, cuts, dried (biltong). Eggs graded and packaged. Broilers slaughtered before selling. Vegetables graded, packaged and transported to market, and/or dried semi-prepared, bottled. Bananas graded, packaged in special ripening rooms, chips, dried Litchis Graded and packaged for local and export market, juiced Maize/Grains milled, bagged, stored; beer, bakeries. Milk dairies, yoghurt, sour milk, cheese (see page 640). Wool sheared, graded and baled. Potatoes and Onions bagged, transported to markets, crisps, snacks. Supply exporters directly. Large exporting concerns are often eager to work with organised communities. The communities are generally involved in some form of out-grower scheme, such as the macadamia nut project in Northern KwaZulu-Natal. The community will need the extension officer to broker this for them as well, and it might be an idea to involve subject matter specialists from the Department of Agriculture or organised producer associations to support them. By matching the requirements of the traditional marketing channels in terms of quality and quantity, they can market through the existing marketing chains e.g. National fresh produce markets, livestock auctions, wool auctions, etc.

The marketing process:

1. Find out what customers want by doing market research. Visit the Department of Agriculture. Speak to Extension Officers and to as many people as possible. Who is going to buy your product? How can you make your product better? 2. Identify the commodity (or commodities) that is suitable for you to produce. 3. Plan the production of the product how you are going to do this, using the best season for the product you have chosen. At the beginning of the summer, before the rains? 4. Produce your chosen commodity. 5. Choose the marketing channel that suits you best and where you can make the most profit. Explore Co-operatives. Refer to the section on forming Co-operatives in this directory.

The marketing chain

The marketing chain is the process the farmer has to follow to get the product from the farm to the consumer. You can benefit by adding value to the products (see the block in green in the next column). You increase your profit by being involved in the washing, packaging, storage, processing and retailing (selling) yourself. Using the best methods and paying attention to cleanliness and food safety will ensure that your product will sell in all markets.

Production and harvesting

Production costs include seed, fertiliser, pesticides, implements, tractors, fuel, labour, etc. Marketing/retailing costs include transport, advertising and storage. To cut back on costs from a long marketing chain you can use a shorter route by selling directly to the customer yourself. Storage and packaging costs include grading, packing material (e.g. boxes, bubble wrap, plastic, string, labels etc.), labour, storage, insurance, etc. Another way of adding value is by packaging and storage until the prices are more favourable or when the demand for the product will be greater e.g. in winter or when there is a shortage.

7. The main marketing channels

Farm Gate Marketing
As the name implies, this is marketing done by the farmer at the place where the product is produced. Examples include the sale of vegetables from a community garden, the sale of broilers from a broiler unit and the sale of animals from the farm directly. There is generally no limit to the type of product that may be marketed in this manner, as long as there are willing buyers. Advantages: No transport costs. Can be sold by the farmer himself, thus costs are reduced, although prices realised may be lower. Better suited to the smallerscale farmer. Disadvantages: The farmer will have to accept the local price for his product. The farmer will not necessarily be well located to sell the product.

Conclusion:
Market conditions will change from year to year. Whether youre selling a few items off your roadside stall or are drawn into a huge supply chain, one thing never changes and that is quality! Aim to produce the best possible product and your marketing efforts will be rewarded. Successful marketing is one of the most important aspects of a modern farm business. See also the Supply Chain Management chapter

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Farm gate marketing is the most common form of marketing found amongst smaller producers. Maize, beans, vegetables, fruit, poultry and livestock are concerned. However, once the local markets demand is supplied, the farmer has to look to more distant markets.

Advantages: The promotion is done on behalf of the farmer. Payment by buyer is guaranteed. The market is larger than the local market. Small-scale farmers have access to these sales.

Disadvantages: The seller may not get the price that he wants for the animal. Prices may be lower than market price.

Village Marketing
This channel provides a development on marketing from the farm, as it goes some way towards taking the product to the consumer. At its most elementary level, a farm stall may be operated by farmers selling their own products, progressing through to individual stallholders selling on behalf of local farmers. Generally the type of product that would be marketed on a farm stall would be perishable, such as fruit and vegetables, although processed foods such as pickles, jams and cooked mielies are also suited to this type of marketing.

Direct Marketing
With director or contract marketing, the farmer sells directly to the retailer. Agreements are often concluded between large producers of perishable goods and large retailers e.g. Woolworths or Pick n Pay stores. These retailers are often fairly flexible in their volume and supply demands to ensure good publicity as supporters of emerging farmers, but they will not compromise on quality. Some Black Empowerment companies have secured large government kitchen contracts (e.g. Department of Correctional Services) for themselves and prefer buying contractually from the emergent sector for political reasons. The extension officer needs to be aware of such contracts by staying in touch with the Local Government Tender Board.

Advantages: Larger markets can be exploited. Farmers can take advantage of more favourable prices. Price fluctuations are generally small.

Disadvantages: Transport of the products may pose difficulties. The quality of the produce may have to be higher to cater for the needs of the more discerning consumers. A constant supply of produce must be available to satisfy the needs of the market. Flexibility on pricing of produce is needed.

Advantages: Marketing margins could be reduced and thus the producer could obtain a higher price for the product. The volume of sales is guaranteed to the farmer.

Disadvantages: The farmer must ensure that he has sufficient produce of acceptable quality to supply the customer/retailer at all times. The quality of the produce must be high at all times. If the farmer cannot meet the needs of the retailer, he will have to buy in produce to make up the order of quantities required.

Fresh Produce Markets

Refer also to the Fresh Produce Markets chapter in the Directory. These markets are set up in larger centres mainly for the sale of fruit and vegetables. They have traditionally catered for the commercial producer, and in turn supply the larger urban centres. The system on most markets has changed from auctioning to sales by market agents on commission. With this system, the farmer sends his produce to the agent at the market, who endeavours to obtain the highest price for him. Advantages: Disadvantages:

Communal Marketing
Farmers may choose to market collectively. A farmers Association may get together and jointly market their crop on a formal market, such as to be found in most of the rural towns.

Farmers can take advantage of Market information is important higher prices in times of short to enable the farmer to make the supply, if they have produce right decisions. available. The market is able to sell Prices fluctuate. large quantities of farmers Markets are often far from the produce. point of production. The farmer can employ the The time of harvesting is services of an agent to perform critical to the success of the the task of marketing. crop, in terms of realising the right price. Quality, packaging and presentation are very important and produce must conform to accepted grade and packaging standards. The farmer will need to be confident that he can cover the higher marketing costs, including the agents commission.

8. Marketing/supply chain costs

The sequence of stages involved in transferring produce from the farm to the consumer is generally referred to as the marketing chain. All transfers involve marketing activities in some or other form, and all activities involve costs, which are: Product Preparation and Packaging Costs. The harvesting of produce and the movement of produce to the farm gate or packing shed is part of the production costs. The second cost to be encountered is all costs associated with packaging. Handling Costs. At all stages in the marketing chain, produce will have to be packed and unpacked, loaded and unloaded, put into store and taken out again. The sum total of all such handling costs can be significant. Transport Costs. This transport cost could be anything from produce transported on the back of a donkey to trucks, bakkies, taxis, trains, aircraft and ships. Produce Losses. Losses are common with agricultural produce marketing, even if nothing is actually thrown away, products may lose weight in storage and transit. The treatment of losses in marketing cost calculations can be fairly complex. Produce which is bought but not sold can still incur costs such as packaging, storage and transport. If there are no quantity losses there can still be quality losses, and this is reflected in the price at which produce is sold. Storage Costs. The main purpose of storage is to extend the availability of produce over a longer period than if it were sold immediately after harvest. Such costs will vary depending on the costs of building and operating the store, but also on the capital used to purchase the produce which is stored.

Stock Sales
The sale of livestock in the developing areas has been encouraged for many years. There are a number of sale yards. Some of these provide a marketing service to emerging farmers as well to commercial farmers. Auction sales are held regularly at many of them. The seller may decide whether or not to accept the price offered by the buyer. The prices received on stock sales are not fixed and to a large extent reflect the supply and demand position both locally and within the entire market.

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Processing Costs. This is an important marketing cost. Grains such as maize and wheat have to be milled. In working out total marketing costs, we need to consider the conversion factor from unmilled to milled grain, as well as the value of any by-products. Processing costs can vary according to the efficiency of the organisation doing the processing, the processing facilitys throughput and the frequency of its operation. It will also vary according to the organisations costs, which depend on factors such as fuel costs, depreciation costs, import duties, taxes and wages. Capital Costs: to operate, a trader may have to borrow money from a bank. The interest he pays on that money is a cost. If a trader uses his own money, he has to consider the lack of interest he could have received, a cost economists refer to as opportunity cost. Fees and Commissions: The costs considered from 1 to 7 above are the major costs in marketing agricultural produce. There are many others and people involved with measuring costs need to keep all of them in mind. For example, people using National Fresh Produce Markets, have to pay agents fees.

10. Commercial farmer notes

Many South African farmers could radically improve the financial success of their businesses by compiling a sound marketing plan upfront. Failing to plan a marketing strategy is often the single biggest oversight South African farmers make, but producing a crop only to find that it cant be disposed of profitably, can be easily avoided. The critical first step is for farmers to establish their production and marketing costs, factoring in expected prices at a certain time of the year and their key target markets. Key elements of a marketing plan farmers are advised to consider prior to any production are listed below. They should: understand their customer-base, strengths and competition; optimise and enjoy the success of producing good quality crops by first establishing whether there is sufficient need or desire for their product or service. If not, there wont be a steady stream of customers; first establish how the product will be marketed a thorough understanding of the target market is essential (also establish what drives buying decisions); remember, the plan must reflect the current market, potential and existing customers, competitors, market penetration tactics and importantly, the farmers competitive advantage; remember too that an innovative marketing plan positions a product or service in the minds of potential customers and typically integrate multiple mediums and/or promotional strategies to reach the market. Then it comes down to writing up a plan. When compiling this, a farmer should: Write about the current market. Describe the industry you are operating in, the market conditions that influence your business and the business opportunities and threats. New products must always include market research. Also, an analysis of existing customers is essential who they are, their purchasing habits and buying cycles. By acquiring a thorough knowledge of your target market you will learn to relate to your customers better and they to your product. Once youve identified and researched the market, the strategy for reaching the market and distributing the product is crucial. A viable method for reaching the market at an appropriate price level is something that potential lenders will scrutinise. The marketing strategies and successes of competitors must be interrogated. Ask whos doing well and whos struggling and if/why they are growing or scaling back. Understanding competitors strengths and weaknesses is critical in establishing competitive advantage. You must be able to justify that there is room for another player in the market. Its important to identify competitors whereabouts and locations, revenues, length of time in the industry, target market and market share. Define how your operation differs from your competitors. What do they do well? Is there room for improvement? In what ways is your business superior to the competition? Remember: competitor analysis should be an ongoing practice! The next step is to compile a production plan outlining in detail what will be produced and the resources required. The key elements of this are: Land, buildings and facilities a precise description of the land and buildings that will be used for the farming business. For example, for a certain crop, the type and depth of the soil, the clay percentage and water availability must be specified. Farmers who intend leasing land should be mentioned. Equipment each tool that will be used must be named, e.g. tractors, implements, trucks and other vehicles. Other equipment, such as computers, printers, office equipment, hand tools and irrigation equipment should also be included. Buildings, facilities and equipment are normally depreciable assets. Having them listed in a business plan can be helpful when you have to do your tax returns.

9. Supermarkets in Africa
Economic growth in Africa has seen growing consumer demand, giving rise to a supermarket revolution, predominantly in eastern and southern Africa. These supermarkets are built close to affluent consumers in and around major cities. To survive in Africa, farmers must learn to work with supermarket logistics and buying systems. Farmers must pay attention to the new demands supermarkets are placing on them and realise they are competing on an international basis. Supermarkets expect farmers to deliver produce washed and sometimes packed to their specifications, and if they can find a cheaper supplier they will use that supplier, no matter where in the world the supply comes from. Larger supermarkets and chain fresh produce outlets prefer to sign contracts with larger, established producers demanding timely delivery of quality products and on an ongoing and sustainable supply. Small farmers could be squeezed out of this market unless African governments support them to achieve the necessary economies of scale. Recommended solutions: Have the right person on the farm. Lobby government to fund and support infrastructure such as packaging and transport facilities in rural areas. Train smallholder farmers in various areas of production, marketing, financing and so on. It is foolish and unfair to place an untrained and inexperienced person on a farm and expect quality produce for supermarkets within 12 months. Supermarkets and buyers of fresh produce should consider adapting their procurement strategies to accommodate the smallholder farmer. Establish trust among the stakeholders in the food supply chain. Establish co-operatives with central grading, packaging or marketing venues for 10 or more smallholders. Provide cold storage and refrigerated trucks for transporting produce to markets. Disseminate information about prices and markets to smallholder farmers so they can make informed decisions.
Source: Farmers Weekly, 5 October 2007 in which Profs Nic Vink and Andr Louw discuss supermarkets.

In 2009, attention went to the supermarkets when retail prices increased more rapidly than farm gate prices, despite interest rates being slashed and fuel prices coming down. There was also no concomitant drop in prices when producer prices fell. The Competition Commission, aware that food is a high-priority sector, announced its intentions to probe retailers. The supermarkets denied wrongdoing and promised to co-operate in any investigations. Going into 2010 the investigation continues.

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Materials and supplies include materials and supplies needed for the daily running of the operation, such as feed, fertilisers, soil amendments, fuel and oil, other consumables and materials necessary for maintenance and repairs. It is important to capture as many expected expenses as possible. Other essential aspects include: Production strategies relate to production methods, and should include projected schedules. Questions around whether to plough or do no till farming, when and how the produce will be sent to market, how production will be expanded over time, and when optimum size and production have been reached should be answered here. Construction and production schedules once a farmer has a stable vision of the operations needed, then short and long term construction and production plans can be considered. Plan for routine weeding and fertilising. Experience has shown that it is helpful to have these events scheduled. And also to have an idea of when new irrigation systems will need to be erected, and the scheduling of crop rotations. Having a plan for these will assist in controlling budgeting and costs. An environmental assessment plan that emphasises stewardship for the environment. Vital components to consider are: uses for runoff water, quality assurance, pastures and stream protection run offs and, in some instances, soil erosion. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries can provide useful information in this regard. Political and legal aspects of production consider stipulations as well as other laws that could impact production.

The marketing and production plan component of the business plan helps establish the framework for tracking cash flow, growth and overall profitability. In the end, it is what is produced and marketed that generates income for a farm business and time is needed to think through the details of this part of the business plan to ensure the overall success of the business.
Source: Compiled by Magna Carta Public Relations for Standard Bank. Contact 011 636 4978

Source: The Agricultural Marketing Extension papers on www.daff.gov. za and acknowledgements where they appear in this chapter.

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Marketing and finance

Providers of financial services
1. Banks
See separate Banks chapter

3. Investment Promotion Agencies (IPAs) and other province-specific role-players

Invest North West Tel: 014 594 2570 www.inw.org.za Invest North West is the official Investment Promotion Agency (IPA) for the North West Provincial Government and its founding purpose is to promote trade and fixed direct investment, create employment for the people of the North West Province and attract new and sustainable businesses by the deployment of grant-in-aid funds from the public sector and others. Mpumalanga Agricultural Development Corporation (MADC) Tel: 013 755 6328 www.madc.co.za The Leading agricultural finance and business development organisation. Contact details for farmer service points throughout the province are available on the website. Also find the Loan application menu option on the website, which takes you through all the steps in the process. MADC products include: Seasonal loans helps farmers to pay for production inputs Business loans helps farmers with new ventures or to improve the existing farm (assets, stock and working capital_ Revolving credit facility aimed at existing business persons who seek financing to trade in the agricultural sector (includes livestock speculation and other re-selling opportunities) The Mpumalanga Agricultural Development Corporation (MADC), the Mpumalanga Housing Finance Company (MHFC) and the Mpumalanga Economic Growth Agency (MEGA) are to be merged to accelerate enterprise development, infrastructure delivery and jobs.

2. State-owned development banks and agencies

See the Finances heading in the Co-operatives chapter. Here we mention only two the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) and Khula. See heading 3 following for details of the province-specific Investment Promotion Agencies. Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) Tel: 0860 693 888 www.idc.co.za This finance is for entrepreneurs in the agricultural, food, beverage and marine sectors wanting to expand and develop their businesses. The minimum financing is R1 million. An economically viable business plan must be submitted. Medium term finance takes the form of loans, suspensive sales, equity and quasi-equity in order to: establish permanent infrastructure in the agricultural sector and aquaculture; establish new or expand existing undertakings in the food and beverages sector. Bridging finance is also available from the IDC i.e. finance for entrepreneurs who have secured firm contracts except for construction contracts with government and/or the private sector and who have short-term financing needs, and/or guarantees such as performance, suppliers, etc. Minimum financing is R500 000.00. The following categories (especially) apply: Entrepreneurs who have been awarded tenders by government. Entrepreneurs who have secured contracts for providing services/ products to established big, blue chip companies. Entrepreneurs with an annual turnover greater than R1 million. Finance is short-term, for a maximum period of 18 months. Khula Enterprise Finance Ltd Bloemfontein 051 444 1040 / 0860 548 522 Cape Town 021 671 9056 / 0860 548 521 Durban 031 301 1916 / 0860 548 526 East London 043 726 0756 / 0860 548 527 Kimberley 053 832 2275 / 0860 548 528 Johannesburg 011 838 7638 / 0860 548 529 Nelspruit 013 755 2370 / 0860 548 520 Polokwane 015 294 0901 / 0860 254 852 Port Elizabeth 041 363 2570 / 0860 354 852 Rustenburg 014 592 6391 / 0860 454 852 Tshwane 012 324 8236 / 0860 554 852

Other
Eastern Cape Development Corporation (ECDC) Tel: 043 704 5600 www.ecdc.co.za Northern Cape Economic Development Agency Tel: 053 833 1503 www.nceda.co.za Free State Development Corporation Tel: 051 400 0800 www.fdc.co.za Free State Investment Promotion Agency Tel: 051 410 0885 Gauteng (GEDA) Tel: 011 833 8751 www.geda.co.za Limpopo Business Support Agency (LIBSA) Tel: 015 297 6473 www.libsa.org Mpumalanga Economic Growth Agency (MEGA) Tel: 013 752 2440 www.mega.gov.za Trade and Investment Limpopo Tel: 015 295 5171 www.til.co.za Trade and Investment KwaZulu-Natal Tel: 031 368 9600 www.tikzn.co.za Western Cape (WESGRO) Tel: 021 487 8600 www.wesgro.org.za

4. Agribusinesses
See the Agribusiness chapter. Companies like GWK, Kaap Agri, Senwes and Suidwes offer credit, insurance and other financial services.

Find the Finances for agricultural businesses option at www.khula.org.za

5. Companies
Find the Finance and administration heading in the Agricultural Consultants chapter, and the separate chapters on banks and agribusinesses

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Numerous companies exist which offer financial services. Santam Agri is one example (see Risk Management and Insurance chapter). Below are two more: PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) Tel: 023 346 5502 www.pwc.za.com Specialist services include: accounting services tax services transaction support risk management services entrepreneurial advice services internal audit services management control mergers and acquisitions

7. African Agriculture Fund (AAF)

The African Development Bank (ADB), Agence Franaise de Dveloppement (AFD),the Kofi Annan Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), Banque Ouest Africaine de Dveloppement (BOAD) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) launched the African Agriculture Fund (AAF) initiative, in April 2009. The AAF will raise 200 million euros during its first phase and has a final target closing of 500 million euros. Phatisa Group Limited (Phatisa) has been appointed as the fund manager of the AAF. The Fund aims to support private sector companies that implement strategies to increase and diversify food production and distribution in Africa by strengthening the management, modernisation and organisation of agricultural sector on the continent. AAF will invest in agro-industrial companies, and agricultural cooperatives that support small-scale farmers and respect the environment. If you would like more information or indicate your interest, please do not hesitate to contact Duncan Owen on duncanowen@phatisa.com. Visit www.phatisa.com for more information about the company itself.

Find out about Phatisa (see advert below).

6. Co-operatives
See the Co-operatives chapter

8. Other roleplayers
Refer to the Development financial services chapter for information on credit guarantees and roleplayers, other financial organistions, and contact details of Enterprise Information Centres. Credit OMBUD Tel: 0861 662 837 www.creditombud.org.za EMVEST Tel: 012 482 6860 www.emvest.com FAIS OMBUD Tel: 012 470 9080 www.faisombud.co.za The FAIS Ombud was created in terms of the Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Act 2002 (Act No. 37 of 2002) (FAIS Act). The function of the FAIS Ombud is to resolve disputes relating to the rendering of financial services by providers Financial Services Board (FSB) Tel: 012 347 0221 www.fsb.co.za The FSB oversees the countrys non-banking financial services industry National Credit Regulator (NCR) Tel: 0860 100 406 www.ncr.org.za NB Only credit grantors that are registered with the National Credit Regulator (NCR) may grant credit. Visit www.ncr.org.za for more information

Newfarmers Development Co Ltd Tel: 021 970 5140

Southern African Venture Capital and Private Equity Association (SAVCA) Tel: 011 268 0041 info@savca.co.za www.savca.co.za For businesses wondering where to find capital to expand their business? SAVCA provides a comprehensive and well-structured directory which lists the details and investing preferences of all members and associated members of the association.

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Risk management and insurance
1. Overview
Agriculture today, and specifically farming, is a business faced with many risks. Issues such as climate change, skills shortage and the growth in the financial markets in terms of commodity products have increased the risks these businesses face. Even though agricultural businesses have more tools available to manage and mitigate risks, this has increased the complexity of risk decision-making. The winners of tomorrow will be the farmers and agri businesses that are able to manage the risks inherent to their farming systems at a reasonable cost. The result of effective risk management practices in agriculture will have some significant benefits for society as a whole such as: ensure food security and stability of prices; result in a stable and profitable commercial farmer base to ensure that agriculture is able to provide in the food requirements of the future; assist in achieving long-term sustainability of the environment; reduce the negative effects of natural disasters (floods, droughts etc) on humans and the environment; reduce the need for taxpayer funded emergency aid packages; create jobs and sustainable employment; and improve the stability of farmer incomes and hence expenditure on farm inputs. The result is economic stability in rural economies.

Directorate: Land Use and Soil Management Tel: 012 319 7685 Details of provincial LUSM offices can be found in the Soils chapter. Two depots at De Aar and Upington store apparatus and insecticides to distribute to areas invaded by locusts. Landowners are required to report the occurrence of locusts. De Aar: Gert Greyvenstein Tel: 053 631 3621 Kiewiet Viljoen Tel: 053 631 3621 Upington: Dirk Steenkamp William Makoba Tel: 054 334 0171

3. Associations involved
Actuarial Society of South Africa Tel: 021 509 7697 www.actuarialsociety.org.za Association for Savings & Investment SA Tel: 011 669 4900 www.aci.co.za Institute of Retirement Funds of South Africa (IRF) Tel: 011 369 0160 www.irf.org.za The Life Offices Association (LOA) Tel: 021 421 2586 info@loa.co.za

2. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

The Disaster Management Act of 2002 applies. Where the particular nature of drought conditions, veld fires etc cannot be declared disasters under this act, relief can be provided in the form of a specific measure. Directorate: Agricultural Disaster Management Tel: 012 319 7955 DADRM@daff.gov.za This directorate: manages, develops and implements government policy, legislation and prescripts in respect of risk and disaster management in the agricultural sector; prepares a strategic plan for agricultural risk and disaster management; assists and supports provincial and local governments to manage agricultural risks and disasters. It is of importance for farmers to receive early warning information to enable them to plan ahead. The Department of Agriculture established the National Agrometeorological Committee (NAC) in 2002. Its mandate is to compile and Issue Early Warning Information as one of the tools to address the risk and disaster in the agricultural sector. An NAC Advisory is compiled, and issued on the 15th of every month. Format: Seasonal Forecast Current conditions from NDVI and rainfall maps from the SAWS Farming Status in the Provinces and in the SADC region Advisory of Strategies that the farming community might employ

The climate advisories can be found on the Agricultural Geo-Referenced Information System (AGIS) websitewww.agis.agric.za

A unit trust enables you to pool The Life Offices Association (LOA) your money with other investors is the representative body for the who have similar investment life insurance industry. objectives. The LAO also acts as a watchdog Financial Intermediaries for the industry and sets certain Association of Southern Africa standards to which all member Tel: 012 665 0085 offices must adhere. www.ibcsa.org.za The Ombudsman A merger between the Insurance Brokers Council of South Africa The life insurance ombudsman is (IBC) and the South African an independent body to whom Financial Services Intermediaries one may direct any complaint Association (SAFSIA) about a life insurance company, a representative or a life insurance Financial Planning Institute of product. Southern Africa (FPI) Tel: 011 470 6000 The Ombudsman for Short-Term www.fpi.co.za Insurance Tel: 011 726 8900 Serving both the financial services www.osti.co.za industry and its clients, the FPI provides an independent quality This is an independent body and assurance process, ensuring that the services are provided free to appropriate educational standards the public. The ombudsman may are maintained for financial advisers be able to assist you if your insurer and planners, and ensures ethical refuses to pay e.g. for damage and practice standards. to your vehicle. The service is free to insured consumers. You Financial Services Board must complain to the insurance Tel: 012 428 8000 company first, and only if you are www.fsb.co.za unable to resolve the dispute with your insurers, then you can refer The Financial Services Board is the matter to their offices. a unique independent institution established by statute to oversee For more details on matters with the South African Non-Banking which their office can assist, find Financial Services Industry in the the Common Problems menu public interest. Find the Insurance option at www.osti.co.za. option on the website. The Ombudsman for long-term Institute of Life and Pension insurance Advisors of Southern Africa Tel: 021 657 5000 (ILPA) www.ombud.co.za Tel: 011 475 1149

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South African Financial Services Intermediaries Association (SAFSIA) Tel: 012 665 0085 www.fia.org.za SAFSIA represents both shortterm, long-term and employee benefits insurance intermediaries (e.g. Financial Planners).

South African Insurance Association (SAIA) Tel: 011 726 5381 www.saia.co.za SAIA promotes the short-term insurance industry in order to create awareness and understanding of the industry and to add value to all stakeholders.

Credit Insurance insures you against bad debt. The following are roleplayers: Coface South Africa Tel: 011 208 2500 www.cofaceza.com Credit Guarantee Tel: 011 889 7000 www.creditguarantee.co.za Lombard Insurance Group Tel: 011 551 0600 www.lombardins.com Prestige Credit Insurance Consultants Tel: 011 805 8958 www.prestigecredit.co.za

4. Companies involved
ABSA Insurance Company Ltd Tel: 011 330 2111 www.absa.co.za ABSA Life Ltd Tel: 011 350 4000 African Rand Tel: 011 678 1354 www.africanrand.co.za Agricola Tel: 011 288 0300 www.agricolasa.co.za Mutual and Federal Insurance Company Ltd Tel: 012 400 8100 www.mf.co.za Old Mutual Life Assurance Company Ltd Tel: 021 509 9111 www.oldmutual.co.za

5. Training and research

Continuous research into the predictability of critical agricultural parameters such as the onset, distribution and cessation of rainfall, as well as the frequency of dry spells and wet spells in the rainy season is a pressing need because these parameters directly affect agricultural yields and any prior information about their variations during the season ahead will allow farmers to plan their operations effectively, as well as minimise the impact of adverse conditions. Research into the improvement of crop cultivars, possibilities of genetic modification of crops, market trends, population growth and spending patters can all assist in improving the efficiency and productivity of agriculture as a sector. Ongoing education of farmers has become critical in order to remain at the forefront of changes in agriculture due to the rapid growth of technology driven by the drive to maximise the return of farming operations. The development of new crop cultivars, chemicals and pesticides, precision farming and more efficient farming equipment can greatly enhance the output of a farming operation and owners and management need to be educated in order to benefit from these developments. ICOSAMP The Information Core for Southern African Migrant Pests Tel. 012 356 9800 (ICOSAMP Coordinator) icosamp@ecoport.org http://icosamp.ecoport.org Migrant pests such as locusts, armyworm, and Quelea birds, annually plague the southern African region, and in some years have been known to cause devastating damage to food crops within member countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). As these pests are highly mobile and often cross political boundaries, communication and collaboration between neighbouring countries is vital with respect to forecasting, monitoring, and controlling these outbreaks. Inseta is the Sector Education and Training Authority (SETA) for the insurance, risk management, reinsurance, pension funding etc industry. Visit www.inseta.org.za or call 011 544 2000. Institute of Risk Management South Africa Tel: 011 234 5898 www.irmsa.org.za Insurance Institute of SA Tel: 011 834 6061 www.iisa.co.za University of the Free State Department of Agricultural Economics Tel: 051 401 2250 WillemseBJ@ufs.ac.za

PricewaterhouseCoopers Agri Industry Group National office 023 346 5502 KwaZulu-Natal 031 271 2000 Central Region 051 503 4100 Your regional agribusiness Northern Region 013 754 3300 offers short term insurance, crop Eastern Region 041 391 4400 insurance, credit life insurance etc. www.pwc.com/za Find out what is on offer. Suidwes Sanlam Life Insurance Ltd Ltd contacts for insurance are: Tel: 021 947 9111 Leeudoringstad 018 581 1000 agri@sanlam.co.za www.sanlam.co.za Bothaville 056 515 1094 Christiana 053 441 2202 Santam Agriculture Schweizer-Reneke 053 963 Tel: 012 369 1202 1161 Fax: 086 656 9117 Vryburg 053 927 2421 Hannes.duplessis@santam.co.za Wolmaransstad 018 596 2320 www.santam.co.za Boshoff Visser Tel: 028 722 8049 www.boshoffvisser.co.za EnviroMon Tel: 021 851 5134 www.enviromon.co.za Asset and crop insurance in the Agricultural Industry. Find Agricultural Insurance under the products and services menu option on the website.

Standard Bank Tel: 011 858 5135/6 A variety of weather services are agriinsurance@standardbank.co.za provided e.g. weather forecasts, www.standardbank.co.za climate related disease warnings, meteorological consultation. Finance and farmers (4th edition) covers the following: Production Garrun Group Risk and analysis; Marketing risk Tel: 011 694 5000 and planning; Financial risk and www.garrun-group.co.za management; Institutional risk; Human and personal risk. These HOTSURE topics are also frequently covered Tel: 0861 COLLAR in their AgriReview quarterlies. www.hotsure.co.za T&E FinOps Web based GIS monitor and Tel: 012 440 6660 command: monitor and track tefinops@netactive.co.za livestock, vehicles, containers. Previously known for the Agri Huis van Oranje Groep Securitas Trauma Insurance, it Tel: 0860 104 297 has now diversified to a one stop www.hvo.co.za financial service. Land Bank Insurance Company Tel: 0861 00 5242 Tel: 083 232 6272 www.lbic.co.za

Disaster Management, Training and Education Centre for Africa (DIMTEC) ICOSAMP , endorsed by SADC and Tel: 051 401 2721 funded by the UK Department for Fax: 051 401 9336 dimtec@ufs.ac.za International Development, has established a regional network of A department in the faculty information officers who submit of Natural and Agricultural monthly reports on the status of Sciences, with the biggest Masters migrant pests in their country to Degree Programme in Disaster the ICOSAMP co-ordinator. Since Management in Africa. its inception in 2000, ICOSAMP has issued regular monthly Bulletins and GIS (Geographical Information System) maps.

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6. Primary sources of risk in farming

Although the risks provided below have been separated into varying categories, to assist in the risk identification and management thereof, these risks are not independent. Indeed some of the larger impacts on farming businesses are due to the interaction of the risks. Farmers should therefore approach risk management from a holistic viewpoint and should carefully consider the impact of even improbable risks. Production risk. Production risk is defined as the overall uncertainty regarding production. Production risk includes contributing risks such as changes in the weather, crop performance, incidence of pests and diseases and machine efficiency. Currently the observed changes in the global climate are posing numerous and potentially significant risks to the production of crops, particularly those associated with water availability and quality as well as rising temperatures. Price risk. Price risk results from the unpredictable and competitive nature of the prices of both farming inputs and outputs. Changing prices of products can be observed on formal markets such as the various commodity and futures exchanges, physical markets where buyers and sellers meet or by way of the transactions between individual parties. In respect of the prices of farming inputs farmers are largely price takers, i.e. they have very little or no influence on the prices they pay and there are few risk management tools or instruments available to manage the risk. For certain crops and products there exist several financial instruments and products whereby the farmer can effect price risk management. But for some the price risk associated with farming outputs can often only be managed to some extent through an effective marketing strategy. Certain producers can be price takers for outputs as well, e.g. milk producers. Political risk. Changes in government or to government policies relating to matters such as land reform, employment targets, subsidies, animal welfare, food and safety are often uncertain and may have a large impact on farmers. Funding and funding liquidity risk. A successful farming business has implemented a well thought through funding plan. Farming businesses can be exposed to cyclical cash flow patterns. Therefore, managing the funding risk of the farming business is crucial. The recent crisis has taught us that any business needs to plan its operational cash-flow and investments properly and put in place a funding plan that provides some comfort on the availability of the funds at the crucial times. Where substantial funding is required this should be secured well-ahead of time, so that the lack of available funding does not negatively impact the business. Currency risk. The appreciation or depreciation of the South African Rand affects both import and export demand and domestic prices for competitively traded inputs and outputs. Currency risk can also have a significant impact on price risk, particularly where prices of inputs or outputs are referenced against a foreign currency, e.g. the price of maize in US$. Legal risk. A large number of farming activities have legal implications. Legal risk is inherent in contractual agreements and is always present in the form of environmental liabilities, food safety liabilities, etc. Personal risk. Personal risks are those risks relating to the people who are involved with the actual management of the farm. They include farm safety, divorce, illness and death.

7. Factors farmers should consider before attempting to manage risk

The degree to which various types of risk are managed will depend on many factors. Farmers will need to consider the following in determining the appropriate course(s) of action necessary with regard to dealing with risk: own personal appetite for risk; the likelihood and impact of any potential risks within the particular business; the strategies or processes available to manage or mitigate the risk; the cost of mitigating or managing the risks; and the consequences of not managing the risk. What options could be considered to manage and/ mitigate the Risk? Risk Management Strategies can be classified along the following lines: Avoidance or acceptance strategies avoiding/terminating activity giving rise to exposure or intolerable risk accepting risk where exposure is within the risk appetite Diversification strategies treating, reducing or mitigation through improvements to the control environment and the management processes exploiting risk where exposure is a potential missed or unrealised opportunity Risk sharing strategies sharing of risk between parties and stakeholders transferring risk to a third party (outsourcing /insuring) integrating a series of risk responses through combination of responses

8. Risk sharing strategies

8.1 Avoidance or acceptance strategies
Avoidance and acceptance strategies should be based on the impact and likelihood of the risk. Below are some examples: Planting a crop in an area not suited to its production is avoided because the likelihood of an inferior crop is very high. Planting below the 1 in a 100 year floodline may be an acceptable risk owing to the likelihood of a flood being low. It is important to conduct a thorough analysis of the risk that is being accepted to completely understand the impact of such a risk should it occur, including negative financial consequences which may jeopardise the survival of the farming operation and its impact on cash flow and fund availability.

8.2 Diversification strategies

Crop diversification By broadening the variety of crops under consideration and selecting crops which behave differently in various financial and environmental conditions, farmers can successfully reduce overall risk. In addition mixed farming operations can also be practiced, e.g. combining crops with livestock, tourism, etc. Flexibility Flexibility is of vital importance when confronted by an ever-changing environment. Farmers should remain as flexible as possible and can do so by growing crops with short production cycles and storing a portion of a harvest so that sales can be made throughout the year at favourable prices. The latter of these options allows farmers to take advantage of price increases but also exposes them to price decreases, but financial instruments are available to hedge farmers against these risks, if appropriate.

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8.3 Risk sharing strategies

Contracting
Production Contracts A production contract entails a contractor supplying the necessary farming inputs, including finance, to a farmer, and the farmer delivering a specified quantity and quality of product to the contractor. The farmer is then compensated accordingly for goods and services provided. This form of contract is of obvious benefit to both parties. Contractors are entitled to a predetermined quantity and standard of commodity at some future date, while growers are guaranteed the required inputs and a fixed income stream (production contracts are often also referred to as off-take agreements). Marketing/ Derivative Contracts. Several variations of such contracts exist, including: Forward Contracts are the most commonly used derivative product available, primarily because it is the most basic and easily understood. A forward contract gives the holder the right and full obligation to conduct a transaction involving an underlying commodity at a future date at a predetermined future price. In other words, an eventual buyer (known as the person assuming the long position) pays the contract price and receives the underlying commodity (grain, wheat etc), and the eventual seller (known as the person assuming the short position) delivers the underlying commodity at the set price. Essentially, a forward contract is a personalised trade agreement between two private parties to be executed at some future date at a predetermined price. A major disadvantage of a forward contract is that these types of contracts are often highly illiquid. This characteristic of a forward contract stems from the fact that it is usually very difficult to exit the contract prior to maturity. Futures Contracts function in much the same way as a forward contract with one exception. Futures contracts are traded through a centralised market known as a futures exchange (e.g. the South African Futures Exchange (Safex)) and as a result are standardized in the terms of the agreement. In other words, the particulars of the contract (expiration date, amount of the underlying asset, price etc) are not personalized as in the case of the forward contract. The standardised nature of these contracts allow for far more liquidity than is the case with forward contracts. Currently the only soft commodities traded on Safex are white and yellow maize, wheat, sunflower seeds and soya beans. There are however derivative contracts on other financial instruments, e.g. on the Industrial share index of the Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE), on interest and exchange rates, etc. By use of these instruments the risks associated with interest and exchange rates can be effectively managed. Futures contracts also require that both parties to the contract post collateral, commonly referred to as margin. Each contract has a specified amount of initial margin placed upon trading the derivative as well as variation margin reflecting the accrued profit or loss due to movements in the price of the derivative. These collateral amounts are necessary to protect individual parties in the event of default. Option Contracts give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to purchase or sell an underlying commodity at a predetermined future price and date. Options can be traded on an exchange such as futures contracts discussed above or in informal markets, commonly referred to as Over-The-Couter (OTC) markets. The key distinction here is that the buyer or seller of the commodity in the future has the right to conduct the transaction, but is not obligated to do so. Two types of option contracts exist: - C all option w hich entitles the holder to the right to buy an underlying security; - Put option w hich entitles the holder to the right to sell an underlying security.

The use of an option contract is best shown by way of example: A grain farmer may elect to use an option contract in order to eliminate the risk of a low grain price in the market in the future. The farmer purchases a put option by paying a certain premium for the contract. The option entitles the farmer to sell a fixed amount of grain at a predetermined price in the future the contract does not, however, obligate him to do so. When the option expires, the farmer will consider his choice to sell the grain relative to the market price for grain at that time. If the price of grain in the market is lower than the price agreed upon in the terms of the option contract, then the farmer will exercise his rights with regard to the contract. The farmer will elect to sell the grain at the higher price agreed upon in the contract since the market price is lower. If the price of grain in the market is higher than the price agreed upon in the terms of the option contract, then the farmer will waive his rights with regard to the contract. The farmer in this instance will choose to sell his commodity at a higher price in the market since the strike price agreed upon in the contract is lower. It should be noted that in the second scenario, where the farmer forfeits his right to exercise the contract, he/she loses the initial premium paid, and as such the option premium can be considered similar to an insurance premium as it provided the farmer with protection in case of the price reducing.

Crop insurance
Insurance is a highly common risk management strategy. An insured person pays a premium to an insurance company at regular intervals and in return receives payment from the insurer if an insured loss occurs. Leasing Leasing inputs such as land and machinery provides producers with sufficient flexibility to respond to changing markets. It also decreases the capital required to expand operations, so reducing financial risk.

Equity finance
Equity financing is an effective way of spreading risk. Equity investors in the agricultural operation receive a pro rata share of the returns of an investment, but also suffer proportionately in any losses.

Savings
The use of a savings account is a constructive method of reducing income variability. By transferring income into an account during successful periods and withdrawing from it in difficult periods is a reliable means offsetting unexpected declines in farm income.

Liquidity
Liquid assets are those assets that can be easily converted into cash. Ownership of such assets may be very useful in the event of emergencies. These assets provide a safety net for production disasters and poor market conditions. It is important to note that an appropriate balance is required between fixed assets and liquid assets, since fixed assets have the ability to generate higher profits. Our thanks to Albr Badenhorst, Financial Risk Services at PricewaterhouseCoopers, for rewriting much of the content of this chapter. Contact him at albre.badenhorst@za.pwc.com

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Marketing and finance

Supply Chain Management
1. Overview
The systems for providing food and other agricultural products to the final consumer has changed drastically over the last few years and promises to change even more in times to come. The agricultural supply chain, once characterised by autonomy and independence, is rapidly evolving in to an interconnected system comprising varied and complex relationships between the different actors in the agricultural system. Three main trends are generally recognised in the food system: the movement away form undifferentiated agricultural commodities towards more specialised products; a movement away from open markets for raw agricultural products towards vertically co-ordinationed transactions; and a movement towards agricultural industrialisation. The trends in agricultural markets can be attributed to four general drivers of change. Deregulation of National and International Markets. Farmers and agribusiness have had to shoulder responsibilities in agricultural markets (like product distribution, quality and price control) that were previously fulfilled by government agencies. Deregulation also exposed South African farmers to increased competition from international firms. Co-operation with other firms in the agro-food complex to provide better products and services is proving to be one of the most popular strategies to deal with the international competition. Changes in Consumer Demands. Consumers, and especially affluent consumers, are posing new demands in terms of the taste, health, safety and variety to the food and agricultural system. These quality requirements increasingly encompass the product itself and also the production process (e.g. organic products and animal welfare). These trends are especially important for firms that strive to service international markets since these markets require superior products and service. A co-ordinated effort by all the parties involved in delivering the product to the final consumer is required, since they all contribute to the quality of the product. Changes in the Agricultural Supply Chain. The higher price risk in the agricultural environment partly due to deregulation is also a change driver. The uncertainty concerning the nature of food quality and problems in detecting quality contributes to these risks. Farmers and agribusiness are seeking mechanisms to share and reduce the risks associated with price and product uncertainty in the supply chain. Advances in Technology. Technological advances have created new opportunities for change in essentially every part of the agro-food complex. The most interesting advance in this regard is the ability to accurately track and monitor production processes, which increases the responsibility and accountability of each firms contribution to the final product. It allows food processors or manufacturers to demand greater accuracy and precision in products they process or bring to the distribution system. Failure to comply can be traced back to the originator who must fix the problem quickly or lose the right to be an integral part of the system. The different actors in agricultural supply chains are abandoning their traditional competitive positions towards each other in favour of cooperation to compete more effectively. The emerging co-ordination and control mechanisms can be collectively referred to as Supply Chain Management.

Actors in a supply system, from the primary producer to the end-consumer, collaborate to better satisfy consumer wants and needs at lower costs. Order is brought to the system of producing, processing, and distributing food and agricultural products to consumers. Collaboration is given to the barriers that exist between each of the links in the supply chain. Supply Chain Management is an integration of these activities, through proven supply chain relationships, to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. The supply chain encompasses the whole system to provide the desired product to the final consumer.

The benefits of Supply Chain Management

Through co-operation and co-ordination of their activities firms are able to realise advantages across the supply chain. These benefits of successful supply chain management can be summarised as follows: reduced cost through specialisation improved synergistic performance increased information to support joint planning enhanced customer service reduced risk and uncertainty shared creativity improved competitive advantage

These advantages are realised when firms start to co-ordinate the flow of products throughout the supply chain. The traditional antagonistic roles of the sales and purchasing departments to sell as high as possible and buy as low as possible is abandoned in favour of co-operation and coordination.
Source: excerpt from the article by Dr Tobias Doyer used in previous editions of this directory

2. Websites and publications

Commodity associations usually have material and studies relating to their chain e.g. Fruit SA/Fresh Produce Exporters Forum has a highly useful range of manuals on the Trade Chain. The annual Supply Chain Intelligence Report (SCIR) 2009 is an international, independent study on supply chain management and logistics practices in developing economies. Contact TerraNova Research at 011 463 5713. Find the recent articles at www.leisa.info. These include Adding value to local livelihoods. Farmers get better prices for products and more control over value chains when they join together and begin their own agro-enterprises. This is a study of 18 such agro-enterprises that have been formed since 2007 in Laos. A second article is Do value chains help farmers out of poverty? Systems improvements and value-addition is identified as a priority area in the National Agricultural Research and Development Strategy document. Find it at www.daff.gov.za Vorst J.G.A.J., C.A. da Silva, J.H.Trienekens, 2007, Agro-industrial supply chain management: concepts and applications, Agricultural Management, Marketing and Finance Occasional Paper (17), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome 2007. Ruben R., M. van Boekel, A. van Tilburg, J.Trienekens, 2007, Linking market integration, supply chain governance, quality and value added in tropical food chains, In: Ruben et al. (eds) Governance for Quality in Tropical Food Chains, Wageningen:Wageningen Acadamic Publishers.

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3. Useful Contacts
Agricultural Business Chamber Tel: 012 807 6686 / 082 441 2308 www.agbiz.co.za Buhler Group Tel: 011 801 3500 www.buhlergroup.com Industrial Logistic Systems Tel: 011 883 0407 www.ils.co.za The Institute of Purchasing and Supply South Africa (IPSA) Tel: 011 331 6650 www.ipsa.co.za

Global technology partner for food processing industry Find the international links on website Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport: South Africa National Agricultural (CILTSA) Marketing Council (NAMC) Tel: 011 789 7327 Tel: 012 341 1115 www.ciltsa.org.za www.namc.co.za Consumer Goods Council of South Africa (CGCSA) Tel: 0861 242 000 www.cgcsa.co.za DIGIVU DA Harcourt 082 451 0148 dave@digivu.co.za www.digivu.co.za Find the notes on the Market and Economic Research Centre (MERC) on the website. SA Fresh Produce Traceability Project (SA FPTP) Gwynne Foster Tel: 082 578 4201 g.foster@mweb.co.za

SAPICS - The Association for Stellenbosch University Operations Management in Centre for Supply Chain Southern Africa Management Tel: 011 023 6707 Department of Logistics www.sapics.org.za Tel: 021 808 3981 http://academic.sun.ac.za/CSCM Smart Procurement Tel: 0861 33 43 26 enquiries@smartprocurement. co.za www.smartprocurement.co.za This is a free on-line newsletter which contains procurement tools, tips, tactics, updates, jobs, news and events. It is shared with thousands of procurement professionals for free on a regular basis. In 2009, Government launched a hotline to speed up government payments to Small Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs). Business enterprises experiencing late payments of more than 30 days can call the hotline number on 0860 766 3729 or fax their details to 012 452 0458 for assistance.

Agro-processing consultation, SA FPTP activities focus on supply advisory / information work chain facilitation, information projects and enabling smallFirst 4 farming scale agri-businesses to meet the Tel: 011 254 5426 / requirements for traceability and peterleppan@globalrange.co.za vital records. www.f4f.com

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Organised Agriculture and agri-services

Agricultural consultants
1. General farming
Agri-Africa Consultants info@agri-africa.co.za www.agri-africa.co.za Consulting is done in agribusiness, financial and technical farm management; agricultural marketing; agricultural development; project design and management including black empowerment. Members: Eckart Kassier Tel: 021 886 6826 / 082 950 9294 Fax: 086 684 6143 / 086 670 7439 wek@iafrica.com Ingrid du Toit Tel: 012 667 1752 / 082 376 2086 ingrid.dutoit@mweb.co.za Michael Cherry Tel: 021 856 1909 / 082 804 6759 michael@redlinx.co.za Associates: Nick Vink (Stellenbosch University ) Johann Kirsten (University of Pretoria) Johan van Rooyen (University of Stellenbosch) Peter Jacobusen (Dynamic Research) Dewald Pretorius (Afrilema) Agri-Africas products and services: feasibility and financial analysis business and farm plans Empowerment structuring and implementation strategic and project management Change Management value adding agricultural trade and marketing and price analysis product development agricultural and land policy rural development monitoring and evaluation Black Economic Empowerment. consumer research Michael McCullough Tel: 076 532 5507 ligspel@barvallei.co.za John Allwood Tel: 043 642 2193 / 082 578 1816 anaida@gamdak.co.za

AGRI LAND GROUP services EPA include: Bonile Jack Tel: 011 315 8255 Agricultural Risk Analysis Reports interventions and Infrastructure Development, affirmations Business Planning, Programme Agricultural Development management, project-revival Project and Business Plans interventions, training for emerging Comprehensive Benchmarked farmers. Agricultural Land Guideline Values Nationally FarmVision Land Reform Process Tel: 042 296 0818 Management lventer@farmvision.co.za Agricultural Risk Analysis www.farmvision.co.za and Valuation Methodology workshop facilitation and FarmVision runs consultancy Training services to private and public They are the preferred supplier institutions. They consult in and specialist advisory service agriculture, resource management, to the National African Farmers wildlife management, quality Union (NAFU) on accelerated land management and project reform. management. They also offer training. Agri Mega Empowerment Solutions (AgriMES) Tel: 028 424 2890 / 425 2524 www.agrimega.co.za Flori Horticultural Services Tel: 013 735 6883 / 082 564 1211 Fax: 088 013 735 6883 johannesmaree@absamail.co.za

Agri-Africa also does training in all of the above subjects. Aginfo (Pty) Ltd (AMT) Tel: 012 361 2748 www.agrimark.co.za Accurate and timely information pertaining to agricultural markets, specialists in the field of marketing, international trade, policy analysis and development. The Products menu option on their website will give the reader an indication of the feasibility and other studies carried out by this group. Agri Inspec Tel: 012 12 843 5630 www.agriinspec.co.za Agri Inspec is an investigation agency that renders monitoring services to agricultural and corporate industries, mainly to put a stop to illegal imports, trade and other import irregularities. AGRI LAND GROUP Tel: 012 345 3911 Fax: 012 345 3949 pv@alg.co.za www.agrilandgroup.co.za

Services to organised agriculture and commodity organisations. They operate in the North West, BEE. Accredited Training. Labour Mpumalanga, Free State, Limpopo services. and Eastern Cape. They do a soil and water analysis, do a full Agri Promo see heading 5 feasibility study and recommend Agricultural and Industrial suitable crops. They consult and Marketing Company train in every field of agriculture. Tel: 012 993 1975 / 082 573 4344 www.theaimco.com FoodNCropBio Dr Wynand J van der Walt Securing trade and finance Senior partner: Agricultural instruments from banks, finding biotechnologies logistics solutions for communities, Tel: 012 347 6334 / 083 468 3471 wynandjvdw@telkomsa.net project management and more. Ms Wilna Jansen van Rijssen, Senior partner: Food safety Bruboer Farming & Industrial Tel: 012 347 4257 / 083 379 2111 Enterprises wilnajvr@telkomsa.net Tel: 012 349 2572 www.bruboer.co.za They render consultation and Details of projects across Africa facilitation services in respect of can be found on the website. modern agricultural biotechnologies and food safety issues. They have The Charles Street Veterinary access to a network of experts to Consultancy assist on specific issues. Tel: 012 460 9385 GPB Consulting Animal production consultants Tel: 021 852 7811 Fax: 0865452148 Caryki Consulting Tel: 051 436 6281 / 082 456 0396 Consulting engineers and planners. caryki@iburst.co.za Experience in grain storage and handling, meat processing, wine, Services offered include viability cheese factories, fruit packing and and feasibility studies, business distribution. plan development, agricultural project planning and appraisal, food HCR Development processing and value adding. Tel: 083 629 0662 Fax: 086 670 8401 CASIDRA hcvd@yebo.co.za Tel: 044 871 0134 www.casidra.co.za Consultation services on and Development Facilitator for Integrated rural development Occupational Curriculum planning and implementation with Development. It act as mentor for a focus on agriculture, Land Reform persons trained as Development and support services, SMME Facilitators. support services etc.

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LM Agric Solutions Tel: 012 997 5416 lmotjope@telkomsa.net Manstrat Development Strategists Tel: 012 460 2499 info@manstrat.co.za www.manstrat.co.za

ment surveys; rural livelihoods analysis; specialist economic studies. Mthonyama Development Enterprise & Agric./Soc. Consultants Tel: 043 643 3429 Fax: 043 643 5376 toziemrwetyana@intekom.co.za

Paterson Agricultural Services Dr Alistair Paterson Tel: 033 330 4817 / 082 880 9002

Find the Agricultural Development and Agricultural Intelligence Outcomes-based training and Systems on the website. consulting is offered in the following commodities: poultry; piggery; Martin van Zyl & Associates animal husbandry; vegetables and (Pty) Ltd crop production; veld management; Tel: 021 531 9289 LandCare; soil conservation. Cell: 083 406 0404 lyznavm@mweb.co.za Nell, Wim Tel: 051 401 3957 / 082 882 9777 They provide management and wimnell@farmingsuccess.com political support to mining and www.farmingsuccess.com agricultural businesses and merge with black partners. Products and Nerpo Agribusiness Unit services include project plans, Tel: 012 361 9127 strategy alignment, company Fax: 012 361 4430 restructuring, policy design, www.nerpo.org.za resolution formulation. Key services offered include: Max Yield research work in various fields Hannes 082 419 3337 including the effectiveness of hannes@maxyield.co.za programmes offered by various institutions including national, Agricultural contractors for provincial and local governments; conventional or no-till planting, mentorship to SMEs particularly for distribution of lime (precisionin agribusiness management; based GPS). training on business skills for SMEs; business planning, raising finance Measured Agriculture Tel: 028 254 9433 / 082 894 4072 and conducting feasibility studies; project planning and project johnsenre@kingsley.co.za management; facilitating access www.farms-for-afrika.com to markets; business linkages for Tony Meldal-Johnsen consults in the purposes of forming business business plans, soil science and partnerships and the transfer of technology. correct methods, and more. Measured Farming Tel: 033 345 2508 Fax: 086 516 5842 clive@clivehenderson.co.za They undertake valuations and assignments in the fields of Agriculture and Forestry, with specific reference to matters relating to court work as a result of damage to crops by fire and chemicals etc, dissolution of partnerships, Rights of Way, expropriation of land, and Land Claims. M I Murray Tel: 028 341 0823 mike.m@xsinet.co.za Helping to meet rural development challenges through agriculture and biodiversity. Consultancy services in: agribusiness development; development research; farm management advice; financial planning; monitoring and evaluation; policy and strategy; project feasibility studies; resource economics studies; rural developNviroTek Labs Tel: 012 252 7588 www.nviroteklabs.co.za Independent analysis of soil, water, plants, fertiliser and feed OneWorld Agribusiness Solutions Tel: 021 421 6996 www.oneworldgroup.co.za Sustainable agribusiness development assignments across sub-Saharan Africa: consulting, technical assistance, capacity building, business planning and business development, feasibility studies, financial modeling Original Agricultural Business Systems (OABS) Tel: 021 870 2953 www.oabs.co.za An Agricultural Economics consultancy firm with a systems approach to problem solving. Find the list of past and current projects on their website.

South African International Business Linkages (SAIBL) Tel: 011 602 1205 info@saibl.co.za Livestock management; Land www.saibl.org Redistribution; agricultural training, SAIBL helps to build the capacity information and development and competitiveness of black owned Peter Dall Consultancy and empowered small and medium Tel: 028 840 1735 South African enterprises, and to gpdall@iafrica.com link them to trade opportunities and supplier business with domestic Horticultural consultant and and international companies. mentor (a number of New Farmer projects) TAMAC Consulting Tel: 039 834 1405 / 082 872 8681 Plant Science Consultants allan@tammac.co.za Association (PSCA) www.tammac.co.za Tel: 012 460 2576 / 082 718 4445 wwood@lantic.net Agricultural consultants specialising in all aspects of especially dairy The PSCA is an association of farm management, based in Ixopo over 40 consultants offering in southern KwaZulu-Natal. In services in all horticultural and field addition to consultancy services, crops. Services include project they offer a computer bureau management, plant pathology, service. product development and data handling. Urban-Econ: Development Economists Through past training activities the Tel: 031 202 9673 demand for appropriate training Fax: 031 202 9675 material to train small-scale farmers durban@urban-econ.com in the Southern African context www.urban-econ.com became obvious. Training services offered can include: training aids, They are a professional consulting development of learning material, firm in the broad field of economic writing of business plans for the development, agriculture being a purpose of agricultural training vital part of this. aimed at emerging growers and the design of demonstration trials Ukwazisa Consulting Tel/fax: 021 979 2040 for small-scale farmers. Cell: 082 771 9540 Resource Consulting Services www.cpwild.co.za (SA) PTY LTD Tel: 058 622 1499 The corporation specialises in Fax: 086 511 0634 consulting work in the field of info@rcs-sa.com forestry and natural product www.rcs-sa.com development. Clients include donor agencies, small-scale timber farmers Training and coaching in business and government departments. A and professional development list of recent projects can be found for family owned businesses in on the website. commercial agriculture. Van der Linde, Des Richard Hurt & Associates Tel: 012 654 4716 Tel: 033 394 6687 / 082 887 1082 www.mvelo.co.za Ordered spraying of agri chemicals on export fruit. Assists Land use and feasibility studies, manufacturers/formulators of Communal livestock systems, chemicals to obtain registration Invasive Alien Species Management, (Act 36 of 1947). grazing strategies for game and livestock find all details on the Van Vliet De Wet & Partners Tel: 011 482 2290 website. Fax: 011 726 6252 Scientific Roets Van Vliet & Partners are consulting Tel: 039 727 1515 engineers have for more than 30 merida@scientificroets.com years been involved in the planning, www.scientificroets.com design and construction of plant An Agricultural Project Management and equipment for abattoirs and and Training, and Consulting for the meat industry in general Engineering Firm specialising in both locally and internationally. rural development projects (deep rural areas either in South Africa or Africa).

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Veterinary House CC Tel: 033 342 4698 Fax: 033 342 0688 vethouse@mweb.co.za This is a general practice with specialist interest in production animal medicine and veterinary problem analysis. Contracts are often to feedlots. Wolf Bernhardt Consulting Tel: 031 266 3258 bernhardtw@telkomsa.net www.wbconsulting.co.za He is a management consultant, consulting on technical matters to the sugar industry and the chemical industry. He also gives training courses aimed at developing leadership skills to a wide variety of organisations. Consulting service deals with issues such as greencane harvesting, composting of agricultural waste products, development of new products as byproducts of chemical processes, optimising existing processes.

Womiwu Rural Development Tel: 015 297 2107 Fax: 015 297 8131 rusty@womiwu.com www.womiwu.com Products & services include: investigations, feasibility/ viability studies, business plans, proposals, farm planning and resource conservation, project implementation, turnkey management, BEE ventures/ initiatives

COMPANIES INVOLVED

Lengau Agricultural Centre Dr MC van der Westhuizen Remember too that companies Tel: 051 443 8859 involved within a particular sector mcvdw@telkomsa.net often double up as consultants. An example: a project / enterprise USB-ED Ltd related to water, pumps, generators University of Stellenbosch Business etc you could call on the Kirloskar School Executive Development Group. Tel: 011 493 3330 / 082 451 Ltd Tel: 021 918 4488 / 011 460 6980 3635 or fax: 011 493 3336 info@usb-ed.com www.usb-ed.com UNIVERSTIES Universities offer consulting The consulting division of the Stellenbosch Business School, they services. Some examples are: do work mainly in the Mining, Agriculture, Transport and Financial University of the Free State Services industries. Department of Agricultural University of Pretoria Economics BUSINESS ENTERPRISES Tel: 051 401 2250 Tel: 012 420 4247 Centre for Sustainable Agriculture celia.dasilva@up.ac.za www.be.up.co.za and Rural Development Tel: 051 401 2163 Offers consultative and commercial groenei@ufs.ac.za contract research services Department Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences Prof HO de Waal Tel: 051 401 2210

BANKS
Standard Bank has a team of agricultural advisors, who work closely with the agricultural managers. The role of these economists includes giving assistance and advice on business planning, feasibility studies, compiling of comprehensive agricultural reports, and strategic planning and expansion programmes. This specialist service is available on request for a fee. For more information, contact your local agricultural advisor or manager.

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2. Environmental
A number of environmental consultants can also be found in the biodiversity chapter

ACER (Africa) Tel: 035 340 2715 info@acerafrica.co.za www.acerafrica.co.za Environmental management consultants African Alternative Energy Tel: 084 941 3993 www.aae.co.za BTW Consulting Tel: 013 697 6050 / 022 783 1663 Environmental Impact Assessments Bushveld Eco Services Tel: 014 717 3819 Fax: 086 531 6075 www.bushveldeco.co.za

EnviroMon Tel: 021 851 5134 www.enviromon.co.za Geomeasure Group Tel: 031 768 1103 www.geomeasure.co.za Janet Edmonds Consulting Tel: 082 828 7953 Fax: 086 219 9059 Janet.jec@edelnet.co.za See also Richard Hurt & Associates under the first heading SPATIUM Environmental Design Tel: 058 256 1195 / 082 777 2647 spatium@isat.co.za

agricultural and other entities. At present L & L Agricultural Services act as the Administrators to the Maize Trust, the Maize Forum and its Steering Committee, the Wheat Forum and its Steering Committee, the Maize Board and the Southern African Grain Arbitration Service Association (SAGAS).

Their clients operate within the following industries and service areas: Agricultural unions; distillers; poultry; angora goats; forage agents; sheep; avocado pears; game; SME development programmes; bananas; irrigation councils; soya beans; beans; maize; sunflowers; BEE; millers; suppliers of agriculturalinput and services; Media Consultancy canola; nuts; cattle; ostrich; tea; Tel: 082 492 8165 citrus; pack shed vegetables; 27824928165@vodamail.co.za tobacco; cold storage fruit; pawpaws; tomatoes; cold storage PricewaterhouseCoopers vegetables; pigs; vegetables; Agri Industry Group plantations; wheat; dairies; Kobie Bekker (National Leader and potatoes; wheat agents; wheat Southern Region) 023 346 5502 germ; wine cellars. As trusted business advisor the Ventex Corporation Agri Industry Group focuses on Tel: 051 444 0898 / 082 659 3187 Fax: 086 696 1674 providing specialist services like: www.ventex.co.za accounting services Mergers and acquisitions, agriBEE, management control financial planning. Clients are in tax services the broader agro-industry e.g. e-Business services agrochemicals, environmental transaction support forensic services and litigation health, Ayrshire farmers, etc. support risk management services mergers and acquisitions entrepreneurial advice services business recovery services internal audit services

Specialises in: Housing; ISO 14001 environment management systems; A consultancy and training service Environmental Design; planning for is offered to the agricultural and sustainable development (farming, environmental sectors. in this case).

3. Finance and administration

Agfin Tel: 043 726 1470 Excell Financial Advisors Tel: 086 19 39 355 www.excell.co.za

4. Real estate
Find the Agricultural Land Valuations chapter

Book-keeping, prepare financial statements etc. Frudata Tel: 021 975 6241 Agriconcept (Edms) Bpk Piet van der Merwe 072 222 Tel: 012 654 6005 6846 sgferreira@icon.co.za Feasibility studies (mainly for Agricultural economic advisory deciduous industry) services. These include: Huis van Oranje economic planning, business Tel: 0860 010 4297 plans, evaluation, viability www.hvo.co.za and cost benefit studies of agricultural nature, design and Key Business Solutions implement credit facilities for Cell: 084 808 9925 smallholder farmers as well as other agricultural-economic Fax: 086 530 4503 www.keybs.co.za related subjects; the design and establishment of credit facilities for smallholder Business IT Consultant farmers; identification and evaluation L & L Agricultural Services of small business and agro- Tel: 012 807 3958 Fax: 012 807 4191 industrial opportunities. l-lagric@mweb.co.za See Agricultural and Industrial Marketing Company entry under They operate as an independent and objective service and consulting first heading firm on agricultural commodities Antswisa in Southern Africa through Tel: 079 230 4999 experienced professionals in grain www.antswisa.co.za marketing and in agricultural matters in general. Financial consultants who also run entrepreneurship and SMME L & L Agricultural Services provides export programmes managerial, administrative, secretarial and linguistic services to

5. Other
Agri Promo (www.agripromo. co.za) is a one-stop agricultural media and marketing company, delivering the following corporate services: media and communication services, magazines, publications, graphic design, promotional material, corporate marketing services, printing services. Par Excellance (Personnel Practitioners) Mariana Wait du Plessis Tel: 011 888 3433 Fax: 011 888 1225 parexcel@iafrica.com http:/users.iafrica.com/p/pa/ parexcel Other recruitment companies can be found in the Careers and Employment in Agriculture chapter. Definitely Different Event Managers Tel: 021 863 0397 www.definitelydifferent.co.za They organise products launches, conferences and more. Hans Lombard Public Relations Consultant Tel: 011 476 6926 Fax: 011 476 6127 hanspro@iafrica.com

Public Relations consultant. Includes providing information to the media They are Personnel Practitioners (press releases). specialising in the guidance, recruitment, and selection of staff for the food, beverage, packaging, and agricultural industries in (Southern) Africa.

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Organised Agriculture and agri-services

Agricultural land valuations
1. Overview
Throwing money at land redistribution in South Africa has the potential to trigger enormous speculative activity in the agricultural market. One would find that every hectare of arable land would go up in price, said Trevor Manuel in parliament in 2008 when he was Minister of Finance. To help the reader envisage the size of 30% of agricultural land, the target set by government to be achieved by 2014, Landbou.com once compared it to something close to the size of the Free State and Mpumalanga combined. In August 2009, an economist at a bank involved in agriculture anticipated that land prices would double over the next five years. November 2009 saw the news break that the Land Claims Commission was not able to honour some R10 billion in outstanding commitments to land owners and claimants. Treasury had rejected a request for an extra R10.3 billion over the next three years. How does one value agricultural land? What is a fair price? Should the matter be a straight market-driven one? The issue is a political rallying point, a ticking time bomb, and highly emotive. It is one view that enough land is available on the market to achieve the current land reform targets. With more than 5% of all agricultural properties changing ownership on the open market each year, South Africa should be able to transfer 30% of farm land to black owners well before 2014. There is no need for threats like expropriation because the major obstacles to Land Reform are administrative and bureaucratic bottlenecks, and high staff turnover in the relevant government bodies. A counterview is that the entrenchment of the property clause in the Constitution is a major obstacle to the achievement of even the limited objectives of the land reform programme. In South Africa, it is impossible to satisfy both the need to protect property rights and to ensure a policy of equitable distribution of land. Existing landowners inflate the price of land identified for transfer under the Land Reform programme.
Source: www.landbou.com; Landbouweekblad 9 June 2009, 7 August 2009; the article State short of R10bn to honour land deals at www.businessday.co.za

OFFICE

PROVINCE SERVED

CONTACT DETAILS

Registrar of Deeds: Serves Mpumalanga Tel: 012 338 7000 Pretoria and Limpopo, and Fax: 012 328 3347 parts of Gauteng and North West Registrar of Deeds: Cape Town Serves the Western Cape and parts of Eastern and Northern Cape Serves part of Gauteng Serves KwaZulu-Natal Serves the Free State Tel: 021 464 7600 Fax: 021 464 7727

Registrar of Deeds: Johannesburg Registrar of Deeds: Pietermaritzburg Registrar of Deeds: Bloemfontein Registrar of Deeds: King Williams Town Registrar of Deeds: Kimberley Registrar of Deeds: Vryburg Registrar of Deeds: Umtata

Tel: 011 378 2111 Fax: 011 378 2100 Tel: 033 355 6800 Fax: 033 345 5501 Tel: 051 403 0300 Fax: 051 403 0308 / 70 Tel: 043 642 2741 Fax: 043 642 4539 Tel: 053 832 7228/0 Fax: 053 832 5888 Tel: 053 927 1067 Fax: 053 927 4002 Tel: 047 532 2869 Tel: 047 5312 150 Fax: 047 531 2873

Serves part of the Eastern Cape Serves part of the Northern Cape Serves parts of the Northern Cape and North West Serves part of the Eastern Cape

3. Other roleplayers
Find details of land activists, NGOs and other roleplayers in the Land Reform chapter AGRI LAND GROUP Tel: 012 345 3911 Fax: 012 345 3949 www.agrilandgroup.co.za AGRI LAND GROUP consists of the following companies: ALPRO, ALPROP and ALPIX. Its services are: Specialist Agricultural Real Estate and Asset Valuations Agri Land Projects (Pty) Ltd ALPRO Web Based National Benchmarked Agricultural Land Guideline Values Agri Land Price Index (Pty) Ltd ALPIX Land Reform Process Management Agri Land Properties (Pty) Ltd ALPROP Agricultural Risk Analysis and Valuation Methodology Training Agri Land Group ALG Agricultural Development Project Management Agri Land Projects (Pty) Ltd ALPRO The AGRI LAND GROUP does Agricultural Risk Analysis and Valuation Methodology workshop facilitation and Training for risk managers and client relation managers operating in the Agricultural Sector. Annually, the comprehensive Benchmarked Agricultural Land Guideline Values are updated nationally through specialist forums in the + 1200 demarcated homogeny agricultural areas of South Africa. The processed

2. Deeds Registration
The core business of a Deeds Registry is to maintain a public register of land as well as an efficient system of registration aimed at affording security of title to land and rights in land. The Deeds Registry also provides registration information to the general public and preserves registered records for archival purposes. Further contact details (e.g. physical and postal addresses) are available on http://ruraldevelopment.gov.za. Office of the Chief Registrar of Deeds Tel: 012 338 7000 Fax: 012 328 7027

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data is then published as the Agricultural Land Price Index on a multi application web based platform, easily accessible through subscription. Financiers, Risk Management and professional Valuers utilise this information to not only speed up the process but also to ensure uniformity and accuracy. AGRI LAND GROUP does continued research of new and existing best agricultural practices and in designing methodologies and processes in determining the values and risk analysis of such practices. This research is utilised by the valuation profession as well as financiers in setting a uniform standard. Agri SA Tel: 012 643 3400 www.agrisa.co.za Farmer union president, Johannes Mller, pointed out that the money reportedly set aside for land reform up until November 2009 could already have purchased 31% of agricultural land available, and yet only 5% had been delivered. Centre for Constitutional Rights Tel: 021 930 3622 www.cfcr.org.za Cilliers & Associates Tel: 022 913 2054 Fax: 086 641 6485 A Demographic Information Group and Population of South Africa (Popsa) report speculated that black land ownership might be far higher than official figures suggest. Find the article Who owns what land in South Africa? at www.mg.co.za Department of Rural Development and Land Reform Tel: 012 312 8911 http://ruraldevelopment.gov.za Lightstone Tel: 011 244 8400 info@lightstone.co.za www.lightstone.co.za For automated valuation reports and a live interface between Lightstone and the South Africa Deeds Registry. National Emergent Red Meat Producers Organisation (NERPO) Tel: 012 361 9127 www.nerpo.org.za Aggrey Mahanjana, Executive Director, believes that the high price of agricultural land means that less money is spent on emerging farmer support by the state. Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) Tel: 021 959 3733 www.plaas.org.za Property Commerce Tel: 051 525 2497 / 500 SA Farm Consulting cc Tel: 033 234 4387 / 033 345 2015 cd62@mweb.co.za safarm@icon.co.za www.safc.co.za

4. International business environment

Governments and corporations are buying up farmland in other countries to grow their own food or simply to make money. Read more at http:// farmlandgrab.org While there is a perception that land is abundant in certain countries, these claims need to be treated with caution. In so many cases land is already being used or claimed yet existing land uses and claims go unrecognised because land users are marginalised from formal land rights and access to the law and institutions. And even in countries where some land is available, large-scale land allocations may still result in displacement as demand focuses on higher value lands (e.g. those with greater irrigation potential or proximity to markets). For people in recipient countries, this context creates risks (such as loss of land access for local people, but also undermining of local businesses and environmental damage) but also opportunities (e.g. in terms of access to capital, technology, knowhow and markets), particularly in light of the longstanding underinvestment in African agriculture.
Source: Monty Jones, Executive Director, Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA), writing in the FARA Bimonthly Bulletin, June-July 2009.

5. Websites and publications

The agricultural weekly publications Landbouweekblad and Farmers Weekly cover agricultural property sales, as do their websites (find the Auctions and Farm Sales menu option at www.farmersweekly.co.za). www.landbou. com has a data bank of farm prices for the past decade. The two agricultural weeklies also have regular articles on land valuation. Examples include a report that the value of agricultural land is expected to double over the next five years (Landbouweekblad 7 August 2009), and Dr Koos Coetzees article Land values dont matter if farms dont produce. Visit the archives at www.landbou.com and www.farmersweekly.co.za. Find the Farms Sold section in the Farmers Weekly, or write to George Nicholas at g.Nicholas@absamail.co.za. The column lists recent farm sales as recorded by the National Deeds Office. Find the Land option at www.ijr.org.za, website of the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation. For market values and trends (urban), visit www.propvalues.co.za Some websites advertising farms for sale: www.valuationalliance.co.za www.gamefarmsinafrica.co.za www.gamefarmestates.co.za www.sahometraders.co.za www.jackklaff.co.za/index.php www.hoskens.co.za www.kznfarmsales.co.za

Find extensive provincial and Real Estate Brokers, Agricultural district contact details in the Land Management Consultants and Reform chapter or on the website. Managers Huis van Oranje Tel: 0860 010 4297 www.hvo.co.za The South African Institute of Valuers Tel: 031 464 6932 gen@saiv.org.za Property valuations, accounting www.saiv.org.za services, all insurance. TAU SA Regional contact details for the Tel: 012 804 8031 Institute of Estate Agents of www.tlu.co.za South Africa (IEASA) can be found on their website www. University of the Free State ieasa.org.za. Department of Agricultural Economics Johnsen Real Estate Tel: 051 401 2250 Tel: 028 254 9400/ 082 894 4072 www.ufs.ac.za www.farms-for-afrika.com

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Organised Agriculture and agri-services

Legal aid and legislation
See also the Labour and Job Creation, and Environmental Impact Assessments and other Environment Legislation chapters.

3. Legal aid for farm workers/farm dwellers

The Food and Alied Workers Union (FAWU) Tel: 021 637 9040 / 4 Fax: 021 637 9190 nicoleen@fawu.org.za www.fawu.org.za Bloemfontein Tel: 051 448 4108 Fax: 051 448 4111 Cape Town Tel: 021 421 4120 Fax: 021 421 4170 Ceres Tel: 023 316 2240 Fax: 023 316 1574 Durban Tel: 031 305 8946/7 Fax: 031 305 8945 East London Tel: 043 743 0003 Fax: 043 743 7866 Empangeni Tel: 035 772 1916 Fax: 035 772 1916 George Tel: 044 874 1830 Fax: 044 873 5276 Grabouw Tel: 021 859 2645 Fax: 021 859 5605 Johannesburg Tel: 011 838 9773 Fax: 011 838 9779 Kimberley Tel: 053 832 2561 Fax: 053 832 2532 Kroonstad Tel: 056 212 1202 / 082 492 5060 Lamberts Bay Tel: 022 432 2750 Fax: 027 432 2750 Lephalale Tel: 014 763 1609 Fax: 014 763 1610 Nelspruit Tel: 013 755 4242 Fax: 013 755 4986 Newcastle Tel: 034 315 2281 Fax: 034 312 9322 Paarl Tel: 021 862 9537 Fax: 021 862 9537 Pietermaritzburg Tel: 033 342 9683 Fax: 033 345 6664 Polokwane Tel: 015 297 3523 Fax: 015 297 1885 Port Elizabeth Tel: 041 585 4851 Fax: 041 585 4887 Port Shepstone Tel: 073 240 5301 Fax: 039 682 5989 Pretoria Tel: 012 320 6154 Fax: 012 320 3569 Queenstown Tel: 045 496 5904 Fax: 045 833 2193 Robertson Tel: 023 626 5830 Fax: 023 626 5832 Rustenburg Tel: 014 592 0838 Fax: 014 594 2197 Saldana Tel: 022 714 1616 Fax: 022 714 3603 Umtata Tel: 047 531 1173 Fax: 047 531 1831 Upington Tel: 054 331 3073 / 082 492 4869 Vanderbijlpark Tel: 016 931 2869 Fax: 016 981 8608 Witbank Tel: 013 690 1576

1. Overview
The laws listed on the following two pages affect agriculture directly or indirectly. Agricultural activity takes place within a wider social, environmental and economic context, and so any attempt at compiling a list like this necessarily goes beyond the laws administered by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF). The list presented here could be more exhaustive, but at the expense of its helpfulness. To find out more about the laws, visit www.polity.org.za (and some on www.acts.co.za). A number of the laws administered by DAFF can be found on its website www.daff.gov.za (take the Publications menu option). You could also contact DAFF directly, or any of the roleplayers mentioned in the chapter. Information can also be found on related / relevant websites e.g. to find out more about the Meat Safety Act, visit the website of the Red Meat Abattoir Association www.rmaa.co.za; if you are looking for information about the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), visit www.cites.org etc. Should you wish to check up on the status of a bill, visit www.pmg.org. za, website of the Parliamentary Monitoring Group. In no way is this chapter meant to take the place of professional legal aid, and you are encouraged to consult a qualified practitioner should you be requiring legal expertise.

2. Legal aid for farmers

Aglabor Tel: 021 706 6827 Agri SA Tel: 012 643 3400 Fax: 012 663 9178 agrisa@agrisa.co.za www.agrisa.co.za Agricultural Employers Organisation (AEO) Tel: 0861 10 18 28 info@lwo.co.za www.lwo.co.za The AEO also conducts short courses for the agricultural employer.

Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) Tel: 011 339 4911 Fax: 011 339 5080/6940 www.cosatu.org.za

Others
Foundation for Human Rights (FHR) Tel: 011 339 5560-5 www.fhr.org.za Rural Legal Trust Tel: 011 403 4426 gabs@rlt.org.za

Contact details of provincial affiliates are given in the Organised Philip du Toit Group Agriculture chapter Tel: 012 664 0704 Fax: 012 664 2557 Agrilabor Employers pdutoitinc@mweb.co.za Organisation www.pdtgroup.co.za Tel: 017 819 1295 Small Enterprises Employers of The above organisation is based at South Africa (SEESA) Agri Mpumalanga. YOUR provincial Tel: 086 11 73372 farmers union will have details of www.seesalabour.co.za accredited labour consultants www.seesa.co.za Agri Labour Tel: 012 543 9636 / 083 231 1113 Fax: 012 567 2408 Agri Labour Services Tel: 013 737 8778

The following are mainly involved in projects and development work, but do offer farm worker/farm dweller legal aid: Association for Rural Advancement Tel: 033 345 7607 www.afra.co.za An NGO that in the past has offered a legal service, though it is now directing people to the relevant government departments instead. Its broad aims are to redress past injustices, to secure tenure for all, and to improve the quality of life and livelihoods of the rural poor. Centre for Rural Legal Studies (CRLS) Tel: 021 883 8032 www.crls.org.za The CRLS promotes the land and labour interests of men and women farm workers in the Western, Eastern and Northern Cape of South Africa through: training information dissemination research advocacy legal intervention development facilitation

SEESA Labour was established to protect the interests of small business owners and farmers. TAU SA Tel: 012 804 8031 info@tlu.co.za www.tlu.co.za

Legislation

Administration of Estates Act (66 of 1965) Adult Basic Education And Training Act (ABET) Agricultural Debt Management Act (45 of 2001) currently there is a Repeal Bill [B24-2008] Agricultural Labour Act (147 of 1993) Agricultural Pests Act (36 of 1983) Agricultural Produce Agents Act (12 of 1992) Amendment Bill (47 of 2003) Agricultural Products Enhancement Act Agricultural Product Standards Act (119 of 1990) Agricultural Research Act (86 of 1990) Animal Health Act (7 of 2002) Animal Identification Act (6 of 2002) Animal Improvement Act (62 of 1998) Animal Matters Amendment Act (42 of 1993) Basic Conditions Of Employment Act (75 of 1997) Biodiversity Act (10 of 2004) Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment Act (53 of 2003) Communal Land Rights Act (11 of 2004) Communal Property Associations Act (28 of 1996) Companies Act 1973 (61 of 1973) As Amended Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act (130 of 1993) ammended by Act 61 of 1997 Conservation Of Agricultural Resources Act (43 of 1983) CARA Consumer Protection Bill [B 19-2008] Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Co-operatives Act (14 of 2005) Consumer Protection Act (68 of 2008) Customs And Excise Act (91 of 1964) Deeds Registries Act (47 of 1937) Disaster Management Act (57 of 2002) Development Facilitation Act (67 of 1995) Distribution And Transfer Of Certain State Land Act (119 of 1993) Employment Equity Act (55 of 1998) Environment Conservation Act (73 of 1989) Estate Duty Act, 1955 (45 of 1955) Expropriation Bill withdrawn Extension Of Security Of Tenure Act (62 of 1997) - ESTA Fencing Act (31 of 1963) Fertilisers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies And Stock Remedies Act (36 of 1947) Firearms Control Act (60 of 2000) Foodstuffs, Cosmetics And Disinfectants Act (54 of 1972) Forestry Laws Rationalisation and Amendment Act (51 of 1994) Ammended by 35 of 2005) Genetically Modified Organisms Act (15 of 1997) Amended by 23 of 2006 Income Tax Act (58 of 1962) Interim Protection Of Informal Land Rights Act (31 of 1996) International Trade Administration Act (71 of 2002) Labour Relations Act (66 of 1995) Land Administration Act (2 of 1995) Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act (3 of 1996)

Livestock, Labour, Financial, Field Crops, Staff, Property (incl Horticulture Education Environmental), Tax * * * * * *

National, Land Reform, Security

Exporting, Marketing

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Legislation

Land And Agricultural Development Bank Act (15 of 2002) Land Survey Act (8 of 1997) Upgrading Of Land Tenure Rights Act (112 of 1991) Local Government: Property Rates Act (6 of 2004) the land tax Liquor Products Act. 1989 (60 of 1989) Draft Liquor Products Amendment Bill [B 22B-2008] Livestock Improvement Act (25 of 1977) Marketing of Agricultural Products Act, 1996 amended by Act 59 of 1997 and Act 34 of 2001 Meat Safety Act (40 of 2000) replaces the Abattoir Hygiene Act (121 of 1992 Medicines And Related Substances Act (101 of 1965) Mineral And Petroleum Resources Development Act (28 of 2002) Minerals and Energy Laws Amendment Act (11 of 2005) National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (57 of 2003) National Environmental Management Act (107 of 1998) NEMA National Environmental Management Laws Amendment Bill [B 36A-2007] National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (10 of 2004) - NEMBA National Forests Act (84 of 1998) National Small Business Amendment Act (26 of 2003) National Veld And Forest Fire Act (101 of 1998) National Water Act (36 of 1998) NSPCAs Act (Act 197 of 1993) Occupational Health and Safety Act (85 of 1993) amended by Act 181 of 1993 Onderstepoort Biological Products Incorporation Act (19 of 1999) Performing Animals Protection Act (24 of 1935) Perishable Products Export Control Act (9 of 1983) Plant Breeders Rights Act (15 of 1976) Plant Improvement Act (53 of 1976) Prevention of Illegal Eviction and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act (19 of 1998) Provision of Land And Assistance Act (Act 126 of 1993) Amendment Bill [B 40-2008] tabled Restitution of Land Rights Act (22 of 1994) Amended by Act 48 of 2003 Restitution of Land Rights Amendment Bill Sectoral Termination 8 see Basic Conditions of Employment Act Skills Development Act (97 of 1998) Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (169 of 1993) South African Abattoir Corporation Act (120 of 1992) Repeal Bill [B212005] South African Schools Act (84 of 1996) State Land Disposal Act (48 of 1961) Stock Improvement Act (2 of 1998) Stock Theft Act (57 of 1959) Subdivision Of Agricultural Land Act (70 of 1970) repealed by 64 of 1998 Sugar Act (9 of 1978) Transformation Of Certain Rural Areas Act (94 of 1998) Unemployment Insurance Act (42 of 1996) Various provincial nature conservation ordinances Veterinary And Para-Veterinary Professions Act (19 of 1982)

Livestock, Labour, Financial, Field Crops, Staff, Property (incl Horticulture Education Environmental), Tax * * * * *

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Free State Rural Development Association (FSRDA) Tel: 051 448 4628 fsrda@lantic.net A land rights service NGO. FSRDA focuses on institutional building activities and provided services to communities through community development work, legal, paralegal and land reform projects. KwaZulu-Natal Land Legal Cluster Tel: 031 260 2446 An organisation which provides land legal support and other related services to farm dwellers in KZN. Legal Resource Centre (LRC) Tel: 011 836 9831 www.lrc.org.za

The LRC has branches and contacts in Cape Town, Durban and Grahamstown. Contact details are available on the LRC website. Nkuzi Development Organisation Tel: 012 323 6417 www.nkuzi.org.za Nkuzi is active in Gauteng and Limpopo. Among their main objectives is: a. informing and advising farm dwellers and others of their land rights; b. assisting in negotiations with land owners to reach acceptable solutions to land conflicts; c. opposing eviction orders in court.

The Shop Steward (Editor in chief: Zwelinzima Vavi). Available from FAWU (see heading 3). Legal (employment-related) questions are answered in every Solidarity newsletter. These are available weekly, in Afrikaans and in English. Visit www.solidarity.co.za or phone 012 644 4300. The TAU SA has a CD (or hardcopy for those farmers without access to a computer) which includes guidelines on Sectoral Determination, minmum wages and various legal procedures a farmer should follow. Tel: 012 804 8031.

5. Relocations and evictions: for the farm dweller

Find the article When can farmers legally evict workers in the Farmers Weekly archives at www.farmersweekly.co.za

In terms of the Extension of Security of Tenure Act (ESTA), no farmworker may be evicted without an order of the court. Section 26 (3) of the Constitution protects farm occupiers/ workers against arbitry evictions. No person can be evicted from her/his home or have the home demolished without a court order. The farm occupier/ worker and the farm owner can also agree that the occupier will move off the farm to live somewhere else. The farm dweller must make sure that the agreement is fair and her/his rights are protected. When negotiating an agreement, the farm dweller is encouraged to make sure sure of the following: Understand your rights. Get advice from an Advice Office, Justice Centre or a Legal Aid Clinic. No farm occupier/ worker can be forced to reach an agreement. Choose your own person to assist you e.g. a lawyer or a para-legal from any advice office, who is independent from the farm owner. The following needs to be agreed on: How much the farm owner owes you in wages. The farm owner must pay outstanding wages before you leave the farm. Agree on time to harvest any of your crops or agree on compensation and see to it that you are paid before you leave. Agree on compensation for any structures you built and used on the farm by yourself and your family or agree that you may take the building material for a new house. Make sure the place you move to is similar to what you have to leave behind. The farm owner must assist you to get alternative accommodation. You can both approach the Department of Land Affairs for assistance. If you have children make sure the new place has a school nearby. Make sure the new place has water. You have the right to be assisted with translation by someone independent from the farm owner. Ask for advice on any subsidies from government to assist you to relocate. A farm owner can apply for an eviction order in court. The court must consider the following: Has any labour dispute between the farm occupier/worker and the farm owner been resolved according to the Labour Relations Act (if not the dispute must be resolved first and then the eviction can be heard), or did the farm worker resign voluntarily? The court must appoint a person to report to the court on the following: availability of suitable alternative accommodation; the effect of an eviction order on the rights of the farm occupier especially the education of the children; the court must consider the plight of pensioners;

4. Websites and publications

Find the documents menu option on the Agri SA website, www. agrisa.co.za Find the Legislation option at www.agbiz.co.za, website of the Agricultural Business Chamber. The Agricultural Employers Organisation has a number of publications and handbooks. On their website, information is available in both English and Afrikaans. Call Tel: 0861 10 18 28 or visit www.lwo.co.za. Contact Apcor Legal Publishing for law books, wall charts, CDs. The books are the type you can keep in your pocket for easy reference. Labour law (farm sector included) is covered. Call 011 828 7700 or visit www.apcor.co.za Visit www.cfcr.org.za (Centre for Constitutional Rights) for legal updates and commentary. Videos, discussion papers, conference proceedings, briefing papers and more is available from the Centre for Rural Legal Studies (CRLS). Find details at www.crls.org.za or contact them at 021 883 8032. The Department of Labour website www.labour.gov.za has basic guides to labour legislation, the actual legislation, useful documents and more. Find the regular Legal matters column in the agricultural weekly, Farmers Weekly. Archived articles may be found at www.farmersweekly. co.za Find the Legislation menu option on the Forestry South Africa website www.forestry.co.za The Gaffney Group supplies ready-to-use legal documents for your business. Visit www.gaffney.co.za or call 011 268 5804. The Labour Guide website www.labourguide.co.za is a highly useful one. Find the many menu options UIF; Warnings; Codes of Good Practice etc. Click on the issue about which you wish to know more. A South African Labour Guide newsletter is also offered. Their contact telephone is 012 661 3208, and you can fax them at 012 661 1411. Labourwise www.labourwise.co.za is the definitive online South African Labour Help Resource. Find the Farmworkers menu option which takes you to several guides and forms e.g. contract of employment with explanatory notes. You have to be a member though to view these. Call 021 852 3499 or write to info@labourwise.co.za Polity.org.za provides regular updates on legislation. Subscribe to their weekly newsletter. The website of the Public Protector is www.publicprotector.org Sabinet offer legal services on a pre-paid, online subscription basis. Visit www.sabinet.co.za for more.

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report to the court the hardships occupiers will suffer if evicted; did the farm occupier fail to honour any terms of an agreement; was the agreement fair and reasonable; the court must order the farm owner to pay compensation for any structures built by the farm occupier and any crops planted by the occupiers still on the land or if the crop can be harvested the occupier must be given time to remove the crop; the court must order that outstanding wages must be paid before the occupier can be evicted. The farm occupier has the right to be represented by a lawyer in a hearing for eviction in a court. The state must provide legal aid and the farm occupier can approach the nearest Justice Centre run by the Legal Aid Board for free legal assistance. If an occupier has reached the age of sixty or is disabled s/he and has lived on the farm for ten years or longer and is unable to provide labour s/he cannot be evicted unless s/he has caused deliberate damage to property, harmed or threatened another person also living on the farm, or assisted other persons to illegally erect structures on the farm. If an agreement has been reached that the farm occupier will leave the farm the occupier must keep to the agreement. Otherwise the farm owner can apply for an eviction order.
Source: Farmers Weekly 28 September 2007; Durkje Gilfillan, Attorney, Legal Resources Centre, Johannesburg

Organised Agriculture and agri-services

Organised Agriculture
1. Overview
At grassroots level, commercial farmers are members of their local farmers associations, through which they address local agricultural issues and liaise with officials and organisations on matters concerning their members. The farmers associations delegate members to represent them in their respective provincial agricultural unions. The provincial agricultural unions address matters affecting farmers in the province as a whole and liaise with higher organisations. The provincial agricultural unions in turn delegate members to represent them on national bodies. Included here are the Agricultural Business Chamber and the commodity organisations. The agricultural co-operatives and farmer-owned undertakings comprise agribusiness. The commodity organisations serve and represent farmers producing a specific commodity, e.g. maize, beef, cotton etc. Farmers may thus voluntarily be part of organised agricultural structures through local farmers associations, through their co-operatives, and/or through commodity organisations.
Source: Agri SA (adapted)

Agri SA disapproves of illegal evictions, but has pointed out what it regards as weaknesses in the Extension Security of Tenure Act (known as ESTA) as well as the implementation thereof. This includes lengthy, expensive court cases, disputes relating to livestock, grazing and water, as well as the negative impact on farm values. Agri SA has made certain proposals regarding permanent off-farm housing and economic opportunities for farm workers, the role of local forums to facilitate access to land and housing, and the need for a mechanism similar to the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) to resolve disputes. Agri SAs submission to the Parliamentary Portfolio Committee is available on request form Thea Liebenberg. Source: Agri SA Press release

2. International associations involved

International Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP) www.ifap. org Cairns Group Farm Leaders www.cairnsgroupfarmers.org Find out about the most recent events in the region on the website of the Southern African Confederation of Agricultural Unions (SACAU) at www.sacau.org. Farmers are represented in the rest of Africa through PROPAC (Central Africa), Eastern Africa (EAFF), and ROPPA (West Africa).

3. National associations involved

AGRI SA
Mr Johannes Mller (President) Mr Hans van der Merwe (Executive Director) Tel: 012 643 3400 Fax: 012 663 3178 agrisa@agrisa.co.za www.agrisa.co.za Reason for existence The motivation behind the establishment of the organisation despite a change of name from Intercolonical Agricultural Union in 1904 to the South African Agricultural Union (1909) and Agri SA (1999) has remained virtually unchanged over the past 100 years. The purpose of the organisation is still largely to influence policy at all government levels in the interest of commercial agricultural producers and businesses and to support our mission at operational level. Mission and Vision Agri SA promotes, on behalf of its members, the development, profitability, stability and sustainability of commercial agriculture in South Africa by means of its involvement and input on national and international policy level. Structure Agri SA have a General Affairs Chamber taking care of matters on which provincial affiliations focus and a Commodity Chamber dealing with

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commodity issues through commodity affiliations. Its Constitution also makes provision for associated membership. The organisations highest authority is its Congress. Policy work is done in specialised committees, that also make use of external inputs. The organisations General Council is accessible for all its affiliations and focus on strategic challenges which is dealt by the organisations committee structure. Focus areas Agri SAs policy advocacy includes work on trade negotiations, industrial policy, labour laws, training, taxation, financing, land reform, farmer development, environmental affairs, water rights, other input related issues, farm safety, law and order, infrastructure, technology development and transfer, statistical information and local government matters. It publishes a bi-monthly magazine (Agri), an electronic newsletter and runs a regular radio programme in collaboration with the SABC. Agri SA is well recognised by government, organised business, organised labour and regional and international bodies as the spokesperson for South African agriculture. It is a member of Business Unity South Africa(BUSA), the International Chamber of Commerce, the International Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP), the Southern African Confederation of Agricultural Unions (SACAU) and the Cairns Group Farm Leaders. Agri SA participates in the Presidential Commercial Agriculture Working Group dealing with policy matters specifically in terms of the Strategic Plan for South African Agriculture. Media liaison activities and a strategic communication strategy are also maintained on various levels to promote understanding and support for the farmer and agriculture amongst the general public and the rest of the national economy. In order to fulfill its role, Agri SA focuses on the following priority areas: labour and social welfare commercial policy safety and security Projects: Agri Securitas Trust Fund to promote a safer environment for farmers How does it benefit the individual farmer? In drawing up a balance sheet of Agri SAs actions on behalf of the farmer it must be kept in mind that Agri SA primarily operates in a negotiating capacity and not so much through physical transfers or services. Whenever an agricultural issue is covered on radio or TV, for example, comment by an Agri SA spokesperson (usually the president) is sought. The actions of Agri SA are constantly focused on creating a favourable environment within which it will be possible for the farmer as entrepreneur to be financially independent. natural resources transformation communication and imagebuilding

Agri North West Tel: 018 632 2987 Fax: 018 632 2512 nwlu@isdnet.co.za PO Box 3185 Lichtenburg 2740 Agri Mpumalanga c/o Agri SA Agri Limpopo Tel: 014 763 1888 Fax: 014 763 6926 agrilephalale@vodamail.co.za PO Box 1668 Lephalale 0555

Agri Gauteng Tel: 012 663 9935 Fax: 012 663 9134 Gauteng@agrisa.co.za Private Bag X180 Centurion 0046 Kwanalu (KwaZulu-Natal) Tel: 033 342 9393 Fax: 033 345 7141 sandy@kwanalu.co.za PO Box 100123 Scottsville 3209 www.kwanalu.co.za

Affiliated commodity organisations

Agronomy Dry Bean Producers Organisation Tel: 012 808 1660 Fax: 012 808 1662 manager@beanseed.co.za www.beans.co.za Forestry South Africa Medium Growers Group Tel: 033 46 0344 Fax: 033 346 0399 judy@forestrysouthafrica.co.za Grain South Africa Tel: 056 515 2145 Fax: 086 509 7283 kobus@grainsa.co.za www.grainsa.co.za South Africa Cane Growers Association Tel: 031 508 7003 Fax: 031 508 7197 Sietske.Katley@sasa.org.za www.sacanegrowers.co.za South Africa Cotton Growers Association Tel: 012 804 1462 Fax: 012 804 8616 kootlouw@cottonsa.org.za www.cottonsa.org.za Tobacco Institute of South Africa Tel: 021 421 0011 Fax: 021 421 0013 uvz@tobaccosa.co.za www.tobaccosa.co.za

Animal production Milk Producers Organisation Tel: 012 843 5600 Fax: 012 804 4811 dkleynhans@xsinet.co.za www.mposa.co.za National Wool Growers Association Tel: 041 365 5030 Fax: 041 365 5035 nwga@nwga.co.za www.nwga.co.za Red Meat Producers Organisation Tel: 012 348 1933 Fax: 012 361 4430 rpo@lantic.net www.rpo.co.za South African Mohair Growers Organisation Tel: 049 835 0140 Fax: 049 836 0329 samga@xsinet.co.za www.mohair.co.za South African Ostrich Business Chamber Tel: 044 272 3335 Fax: 044 272 3337 akruger@saobc.co.za www.ostrichsa.co.za South African Pork Producers Organisation Tel: 012 361 3920 Fax: 012 361 4069 info@sapork.com www.sapork.com Wildlife Ranching SA Tel: 012 335 6994 Fax: 012 325 1069 manager@wrsa.co.za

Provincial Affiliations:
Agri Eastern Cape Tel: 041 363 1890 Fax: 041 363 1896 sharlene.matthews@agriec.co.za PO Box 34889 Newtonpark 6055 Free State Agriculture Tel: 051 444 4609 Fax: 051 444 4619 vsl1@mweb.co.za PO Box 54 Bloemfontein 9300 www.vslandbou.co.za Agri Wes-Cape Tel: 021 860 3800 Fax: 021 872 3388 carl@awk.co.za PO Box 227 Paarl 7620 www.awk.co.za Agri Northern Cape Tel: 053 832 9595 Fax: 053 832 7126 ncagric@worldonline.co.za PO Box 1094 Kimberley 8300

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Horticulture Banana Growers Association of South Africa Fax: 086 630 8940 bgasa@iafrica.com Citrus Growers Association of South Africa Tel: 031 765 2514 Fax: 031 765 8029 justchad@iafrica.com www.cga.co.za Canning Fruit Producers Association Tel: 021 872 1401 Fax: 021 872 2675 inmaak@mweb.co.za www.canningfruit.co.za HORTGRO SERVICES Tel: 021 870 2900 Fax: 021 870 2915 anton@hortgro.co.za www.hortgro.co.za Dried Fruit Technical Services Tel: 021 870 2925 Fax: 021 870 2915 dappies@dtd.co.za Hluhluwe Pineapple Growers Marketing Association Tel: 035 562 0731 Fax: 035 562 0777 pineapples@mweb.co.za www.pineapples.co.za Northern Cape Onion Producers Association Tel: 053 861 1145 Fax: 053 861 1145 (ask for fax) nkupv@vodamail.co.za South African Nursery Growers Association Tel: 072 994 5368 Fax: 086 618 2343 gerdie@sana.co.za www.sana.co.za South African Subtropical Fruit Growers Association Tel: 015 307 3676 Fax: 015 306 1584 info@subtrop.co.za Tomato Producers Organisation Tel: 015 395 8212 Fax: 015 395 2092 phile@zz2.co.za VinPro Tel: 021 807 3121 Fax: 021 863 2079 lerouxj@vinpro.co.za www.vinpro.co.za

National African Farmers Union of South Africa (NAFU SA)

President: Mr NJ Gondo - Tel: 082 672 2484 The National African Farmers Union (NAFU) was formed under the auspices of the National African Federated Chamber of Commerce and Industry (NAFCOC). The main aim of the union was to facilitate entry of black farmers into the mainstream of agriculture by lobbying the then government and assisting black farmers to access land and other resources. Today these objectives have not been fully attained; however, the political and legislative environments have changed drastically, and there are programmes in place to address them. Over the years NAFU has grown as an organisation and has structures in all nine provinces of the republic. Mission To facilitate entry of black farmers into the mainstream of the economy through lobbying and advocacy, and by implementing development programmes aimed at ensuring their growth and sustainability. Objectives of the Union to promote the interests of members and act as their mouthpiece; to promote the acquisition by its members of agricultural land and lobby for appropriate tenure arrangements; to ensure the removal of all legal restrictions which inhibit the activities of small and emerging farmers; to facilitate access to finance and acquisition of resources; to encourage and support the development of its members from subsistence to commercial agriculture through the formation inter alia of co-operatives and commodity groups; to encourage better agricultural production practices and utilisation of agricultural resources; to instil the spirit of enterprise in its members; to engage in and facilitate the provision of training and skills development of its members.

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NAFU Programmes Over the past years NAFU focused its efforts on lobbying and advocacy specifically for land reform and access to finance and information by farmers. The organisation has reaffirmed its position as an important roleplayer in policy formulation. Following the recent strategy review, NAFU will now strive to strike a balance between its lobbying and advocacy efforts and implementing development programmes focusing on training of farmers, access to markets, and the formation of and support to commodity groups and co-operatives. NAFU programmes revolves around: policy development in the areas of access to land and to finance; training of farmers; agricultural finance; access to markets and information, and strengthening commodity groups.

These committees function in a co-ordinate way to discuss problems and matters arising. Thereafter the necessary research and/or negotiation is done with feedback through the structure to individual members. The objectives of TAU SA may be summarised as: To organise members of TAU SA in a united front for the benefit of commercial agriculture as a profession and the preservation of that cultural way of life. Structure of TAU SA The highest policy-making body of TAU SA is the congress where the president and regional chairmen are annually elected. Members are represented from grass root level Farmers Associations through the structure, at the congress. Compilation of structures TAU SA membership can be obtained by means of application where, after approval, a member joins TAU SA via the Farmers Association which is affiliated to the District Agricultural Union, affiliated to TAU SA. The boundaries of District Agricultural Unions are in accordance to the former magisterial boundaries. Co-ordination of all Farmers Unions and District Agricultural Unions is the responsibility of the relevant Regional Chairman and Regional Manager. Rendering of services Problems and matters identified by members are handled collectively on several sectors of the TAU SA structure (depending on the degree thereof) on behalf of the individual farmer and agriculture as such. The route for handling matters will be firstly on Farmers Association level, thereafter the District level, die Provincial level and all national matters in a collective way on national level. Communication Two-way communication through the structure to and from head office on a daily basis. Communication mediums: Web pages www.tlu.co.za. Info regarding the services rendered by TAU SA as well as update press releases and international bulletins regarding relevant agricultural matters. TAU SA International Bulletins. A bi-monthly bulletin in English with facts regarding the situation in SA with its effects on agriculture and the economy. This bulletin is being sent via e-mail to several contacts abroad. TAU SA Pitkos. Every second week a Pitkos is sent to all members with e-mail in order to keep members updated regarding all activities of the organisation. TAU SA news. Advertisements/articles are placed in the different agricultural publications when regarded necessary. Radio Pretoria Protection of property rights. 40 Minutes of airtime every second Tuesday with information regarding warnings on legislation, results and advice on agricultural matters. Weekly participation in programmes on community radio stations, Overvaal Stereo (Monday) and Radio Laeveld (Thursday). Media. Press releases and agricultural related articles are sent to newspapers, agriculture publications, radio and TV. Structure. Electronic communication is being promoted and is successfully in use. Funding Funding of TAU SA is mainly through membership fees, sponsorship by agricultural businesses as well as the successful managing of various funding projects to the advantage of members.

TAU SA
President: Mr Ben Marais General Manager: Mr Bennie van Zyl Tel: 012 804 8031 Fax: 012 804 2014 info@tlu.co.za www.tlu.co.za An organised national agricultural organisation for the commercial farmers of South Africa HISTORY The former Transvaal Agricultural Union, now known as TAU SA During a committee meeting of the Pretoria Landbouw Maatskappij in 1896, the agenda provided for the founding of a Transvaal Agricultural Union. Actions spoke louder than words and the Transvaal Agricultural Union was established on September 29, 1897. At the fifth congress held by the Union in 1904 there was a plea for the establishment of a Central Zuid Afrikaanse Landbouw Vereniging (Central South African Agricultural Union). During July of that year the sister colonies were invited to Pretoria to discuss the matter where after SALU (the South African Agricultural Union) was established. During the sixth congress in 1905, held in Standerton, the TAU asked for the establishment of a Landbank which opened its doors on November 4, 1907. During the ninth congress the President emphasised some of the TAUs success stories, such as the establishment of an agricultural school, so called Proefboerderijen (Onderstepoort test farming), the publishing of an agricultural magazine and many more. The initial service area of the TAU during the past century was the four northern provinces - North-, East-, Middle-, and Western Transvaal. TAU SA As a result of alterations to the constitution of SALU (the South African Agricultural Union), the affiliation of TAU (the Transvaal Agricultural Union) was cancelled. Disaffiliation gave rise to the decision taken by the General Council of TAU on the 19th of April 2000, to extend its service area to include the whole of South Africa. With this decision, the named changed to TAU SA. As a direct result of this decision, the TAU SA visited various provinces including the Free State, Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Northern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal where structures have been established. Regional Chairmen for seven of the nine statutory provinces were elected by the members in each province. Liaison and meetings in these provinces take place on a regular basis. Functions of TAU SA Issues of importance to the agricultural community as a whole are in the hands of highly knowledgeable committees, namely: Labour Affairs, Property Rights, Safety and Security, Energy, Conservation, Economic Affairs, Communication, Water Affairs, Education & Culture Affairs and Other. Several agricultural businesses, Produce organisations unions specialising in agriculture, are affiliated to TAU SA.

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Organised Agriculture and agri-services

Tourism and travel in agriculture
1. Overview
There are significant overlaps between agriculture and tourism. It can be a second revenue stream for your farm (diversification). Agricultural tours can be a valuable platform for local and overseas farmers to share knowledge and farming methods. Only about 7% of foreign tourists stay on a farm in South Africa and yet South Africa has some of the most diversified farms in the world. Why? Only about 2% of domestic tourists in South Africa stay on a farm and yet many South Africans have a farming heritage. Why? Tourism now contributes more to South Africas GDP than gold. Farmers can benefit more from this than they are presently doing. Rural tourism is a concept which covers tourist activity devised and managed by local people, and based on the strengths of the natural and human environment. Agritourism is a much narrower concept, referring to the different forms of tourism related to agrarian activities and/or buildings with an agrarian function. This particular form of rural tourism is, therefore, run by farmers, usually as a secondary activity, with farming remaining the principle occupation and source of income. Often, a distinction is made between agritourism and the term farm tourism (farmstays), which is used to refer simply to the use of former farmhouses as tourist accommodation. Ecotourism is purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the cultural and natural history of the environment, taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem, whilst producing economic opportunities that make conservation of natural resources financially beneficial to local citizens (The Ecotourism Society, 1992).
Source: Peter Myles, Tourism Specialist, Kyle Business Projects; former Director of the Tourism Research Unit at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. Myles has drafted recommendations drawn from the analyses of agritourism initiatives selected throughout the world which he generously shared with the National Agricultural Directory.

Bed and Breakfast Association of South Africa (BABASA) Tel: 082 239 2111 www.babasa.co.za

BABASA was established to unite the bed and breakfast industry nationwide. Individual establishments and associations are able to attain their full potential in matters such as national advertising, national networking, collective bargaining, representation at national level, staff training and other matters.

Fair Trade in Tourism South Africa (FTTSA) Tel: 012 342 2945/3642 Fax: 012 342 2946 www.fairtourismsa.org.za
Farmstay Tel: 039 313 0770 august@seastay.co.za www.farmstay.co.za

The FTTSA has been involved with the development of agritourism clusters.

Farmers who develop a facility on their farms for guests link up with Farmstay. Take the time to visit the website, a fully electronic gateway to agricultural and ecotourism in South Africa.

Federated Hospitality Association of Southern Africa (FEDHASA) Tel: 011 467 5009 fedhasa@fedhasa.co.za www.fedhasa.co.za
The National Accommodation Association of South Africa (NAASA) Tel: 031 561 3795 www.naa-sa.co.za

FEDHASA endeavours at all times to ensure that the Association is recognised by all decision and policy makers in government and industry as the official unified voice of the Southern African hospitality industry.
NAASA membership is for smaller establishments who offer quality, reputable service and value for money. Establishments are inspected by provincial representatives to ensure professionalism and make sure the stay of guests is an enjoyable experience. Accommodation listings can be viewed on the website.

National Association of Conservancies and Stewardships of South Africa (NACSSA) www.nacsa.co.za

2. Associations involved
Agricultural Tour Operators International (ATOI) info@atoi.org www.atoi.org ATOI is a worldwide association of tour operators that specialise in the business of agricultural travel. Agricultural travel is a specialised business, best organised by agricultural tour professionals. ATOI has 59 members in 33 countries. The website includes information relating to Worldtime, weather, currency and bankcodes.

Conservancy status offers security benefits to farmers, encourages community co-operation and promotes regional tourism (see the chapter on conservancies in this directory). Many conservancies offer self-catering, fully catered or Bed & Breakfast options.
A non-profit member driven association. SATSA is committed to promoting SMME growth and dedicated to providing as much information to entrepreneurs wishing to start up in the tourism industry.

Southern Africa Tourism Services Association (SATSA) Tel: 086 127 2872 (Head Office) www.satsa.com Tourism Business Council of South Africa (TBCSA) Tel: 012 654 7525 tourism@tbcsa.travel www.tbcsa.org.za Tourism Grading Council of South Africa (TGCSA) Tel: 011 783 0383/ 3108 enquiry@tourismgrading.co.za www.tourismgrading.co.za

Association of South African Travel Agents (ASATA) Tel: 011 327 7803 general@asata.co.za www.asata.co.za
Automobile Association of Refer to their website for a database of SA farm accommodation establishments Tel: 011 713 2000 that offer hands-on experience on a www.aatravel.co.za working farm.

Vacation Ownership Formerly Time Share Institute of Association of Southern South Africa Africa (VOASA) Tel: 021 914 9693 www.voasa.co.za

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3. National strategy and contacts

Find the B-BBEE Tourism Sector Code at www.thedti.gov.za

Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies North West University Tel: 018 299 4140 www.tourisminstitute.co.za Kyle Business Projects Peter Myles: Tourism Specialist Tel: 041 582 5289 tournet@iafrica.com www.kylebusiness.co.za Co-operation between farming communities and tourism bodies would help to promote both sectors effectively. Myles suggested groups of farmers and local communities come together, assess what their surroundings have to offer and collectively approach tour operators to come to the area. Kyle Business Projects has been working with Fair Trade in Tourism South Africa (FTTSA) to develop agritourism clusters in rural areas.
SATI was formed to spearhead tourism education and skills training. Publications on beginning your own tourist business are available from them. THETA is the responsible Sector Education and Training Authority (SETA) for tourism. Contact them for training providers, as well as for SMME support/advice.

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Directorate: Business and Entrepreneurial Development Tel: 012 319 8460 DBED@daff.gov.za Department of Tourism Tel: 012 310 3911 www.tourism.gov.za Directorate: Tourism Research and Information 012 310 2858 lmbonde@tourism.gov.za Directorate: Tourism Business Development 012 310 3893 nnkula@tourism.gov.za Directorate: Tourism Sector Regulation 012 310 3687 jraputsoe@tourism.gov.za International Tourism Relations 012 310 3354 pmolokoza@tourism. gov.za Tourism Human Resource Capacity Building 012 310 3903 nngozi@tourism.gov.za National Tourism Support 012 310 3614 pmathebula@tourism.gov.za South African Tourism (SAT) is the official tourism marketing body for South Africa. Read about www.southafrica.net under heading 7. In South Africa tourist guiding activities are regulated by the Tourism Second Amendment Act, No.70 of 2000. According to the Act any person who wishes to be involved in the tourist guiding activity must be registered.

The South African Tourism Institute (SATI) Tel: 011 803 6010

Tourism Hospitality and Sports Education and Training Authority (THETA) Tel: 011 217 0600 info@theta.org.za www.theta.org.za

4. Training and research

Bed and Breakfast Association of South Africa (BABASA) Tel: 082 239 2111 www.babasa.co.za Birdlife South Africa Tel: 011 789 1122 www.birdlife.org.za BABASA support includes how to articles and workshops. Members are encouraged to mentor new entrants within their communities. Birdlife South Africa runs an avicareer entrepreneurial programme, contributing bird guides to the eco-tourism industry. Graduates of the one-year course take tourists on South Africas numerous birding routes to spot the various species. The first college to offer intensive Agri tourism training

Find out about the South Africa Fundi Tourism Expert Course at www.safundi.net. Your local tourism authority will also know about available training.

5. Companies involved
Agricultural Tours Worldwide Tel: 082 447 7718 Fax: 086 553 8341 hestiecb@mweb.co.za www.agritoursandtravel.com Canafrica Tours and Safaris Tel: 012 460 9440 Fax: 012 346 6967 info@canafrica.net Cape Agritours Tel: 021 887 4257 info@capeagritours.co.za www.capeagritours.co.za Complete Solutions Consultants Tel: 012 543 0425 Fax: 086 531 6108 Guttera Tours Tel: 012 804 7605 Fax: 012 333 24 28 guttera@netactive.co.za Kyle Business Projects Peter Myles: Tourism Specialist Tel: 041 582 5289 tournet@iafrica.com www.kylebusiness.co.za

FUNDING
This area is thoroughly covered in the Department of Tourisms excellent handbook How to start and grow your own tourism business, which can be downloaded from www. tourism.gov.za

Elsenburg College of Agriculture Tel: 021 808 5457 www.elsenburg.com

Fair Trade in Tourism South Africa (FTTSA) Tel: 012 342 2945/3642 Fax: 012 342 2946 www.fairtourismsa.org.za www.fttsacertification.org.za
Field Guides Association of Southern Africa (FGASA) Tel: 011 886 8084 www.fgasa.org.za

The FTTSA has been involved with the development of agritourism clusters.

Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) Tel: 011 313 3911 www.dbsa.org Eastern Cape Development Corporation Tel: 043 704 5606 tourism@ecdc.co.za Training, support and establishment of guides and black entrepreneurs Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) Tourism SBU Tel: 0860 693 888 www.idc.co.za Tourism Sectoral Focus

FGASA is a non-profit organisation representing individual field guides, trackers and organisations involved in offering professional field guiding services to members of the public.

Getsmarter www.getsmarter.co.za

Read about the UCT Guest House Management Course, lasting 10 weeks and presented online.

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Co-operation between farming communities and tourism bodies would help to promote both sectors effectively. Myles suggested groups of farmers and local communities come together, assess what their surroundings have to offer and collectively approach tour operators to come to the area. Kyle Business Projects has been working with Fair Trade in Tourism South Africa (FTTSA) to develop agritourism clusters in rural areas. Inbound Travel Services Africa www.itsa.co.za The Meerkat Magic Project Tel: 044 272 3077 / 082 413 6895 www.meerkatmagic.com Grant McIIrath promotes a new concept in wildlife tourism. He does not focus on the Big Five in the Karoo instead he focuses on the Shy Five! These are porcupines, bateared foxes, aardvarks, aardwolves and of course, meerkats. Safari & Tourism Insurance Brokers (SATIB) www.satib.co.za Specialized Tours Tel: 021 418 2302 specialt@iafrica.com www.specialtours.co.za

The Business Trust Tel: 011 612 2000 info@btrust.org.za www.btrust.org.za The Tourist Enterprise Programme (TEP) is operated by the Business Trust and ECI-Business Linkage Centre. Tourism Enterprise Partnership (TEP) Tel: 011 880 3790 (Head Office) www.tep.co.za TEP aims to facilitate the growth and expansion of small and medium size enterprises in the tourism economy, resulting in job creation and income generation opportunities. Various Government departments (such as the DTI and the provincial tourism departments) have funding available for small or start-up businesses. Wesgro Tel: 021 487 8648 www.wesgro.co.za

Establishment; Developing An Attraction; How Do I Register The Business Legally, And Why Should This Be Done?; How Do I Register A Domain Or Website Name? Your local tourism authority usually has various brochures and pamphlets about starting your own tourism business. Contact them, or try their website. Farms and eco-tourism Website of Farmstay www.farmstay.co.za www.birdlife.org.za read about birding eco-tours www.honeywoodfarm.co.za an interesting read of what is possible when a farmer incorporates tourism to the farm activities Two websites effectively market farmstays in New Zealand i.e. www. nzfarmholidays.co.nz and www.ruralholidays.co.nz See also www.hospitalityforum.co.za, a unique information site for hospitality resources General South African www.southafrica.net The official South African Tourism website the most comprehensive online source of information on travel to and in South Africa. Read about the Welcome Awards recognising service excellence in tourism here. Refer to the South African Travel Guide website for all regions travel essentials, all towns and cities, an online provincial map, live online advice. www.southafrica.org.za www.selfdrivesa.com Tour South Africa and the region at your own pace with a large degree of flexibility. You can choose the type of car for hire, the standard of the accommodation, the time of the year to visit etc. www.aatravel.co.za AA Travel Guide. www.bokbus.com a five-day, four-night Garden Route tour www.sagoodnews.co.za a website which reports positive developments in South Africa. You can also subscribe to a weekly eNewsletter. Look for the Newsletter menu option on the website. www.ecotravel.co.za tourist information guide to Southern African Safari and adventure travel destinations www.hostex.co.za South Africas International Hospitality & Catering Exhibition International For every possibly African tour www.ananzi.co.za take the Travel menu option. www.wftga.org World Federation of Tourist Guide Associations Visit www.unwto.org, website of the United Nations World Tourism organisation.

The Emerging Tourism Entrepreneur of the Year Award (ETEYA) is an annual event which recognises emerging entrepreneurs for their ability to start up and run viable businesses. The winner is chosen from finalists from the nine provinces. TEP , a co-sponsor of the award, provides free consulting services to the finalists ensuring their tourism enterprises grow from strength to strength.

6. Websites and publications

How to start and grow your tourism business is a handbook compiled by the Department of Tourism, which explains the various types of business assistance that is available to small businesses including financial assistance. This, and various other publications, can be accessed at www.tourism.gov. za (find the Essential Downloads option). Tourism in South Africa. In The New Millennium (Second Edition) Marthinus Jordaan (Editor). Tel: 051 522 4770 (Editor). This publication is a comprehensive reference guide on the tourism industry and includes a whole chapter on farm holidays. Call 011 954 4675 / 082 488 5081 for the following publications, available from Bryan Peirce: Tourism Development (Keyser) Marketing South African Tourism and Hospitality (George) Guides Guide to Guiding (Thompson) South African Tourism Services Association (SATSA) publications include: Tips To Ensure That Your Business Will Succeed; Developing An Accommodation

7. Local business environment

Few countries in the world have South Africas diverse farming diversity e.g. a capacity for the production of bananas (a tropical fruit) as well as cherries (which require a cold winter). In addition there is poultry as well as ostrich meat; wine and dry fruit, all the grain types, red meat and dairy products, and fresh potatoes throughout the year. In recent years vast stretches of land have been studied and improved to create new tourist destinations. Two factors contribute to the attractiveness of a tourism region: the primary features (software) climate, ecology, cultural attractions, traditional architecture, land forms; the secondary destination features (hardware) the developments introduced specifically for tourists such as hotels, catering, transport, activities and amusements.

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Attractions on a farm could include: Bed and Breakfast, self-catering accommodation game viewing, hunting, bird watching, hiking, biking, 4 x 4 routes, fly fishing, boating, horse riding and many more rounding up cattle, mustering sheep, dipping, dosing, inoculating, shearing ploughing, planting, cultivating, harvesting a nature-based tourism experience in an exclusive environment What can you offer in terms of arts and crafts, adventure, cultural, historic, agricultural, environmental, etc? Do some market research: Who are your competitors? What are they offering and at what price? The next tasks for research are: Determine who your target customers are, demographically and psychographically. How many of them are likely to visit you? How often are they likely to visit you? What would they like to experience? How best do you reach them cost effectively? Consider the advantages of clustering: There are huge advantages for marketing farmstays in South Africa if only farms in an area would co-operate in order to compete by forming an agritourism cluster. This would facilitate developing a strong brand identity, corporate communications strategy, theme route and package tours e.g. wine route. Independent farms may be successful in attracting independent travelers via a good interactive website, but generally tour operators prefer a cluster of attractions and accommodation for group tours. Examples of clusters: Thomas River Conservancy where nine farms clustered to form a 31 000 hectare conservancy built around the theme of the old railway village of Thomas River. Kouga Canyons Conservancy 35 farms clustered to form an historic conservation corridor linking the Baviaanskloof mega-reserve through the Kouga Mountains to Tsitsikamma and recreating an ancient wildlife migration route cut off by farming 250 years ago. Consider theme routes. In many parts of the world tourist routes have opened up new areas for exploration that have previously been bypassed by mainstream traffic travelling on national highways from one destination to another. Tourist routes comprise: gateways and entry points staging posts Consider signing concepts: normal tourism advance turn signs turn off, in/onto tourism route or area Welcome signs entry points confirmation signs leaving a town Tourist Route marker signs Information Points strategic road junctions destinations distribution points

Overall, the requirements for an agritourism route include: birth of a new agritourism destination tourism audit and analysis strategy development branding exercise based on International Best Practice development of theme routes electronic supported marketing/web page capacity building community involvement strategy follows structure

Source: Peter Myles, Tourism Specialist, Kyle Business Projects; former Director of the Tourism Research Unit at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. Myles has drafted recommendations drawn from the analyses of agritourism initiatives selected throughout the world which he generously shared with the National Agricultural Directory.

On the sunny northern slopes of the Amatola mountain range, 19 farmers have made over 31 000 hectares of beautiful farmland available for conservation and recreation. With sustainable Conservation as our main aim, we are blending agriculture and conservation into a homogeneous mixture that will benefit both the farmer and nature. We extend an invitation to those who love nature and the peace and tranquility of farm life to share our haven with us. Contact the Thomas River Conservancy at 082 575 4923 or visit www. thomasriver.com

Source: www.agritourismsa.co.za/contacts.htm

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Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

Value of biodiversity South Africas biodiversity provides an important basis for economic growth and development, in obvious ways such as providing a basis for our fishing industry, and rangelands that support commercial and subsistence farming. Less obvious, though just as important, is the need to keep biodiversity intact to ensure the ongoing provision of ecosystem services the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems. We take many of these benefits for granted, like clean air and water or the prevention of erosion or flooding. The social and economic costs of not managing ecosystems in a sustainable manner are high, as demonstrated through land degradation, loss of ecosystem resilience, loss of freshwater resources, the intensification of the global carbon cycle and resulting climate change, the loss of fishing stock and the deterioration of air quality. Ecosystem services fall into four categories: Provisioning services (e.g. purified water, food, drugs and genetic resources) Regulating services (e.g. flood attenuation, prevention of erosion, pest control and pollination of agricultural crops and natural vegetation) Supporting services (e.g. primary production, nutrient cycling, carbon storage) Cultural services (e.g. recreational, spiritual and cultural benefits) According to the National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment published in 2006, the added value of ecosystems in the production of biological resources, as well as the final consumption of ecosystems was conservatively estimated in 2005 at a baseline reference value of R27 billion per annum, or R20 000 per terrestrial km2, with a spread of around R30 000/km2 for savannas and grasslands to R5 500 per km2 for the Karoo. Indirect use values (mostly notably grazing and pollination inputs) account for two thirds of this value, while direct consumptive use values (natures share of timber resources, aquatic resources, crops and plant resources and animal resources) account for 28% and nonconsumptive use (nature based tourism) for 6% of total value. Threats to biodiversity Unfortunately this immense natural wealth is under extreme pressure resulting from human demands placed on the environment. Threats to fauna, flora and ecosystem functioning in South Africa include: indiscriminate agricultural, industrial and urban development invasive plants and animals loss and degradation of natural habitat overextraction of water resources unsustainable use of resources, including marine organisms and wildflowers poor management of fires pollution climate change lack of baseline information (some 70% of invertebrate fauna remains undiscovered and described) concerns have also been raised concerning the use of GMO crops

Biodiversity
1. Overview
Biodiversity describes the variety of life in an area, including: the number of different species; the genetic wealth within each species; the interrelationships between them; the natural areas where they occur.

If food production is to keep pace with population growth, without degrading the ecosystem services necessary to sustain it, sustainable agricultural practices must be widely adopted. Policymakers and consumers must do their part to ensure that farmers and other agricultural producers have the right incentives to adopt these. Why we need to create sustainable agricultural systems: Biodiversity is the basis of agriculture. Its maintenance is essential for the production of food and other agricultural goods and the benefits these provide humanity, including food security, nutrition and livelihoods. Biodiversity is the origin of all crops and domesticated livestock and the variety within them. Biodiversity in agricultural and associated landscapes provides and maintains ecosystem services essential to agriculture. Agriculture contributes to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity but is also a major driver of biodiversity loss. Farmers and agricultural producers are custodians of agricultural biodiversity and possess the knowledge needed to manage and sustain it. Sustainable agriculture both promotes and is enhanced by biodiversity. Sustainable agriculture uses water, land and nutrients efficiently, while producing lasting economic and social benefits. Barriers inhibiting its widespread adoption need to be reduced. Agricultural producers respond to consumer demands and government policies. To ensure food security, adequate nutrition and stable livelihoods for all, now and in the future, we must increase food production while adopting sustainable and efficient agriculture, sustainable consumption, and landscape-level planning that ensure the preservation of biodiversity. Global treaties provide concrete examples of strategies to stem the loss of biodiversity. South Africa too has a national strategy for biodiversity conservation, governed by the legislation and policy. Find out more in the Environment chapter.
In the belief that any national conservation strategy must take account of the role of farmers in conservation, we present the reader with this important chapter.

3. Bioregional programmes and agriculture

The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) was established on 1 September 2004 under the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, with special responsibility for biodiversity matters relating to the full diversity of South Africas fauna and flora. As part of the SANBIs Biodiversity Mainstreaming Division, bioregional and ecosystem programmes have been established, using a partnership approach to mainstream biodiversity in socio-economic development that includes agricultural role-players. These are: Cape Action for People and the Environment (CAPE) in the fynbos biome The Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Programme (SKEP) The Grasslands Programme Eastern Cape Province (encompassing six biomes).

2. Biodiversity and South Africa

South Africas biomes see map on opposite page South Africa has a wide range of climatic conditions and many variations in topography (e.g. narrow coastal plain, steep escarpment, large plateau). In combination, climate and topography give rise to broad vegetation zones which, together with their associated animal life, are called biomes. These are the Succulent Karoo, Desert, Nama-Karoo, Fynbos, Forest, Grassland, Savanna, Albany Thicket and Indian Ocean Coastal Belt biomes. Each of these supports its own collection of plant and animal species. The Karoo, for example, is home to plants and animals well suited to hot, dry conditions such as the gemsbok and succulent plants. The fynbos biome is home to a variety of plants that are suited to a mediterranean climate and the poor soils of the south Western Cape.

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Cape Action for People and the Environment (CAPE)

CAPE works through a landscape-level approach to conservation and involves landowners and their representative bodies through the work of the steering committees of the following initiatives: the Baviaanskloof Megareserve, the Garden Route Initiative, the Gouritz Initiative, the Agulhas Biodiversity Initiative, the Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve, the Cape West Coast Biosphere Reserve and the Greater Cederberg Biodiversity Corridor. In each of these areas, issues around biodiversity on agricultural land are dealt with through: working with farmers to set aside valuable biodiversity on their land through entering into conservation stewardship agreements (see heading 4); business and biodiversity initiatives to promote sustainable farming practices in particular industries including rooibos, potatoes, indigenous flowers and wine (see heading 5).
Read more at www.capeaction.org.za

Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Programme (SKEP)

The Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Programme (SKEP) is an overarching framework for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of the Succulent Karoo Hotspot (SKH). Currently housed within SANBI, SKEP is looking at conserving the SKH which is an area that has a wealth of unique biodiversity but has also been severely damaged by human activities such as mining, overgrazing and ostrich farming. One of the four strategic actions in the strategy is Expanding protected areas and improving conservation management, particularly through the expansion of public-private-communal-corporate partnership. Under this direction, SKEP is working towards promoting and facilitating innovative programmes involving local landowners in the creation of effective conservation areas within the priority areas and throughout the region. Through a US$ 8 million grant that was awarded to the programme by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) many projects focusing on the sustainability of land in the Succulent Karoo have been funded. These projects include creating a provincial nature reserve, developing land use management plans for overgrazed areas, working with landowners to sign stewardship agreements, developing best practice guidelines, and working

Map Citation: Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M.C. (eds) 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. 800 pp.

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with those in the South African mining, agriculture and tourism sectors to promote formal biodiversity conservation areas.
Read more at www.skep.org

Biodiversity Stewardship South Africa The Biodiversity Stewardship South Africa (BSSA) programme is an initiative of the national Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) in partnership with key conservation organisations, in particular the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT). Biodiversity Act (No. 10 of 2004). The programme helps to implement provincial conservation plans through a consistent, national, landscape-scale approach to stewardship. It also assists government in meeting the targets set out by the National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment and the National Biodiversity Framework (NBF).The BSSAs goals are aligned with those of DEAs National Protected Areas Expansion Strategy and Community-Based Natural Resource Management programme. Stewardship in Cape Nature To date the Stewardship Programme has secured: 31 Contract Nature Reserves 16 Biodiversity Agreements 18 Voluntary Conservation Areas
For more info, visit www.capenature.org.za

Grasslands Programme
The Grasslands Programme seeks to identify and promote biodiversitycompatible land uses. Grazing of cattle, sheep and indigenous game species have been identified as the most compatible agricultural activities in the biome. Market-related and other incentives will be investigated as means for promoting biodiversity-compatible land uses in the biome and these will be piloted during the implementation of this programme, which runs from 2007-2012. The programme works to incorporate biodiversity priority areas into planning and decision-making; develop biodiversity management tools for cultivation and grazing; design demonstration projects, communications and advocacy; initiate range-fed red meat certification; and promote incentives, e.g. property rates exemption.
Read more at www.grasslands.org.za and in the Rangelands chapter.

SANBI has a pilot project on biodiversity stewardship and land reform. SANBIs bioregional programmes engage with the agriculture sector around biodiversity and sustainable farming. SANBI stewardship / land reform project Lubabalo Ntsholo Tel: 021 799 8817 ntsholo@sanbi.org

5. Business and biodiversity

Over the past few years, conservationists worldwide have identified the need to mainstream biodiversity by integrating biodiversity conservation into systems where the primary focus is on production. In South Africa this has meant a growing engagement between the business and conservation sectors and the development of some innovative models of biodiversityfriendly business, mostly in agriculture. Industries where business and biodiversity initiatives have become well established are the wine, fishing, honey, indigenous cutflower, sugar, rooibos tea and potato industries, with emerging initiatives in the red meat and citrus industries. Initiatives in these industries fit in at various stages along the value chain, and involve market mechanisms such as those depicted below. The commitments are referred to as voluntary in the sense that they are not legislated requirements or regulatory mechanisms. PRODUCERS voluntary producer commitments PRODUCTS eco-labelling / procurement advice RETAILERS voluntary procurement commitments CONSUMERS consumer awareness campaigns

4. Conservation stewardship
See also the Conservancies chapter South Africa has much valuable biodiversity outside of protected areas, but this is disappearing at an alarming rate. It is clearly not possible for government to purchase all the land identified as high priority in terms of habitat or threatened ecosystems to add it to our system of state-owned protected areas. Biodiversity stewardship provides a new cost-effective way for government to carry out its existing conservation mandate, by getting landowners to commit to conserving and managing the biodiversity on their own land. This includes private farms, communal lands and land owned by national / provincial government departments, municipalities, parastatals like Eskom and Spoornet and private companies. Past stewardship programmes have had limited long-term success, with a confusing and cumbersome system that included up to 25 stewardship options, and lacked legal security. The new biodiversity stewardship approach provides a small number of simple, legally-aligned options nationwide and ensures that landowners benefit from participation. Participating landowners in the existing Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal programmes may receive incentives to commit their property to one of three stewardship options through the relevant conservation authority a Contract Nature Reserve, a Biodiversity Agreement or a Voluntary Conservation Area. Landowners work with conservation authorities to agree on a conservation management plan that involves managing invasive alien species, controlling fires, encouraging sustainable grazing, farming or harvesting, and avoiding further land transformation; and they receive assistance through extension services.

The major players in these initiatives are: conservation non-governmental organisations (NGOs) based in South Africa e.g. the EWT, the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Conservation International and the World Conservation Union; South Africas government- and donor-funded bioregional conservation programmes CAPE, SKEP and the Grasslands Programme; industry roleplayers from South African companies and multinationals represented in the country, as well as some of the major retailers; landowners and producer associations who want to practice sustainable farming and conserve biodiversity on their land.

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Best practice guidelines for the potato industry Potato production is the core economic activity of the Sandveld region in the western lowland area of the Greater Cederberg Biodiversity Corridor. In response to growing consumer awareness and constraints on the industry including water scarcity, a set of draft guidelines was released in mid-2007 as a joint initiative of Potatoes South Africa and CapeNature, with active participation from retailers across the market, including Freshmarket, Woolworths, Pick n Pay and a local chip factory. These best practice guidelines are aimed at stimulating greater awareness amongst producers and promoting responsible farming practices in support of biodiversity conservation. They include sections on general farming and biodiversity-friendly practices, soil management, irrigation practices, fertilisation practices and integrated pest management. The guidelines initiative is co-funded by the industry, Conservation International and retail chain Woolworths. Woolworths has committed itself to using geospatial information available through SANBI to determine which potato-growing areas are suitable for this land use, and incorporating this information into their buying policy.
For more info, visit www.cederbergcorridor.org.za

6. Roleplayers
Consultants and businesses
Anchor Environment Consultants Tel: 021 650 3609 www.uct.ac.za/depts/zoology/ anchor Bushveld Eco Services Tel: 014 717 3819 www.bushveldeco.co.za Crystal Clear Tel: 011 640 6445 info@crystalclear.co.za Eco Africa Tel: 021 448 3778 www.ecoafrica.co.za Eco Scapes Tel: 011 805 5342 www.ecoscapes.com Envirokonsult Tel: 012 349 1792 www.envirokonsult.co.za Grow Wild (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 465 8857 www.growwild.co.za An indigenous/native nursery Imbewu Enviro-legal Specialists Tel: 011 325 4928 www.imbewu.co.za Janet Edmonds Consulting Tel: 082 828 7953 Janet.jec@edelnet.co.za MBB Services International Tel: 021 887 1026 www.mbb.co.za Mvelo Development Tel: 033 345 3146 Strategic Environmental Focus (SEF) Tel: 012 349 1307 www.sefsa.co.za Worth, Valerie Cell: 074 671 9203 frewor@telkomsa.net

Biodiversity and Wine Initiative South Africa is the worlds eighth largest producer of wine, with approximately 90% of wine production occurring within the Cape Floristic Region. With export markets opening up for South African wines, there was a 15% increase in land under vines from 1990-2000, and today vineyards cover over 100 000 hectares. With only 9% of lowland renosterveld and fynbos remaining, conservationists became concerned by this new wave of viticultural expansion. Following a study by the Botanical Society of South Africa and Conservation International, the wine industry and the conservation sector formed a partnership in the Biodiversity and Wine Initiative (BWI). The BWI developed biodiversity guidelines for the industry, which were adopted by the Integrated Production of Wine accreditation system in 2004. Wines of South Africa, the official marketing arm of the industry, has been able to use the BWI as a marketing angle for South African wines, emphasizing that both the wines and the flora of the Cape are unusually diverse as a result of the varied topography, soils and micro-climates of the region. With the marketing slogan Variety is in our nature, the Cape Floral Kingdom is providing a unique selling point in a highly competitive global market.
For more information, visit www.bwi.co.za

Associations, societies and NGOs

Biowatch Tel: 031 206 2954 www.biowatch.org.za Grassland Society of Southern Africa Tel: 049 842 4335 www.grassland.org.za

The costs of these initiatives and the biodiversity conservation measures they involve, while in some cases partially funded by donors, are increasingly being covered by the premium prices these producers are able to charge for their products in niche markets, sometimes overseas. They have achieved this through marketing their products as biodiversity-friendly, participating in labelling and certification schemes or working through international trade organisations that accredit producers. GreenChoice Alliance www.panda.org.za GreenChoice is a national alliance that promotes sustainable production and harvesting in South Africa, by supporting the profitability, competitiveness and sustainability of environmentally sound products. GreenChoice works in partnership with business and biodiversity projects, government, farmers, scientists, retailers and consumers, to limit the impacts of food and fibre production on terrestrial and marine habitats. GreenChoice: retailers and consumers Tatjana von Bormann Tel: 021 789 2583 tvbormann@wwf.org.za GreenChoice: producers and industry Heidi-Jayne Hawkins Tel: 021 799 8832 hhawkins@conservation.org

Botanical Society of South Africa Tel: 021 797 2090 IUCN-SA www.botanicalsociety.org.za Tel: 012 342 8304/5/6 www.iucn.org Cape Action for People and the Environment (CAPE) Find the webpages of the South Tel: 021 799 8790 African office on the International www.capeaction.org.za Union for Conservation of Nature website Earthlife Africa Tel: 011 339 3662 Landmark Foundation www.earthlife.org.za Cell: 083 324 3344 www.landmarkfoundation.org.za Ecolink Tel: 013 751 2120 National Association of www.ecolink.co.za Conservancies and Stewardships of South Africa (NACSSA) Endangered Wildlife Trust find national and provincial contact Tel: 011 486 1102 details in the Conservancy chapter www.ewt.org.za or visit www.nacsa.org.za Entomological Society of Resource Africa Southern Africa. Write to The Tel: 012 342 9242 / 52 Honorary Secretary, PO Box www.resourceafrica.org 13162, Hatfield, 0028 or visit http://journals.sabinet.co.za/essa Environmental Monitoring Group EMG Tel: 027 218 1117 www.emg.org.za Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife Tel: 033 845 1999 / 1003 www.kznwildlife.com

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Simply Indigenous Nursery Tel/fax: 012 207 1077 Cell: 082 921 8946 www.simplyindigenous.co.za

Wildlands Conservation Trust Tel: 033 343 6380 www.wildlands.co.za

Research and training

Africa Land-Use Training Tel: 014 717 3812 / 078 228 0008 info@bushveldeco.co.za Agricultural Research Council www.arc.agric.za The Agricultural Research Council (ARC) undertakes a range of research activities with implications for biodiversity e.g. its Plant Protection Research Institute is the custodian of the South African Rhizobium Culture Collection and the National Collections of Arachnids, Fungi, Insects and Nematodes. Cape Peninsular University of Technology (CPUT) Tel: 021 460 3196 www.cput.ac.za The Plant Genetic Resources Centre (PGRC) National Gene Bank Tel: 012 808 5387 pgrc@daff.gov.za South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Tel: 046 603 5800 www.saiab.ac.za Stellenbosch University Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Tel: 021 808 3728 www.sun.ac.za Sustainability Institute Tel: 021 881 3196 www.sustainabilityinstitute.net

Wildlife & Environment Society Promotes indigenous South African Of South Africa (WESSA) plants as a first choice and expand Tel: 033 330 3931 the propagation of threatened www.wessa.org.za species. Find details of contacts countrywide South African Faith on the website. Communities Environment Institute WWF South Africa Tel: 021 701 8145 Tel: 021 888 2800 www.safcei.org.za www.panda.org.za www.wwf.org.za South African New Economics Network (SANE) The Zoological Society of South Tel: 021 762 5933 Africa (ZSSA) www.sane.org.za www.zssa.co.za Wilderness Foundation of Southern Africa Tel: 041 373 0293 www.wildernessfoundation.org.za

School environmental programmes

Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) Graeme Wilson / Janet Snow Tel: 011 486 1102 Environmental Education and Resources Unit Tel: 021 959 2498/3274 www.botany.uwc.ac.za/eeru Environmental Education Association of Southern Africa (EEASA) Tel: 033 330 3931 ext 122 www.eeasa.org.za SANBI Biodiversity Education and Empowerment Division Donavan Fullard Tel: 021 799 8696 www.sanbi.org SANParks Tel: 012 426 5000 www.sanparks.org/people/ education Wildlife and Environment Society SA Eco-schools National Coordinators: Caroline ConwayPhysick and Bridget Ringdahl Tel: 033 330 3931 www.wildlifesociety.org.za WWF South Africa Ziyanda Mfanta Tel: 021 888 2800 / 33 www.panda.org.za www.wwf.org.za

University of South Africa (UNISA) Find the Environmental Department of Environmental Management programme run by Sciences the Faculty of Applied Sciences on Tel: 011 471 3222 the website. www.unisa.ac.za Consortium for Estuarine Research and Management www.upe.ac.za/cerm A short learning programme for Environmental Management Inspectors (EMI) is offered. Write to greenscorpions@unisa.ac.za. To Council for Scientific and enquire about the three different Industrial Research (CSIR) honours programmes, write to www.csir.co.za vniekhj@unisa.ac.za. Find the Natural resources & University of the Western Cape the environment option on the Community Based Natural website. Resource Management Tel: 021 959 3961 Fynbos Forum www.cbnrm.uwc.ac.za Tel: 021 797 2090 797 University of Cape Town Delta Enviro Institute for Plant Conservation Tel: 011 888 4831 Tel: 021 650 2440 www.deltaenviro.org.za www.uct.ac.za/depts/ipc Green Futures Tel: 028 384 8059 www.greenfutures.co.za University of the Free State Department Zoology and Entomology Tel: 051 401 9219 / 2427

The Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) www.environment.gov.za The National Environmental Education Programme (NEEP) is a collaborative project co-ordinated by the Department of Education. Its purpose is to support teachers in implementing environmental education at schools, and integrate it with the outcomes-based curriculum. DEA supports NEEP with resource materials on contemporary environmental issues. SADC Regional Environmental Education Programme The purpose of the Regional Environmental Education Programme is to enable environmental education practitioners in the SADC region to strengthen environmental education processes for equitable and sustainable environmental management choices. DEA supports and contributes towards enhancing and strengthening environmental education policy, networking, the development of resource materials and capacity-building. Read more at www.sadc-reep.org.za.

Horticultural and Life Skills College with an emphasis on the long-term Department of Plant Sciences conservation of the Capes unique Tel: 051 401 2514 Plantsciences@ufs.ac.za flora Indigo Development & Change Tel: 027 218 1148 www.indigo-dc.org Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) Terrestrial Ecology Research Unit Tel: 041 504 2424 Department of Genetics Tel: 051 401 2595 / 2776 / 3978 Water Research Commission (WRC) Tel: 012 330 0340 www.wrc.org.za Wild Coast Farm & Forest Tel: 044 534 8827 / 083 700 8612 rcbolus@gmail.com

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Biodiversity Ecosystem Services Project SANBI also has a Biodiversity Ecosystem Services Project which explores the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems. The vast majority of these services are usually taken for granted, for example pollination of crops and natural vegetation, purification of water, flood attenuation and nutrient cycling. The unit was started in November 2006, and aims to find the links between biodiversity and ecosystem services, identify thresholds of habitat loss at which provision of ecosystem services by natural systems fail and to identify biodiversity-friendly farming practices. One of their areas of focus is critical to agriculture looking at pollination ecosystem services. Insect pollination is essential in the production of several agricultural crops. These include plants that require pollination for fruit and seed production as well as those where fruit quality is enhanced and seed propagation of plants used for commercial grazing. Although all animal pollinators are important in the maintenance of natural biodiversity, this is an ecosystem function and not a service. For more info, visit www.sanbi.org/research/besp.htm

Government
A number of departments and agencies have responsibility for matters relating to biodiversity and agriculture, including the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform; the Department of Water Affairs; the Department of Environmental Affairs; and Tourism, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, the South African National Biodiversity Institute, the provincial departments of agriculture and land affairs, and the provincial conservation agencies. Role of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) www.daff.gov.za Included in DAFFs programmes are LandCare, WaterCare and VeldCare to promote the wise use of resources. Mr J Kgobokoe, Director: Education, Training and Extension Services, Tel: 012 319 7328, paspdetes@daff.gov.za Ms MJM Gabriel, Director: Water Use and Irrigation Development, Tel: 012 846 8567/9, dwuid@daff.gov.za Mr D du Toit, Director: Production and Resource Economics (Acting), Tel: 012 319 8088,daanDT@daff.gov.za Ms JK Moeng, Director: Land Settlement, Tel: 012 319 8496, dls@daff. gov.za Mr ME Morokolo, Deputy Director-General: Livelihoods, Economics and Business Development (Acting), Tel: 012 319 7211, ddglebd@daff. gov.za Role of the Department of Environmental Affairs www.environment.gov.za The Biodiversity and Conservation Branch of the Department of Environmental Affairs (under the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs) has the role of ensuring the regulation and management of all biodiversity, heritage and conservation matters. Mr Fundisile Mketeni, Deputy Director-General: Biodiversity And Conservation, Tel: 012 310 3314/3315 fmketeni@environment.gov.za Ms Skumsa Mancotywa, Chief Directorate: Transfrontier Conservation And Protected Areas, Tel: 012 310 3606, smancotywa@environment. gov.za Ms Wadzi Mandivenyi Tel: 012 310 3395 wmandivenyi@environment. gov.za Ms Wilma Lutsch, Directorate: Biodiversity Conservation, Tel: 012 310 3694, wlutch@environment.gov.za Mr Muleso Kharika, Directorate: Resource Use, Tel: 012 310 3578, mkharika@environment.gov.za Indalo Yethu Tel: 012 665 1457 www.indaloyethu.co.za South Africas environmental campaign Department of Water Affairs www.dwaf.gov.za The Department of Water Affairs (under the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs) is the custodian of South Africas water and forestry resources responsible for the formulation and implementation of policy governing these two sectors. Managing water resources wisely through the establishment of Catchment Management Agencies is critically important to both agriculture and biodiversity. The Resource Directed Measures Branch provides a framework to ensure sustainable utilisation of water resources to meet ecological, social and economic objectives. Ms Julie Van der Merwe Tel: 012 336 7128 vandermerwej@dwaf.gov.za

Biosystematic Research
SANBI, Natural Science Museums, Research Councils and universities are undertaking biosystematic research. Biosystematic research contributes towards meeting the States obligation to the requirements of the International Convention on Biological Diversity in discovering, describing and documenting the biodiversity of South Africa. Natural Science Collections. The Natural History Collections in South Africa are among the most important and comprehensive biological and taxonomic reference resources of their kind in Africa. The collections are a priceless indigenous biological resource to enable scientists to address South Africas need for information on pest control, conservation and the sustainable use of advantageous organisms. The maintenance, safeguarding and development of natural science collections and associated biological reference resources are of strategic importance to natural resource management and biodiversity conservation in South Africa. SABI South African Biosystematics Initiative. Visit the National Research Foundations website for details, www.nrf.ac.za, or phone 012 481 4056/4079. SABIF South African Biodiversity Information Facility Tel: 012 481 4017 www.sabif.ac.za National Surveys. Several National surveys are undertaken in the country: Botanical survey Bird atlasing Retile atlasing Butterfly Survey South African National Survey of Arachnida South African Plant Parasitic Nematode Survey South African Alien Invasive Plant survey

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Role of SANBI www.sanbi.org The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) is an independent statutory organisation with special responsibility for biodiversity matters, established in 2004 through the signing into force of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act. The Act expanded the mandate of SANBIs forerunner, the National Botanical Institute, to include responsibilities relating to the full diversity of South Africas fauna and flora, and built on the internationally respected programmes in conservation, research, education and visitor services developed over the past century by the National Botanical Institute. SANBI has a pilot project on biodiversity stewardship and land reform. SANBIs bioregional programmes also engage with the agriculture sector around biodiversity and sustainable farming see headings 3 and 4.

Provincial Nature Conservation, parks and museums

Cape Nature Conservation (W Cape) Eastern Cape Parks Northern Cape Nature Conservation 021 483 3539 043 705 4400 053 355 1557

Free State Department of Environmental Affairs and 051 447 0407 Tourism Gauteng Nature Conservation Mpumalanga Parks Board 011 355 1464 013 759 5300

Limpopo Department of Finance, Economic Affairs, 015 293 8568 Tourism and Environment North West Environment Agriculture, Conservation and 014 592 7378 033 845 1999

KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Service South African National Parks (SANParks) Tel: 012 426 5000 www.sanparks.org Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Project Tel: 033 239 1880 http://maloti.opencms.co.za

A collaborative initiative between South Africa and the Kingdom of Lesotho to protect the exceptional biodiversity of the Drakensberg and Maloti mountains. Some museums are involved with biodiversity programmes. Visit www. museums.org.za for details.

International roleplayers in promotion of agricultural biodiversity:

Convention on Biological Diversity www.cbd.int South African Environmental Observation Network www.nrf.ac.za/ saeon/links.html Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) www.biodiversity.org Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) www. fao.org SADC Plant Genetic Resources Centre (SPGRC) www under construction. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) www.ipgri.cgiar. org Non-Governmental Organisations e.g. www.singer.cgiar.org International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and agriculture (ITPGRFA) www.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/itpgr.htm African Conservation Foundation www.africanconservation.com Bioversity International www.bioversityinternational.org

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7. Websites and publications

The information under this heading could be so extensive that it would not be helpful at all, and has been drastically shortened. The reader is encouraged to: google relevant words like biodiversity and environment; refer to the Publications and websites heading in other chapters in this section, Resources and Good Agricultural Practice; visit the websites of roleplayers mentioned in this chapter. Find articles like Conserving biodiversity saves farming and Eco-cash for land users on www.farmersweekly.co.za Veld & Flora the monthly journal of the Botanical Society. Call 021 797 2090. http://karoospace.co.za/karoo visit a website promoting the Karoo. Cultivating Biodiversity. Harold Brookfield, Christine Padoch, Helen Parsons and Michael Stocking. Publisher: ITDG Publishing, 2002. ISBN: 1853394939. The book draws on the experience of demonstration sites that are the farmers own enterprises, combining superior production along with enhancement of biological diversity. It is based on work in 12 countries with more than 200 collaborating scientists and about 2500 collaborating farmers, showing how its authors perceive and quantitatively analyse agrodiversity, and how they work together with farmers. The new magazine Environment People and Conservation in Africa replaces the former African Wildlife (Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa WESSA) and Vision (Endangered Wildlife Trust EWT). Seven NGOs launched the new magazine at a function in Sandton in November, 2009. They were the Cape Leopard Trust, Game Rangers Association of Africa, SANCCOB, the Wildlands Conservation Trust and the Wilderness Foundation of South Africa, WESSA and the EWT. Property Rates On Conservation Land: Framework For Landowner Negotiations With Municipalities. A document produced by the Biodiversity & Wine Initiative which looks at options for farmers with land set-aside for biodiversity conservation. Contact Sue Winter at 021 886 8428 or Tony Hansen at 021 780 1066.

Find the Natural Resource Atlas on www.agis.agric.za. This atlas provides information on soil, terrain, geology, climate, vegetation and near-real time data of veld fires in South Africa. www.nrf.ac.za/saeon/links.html the South African Environmental Observation Network portal. Find links to government departments, universities, science councils and institutions, environment science initiatives, conservation agencies, Southern African Organisations and International Organisations. www.africa-geographic.com Africa Geographic is South Africas leading wildlife and environmental magazine (formerly Africa Environment and Wildlife). Visit the associated website for additional information not found in the magazine and for online shopping for books, videos and other wildlife/environment essentials. www.plantzafrica.com A site describing plants, vegetation types and the uses of South Africa plant species. The printed copy or the electronic version of Enviropaedia www. enviropaedia.com contains an encyclopaedia, a database of environmental and other organisations involved in sustainable development and more. Global Biodiversity Information Facility www.gbif.org From 1999 to 2003, the then National Botanical Institute (now SANBI) co-ordinated the Conservation Farming Project, which was a targeted research programme supported by the GEF and the Mazda Wildlife Fund. Find out more at www.sanbi.org/consfarm Red Data Books (RDBs) are lists of threatened plants and animals specific to a certain region. They are a vital source of information in guiding land-use decision making and conservation planning. South Africa has produced 5 RDBs dealing with each of the following: birds, land mammals, fishes (fresh water and estuarine only), reptiles and amphibians, and butterflies. There are also RDBs by Hilton-Taylor and Golding on plants. Southern Africa has 582 national parks and nature reserves covering 6% of the region. More than 90% of the regions birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles occur in this network of protected areas. However, only 34% of plants are protected. There is an urgent need to extend the network of conservation areas to include unprotected plants.

Our thanks to Caroline Peterson and SANBI for going the extra mile once again

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Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

2. Roleplayers
Agron Efficient Microbes Tel: 013 262 6671 Tel: 031 266 2935 www.agronnutritionalscience.co.za www.efficientmicrobes.co.za Bio-Fly (Pty) Ltd Tel: 083 601 7221 www.biofly.co.za Bio-insectaries SA (BISA) Tel: 042 286 0978 / 083 270 4866 www.bioinsectsa.com Biogrow Tel: 028 313 2054 www.biogrow.co.za Natural organic solutions: Disease, insect and soil management are integrated with the development of natural predators and minimum contamination of the environment. Mycoroot (Pty) Ltd Tel: 046 603 8443 jo@mycoroot.com www.mycoroot.com Mycoroot, the home of mycorrhizal fungi. An organic microbial fertiliser that boosts yield and production by enhancing soil health and plant root functioning Ocean Agriculture Tel: 011 668 1974 Provincial contact details are available at www.oceanag.co.za

Biological Farming
Refer also to the Conservation Agriculture, Earthworms and Vermicompost, Compost and Organic Fertilisers and the Organic Farming chapters.

1. Overview
Biological farming utilises resources of both science and nature in a superior farming system. Biological farming works with nature to maximise natures power in producing a crop. Biological farming is a process aimed at restoring or improving soil life, soil structure and mineralising the soil. Improving the soils health in turn improves the health of plant, livestock and human. Biological farmers avoid using harmful chemicals like herbicides, pesticides and certain fertilisers that destroy soil life. A biological farmer might use less poisonous chemicals in an emergency to save a crop, but will also take measures to restore soil life by using products like compost tea and microbes to clean the soil of harmful chemicals. The benefits of biological farming are numerous. To start with, it results in a reduced need for inorganic fertilisers and pesticides. Despite the reduced chemical inputs, biological farmers most often experience an increase in yields. Of paramount importance is that the produce is of a higher quality. The consumers demands for healthy food is growing at an exponential rate, as is the willingness to pay a premium price for it. Biological farming is 80% down the road to organic farming it is a relatively easy matter for a well-established biological farmer to switch over to organic farming. Biological farming is sustainable. The Rules of Biological Farming test and balance soils using at least 21 parameters Albrecht system use only soil friendly fertilisers use minimum herbicides and pesticides use sound tillage practices use legumes in crop rotations use compost and compost tea
Source: www.sabiofarm.co.za (adapted)

Planner Bee Plant Care Tel/fax: 011 888 4215 Cosmocel Specialized Nutrition www.fertilis.co.za Tel: 015 307 1391 Fax: 015 307 6555 FERTILIS (registration no B3664 Act36/1947) is certified Den Vet by the Organic Food Federation Tel: 033 345 1093 UK: organic certification no: office@denvet.co.za 00371/01/00. FERTILIS also makes www.denvet.co.za wonderful Compost Tea for plant irrigation. Organic feed additives, veterinary remedies, veterinary instruments Plant Health Products (Pty) Ltd (PHP) Eco-fert Tel/fax: 033 266 6130 Tel: 021 979 1737 / 086 100 5051 bruce@plant-health.co.za www.eco-fert.co.za www.plant-health.co.za Eco-Fert specialises in fertilisers which contribute to sustainable soil production. Most products are based on soil friendly sources derived from the sea and land. It has a multiple use being an excellent soil life feeder (soil microbes) and effective foliar absorption as a plant feed. Research, develop, produce and market innovative biocontrol products for Agriculture, Horticulture and Viticulture. Products include Bio-fungicides, Bio-insecticides as well as the development of a number of other Bio-control organisms.

SOYGRO (Pty) Ltd Along with earthworms, numerous Tel: 018 292 1907 soygro@iafrica.com other soil activities are activated by micro organisms such as: Stimuplant Tel: 012 802 0940 / 4009 Prokaryotes: include stimuplant@gmail.com bacteria, actinomycedes and www.stimuplant.sa.gs cyanophycea Eukaryots: include fungi algae The input of nitrogen through and protozoa, a population of biological nitrogen fixation increases 247 billion micro organisms soil fertility and crop yield, as well can live in an active soil per ha, as decreasing the need for nitrogen this is 8967 kg of underground fertilisers. This is an inexpensive livestock per hectare. and environmentally friendly alternative. Ecosoil Tel: 021 848 9434 / 072 906 1636 jako@ecosoil.co.za www.ecosoil.co.za SA Biofarm Institute Tel: 012 333 4222 info@sabiofarm.co.za www.sabiofarm.co.za Standard Bank Tel: 011 636 6162 sbsaagriculture@standardbank. co.za www.standardbank.co.za

A business which specialises in compost extract machines. Pieterse consults farmers on creating healthy soils. Compost tea is made by adding compost to water and multiplying specific micro-organisms.

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3. Websites and publications

Visit www.kejafa.co.za or call 014 577 0005 for the following publications: Albrecht Papers Vol. 2 Hands-on Agronomy N Kinsey and C Walters How soils work P Syltie Find the featured articles and archives on www.sabiofarm.co.za. Numerous publications are also available from them. The agricultural weeklies Landbouweekblad and Farmers Weekly frequently run articles on biological farming. Find archived articles at www.landbou. com and www.farmersweekly.co.za Standard Bank has come out as a very strong supporter of biological farming, its AgriReview quarterly publication frequently covering this method of farming e.g. Farming for tomorrow in the 2nd quarter 2009 edition. Find archived copies at www.standardbank.co.za www.growit.co.za a complete solution for biological farming

Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

Birds and farming

1. Overview
There are situations where farmers play a key role in the conservation of birds. Owing to decreasing margins in many farming enterprises, increasing demands for food and other commodities, an increasing range of products, and technological advances, there will be an increasing trend to farm more intensively and to farm in new areas. This will place more pressure on natural systems and the birds and other animals which inhabit these areas. While farms often attract large numbers of birds due to the availability of food, this should not be mistaken for an indicator of healthy bird populations. Often the birds which abound on farms are the few kinds which can utilise the resource created by the farming enterprise, whereas many species which occurred naturally in the area do not utilise the resource and therefore undergo a marked reduction in numbers and area of occurrence or disappear altogether. The effect on biodiversity can be negative.

Farms with variety are bird-friendly farms

Whatever type of farming is practiced, there are ways of reducing the impact on bird diversity. Careful planning of new lands or any other developments which will alter the natural habitat is important. A good principle is to maintain a mosaic of different land uses on a farm. Even if a large part of the area of the farm is utilised, a range of different land uses will ensure a greater variety of birds can benefit from the farm.

Farm well to reduce habitat change

Alternatives to the establishment of new lands should be sought, such as more efficient farming methods to obtain increased yields from the existing lands. In general, good farming methods promote the wellbeing of the natural resources and are desirable. Even a simple example such as overgrazing of veld will lead to habitat changes, inevitably leading to a reduction in certain bird species.

Birds need corridors too

While birds can fly, many will not fly from one isolated patch of natural vegetation to another, whereas they would move along a natural corridor. Corridors of natural vegetation should be left between lands and between buildings to allow for movement of birds and other animals. Movement to water should also be encouraged by leaving corridors of natural vegetation leading to water sources. While considering bird movement, also look at commonly-used flight paths before erecting high fences, power lines, and telephone lines. Large birds, including many endangered birds, are often injured or killed when they collide with prominent structures. Where tall structures are erected, visibility aids should be used in areas of increased bird movement, such by marking power lines with flappers of other similar devices.

Use the right control methods right

Plagues, pests and weeds are a fact of farming, and must be controlled for efficient production. Control does not mean eradication, and control at a tolerable level should be considered. Natural, low impact methods should be employed wherever possible. Carefully chosen biological agents are the ideal. Birds may in fact constitute just such a biological management aid, such as the oxpeckers of the bushveld which pick and eat large amounts of ticks off cattle and other large animals in a year. Where the use of chemicals is necessary, careful research should be done to choose the product which will do the job with the least impact over the long term. Biodegradability, frequency of use, effects on other organisms, and accuracy of application are all important factors to consider in making

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a choice. Once the product is selected, the instructions of use should be followed closely, and all possible efforts must be made to avoid effects on other organisms, also known as non-target species. Insecticides are particularly dangerous, and suppliers and manufacturers should be quizzed regarding the above issues.

EWT Programmes include: Airport Wildlife Programme (EWT-AWP) Claire Patterson-Abrolat (Working Group Coordinator) claire@ewt.org.za The Airports Wildlife Programme is dedicated to improving aviation safety by minimising the chance of birds and other wildlife being hit by aircraft. The International Crane Foundation / Endangered Wildlife Trust Partnership for African Cranes Kerryn Morrison kerrynm@ewt.org.za Tel: 082 877 5126 The International Crane Foundation www.savingcranes.org This is a partnership between the International Crane Foundation (ICF) and the EWT to to ensure the survival of Africas crane species through direct conservation interventions as well as maintaining the ecological integrity of their natural habitats, such as grass-and wetlands, and associated biodiversity. This is achieved through the development of pro-active conservation programmes with local communities, generating an improved understanding of crane biology, identifying and mitigating human-induced threats, promoting the sustainable utilisation and wise management of wetland systems and monitoring the status and distribution of Blue (Anthropoides paradiseus), Grey Crowned (Balearica regulorum) and Wattled Cranes (Bugeranus carunculatus). Birds Of Prey Programme (BoPP) Andr Botha (Programme Manager) andreb@ewt.org.za Tanya Fouch (Senior Administrator) tanyaf@ewt.org.za The Birds of Prey Programme is one of the largest EWT Programmes and focuses on the conservation of diurnal and nocturnal raptors, vultures, and their habitats. It includes the previous Raptor Conservation and Vulture Study Groups, and the Ground Hornbill Programme. The Ground Hornbill Programme is part of the EWT-BoPPs activities in Mpumalanga. With less than 2000 Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) left in South Africa, a 50% decline in range and more than a 10% decline in numbers over the past three decades, the species is classified as Vulnerable. It is an easily identifiable species on sight and sound, and is an ideal flagship and indicator species for the savanna and woodland biome. Contact Scott Ronaldson (Project Manager) scottr@ewt.org.za. Threatened Grassland Species Programme (EWT-TGSP) Andr Rossouw: (Working Group Coordinator) andrer@ewt.org.za Tel: 072 391 9750 As of 2009 the Blue Swallow Working Group is a project under the Endangered Wildlife Trusts Threatened Grassland Species Programme (EWT-TGSP). The Blue Swallow (Hirundo atrocaerulea) is one of the most Critically Endangered birds in South Africa. The EWT-TGSP coordinates a network of stakeholders working together to integrate development and montane grassland and wetland conservation by using the Blue Swallow as a flagship and to define the geographic scope of their activities. The EWT-TGSP network consists of representatives from the provincial conservation authorities, other relevant national and provincial government departments, private landowners, farmers, other conservation NGOs and the forestry and mining industry. Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Programme (WCMP) Tim Snow (Programme Manager) snowman@ewt.org.za Administration: janete@ewt.org.za The Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Programme aims to address all aspects of human-wildlife conflict in southern Africa by positive and proactive interventions to prevent conflicts; with emphasis on stopping irresponsible use of poisons; and by promoting environmentally sustainable farming methods. Wildlife & Energy Programme (EWT-WEP) Jon Smallie (Working Group Manager) jons@ewt.org.za The WEP incorporates the Eskom-EWT Strategic Partnership, which aims to manage the negative interactions between Eskom infrastructure and wildlife. Report wildlife mortalities on electrical infrastructure to 0860 111 535.

Farming and birds can mix

Just as one must know the life-cycles of the pests to combat them, so by getting to know the birds behaviour, feeding and nesting habits, one can design new developments and general farming practices to promote their wellbeing. As custodians of the earth and the biodiversity in it, this is our duty and not a luxury.

Electricity and birds

Eskom electricity brings with it huge benefits to farming and farm life. However, it also brings with it risks to wildlife, in particular birds. Birds and other animals that sit, climb or perch on electrical poles can be electrocuted if they touch two live components, or a live and an earthed component. This is particularly common with the larger bird species. Birds in mid flight can also collide with the overhead wires, which are often difficult to see, particularly against a dark background. Both of these problems can be solved by Eskom, who are committed to making their power lines wildlife friendly. But we need farmers to report incidents of wildlife mortality to the Eskom-Endangered Wildlife Trust Strategic Partnerships toll free number 0860 111 535 or weig@ewt.org.za
Source: Dr At Kruger, Dr Pete Irons, Denokeng Bird Bash, Seringveld Conservancy, Gauteng Conservancy Association

2. Roleplayers
Find the contact details of conservancies in the Conservancies chapter. African Gamebird Research Education & Development Trust (AGRED) Tel: 083 445 2685 www.agred.org.za Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Tel: 033 239 1516 / 082 877 4122 skruger@kznwildlife.com

Endangered Wildlife Trust Tel: 011 486 1102 Animal Demography Unit (ADU) www.ewt.org.za Tel: 021 650 2423 www.adu.org.za FreeMe Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre Avizandum Tel: 011 807 6993 / 083 558-5658 Tel: 031 763 4054 www.sabirdkeeper.co.za Griffon Agrochemicalenvironmental Consultants BirdLife South Africa Griffon Poison Information Centre Tel: 011 789 1122 Tel: 082 446 8946 24 hr info@birdlife.org.za www.birdlife.org.za Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Dr Andrew Tucker of the Charles Tel: 021 650 3290/1/7 Street Veterinary Group in fitz@uct.ac.za Pretoria launched a project to promote the use of owls and SA Eagle National Raptor friendlier rodenticides namely Helpline Racumin to control rodents on pig Tel: 011 646 4629 farms. Producers testify that they have success in attracting owls SAFRING and getting rid of rats. Farmers Tel: 021 650 2421 can contact Dr Tucker at 082 858 dieter.oschadleus@uct.ac.za 6021. Southern African Birding Delta Environmental Centre Tel/Fax: 031 266 5948 Tel: 011 888 4831 www.sabirding.co.za delta@deltaenviro.org.za www.deltaenviro.org.za Thomas Smit Tel: 011 680 4778 EcoSolutions Tel: 072 365 9777 Racing pigeons (journalist) www.ecosolutions.co.za Zambezi Birdpark They supply and install owl boxes Tel: 012 543 9395

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3. Websites and publications

Die Volgids van Suider-Afrika (Ulrich Oberprieler, Burger Cillier) can be ordered at www.lapa.co.za. The English version is entitled The Bird Guide of Southern Africa. Order it at www.gameparkspublishing.co.za. Find the various books by Ian Sinclair, in English and in Afrikaans, on www.kalahari.net. These include Sasol Birds of Southern Africa and Sasol larger illustrated guide to birds of Southern Africa Southern African Birdfinder Callan Cohen, Claire Spottiswoode ISBN 186872-725-4 Vols van die bosveld SC Kidson, HL van Niekerk ISBN 978-1-87509388-5 Available from Kejafa Knowledge Works. Visit www.kejafa.co.za or phone 014 577 0005. Find details of AGREDs Gamebirds of South Africa in the Gamebirds, Waterfowl and other poultry chapter. For pictures, downloads and many bird-related links www.birdlife. org.za www.sabap2.org Southern African Bird Atlas Project 2, Mapping the distribution and abundance of birds in South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland www.worldmigratorybirdday.org World Migratory Bird Day (WMBD) is a global initiative devoted to celebrating migratory birds and for promoting their conservation worldwide. SA Birding www.sabirding.co.za The International Crane Foundation www.savingcranes.org

The Problems:
Poison. Many owls are victims of secondary or accidental poisoning through build up of insecticides in the body of the owl and through the use of rat poisons. The poison in the rats body often ends up killing the owl. It is important to realize that any poison used in the garden or farmyard can affect beneficial animals, such as owls. There are poison blocks (e.g. Racumin blocks not paste) which do not result in secondary poisoning. Contact the South African Pest Control Association (details in the Wildlife on Farms chapter). Chicks should be left where they are so that the parents can continue to look after them. Most owl chicks found on the ground have not been abandoned and the best thing to do in most cases is to leave the bird where it is.

Attracting Owls
Keep the area as natural as possible. Avoid poisons of all kinds. Provide safe nesting boxes: this could improve their breeding success. Two simple models may be found in the book listed below (see source acknowledgement). Finding Owls listen to the excited chatter of the other birds who set up an alarm.
Source: A Beginners Guide to Owls. The booklet is available from the Delta Environmental Centre.

4. Training and research

BirdLife South Africa (contact details under heading 2). BirdLife South Africa would like the public to assist them with the following research: Reports of any abnormal mortality amongst wild birds on farms. This should include poisoning, snaring, trapping, disease (such as various types of avian influenza, Newcastle disease, trichomoniasis, etc), and illegal hunting. BirdLife South Africa reports disease outbreaks to DAFF. Report all sightings and records of Southern Bald Ibis (kalkoenibis in Afrikaans) to BirdLife South Africa at info@birdlife.org.za or office phone 011 789 1122. Report all sightings of Cape Parrot (Knysnapapegaai) also to the same contacts as above. Any landowner who is interested in monitoring waterbirds, large terrestrial birds, or taking part in the Southern African Bird Atlas Project 2 should contact BirdLife South Africas partner, the Animal Demography Unit (see heading 2 for contact details) Read about empowering people for local conservation and benefit sharing at www.blsacommunityconservation.org.za Numerous universities do ornithological training and bird research. Below are two examples: University of Cape Town Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Tel: 021 650 3290/1/7 fitz@uct.ac.za University of the Free State Department Zoology and Entomology Mr H Butler Tel: 051 401 2489 Others include Rhodes University, University of the Witwatersrand, and the University of KwaZulu-Natal.

The Barn Owl prefers a closed box with just a small opening for entry, while the Spotted Eagle-Owl prefers a more open box, from which it can scan its surroundings. Owl boxes can be ordered from the EWT (orders can be placed online at www.ewt.org.za). Alternatively call 011 486 1102 or write to sales@ewt.org.za. Also see the EcoSolutions and Charles Street Veterinary Group notes under heading 2

Red-billed Oxpecker
The red-billed Oxpecker can be one of the farmers greatest natural allies on game and cattle farms, making it very important to employ farming practices which offer the bird the best chance of survival by managing tick infestations with the correct products and management protocols. Dipping against ticks almost eradicated the red-billed Oxpeckers in South Africa (thus the EWTs Operation Oxpecker). Fortunately, the introduction of environmentally-compatible chemicals, pyrethroid and amidine acaricides, brought new hope for oxpeckers. For more information on how to phase in oxpecker-friendly dips, then lessen dip-dependence by phasing in the oxpecker, and to order the Oxpeckers, Ectoparasiticides and Farmers Manual please contact Arnaud le Roux Cell: 082 325 6578, or write to oxpecker@ewt.org.za. Community Based Conservation empowering local people for local conservation and benefit sharing The secret to our success is no real secret. Heres what we do: We bring environmental education and awareness to schools and communities; we establish management committees that represent the entire community, local government and NGOs. We improve resource users access to and sustainable use of the resources (e.g. reeds, grass and forest products). We develop a culture of birding enthusiasts, especially among the youth. We develop small, community-owned businesses linked to conservation. The idea is to create real social benefits linked to the continued conservation of a site, so as to ensure local buy-in and continued conservation impetus at a local level. Call BirdLife South Africa or visit www.blsacommunityconservation.org. za to find out more Our thanks to Duncan Pritchard (BirdLife South Africa) and Hayley Komen (EWT) for feedback on the draft chapter

5. Two beneficial birds

Owls
Around the world, including Africa, owls are seen as birds of ill omen and the relationship between owls and humans has been marked by ignorance and misunderstanding. Owls are persecuted out of fear or ignorance and habitats destroyed. Farmers should be encouraged to look after the welfare of owls, a natural predator of grain pests like mice.

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Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

Conservancies and farming

1. Overview
The agricultural sector uses approximately 80% of South Africas 120 million hectare land surface, incorporating some of our countrys most sensitive ecosystems. Many of our countrys farmers are indeed good land conservationists; unfortunately, with ever increasing financial, resource and manpower burdens placed at the foot of our agricultural industry, many farmers are forced to ensure that every portion of their land becomes financially productive. This can negatively impact on our biophysical environment. Conservancies find common ground and create a meaningful partnership between nature conservation and agriculture.

There is a common misconception that a conservancy is a fenced off area which has had game species introduced to it. Because of this, conservancies are often viewed as elitist. This is NOT so. Many rural conservancies do, indeed, support game. However, there is no limit as to where a conservancy may be formed. Conservancies can be rural or urban and peri-urban as well as marine or industrial. Conservancies can be found in affluent as well as poor or previously disadvantaged areas. Of importance is that the community decides, voluntarily, to conserve the environmental aspects of their district. As the term environment is so complex, this could mean the natural, cultural or historical environment of an area. Such an holistic approach to the conservation of an area, town or district directly influences what people often call sense of place.

3. The case for conservancies

South Africas game parks and nature reserves are not sufficient for the conservation of biodiversity, simply because most of our biodiversity exists outside these formally protected areas. Conservancies bring many advantages, for the biodiversity as well as for the communities living or farming within it: Biodiversity survives and physical resources are conserved. The reporting, monitoring and co-operatively managing of exotic plants and animals happens. Wildlife increases in Conservancy areas. The economic value of the area is improved owing to healthier veld conditions and better overall security. Landowners become more conscious of their indigenous animal and plantlife. Game becomes tamer and is more readily seen, but protected at the same time. A closer community is formed. The local population usually supports the presence of Game Rangers. Vagrants tend to avoid a regularly patrolled area. Harassment of local population is reduced. There are marked decreases in stock and crop theft in the conservancy area. There is better control of stray dogs, and less hunting by dogs and the chances of rabies. Fences are patrolled more regularly; Pumps and water holes are patrolled more regularly. There are fewer uncontrolled forest and veld fires in the area owing to co-operative fire management strategies. There is better general security. New skills are developed. Conservation by people for people (conservancies) is a new conservation ethic, which embodies coexistence rather than segregation. How this is to be planned for and managed will tax local people to the utmost, but also be the means to heal the wounds of the past and create a dignified existence. We need to coexist with nature in a manner that will allow most species to survive well into the next century. For this to become reality local people will need to develop many skills. Conservancies enhances the use of the district for nature based education. The opportunity for eco/agro tourism is also enhanced. An overall better social, cultural and natural environment leads to a more healthy environment and, in turn, instils a greater sense of community pride in ones surroundings.

2. Conservancies
A conservancy is a voluntary association between land users/owners who cooperatively wish to manage their natural resources in an environmentally sustainable manner without necessarily changing the land-use of their properties. Registration is granted by the relevant provincial nature conservation authority. A conservancy is NOT a miniature game reserve or nature reserve (even if it is about farming in a way which is game and nature friendly). A conservancy is a voluntary and co-operative action by landowners/users to provide for the yearnings of their souls, e.g. space, silence and the aesthetic therapy of natural beauty, and in doing so are compelled to look after the requirements of nature. To live and/or work in a conservancy does not imply that you have to change your form of land use, or that your title deed is going to be amended. It also does not imply that someone is going to offer you monetary compensation for the time, effort and money you invest into the quality of your own life and for the common good. What living in a conservancy does imply is that each individual slowly but surely starts to consider the consequences, both positive and negative, of his or her actions. The consequences for self, family, neighbours, community, own property, adjacent properties, the conservancy as a whole and eventually much wider. For example, a river does not flow through only one smallholding, farm or even conservancy. A conservancy looks after the interests of nature because it assumes that the best interest of humans and nature are inextricable. What is good for the one is good for the other and vice versa. According to the conventional conservation model, humans are not considered part of biodiversity and therefore are not components of ecosystems. Farmers are not considered a component of agrobiodiversity and therefore not part of the agroecosystem. In a conservancy, people are considered key species of the ecosystem or agroecosystem and have to learn to rub shoulders with other life forms in such a manner that most can continue to exist. Both the words ecology and economy stem from the Greek root oikos that can be translated as household. Perhaps the idea that what is in our best interest is also in the best interest of nature or vice versa, is not far fetched at all. Conservancies should be like a meerkat colony: animals with a well developed sense of community, that look after each other, that take turns to do guard duty for the common good, are on the ground, know exactly what is going on around them, cooperatively oppose threats to the colony and yet go about their daily business with the emphasis on family and household.
Ivan Parkes, chairman of the Gauteng Conservancy and Stewardship Association

4. A short history
The first conservancy in South Africa was formed in 1978 in the Balgowan district of KwaZulu-Natal. Landowners in the area realised that if no effort was made to control the poaching of wildlife and utilisation of indigenous trees and shrubs and bring it to sustainable levels, the wildlife would soon disappear from the area and the natural bush would become too badly damaged to be of any use at all. Other conservancies have been formed, in the first instance for the security of the inhabitants of an area as well as its environmental assets. In industrial areas it was found that sound environmental management not only produced

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more pleasant and comfortable working environments, but also lead to the return of wildlife to the most unlikely places. In an urban environment it has been found that by encouraging the planning of suitable indigenous plants in a garden and along streets wildlife soon returned. Conservancy members often form useful environmental lobby groups. Many National Heritage Sites and Sites of Conservation Significance are administrated by Conservancies.
Source: Duart Hugo Free State Department of Tourism, Environmental & Economic Affairs

8. Business opportunities
The financial side of any organisation can see its success or failure so this should be a focus point when starting a conservancy. The financial status and management of the conservancy should be dealt with in the constitution. The conservancy should have a financial year beginning and end, a bank account and a treasure managing the funds. It should also give feed back to the members on the financial status of the conservancy when needed at the annual general meeting. The examples below are just a few, where funds could play a major role in the functioning of a conservancy: employing rangers in the conservancy; training rangers in the conservancy; controlling exotic plant and animals in the conservancy; rehabilitating habitats in the conservancy; maintaining fire breaks around the conservancy; getting specialist to assist in the management of the conservancy; putting up signboards in the conservancy.

5. What types of conservancies are there?

The most common Conservancies types in South Africa fall into the following categories: Rural (e.g. with nature conservation or LandCare motives) Agricultural Peri-Urban Urban in urban living areas Industrial in industrial areas Informal Settlements Marine & Coastal in the marine & coastal areas.

Some provinces also have other types of conservancies: Educational Conservancies e.g. on or around campuses and school grounds. Habitat Conservancies, set up to safeguard or conserve specific endangered habitats e.g. Bullfrog Pan Conservancy in Gauteng. Cultural Conservancies to protect places of cultural or historical value.

Management fees are the obvious way to generate some funds for the conservancy, but there are other ideas, mainly revolving around cooperation in eco-tourism opportunities. The following can be developed by the landowners to generate income in the conservancy: hiking trails picnic areas fishing opportunities bird watching mountain bike trails overnight facilities farm holidays sponsors can provide financial support.

6. Rangers
In rural and agricultural districts that have formed a conservancy, it is advisable to employ field rangers. This, however, is a matter of choice and necessity. Although there are, obviously, costs involved with the employment of field rangers, one must decide if this is offset by the savings a community gains through greater protection of natural resources in the area, proper maintenance of fences and better protection of livestock and crops through a more efficient on the ground reporting system.

Labour intensive conservancy projects, such as invasive alien plant management, should create opportunities for the hiring of jobless, previously disadvantaged communities. There is a new push for biodiversity stewardship where farmers are given incentives and support to include areas that are managed for biodiversity in their farms. Inquire about deductions for tax paying farmers under the Income Tax Act. Two of these are: expenditure on the conservation and maintenance of land under a biodiversity-management agreement entered into between the landowner and the Environmental Affairs Minister; a tax deduction for money spent maintaining land under the Protected Areas Act. Contact your tax consultant or one of the roleplayers (see heading 9) for more.

7. Training of rangers
Most Nature Conservation Departments provide training to ensure that conservancy rangers are well trained and that high standards are met. Training is usually free but the conservancy is responsible for accommodation and food during training. Sponsors may be identified to provide support for training programmes. The following aspects are covered during most of the courses: security and discipline methods of patrolling and reporting Nature Conservation laws identification of plants, insects, fish, birds, reptiles and animals identification of exotic plants and animals muti and medicinal plants control of veld fires benefits of recycling personal hygiene and yard management public relations tourism maintenance of hiking trails

9. Roleplayers
Read about the Biodiversity & KwaZulu Hybrid Seeds Wine Initiative in the Biodiversity Tel: 031 785 1581 chapter. wensi@mweb.co.za Conservation Management Services Ken Coetzee 044 870 8472 Jan Vlok 044 279 1987 consken@mweb.co.za Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) Tel: 011 486 1102 ewt@ewt.org.za www.ewt.org.za Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Kevin McCan KZN Biodiversity Stewardship Programme manager Tel: 033 8451805 mccannk@kznwildlife.com Seed mixes can be used to attract game already present on a farm. Read about a research programme done by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) then the National Botanical Institute at www.sanbi. org/consfarm Stellenbosch University Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Tel: 021 808 3728 University of the Free State Centre for Environmental Management www.ufs.ac.za/cem

Get in touch with your provincial NACSSA affiliate (see heading 9) for details, or visit www.nacsa.co.za.

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National Association of Conservancies and Stewardships of South Africa (NACSSA) www.nacsa.co.za Chairperson: John Wesson Tel: 012 504 1408 janejohn@mweb.co.za Vice Chair: Trafford Petterson Tel: 031 300 2000 pettersont@durban.gov.za

NACSSA fulfils a vital role in supporting and assisting the agricultural industry with respect to best land management practices and, in turn, recognise that there is a wealth of stored knowledge which can be gained from farmers which can be of great importance to those working in the field of nature conservation. NACSSAs vision is to promote stewardship of natural resources at a community level. NACSSA Provincial Representatives: Remember each Conservancy develops its own Constitution. Eastern Cape rautenbach@grasmereostriches.com (Elizabeth Rautenbach) North West janejohn@mweb.co.za (John Wesson) Free State hugoel@dteea.fs.gov.za (Duart Hugo) Northern Cape ahlmann@yebo.co.za (Dr Vicky Ahlmann) Gauteng Ivan.parkes@conservancies.org (Ivan Parkes) Western Cape nora@delheim.com (Nora Speiling Thiel) KwaZulu-Natal md.s@mweb.co.za (Malcolm Stainbank) Mpumalanga nico@mountainlands.co.za (Nico Oosthuizen) Limpopo spauline@iafrica.com (Pauline Stacey) NACSSAs agricultural policy (a brief summary). Legislation. All agricultural activities undertaken must be executed in accordance with the laws of South Africa. A National Biodiversity Stewardship Programme. NACSSA has promoted stewardship of natural resources amongst private and community based landowners throughout South African since 2003. Sustainable Land Use Planning. NACSSA supports the practice of proper land use planning which is environmentally and economically sustainable. Soil Conservation. NACSSA supports responsible and sustainable soil conservation practices through proper land husbandry. Water. NACSSA encourages responsible and wise water usage and is opposed to any agricultural practice that degrades both surface and subterranean water quality and quantity. Botanical Resources. Farmers and nature conservationists need to co-operate in ensuring that botanical knowledge is developed outside of formally protected areas as occurring in a particular area does not necessary mean that it does not occur, rather that it may never have previously been noted and catalogued from that specific area. Wildlife and Hunting. All naturally occurring wildlife on farms should be conserved and properly managed. Hunting with Dogs. Unless provided for in terms of provincial nature conservation ordinances, the use of dogs to hunt down wildlife (excluding dogs that aid in bona fide hunts, such as those used for retrieval or the flushing of wild fowl) is illegal and the perpetrators should be charged criminally in accordance with the rule of law. Problem Animal Control. NACSSA acknowledges that the agricultural sector suffers great losses annually through predation or crop damage from wild animals. It, however, believes that solutions can only be found through multidisciplinary research into the problem, which strives to address the issue ecologically. Fire Control. NACSSA urges all farmers to take responsibility for well planned and maintained fire prevention strategies. For further information contact Trafford Petterson - Tel: 031 300 2000.

Many conservancies produce their own newsletters, essential reading category updates, pamphlets, handbooks, guidelines, as well as information on projects and ideas for conservancies. Examples of newsletters are KZNs The Guinea fowl and Gautengs The Ear to the Ground. Share-Net is a South African based informal networking project that supports environmental education and development in the SADC region. Call the Share-Net team at 033 330 3931 or email sharenet@wessa.co.za Also refer to other relevant chapters in this directory. National Association of Conservancies and Stewardships SA www. nacsa.co.za Gauteng Conservancy and Stewardship Association www. conservancies.org Individual conservancies websites can be accessed on www. conservancies.org and www.nacsa.co.za

11. Projects and ideas for conservancies

Anyone can start a conservancy!
Biodiversity is declining at an alarming rate and ecosystems face terminal threat through mass extinction of species. Plant and animal resources have always fed and nurtured us. Forming conservancies is a positive step towards protection of our environment and our cultural resources. In our conservancies are rare plant and animal life as well as historical sites it is essential that ALL these valuable natural assets be noted. The way you wish to organise your conservancy and the projects initiated will be up to your community and committee, however, please note that, although conservancies can play an important role in reducing crime in an area, they should not be confused with security organisations such as farmwatch.

Ideas for conservancies:

1. Look at places of importance, note activities, historical places and natural places: Historical Places i.e. buildings, walls, trees, water springs, pits, history of the conservancy, graves. Natural Places i.e. wetlands, streams etc, restore wetlands and banks of wetlands, restore stream flow and stream banks, grasslands, restore grasslands by removing litter, start a trail, construct a bird hide, reintroduce wildlife, plant an indigenous forest, eradicate exotic and invader plants, start a horsetrail, establish a nursery, environmental club, help farmers with fire breaks etc. 2. Develop checklists of species e.g. birds, trees, plants insects, amphibians, reptiles, animals. 3. Other interesting project ideas are to start a recycling project, consider fund-raising e.g. paper tin and plastic collecting, start a compost heap, vegetable garden, herb garden or medicinal plant nursery. Select a steering committee that will inform the participants about setting up and running the conservancy CONSERVANCIES ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT CONSERVATION ACTIVITY FOR THE NEW CENTURY. Remember each Conservancy develops its own constitution. Refer to the NACSSA websites for examples. For further ideas refer to the booklet Projects and Ideas for Conservancies available from Gauteng Conservancy Association. Email conservancy@conservancies.org or write to PO Box 1552, Walkerville 1876.
Sources for this chapter: Trafford Petteron (National Association of Conservancies and Stewardships of South Africa); Ivan Parkes (Gauteng Conservancy and Stewardship Association). Use was made of an abridged version of At Krugers articles in The Malachite (2005). If you are interested in his CONSERVANCY, BIODIVERSITY AND FARMING: A LONG STORY, please email conservancies@conservancies.org. It is also available in Afrikaans. Standard Banks AgriReview 3rd quarter 2009

10. Websites and publications

A national newsletter NACSSA NEWS is published and distributed to interested parties via email. For more information and comprehensive manuals e.g. Conservancies Handbook, Guidelines for Conservancy Management Planning, School Conservancies etc. go to www.conservancies.org or contact your nearest conservancy. These are very useful if you wish to start a conservancy. KwaZulu-Natal Conservation Service has a booklet Guidelines for the Formation of a Conservancy, and has a wealth of advice about where to start, how to draw up a constitution etc. Tel: 033 845 1999 / 1358.

Thanks to Ivan Parkes for feedback on the draft chapter

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Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

National Environmental Management Act (107 of 1998) The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) is the overarching environmental legislation in South Africa and deals with a number of issues including: Sustainable development - taking into account social, economic and environmental factors in all planning and decision making. Disturbances of eco-systems and loss of biodiversity must be avoided or mitigated and there must be a duty of care to prevent significant pollution and environmental degradation. The Polluter Pays Principle states that the cost of remedying pollution, environmental degradation and consequent adverse health effects and of preventing, controlling or minimising further pollution, environmental damage or adverse health effects must be paid for by those responsible for harming the environment. There are set procedures for the investigation, assessment and communication of any activity requiring environmental authorisation. Under Section 24 of the NEMA, specific legislation in terms of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations is included. This is discussed in more detail under heading 3. The National Water Act (36 of 1998) The intention of the National Water Act is to protect South Africas water resources and associated ecosystems and their biological diversity. See the Water chapter. Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (43 of 1983) The intention of the Act is to control the over-utilisation of South Africas natural agricultural resources, and maintaining the production potential of land. The conservation of soil and water resources and natural vegetation is promoted through the prevention and control of erosion, protection of surface and groundwater, and the prevention of the silting of dams and pollution of water. Combating of weeds and invader plants is covered by Amended Regulations 15 and 16 of the Act, which were promulgated on 30 March 2001. See the Invasive Alien Species chapter. National Veld and Forest Fire Act (101 of 1998) The purpose of the National Veld and Forest Fire Act is to prevent and combat veld, forest and mountain fires throughout South Africa. See the Fire chapter. National Forests Act (84 of 1998) The purpose of the Act is to protect and promote sustainable use of forests for environmental, economic, educational, recreational, cultural, health and spiritual purposes. Natural Heritage Resources Act (25 of 1999) The purpose of the Act is to protect South Africas natural and cultural heritage. This may include the protection of a landscape, natural features and objects or places of cultural significance, historical importance and archaeological / geological value. According to the Act, all buildings older than 60 years may not be altered in any way without authorization from the Provincial Heritage Authority (e.g. KZN Amafa). The National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (10 of 2004) The intention of the Act is to protect species and ecosystems and promote the sustainable use of indigenous biological resources. This Act establishes the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), which may coordinate the implementation of programmes for the rehabilitation of ecosystems. National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (57 of 2003) The intention of the Act is to protect and conserve ecologically viable areas and their natural landscapes.

Environmental Impact Assessments and other environment legislation

1. Overview
Often, environmental issues are assumed to be green issues, only relating to natural resources like animals and plants. In reality, a triple bottom line concept must be considered when understanding the environment, i.e. ecological, economic and social aspects. It is only through the interaction of these three aspects that the real environment can be accurately determined and understood. Ecological aspects include plants, animals, water, air and soil while social issues are related to human interaction, and include issues such as education, traffic, noise impacts, poverty and visual impacts. Economic issues include capital outlay, returns on investments and employment opportunities. The concept of environmental sustainability strives to draw these three aspects of our environment together to ensure that the needs of future generations can be guaranteed, while ensuring that the environment is safeguarded. This chapter is included for two reasons: Farmers can get into trouble when they are not familiar with environmental issues. As mentioned in the biodiversity chapter, any national conservation strategy needs to take account of the important role of farmers in conservation.

2. Environmental legislation
South Africa is governed by a number of legislative provisions relating to the environment, and these include both national and international laws. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONVENTIONS include: The Ramsar Convention An intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources, with emphasis on ecological, economic and social feasibility. Convention on Biological Diversity Aims to conserve biological diversity and promote the sustainable use of its components with equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of resources. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification Requires countries to respond to land degradation and the effects of drought, including the rehabilitation, conservation and sustainable management of land and water resources. New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) Conservation and sustainable use of natural resources is one of the eight themes under this environment initiative. The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Promotion of watershed and water resource protection and restoration to reduce the risk of flooding in drought-vulnerable countries. Locally, our NATIONAL LEGISLATION pertaining to the environment includes the following: The Constitution of South Africa (108 of 1996) Everyone has the right to have the environment protected by legislative or other means to: prevent ecological degradation and pollution; promote conservation; and secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources.

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Kinds of protected areas are: game reserves, nature reserves and protected environments; World Heritage Sites; specially protected forest areas; and mountain catchment areas.

Landowners are encouraged to place land under formal protection/ conservation, and to encourage this, rates rebates are available to landowners who do so. The Mountain Catchments Areas Act (63 of 1970) The intention of the Act is to provide for the conservation, use, management and control of land situated in mountain catchment areas. Other Acts and Legislation Attention is drawn to the World Heritage Conventions Act, (49 of 1999) in which World Heritage Sites fall under the control of the management authority and the relevant Municipality. The Seashore Act, (21 of 1935) and the Marine Living Resources Act, (18 of 1998) include the definitions of estuarine and inland waters. Provincial and local government legislation may have specific relevance to particular instances within their jurisdictions. These must be considered on a case by case basis.

3. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) regulations

Under Section 24 of the NEMA, Amended Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations have been recently promulgated under Government Notice (GN) R 543 (2010), and these specify certain Listed Activities for which either a Basic Assessment (GN R 544 and R 546) or a Scoping and Environmental Impact Assessment (GN R 545) is required. There are several Listed Activities which are applicable to proposed developments or improvements within the agricultural sector. These include activities related to livestock production, packsheds, fuel storage, effluent ponds, removal of indigenous vegetation through ploughing, establishment of bridges / weirs, water extraction and storage in dams, composting and waste management, release of genetically-modified organisms and the subdivision of land. These are specified in more detail below: Under GN R 544, the following activities would trigger the need for a Basic Assessment to be carried out: Part 3: The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the slaughter of animals with a product throughput of (i) poultry exceeding 50 poultry per day; or (ii) game and red meat exceeding 6 units per day;

Part 4: The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the concentration of animals for the purpose of commercial production in densities that exceed - 2m2 per large stock unit and more than 500 units per facility; - 8 m2 per small stock unit and (a) more than 1 000 units per facility excluding pigs where (b) will apply; (b) more than 250 pigs per facility, excluding piglets that are not yet weaned; - 30m2 per crocodile at any level of production, excluding crocodiles younger than 6 months; - 3m2 per rabbit and more than 500 rabbits per facility; or - 250m2 per ostrich or emu and more than 50 ostriches or emus per facility or 2500m2 per breeding pair; Part 5: The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the concentration of: - (i) more than 1 000 poultry per facility situated within an urban area, excluding chicks younger than 20 days; or - (ii) more than 5 000 poultry per facility situated outside an urban area, excluding chicks younger than 20 days. Part 8: The construction of a hatchery or agri-industrial infrastructure outside industrial complexes where the development footprint covers an area of 2000m2 or more Part 11: The construction of (i) canals, (ii) channels, (iii) bridges, (iv) dams, (v) weirs, (x) buildings exceeding 50m2 in size, (xi): infrastructure or structures covering 50m2 or more, where such construction occurs within a watercourse or within 32 metres of a watercourse, measured from the edge of a watercourse. Part 12: The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the off-stream storage of water, including dams and reservoirs, with a combined capacity of 50 000 m3 or more, unless such storage falls within the ambit of the activity listed in Activity 19 of GN R 545 of 2010; Part 13: The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the storage, or for the storage and handling, of a dangerous good, where such storage occurs within containers with a combined capacity of 80 500m3. Part 25: The release of genetically modified organisms into the environment, where assessment for such release is required by the Genetically Modified Organisms Act, 1997 (Act No. 15 of 1997) or the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004); Under GN R 546, certain Listed Activities would trigger the need for a Basic Assessment to be carried out, due to the location of the site within specified Geographical Areas. These include sites outside urban areas, in Protected Areas, Conservancies or Biosphere Reserves, within 5km of a Nature Reserve or within 10km of a World Heritage Site, in sensitive areas identified in terms of a Environmental Management Framework, in critical biodiversity areas, or in areas zoned for open space or conservation use. The types of Listed Activities for these areas include: Part 2: The construction of reservoirs for bulk water supply with a capacity of more than 250m3; Part 3: The construction of masts or towers of any material or type used for telecommunication broadcasting or radio transmission purposes where the mast : (a) is to be placed on a site not previously used for this purpose, and (b) will exceed 15m in height, but excluding attachments to existing buildings and masts on rooftops;

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Part 4: The construction of a road wider than 4m with a reserve less than 13,5m; Part 8: The construction of aircraft landing strips and runways shorter than 1,4km; Part 10: The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the storage, or for the storage and handling, of a dangerous good, where such storage occurs within containers with a combined capacity of 30 80m3; and The clearance of vegetation where 75% or more of the vegetative cover constitutes indigenous vegetation, ranging in size from 300m2 to 5ha or more (specific to sites environmental sensitivity).
A diagrammatic representation of the Basic Assessment Process is shown in Figure 1.

to ensure that activities are being responsibly undertaken, in line with the guidelines set out in the EMP . Should non-compliance occur, the ECO will bring this to the attention of the relevant authority, who will instruct the necessary remediation procedure or prosecute, if necessary.

Auditing / Certification
Auditing of specific industries according to a set industry standard is often a requirement in order to be able to export agricultural produce to certain overseas markets. For example, GlobalGAP is based on the concept of Good Agricultural Practise (GAP) and is recognised as an international benchmark or standard that is applicable to a variety of products, including plant and livestock production, plant propagation and feed manufacturing. Other standards exist within the agricultural sector, such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), which is a certification system applicable to forest management, and ensures that all FSC-accredited timber is produced in an environmentally sustainable manner. These types of audits often require regular self-audits followed by less frequent audits by independent certification bodies. The concept of standards and auditing systems is usually one of self-improvement towards achieving specific and attainable goals, however non-compliance can result in losing accreditation, resulting in a reduction in market opportunities.

The following Listed Activities under GN R 545 would require a Scoping and EIA process to be conducted: Part 16: The physical alteration of virgin soil to agriculture, or afforestation for the purposes of commercial tree, timber or wood production of 100ha or more; and Part 19: The construction of a dam where the highest part of the dam wall, as measured from the outside toe of the wall to the highest part of the wall, is 5m or higher or where the high-water mark of the dam covers an area of 10ha or more: It should be noted that there may be additional Listed Activities specific to agriculture, which are not listed above. It should also be noted that additional Listed Activities for aquaculture and the production of finfish, crustaceans, reptiles, amphibians, molluscs and aquatic plants are specified in the EIA Regulations. Environmental assessments are also required for the expansion of agricultural facilities, according to certain thresholds. Should any of the above be triggered by a proposed activity on a farm, then under GN R 543 of 2010, the applicant is required to appoint an independent Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP) to conduct the environmental authorisation process (Basic Assessment or Scoping and EIA) on behalf of the applicant.

5. Rehabilitation
Humans rely on the natural functioning of ecosystems to provide them with goods (e.g. oxygen from trees) and services (e.g. clean water). Land that has been disturbed by human activities cannot perform these natural functions as efficiently as pristine land. It is therefore necessary to rehabilitate land that has been disturbed by agriculture or other activities (e.g. construction). The National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) stipulates that no agricultural activities can take place in the 1:10 year flood line of a river or stream, or within 32 m from the bank of a river or stream where the flood line is unknown (see EIA Regulations above). The reason for conserving such areas is to protect the water resources and natural capital of South Africa. Areas within this stipulated zone that are currently under agriculture should be removed from agriculture and placed under rehabilitation after the next harvest. Land that is due to be rehabilitated is often initially bare (no vegetation). In this situation, protecting soil from being washed away by moving water is always the priority. If a good soil layer already exists, planting grass varieties such as Paspalum or Vetiver will help to bind the soil. This can be most effectively achieved by planting plugs of grass, but other methods such as hydro-seeding or simply sowing grass seed are also effective. When there is too little soil to plant grasses, erosion structures built along the contours of the slope will trap soil during rainfall events that can then be used for planting. For information on different erosion structures and materials see http://www.africangabions.co.za/solutions. For successful rehabilitation, the gradient of the land needs to be made as gentle as possible, as steep land allows for very fast water run-off that accelerates erosion. To avoid this, any steps in slopes must be evened out and all erosion preventing structures must be built along contours to avoid water channelling. To achieve successful rehabilitation, the flow of water must be slowed down using a water attenuation system that can be built using local materials such as stones and branches. However one must be careful not to disturb another site when sourcing such materials. Structures should be built as high up on the slope as possible in order to prevent build up in momentum as stormwater moves down the slope. The steepness of the slope and severity of disturbance will determine the spacing of the structures moving down the slope. Extremely steep ground can be virtually impossible to rehabilitate without the use of climbing equipment and bio-matting, which is used to cover the entire slope.

4. Environmental Monitoring and Auditing

Environmental Compliance Monitoring
A requirement of the environmental authorisation process most often includes the compilation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP). This document contains guidelines to ensure that all activities associated with the proposed development are carried out in an environmentally responsible and acceptable manner, e.g. safe storage of hazardous chemicals, sensible siting of ablution facilities, effective control of workers activities, implementation of methods to reduce soil erosion and compliance with health and safety issues. An EMP is a legally-binding document that contains guidelines with which building contractors and / or applicants must comply, and that must be strictly implemented and regularly monitored. If this is done, it is likely that the majority of the potentially adverse impacts can be minimised or prevented. The EMP should be based on the principles of the NEMA as well as the recommendations made in the preceding Basic Assessment Report or the Scoping and EIA Reports. The EMP specifies management objectives and the roles and responsibilities of management personnel on site. The EMP also includes specific mitigation measures for the entire duration of the development, namely the following stages: planning and design; pre-construction and construction activities; operation of the activity; rehabilitation of the environment; and closure (where relevant).

The EMP should be used as a framework for environmental compliance monitoring and reporting. In order to effectively monitor compliance with the EMP , an Environmental Control Officer (ECO) should be appointed by the applicant. The ECO will conduct regular inspections of the site or facility

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Levels of intervention for soil stabilisation

Level 0: No Intervention. The habitat is stable and no erosion control measures are required, as the naturally occurring rehabilitation is adequately. Level 1: Minimum Intervention. Small bare patches on gentle slopes may need grassing, or a stabilising material placed over them. Level 2: Low to Medium Intervention. Extended areas of exposed soil on relatively gentle slopes may facilitate water runoff during rainfall. This will lead to minor soil loss if patches are not grassed or stabilised with inert materials. Level 3: Intermediate Intervention. Flowing water dislodges soil particles and transports them off-site, leaving a scar on the land. Erosion structures and revegetation practises should be implemented. Level 4: Medium / High Intervention. When flow velocities become too high, serious intervention is required through the introduction of additional inert materials that add a strength component to protect the underlying soil from erosion. Gabions and textile matting may be used for this purpose when local materials are unavailable. Level 5: Maximum Intervention. Although vegetation can nearly always be used to curb erosion, situations arise on steep, bare land where erosive forces are too great for vegetation develop without assistance. Erosion structures such as gabion weirs will need to be constructed to stabilise the soil movement before planting can take place. Steep dongas may have to be back-filled using local materials before a soil layer can be established for planting.

6. Environmental Permits
Aside from the procedural requirements of the EIA process, certain activities also require specific permits to be granted, prior to commencing with the activity. For example, the planting of timber plantations is classified as a stream flow reduction activity, thus requires a permit to be issued by the Department of Water and Environmental Affairs (DWEA, previously Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, DWAF). Similarly, construction of a road or causeway over a stream or river would also require a water use license application, as this activity could divert or impede the flow of water in a watercourse. More information on water use registering and licensing can be found on DWEAs website www.dwaf.gov.za/ Projects/ WARMS/default.asp. Some proposed activities may result in protected tree species being damaged or destroyed. In such cases, a permit is required to be submitted to the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), prior to undertaking such an activity. The list of protected trees can be found on the DAFF website (take the Forestry option). Should the release of atmospheric emissions be a part of the proposed activity, a permit in terms of the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act would be required, in order to obtain authorisation to release certain emissions.

Alien Vegetation
Rehabilitation may also be necessary when intensive alien plant invasion has occurred, even if the soils are stable. Alien vegetation commonly establishes in disturbed areas and on bare soil, so there is a relationship between these two types of rehabilitation, thus a necessary step in rehabilitation is the removal of any alien plant species and ongoing follow-ups. Refer to the chapter on Invasive Alien Species is this directory for further information. The DWEA (previously Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, DWAF), in its Working for Water Programme, recommends the following regarding alien invasive species. Any control programme for alien vegetation must include the following 3 phases: Initial control: drastic reduction of existing population; Follow-up control: control of seedlings, root suckers and coppice growth; and Maintenance control: sustain low alien plant numbers with annual control. A variety of methods exist to control invasion of alien vegetation. Speciesspecific information relating to methods in manual and chemical control can be obtained on the Working for Water website (www.dwa.gov.za/wfw/ Control).

7. Waste Management
See the Waste Management chapter

8. The National Environmental Management Act: Waste Act and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations
The National Environmental Management Act: Waste Act (NEMWA; Act 59 of 2008) is South Africas newly promulgated legislation relating to the storage, reuse, recycling, recovery, treatment and disposal of hazardous and general waste, including animal waste. In terms of the NEMWA, no person may commence, undertake or conduct a waste management activity listed in Schedule 1 unless a licence is issued in respect of that activity. According to Schedule 1, certain Listed Activities are specified for which either a Basic Assessment (Government Notice No. R (GN R) 544 and 546) or a Scoping and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA; GN R 545), as stipulated in the EIA Regulations (see heading 3), is required to accompany the Waste Licence Application Form. Our gratitude to Janet Edmonds, Lauren Boyes and Andrew Booth for compiling this valuable chapter.

Re-vegetation
Replanting of rehabilitated areas should be undertaken during seasons of rainfall, to promote plant establishment and to reduce irrigation requirements. Mulch could be added to the soil when replanting, to increase organic content and to maximise the soils moisture-retention capabilities. Species to be used in the re-vegetation exercise should be indigenous to South Africa, or, better still, endemic (i.e. native to a specific limited area). Grass seed mixes, indigenous shrubs and trees should be sourced from local indigenous nurseries. Further Reading: Restoration ecology: the new frontier by Jelte van Andel, James Aronson. Vetiver Grass: the hedge against erosion. Published by The Institute of Natural Resources.

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Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

2. Legal notes on firebreaks

It is the landowners responsibility to prepare firebreaks and have the correct equipment and trained personnel to prevent the spread of fires. This is made very clear in Act 101 of 1998. The act is available on www.firestop.co.za. Landowners must prepare and maintain firebreaks on their side of the boundary or fence as well as any adjoining land. The Landowner must obtain permission and determine a mutually agreeable date/s with owners of adjoining properties, and inform the fire protection association for the area, if any. If no agreement can be reached on dates, the Landowner must give the owners of adjoining properties as well as the fire protection association in the area (if any) at least 14 days written notice of the intended day/s when the Landowner intends burning firebreaks. An owner of adjoining land who has agreed on a day or who receives a notice must burn his or her firebreak on the boundary concerned on the same day or days; be present at such burning or have his or her agent attend; and ensure that a sufficient number of persons are present on his or her side of the boundary to prevent any spread of fire when the firebreak is burned. An owner may not burn a firebreak, despite having complied with subsection (2) of the Act, if the fire protection association objects to the proposed burning; or a warning has been published because the fire danger is high in the region; or the conditions are not conducive to the burning of firebreaks. The owner must inform the owners of adjoining land and the fire protection association if burning cannot be done on the agreed day or days or any of the days; of the additional days on which he or she intends to bum because of the failure to do so on the day or days. It is not necessary for the owner to give 14 days notice of the additional days. Owners of adjoining land may agree to position a common firebreak away from the boundary. Should an owner intend to be absent for a period longer than 14 days during the period or part of any period in which burning normally takes place, he or she must give all owners of adjoining land an address and telephone number, if any, at which he or she may be contacted. If an owner of adjoining land is not present on the agreed or notified day or days; or has not given an address and telephone number, if any, as required in subsection (8), the owner may proceed with the burning in his or her absence. Requirements for firebreaks An owner is obliged to prepare and maintain a firebreak with due regard to the weather, climate, terrain and vegetation, and must ensure that it is wide enough and long enough to have a reasonable chance of preventing a veldfire from spreading to or from neighbouring land; it does not cause soil erosion; and it is reasonably free of inflammable material capable of carrying a veldfire across it.
Source: Agricultural Employers Organisation (LWO). Contact them at 0861 10 18 28 or visit www.lwo.co.za.

Fire
1. Overview
Uncontrolled wild fires lead to direct losses in terms of: loss of life, and disability, due to vegetation fires; loss of housing and possessions when thatched or wooden dwellings ignite; loss of grazing, crops, livestock and subsistence natural resources. In Africa, where lightning is common and people have used veld fires for thousands of years to improve the quality of their grazing, veld fires have a long history. Veld fires are also a controversial issue, however, and have been banned totally in some countries. The truth is that veld fires can be a useful veld management practice, but under the wrong conditions can also cause great damage to the veld. Veld fires are a good servant, but a bad master. Veld is mainly burned for two reasons: to remove accumulated organic material, particularly in areas with a high rainfall; to combat or prevent bush encroachment. When to burn This is not only determined by the correct season of the year, but also by the amount of available combustible material. The right time of the year to burn is probably as close as possible to the first spring rains. By burning earlier in the year, the burned veld is exposed to cold and late winter winds, which can remove valuable nutrients in the form of ash. In addition, the stimulated grasses are weakened by having to rely on their reserves in order to survive without water for long periods. This is particularly the case if the veld is used as pasture. In both cases the presence of a dense stand of perennial grasses is important. By burning veld that is in a poor condition, the condition of the veld will deteriorate even further. When burning to combat bush encroachment, it is important to have a good stand of dry grass beneath the shrub to generate a hot fire. When not to burn It is advisable not to burn the veld under the following conditions: Never burn to stimulate green pasture out of season. This practice has the same negative consequences as overgrazing and will lead to large scale veld deterioration over the long term. Never attempt to burn veld that is in a poor condition. This veld is already under stress and burning it will only let the veld deteriorate even further. It is preferable to only burn veld that has a majority of climax species and a biomass of 3 000 kg of combustible material and more per hectare. Veld in areas with a low rainfall (400 mm per annum and less) should preferably not be burned. Should follow-up rains not fall straight away, the veld will take a long time to recover. Types of fire A fire that burns in the direction of the wind is generally preferred. When burning to remove declining veld, a cool fire is required. This can be obtained by burning on a cool day with no wind. The cooler the fire, the less damage is caused to dormant grass plants. When burning to control bush encroachment, a hot fire is required. This can be achieved by burning on a hot day with a low humidity. A hot fire on a windy day will cause the bush to be burned right up to the crown, but with minimal burning at ground level.
Source: Guide to Grasses of South Africa. Frits van Oudtshoorn. Contact him at courses@bushveldeco.co.za (further details under the roleplayers heading see Bushveld Eco Services entry).

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3. National strategy
Co-operation among rural owners and managers of land is required for the effective management of veldfires. The National Veld and Forest Fires Act of 1998 provides a framework for owners to organise and collaborate in veldfire management. The Act provides a variety of ways in which to prevent, combat and manage fires throughout the country. These include the formation of Fire Protection Associations (FPAs), voluntary organisations. Members are drawn from local communities and authorities, farmers, residents, landowners, nature conservation, municipal fire services and so on. Find information on FPAs at www.firewisesa.org.za. FPAs are envisaged to provide the overarching, co-ordinated support in provinces aerial fire-fighting support, rapid attack teams, fire weather services, and co-ordination of fire records and training. Below is an example of an FPA. KwaZulu-Natal Fire Protection Association (ZFPS) Tel: 033 330 8421 (24 Hours) Simon Thomas 082 654 4943 simon@firestop.co.za www.firestop.co.za There are numerous benefits for farmers to become members of a registered FPA. Farmers do not have to spend excessive amounts of money on fire fighting equipment and protective clothing for their workers as required by law. As a member of an FPA, a farmer only needs to buy limited equipment because the FPA and all other members of the FPA (who will assist him in the case of a fire) also have equipment and protective clothing. According to the Act, if a farmer is a member of an FPA, no presumption of negligence would apply in case of a civil claim for damages where a fire has spread from a members land and caused damages or losses to the property or land of another person. The benefit lies in the fact that the plaintiff will carry the onus to prove negligence on the part of the defendant regarding the cause of the fire, or the spreading of the fire to other farms. Another benefit to farmers is the advantage of a possible waiver of certain precautions, such as the preparation of firebreaks. Firebreaks are mandatory unless exempted by the Minister. The FPA may compile regulations in order to accommodate personal circumstances. In the event of a veld fire the farmer may call on a Work on Fire team for assistance and he only has to pay for the fuel of their vehicles to get to his farm and providing them with food. If he is however not a member of an FPA, he will be responsible for all their costs such as the use of their equipment, clothing etc. Although the Act does not require farmers to belong to an FPA, the Act allows farmers who are already members of a Farmers Association in a specific region to form an FPA in their area. That FPA will lay down rules and regulations which will be applicable to all members of the FPA. Such an FPA must be registered by the Department of Agriculture as an approved FPA by the Minister.
Source: Santam press release, 6 August 2009 (adapted). For more information contact Louis La Cock at louis.lacock@santam.co.za

Skills and capacity development and the creation of labour-intensive job opportunities, in keeping with the Poverty Relief Fund requirements, are undertaken.

WoF is a SA Government initiative under the Expanded Public Works programme which employs people from disadvantaged communities and trains them in fire fighting. They are available to assist landowners in Working on Fire Programme the preparation of firebelts and the (WoF) fighting of fires. Find details of the General Manager 013 741 6400 Integrated Fire Management (IFM) National Programme Manager strategy on the website. 013 741 6414 Training Manager 013 741 6476 www.workingonfire.org Contact details for their air operations, ground operations, training etc are available on their website.

4. Websites and publications

Visit the websites listed in this chapter e.g. www.firewisesa.org.za, www. workingonfire.org and www.firestop.co.za. Find information as well as references to publications. Resource materials on the National Veld and Forest Fire Act No 101 of 1998, a CD, includes a copy of the Act and answers to FAQs, include how to fill in forms to register an FPA (Fire Protection Association). The CD is available from Department of Forestry offices. The CSIRs Meraka Institute runs the Advanced Fire Information System satellite information on fires in Southern Africa. Visit http://afis.meraka. org.za/afis. Kobus Bothas weather satellite photos of Southern Africa (www. weatherphotos.co.za see the Fires menu option). The Fire Handbook, published by the Southern African Institute of Forestry (SAIF). Visit www.saif.org.za for details (look for the Forestry Handbook menu option). Find the Fighting Fire Info Pak on www.daff.gov.za. You can also contact the Resource Centre at 012 319 4171 for the publication. For a free copy of the easy-to-understand booklet You, wildfires and the law, call Luthfia on 021 797 5787 or luthfia@wofire.co.za The agricultural weeklies, Landbouweekblad and Farmers Weekly, run numerous articles on fires e.g. the Working on Fire programme, Santams lower premiums for FPA members etc. Find archived articles at www. landbou.com and www.farmersweekly.co.za Read about ethanol gel and safety stoves in the biofuels chapter. Paraffin stoves lead to some 46 000 fires a year (Markinor, quoted by Andrew Makanete in a March 2009 presentation at ELIDZ).

5. Associations and companies involved

Find the AfriFireNet (Regional Sub Sahara Wildland Fire Network) pages at www.fire.uni-freiburg. de, website of the Global Fire Monitoring Centre (GFMC). Bush clearing projects Tel: 014 778 0733 / 082 574 3792 www.bosvreter.co.za Controlled and planned burning of veld done

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Directorate: Agricultural Risk and Disaster Management Tel: 012 319 7955/56 pa.dadrm@daff.gov.za

Telephone numbers for the Forestry section (previously DWAF) can be The DPLG has a sub-programme found at www.daff.gov.za (look for which involves a fire management strategy in seven provinces. the Forestry menu option)

Department of Cooperative Governance & Traditional Affairs Previously Provincial and Local Government (DPLG) Tel: 012 334 0600 www.dplg.gov.za

Some AgriSETA accredited providers of training run firelot Bushveld Eco Services management, fire management etc Tel: 014 717 3819 courses. Below are two examples: courses@bushveldeco.co.za

Training in Fire Management on the Skills for All 082 780 5247 Umnga Farmers Training Farm Centre 045 933 1318

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CAMQUIP Tel: 011 864 3812 / 082 850 8828 Tel: 033 343 3813 / 082 551 8932 www.camquip.co.za DAVEY fire pumps, beaters etc. Children of Fire Tel: 011 726 6529 www.firechildren.org

McBeans Tel: 033 342 1541 www.mcbeans.co.za Fire-fighting equipment Measured Farming Tel: 033 345 2508

Santam Agriculture Tel: 012 369 1202 Louis.lacock@santam.co.za www.santam.co.za Santam Agriculture offers comprehensive asset and crop products. To encourage responsible fire management, different premiums are offered to farmers who are members of FPAs and those who are not.

Stellenbosch University Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Tel: 021 808 3728 Wildland Fire Training Center Africa (WFTCA) Tel: 013 741 6460 / 083 459 0504 Zululand Fire Protection Services (ZFPS) Tel: 035 580 4220 / 082 577 9337 www.zfps.co.za

A business with experience in assessing fires and the resultant Children of Fire helps severely damage burned children to get complex NICs Trailers surgery, therapy and education. Tel: 018 673 0224 / 082 859 0904 Read about their rural development www.nictrailers.co.za initiative (Amangwane King) in the Importance of Rural Development Fire carts chapter. Orsmond Aviation Fireboss Tel: 058 303 5761 Tel: 012 804 2581 www.orsmondaviation.co.za theirrishop@lantic.net Rogue Agriculture Firebreak Equipment Tel: 033 345 0038 Tel: 012 804 9177/ 082 353 4336 www.roguesteel.co.za www.firebreak.co.za Fire carts Firefighting Equipment Traders Association SAFIRE Insurance Company Tel: 011 397 1618/9 Limited www.fpasa.co.za Tel: 033 264 8500 www.safireinsurance.com Joubert Implements Tel: 021 887 1220 Fire-extinguisher wagons

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Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

Invasive Alien Species (IAS)

1. Overview
Invasive Alien Species (IAS), also called invasives, exotics, or non-indigenous, are native to a particular area or region, are those that have become established in a new environment, then proliferate and spread in ways that are destructive to biodiversity and/or human interests. Introduced species often find no enemies in their new habitat and therefore spread easily and quickly. While some species have invaded habitats on their own, human movements have dramatically increased the diversity and scale of invasions by alien species. Both plant and animal invasive species threaten all sub-regions in Africa. Alien species that become established in a new environment, then proliferate and spread in ways that are destructive to biodiversity or/and human interests are considered invasive alien species or IAS. The cost of controlling IAS in South Africa is estimated at R600 million a year over 20 years. The spread of IASs are now recognised as one of the greatest threats to the ecological and economic well-being of the planet. IAS are found in nearly all the taxonomic groups of organisms. The direct costs of management of invasives can run into the millions of Rands, and in addition, the economic costs also include their indirect environmental consequences and other non-market values. For example, invasive species may cause changes in ecological services, including: flood control and water supply waste assimilation recycling of nutrients conservation and regeneration of soils pollination of crops, and seed dispersal

to occur in demarcated areas that carry a permit. If the plants are used for commercial purposes, land users have to obtain a water use licence as these plants consume large volumes of water. Where plants occur outside demarcated areas they have to be controlled. Category 2 plants include Black wattle, Sisal, grey poplar and Weeping willow (not to be confused with indigenous willows). The landowner needs to approach the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) to obtain a permit for the category 2 species; the decision to grant a permit is the responsibility of DAFF. Category 3 Declared Invaders (Invasive plants with ornamental value). These are plants that have the potential of becoming invasive but are considered to have ornamental value. In terms of Regulation 15 of CARA, these plants will not be allowed to occur anywhere except in biological control reserves unless they were already in existence when these regulations came into effect (30 March 2001). This means that the existing plants do not have to be removed by the land user; however, they must be kept under control and no new plant may be initiated, propagated or dispersed and the plants may no longer be sold. Category 3 plants include Jacaranda, Syringa, Australian silky oak, St Josephs lily etc.

Agricultural Pests Act, Act No. 36 of 1983

This Act provides for measures by which agricultural pests may be prevented from entering the country, and by which existing pests may be combated. It specifies, amongst other things, that any products or materials that might harbour agricultural pests, require an import permit before they can be imported into the country.

Animal Diseases Act, Act No. 35 of 1984

This Act aims at protecting the national animal (and human) population, as well as our export markets, against animal diseases. These diseases are caused mainly be alien invasive pathogens. In terms of this Act, each consignment of animal and/or animal products for importation into South Africa must be accompanied by an original veterinary import permit, issued by the National Directorate Animal Health, and an original health certificate, issued by the competent veterinary authority of the exporting country.

Biodiversity Act (NEM:BA), No. 10 of 2004

This is a new piece of legislation, administrated by the Department of Environmental Affairs, which aims to protect the countrys biodiversity by, amongst others, controlling alien and invasive organisms. Chapter 5 of this Act requires permits for carrying out restricted Activities involving any alien species that has not been exempted, or any listed invasive species. The restricted activities include importation, having under ones control, propagating, selling, buying and translocating a specimen of the specific species. Organisms that are indigenous to the country but occur outside their natural range are also defined as alien species for the purposes of this Act. However, the regulations in terms of parts of this Act still have to be developed and it is not yet clear how this will affect farmers.

2. Legislation
CARA (see below) stipulates that landowners are responsible for the control of IAS on their properties.

South Africa has numerous Acts, administrated by different government departments, which deal with different aspects of invasive alien species. The ones most relevant to farmers are the Acts of the Department of Agriculture, dealing mainly with weeds and plant invaders, crop pests and diseases of livestock.

CARA (Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 1983) (Act No. 43 of 1983)

CARA has certain regulations that provide for the control of weeds and invader plants. This Act is currently under review regarding regulations 15 and 16 that are in the process of changing. The current CARA will thus be discussed. In terms of these regulations 15, there are 3 categories of regulated plants: Category 1 Declared Weeds. These are plants that must be controlled on land or water surfaces by all land users. These plants may no longer be planted or propagated and all trade in seeds, cuttings or other propagation material is prohibited. They may not be translocated or be allowed to disperse. These species carry a fine. Category 1 plants include Lantana, Pom pom weed, Water hyacinth, Yellow oleander etc. Most of the aggressive species fall in this category. Category 2 species without a permit are accepted to be category 1 species. Category 2 Declared Invaders (Invasive plants with commercial or amenity value). These are invader plants that pose a threat to the environment but nevertheless can be exploited for timber, fruits, fuel wood, medicinal plants, animal fodder, building material or shelter or to stabilise soil. These species are only allowed

3. Control measures for Invasive Alien Plants

www.agis.agric.za the AGIS website contains a wealth of information about Invasive Alien Plants. Look for the AGIS menu option, go off the Risk Management onto Weeds and Invader Plants. One or a combination of the following control methods are used: mechanical (uprooting, felling, cutting, burning, brashing), chemical (treatment with registered herbicides), and biological control (find the Biocontrol chapter). Burning is also an option in certain environments and the Working on Fire programme can be contacted for assistance in this regard. An integrated management plan is recommended for any area invaded by invasive alien plants, to determine the order in which different alien species and sub-sections of the invaded area will be addressed, and to ensure that the most efficient and cost-effective combination of control methods is selected. Regular follow-up operations are very important and necessary to achieve control when using mechanical or chemical measures. The control should be strictly according to the label on the herbicide and no off label applications should be considered as this is guided by the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act, 1947 (Act No. 36 of 1947).

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The control of alien invasive plants can be very expensive in terms of manpower, material and equipment. If it is carried out incorrectly or if the wrong method is chosen, this expenditure could be in vain, and it could even result in huge environmental damage. Before deciding on the most effective, affordable and appropriate control option for invading alien plants in a particular situation, several factors need to be borne in mind e.g. control methods should be used that are appropriate for the species as well as ecosystems in which they occur. Find the Guide to Clearing Alien Invasive Plants menu options on www.dwa. gov.za/wfw. Biocontrol is a long term sustainable solution to the invasive plant control programme and works best in an integrated management system where it will augment the existing control programme and over the long term will reduce the costs of the other control methods thus making the control programme sustainable.

weeds and fish pond/aquarium species through awareness and education. Other initiatives for fighting invasive aliens include the Ukuvuka firefighting campaign, Working for Wetlands and WeedBuster Week. There is also collaboration with colleagues in other African countries on the biological and integrated control of several invasive alien plant species elsewhere in Africa, e.g. Water hyacinth, Cacti species, Prosopis species and their hybrids and Parthenium weed. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), a floating aquatic plant from tropical South America, is now choking up rivers and water bodies across Africa, from Egypt to South Africa. In the Cape Floral Kingdom, the establishment of invasive tree species has decreased water supplies for nearby communities; increases fire hazards and threatens biodiversity, justifying governments expenditure of US$40 million per year for a control programme. Working for Water is currently engaged in a number of co-governance arrangements with Programmes such as Working for Wetlands, Working on Fire, Working on Woodlands and Woodlots etc. These are all Programmes where invasive plants feature in their core business. Working for Water Programme Research and Development Unit Mr Ahmed Khan (Manager) Tel: 021 441 2729 / 082 908 7291 www.dwaf.gov.za/wfw

4. Rehabilitation of areas from which Invasive Alien Plants have been cleared
Once invasive alien plants have been cleared from an area, it will certainly not be the end of the problem. Many plants have the ability to sprout or coppice from their roots or cut stumps unless the stumps are treated with suitable herbicides, resulting in a worse infestation than before. Large numbers of seeds of the invasive alien plants will still be in the soil, and these will germinate in huge numbers once more sunlight penetrates to the soil. The soil disturbance caused by the uprooting of trees also causes seeds of invasive species to germinate. Many alien legumes, such as the Australian Acacia species (wattles) have fire-resistant seeds that are stimulated by fires to germinate, while most other seeds of indigenous plants will be killed. Care must be taken in sensitive biomes such as the fynbos biome as the legume species have nitrogen fixing bacteria in their roots that cause an allelopathic effect and changes the soil composition thereby outcompeting the indigenous species. To prevent cleared areas from being overrun by invasive species again, follow-up actions have to be maintained for as many years as it takes. It is also very important to establish a more desirable form of vegetation in the cleared areas, e.g. fast-growing grass species. The following publications, which should be used in combination with eachother, serve as a guideline for the rehabilitation of areas cleared of invasive alien plants: Rehabilitation recommendations after alien plant control. P Campbell. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No 3. PPRI: 1-43. Grab-a-grass dial: guidelines for rehabilitation after alien plant control. PL Campbell. ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute. (Available for KwaZulu-Natal; Mpumalanga & the Northern Province; the Free State, Northern Cape, North West & Gauteng; Eastern Cape). Both are obtainable from PPRI, Book sales. Phone 012 808 8000. There is also information available from the Working for Water programme on (tollfree) 0800 005 376 or www.dwa.gov.za/wfw.

6. Sources of information on Invasive Alien Plants and their control

Webpages: Find the Webpages of PPRIs Weeds Research Division on www.arc. agric.za. The PPRI electronic newsletter contains updates on IAS (weeds) research. Write to infoppri@arc.agric.za www.agis.agric.za the AGIS Weeds and Invasive Plants webpage. Find the Info Pak Alien invaders under the Publications menu option at www.daff.gov.za The Working for Water webpage www.dwa.gov.za/wfw International portal for Invasive alien Species toolkits of best prevention and management practices as well as early detection www. invasivespeciesinfo.gov/toolkit/detection.shtml There is also information available from WESSA on www.wessa.org.za and www.geocities.org/wessaaliens Publications: Rehabilitation recommendations after alien plant control. P Campbell. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No 3. PPRI: 1-43. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants. L Henderson. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 12. ARC, Pretoria: 1-300. Invasive aquatic plants. L Henderson & CJ Cilliers. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 16. ARC, Pretoria: 1-88. Common weeds of crops and gardens in southern Africa/ Algemene onkruide in gewasse en tuine in Suidelike Afrika. C Botha. Agricultural Research Council, Potchefstroom.: 1-384. Problem plants of South Africa. C Bromilow. Briza Publications, Arcadia: 1- 315. Control of Unwanted Plants. Xact Information: 1-238. Re-use of Invasive Alien Plants is an impressive booklet, commissioned by the Working for Water Programme Publications on indigenous replacement plants Creative gardening with indigenous plants. A South African guide. P Joffe. Briza, Pretoria.: 1-372. Making the most of indigenous trees. F Venter & JA Venter. 2nd Edition. Briza, Pretoria: 1-320. Farmers Weekly ran an article Invasive alien trees make for good business about a business operation near Bothaville which harvests the eucalyptus plantations around the town. The main benefit to farmers (apart from money earned from the timber), is that water flow on the farm is improved/.restored. Find the article at www.farmersweekly.co.za or dig up your old 12 June 2009 copy.

5. The Working for Water programme

The fight against invasive alien plants (IAPs) is spearheaded by the Working for Water (WfW) programme, and administered through the Department of Water Affairs. This programme works in partnership with local communities, to whom it provides jobs. Other government departments are involved: Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF); Trade and Industry, Science and Technology, as well as with provincial departments of government. Research groups are involved: Agricultural Research Council Plant Protection Research Institute (ARCPPRI), Center of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB), South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). The Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) and the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) are involved. Partnerships have also been formed with the private sector through the South African Nursery Association (SANA) to educate the industry about new amendments to the law regarding IAPs and make sure the IAPs were no longer being sold. The partnership with SAPTA South African Pet Traders Association highlights the dangers of aquatic

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Posters: Beautiful but dangerous. More invasive alien plants of Durban and the eastern, sub-tropical region of South Africa, with some indigenous alternatives. Colour photographs of 42 species, their legal status, and contacts for control. Available from Durban Metro Environmental Management branch. Tel: 031 300 2517 The big bad five. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, 1997. Photographs and descriptions of five invasive aquatic plants in South Africa; advice and contact numbers. Available from Department of Water Affairs, Private Bag X313, Pretoria 0001. Identifying our invading alien enemies. Working for Water Programme, 1998-2000. Photographs and line drawings of the most aggressive alien invaders in South Africa. Available from The Communication Project, PO Box 95823, Waterkloof, Pretoria, 0145. Posters are also available from other organisations like the Botanical Society of SA, the Environment Society of SA etc.

Other directorates: Plant Health Tel: 012 319 6505/39 DPH@daff.gov.za Agricultural Product Inspection Services Tel: 012 319 6100 DAPIS@daff. gov.za Veterinary Services Tel: 012 319 7679 DAH@daff.gov.za Department of Water and Environmental Affairs Tel: 086 111 2468 enetshithothole@deat.gov.za www.environment.gov.za EcoGuard Tel: 011 463 6057 www.ecoguard.co.za JEC Environmental Services Tel: 082 828 7953 Janet.jec@edelnet.co.za Specialists in the Environmental Consulting Industry Natural Instincts Tel: 028 261 1159 / 082 602 0893

7. Roleplayers
The Agricultural Colleges do training in courses in alien plant control. Find their details in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute www.arc.agric.za Weeds Research Division Mrs Hildegard Klein Tel: 012 356 9841 KleinH@arc.agric.za Insect Ecology Division Dr Roger Price Tel: 012 356 9817 pricer@arc.agric.za Biosystematics Division Dr Ansie Dippenaar Tel: 012 356 9824 dippenaara@arc.agric.za Bull Maurice Trading Tel: 011 791 3705 info@bullmaurice.com www.bullmaurice.com Research on biological and integrated control strategies to protect the countrys natural resources and biodiversity from the threat of invasive alien plants Research on the biological control of certain agricultural pests

Plant Science Consultants Solutions for Invader weed Association (PSCA) control provincial contact details Tel: 011 805 2000 are available on the website. av@casa.co.za ECOPLUG Tel: 021 873 1648 www.gisa.co.za/ecoplug Grassland Society of Southern Africa (GSSA) Tel: 049 842 4335 www.grassland.org.za Invader Plant Specialists Tel: 021 976 6127 / 082 412 7411 invaderplant@mweb.co.za harding@pixie.co.za www.invaderplant.co.za Poland Woodworks Cell: 072 200 8053 South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) Tel: 021 799 8600 / 839 info@sanbi.org.za Stellenbosch University Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Prof Michael Samways Tel: 021 808 3728 samways@sun.ac.za

Identification of alien invertebrates (insects, spiders, mites, nematodes, fungi), and research on conservation biological control Centre for Invasion Biology (CIB) Professor Dave Richardson rich@sun.ac.za www.sun.ac.za/cib

They manufacture a machine specially designed for the removal The CIB comprises a network of alien trees and plants that are of researchers throughout South invading our farmlands. Africa. Find their names and contact details on www.sun.ac.za. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Directorate: Land Use and Soil Management Tel: 012 319 7685 DLUSM@daff.gov.za Provincial LUSM offices: Region Gauteng Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Free State Eastern Cape Western Cape KwaZulu-Natal Telephone 012 319 7596 015 287 9943 013 755 1420 / 2614 018 294 3343/4 053 807 2600 051 409 2601 043 704 6800 021 984 9278 033 345 3557/15

Find the Centre for Invasion Biology The Environmental Weed Control earlier under this heading course is designed for people embarking on a career controlling University of the Free State and managing alien invasive plants. Department of Plant Sciences Tel: 051 401 2514 Jacklin Organic plantsciences@ufs.ac.za Tel: 017 844 1589 info@jacklinorganic.co.za The Working for Water National Office www.jacklinorganic.co.za Dr Guy Preston (Chairperson and Wattle eradication and indigenous National Programme Leader) Tel: 0800 005 376 plants prestong@dwa.gov.za

8. Local business environment

There are various downloads available on secondary industries small business how to documents refer to www.dwa.gov.za/wfw/SecondaryInd/. Refer also to the booklet Re-use of Invasive Alien Plants, commissioned by the Working for Water Programme. The secondary industries component of the Working for Water programme manufactures products from the wood being cleared such as crafts and furniture, mulch, charcoal and smoke chips. Secondary industry initiatives provide an ideal opportunity to encourage entrepreneurship amongst people from historically disadvantaged communities. The programme is able to create a supportive and enabling environment through providing training and assisting with product design and market identification. In this manner, first-time entrepreneurs can develop and hone their newly acquired business skills. The development of small and micro-enterprises is a critical factor in the process of economic empowerment in South Africa. In terms of the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (Act 43 of 1983), it is illegal to have, transport, propagate, sell or buy declared weeds (category 1 weeds). This would make it an offence to farm with declared weeds, and to utilise their parts in such a way that the dispersal and multiplication of the species might be promoted.

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9. International business environment

Globally, the cost of damage caused by invasive species has been estimated to be 1.5 trillion per year close to 5% of global GDP . In developing countries, where agriculture accounts for a higher proportion of GDP , the negative impact of invasive species on food security as well as on economic performance, can be even greater. Virtually all ecosystem types on the planet are affected by invasive species and they pose one of the biggest threats to biodiversity worldwide. Globalisation through increased trade, transport, travel and tourism will inevitably increase the intentional or accidental introduction of organisms to new environments, and it is widely predicted that climate change will further increase the threat posed by invasive species.
Source: www.cabi.org

Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) www.gisp.org The Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) was founded in 1997 as a small, mainly voluntary partnership programme, by three international organisations: IUCN - The World Conservation Union, CAB International, and the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE). Since then, it has built upon a productive and highly technically skilled base to become the pre-eminent global partnership on invasive species. The GISP Secretariat is currently hosted by CABI Africa in Nairobi. Email s.simons@gisp.org or call +254-207224450. The Global Invasive Species Database provides global information on invasive alien species to agencies, resource managers, decision-makers, and interested individuals. Our gratitude to Mrs Hildegard Klein of the Agricultural Research Council for her initial input, and to Debbie Sharp for feedback beyond the call of duty on the draft chapter

CABI (formerly known as the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux) www.cabi.org CABI is a not-for-profit international organisation providing scientific expertise, knowledge and information. They have a long history researching invasive species that affect agriculture and the environment to find natural ways of controlling them. At any one time they are looking at around 60 invasive species. They have expertise in the increasingly important area of Sanitary and Phytosanitary looking at the risk of invasive species to trade. They provide invasive species information products and services in invasive species such as the Invasive Species Compendium which is currently being developed. World Conservation Union (IUCN) Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) www.issg.org

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Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

3. WaterCare
The WaterCare theme targets Limpopo in particular, because of water shortages and the importance of water for irrigation in the province. This theme establishes a framework for managing land and preventing the silt-up of dams for irrigation. WaterCare works in partnership with the community to develop action plans for managing and restoring irrigation schemes. The rehabilitation of irrigation schemes increases water supply and household food security. Furthermore, WaterCare promotes the development of techniques for water-resource management and encourages opportunities for training in this field.

LandCare
1. Overview
The National LandCare Programme is a government supported initiative and is being implemented throughout the country. It is intended to be driven by both the public and private sector through partnerships and cooperation, a community-based programme that seeks to: conserve our resources; use them in a sustainable way; create a conservation ethic through education and awareness; create jobs and address poverty by launching various natural resource rehabilitation, improvement and conservation projects.

4. VeldCare
VeldCare promotes best grazing-systems and erosion-prevention practices to improve production. It develops and maintains agricultural activities in accordance with the principles of ecologically sustainable development within North West. Economic and social development opportunities are realised by improving grazing areas and maintaining viable grazing areas throughout rural communities.

Serious concerns about land and water degradation, which impact on sustainable resource use, are identified in each province, and specific projects address these issues. Projects have been implemented in all nine provinces through the Landcare Conditional Grant whereby ringed-fenced funding is transferred to provinces in terms of the yearly Division of Revenue Act. Provinces then undertake the implementation of the projects under set conditions. Water care, Veld care, Soil care and Junior care initiatives are all part of this programme.
LandCare is about optimising productivity and the sustainable use of natural resources leading to increased agricultural production, food security, job creation and a better quality of life for all.

5. SoilCare
SoilCare encourages rural farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, the Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga to build innovative structures to combat soil erosion, and to address the depletion of soil fertility and low soil acidity which severely limit the production potential. Through SoilCare, sustainable agricultural production systems are introduced, such as diversification, management of input and conservation tillage.

6. JuniorCare
The objectives of JuniorCare are to empower previously disadvantaged youth through training in facilitation and leadership skills. This includes the promotion of food security at home and at schools, awareness of sustainable agriculture, and stimulating the formation of youth clubs and projects that aim to promote other components of LandCare. JuniorCare addresses the needs of young people in an integrated way and involves interdisciplinary approaches.

2. LandCare
Why is LandCare important? You and everyone else, rely on the land for food, shelter and an income. Land is valuable and should be looked after otherwise we will not be able to use it in the future. If we degrade and misuse the land, our quality of life will deteriorate. If we do not look after the land, we will pay a high price for the damage it suffers. LandCare is about: redressing past resource degradation correct resource management communities working together caring for the land in your area your future quality of life improving the environment securing food for tomorrow What can you do? form or join a land care group in your community and get involved; plan and manage land to prevent degradation; restore damaged areas; promote conservation practices; form a land care conservancy (see Conservancies chapter); recycle and re-use paper, glass, plastic and metal;.

7. Invasive Alien Plants

South Africa has a major problem with alien invasive plants. The 198 identified species of invader plants deplete up to 10% of our annual water supply, displace indigenous plants, cause fire and soil erosion as well as endanger many of our animals. The Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (43 of 1983) has regulations listing invasive alien plants that fall into one of three categories: Category 1 Plants that must be removed Category 2 Plants that may only be kept in demarcated areas, but which must otherwise be removed Category 3 Plants where existing may be retained (except within 30 metres of the 1:50 floodline of watercourses or wetlands), but may not be allowed to spread, and which may not be propagated or sold For more on Alien Invasive Plants, please see the chapter Alien Invasive Species

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8. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Visit www.daff.gov.za. Details of the numerous LandCare projects can be found on a MS Excel spreadsheet. Reports concerning various LandCare projects can also be found can be found on www.agis.agric.za take the Advisories and Reports, and then Projects menu options. The Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (Act No. 43 of 1983) (CARA) is an act of the National Department of Agriculture and makes provision for the conservation of the natural agricultural resources of South Africa through: maintaining the production potential of land; combating and preventing erosion; preventing the weakening or destruction of the water sources; protecting the vegetation; and combating weeds and invader plants.

Directorate: Land Use and Soil Management Tel: 012 319 7656 www.daff.gov.za LandCare SA Helpline: Tel: 012 319 7553 In the Western Cape, you can contact the LandCare Manager at 021 808 5090 or at franciss@elsenburg.com. For the LandCare co-ordinator in the other provinces, contact the provincial Land Use and Soil Management (LUSM) offices, details to the right. Region Gauteng Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Free State Eastern Cape Western Cape KwaZulu-Natal Telephone 012 319 7596 015 287 9943 013 755 1420 / 2614 018 294 3343/4 053 807 2600 051 409 2601 043 704 6800 021 984 5090 033 345 3557/15

Want to form a LandCare group? Before you apply, please contact the local LandCare Manager or facilitator for assistance (contact details under the previous heading). If you are successful, you will be asked to sign a programme management agreement. This agreement sets out the conditions for funding, including your responsibility to keep proper accounting records for the spending of funds from grants, and reporting requirements on the progress and results of your programme.

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Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

animals grow more slowly on natural grazing, hence more land is needed and higher interest costs are incurred. The certified farm has to produce 90% of the feed on the farm. Certified Organic meat is a guarantee that meat has been produced free from any additives such as chemicals, antibiotics and hormones, and kept separate in the supply chain to the consumer. As only natural, biodegradable products are used, water and the environment become cleaner. Farmers and their workers enjoy healthier working conditions. Organic animals are produced in harmony with the land, environment and native wildlife. This can only be good for future generations. Regarding Antibiotics: The standards (EU 2092/91 and the draft NDA regulations) allow for two courses of treatments with chemically-synthesised allopathic veterinary medicinal products or antibiotics within one year or more than one course of treatment if their productive lifecycle is less than one year. If livestock receive more than this, they and their produce may not be sold as organic, and the livestock must go back into conversion. Quote is from the EU 2092/91 standards.

Organic farming
Sustainable and Integrated Agriculture

1. Overview
What are organics all about?
Its about producing goods that work in harmony with, and not against, nature. The aim is to eradicate the use of harmful chemicals by making effective use of natures natural resources. All organic products are also free of genetically modified organisms (organisms that have had their basic gene structure modified by the addition of external organism genes).

What is Organic farming?

Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved. Examples of organic farming methods include: Rotating crops between fields. This helps keep pests from building up and improves soil fertility. Planting selected herbs and flowers to attract beneficial insects which ward off unwanted pests. Using biological insecticides and make use of pests natural predators to control pest populations. Organic farming produces nutrient rich, fertile soil which nourishes the plants. Keeping chemicals off the land protects water quality and wild life. Its also about practising good animal welfare where everything from breeding, rearing and handling, to feeding of animals is strictly regulated and a free range lifestyle is implemented.

The health benefits

The hazards for human health of consuming products contaminated by harmful pesticides include increased risks of cancer, reproductive problems and neurological damage. Organically grown produce on the other hand is free of chemical residues, has a much higher vitamin and mineral content and is usually more flavoursome (which is why many top restaurants prefer to use organic ingredients).

Certification
There are two levels of organic classification: Organic Certification and Organic in Conversion. Also find the note on Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) later in this chapter. A Certified organic product means that the produce and the farming process has been inspected over a period by an independent, specialist certification agency to verify organic authenticity to the consumer. This process normally takes place over a timeframe of about 3 years. During the process, producers may communicate on products that they are organic in conversion (as may be seen for example on some major retailers products). These certification organisations really have only one reason for existence: to provide assurance to the consumer that products and organisations which claim to be organic, really do meet organic standards. Several certification agencies exist across the country, and these include Eco Cert, SGS, Afrisco and The Soil Association. Any certification program should be able to give you their standards upon request and will usually comply with the International Federation of Organic Movement (IFOAM) standards. Look for the certification seal or name of the certification agency label. When you see this claim, it means: No harmful chemicals have been applied for at least 3 years. The farmer and processor have annual certification inspections. They have kept detailed records of their practices and have a recorded audit trail. They use ecologically-friendly methods and substances to improve the soil and control pests. To check that a product has been certified, look at the product label. Does the product display the name and/or logo of a certification program? If not, ask questions. Be aware that often manufactured products contain certified ingredients, but the processing itself may not be certified. (When in doubt, call the manufacturer and ask about the certifier they use.) If you are buying fresh products, your retailer should be able to tell you who certified the product from the records that are kept in the store. A certificate indicating the certification programme should always accompany bulk products. Based almost completely on information from www.go-organic.co.za with input from other roleplayers.

The soil
Organic farming refers to a system as a whole entity in ecological balance. Soil fertility is promoted by compost, cover crops, crop rotation, green manuring, minimum tillage, mulching, valuing of the biodiversity and avoiding synthetic chemical inputs. The principle is to treat the soil with respect knowing that the soil is the base for life on earth. The basis of organic farming is thus to feed the soil and not the plant directly. Organic matter is this feed. The organic farmer is interested in balancing soil processes and is not as focused on balancing numbers as a consequence to soil analysis. A good organic soil structure is able to hold large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron and other micronutrients, essential in providing the plants with a balanced diet for healthy growth. A good soil structure will optimise water infiltration and retention and is also important in the control of erosion by wind and water.

Diseases and pests

The approach to pests and diseases by the organic farmer is that these are seen as symptomatic of imbalances in the soils fertility and health. There are too many pests and diseases as well as remedies to mention. The plant, like any living organism, develops a natural resistance to pests and disease attack. This resistance depends on the nutrition of the organism.

Organic meat
Organic animal suppliers have strict protocols that include treating their cattle humanely and allowing them to mature naturally. They are grazed naturally in a free-range environment minimising stress and producing high quality meat that is free from contaminants. It costs more to produce as the

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2. Certification you cannot be Organic by default

Youre thinking of going organic.
There is a burgeoning international demand, led by Europe, the US and Japan. But consumers and retailers want strong assurances of food safety and genuine organic methods.

So what should you do?

Ask certifiers for information as well as standards. Send in an application form, with basic information. Ask for an estimate for inspection and certification for a year (make sure it covers all steps of the process). Study the requirements (lots on the internet). Understand conversion issues. Develop a plan for dealing with soil fertility, pests , disease and weed control management. Talk to other organic farmers. Establish your market. Speak to consultants. If it all looks good, choose a certifier and pay to start the certification process.

Why should you certify?

Products look the same as conventional products. Consumers have a right to know that production has been organic (especially if paying more). To protect farmers who are following the rules from the bad reputations of those who are not. To obtain access to high value markets, in South Africa and abroad. Certification is a way to ensure that products are in line with local and international standards set.

Inspections involve:
The inspection is a verification of information obtained through the application documentation. Production system Is it really organic? Operator Does s/he know enough to manage organically? Is she/he committed? Environment, contamination Will your neighbours crop spray blow onto your fields? Is there good biodiversity? Fields Has it been 3 years since the last use of chemicals? Are plants and animals looking good? Livestock Is animal welfare respected? What veterinary treatments are common-place? Brought in materials, seeds Are they organic too? Are they GMOfree? How do you know? Pest and weed control How is it achieved? Fertility management Are there real efforts to build up soil nutrition?

Elements of a certification system:

Standards that you must adhere to; Contracts your promise to uphold organic methods; Inspection are done annually; Certification, approval of your farm and the methods you are using; Management of the same pests and diseases, but without chemicals (you must have plans for this), this includes fertility programs as well Labelling that the consumers can trust; Information exchange this establishes the Audit trail securing organic status from seed to table because it isnt easy at first, and theres a lot to learn.

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Storage and processing Could organic products get mixed up with conventional ones by mistake? This should secure the possibility of comingling, substitution and contamination Documentation Is record keeping good enough to show that only organic methods have been used? Is traceability secure? Sales, labels Did you sell only what you produced?

Possible outcomes
full organic status full status with conditions organic in conversion organic in conversion with conditions certification denied

Biodynamic farmers use of range of specially formulated herbal and/or organic preparations to enhance soil, plant and animal life, fertility and vitality. They develop their farms into unique and distinct individualities that use a minimum of external inputs. Their aim is to produce the highest quality food, fibre and timber with no or very limited negative impact on the environment. In an effort to create a harmonious whole, the farmer works with the natural and cosmic cycles, rhythms and forces that regulate life on earth. For further information email the National Co-ordinator, Liesl Haasbroek at info@bdaasa.org.za or visit www.bdaasa.org.za.

6. Vegan Organic farming

Most farmers are dependent on chemicals and animal by-products and even those specialising in organic farming use animal manures and slaughterhouse by-products (bone meal, compost etc). How to go about farming without animals or animal by-products? Visit www.veganorganic.net.

Internal Control System guidelines are available from certification bodies like SGS South Africa, Afrisco (Ecocert), the Biodynamic and Organic Certification Authority (BDOCA). Find their details under heading 11. Other certification is offered by the Control Union and BCS (ko-Garantie GmbH). Find the very useful notes at www.faithful-to-nature.co.za/OrganicCertification-sp-8.html Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) An alternative start-up strategy for emerging farmers is PGS. Contact Rainman Landcare Foundation for assistance in setting up your own PGS. PGS only works for small local markets. It is a simple, non-bureaucratic way to start building a quality management system. Contact Dr Raymond Auerbach at 084 567 1250 or write to Raymond@rainman.co.za.

7. Associations involved
Find details of the following under heading 11: South African Organic Sector Organisation Bio-Dynamic Agricultural Association of Southern Africa (BDAASA) Network of Eco Farms in Africa South Africa (NECOFASA) South African Council for Organic Development and Sustainability (SACODAS)

8. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Department of Agriculture: Food Safety and Quality Assurance Neil Erasmus Tel: 012 319 6027 / 7306 niele@daff.gov.za The Directorate Food Safety and Quality Assurance is inter alia responsible for setting quality standards for certain Agricultural products and have draft regulations for organically produced products. Agricultural Product Standards Act 119 of 1990 standard downloadable from: www.daff.gov.za

3. Biological farming
See separate chapter

4. Permaculture
See separate chapter

9. Training and research

Visit www.organic-research.com. See also the separate permaculture chapter

5. Biodynamics
Biodynamics is an approach to sustainable organic agriculture inspired by the philosophy of Anthroposophy as developed by Rudolf Steiner in the late 19th - early 20th centuries in Europe. In the term biodynamic the bio refers to the biological (organic) aspects of agriculture (i.e. the physical soil, water, plants, animals etc.); whereas the dynamic refers to the cosmic formative forces that underlie the physical world. Biodynamic agriculture respects the fact the whole of the universe, i.e. the planet earth and the whole surrounding cosmic space with all its heavenly bodies, forms one indivisible whole and should be managed as such.

Find details of the following under heading 11: ABALIMI African Organic Farming Foundation The Agricultural Research Council Dovehouse Organic Farm, Shop, Training Lindros Whole Earth Consultants Rainman Landcare Foundation Sustainability Institute Stellenbosch University University of the Free State University of KwaZulu-Natal

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10. Websites and publications

www.go-organic.co.za. Find the directory, news and reviews and other options here. See the websites of companies and associations involved e.g. www. lindros.co.za, www.africanorganics.org etc. Find more websites under the International Business Environment heading. Lindros have written and published the Organic Agriculture Handbook, written for South African conditions. They have also written and published Global Health in Crisis, the Answer lies in the Soil. Contact them at 082 719 7263 or write to info@lindros.co.za. Contact Hans E Klink for some excellent writing on organic farming. Speak to him at 021 851 2403 or write to heklink@mweb.co.za. Articles include: Ten good reasons for organic agriculture Organic regulation and certification Organic management Organic agriculture in its economic context Healthy soils Organic pest and disease control Find the Bookshop menu option on www.organic-research.com Viewing articles on this website requires a subscription. A 30-day free trial is available. Other books include: Organic Food Processing & Production (U.K.) ISBN No: 0-632-05541-3. The Agrodok Series: Small-scale Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics (Netherlands). Series of publications on various topics Soil Fertility Renewal and Preservation. E. Pfeiffer. The Lanthorn Press. ISBN 0 906155 12 6 Organic Manure. Nikolaus Remer. Mercury Press. ISBN 0 929979 62 1 Bio-Dynamic Gardening. John Soper. Bio-Dynamic Agricultural Association. ISBN 0 9503780 7 0 Introduction to Permaculture. Bill Mollison. Tagari Publications. ISBN 0 7074 1105 4 The Bio-Dynamic Farm. Herbert H Koepf. Anthroposophic Press. ISBN 0 88010 172 5 Grasp the Nettle. Peter Proctor. Random House. ISBN 1 86941 318 0 Agriculture. Rudolph Steiner. Anthroposophic Press The Living Soil. EB Balfour. Faber and Faber Fertility Farming. Newman Turner. Faber and Faber Fertility without Fertilisers. Lawrence D Hills. Henry Doubleday research association The Complete Herbal Handbook for farm and stable. Juliette de Baracli Levy. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0 571 13205 7

The treatment of Cattle by Homoeopathy. George Macleod. The CW Daniel Company LTD. ISBN 0 85207 247 3 Farming and gardening for health or Disease. Sir Albert Howard. Faber and Farber Humus and the Farmer. Friend Sykes. Faber and Faber Farmers of Forty Centuries. F. H. King. Rodale Press. ISBN 0 87857 054 - 3 Find the International websites under heading 13.

11. Companies and associations involved

Find the Directory on www.go-organic.co.za. You can do a search according to category, province and product. Take a look at other relevant chapters in this directory, too e.g. Compost and Organic Fertiliser, Earthworms and Vermicompost, Permaculture, Biocontrol etc. ABALIMI Tel/fax: 021 371 1653 Cell: 082 331 9133 info@abalimi.org.za www.abalimi.org.za African Organic Farming Foundation Tel: 011 215 2556 / 082 858 8479 ged@africanorganics.org www.africanorganics.org Afrisco see Ecocert-Afrisco Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Plant Protection Research Institute Tel: 012 808 8000/427 9700 www.arc.agric.za The Plant Protection Research Institute has the expertise to advise on all aspects of pesticides (synthetic and botanical), on biopesticides, such as mycoinsectides and mycoherbicides, as well on the biological control of insect pests in general. Agro Organics Tel: 021 851 2403 www.agro-organics.co.za Biodynamic Agricultural Association of Southern Africa (BDAASA) Tel/fax: 082 858 6523 info@bdaasa.org.za www.bdaasa.org.za BDAASA is an association of farmers, gardeners, small-holders and people interested in working with biodynamic agriculture. An annual conference is held with a contextual theme. A quarterly newsletter is sent to all members and an Astral Planting Calendar is published annually. Biodynamic and Organic Certification Authority (BDOCA) Tel: 012 650 0284 / 079 504 4729 Fax: 086 511 7741 www.bdoca.co.za

The core function of the BDOCA Institute for Tropical and Subtropical is to certify farms as Organic or Crops Bio-Dynamic, based on the South Romeo Murovhi African National Department of Tel: 013 753 7101 / 083 545 4786

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Agricultures draft organic standards and Demeter Internationals standards for Bio-Dynamic production. BDOCA currently has 12 trained inspectors throughout the country. The certification is controlled by the International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movement (IFOAM).

Ecocert-Afrisco (Pty) Ltd The South African office of Ecocert SA Tel/fax: 012 349 1070 afrisco@global.co.za www.afrisco.net www.ecocert.com Eco-fert Tel: 021 979 1737 / 975 0561 www.eco-fert.co.za

Mycoroot (Pty) Ltd Tel: 046 603 8443 jo@mycoroot.com www.mycoroot.com Mycoroot is the home of mycorrhizal fungi, an organic microbial fertiliser that boosts yield and production by enhancing soil health and plant root functioning. Natural & Organic Products Exhibition Tel: 021 671 0935 david@specialised.co.za National Plant Food Tel: 031 782 3105 gromor@iafrica.com

FERTILIS (registration no B3664 Act36/1947) is certified by the Organic Food Federation UK: organic certification no: 00371/01/00. Plant Health Products (Pty) Ltd (PHP) Tel/fax: 033 266 6130 bruce@plant-health.co.za www.plant-health.co.za Research, develop, produce and market innovative biocontrol products for Agriculture, Horticulture and Viticulture.

Bio-Fly (Pty) Ltd Tel: 022 942 17682 / 083 601 7221 SGS registration qualifying as carine@biofly.co.za fertiliser for First World export www.biofly.co.za crops. Bio-insectaries SA (BISA) Tel: 042 286 0978 Cell: 083 270 4866 bisa@bioinsectsa.com www.bioinsectsa.com Biogrow Tel: 028 313 2054 sales@biogrow.co.za www.biogrow.co.za Natural organic solutions Blue Sky Organics Tel: 021 715 1953 / 083 653 3635 Certified organic olive trees, bottled olive products and olive oil. Consulting is done to farmers wanting to go organic or to convert to organic/sustainable methods. Den Vet Tel: 033 343 1093 office@denvet.co.za www.denvet.co.za Efficient Microbes Tel: 031 266 2935 www.efficientmicrobes.co.za Elgin Organics Tel: 021 849 8663 www.elginorganics.com South African Organic Pome Fruit (apples, pears, peaches) Faithful to Nature Tel: 021 783 0173 www.faithful-to-nature.co.za Products include cosmetics, organic food and literature. Jacklin Organic Tel: 017 844 1589 www.jacklinorganic.co.za Certified organic compost production and fresh and processed fruit and vegetables.

Lindros Whole Earth Organic feed additives, veterinary Consultants remedies, veterinary instruments Tel: 082 719 7263 info@lindros.co.za Dovehouse Organic Farm, www.lindros.co.za Shop, Training Tel: 033 330 3554 / 084 292 4354 MBB Consulting Engineers dovehouse@telkomsa.net Tel: 021 887 1026 www.dovehouse.co.za www.mbb.co.za

Rainman Landcare Foundation Tel: 031 783 4412 director@rainman.co.za Network of Eco Farms in Africa www.rainman.co.za South Africa (NECOFASA). Contact Lindros at 082 719 7263. A registered trust which teaches farmers how to farm organically, National Organic Produce and how to set up farmers Initiative (NOPI) associations which can be certified Tel: 011 887 0800 organic, enabling farmers to access Thierry.Revert@rgcengineering. the growing organic market, co.za domestically and internationally. tar@planetac.co.za SGS South Africa (Pty) Ltd Organic Emporium Tel: 011 680 3466 Tel: 011 704 0786 www.za.sgs.com www.organicemporium.co.za Certification and conversion An online store of organic products for consumers in the Northern South African Council for Johannesburg suburbs Organic Development and Sustainability (SACODAS) is a Organic World stakeholders forum of member Tel: 011 795 2468 organisations that are committed to info@organicworld.co.za guide and govern the Public-Private www.organicworld.co.za Partnership between government and the organic industry for the A comprehensive range of healthy implementation of a national and delicious foods programme called the National Organic Produce Initiative (NOPI). Planner Bee Plant Care Tel/fax: 011 888 4215 Inland Region: Thierry Alban Revert Cell: 083 255 5828 Tel: 011 887 8000 or email Thierry. www.fertilis.co.za Revert@rcengineering.co.za Coastal Region: Aletha Venter Tel: 023 231 0513 or email info@bdaasa.org.za

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South African Organic Sector Organisation C/o Dr Raymond Auerbach Tel: 031 783 4412 director@rainman.co.za Stellenbosch University Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Prof Michael Samways Tel: 021 808 3728 Sustainability Institute Tel: 021 881 3196 www.sustainabilityinstitute.net Stimuplant Tel: 012 802 0940 / 4009 stimuplant@gmail.com www.stimuplant.sa.gs

University of the Free State Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Tel: 051 401 2163 groenei@ufc.ac.za www.ufs.ac.za/censard University of KwaZulu-Natal Tel: 033 260 5667 www.ukzn.ac.za The Department of Plant Pathology conducts research on the biological control of crop pests and diseases. Wensleydale farm Tel: 012 650 0064 sue@wensleydale.co.za www.wensleydale.co.za

KwaZulu-Natal Karkloof Market 082 820 8986 Pietermaritzburg Farmers Market 033 345 4656 or write to paulpon@sai.co.za

13. International business environment

For current statistics on organic farming, visit www.fibl.ch and the other websites listed under this heading. International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movement (IFOAM) headoffice@ifoam.org www.ifoam.org International umbrella body for organic farming International WWOOF Association (World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms) www.wwoof.org This association is dedicated to helping those who would like to volunteer on organic farms internationally. The aims of WWOOF are to: enable people to learn first-hand about organic growing techniques; to enable town-dwellers to experience living and helping on a farm; to help farmers make organic production a viable alternative; to improve communications within the organic movement.

The biggest organic producer of Biological solutions and growth vegetables in South Africa. stimulants

12. Local business environment

Organic producers and processors network at www.go-organic.co.za Read about South Africas original green trade and consumer event www.naturalandorganic.co.za Organic farming is economically and environmentally sustainable because the export market is well established and looking for professional producers. Compared to the EU, the USA and Japan, our domestic market is small, even if it is growing. If a farmer is able to produce crops and livestock of consistent high quality and quantity, there will no doubt be a ready market for his goods. Countries further north are stepping up to the mark faster than South African producers: South Africa now has 300 farmers certified, while Uganda has 300 000! Woolworths, together with its suppliers, is aiming to ensure that South Africa will be able sustain the sufficient growth of fresh produce in the long-term with its Farming for the Future initiative, launched today, 3 November 2009. Farming for the Future is geared to radically improve soil and plant health, preserve resources like water and soil and protect biodiversity. Initial trials show yields and quality are more consistent and land, water, insecticide, pesticide and fertiliser usage is reduced. Currently, more than 50% of Woolworths fresh produce is farmed this way and these new farming techniques will be implemented at all the brands produce supplier farms around the country. By 2012, Woolworths intends to have all its locally grown fresh goods which accounts for over 90% of its fresh produce either organically produced or grown through the Farming for the Future approach. Find the whole article Woolworths on the good business journey to sustainable farming at www.bizcommunity.com

UK Soil Association www.soilassociation.org. The Soil Associations symbol appears on around 70% of organic food produced in the UK. Take a look at these websites: www.qlif.org Quality Low Input Food is an integrated project funded by the European Commission. Find news of the biggest study into organic food yet on this website. Researchers grew fruit and vegetables and reared cattle on adjacent organic and non-organic sites in the UK and in Europe. A further study, The Organic Green Revolution was done by the Rodale Institute and can be found at www.rodaleinstitute. org. This paper reports that organic agriculture can, and should be used to, feed the world. www.fao.org/organicag the FAO Organic Agriculture Programme www.organicagcentre.ca Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada www.organic-europe.net site maintained by the Swiss Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FIBL) www.fibl.ch The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (Forschungsinstitut fr biologischen Landbau FiBL) is the worlds leading information and documentation centre for organic agriculture. Sustainable Earth Electronic Library www.envirolink.org www.organicaginfo.org The site contains information on production, economic data, research results, farmer anecdotes, certification information, transition strategies, as well as many other subjects related to organic agriculture. www.ofrf.org Organic Farming Research Foundation (USA) www.biodynamics.com Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Association (USA) www.researchandmarkets.com a 2009 report analysed the organic fruit and vegetable market in 17 European countries Since 1977 Bio-Center Zann have been importing and exporting organic fruit and vegetables, all over Europe to supermarkets. Because of the increased demand for certified organic fruits and vegetables, they are looking for companies and growers in South Africa who are interested to expand their business in this production line. Visit www. zannorganics.com www.gardenorganic.org.uk the UKs Leading organic growing charity www.agroecology.org and www.canunite.org for notes on agroecology www.polyfacefarms.com the farmer who has gone beyond organic (for those of you who saw the movie Food Inc)

Organic Markets
Western Cape Rondebosch Organic Market 021 696 5749 Constantia Waldorf Organic and Biodynamic Market 082 569 9894 Timour Hall Organic and Biodynamic Farmers market 082 569 9894 Stellenbosch Fresh Goods Market www.slowfood.co.za Gauteng Go Green Markets 082 600 8077 www.go-greenmarkets.com Bryanston Organic Market 011 706 3671 www.bryanstonorganicmarket. co.za Irene Village Market 012 667 1659 www.irenemarket.co.za Parkview Organic Market 076 022 7937

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14. Small-scale farmer news

Many new South African farmers are currently organic by default. With a little help they can become organic by design. The promotion of small-scale production is a requirement for the growth of this sector. Find the document Market Research on the organic and natural products and fynbos industry with an emphasis on how to facilitate entry on www. spp.org.za, website of the Surplus People Project. Related publications include Pesticide heath risks for South African emerging farmers. The main criticism levelled at organic agriculture is that it cannot feed the world. But this might be a failure of the economic system in which we operate rather than the inherent capacity of the approach. While it is true that organic agriculture cannot produce massive surpluses by forcing super-growth, over the long term productivity equals out: organic production is more consistent over time; it is more environmentally sustainable and it creates local economic stability. Can community-based organic agriculture play a meaningful role in achieving food security? One of its biggest advantages is that organic agricultural methods can easily be transferred to people with few or no previous skills albeit at a basic level. In just four days, anyone can obtain the basic skills which, if applied (with some guidance) over two seasons, will result in a permanent ability to grow productive survival or subsistence gardens at low cost. Although more advanced levels of organic farming require much more training, with the basics in place it is possible to kick-start self-sustaining community farming and gardening in uncontested land such as backyard plots, rural smallholdings, school yards, in servitude and commonage land. Basic-level training can therefore provide a foundation for localised food security among the poor. Organic bio-dynamic farming and gardening is most readily adaptable to poor or emerging farmers who cannot easily access costly external inputs and high-tech training. It has the added advantage of being spontaneously community building and because it uses human-scale technology, it is also labour intensive and has the potential beyond meeting subsistence needs to create jobs. It is now a proven fact that a reasonable living, after costs, is possible off 500 square metres or less, selling organic vegetables at street prices. Here in South Africa there is now a grassroots organic-friendly farming movement among the poor, involving many thousands who are mobilising to defeat food insecurity. Leading examples are the Vukuzenzela Urban Farmers Association (VUFA) in Cape Town, the Master Farmers Association (MFA) in the Eastern Cape and the Western Cape Ubuntu Farmers Association (WEKUFU).
Source: adapted from an article by Rob Small from ABALIMI in the CSI Handbook 8th edition, published by Trialogue

Farmers Weekly ran an article resurrect soil with living fertiliser about a farmer who turned the fortunes of a farm by attending to bankrupt soils. Francois Visser also made 33% of the farms shares available to his workers in recognition of their invaluable contribution to the farm. The workers are now directly affected by the farms profitability and key to the farms success. Visser can be contacted at 023 312 1611. Find the article in the archives at www.farmersweekly.co.za. In South Africa, the NOPI (National Organic Produce Initiative) offers an opportunity for communities to become self sufficient, sovereign and prosperous. Projects take three to four years to become sustainable. The base of them all is building communal agro-ecology management principles around food gardens to cater for local community markets first. Once they generate surplus and savings they expand to other value chains. Find more at www.nopilife.org or phone SACODAS (contact details under heading 11). See also page 463.

Organic Farms Group Tel: 084 444 6310 www.organicfarmsgroup.com Training, Mentorship. Vukuzakhe Project, the Youth Group website. marketing and Find news of the Organic Farming Umyawolwabasha and others on the

Organic Freedom Project (OFP) Tel: 021 671 0935/ www.ofp.co.za The OFP is a non-profit organisation founded to promote job creation and sustainable trade through organic farming, and the processing and marketing of organic products.

Rainman Landcare Foundation Tel: 031 783 4412 director@rainman.co.za www.rainman.co.za A registered trust which teaches farmers how to farm organically, and how to set up farmers associations which can be certified organic, enabling farmers to access the growing organic market, domestically and internationally. They have developed a Quality Management course for Small Producer Groups, run learnerships in organic farming at NQF 2 and also teach organic facilitators (NQF 5). Rainman Landcare Foundation is an AgriSETA accredited provider. Rainman is setting up a Participatory Guarantee Support Network with PELUM South Africa, and national organic agriculture movements in Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. How do I convert to organic farming? 1. Plan the layout of your farm. 2. Plan your crop rotation include the planting of plants which will attract beneficial insects to help with soil fertility and pest control. 3. Implement organic pesticide and disease control immediately. 4. Start making your own compost. 5. Decide whether to convert in one go, or over a period of time with organic fertilisers and compost. 6. Start making organic seedlings from organic and untreated seed. 7. Register with a certification body and prepare for an organic certification audit.
Source: GO farming Volume 2. No 2.

ABALIMI Tel/fax: 021 371 1653 / 082 331 9133 info@abalimi.org.za www.abalimi.org.za Every year, nearly 3000 subsistence gardeners and 200 community agriculture and greening projects are supplied with inputs from Abalimis two non-profit Peoples Garden Centres. The economic potential is big, as there is a high and ever growing demand for organic vegetables in Cape Town. Organic Markets and retailers large and small are always undersupplied. Get updates from their newsletter. African Organic Farming Foundation ged@africanorganics.org www.africanorganics.org AOFFs Marketing and Agro-Business Development (MAED) Program is a market-led, trade capacity building partnership that facilitates the inclusion of the resource-poor emerging farmers in organic production and trade by building partnerships that link small farmers with markets to improve food security, incomes and strengthen local capacity to manage agriculture and natural resources.

Our thanks to Dr Raymond Auerbach, Hans Klink, Rob Small, Liesl Haasbroek and Ian Robinson for feedback on the draft chapter.

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Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

Work with Nature rather than against Her

Working with nature means: observe and understand your context, as well as the larger factors which affect you. This is done through mapping, research into local ecologies, weather, investigation and talking to locals! Secondly, aim to enhance the resources you discover by working with the forces you encounter, and turning problems into solutions.

Permaculture
1. Overview
Permaculture is a systems design response to the downward spiral into unsustainability that the world has been involved in for the last 150 years (at least). The name Permaculture is derived from permanent, agriculture and culture. Australian professor Bill Mollisson and his student Dave Holmgren coined this phrase in 1978, to describe their design framework for sustainable development. Permaculture is a system based on natural ecosystem processes: through consciously combining plant, animal, built environment and energy systems, it endeavours to create sustainable human habitats, settlements and agriculturally productive systems. The intention is to design productive systems that ultimately generate more energy than they consume, with no negative impact on the natural or social environment. There are tens of thousands of Permaculturalists the world over who have implemented this design strategy, in a huge range of climates and contexts. The UN has recognised Permaculture as a useful intervention in areas that have experienced natural disasters, or post-war situations. Because it is a multidisciplinary approach, many techniques like Organics, Biodynamics and other agricultural practices are incorporated within its framework. Permaculture systems do not use economic performance as the only measure of success. The ethics and principles will explain this further.

Relative location
Place elements in your system where they are most effective (elements are any component in your design: a house, a barn, cattle, gardens, extensive crops etc). By placing the elements where they are most needed, you reduce the amount of work and energy you have to expend. This principle also leads to creating relationships between design elements to enhance productivity and efficiency. A good example is using water from aquaculture ponds to irrigate food production areas.

Efficicent energy planning

Every element in a Permaculture system should be placed where it functions most efficiently. This is known as Zone, Sector and Slope Planning. Zone planning Elements are placed in zones according to how many times you need to use and visit them, as well as the amount of inputs they require. Areas that need visiting every day for harvesting and maintenance (such as annual vegetable gardens, the nursery, chickens, recycling area, etc) must be placed near the house to facilitate easy access so that these systems are well observed and maintained. Places and systems visited less frequently are placed further away from the main centre of activity (orchards, staple food systems, woodlots, animal systems, etc) because these places require less attention and are harvested less frequently. The design is thus divided into Zones radiating outwards from the centre of activity. Zone 0 House or business Zone 1 Intensive vegetable gardens, nursery and small animal systems Zone 2 An orchard or mixed food forest (perennial species); and staple food systems (grains and tubers). Zone 3 This can incorporate large-scale semi-managed systems such as woodlots; large animal fodder systems and aquaculture. Zone 4 Semi managed wild system of mainly indigenous species harvested for medicines, indigenous fruits and firewood. Zone 5 Unmanaged wild systems of indigenous species that act as a refuge for wildlife and is a place we go to observe nature. Slope planning Slope planning involves looking at your site in profile, bearing in mind slope angles and elevation. This leads us to place dams, water storage tanks, roads and tracks, drains and flow diversions in the right place, so we might most effectively use slope on our land to our advantage. For example we place dams and water catchment above the house and garden so we may use gravity to create water flow instead of a mechanical pump. Slope planning means also that we use contours to garden on, to minimise erosion and maximise water retention. Sector planning Plan your site to make maximum use of energy moving through the site or to deflect those energies. Sector planning deals with wild energies that move onto the property from the outside. This means that our designs take into account fire danger; strong or damaging winds; screening of unwanted views; winter and summer sun angles; flood-prone areas etc. This leads to placement of homes, windbreaks, firebreaks, swales and water systems. Sectors also modify zonal placement.

2. Ethics and principles

ETHICS
Permaculture is rooted in a set of ethics, which guide decisions that designers, agriculturalists and builders use in their daily activities. These ethics evolved out of the need to create behavioral and implementation patterns that would be beneficial to both the human and natural environment. Underpinning all of the ethics is the fundamental realisation that we are dependant on a planet that has limited, and damaged resources, and that we must work within this reality. 1. Earth Care all activities maintain the integrity of the natural resource base. 2. People Care all activities are aimed at empowering ourselves and other human beings, bearing Earth Care in mind 3. Surplus Share all extra resources are utilised to improve earth and People care. 4. Set Limits To Consumption.

PRINCIPLES
Permaculture has basic design principles that one works from, in any context. One could call these sustainability guidelines. They are simple, practical and achievable.

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Every element must be multifunctional

Every element selected should provide at least 3 functions: for example, windbreaks are pest predator refuges, a source of wild food and contain an herbaceous layer which also provides pest management.

scale, but the principle still applies. Use the same patterning principles in your design when shaping beds, watercourses, building structures etc. The use of natural patterns in a garden will enhance the growth and vitality of the system and appear more interesting, original and beautiful.

Every function should be served by many elements

Pest control, soil fertility, water catchment and irrigation, mulch and food provision, etc should must be served by more than one element. This means if one element fails in its task to provide a service (pest control chickens get eaten by a dog), than there must be back up by at least three other elements to ensure sustainability (plants, ducks and wild birds control pests). Observe this principle and the basic needs of your cultivated ecology will be met consistently from within the system.

Increase the use of edge

Edge is where two or more environments meet (for example land and water) and where the resources and energy of two or more systems available for us to use. Edge increases the surface interface in your gardens between different systems (pond/wetlands with veggie gardens) and there will be a high-energy movement between them and thus more opportunities in space and time. Also create as much surface interface for plants and animals to use (wavy shaped beds as opposed to straight ones), which will allow a greater amount of species to be placed into a smaller area effectively. Create more edge in your gardens and the energy in the ecology will flow with ease and vitality, ultimately creating a more productive system.

Use biological resources rather than non-renewables

Use natural resources to do the work in the Permaculture. Plants and animals are used wherever possible to provide nutrients, shelter, and fuel, insect and weed control, nutrient recycling, habitat enhancement, soil building, fire and erosion control, etc. For example you can use chickens and small animals to work the soil and compost it; plant legumes to enrich the soil; encourage birds and use silky chickens for insect control; plant diverse systems to enhance nutrient reticulation in the soil and to keep disease and pests in balance; use deep rooting plants to loosen the soil instead of ploughing etc.

Make use of succession

Succession is a concept derived from ecology. It describes the evolution of plant and animal communities over time. Generally, when a site is disturbed, it is colonised by hardy weeds, which are short-lived, but provide a microclimate for other less hardy species to develop in. Left alone, these communities will increase in species diversity and longevity. With the increase in plant diversity, animal and insect communities also increase. Ultimately the system developes into a climax (stable) ecology suited to local conditions. In some areas this may be a forest ecology, in others a fynbos ecology. We utilise this successional phenomenon in Permaculture systems to create permanent agriculture systems. However, we will interfere by enhancing the system through using hardy pioneer shrubs and trees (especially legumes), thereby accelerating the development of a microclimate that will support productive crops.

Create energy cycles

Any of the natural forces that enter a site must be put to work. If you have rain, ensure that it is not only caught on the roof for domestic consumption, but is re-used in the house, and enters a home garden as greywater to produce food. Overland flow needs to be captured in swales (contour ditches) so that it can slowly percolate into the soil, and eventually make its way to streams or rivers, rather than just rushing overland to the river. The same attitude is applied to any resources used on site to ensure that nothing is wasted, and no pollution is created.

Intensity
A primary consideration in Permaculture is that we need to minimise our impact. This then leads us to design intensive and productive systems that utilise the least space possible. This approach is implemented using 3 dimensional designs. In other words, we use vertical space walls, trellises, espaliers etc to maximise production. Stacking productive plants into their appropriate niches and using plant guilds are tools that aid intensified design. This also applies to broadscale Permaculture: large animal systems are not necessarily just grazing, but incorporate large leguminous trees for grazing and nitrogen-fixing. Large crop production areas can also look at 3 dimensional design though the use of alley cropping etc.

Create diversity
Diversity brings choice and stability. Permaculture is about creating diversity, more so than in nature and it is through diversity that we have stability, choice and sustainability. Diversity not only ensures a wide range of plant species to use, it also means we get away from dependence on one crop for our livelihood (monoculture) into a system whereby a diverse range of plants and animals provide balance and fertility. Diversity means that a family/farm can satisfy many of its nutritional needs with the available fruits, vegetables, proteins, and minerals. Economically this means there is a wider variety of crops and products available at different times of the year, which protects the family/farm from market downturns, and the failure of one crop. But stability only occurs among co-operative species. Do not simply place as many varieties of plant and animal in your system, because they may compete with each other. It is the number of functional connections between these plants and animals that creates stability and fertility.

3. Scope and applications

Agriculture As a sustainable agriculture framework, Permaculture provides the designs and tools to create small to large-scale farms that are resilient in the face of disasters like floods, droughts, fires etc. Through careful planning based on local factors such as ecological processes, landforms, wind and water movement, farmers can to some extent buffer their farms in times of crisis. With the emphasis on reintegrating indigenous tree and shrub species into the agricultural framework, the links to conservation are much strengthened and agricultural enterprises become more stable. Windbreaks and pest management zones are implemented using species indigenous to or tolerant of local conditions. The planting of trees as an integral part of agriculture also assists with carbon sequestration, which is vital to our continued survival. In addition we cannot emphasise enough the role that substantial tree planting can play in creating rainfall, as well as improved microclimates.

Patterns
When talking about patterns we refer to utilising forms like contour lines, spirals, branching patterns etc that occur in nature. This is not as esoteric as it sounds, but highly practical when correctly used. Nature exists and grows through patterns. Use natural patterns that allow the parts of the design (animals, worms, birds, insects, soils, sun, water, etc.) to flow and work in beneficial relationships. Contours are an obvious form of patterning that can be effectively used on any scale of agriculture. Obviously these patterns become more simplified when used on a larger

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It is a useful tool especially in arid zones (most of South Africa), where drought mitigation is of utmost importance. Good design and good species selection as well as macro scale water flow management, and the sinking of water into the subsoil through earthworks, are critical to maintaining good soil hydration and replenishing dwindling borehole waters. In areas where soil or water is saline, Permaculture has had some profound effects. The project in the Jordan Valley is a good showcase of the application of Permaculture in difficult and previously considered unproductive or marginal areas. (See www.permaculture.org.au ) Another important factor in agricultural design is diversity: the reintroduction of multipurpose indigenous, and other useful plants or trees, already move the farmer towards more diverse production; coupled with this is the need to diversify agricultural crops so that one can weather a certain amount of crop failure, and still have yields to send to the marketplace. Animals are integrated into food production systems, and are not seen as a separate enterprise from crop cultivation. Chickens and pigs especially have been very successfully used to weed, dig and fertilise crop production areas. Often these animals are rotated around designated, fenced areas, with crops following them as they move on. Cattle and sheep are managed in a low density Agro-forestry context, with fenced trees for browsing, nitrogenfixing for pasture and shade. Bees are also a vital component pollinating all crops, and generating honey. Our local honey supply is low, and a good niche market exists for this product in South Africa. Construction There has been a marked resurgence in peoples interest in sustainable construction methodologies. You may ask what relevance this has to agriculture. Ranging from low cost to luxury housing it has a profound impact on local resources and finances, as well as health. Most dwellings consume materials that are non-renewable, if not toxic in nature. Poor housing design adds to energy consumption bills, and poor settlement layout has both disastrous social, environmental and consequently economic impacts. Also, most agricultural enterprises have ample natural materials to use in construction. Sustainable construction minimises the impact that housing provision has on the local and far-flung environment. These criteria are: Building materials are acquired from a radius of no more than 50km, wherever possible cutting down on petrol consumed, and enhancing the local aesthetics of buildings. Materials are as unprocessed as possible alleviating the toxic burden on rivers, soils, atmosphere, humans and wildlife. Houses are designed for maximum energy efficiency, with green technology and water-saving strategies built in. This includes extensive water storage for domestic consumption from roofs. The siting of dwellings in a landscape, whether urban or rural is critical. Passive solar design of houses reduces heating and cooling bills. Good design also impacts on peoples mental health. Construction of homes is labour intensive, and does not necessarily require highly skilled builders, which can add greatly to job creation in South Africa. Energy and technology Green technology is another important component in Permaculture designs. Our individual and collective impacts on the planet are having a profoundly negative effect. Simple technologies like solar heating and electricity can take pressure off our South African energy generation requirements which is largely produced through the mining and burning of coal. This particular activity has extremely negative effects on people living near these mines and stations as well as contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Water and sewage management can also be made more effective by using appropriate technologies like composting toilets, biogas digestors, greywater purification and re-use. All of these technologies also take the pressure off fresh water supply for wasteful uses. Methane gas digestors are also of interest to farmers who are working with livestock, and who generate excess biomass that cannot otherwise be utilised. Digestors can be built on farms to generate cooking gas or electricity, depending on the scale. The digestors also eliminate the smelly sewage problem!

Social structures Permaculture is in many was concerned with empowering people from all walks of life. Consequently, it has also looked into social structures and alternative economic systems. Co-ops, Green investment and revolving loan schemes are some of the ideas you may encounter. Green city design, cohousing schemes and allotment gardens are some of the social restructuring you would find in urban Permaculture contexts. In South Africa, the goal-setting and decision-making process evolved by Allan Savory in Holistic Management has also proved to be a useful tool. The ethical stance that Permaculture requires leads naturally to a more just social and economic structure. Urban and peri-urban permaculture There is both the need for urban agricultural spaces, and the need to green our cities. Urban centres consume, and waste, huge amounts of resources, and also put pressure on rural areas to fulfill many of the urban needs. With the growing pressure on urban centres to provide work and housing, Permaculture can offer a lifeline to many people. Permaculture offers good tools for redefining and redesigning our use of space and resources in cities. The principles outlined above give us a good idea of some approaches. Another critical feature of urban ecological agriculture is the reintroduction of biodiversity into these spaces making every city garden a conservation zone. Much of what we consider waste can be fruitfully re-used to create more sustainable cities green technologies are very useful tools here.

4. Training and research

People the world over have been trained in Permaculture design whether literate or not. Many courses have also had to be translated into mother tongue. Permaculture Design Courses (PDC) A full Permaculture Design Course should run for at least 72 hours (over, say, 12 days), cover core information, and include intensive design exercises. This is an internationally recognised course. Short courses Many service providers offer short courses covering certain topics within the Permaculture framework, but these do not constitute a PDC. Given the critical poverty in South Africa, many facilitators have been contracted to teach short courses aimed at food security, primary health care, or specialised teachers courses. Often, given time and budget constraints, the full PDC material has not always been achievable, but the impact of such short courses has been profound. Trainer competency Main facilitators on PDCs should have completed a PDC themselves, and have 2 years of hands-on experience with design and implementation. In other countries, one can apply to tertiary institutions for recognition of competency. A few people in South Africa have diplomas from Australia and the UK. Permaculture Unit Standards in Agriseta A team of subject experts has been engaged in the lengthy process of writing Permaculture Unit Standards to be included in AgriSETAs Primary Agriculture Unit Standards. To date, there are Unit Standards ranging from Level 1 to Level 5 (find these on www.agriseta.co.za). The PDC does not have a unit standard but participants on these courses do not often require accreditation.

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5. Roleplayers
Afristar Foundation Tel: 011 706 5614 afristar@telkomsa.net www.afristarfoundation.org.za facilitates on site permaculture workshops for disadvantaged communities, has a range of permaculture educational books, posters and videos and produces Afristar Foundation has worked the Permaculture Villager newsletter on district-wide planning models quarterly. that bring Permaculture to the fore in broadscale community Jakkalskloof Ecovillage development the Marginalised John Raimondo 082 441 7827 Community Action Plan (MCAP). raimondo@telkomsa.net This process has enabled them to work with regional and local Situated in Swellendam on the government as well as with the Ashton Road, there are good Department of Agriculture, Public examples of water management Works and professional business and domestic production on a planners to create a model for larger scale. People with old earth integrated environmental, social houses on farms will be inspired to see the earth house restoration and economic development. here. Avice Hindmarch Tel: 072 174 1152 Kruger & Associates avice.steed@vodamail.co.za Tel: 028 316 2905 kruger@kruger-associates.com A consultancy offering the www.kruger-associates.com provision of Permaculture design on any scale, as well as Biodynamic Provide conference services Farming consultation generally, but with a focus on sustainability. One of our flagship Busy Bee Apiaries conferences is the International Tel/fax: 021 971 1022 Association of Impact Assessors. crpost@telkomsa.net Another lesser known conference is SBE Sustainability in the Built Busy Bee Apiaries CC provides Environment which is a lowintensive skills training courses key but dynamic natural building both in the theory and in the conference hosted in different practical aspects of beekeeping, areas of Southern Africa. including all business aspects, legal, technical, and marketing, personnel Jewish National Fund Walter and quality aspects. Consultation Sislulu Environmental Centre and the auditing of beekeeping Tel/fax: 012 801 3197 services and products have also envirocentre@wsec.co.za been provided. Their mission is to create a culture of community conservation in Dovehouse Farm Tel: 033 330 3554 / 082 868 4517 Mamelodi and Southern Tshwane. dovehouse@absamail.co.za The Centre facilitates permaculture www.dovehouse.co.za and medicinal garden workshops to assist educators to incorporate the Dovehouse Organic Farm is a environment into the curriculum functioning permaculture farm and to build capacity in communities with an Organic Health Shop around food security and primary and plant nursery on site. A wide health care. range of permaculture examples are demonstrated on the farm, Lindros Whole Earth from household food forests to a Consultants co-operative of market gardens, Tel: 082 719 7263 integrated crop and animal rotations alan@lindros.co.za www.lindros.co.za and water harvesting techniques. Durban Botanic Gardens Permaculture Training Centre Tel: 031 309 1170 Sihle Lukhozi 078 645 8756 slukhozi@gmail.com Food And Trees For Africa (FTFA) Tel: 011 784 6399 www.trees.org.za FTFA works in partnership with government, the private and public sectors and civil society. FTFA runs several PDCs annually, Newlands Mashu Permaculture Learning Centre (NMPLC) Tel: 031 577 2844 newlandspermaculture@absamail. co.za www.newlandsmashu.org.za NMPLC conducts training workshops and provides mentorship to organisations and individuals seeking to develop sustainable and environmentally responsible approaches to farming and organic based agricultural initiatives.

McGregor Alternative Technology Centre (MAT) Tel: 023 625 1533 info@mat.org.za www.mat.org.za

public about Permaculture. It aims to improve the acceptance of Permaculture in the formal and informal sectors, as well as lobby against unsustainable practices. Permacore is also a networking MAT teaches sustainable building, organisation that seeks to foster renewable energy, permaculture co-operation. and promote alternative technologies like compost toilets, Planner Bee Plant Care solar cookers, etc MAT acts as Tel: 011 888 4215 a learning and resource centre Cell: 083 255 5828 for those wishing to explore and Fax: 011 888 4215 incorporate these principles and carmen@livingearth.co.za technologies in their own lives and www.fertilis.co.za in their communities. Consulting on Permaculture, organics, vermiculture and waste Open Synergy Tel: 011 608 1082 / 072 501 0756 management using earthworms. flo@opensynergy.co.za They also have permaculture www.opensynergy.co.za articles in booklet form. We design resilient ecologies and healthy habitats to facilitate the emergence of sustainable settlements, working with NGOs, academic institutions, architectural firms, construction companies, and private clients. Open Synergy has done some ground-breaking work in terms of Urban Permaculture The Alexandra Renewal Project being in the portfolio. They are also engaged with projects at WITS university. Paul Barker Tel: 072 410 8044 Fax: 086 445 9991 barker.paulb@gmail.com Plantwize Tel: 082 683 6048 info@plantwize.co.za www.plantwize.co.za Indigenous, organic and Permaculture landscaping; organic garden maintenance; workshops and training. Progreen Tel: 011 784 6399 progreen@telkomsa.net

An environmental communications consultancy, Progreen brought Bill Mollison, founder of Permaculture, to South Africa in 1991 to promote Permaculture in the country. This Sustainable Agricultural Practices, has become an annual event in Community Development and which hundreds of facilitators are Permaculture Design National trained. Consultancy Rainman Landcare Foundation Permaculture Education Africa Tel: 031 783 4412 (PEA) director@rainman.co.za Tel: 028 5511 678 / 072 241 1514 www.rainman.co.za permaculture.education. africa@gmail.com A registered trust which teaches farmers how to farm using PEA is an association of Permaculture and Organics, and Permaculture facilitators, as well how to set up farmers associations as an informal networking body for which can be certified organic, Permaculture. PEA organises PDC enabling farmers to access courses and tailor-made courses the growing organic market, for Permaculture projects as well as domestically and internationally. accredited training consultation services for projects. AgriSETA In addition PEA provides Ecovillage providers. Design consultations, designs and broad scale Permaculture design. Rural Education Development We are able to offer professional Corporation (Rucore) Tel/fax: 021 783 4007 and practical courses on sites vildev@iafrica.com that demonstrate this sustainable www.rucore.org.za approach. We will also assist you with getting in touch with service Rucore promotes integral providers in your area. Co- approaches to rural development at operation is a vial aspect of our the household, village and regional approach. level and works on projects in the Northwest Province and KZN. Permacore 021 448 5350 / 072 949 4600 SEED Tel/fax: 021 391 5316 The Permaculture Foundation of Tel: 021 671 6912 the Western Cape is an organisation admin@seed.org.za that promotes and educates the www.seed.org.za

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SEED facilitates innovative and radical transformation of the learning environment together with inspired and practical Outcomes Based Education. A Permaculture learning environment is a rich practical tool for all learning areas in the Revised National Curriculum Statements (RNCS). Through this process teachers benefit from SEEDs learnership programme and acquire hands-on skills of Environmental Education facilitation and applied Permaculture at schools. SEEDs core programme is the Sustainable Schools programme, a three-year programme which supports schools in growing into community resource centres for the horizontal transfer of Environmental Education, and encouraging environmental awareness in the community. SEEDs head offices are at Rocklands Primary School in Mitchells Plain and showcases Mediterranean Permaculture in a very harsh climate, to good effect. SEED has developed a number of Learner Support Materials that link Permaculture directly to the national schools Curriculum. We are developing an Applied Permaculture Training for postmatriculants. This course would be suitable for schools facilitators and community development trainers, amongst others. In this year (2009) we hope to develop a full Diploma in Permaculture.

90s. We engage with leaders in business and government to create strategies to turn the tide of environmental collapse and to generate new more sustainable solutions. Our core offering is a framework, an elegant and simple yet science-based understanding, of the principles of sustainability. This allows everyone across a diverse operation to talk about these issues in the same language, and gives a long-term strategic context for the steps that must be taken on the journey towards a sustainable organisation. We offer interventions at all levels of management to get a handle on the core issues driving sustainability and to assess how they can engage further (take the next Natural Steps) on that journey. Tlholego Ecovillage ildev@iafrica.com www.tlholego.org.za Tlholego Village has been working with Permaculture systems, natural building technologies and Ecovillage design in the context of land redistribution policy since 1990. The Village is currently expending its residential component, sustainably agriculture activities and training capacity. Tim Wigley Cell: 083 287 4308 timerthi@lantic.net

URBAN FARMER Working in collaboration with Organic Food Gardens Tel/fax: 022 448 1106 Lisa Perold 082 842 1579 metalpetal@kingsley.co.za

as well as Biodynamic Farming Practice from both small to large scale. She has a broad palette of practical experience.

Zulu Organics Ezio Gori 083 300 2385 We consult around Food Security Fax: 086 671 8572 in rural communities, and engage whatabuz@iafrica.com in training where invited to do so. We focus mainly on home food Zulu Organics provides a holistic gardens, introducing Permaculture development service for both as a design lens, both in the garden small scale emerging and large and as an instrument in developing scale organic farmers, that the capacity of rural communities includes: organics awareness to address the challenges of food and sensitisation; preparation of security/sovereignty. business development plans to access funding for development; Wendy Crawford provision of accredited training; Tel: 082 826 1333 development of site infrastructure; brightgoldberry @gmail.com establishment of Farmers Support Centres, including farmers coA consultant in Permaculture design, operatives and satellite distribution training and implementation, centres etc.

Demonstration Sites
Please contact the following sites if you would like to see Permaculture in action. They range from broadscale to urban sites. Spier 072 174 1152 Berg en Dal 028 551 1678 Cedar Guesthouse 044 923 1751 Dovehouse 033 330 3554 Mashu Newlands Permaculture Centre 031 577 2844 Noel Marten 021 532 2607 Rainman Landcare Foundation 031 783 4412 Synergy Centre Sustainability Project 072 501 0756 SCHOOLS see the earlier SEED and FTFA entries.

An experienced Natural Farming and Permaculture facilitator who has been working in the Eastern SEED is also involved in many other Cape for two decades. He is based projects as well as running short at Khula Dhamma Ecovillage near five-day courses for teachers. East London. Siyakhana Food Garden Project UKUVUNA Permaculture c/o Health Promotion Unit Solutions & Development School of Public Health Cell: 083 665 3356 Wits Medical School jonzira@ukuvuna.co.za Tel: 011 717 2241 jonzira@yahoo.com michael.rudolph@wits.ac.za www.ukuvuna.co.za http://siyakhana.org The main aim of the project is to establish a site for an urban agriculture initiative that showcases a food garden system for food production, education, research, and empowerment of the community, particularly women, through training, employment and income-generating opportunities. Its primary focus is on the link between urban permaculture, food and health promotion. The Natural Step (TNS) Cape Town 021 715 0526 TNS Gauteng 011 648 6287 www.naturalstep.org Ukuvuna Permaculture is NPO based in Midrand and operation through out the region. The organisation runs projects in Lesotho, Swaziland, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Its main focus is on uplifting communities through training establishing learning centres. The centres train local communities in nutrition, adult education, sustainable food security, primary health care and landscaping.

6. Websites and publications

Useful and related publications: Earth Users Guide to Permaculture Rosemary Morrow From the Roots Permacore newsletter Introduction to Permaculture Bill Mollisson and Reny Mia Slay Making the most of indigenous trees Fanie and Julye-Ann Venter Natural Pest Management Henry Ellwell (Zimbabwe) Permaculture David Holmgren Permaculture: A Designers Manual Bill Mollisson Plant Propagation Mambo Press Production without Destruction Vukasin et al (Natural Farming Network, Zimbabwe) South African Organic Agriculture Lindros The Permaculture Booklet Food and Trees for Africa The Permaculture Home Garden Linda Woodrow www.ipcon.org, website of the 9th International Permaculture Conference and Convergence (held in Malawi). The google on permaculture will give you many other international contacts e.g. www.regenerativedesign.org, www.ecologicalsolutions. com.au and www.permaculture.org. The Permaculture Magazine, winner of the Queens Award for Enterprise 2008 in the Sustainable Development category and unfettered commitment to progressing sustainability internationally (UK-based) can be subscribed to online at www.exacteditions.com/exact/magazine/409/460. Readers can also contact Tony Rollinson at info@permaculture.co.uk, who is involved in supporting projects throughout Africa. Our thanks to Alex Kruger of Permaculture Education Africa for coordinating this chapter, and to Paul Cohen for thorough feedback.

UKUVUNA (Urban farming project CC) Tel: 083 665 3356 jonzira@urbanfarming.co.za TNS is an international advisory www.urbanfarming.co.za organisation and think-tank, originating in Sweden in the early

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Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

3. Roleplayers
Applied UV Tel: 021 448 6721 info@applieduv.co.za www.applieduv.co.za. Applied UV specialises in ultraviolet water disinfection, a system used to disinfect the drinking water for farms, houses, hospitals, hotels and communities that are without treated water. ARC - Institute for Soil Climate and Water Tel: 051 861 1172 Fax: 051 861 1027 bothac@arc.agric.za Near Bloemfontein in South Africas flat, dry province, the ARC has developed In field Rainwater Harvesting systems, making cropping viable in areas where people had abandoned crop production. RWH has been adopted eagerly by local smallscale farmers. Builders Warehouse Tel: 021 937 1014 www.builderswarehouse.co.za Builders Warehouse supplies various water storage devices which can be attached to downpipes. Branch contact details can be found on the website. Hydrex Water Storage Tel: 011 440 4472 info@hydrex.co.za www.hydrex.co.za Ozone Innovations Tel: 021 854 6400 info@ozoneinnovations.com www.ozoneinnovations.com Ozone, activated oxygen, is a natural purifier. Its clean, fresh scent is often noticed after a heavy rain. Ozone is a powerful oxidant that can safely be used to purify water. It is an alternative to using chlorine. Ultrviolet (UV) light has the ability to kill micro-organisms in a dedicated environment. When used for water purification, UV and ozone work faster and are more effective at killing a wider variety of potential pathogens than chlorine. Unlike many other sanitising agents, ozone and UV have no negative environmental impact This company specialises in the design, manufacture and installation of chemical-free ozone and ultraviolet light sterilisation equipment. Rainman Landcare Foundation Raymond Auerbach Tel: 031 783 4412 director@rainman.co.za Rainwater harvesting training Rand Water Water Quality Specialist Services, Bulk Water Services Tel: 011 682 0278 gpearson@randwater.co.za www.randwater.co.za

Rainwater harvesting
1. Overview
Rain does not always fall where humans want it to fall, but we work with it to our own advantage. On a national level, dams such as the Gariep Dam, Vanderkloof Dam, Midmar Dam, Pongolapoort Dam, Vaal Dam or Theewaterskoof Dam have been constructed to collect and store rain water on a large scale. On a local or farming level, thousands of smaller dams have been built by the owners of the land, using their tractors, dam scrapers, front-end loaders or other equipment available on the farm. The basic idea is to keep the rain water on the land where it falls i.e. harvesting rainwater. At a later date this water will be used for irrigating crops, drinking water for animals and even as drinking water for human consumption. Some rainwater might require treatment before it is considered suitable for drinking. So-called appropriate technology methods (e.g. as solar water disinfection) provide low-cost disinfection options for treatment of stored rainwater for drinking. Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) is increasingly being accepted as a practical method of providing both irrigation and potable water in agricultural and development projects throughout the world. RWH has wide application also in urban and peri-urban areas where the quantity, reliability and quality of piped water are sometimes questioned.
Source: EHWalter (Hydrex), writing to the project in March 2008; www.sciencedirect. com /science; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting

2. A national strategy
In rural villages with access to more water, the level of economic activity has been shown to double. This growth is of particular importance because of its direct impact on poverty. Every household with a roof can potentially harvest and store rainwater. In South Africa, where the backyards of rural homesteads add up to a whopping 200 000 hectares (i.e. double the current area under smallholder irrigation), the potential impact on food security is more than significant.
Source: Tsepho Khumbane, Trustee of The Mvula Trust (adapted)

In-field rain-water harvesting improves small-scale farming income and profitability. Studies to assess economic viability, social acceptability and environmental sustainability have shown in-field rainwater harvesting (IRWH) to be a sustainable approach towards empowering rural people to fight food insecurity and improve livelihoods. Profitability analyses using enterprise budgets show that farmers who adopt even the simplest form of IRWH compared to conventional crop cultivation can increase their income by about R800/ha in the case of maize production. Participatory research techniques, such as Participatory Rural Appraisal and Participatory Action Research conducted in study villages confirmed that farmers are willing to apply IRWH techniques in their production activities, and that these techniques are not only economically viable but are also environmentally sustainable and provide social benefits.
Source: The Water Research Commission Annual Report on www.wrc.org.za

Your local Water Board should be able to assist you with advice, Tanks and equipment for the publications etc. Rand Water, for storing of rainwater example, has a booklet Going with the Flow, which shows the MVULA Trust reader how to build a water tank Tel: 011 403 3425 for storing storm water / rainwater. Tel: 031 301 3205 Contact Grant Pearson. Fax: 011 403 1260 www.mvula.co.za SPATIUM Louw van Biljon 082 777 2647 Mvula Trust is the largest Non- spatium@isat.co.za Governmental Organisation supporting Water and Sanitation Umhlaba Consulting Group Development in South Africa. (Pty) Ltd They operate from a national Water for Development Unit office in Johannesburg as well as Director Jonathan Denison from six regional offices in North Tel: 043 7221246 West, Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal jdenison@umhlabacg.co.za (2 offices) Eastern Cape (3 offices) Free state and Mpumalanga. Water Research Commission Tel: 012 330 9058 www.wrc.org.za Rainwater for drinking should be carefully stored and treated prior to consumption. Several technologies exist for home treatment including: ozone sterilisation, UV, distillation. Fairly simple sand filters followed by household chlorine may also be utilised. For further details, contact Dr Jo Burgess at the Water Research Commission, 012 330 9039 (RWH for domestic use), or Dr Andrew Sanewe on 012 330 9047 (for agricultural use).

Enough rain falls on the African continent to supply the water needs for 13 billion people, twice the current world population. However, little of the rainfall is collected or stored through sustainable methods, such as small and large-scale rainwater harvesting.
An excerpt from the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) Environmental Food Crisis report, released in May 2009. Find it at www.unep.org

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4. Websites and publications

Excellent sources include: Botha, JJ, van Rensburg, LD, Anderson, JJ, Hensley, M, Macheli, MS, van Staden, PP , Kundhlande, G, Groenewald, DC, & Baiphethi, MN, (2003). Water conservation techniques on small plots in semi-arid areas to enhance rainfall use efficiency, food security, and sustainable crop production. Report No. 1176/1/03, Water Research Commission, Pretoria. Hensley, M, Botha, JJ, Anderson, JJ, Van Staden, PP & Du Toit, A, (2000). Optimising rainfall use efficiency for developing farmers with limited access to irrigation water. Report No. 878/1/00, Water Research Commission, Pretoria. Kundhlande, G, Groenewald, DC, Baiphethi, MN, Viljoen, MF, Botha, JJ, Van Rensburg, LD, Anderson, JJ (2004). Socio-economic study on water conservation techniques in semi-arid areas. Report No. 1267/1/04, Water Research Commission, Pretoria. Water resources management in rainwater harvesting: An integrated systems approach includes case studies of villages / farm workers who catch rainwater for a variety of purposes. Contact the Water Research Commission. Various reports on in-field rainwater harvesting and conservation are available from the Water Research Commission. Contact them or visit www.wrc.org.za. Kejafa Knowledge Works stocks the publication Water Harvesting Techniques. Contact them at 014 577 0005 or visit www.kejafa.co.za Some websites Find the archived article Harvesting the rain at www.farmersweekly. co.za http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting www.harvest2o.com the online rainwater harvesting community Find the Info Pak Collecting rainwater from your roof under the Publications option at www.daff.gov.za Hoops are raised earth structures (bunds) constructed as semicircles on gently sloping land. They are made so that the tips of the bunds or hoops point up the slope and are on the same level with the contour line. The hoops capture rainwater that runs down the slope. Rainwater Harvesting for Increased Pasture Production, CTA Practical Guide Series No 3, an equivalent of the South African Info Paks, is a brochure dealing with the making of these hoops. Visit www.cta.int A google will bring you to numerous articles on websites like www. sciencedirect.com (Treating and storing rainwater for domestic indoor use), www.gdrc.org (An introduction to rainwater harvesting) and www.wikihow.com (Build a rainwater collection system)

Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

Rangeland (veld)
1. Overview
Current Rangeland / veld information may be found on www.agis.agric.za (select the latest VELD INFO menu option).

Grass plays an essential role in nature, especially as a source of food, but also to provide shelter and nesting material. There are few food chains that do not include grass in some form or other. The reason for this is that grass occurs very widely over the subcontinent and is virtually always edible. It is usually the animals at the bottom of the food chain that utilise grass. Most predators are therefore also indirectly dependent on grass. Grazers have migrated in the past, in search of better grazing. They are not only dependent on grass, but grass also depends on them. Grazers remove old plant material, stimulate new growth, and also provide fertiliser in the form of manure. Examples of typical grazers are buffaloes, zebras, blue wildebeest and hartebeest usually animals found in large herds. Today the habitat of many of these animals has been taken over by cattle and sheep. Veld (rangeland) provides the main forage resource for livestock and wildlife in South Africa, with supplementary feed, mainly in the form of irrigated or dryland pastures and fodder crops, grown by some commercial livestock farmers to provide forage for the dry winter season. Crop residues are also an important source of winter forage, especially in the communal grazing areas of the country where limited forage is available from the veld during the winter bottleneck period. In the drier central and western areas of the country, farmers commonly have small areas of drought tolerant fodder crops to provide a fodder reserve for droughts. Some useful dryland fodder crops are listed in the following table. Species Name Agave americana Anthephora pubescens Atriplex mueleri Atriplex nummalaria Atriplex semibaccata Cenchrus ciliaris Common Name American aloe Wool grass Australian saltbush Old Man saltbush Creeping saltbush Blue buffalo grass Use Drought fodder in arid and semi-arid regions Spring and summer grazing Drought fodder Drought fodder Drought fodder Tufted perennial; spring, summer and autumn grazing Live fencing and drought fodder Live fencing and drought fodder Undersowing maize, millet or sorghum

Opuntia ficus-indica Opuntia spp. Vigna unguiculata

Prickly pear Spineless cactus Cowpea

South Africa is blessed with good, mainly perennial grazing grasses which occur naturally in the region. Many of our grasses, such as weeping love grass (Eragrostis curvula), couch grass (Cynodon dactylon), guinea grass (Panicum maximum), Smuts finger grass (Digitaria eriantha) and Blue buffalo grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) are cultivated worldwide as grazing. Refer to the Forage and Pastures chapter.
One of the many possible tanks in which rainwater can be stored. Photograph used courtesy of Hydrex. Sources [Adapted from]: Guide to Grasses of South Africa, Frits van Oudtshoorn. Cell: 078 228 0008. E-mail: frits@bushveldeco.co.za; Rangeland Resources - South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Online: http://www.ru.ac. za/institutes/rgi/booklet.pdf; FAOs Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles South Africa. Online (www.fao.org)

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2. National strategy
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Directorate: Land Use and Soil Management Tel: 012 319 7686 Department of Water and Environmental Affairs (DWEA) Tel: 012 310 3911 www.environment.gov.za South African National Biodiversity Institute Grasslands Programme Tel: 012 843 5000/99 grasslands@sanbi.org www.grasslands.org.za Find details of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) under heading 3

Government has identified the grasslands biome as a priority for conservation action and will be implementing the national Grasslands Programme to save the deteriorating environment. The mission of the Grasslands Programme is to ensure that management of biodiversity contributes to sustainable development in the grasslands biome. It also ensures that production and development activities are appropriately located and managed so that the delivery of ecosystem services is not impaired. The ARC is also involved in Rangeland Monitoring and runs a DAFF funded National Rangeland Monitoring and Improvement programme which complements the Grasslands programme.

range and pasture management. This broad field involves primarily the use and conservation of natural resources. It encompasses applied fields such as livestock production, wildlife management, nature conservation, water catchment management and range and minedump rehabilitation. The disciplines include amongst others, ecology, botany, zoology, range and pasture science, animal science, soil science and genetics.

HOTSURE Tel: 0861 COLLAR Fax: 086 640 5744 info@hotsure.co.za www.hotsure.co.za Biotelemetry solutions for proactive risk management and precision farming: benefits include precision grazing and veld utilisation monitoring. Janet Edmonds Consulting Tel: 082 828 7953 Janet.jec@edelnet.co.za

For the African Journal of Forage Science, events and the newsletter Veld condition assessments, Grassroots refer to their website. carrying capacity, re-vegetation are included in services offered The GSSA organises information days in collaboration with other South African National organisations on a range of subjects, Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) and has recently unveiled a Tel: 012 843 5000 mentorship programme to provide www.sanbi.org support to young scientists. The www.grasslands.org.za GSSA hosts a members expertise database for the public who seek Regional contact details are available at www.sanbi.org expert advice in different areas. Wildlife Ranching SA find details in the Wildlife Ranching chapter.

3. Roleplayers
ARC-Animal Production Council for Scientific and Institute Industrial Research (CSIR) Dr Andrew Magadlela 012 672 Belinda Reyers 9036 Tel: 021 888 2488 Dr Luthando 012 672 9273 breyers@csir.co.za Dr. Mike Peel 013 753 7147 Mr Alan Short 012 672 9345 Community Dynamics www.arc.agric.za Tel: 053 927 4367 / 082 459 9451 www.communitydynamics.net The Rangelands and Nutrition Research Unit within the Animal Holistic Management Grazing Production Institute conducts Planning emphasis is on soil research on the ecology and surface management and ecosystem management of rangelands. Our health. research teams run several projects in all of South Africas biomes and Endangered Wildlife Trust on rangelands under all types of (EWT) land uses (commercial livestock Tel: 011 486 1102 production, communal farming, www.ewt.org.za game ranching). In order to conserve grasslands The ARC is currently managing a the Endangered Wildlife Trusts National Rangeland Monitoring and two strengths have been: 1) Using Improvement Programme that is charismatic and indicator species staffed with competent research to promote the conservation of the technicians who conduct veld Grassland Biome; and 2) Engaging condition surveys and basic soil with and working with farmers on surveys throughout the country in their farms to conserve grassland order to inform decision making by biodiversity. both land users and policy makers. The ARC also offers a service to The Global Environment Facility www.thegef.org funded monitor veld condition on game approximately R66 million to the ranches with recommendations on Grasslands Programme, which the management of these properties intends to secure the biodiversity for the intended objectives without and ecosystem services of the degradation of the resource base. grasslands biome for current and They conduct training on veld future generations. management for farmers and often present information at farmers Grassland Society of Southern days and annual congresses of the Africa (GSSA) Grassland Society of Southern Tel/fax: 049 842 4335 Africa. The ARC has research www.grassland.org.za facilities throughout the country and runs several projects on farm The GSSA is involved and concerned with the science and practice of and in the rural communities.

4. Training and research

Universities and Agricultural Colleges cover grasses (grassland science) and pastures in their degrees and diplomas. The agricultural colleges, working with the provincial Departments of Agriculture, present short courses too on veld management. Cedara College and Glen College are two examples. See the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Bushveld Eco Services Tel: 014 717 3819 / 078 228 0008 info@bushveldeco.co.za www.bushveldeco.co.za

A consultancy and training service to the agricultural and environmental sectors is offered. Short courses on topics such as Farm planning, Veld management, Veld condition and grazing capacity assessment, Grass identification and more are For updates on grazing research included under the name Africa Training. Courses visit www.grassland.org.za or Land-Use contact the GSSA at 049 842 are presented at predetermined venues or on invitation. 4335. The productivity of all the rangelands of South Africa has been deteriorating as a result of inter alia desertification, bush encroachment and the loss of palatable plant species. Should this deterioration be allowed to continue unchecked, sustainable animal and food production would not be possible in the long term. It is essential that ongoing research be undertaken to increase understanding of the driving forces that determine changes in vegetation. The CSIR and SANBI undertook a Grassland Biodiversity Profile and Spatial Biodiversity Priority Assessment as part of the Grasslands Programme. Contact Anthea Stephens at SANBI telephone 012 843 5289 or email stephens@sanbi.org Grazing for Profit Tel: 058 622 1499 www.rcs-sa.com

Grootfontein Agricultural College Tel: 049 802 6723 Funding is available intermittently marykevdm@daff.gov.za for postgraduate student research contact admin@grassland.org.za. Short courses include those on veld management. ARC see previous heading

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Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) Prof Graham Kerley Tel: 041 504 2111 Stellenbosch University Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Prof Michael Samways Tel: 021 808 3728 samways@sun.ac.za Tshwane University of Technology Mike Panagos PanagosMD@tut.ac.za www.tut.ac.za

University of the Free State Department Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences Prof GN Smit Tel: 051 401 2125 Prof Hennie Snyman Tel: 051 401 2221 snymanha@ufs.ac.za University of KwaZulu-Natal Prof Kevin Kirkman Tel: 033 260 5505 University of the North West Prof Klaus Kellner Tel: 018 299 2510

Grasses of Southern Africa GE Gibbs Russell et al. NBI. ISBN: 0 620 14846 2. Common veld and pasture grasses of Natal NM Tainton. Shuter and Shooter. Pietermaritzburg. SA. Grasses of the Eastern Free State R Moffett. Uniqwa, Qwa-Qwa Campus University of the North. SA. ISBN 0 958 42091 2. Common grasses of the Northern Cape BR Roberts, JH Fourie. Northern Cape Livestock Co-operation Limited. Kimberley. South Africa. Common grasses of the Orange Free State BR Roberts. Provincial Administration of the OFS. Acocks notes: key grasses of South Africa PJK Zacharias. Grassland Society of South Africa. ISBN: 0 620 14282 0. Identification of Veld Grasses of KwaZulu-Natal. KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs, Cedara, Pietermaritzburg. ISBN: 0 621 31817 5 Trees and shrubs SAPPI tree-spotting series Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Braam van Wyk & Piet van Wyk. Struik, Cape Town. ISBN: 1 86825 922 6 Trees of Southern Africa. Meg and Keith Coates-Palgrave. Weeds Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants. Lesley Henderson, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria. ISBN 1 86849 192 7 Invasive Alien Plants in KwaZulu-Natal: Management and Control. Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa (WESSA)-KZN. Problem Plants of South Africa. Clive Bromilow. Briza Publications, Cape Town. Veld and pasture management Introduction to VeldCare. [English and isiZulu]. CD Morris & D Kotze. ARC & ShareNet. Pietermaritzburg. 1 919991 38 7. Veld and pasture management in South Africa NM Tainton (editor). Shuter and Shooter. Pietermaritzburg. SA. ISBN 0 627 01864 5 Game ranch management J du P Bohma (editor). JL van Schaik. ISBN 0 627 01864 5. Karoo veld ecology and management KJ Esler, SJ Milton & WRJ Dean. Briza. Pretoria. ISBN: 978 1 875093 52 6. Veld Management in the Eastern Cape JE Dankwerts, WR Teague. Department of Agriculture. ISBN: 0 621 123 889. Improved grassland management J Frame. Farming Press, Ipswich. ISBN 0 852 36246 3. The farming handbook B Smith. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Pietermaritzburg. ISBN: 978 1 86914 090 8. Veld and Pasture Management Guidelines for Sustainable Animal Production on the Mpumalanga Highveld. A. Engelbrecht, K. Kirkman and A. Swanepoel. Department of Agriculture, Pretoria. ISBN: 1 86871 155 2 Veld in KwaZulu-Natal. Agricultural Production Guidelines for KwaZuluNatal. KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs, Cedara, Pietermaritzburg. ISBN: 0 621 27923 4.

Other contacts would be Prof T Hoffman and Prof W Bond (University of Cape Town), Prof Wayne Truter (University of Pretoria), Dr Mary Musafa (UNISA), Dr Joseph Baloyi (University of Venda), Prof Peter Scogings (University of Zululand) and Prof Chris Dannhauser (University of Limpopo).

5. Websites and publications

Call 012 672 9253/313 for the following, available from the Range and Forage Utilisation division at the ARC in Irene: Scale-related vegetation sampling Strategic Use of Intercropping for Small-Scale Farming Systems The wheel-point method of survey and measurement of semi-open grasslands and Karoo vegetation in South Africa Amasu oku Tshalahlangana anga setshenziswa ngabalimi abanendawo encane Know Your Veld Principles in managing veld Cultivated pastures for South Africa, a compilation of 25 brochures on indigenous and exotic pasture species for use under dry land and irrigated conditions Visit www.grassland.org.za, home of the Grasslands Programme. www.agis.agric.za take the Veld Focus menu option. The latest reports on rainfall and current condition of rangeland / veld is dealt with region by region. Visit www.grassland.org.za website of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa (GSSA). Find a number of articles on veld and grasses at www.kleinkaroofarms. co.za take the General Info menu option. Find the Bush Expert and Grass Expert databases on www.puk. ac.za/EcoRestore. www.arc.agric.za homepage of the Agricultural Research Council. Take the Publications option, or search under the different institutes. The Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI) provides excellent weed control information, while the Animal Production Institute (API) provides a range of support in its focus area. Grasses Sasol First Field Guide to Grasses of Southern Africa G Smith. Struik. Cape Town. ISBN: 1 86872 952 4. Guide to the Grasses of South Africa Frits van Oudtshoorn. Briza. ISBN: 1875093176. A full-colour guide to the common grasses of southern Africa and includes descriptions and illustrations of the 300 most important grasses in southern Africa. There are more than 800 excellent colour photographs.

6. Broad veld types

What is Sweetveld and what is Sourveld? These are broad veld types and refer to the palatability or sweetness of the veld as it is affected by temperature and rainfall. Sweetveld is palatable throughout the year while sourveld is generally unpalatable in winter due to high rainfall in these areas which has leached the soil over many years and leaves the soil with a low pH. This leaves the grasses low in nutrients. Animals should thus be provided with licks in the winter. Why is sweetveld sweet? Sweetveld occurs in areas with low rainfall and mild winters. The soil is fertile due to little leaching and therefore the grass grows in fertile soil and

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has a high nutritional value. Due to the sweetness of the grass, sweetveld is easily overgrazed. Dry bushveld and karoo are examples of sweetveld. What is mixed veld? Mixed veld occurs between sweetveld and sourveld. It is an intermediate form between the two and has characteristics of both. In mixed veld, sweetveld grasses usually occur in protected parts with fertile soil e.g. in the lower lying parts and next to rivers. Sourveld grasses, on the other hand, occur in open areas. Why is sweetveld sensitive to overgrazing? In sweetveld areas, available surface water was very scare, especially during winter, with a subsequent sparse distribution of grazers. Sweetveld has not adapted to continuous grazing, but rather short periods of grazing by migrating animals. These areas are also more prone to droughts e.g. karoo. During times of drought, when the veld is already in a condition of stress, the most damage is caused through overgrazing.

In communal areas, fire is used to stimulate grass production during the early summer, and this maintains a grassland state along the coastal region. However, the exclusion of fire from the savanna regions under communal management has encouraged bush encroachment to the detriment of the grazing potential of these rangelands for cattle and sheep.
Source [adapted from]: Rangeland Resources South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Online: http://www.ru.ac.za/institutes/rgi/booklet. pdf

8. Grass and veld fires

See the chapter on fire.

7. Livestock Farming Systems

There are two contrasting livestock production systems, linked to different forms of land tenure, that utilise rangeland (veld) grazing resources in South Africa, namely commercially-oriented enterprises on freehold (privatelyowned) land and largely subsistence livestock keeping on communal land. Freehold/commercial sector The commercial farming sector in South Africa is well developed, capitalintensive and export oriented. Commercial area livestock production accounts for 75% of national agricultural output and comes from 52% of the farming/grazing land. The commercial areas are divided into fenced ranches and then usually further subdivided into a number of paddocks, through which some form of rotational grazing is normally practised. Compared to the communal areas, stocking rates tend to be more conservative. In recent years, there has been a marked increase in game farming and eco-tourism in the commercial areas, in recognition of the difficulties and consequences of farming with mono-specific (grazer) domestic stock. On commercial ranches, fire is applied to many of the high elevation rangelands to provide grazing during the early growing season. Fire is used primarily by commercial ranchers to remove material of low quality which remains after the winter and to encourage the flush of short green grass during spring. Communal/ subsistence sector The communal areas occupy about 17% of the total farming area of South Africa and hold approximately 52% of the total cattle population, 72% of the goats and 17% of the sheep. They differ markedly from the freehold areas in their production systems, objectives and property rights; only the cropping areas are normally allocated to individual households, while the grazing areas tend to be shared by members of a community. The production systems in the communal areas are based on pastoralism and agro-pastoralism, and the majority of households are subsistence-based and labour intensive, with limited use of technology and external inputs. The outputs and objectives of livestock ownership are much more diverse than in commercial livestock production and include draft power, milk, dung, meat, cash income and capital storage as well as socio-cultural factors. The combination of objectives tends to be met by a policy of herd maximisation rather than turnover; hence even the large herd owners tend to sell only to meet cash needs. Mixed livestock ownership is more common in communal than freehold areas. Cattle are the generally preferred livestock species, and are important for draft power, but economic and ecological conditions often limit the possibilities of cattle ownership. Goats and, to a lesser extent, sheep are widely distributed in the communal areas and are mainly indigenous breeds.

Burned veld which sprouts out is very palatable and is easily overgrazed. Veld which has been burned should preferably rest until the grass has regrown to a height of at least 150mm. This will give the grass a chance to produce enough leaf material so that the entire plant can photosynthesize. In the case of veld which is grazed by game that cannot be controlled, it is advisable to ensure that the sections which burned are large enough to alleviate grazing pressure. Sheep should be allowed to graze as soon as possible after the fire, as they will lose condition if left to graze tall grass. In most areas, if veld is grazed soon after burning, a full seasons rest should be built into the grazing cycle (for example, once in three years or twice in five years) to allow the grass to recover its vigor.
Source: Guide to Grasses of South Africa. Frits van Oudtshoorn; Veld and Pasture Management Guidelines for Sustainable Animal Production on the Mpumalanga Highveld. A Engelbrecht et al.

9. Veld reclamation
THE STATE OF THE RANGE
The National Desertification Audit conducted in the late 1990s, examined the extent and severity of land degradation in South Africa. For information about the results, consult: 1. Rangeland Resources South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Online: http://www.ru.ac.za/institutes/rgi/ booklet.pdf 2. Nature divided: Land degradation in South Africa. MT Hoffman & A Ashwell. University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town. ISBN: 1 919713 54 9. The land degradation assessment is being updated ten years later, and this survey in combination with other projects such as the National Rangeland Monitoring and Improvement Programme of the ARC will provide a detailed picture of the trends in lands degradation across the country.

VELD RECLAMATION
Veld reclamation is probably the most challenging veld management practice and brings new hope to many land users (and animals). Reclamation is often the only alternative to making land more productive, even if it is not profitable over the short term. The aim of veld reclamation is to obtain a dense plant population, and thereby protect the soil and offer grazing. No veld reclamation project can succeed if it is not accompanied by improved grazing practices or not fully supported by the land owners.

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Bare patches
Rows of stones can be stacked along the contours to obstruct the runoff of water, improving the moisture status of the soil. Stone walls can be stacked in crescent- shaped rows with the crescent facing the top of the slope. Grasses and trees can be established within these crescents. Small dams can be made in the bare patches with a hand hoe, with the walls at the bottom of the slope. Here again, grasses can be established on the walls. Branches or grass hay can be packed over the bare patches which protects the patches against wind and sun. It also protects new seedlings against early grazing and the elements of nature. Where slopes are involved deep holes can be dug and trees planted in the holes. The holes can be only partially filled with soil so that enough water collects in the holes. Grasses can also be established in the holes, together with the trees. Depending on the money you have at your disposal, there are fertilisation measures that may be applied.

Bush encroachment occurs as a result of overgrazing, badly timed burning, drought and incorrect combination of animals (grazers and browsers). Desertification is a process which arises through bad land use. The end result of desertification is the total degradation of land which is extremely difficult to reverse. Grazing capacity The number of animals that can be run on a farm must not exceed the grazing capacity of that farm. If stock numbers exceed the grazing capacity then: There will be insufficient fodder for livestock resulting in deterioration of the condition. Overgrazing of palatable species will result in reduced productivity and veld deterioration. Veld resting All living organisms require rest, yet resting of veld is not practiced by many farmers. Rested veld contains a high proportion of palatable species and provides excellent winter fodder. Rested veld promotes vigour and plant regrowth. A land user may apply the following measures to protect their land against degradation: Reduce animal numbers on veld showing signs of deterioration or move them. Make use of a suitable grazing crop established to supplement the natural grazing. Should any part of the veld show signs of wind erosion, suitable wind breaks should be created either mechanically or biologically. Denuded areas should be covered with either branches, hay, stray crop residues or any other suitable material. Rotational grazing is highly recommended. Fencing assists with the division of camps and is used as a management tool to control veld condition. The property should be divided into veld type units, which are management units based on ecological criteria such as the steepness of slopes, the aspect of the slopes, bush density, distance from water, vleis (wetlands) and other factors. These veld type units should form the basis of management decisions. Fences, if need be, can then be used to separate some of these veld type units to force animals not to concentrate on one are (such as a northfacing slope) while ignoring another area (such as the top of a mountain or a south-facing slope). If fencing is not practical or affordable, in sourveld areas burning different veld type units each year can encourage animals to move from one area to another. Herding of livestock, or rotating water and lick points, are also potential tools for encouraging animals to move. If fencing is too expensive, then consider fencing only small, valuable portions of the property such as vleis (wetlands) or stream banks. Sources: Grassland Society of Southern Africa (GSSA), Frits van Oudtshoorn, Dr A Smith, www.arc.agric.za, the Department of Agriculture and Craig Morris (ARC Range and Forage Unit) Thanks to Craig Morris, Alan Luthando, Alan Short and Mike Peel for feedback on the draft chapter.

Dongas
With the reclamation of erosion gullies or dongas, an attempt is made to break the speed of runoff water in the gullies and to collect sediment. The cheapest method is to stack a stone wall in the gully. This wall catches up the sediment but allows the water to pass through slowly. Stones are often placed in wire baskets (gabions) and used for this purpose. Branches can also be stacked in gullies to capture sediment. Parallel rows of vetiver grass or common reed can be planted across the gully. These grasses capture sediment and a natural wall is formed over time. Reeds can also be planted on the upper side of the wall (where sediment accumulates) to stabilise the sediment and to filter the water.

Grasses and veld reclamation

Grasses used for reclaiming veld must be adapted to the climate of the immediate surroundings. The trend is to use perennial grasses because they are denser and offer greater coverage. Palatable grasses should be avoided, particularly where grazing animals cannot be removed from the area. The grasses can be sown if seed is available. Some effective indigenous grasses are: Eragrostis curvula, Andropogon gayanus, Cynodon dactylon, Stipagrostis uniplumis, Aristida canescents, Eragrostis lehmanniana, Eragrostis superba and Hyparrhenia hirta. The University of KwaZulu-Natal at Pietermaritzburg is also developing methods to harvest local grass types for replanting.
Source: Guide to Grasses of South Afica. Frits van Oudtshoorn; Early survival and growth of vegetatively propogated indigenous grasses in a clear-felled timber plantation in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. JCO du Toit, African Journal of Range and Forage Science, Vol 26(2), pp. 97-102.

10. Small-scale farmer information

Veld is defined as uncultivated land on which indigenous or other vegetation occurs which can be grazed by animals. The proper management of veld is vital to its continued productivity and the production of domestic livestock and game. Mismanagement leads to: Overgrazing this occurs when the number of animals per unit area of land (the stocking rate) exceeds the number of animals the vegetation of land can support (i.e. carrying capacity). The recommended grazing capacity may be obtained from the Departmental norms or from veld condition assessments. Erosion is the excessive soil loss through the action of water or wind.

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Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

Renewable energy
1. Overview
The renewable energy sector is one of the fastest growing sectors in the world. For South Africa, it can mean job creation, sustainable development, and a reduced burden on Eskom. It is also a sane, logical response to global warming. Because they are constantly replenished, renewable energy resources have security of supply. After the initial start up costs, energy is sourced from wind, waves, sun, earth heat (geothermal), biomass and rivers. Renewable energy technologies (RETs) that we use to harness these resources also operate without polluting and are therefore called clean technologies. A greater diversity of energy resources is in the best interests of national and international security. The demand for renewable energy is growing globally and so it provides both a path to sustainable economic growth and potential exports. Using renewable energy can meet our energy needs today and ensure that there will be clean air and lots of energy for our grandchildren.
Source: Earthlife (adapted)

Short-term thinking - Being primarily motivated by short term profits and current needs. Self-centricity Self gratification without an equal concern for the effects of our choices and actions on the wellbeing of other (human and nonhuman) individuals and communities. Consumerism - A Culture in which value and status in society is determined and measured by the quantity of material goods owned and consumed. The logical consequence being an insatiable and highly competitive demand for more, bigger better consumer goods. (This has resulted in about 20% of the worlds population currently owning and consuming about 80% of the worlds resources.) If these are the unsustainable values and behaviours that underpin and drive current inconvenient environmental consequences, then the corresponding inverse values and behaviours to support a sustainable society and Earths ecological systems must be: Holistic understanding Recognising the effects of our actions on the delicate, interdependant nature of Earths ecosystems and communities and balancing our choices and actions accordingly. Long-term perspective Demand for todays needs and desires being measured and mitigated against the long term effect of meeting these needs and desires. Care for Community A responseable and mutually supportive commitment to the wellbeing of all the Earths living communities (recognised in African terms as Ubuntu). Quality of living - Appreciation of quality over quantity. Seeking to achieve a simple and elegant quality of living rather than madly rushing about to finance an unnecessary quantity of consumption. Aiming to meet our material needs to a level of reasonable comfort but placing a higher value on the more refined human assets of intellect and the human spirit.
Source: David Parry-Davies www.thoughtleader.co.za

The renewable energy feed-in-tariff (Refit) will encourage private sector investment if renewable energy generators can be guaranteed a fair return on investment. Eskom has been designated the renewable energy purchasing authority, and is to buy all power generated by renewable energy generators, and then transmit the power through its national electricity grid. Find the South Africa Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff: regulatory Guidelines on www.polity.org.za Before the methods of producing energy change from the old world of coal and oil to the use of sun, wind, water, biogas or biomass, there must be: a champion, and high-profile role models to lead the way; co-ordination of the activities of stakeholders in the process; and an enabling environment so individuals and municipalities can do the right thing.
Source: Ruth Rabinowitz writing in Business Day, 30 November 2009

3. Solar
Energy from the sun is pure, unlimited and most of all free. Capturing energy from the sun for some activities on the farm can reduce the farms electricity bills and, most importantly, decrease the pressure from the power outages. One of the simplest ways to use solar energy is by designing your farm buildings in such a way that they use natural daylight rather than electric bulbs. This is the most cost-effective approach as the solar energy can be used to warm homes and livestock buildings. Solar water heaters can provide hot water for cleaning of pens and equipment, and dairy farmers can use it to warm and stimulate cows udders. Using the sun to dry grains and raisins is one of the oldest applications of solar energy. Solar drying equipment can dry crops faster and more evenly. A typical solar dryer consists of an enclosure or shed, screened drying trays and a solar collector. While the cost of setting up solar panels can be high, the savings on the electricity bill and self-reliance for energy during crucial times will make it cost-effective. Commercial greenhouses often rely on the sun for lighting, but on electricity or oil heaters to maintain constant temperatures. A solar greenhouse uses building materials to collect and store solar energy as heat. Insulation retains the heat for use during the night and on cloudy days. To capture the most sunlight, a solar greenhouse generally faces north, while its southern side is well insulated, with few or no windows. An electric or oil heater may be used as a backup. Getting your farm solar powered can initially seem costly, but the return on your investment is realised through savings on your electricity bill. Most farms get water from a borehole, river or dam. The best way to provide power to pump the water from the supply to your water tanks is with an independent solar pump system. The cost of such a system depends on the depth of the well, the total lift (in metres) to the water tank and the number of litres of water required daily.
Source: AgriReview, 2nd quarter 2008, available at www.standardbank.co.za

2. A different approach
The world we have created today has problems that cannot be solved by thinking the way we thought when we created them. Albert Einstein The climate change crisis, the energy crisis, the water crisis, the oil crisis - these are all simply the symptoms and consequences of behaviours and practices that are motivated and driven by a set of unsustainable values and patterns of thought, including: Ignorance A lack of awareness of the interconnectedness and interdependence of Earths ecological systems and the effects of human actions on these systems.

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One hour of sunlight packs enough energy to power the world for a day. An area of 70km x 70 km could provide all of South Africas electricity requirements from concentrated solar power (CSP). Solar power generation is the fastest-growing electricity source, doubling its output every two years. Solar resources are by far the most abundant and readily accessible in South Africa, as Africa is well endowed with sunshine the whole year round. We have twice as much sunlight than that in Europe where solar power units are compulsory in some countries such as Switzerland. In Europe you find solar power farms where farmers make more money from selling surplus solar power to the national grid than from traditional farming. There are two distinct ways we can utilise solar power, either by using the heat of the sun (solar thermal) or by converting sunlight into electricity with photovoltaic panels. There is also passive solar buildings are constructed in such a way that they absorb the heat of the sun (by facing north) thereby reducing heating costs. Solar power for farms in remote regions is a viable option because they do not have direct access to grid-fed electricity. It becomes viable to use solar power because there is usually a very high cost to get grid-fed electricity to the farm which is for the farm owners account. And the cost of electricity is then supplied at a much higher route than that for urban areas.
Source: Mail & Guardian 27 February 2008; www.solardome.co.za; www.solar-panel. co.za

4. Wind energy
An example of wind energy with which everyone is familiar is the good old windmill (also in a separate chapter). But lets move on A wind turbine converts the energy of the wind into electrical energy or mechanical energy. The most common wind turbines generate power from two or three blades revolving around a horizontal axis and are mounted on towers. An independent power producer, Darling Wind Power, opened its wind farm in May 2008. It has four wind turbines that can supply 5.2 megawatts of electricity. All the electricity produced is to be sold to the city of Cape Town as part of a long-term power purchase agreement. The other roleplayers in this project are DARLIPP , the renewable energy parastatal Central Energy Fund, the Development Bank of SA (DBSA) with a portion of the funding coming from a grant by the Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA). The green electricity facility also qualifies for a United Nations Global Environment Fund guarantee scheme, managed by the South African Wind Energy Programme (SAWEP) of the Department of Minerals and Energy. South Africa, with its ample coastline, has the potential for major electricity generation from wind. The chief executive officer of DARLIPP , Hermann Oelsner, states that South Africa has the potential to be able to generate electricity from wind in excess of its current total national power consumption, and without the harmful effects of fossil fuel and nuclear powered generation plants. Klipheuwel wind farm, nearby, was the first wind farm in sub-Saharan Africa.

Roleplayers
Agricultural Research Council Institute for Agricultural Engineering Tel: 012 842 4000 stoltze@arc.agric.za Plan my Power Tel: 011 678 9184 www.solar-panel.co.za

Renergy Technology (Rentech) Tel: 011 437 4445 The following publications are www.rentech.com available from them: Secur-a-lite Manual for the domestic drying Tel: 011 485 1923 of vegetables with a convection Solahart solar drier The construction of a domestic Tel: 0861 SOLAHART convection solar drier (plans/ www.solahart.co.za sketches) Solardome SA Low-cost woodgas producer Water heating by means of solar Tel: 021 886 6321 www.solardome.co.za energy Solar water heating system Solar Heat Exchangers (plans/sketches) Tel: 011 462 0024 www.solarheat.co.za All Power Tel: 041 451 3936 Solien www.allpower.co.za Tel: 044 877 1733 Watermax solar submersible www.solien.co.za pumps Sonnenkraft Tel: 011 781 6104 Association for Renewable www.sonnenkraft.co.za Energy Cooking Appliances (AFRECA) Sun Electricity www.afreca.org Tel: 012 326 6330 www.sunlec.co.za Davy Pumps Tel: 082 322 7305 Sustainable Energy Society of www.davypumps.co.za Southern Africa (SESSA) Tel: 011 789 1384 Divwatt (Pty) Limited www.sessa.org.za Tel: 011 794 3825 www.divwatt.com Suntank Solar Tel: 012 362 3311 Gunda Imports and www.suntank.com Distribution Tel: 082 920 0656 ZM Pumps www.gunda.co.za Tel: 082 552 3917 / 073 070 8545 www.zmpompe.co.za Nuon RAPS Utility Tel: 035 573 1529

Roleplayers
In addition to the roleplayers mentioned above: African Wind Energy Association (AfriWEA) Tel/fax: 022 492 3095 office@afriwea.org www.AfriWEA.org Genesis Eco-Energy Tel: 083 460 3898 www.genesis-eco.co.za Kestrel Wind Turbines Tel: 041 401 2500 www.kestrelwind.co.za The renewable power arm of Eveready (Pty) Ltd, they manufacture micro wind turbines in South Africa, and have distributors here and around the world. Valuable sources of information include: www.AfriWEA.org World Wind Energy Association www.wwindea.org Find the article Diewe laat boere kyk na wind (thieves cause farmers to look into wind) on www.landbou.com. German Wind Energy Association, the largest national wind energy association www.wind-energie.de Find a comprehensive overview of technical aspects of wind power on the Danish Wind Industry Associations website, www.windpower.org The Folkecenter for Renewable Energy (Denmark) www.folkecenter. net www.cat.org.uk demonstrates practical solutions to environmental problems for the twenty-first century. Sustainable Energy Africa promotes sustainable energy approaches and practices in the development of South Africa and Africa. See www. sustainable.org.za Winglette Tel: 058 623 1836 / 082 773 8496 www.winglette.com ZM Pumps Tel: 082 552 3917 / 073 070 8545 www.zmpompe.co.za

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5. Biomass
Biomass is a term generally referring to any plant or animal matter. Examples of biomass as a direct fuel source include wood, animal manure, sugar cane residue and agricultural wastes, particularly in rural areas. Energy can be produced directly as fuel or by converting it to a gas or liquid. Biogas is dealt with under the next heading. For notes on biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel), please consult the separate chapter. Plant oils are also produced from biomass. These oils can be extracted from sunflowers, soybeans, groundnuts, vegetables and other plants, and turned into fuel. Biogas Power Tel: 0861 BIOGAS / 083 678 5563 www.biogaspower.co.za Gasification: Utilising biomass as a fuel source Gasification is the incomplete pyrolysis of hydrocarbon biomass. Feedstock such as wood, manure, waste paper or coal can be converted to a clean burning Producer gas (Synthesis gas) consisting primarily of Hydrogen (H) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) which can be used to replace diesel or petrol. Application: Process waste has always been a nuisance to management of large commercial agricultural enterprises such as feedlots (Animal Manure) and sawmills (Off Cuts, Sawdust and Woodchips). In the past, direct combustion of the waste, for heating, was advocated and actually integrated with a reasonable amount of success. The environmental and labour impacts, however, were not realised until recently. Gasification is ideal for large scale agricultural enterprises as it converts what is primarily a waste stream into an environmentally friendly, clean burning fuel which can be used to generate electricity and for heating, especially in the colder climates. Biogas plant energy yields can be enhanced by separating the solids and liquids in digester effluent and gasifying the solids. History: Wood gasification was developed during and after World War 2 when oil and fuel were scarce. Many vehicles were adapted to run on Syngas from gasifiers as coal and coke were readily available, and waste wood was used extensively as an inexpensive source of fuel. Until recently, very little technological progress took place in the field of small to medium scale gasoliers as a source for energy. Wood gasoliers are still used on a regular basis today in areas where power is not available and in industries where useful recycling of waste can be integrated, examples of these are sawmills and huge wood factories where waste wood is a problem when it comes to disposal.
Source: Biogas Power notes to this project team

A drawback is that grid power is still financially the better deal unless you register as a CDM to bring in carbon credits. The possibility does exist to bundle a number of operations under one umbrella registration thereby reducing the registration costs and lowering the size barrier. Biogas is well established in China, India and other Asian countries as a rural source of energy. This process requires biomass, for example, farm manure to be fermented. Biogas is an environmentally friendly energy source since it is not derived from crude oil.
Source: Biogas Power and AgriReview, 2nd quarter 2008, available at www. standardbank.co.za

ARC-Institute for Agricultural EcoSecurities Engineering Tel: 011 575 6000 Tel: 012 842 4000 sa@ecosecurities.com stoltze@arc.agric.za Structure and guide greenhouse gas The following publications are emission reduction projects from available from them: beginning to end, working with both project developers and buyers Biogas design and operation of emission reduction credits. manual Biogas from cattle manure Humphries Boerdery Biogas purification Tel: 014 736 3843 Biogas equipment Methane is captured from manure Biogas water pump and other waste at this large pig farm. Biogas Power Tel: 031 781 1981 Weltec Cell: 083 645 4501 Tel: 039 316 6547 www.biogaspower.co.za www.weltec-biopower.de Biodigesters are a sustainable solution to both the energy crisis and pollution, and are potentially a second income stream for farmers. Find the archived article Who needs nuclear when you have waste on www.farmersweekly. co.za

7. Water energy
Energy in water, in the form of motive energy or temperature differences, can be harnessed and used. Since water is about a thousand times heavier than air, even a slow-flowing stream of water can yield great amounts of energy. Hydroelectricity, a renewable energy source obtained from moving water, supplies about 20% of the worlds electricity. With seven major rivers (Nile, Niger, Congo, Senegal, Gariep, Limpopo and Zambezi) Africa, which holds about 10 percent of the world hydro-energy potential and, with very low energy per capita consumption level, has so far exploited a small part of its capability. Due to the high capital cost and environmental and social impact of large dams, renewable hydro developments today are increasingly focused on smaller-scale projects (less than 10MW). These smaller hydro-plants do not impact on riverine eco-systems, and using local technology and skills to develop small-scale hydro can also create local jobs. Find notes on hydroelectric power, pumped storage, ocean energy and tidal energy on www.en.wikipedia.org. BWG Hydro Power Development Tel: 011 391 3741 www.bwghydro.co.za Pico and Micro hydro-electric Plants are available in South Africa. ZM Pumps Tel: 082 552 3917 / 073 070 8545 www.zmpompe.co.za

6. Biogas
Certain by-products of agriculture, (animal waste, crop residues, etc) originally considered waste streams, are increasingly being seen as a valuable by-product and a value adding resource, and rightly so. In todays fiercely competitive agricultural environment; farmers must look more closely at their waste streams and ensure that they are not throwing away potential cost savings or revenue. With grid energy costs set to double in the next two years and increasingly irregular supply utilising biogas could be the difference between the success and failure of an enterprise. Biogas is a gas consisting of approximately 50-70% methane (CH4) and 50-30% carbon dioxide (CO2). Synonyms for biogas include words such as sewage gas, marsh gas, methane. Biogas can be purified (scrubbed) and used for power generation and/or heating and cooling. The feasibility of a biogas project is dependant on a number of drivers. Benefits of a biogas plant, which can be sold, include, Carbon Credits and Green Energy (Electrical, Heat, Cooling, Mechanical). Other benefits are odour control, waste management, improved fertiliser value, reduced GHG emissions.

8. Geothermal energy
This is energy contained in the heated rock and fluid that rises from the extremely hot core of the Earth and filters into cracks and pores in the Earths crust. It can exist as hot water, steam or hot dry rocks. In order to access it, wells are drilled into the Earths surface. South Africa does not

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have many geothermal resources, except in the area around Aliwal North and in the Cape Fold mountains.

9. Roleplayers
Find also the roleplayers under headings 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Renewable Energy Finance and Subsidy Office (REFSO) Tel: 012 317 8711 www.dme.gov.za REFSOs mandate includes: the management of renewable energy subsidies; the provision of advice to developers and other stakeholders on renewable energy finance and subsidies, (including size of awards, eligibility, procedural requirements, etc), as well as opportunities for accessing finance from other sources. There are several international and domestic finance institutions that are willing to offer financial assistance to private sector companies who wish to create essential infrastructure in developing countries. These institutions offer a wide range of products which include export credits, mixed credits and different types of loans. The various institutions have developed different approaches in terms of dealing with potential projects. The South African Constitution (Act No. 108 of 1996) requires that Government establish a national energy policy to ensure that national energy resources are adequately tapped and delivered to cater for the needs of the nation. The Constitution further states that Energy should be made available and affordable to all. Further, the production and distribution of energy should be sustainable and lead to an improvement in the standard of living of citizens. The South African Government recognised that renewable energy sources, other than biomass, were not yet being fully exploited which led to the renewable energy policy which was one of the aims of the White Paper on Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa (DME, 1998). The South African Cabinet approved the White Paper on Renewable Energy [PDF] in November 2003, and in so doing, laid the foundation for the widespread adoption of renewables as an energy source. The policy calls for a target of a 10 000 GWh contribution to final energy demand by renewable energy sources, to be realized by 2013 in South Africa.
Source: www.villageexhibitions.co.za/renewable_energy/news.htm

The electricity which AGP supplies is generated from natural renewable energy (RE) sources in terms of the Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) guidelines. Cape Advanced Engineering (CAE) Tel: 021 577 3413 www.cae.co.za Combustion Technology Tel: 021 715 3171 www.rielloburners.co.za

Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) Tel. 011 269 3000 www.idc.co.za Just Energy South Africa Tel: 021 701 2012 www.just-energy.org National Business Initiative Sustainable Futures Tel: 011 544 6017 www.nbi.org.za

Siyenza Management Cullinan Energy Solutions Tel: 011 463 9285 Tel: 082 679 9307 www.siyenza.za.com www.cullinanenergysolutions.co.za They run the Energy Solutions for Earthlife Africa Africa Conference and Exhibition Tel: 011 339 3662 www.earthlife.org.za Sustainable Energy Africa (SEA) Earth Power Tel: 021 702 3622 Tel: 021 702 1102 www.sustainable.org.za www.earthpower.co.za Sustainable Energy & Climate Energy & Densification Change Project (SECCP), Systems (Pty) Ltd in co-operation with Southern Tel: 011 794 4660 and Northern NGOs, works to www.russiltech.co.za advance policies and measures including energy efficiency in supply www.google.com Google and consumption and renewable announce in November 2007 that energy and clean technologies. it planned to spend hundreds of SECCP news and findings can be millions of dollars to help drive found on www.earthlife.org.za down the cost of electricity made take the Research menu option. from renewable energy below the price of coal. The project, dubbed Talbot & Talbot Renewable Energy Cheaper Than Tel: 033 346 1444 Coal, is hiring dozens of engineers www.talbot.co.za and targeting investment financing at advanced solar thermal power, Wesgro wind power, enhanced geothermal Tel: 021 487 8648 systems and other new technologies www.wesgro.co.za (Reuters). Germany is the leader in wind power generation. Canada is the world leader in hydropower, while Brazil is the worlds largest ethanol producer. Forty-eight countries now have renewable-energy incentives on the books. Find the Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2009 document at www.unep.org. The United Nations Environment Programme stresses in this report that a green economy approach to the challenges facing the world is vital.

Others:
Agama Energy Tel: 021 701 3364 www.agama.co.za Alt-e Technologies Tel: 086 111 6182 Amatola Green Power Tel: 011 783 1922 lvanwyk@amatolagreenpower. co.za www.amatolagreenpower.co.za

Amatola Green Power (AGP) is Start farming with your natural an electricity trading company resources and earn additional operating independently from money from selling renewable ESKOM or Municipalities. energy to ESKOM

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3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Directorate: Land Use and Soil Management (LUSM) Tel: 012 319 7685/6 DLUSM@daff.gov.za www.daff.gov.za Provincial LUSM offices: Region Gauteng Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Free State Eastern Cape Western Cape KwaZulu-Natal Telephone 012 319 7596 015 287 9943 013 755 1420 / 2614 018 294 3343/4 053 807 2600 051 409 2601 043 704 6800 021 984 9278 033 345 3557/15

Soils
1. Overview
It is the soil which determines which crop will be planted, and what livestock be supported. Soil is an integral part of the environment. It changes a rain event of 30 minutes into a water supply to plants lasting months and streams flowing for even longer. Soil is responsible for cleaning polluted air and water. To be a successful farmer, one must first know the nature of the soil, a saying attributed to a philosopher four centuries before Christ and appearing on www.soils.org.za. The cost-benefit of soil surveys varies; SASSO (see heading 2) estimates that its soil surveys contribute more than R400 million per year to the dry land agriculture industry. In the creation epic recorded in the book of Genesis, it is from the soil that Adam is created. Religions and philosophies reinforce the link between humanity and the soil: we come from the dust, and will return to dust. National identities and characteristics are ascribed in some writings to the soils of their people, and even though the exploration is more metaphorical it grabs something within us which recognises the profound connection between ourselves and the soil.

4. Training and research

Consult the Agricultural Education and Training chapter.

2. Associations involved
South African Soil Survey Organisation (SASSO) Tel: 051 401 9247 www.sasso.co.za This non-profit organisation exists for the development of soil surveyors and workers in related fields. It is a forum for soil surveyors to exchange ideas and discuss knowledge about soils. SASSO presents four national workshops distributed over the country each year. Workshops address soil suitability related aspects which advisors are confronted with in the industry e.g. Identification of morphological soil properties, classification and mapping of soils and interpretation of the role of soils in different land uses. Soil Science Society of South Africa (SSSSA) Tel: 012 310 2504 www.soils.org.za The Soil Science Society of South Africa is an organisation with the aim of promoting all aspects of soil science. Visit their website for links to national and international soil science role-players. Find details of the Combined Congress at www.combinedcongress.org.za. South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions (SACNASP) Tel: 012 841 1075 www.sacnasp.org.za This is an organisation that handles the registration of all practising professionals in the natural sciences (including soil science, agricultural science geohydrology and environmental science) as required by law (Natural Scientific Professions Act, 2003). In this way, the highest standards of agricultural consulting can be maintained, to the benefit of both the professions and the client (as well as the environment of South Africa). Other relevant associations include the South African Society of Crop Production (SASCP), Southern African Society for Horticultural Sciences and South AFrican Institute of Agricultural Engineers. Visit www.sascp.org.za, www.sashs.co.za and www.saili.co.za for more.

The universities of Fort Hare, Stellenbosch, the Witswatersrand and North West are members of the African Network for Soil Biology and Fertility (AfNet)

Council for Geoscience Tel: 012 841 1911 www.geoscience.org.za

The Provincial Departments of Agriculture, working closely with the Agricultural Colleges, ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering also offer courses. The KZN Tel: 012 842 4000 Department of Agriculture, Environment Affaits and Rural Research and development Development does training in Soil of technology related to soil classification, land capability, and in conservation structures, techniques advanced soil fertility. Educational and systems. posters in Land Husbandry and management are also available (see ARC-Institute of Soil, Climate heading 5). and Water (ISCW) Tel: 012 310 2500 Stellenbosch University iscwinfo@arc.agric.za Soil Science www.arc.agric.za Tel: 021 808 4794 www.sun.ac.za The ARC-ISCW Division: Pedology and Soil Mineralogy undertakes Tshwane University of surveying, classification and Technology mapping of soil features and Tel: 012 382 5340 properties for a variety of purposes, joubertfph@tut.ac.za e.g. susceptibility to erosion, www.tut.ac.za pollution and salinity, and suitability for agricultural production, University of Fort Hare rehabilitation and land reallocation. Tel: 040 602 2232 Furthermore, the Division develops www.ufh.ac.za and maintains comprehensive databases on land type information, University of the Free State Department of Soil, Crop and soil profile information and soil Climate Sciences documentation culminating into Tel: 051 401 2212 soil information systems. University of KwaZulu-Natal AgriSETA accredited trainers Department: Soil Science (find the list in the Agricultural Tel: 033 260 5415 / 6075 Education & Training chapter). Department: Plant Pathology Companies involved conduct Tel: 033 260 5526 research. laing@ukzn.ac.za

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Research on the role silicon plays in plant growth and health. Even thoughsilicon is the second most abundant element in the worlds soils, most of Africas soils are actually deficient in it. University of the North West Mafikeng Campus Tel: 018 389 2481

University of Pretoria Plant Production and Soil Sciences Tel: 012 420 3227 www.up.ac.za University of the Witswatersrand Tel: 011 717 1065 Water Research Commission Tel: 012 330 0340 www.wrc.org.za

Acid soils and liming English poster series and A4 book let; Land husbandry I (General), II (Cropping), and III (Grazing) English and Zulu poster series and booklets; Good seed, soil and water for success English poster series and booklets; Vetiver grass, a hedge against erosion. www.fao.org/nr/lada read about the Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands project (LADA). A deliverable of LADA is the World Overview of Conservation Approached and Technologies (WOCAT) project. Write to Lianda Lotter at LotterL@arc.agric.za or visit www.wocat.net for more information. www.terrafrica.org regional sustainable land management African network which was formed in 2009. Dont forget, of course, that Landbouweekblad and Farmers Weekly often feature articles to do with the soil.

CARE (Conservation of Agricultural Resources Exhibition) at Cedara. This is housed in the old house that was the Principals residence at Cedara, and presents the origins of soil, soil types and uses, energy and growth cycles, soil degradation and erosion, rain cycles, soil loss equations, and conservation measures. It is in need of updating and a general overhaul, but is unique and a powerful training tool.

6. Companies involved
Find this heading in the Fertiliser, Compost and Organic Fertilisers and Earthworms and Vermicompost chapters. Several companies can assist you to get maximum results from your soil, by identifying respective soil units on your farm and compiling a comprehensive map of the detail. Find the complete list on www. sasso.co.za Agri-Africa Consultants Tel: 021 886 6826 info@agri-africa.co.za www.agri-africa.co.za Ecosoil Tel: 021 848 9434 / 072 906 1636 jako@ecosoil.co.za www.ecosoil.co.za

5. Websites and publications

SA Journal of Plant & Soil. ISSN number of 0257-1862. Now internationally listed on the Master Journal List of the www.isinet.com web site. Congratulations! The Soils of South Africa a publication co-ordinated by Prof Martin Fey of Stellenbosch University. It covers the properties, classification, genesis and use of various soils e.g. organic, humic, vertic, melanic, silicic, calcic etc. Find more on www.soils.org.za. Kejafa Knowledge Works has a number of books on soil in stock. Visit www. kejafa.co.za or call 014 577 0005. Land type data and acquired knowledge can be used to solve a variety of problems such as land use planning. Find the detailed soil and climate surveys at www.agis.agric.za. This comprehensive Agricultural Geo-referenced Information System (AGIS) allows for a variety of applications, including assessment of agricultural potential and land suitability. Also at the AGIS website are the easy-to-understand Infotoons. Take the AGIS and then Skills Development menu options. The following subjects are covered: Mulch: A blanket on the soil; Compost: Natures fertiliser; How to get your soil tested. The following Info Paks (booklets) are available from the Resource Centre at DAFF call 012 319 7141. They can also be viewed at www.daff.gov.za (take the Publications option): Soil Erosion Soil: Acid soil and lime (most crops benefit from increased lime application) Soil: Application of lime (the amount of lime added to the soil depends on various factors) Soil: Kraal manure as fertiliser (a viable alternative for chemical) Soil: Suurgrond en kalk Soil: Test your soil (a basic guide to help you distinguish between sandy, loam and clay soil) See the information under heading 10.

Soil management is one of their Jako Pieterse consults farmers on areas of expertise creating healthy soils. Subscribe to his newsletter. ARC Institute of Climate, Soil and Water (ISCW) Envirosoil Consulting Tel: 012 310 2500 Tel: 011 886 5952 iscwinfo@arc.agric.za chris@envirosoil.co.za www.arc.agric.za EnviroMon Biogrow Tel: 021 851 5134 Tel: 028 313 2054 Fax: 021 852 0966 www.biogrow.co.za www.enviromon.co.za Council for Geoscience Tel: 012 841 1911 www.geoscience.org.za Supply, installation, maintenance and calibration of instrumentation for monitoring weather elements and soil moisture conditions.

Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publications available from the ARCs Institute of Agricultural Engineering: Barricades and small structures for the prevention of soil erosion (also available in Afrikaans) Combating erosion with silt fences (also available in Afrikaans) Provincial Departments of Agriculture produce poster training and other material. Contact the Training Resources Development (TRD) at the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs and Rural Development for the following:

Environment Impact Assessments, mapping, surveys and more. GWK Ltd Services are offered here and Tel: 053 298 8200 beyond South Africas borders. d.haarhoff@gwk.co.za www.gwk.co.za DFM Software Tel/fax: 021 904 1154 Hanna Instruments www.dfmsoftware.co.za Tel: 011 615 6076 www.hannainst.co.za Soil moisture sensors planted permanently in the ground. pH instruments, Fertigation These take hourly moisture systems and more and temperature readings at six depths. Mycoroot (Pty) Ltd Tel: 083 636 0706 Eco-Fert jo@mycoroot.com Tel: 021 979 1737 /975 0561 www.mycoroot.com www.eco-fert.co.za For information on mycorrhiza, The main purpose of Eco-Fert compatibility with fungicides, fertilisers is to provide environment mycorrhizal analysis of your field friendly soil and plant fertilisers, and other soil microbial analysis suited to fit in with organic farming, services, contact Mycoroot. bio-friendly farming, chemical farming, or combinations of the above.

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NviroTek Labs Tel: 012 252 7588 www.nviroteklads.co.za

SA Lime & Gypsum Tel: 021 914 5330 www.sakg.co.za

8. Soil erosion and Good Agricultural Practice

Read about WOCAT and LADA at www.wocat.net and www.fao.org/nr/lada respectively.

Independent analysis of soil, water, Scientific Roets Tel: 039 727 1515 plants, fertiliser and feed www.scientificroets.com Omnia Senwes Ltd Tel: 011 709 8888 Tel: 018 464 7800 www.omnia.co.za www.senwes.co.za Planner Bee Plant Care Soilmix Africa Tel: 011 888 4215 Tel: 021 882 8270 www.fertilis.co.za www.soilmix.biz The FERTILIS product (registration no B3664 Act36/1947) is certified by the Organic Food Federation UK: organic certification no: 00371/01/00. It is used as a fertiliser for ALL soil. Profert Tel: 018 293 3530 Fax: 018 293 3524 www.profert.co.za RT Chemicals Tel: 033 386 9384 cindy@rtchemicals.co.za www.rtchemicals.co.za Included in RT Chemicals offerings are a range of soil conditioners and Fertigants. Stimuplant Tel. 012 802 0940 / 4009 www.stimuplant.sa.gs Terratek Tel: 018 581 1000 www.suidwes.co.za Yara South Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 913 3751 / 862 6617 www.yara.com Zinchem Tel: 011 746 5000 www.agriculturefertilizer.co.za www.zinchem.co.za

Soil erosion by wind occurs where a dry, loose soil that is reasonably finely divided on a soil surface that is smooth on which little or no vegetative cover is present. Each year approximately 300 million ton of top soil is washed away. At present 3 million ha topsoil cannot be used for agriculture as a result of erosion and bush encroachment A land user can combat wind erosion: by using rotational cropping; by not leaving land fallow; by creating alternate strips of natural land with undisturbed cover crops; by leaving strips of natural vegetation at right angles to the prevailing wind direction; by creating suitable wind breaks, either mechanically or biologically. Intense rainfall on bare soil causes aggregate dispersion, surface sealing, and high runoff and low infiltration of water. The potential of soil erosion is greatest while the surface is bare after ploughing, during seedbed preparation, and at seedling establishment. A land user may apply the following methods to combat water erosion: lay out a land in such a way that the spread of run-off is sufficiently restricted; cultivate land using a crop rotation system; create alternate strips of land with undisturbed cover crops; leave crop residue or plant material on cultivated land to protect the land from being eroded; establish a suitable grazing crop on land permanently withdrawn from cultivation.
Source: www.daff.gov.za

7. Soil sampling and analysis

Soil sampling is the weakest link in the soil testing process a few grams of soil represent millions of kilograms in the field. Soils composition varies horizontally and vertically: the sample should incorporate these variations. It is therefore important that controllable factors, such as the time of sampling, sampling depth, relation to rows and the sampling path through the land, are identical to the previous years. There are various methods to sample soils. How, where and when the sub-samples should be collected depend on the application of the analytical results. You may be wishing to formulate a fertilisation programme, for example. Here, the method of soil sampling is determined by the crop cultivated. Or you may be investigating plant production problems, or doing a nematode count (here too there are different guidelines depending on where you are doing the sampling e.g. orchards and annual crops require different sampling methods). Or perhaps you are wanting to determine the water-holding properties of your soil. Several roleplayers have compiled guidelines on soil sampling for their clients. These guidelines list sampling methods like: soil sampling to formulate a fertilisation programme for annual crops; soil sampling to formulate a fertilisation programme for perennial corps; site-specific sampling; soil sampling to diagnose plant production problems; soil sampling to establish permanent crops; soil sampling to assess the current fertilisation programme of tree crops; soil sampling to determine the water-holding properties of soils; soil sampling for nematode counts. Notes on soil sampling are available on the websites of agricultural companies e.g. www.suidwes.co.za. Members of SASSO (see heading 2), as well as your nearest Agricultural College or Provincial Department of Agriculture will also be able to assist you.

9. Commercial farmer points of interest

Because soils differ, their suitability to produce crops varies, and this will affect the crop yield. Are you planting the best crop for the soil you have at your disposal? Farmers cannot afford to cultivate any land at a loss. The best soils should be selected for a crop. The low and varying maize price, for example, adds to the pressure and questions whether it is sustainable to grow that crop. Here it would be essential to select only the best maize soils for the cultivation of maize. Different crops would be selected for the balance of the land. Alternative crops would include permanent pastures. There are variations in permanent soil properties. The South African Soil Classification System accommodates this variation in 73 soil forms and several families in each soil form. Variation in soil fertility and agronomic practices contributes to this variation. Soil scientists can help farmers matching soil and land use. In order to make progress in optimizing land use it is essential to do a soil survey. A land-use plan can then be worked out with the soil information. The aim is sustainable land use. Precision agriculture with super monitors is a new tool helping farmers to determine exactly what their land is producing on any spot. Precision farming procedures monitor variations in crop yield well. This technology changed the soil survey and land evaluation industry. The other leg of precision agriculture grid sampling identifies variation in soil chemistry and fertility making variable application of lime and fertilisers possible.

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Have a soil survey done and get hold of the soil map (soil surveyors can be found on the SASSO website www.sasso.co.za. Several of them are also listed under heading 6). On the soil map do land use planning for the farm and keep sustainability in mind. Apply the plan. Based on information sent in by Dr PAL le Roux (SASSO). Email LeRouxPA@ufs. ac.za

Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

Waste management
1. Overview
Take a look at the Agri-environment Scheme Management Plan at www. ruralni.gov.uk, website of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (Northern Ireland) Waste is any material lacking direct value to the producer, and so must be disposed of. All farming operations create waste products that need to be managed. Waste on the farm includes agro-chemicals (pesticides etc), animal carcasses, grey water (e.g. from cleaning the dairy equipment), black water (sewerage), manure and landfill. Waste Management is not just about getting rid of waste but also about reducing the amount of waste we create in the first place. This approach to waste management is familiar to farmers, but there is also an increasing legal requirement to manage waste responsibly. Zero waste agriculture is a type of sustainable agriculture that optimises the use of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi and algae to produce biodiversefood, energy and nutrients in a synergistic integrated cycle of profitmaking processes, where the waste of each process becomes the feedstock for another process. It presents a balance of economical, social and ecological benefits as it: optimises food production in an ecological responsible manner; reduces water consumption via recycling and reduced evaporation; produces energy through the harvesting of biomethane (biogas) and the extraction of biodiesel from micro-algae, all of which occur as by-products of food production; reduces greenhouse gas emissions from both traditional agriculture practices and fossil fuel usage, thus providing climate change relief; and reduces the use of pesticides through biodiverse farming.
Source: Janet Edmonds. Contact her at 082 828 7953.

10. New farmer information

Soil types: If you want to plant vegetables, fruit trees, maize or any other crop, you must first find out whether the soil is clay, sandy or loamy because crops do not always grow well in all kinds of soil. Take a handful of soil. Feel the soil. Is it rough, smooth or sticky? Wet the soil in your hand and try to make a sausage. Then look at the following table and decide what kind of soil it is. What does the Can it roll into soil feel like? a sausage? Very rough Rough Rough A little sandy, quite smooth but not sticky A little sandy, quite smooth and sticky Smooth and sticky No Cannot bend Can bend a little Can bend halfway round Can bend more than halfway round Can bend into a ring What does the Type of soil sausage look like? Very sandy Sandy Sandy loam Loam or silt loam Clay loam or sandy loam Clay

A soil that has too much clay or too much sand can be improved by adding lots of compost or manure. Water does not penetrate easily into clay and plant roots do not grow easily. Water penetrates quickly into sandy soil, roots grow easily but the soil becomes dry quickly. Loam soil contains both sand and clay. Roots grow easily. The soil holds water and nutrients. Acid soil and lime: Most agricultural crops give better yields on soils that are not too acid or too sweet (alkaline). Many South African soils especially those in the eastern parts of the country are acid. On the whole, acid soils are poor and unproductive. A lime product must therefore first neutralise the acidity. Most crops benefit from lime application to increase the pH. The amount of lime applied depends on the pH, texture and base saturation of the soil. The more acid the soil, the more lime it requires. Clayey soil and soil with a high organic matter content must also be limed.
Source: Info Pak from www.daff.gov.za and KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Development.

2. Farm integrated waste management

The waste management hierarchy moves from the most preferred to least preferred method: 1. Waste avoidance avoid creating waste in the first place, or excessive waste. 2. Waste re-use where possible reuse waste material. 3. Waste recycling glass, cans, paper, cardboard, plastic and a growing number of items are collected after use, and returned to recycling companies who reprocess them into articles which are resold to consumers. 4. Energy recovery from waste an important step which can be explored by farmers. 5. Treatment waste (especially hazardous waste) can be treated to reduce toxicity, which in turn, reduces the disposal cost. Composting is also a form of treatment. Divert valuable organic materials from the waste stream, before collection, to compost heaps and vermiculture farms. Compost from earthworms can be used to enrich soils. 6. Earthworms can be used in a variety of waste management fields. They process any form of organic waste from food waste (homes and restaurants) to garden wastes, to animal manures and wastes, to abattoir wastes. Refer to the Earthworms and Vermicompost chapter. Waste that is not reused, composted, recycled or treated is placed into engineered cells in the ground, compacted and then covered with a layer of soil. This is an area of contention since methane escapes despite the layer of sand and the leachate needs to be ameliorated.

Our thanks to Dr PAL le Roux (SASSO and the University of the Free State) for feedback on the draft chapter

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Many farmers are controlling and running their own mini-municipalities by separating plastic, paper, cans and glass, utilizing a small mobile machines to bale refuse into manageable bales (refer to Farmers Weekly, page 36 dated 21 August 2009). There are plenty of buyers for industrial refuse refer to www.mbendi.com/indy/wste/af/p0005.htm# and you will find a list of some 350 companies and organisations in the business of waste. Other stories of farmers turning waste into cash or money-savings include Making money from muck and Fertiliser pellets from waste. Find them at www.farmersweekly.co.za

4. Roleplayers
Find other companies and associations through websites listed under heading 6. The Institute of Waste Management runs a directory too of roleplayers in this area. Find their details under this heading. ABC Hansen Tel: 012 804 2033 www.abchansenafrica.co.za Carin Bosman Sustainable Solutions Tel: 087 940 2771 cbss@cbosss.com Included in ABC Hansens products www.cbosss.com is equipment for waste water treatment Bosman focuses on sustainable solutions for water-related Agricultural and Chemical problems, She is recognised as an Dealers of South Africa excellent speaker and is the author (ACDASA) of a number of papers on Water Tel: 011 805 2000 Pollution and Waste Management. The representative body which CSIR Bio/Chemtek promotes the responsible Tel: 011 605 2615 marketing of crop protection www.csir.co.za products to agricultural producers. An important initiative of the unit Agricultural Research Council is to identify waste streams from PPRI which high-value products can be Pesticide Science Division extracted or derived, to the benefit Tel: 012 808 8000 of processors, the SA environment and the economy. The Pesticide Analysis Laboratory is involved in developing new Collect-a-Can (Pty) Ltd analytical methods for quantitative Tel: 011 466 2939 analysis and confirmation of www.collectacan.co.za pesticide residues including insecticides, herbicides and Dittke, Susanne fungicides in air, soil, water, plant Tel: 021 706 9829 material, animal material, foods and feeds as well as formulations Integrated Resource and Waste and technical materials. Management Specialist Biobox Systems Tel: 012 803 7601 www.biobox.co.za DSW Waste Minimisation and Recycling Tel: 031 303 1665 Fax: 031 303 3969

3. National strategy and relevant government departments

Department of Water and Environmental Affairs (DWEA) www.dwa.gov.za and www.environment.gov.za South Africa is moving towards Global Best Practice in Waste Management The long awaited Waste Act 2008 (Act No. 59 of 2008) has finally been signed into Law and came into effect from July 2009. This is a great milestone for the waste management sector, which has long been governed under various pieces of legislation. The Waste Act seeks to encourage the prevention and minimisation of waste generation, whilst promoting reuse and recycling of the waste and to only consider disposal of waste to landfill as a last resort (South Africa is running out of landfill space and waste management is placing a drain on the finances of local government). DWEA published a waste management activity list of activities which requires licences, which has come into effect from 3 July 2009. Farmers should note that some farm waste disposal facilities will possibly require waste licensing provisions. The Department is also working on a Waste Management Strategy, the master plan that will guide how the Act is implemented with relevant time frames and benchmarks which should be in place by June 2010. DWEA plan to hold open days that will allow involved and interested parties the chance to gather and discuss waste management issues in general as well as making use of a media campaign to educate and inform the South African public. For more information on the Waste Act, please contact: Mr Obed Baloyi, Director of Waste Policy and Information Management: 012 310 3833 or obaloyi@environment.gov.za Ms Khashiwe Masinga: 012 310 3377 or kmasinga@environment.gov. za A scanned copy of the Act can be accessed on A copy of the Act can be accessed at www.sawic.org.za All waste generators in South Africa are governed by National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act No. 59 OF 2008). For a list of list of waste management activities that have, or are likely to have a detrimental effect on the environment, refer to www.polity.org.za. Farmers who use or store wastewater will have to register with DWEA. All farmers engaging in waste-water discharge by irrigating with treated effluent, and those who use sewerage slush for fertilisation, will have to register as well as for other activities which include evaporation ponds for waste-water, storage of waste on land in landfills or waste dumps and the use of manure storage facilities. This will identify hotspots of water quality deterioration in water resources. The DWAF DW 808 replaces the DW 768 registration form which can be completed electronically on the WARMS system refer to www.dwa.gov.za.

Wastewater management company providing process design and supply It is essential for any organisation of equipment for the management getting involved in recycling and of agricultural liquid wastes. waste minimisation to first establish a data base or understanding of Biogas Power what waste is produced and how Tel: 031 781 1981 / 083 642 8229 it can be prevented or minimised. www.biogaspower.co.za For details, contact DSW. Zero waste farming is a profitable EcoChem reality admin@ecochem.com www.ecochem.com Biogas Power is a renewableenergy consultancy which designs EcoChem is a leading producer renewable energy systems of Natural Products and solutions providing dairy and pig farmers for use in environmental cleanup, with an economical biogas digester waste management, oil spill system using slurry on their farms cleanup, soil reclamation, waste to generate electricity, save money water treatment, algae control, and reduce their carbon footprint. manure management, composting, lawn care and other life science Biolytix sectors. Tel: 044 532 7544 / 082 333 5720 www.biolytix.co.za

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Environmental Management Systems Nina Landman 083 407 7060 turnaround@telkomsa.net Fairest Cape Association Tel: 021 462 2040 www.fairestcape.org.za Franberfran Tel: 033 3461444 www.franberfran.com

Nampak Paper Recycling Tel: 011 719 6451 Branches nationwide, collect from offices, schools, charities and supermarkets. National Cleaner Production Centre Tel: 012 841 3634 www.ncpc.co.za

Recycling Oil Saves the Environment (ROSE) Tel: 021 448 7492 usedoil@iafrica.com www.rosefoundation.org.za One area of pollution in agriculture (and elsewhere) is used lubricant oil. On average, a tractor can hold anywhere between 40 and 100 litres of oil, and the average medium commercial farm may have anywhere between three and ten tractors. Considering that one litre of used oil has the capacity to contaminate one million litres of water this is a potentially devastating amount of used oil that, if not collected and recycled responsibly, could make its way into our environment.

Stellenbosch University Department of Food Science Tel: 021 808 3578 voedselw@sun.ac.za Water Institute of South Africa Tel: 011 805 3537 ce@wisa.org.za

Essentially, Cleaner Production Franberfran is a waste water encourages: treatment company specialising in prevention of waste and the bioremediation of contaminated pollution at the source; waste water. minimising the use of hazardous raw materials; The Glass Recycling Company improving water and energy Tel: 011 803 0767 efficiency; www.theglassrecyclingcompany. reducing risks to human co.za health; saving money; Glass that is not recycled is landfilled, where it remains forever. improving efficient management practices; and This adds to the huge pollution issues facing our world. Recycling promoting sustainable used glass saves energy. The energy development. saved by recycling just one glass bottle is enough to power a 100W National Recycling Forum glass bulb for almost an hour. Read Tel: 011 675 3462 more on the website www.recycling.co.za The Institute of Waste Management of Southern Africa (IWMSA) Tel: 011 675 3462 www.iwmsa.co.za IWMSA is a professional, multi disciplinary organisation with voluntary membership established to promote the science and practice of waste management. It is a non-profit organisation. National Water Forum (NWF) Tel: 012 804 8031 TAU SA Tel: 012 841 3957 / 477 CSIR The newly formed NWF (2009) has invited food retailers, agro-chemical companies and mining companies to help battle water pollution in South Africa.. It will look at ways to save water, address water pollution by farmers and secure quality water for agriculture.

The Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA) was formed in 1987 when the Southern African branch of the Institute of Water Pollution Control (formerly the institute of Sewage Purification), which had served the water industry in Southern Africa for a period of 50 years, was disbanded. The Institute keeps its members abreast of the latest developments in water technology and research through its national and international liaison, ROSE is appealing to farmers to links and affiliations. gather and store their used oil for responsible collection by a Water Research Commission registered NORA-SA member who Tel: 012 330 0340 has the correct skills and equipment www.wrc.org.za to operate in an environmentally compliant and safe manner. Wildlife and Environment Society of Southern Africa NORA-SA is well-regulated and Tel: 011 462 5663 scrupulously audits the activities of its collectors. WESSA runs a Recycling Info Line. Sannitree International Tel: 021 701 1266 www.sannitree.co.za They formulate 100% environmentally friendly products for treating all organic wastes. Aquaculture, pigsty, septic tanks, pit toilets, kitchen and drain cleaning products. Sappi Waste Paper Tel: 021 531 3077 Wolf Bernhardt Consulting Tel: 031 266 3258 www.wbconsulting.co.za Consulting service deals with issues such as composting of agricultural waste products, particularly in the sugarcane industry. Xtreme Projects Tel: 041 582 2211 / 082 828 6762 www.xtremeprojects.co.za

Institute of Zero Waste in Africa Oasis Recycling (IZWA) Tel: 031 202 4576 / 083 471 7276 Tel: 021 671 2698 www.oasis.org.za KwaZulu-Natal Landfill Interest Packaging Council of South Group Africa Tel: 031 563 9630 Tel: 011 463 9909 Fax: 031 563 9456 MBB Consulting Engineers Tel: 021 887 1026 mbbpvh@iafrica.com www.mbb.co.za Mondi Paperwaste Tel: 080 002 2112 (tollfree) www.paperpickup.co.za Pikitup Tel: 011 712 5200 www.pikitup.co.za Planner Bee Plant Care Tel: 011 888 4215 / 083 255 5828 www.fertilis.co.za

Earthworms can be used in a variety Support fundraising by collecting of waste management fields. They process any form of organic waste waste paper in bulk - food waste, aniimal manures and wastes, abattoir wastes. Mvula Trust Tel: 011 403 3425 Plastics Federation of South www.mvula.co.za Africa The largest water and sanitation Tel: 011 314 4021 NGO in the South Africa, operating from a national office For plastics recycling information in Johannesburg as well as from refer to www.plasticsinfo.co.za seven regional offices in North West, Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal PROCON Environmental (2 offices) and Eastern Cape (3 Technologies Tel: 0860 66 66 22/33 offices). www.pro-enviro.co.za

Deep cleaning, fire and water Runs a nationwide War on Waste restoration, bio-remediation of programme for offices, schools and contaminated soil, acid spills, oil community projects. spills etc SA Waste Holdings (Pty) Ltd ZERI Southern Africa Tel: 011 787 9617 (Zero Emissions Research & www.sawaste.co.za Initiatives) Tel: 021 762 1228 Scanwood Solutions (Pty) Ltd www.zerisa.org Tel: 012 803 0065/0861 472 461 www.scanwood.co.za Integrated bio-regional development: to assist provinces Soil & More Reliance to develop their integrated Tel: 021 872 5962 development strategy. Training, www.reliance.co.za workshops etc are offered to make folks think about farming as part SPATIUM of a natural eco-systems based Louw van Biljon 082 777 2647 operations. spatium@isat.co.za

5. Websites and publications

Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publication, available from the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering: Manure Handling in Intensive Animal Production Units in South Africa by H T Breedt (Pr Eng), Edited and revised by F Cilliers (Pr Eng) 2009. Managing Our Natural Resources William G. Camp; Betty Heath-Camp, ISBN: 9781428318687, April 2008. The updated fifth edition of this introductory book provides an overview of the broad field of natural resources

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management ranging from forestry to air quality to wildlife management to solid waste management. New case studies explore current real-life issues encountered in natural resource management. Water & Sanitation Africa complete water resource and wastewater management. Bi-monthly magazine from 3S Media. Call 011 531 3300 or visit www.3smedia.co.za Visit the websites of companies and associations mentioned under heading 4 e.g. www.iwmsa.co.za and www.recycling.co.za, some of which have links nationally and internationally. www.businessday.co.za/Articles/Content.aspx?id=88380. South Africa is ranked the 14th worst polluter in the world (Novemver 2009). Find notes on the South African National Waste Management Strategy Implementation Project on the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) website www.environment.gov.za/nwmsi/. www.wastewatch.org www.ukzn.ac.za/department/default.asp?dept=prgund - The Pollution Research Group (PRG) is a group in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban. www.jclenterprises.co.za JCL Enterprises for plastic sales of quality recycled plastic materials as well as the recycling of plastic. www.rosefoundation.org.za The Rose Foundation specialises in the collection and recycling of used motor (engine) oil. www.fairestcape.co.za The Fairest Cape Association aims to promote a cleaner healthier environment by enabling people to take responsibility for waste. A number of waste management papers can be found on www. goatconnection.com e.g. Consider manure management and the potential for fly, odour, and water-pollution problems. The Document library at www.dwa.gov.za includes information on all policies and legislation related to sanitation and waste services. For a list of all registered agricultural Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects across the world, go to http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/ registered.html, to click on Project search and to choose the agricultural category.

containers from pesticide/herbicide chemicals. Once empty they need to be carefully managed. Prior to disposal, they must be thoroughly cleaned out. The rinsewater then requires treatment. Holes are then punched in the containers and they are flattened and disposed of. They are often not disposed of in correctly controlled waste sites. If not holed and flattened, the empty containers are in demand and may be stolen (e.g. for use as water containers in rural areas). There is a high probability of a health hazard for end users in this case. Typically farmers are known to burn these empty plastic chemical containers as well as empty plastic fertiliser bags in open fire on farms. This low temperature burning results in emissions of dioxins which are hazardous to health and the environment. Air emissions (dioxins) from burning plastics (at temperatures <400C) are carcinogenic and are therefore potentially harmful to those who inhale the fumes. Vehicle use and maintenance Use of vehicles results in carbon emissions from fuel use. A number of tractors and transport trucks, as well as harvesting machinery for crops typically use diesel. The age of vehicle/machinery and degree of maintenance will affect the efficiency and level of emissions. Diesel emissions may be relatively small but cumulatively (many farms) have a negative effect. The maintenance of farm tractors and trucks for transport results in the generation of used oil and oil filters amongst other wastes. Thousands of litres of used oil and numerous oil filters could be generated on a farm each year. Typically these wastes are poorly managed as they are most often burnt on site, and the metal of the oil filters is buried. The carbon and emissions from burning dirty oil and heavy metal wastes from filters are of environmental concern. If not burnt, waste oil is often used as wood treatment for fence posts on farms. Although this is common practice, according to hazardous waste management practices, it is discouraged and correct treatment and disposal of waste oil is recommended. Soil management Monoculture can affect the local ecosystem and it is therefore wise that the method of rotation crops is used. If the same crop is grown on a piece of land year after year after year, the disease organisms that attack that crop will build up in the area until they become uncontrollable. Nature abhors monoculture: inspection of natural plant and animal environments will reveal a great variety of species. If one species becomes too predominant, some event, pest or disease is likely to develop to strike it down. Man has managed to defy this law, to date, by the application of stronger and stronger chemical controls, but the pests (particularly the fast-evolving viruses) adapt very quickly to withstand each new chemical and to date the chemist has managed to keep only a short jump ahead of the disease. A one-crop-only system can only be sustained by adding the elements that the crop needs from the fertiliser bag and destroying all the crops rivals with chemicals. To farm more in accordance with the laws and customs of nature requires diversification as much as possible. The application of fertilisers requires good knowledge of soil, as adding too much can lead to destruction of the quality of the soil. Long-term use of fertilisers in one area also can have negative effects and it is important to use more natural methods of restoring soil quality. Soil erosion is also an environmental effect associated with poor agricultural methods. Dust Some herbicides and pesticides remain in the upper soil layer and the dust generated during cultivation readily transports these to vulnerable and edible crops. Presence of dust on plants (near roads, etc.) encourages a build up of scale and red spider mites in cotton, citrus and other crops. Solid waste generation The wastes of concern that are generated on the farm are the hazardous wastes. These are not in very large quantities, but their effect on the environment demands improved management of these. Plastic and PVC wastes are not necessarily hazardous unless burnt at low temperature. Fluorescent lighting tubes contain mercury and are considered hazardous wastes. Used batteries are another typical solid hazardous waste generated on farms (particularly from workers houses) and may be in large quantities. All of these require careful environmental management.

6. Farmer points of interest

Chemicals The poor management of pesticide application leads to severe working environment problems. The regulation on pesticides is in general good, but suffers from an administrative division between several governing departments and legal acts. The enforcement is largely based on selfregulation: how many farmers comply with the requirements? Chemical spraying requires the chemicals to be loaded into the spraying machinery. Whether spraying by air or on land the loading of chemicals into the machinery can lead to chemical spills. These are typically not well controlled and the spills result in a build-up of toxic chemicals over time. Prevention is better than control, and as far as possible, spills should be prevented. However, if spills do occur these need to be well controlled. The collected spilled chemical could then still be used if kept uncontaminated in the contained area. Alternatively, the chemical can be properly treated and disposed. Irrigation run-off can carry crop protection chemicals to surface/ground water, even if it takes many years for this to happen. In Denmark for example, fifty years after the use of pesticides began traces of them appeared in groundwater. Other chemicals used on farms that have environmental effects include use of paints, turpentine, creosote, etc. which are often used in significant amounts for maintenance on farm property. The waste materials and containers are often not disposed in the correct manner leading to health and environmental effects of solvents, heavy metals and other problematic chemicals. Use of household chemicals for cleaning and pest control have both use and disposal concerns. Farms typically have septic sewer systems and French drains. Therefore chemicals used in domestic water systems should be biodegradable chemicals. If not, the chemicals accumulate in the ground. Use of pest control chemicals in the household is typically far greater than necessary. Container management The management of waste chemical packaging is an important environmental, health and safety issue. Of particular concern are the

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General (low-/non-hazardous) solid waste generated by homestead as well as from workers housing and compounds, is also an important environmental management issue, mainly because of the volumes required for disposal. In many rural areas where farms are located, municipal dumps are located too far away for proper disposal of solid waste to be economically feasible. The burning of domestic waste and informal landfilling (dumping) is very common. However, this has potential environmental problems that need to be addressed. Burning of plastics and polystyrene must be avoided, and location of sites where wastes are buried must be carefully chosen away from environmentally sensitive areas. Hazardous wastes should not be burnt or buried informally. A large portion of typical solid waste streams can be minimized through the use of reduction, reuse and recycling options. Segregation of waste streams at source is essential to allow for improved waste management.
Source: Claire Janisch. Contact her at claire@geniuslab.co.za

Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

Weather and climate

See also the Climate Change and Global Warming chapter in the National Issues section.

1. Overview
Much to do with our being and activities is held by weather and climate. No farmer would disagree with this, and the weather menu option on numerous agri websites is indicative of this. Weather and climate are vital considerations for which crops to plant, which livestock to keep, and their forecasts enable the farmer to plan wisely, to reduce risk and help to use water and resources more efficiently. South Africa is a relatively dry country. The climate varies from desert to semi-desert in the west, to relatively wet in the eastern parts adjacent to the Indian Ocean. Compared to the rest of the world, SA has a very low average rainfall 470mm per year, which is only half of the world average. South Africas rainfall is typically unreliable and unpredictable. South Africa is periodically afflicted by drastic and prolonged droughts, which often end in severe floods. There are several explanations for the variable rainfall. One reason is related to the oceans around the country. Another is linked to our position in the global weather and climate systems. For example, we receive some rainfall from warm, moist air that sweeps down over the country from the North- West. In the South Western parts of the country, cold fronts usually bring winter rainfall. La Nina and El Nino also influence our rainfall from time to time. Because of the topography as well as the rainfall distribution, 60% of SA s run-off water is in rivers that flow through only 20% of the country (the eastern region). Most of our clouds are caught up by the Drakensberg mountain range in the east where precipitation occurs. This water then runs down the steep side of the Drakensberg and into rivers of KwaZulu-Natal and into the sea. On average, only some 9% of rainfall reaches the rivers. The country falls squarely within the subtropical belt of high pressure, making it dry, with an abundance of sunshine. Weather: Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a specific time, or over a very short period of time, at a place. It is described by various observed meteorological phenomena and measured elements (including atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness and wind speed as well as wind direction). Many day-to-day decisions of farmers depend on current weather conditions and how it will change over the next few days, weeks or months. Climate: The average condition of the atmosphere at a place or in a region as observed over a period of at least 30 years. This average condition, or the climate, is usually described in terms of temperature, precipitation and wind. The climate of a place will determine what crops will succeed best in a specific region, or what animals will best suit a specific region.

7. Projects
Dundee Research Station Tel: 034 212 2479 A model aimed at home food security and enhancing income from a small scale farm is being conducted at the Dundee Research Station in KwaZuluNatal. Design by Animal Scientist, Erika van Zyl, it utilises rainwater from roof and waste from a small scale dairy herd. These are fed into a biodigester, which produces biogas (methane), used as energy source in the dairy. The effluent from the biodigester is fed into ponds stock with fish. Irrigation of a vegetable garden and fruit trees is also done out of these dams. Demonstrations of Solar drying of vegetables are done for the preservation of excess produce; the biogas is used in the preparation of these vegetables. The model demonstrates the value of using waste on a farm and the generation of income out of it. Food security from waste management To process organic waste (including some paper and cardboard) through worm beds: reduces the volume of waste transported; produces high quality crops or vegetables using the worm worked waste and liquid produced from there. Additional benefits include skills training. The financial attractions would be the reduced transport cost of waste, the use of the worm worked waste in place of high priced fertiliser, an opportunity to create employment and an income from the sale of crops. Several farmers in the area are currently using the worm worked products with success.
Source: Don Blacklaw of Wizzard Worms (see the Earthworms and vermicompost chapter) in a proposal to his local municipality. Write to him at donblacklaw@greytown.co.za

Our thanks to Marianne Claasen (Department of Water Affairs), Eddie Hanekom (Department of Environmental Affairs), Colin Waterworth (FBF Organics) and Raj Lochan (ROSE Foundation) for feedback on the draft chapter.

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2. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Directorate: Land Use and Soil Management Tel: 012 319 7685/6 DLUSM@daff.gov.za Agricultural Risk & Disaster Management (ARDM) Assistant Manager (Agro-Meteorologist): Early Warning Unit, Matiga Motsepe (Mr) Tel: 012 319 6768 MatigaM@daff.gov.za The Directorate: ARDM compiles the monthly advisories which have the strategies for farming community to apply given the current climate conditions. These are available at www.daff.gov.za and www.agis.agric.za. An example follows of strategies that have appeared on their monthly advisories, given the prevailing climatic/weather conditions. In this case, below normal rainfall i.e. dry conditions were expected: A. Rain-fed crop production: Remove alien plants. Adjust planting density. Consider a conservative fertilizing strategy. Regular and strict scouting for pests and diseases to minimize expenditure on chemical control. Do not expand land under crop production unnecessarily. Do not experiment with the new and unknown and avoid unnecessary capital investments. Store water in wetlands and dams. Reduce evaporation. Encourage infiltration of storm water runoff. B. Dryland farming Remove alien plants. Remove all weeds containing seeds, but keep other vegetative rests on the land because that will reduce evaporation. Obtain the desired seeds for the crops to be planted. Check and repair all tools and machinery. Consider the making of bunds or other features to increase infiltration and to reduce. Irrigate during cool conditions to avoid evaporation. Adhere to the water restrictions at all times as the levels of earth dams deteriorate in most areas.

EnviroMon Tel: 021 851 5134 Fax: 021 852 0966 sales@weathershop.co.za www.environmon.co.za

SA Weather Service (SAWS) Tel: 012 367 6000 www.weathersa.co.za

SAWS falls under the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs. For the supply, installation, It is governed managed by a Board, maintenance and calibration of which reports to the said Minister. instrumentation for monitoring weather elements and soil moisture SAWS provides scientific training in conditions. co-operation with universities. EnviroMon products and services Stellenbosch University include: Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology eKo Pro system for soil Tel: 021 808 3728 moisture and weather samways@sun.ac.za condition monitoring; www.sun.ac.za weather stations for agricultural and general use; University of the Free State customised software for chilling units, growing degree Disaster Management, Training and days, evapo-transpiration, Education Centre for Africa weather related disease Tel: 051 401 2721 warnings. A department in the faculty Land Bank Insurance Company of Natural and Agricultural Tel: 0861 00 5242 Sciences, with the biggest Masters Tel: 083 232 6272 Degree Programme in Disaster www.lbic.co.za Management in Africa. PricewaterhouseCoopers Agri Industry Group National office 023 346 5502 KwaZulu-Natal 031 271 2000 Central Region 051 503 4100 Northern Region 013 754 3300 Eastern Region 041 391 4400 www.pwc.com/za Santam Agriculture Tel: 012 369 1202 Fax: 086 656 9117 Hannes.duplessis@santam.co.za www.santam.co.za The South African National Precipitation Research and Rainfall Enhancement Programme, a joint effort by the Department of Water Affairs, South African Weather Service and the Water Research Commission won the first International Prize for Weather Modification in 2005. Dr Deon Terblanche can be contacted for more information at 058 303 5571 or deon@weathersa.co.za Useful numbers Climate Information and data Tel: 082 233 8484 Pretoria Central Forecasting Office Tel: 082 233 9800 Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences Tel: 051 401 2212 The University of Pretoria Meteorological Group Prof H Rautenbach Tel: 012 420 2489 Weather forecasts can also be viewed on their website. Visit www. up.ac.za/academic/geog/meteo Water Research Commission Tel: 012 330 0340 www.wrc.org.za The Weather Shop Tel: 021 851 5134 www.weathershop.co.za Home use weather instruments

Other:
Department of Water and Environmental Affairs Tel: 012 310 3911 / 3594 www.dwa.gov.za and www.environment.gov.za

3. Roleplayers
ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water Tel: 012 310 2500 www.arc.agric.za Agrometeorology studies the influence of climate and weather on agricultural production. As South Africas seasonal climate is highly variable and precarious, climate is a deciding factor in successful agricultural production. The ARC-ISCWs Division: Agrometeorology undertakes climate surveys, monitoring and research to quantify and qualify climatic factors; to develop risk profiles; to develop early warning systems for drought and other adverse climatic conditions as well as coinciding pests and diseases; and to determine agricultural potential and land suitability for specific production systems and enterprises. The Divisions climatic data is, furthermore, used for national crop estimations. The versatile Agromet databank as well as the countrywide agricultural weather station network, developed and maintained by ARC-ISCW, are national assets. Climate & Location Link (CLL) Tel/fax: 011 807 7997 Johan J Bosch 073 263 6947 Weather, pollution monitoring and local

4. Websites and publications

Find the expansive weather notes daily on www.landbou.com Websites of companies involved with agriculture usually have some menu option to do with weather e.g. www.senwes.co.za and www. suidwes.co.za Visit www.weatherphotos.co.za if you need information or photos of weather patterns, satellite photos or daily rainfall graphics. The statement from the Agricultural Risk and Disaster Directorate is available on the DAFF website every month, www.daff.gov.za, and at www.agis.agric.za. AGIS also hosts other information relevant to weather and climate.

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The website of the South African Weather Service can be accessed at www.weathersa.co.za. www.netfor.co.za Weather forecasting for South Africa. Menu options include Two Day Forecast as well as current weather and graphical presentations. The Norwegian website www.yr.no can provide a weather forecast for your farm! Contact Kejafa Knowledge Works for publications on weather and climate. Visit www.kejafa.co.za or call 014 577 0005. Phone 011 954 4675/082 488 5081 for the following publications, available from Bryan Peirce: Weather & Climate Southern Africa (Tyson & Preston-Whyte) SA Weather and Atmospheric Phenomena (van Zyl) Dictionary of the weather (Dunlop) SASOL Field Guide to the Weather in Southern Africa

South African Weather and Atmospheric Phenomena (Briza Publications) Mr Dries van Zyl at 012 329 3896

5. International business environment

The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) is an agency of the UN, established in 1950. It plays a catalytic role in promoting international and inter-disciplinary cooperation for monitoring and predicting weather and climate, assessing freshwater resources, mitigating natural disasters, protecting the environment and formulating strategies for long-term sustainable development. The WMO has 185 members (179 states and 6 territories) who all maintain their own meteorological and hydrological services. Visit www.wmo.ch International weather forecasts may be accessed www.metoffice.gov.uk/ weather The USA Department of Agriculture website has a Weather & Climate option. Clicking on the Publications/Reports will give you inter alia World Agricultural Weather Highlights. Visit www.usda.gov/oce/weather

6. Looking after your livestock in times of drought

Live stock farmers can consider the following actions to mitigate the effect of drought: Divide your herd into production classes e.g. in calf, lactating, heifers, young bulls, oxen, etc. Restrict the movement of animals in order to conserve energy. Move animals to shaded/warmer areas where they can be fed. Make sure animals are healthy. Use the available grazing and other fodder sources to good judgement between different production classes. Always give priority to the most vulnerable animals e.g. with small calves etc. Decrease rations of non-producing animals by providing smaller portions daily or every other day a full portion. Non-productive animals easily can handle a drop in mass of 10-12% over a long period of time. Use expert advice in order to utilise available fodder to a maximum e.g. Smaller portions but well balanced to fill needs of different production classes better. Think creatively by using residues like fowl droppings (make sure animals are vaccinated against botulism), grain siftings, etc. Use well-balanced rations and keep to the recommendations of suppliers, and beware of over feeding it is expensive. Try not to change rations too often but keep it constant and simple. The digestive system of an animal must adapt to new substances or ratios with every change.
Source: Dr Herman Fouch and Mr Johan van den Berg in an article which was originally printed in Landbouweekblad. Find a similar article on the website www.landbou.com entitled Voervoorsiening tydens droogte (making provision for forage during drought), written by Hennie du Toit on www.landbou.com He can be contacted at hennie@nwk. co.za

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Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

to ensure steady river flow. Special wetland soils such as peat are highly effective water stores and filters. Peat is able to hold a thousand times its own weight in water, which makes it valuable in a semi-arid country like South Africa. Some wetlands also play a role in recharging groundwater.

Wetlands
1. Overview
Wetlands are complex, fascinating and dynamic. They are hardworking ecosystems that provide us with a range of benefits, including some that are not immediately apparent. In providing these ecosystem services, healthy wetlands play an important role in keeping people healthy. They are valuable assets to farmers, downstream water users, communities living nearby and larger society. If we protect healthy wetlands and rehabilitate those that have been degraded, we can reduce suffering due to droughts, floods and compromised livelihoods, especially for the most vulnerable members of society. As urbanisation increases, so does the pressure to provide adequate sanitation and water. South Africas water resources are already well utilised and in many areas show signs of stress because of high demand. The answer to our looming water crisis does not lie only in complex and expensive engineering solutions. Nature provides robust and free technology, including ecosystem services provided by wetlands, which we should recognise, respect and protect. Although wetlands are not the only solution for clean water, they are a key part of the answer.

Life in wetlands
Wetlands are warehouses of biodiversity. They support plants and animals that are specially adapted to waterlogged environments and can live nowhere else. They also provide feeding, roosting and breeding sites for a range of other species. Even in urban areas they are important refuges for small mammals, birds and amphibians. Some animals are completely dependant on wetlands, whilst others use wetlands for only part of their lives. For example, the Wattled crane is dependant on wetlands for breeding, and hippos use wetlands as a daytime refuge. The rich diversity of waterbirds in southern Africa (totalling 130 species) is possible because of the many different types of wetlands across the sub-continent. The wetlands of southern Africa are of international importance as they are the southern destination for many migratory wading birds.

Wetlands and floods

Healthy wetlands help to reduce the impact of fast-flowing floods. Because they are generally flatter areas of marshy ground with reeds or other tall dense plants, they force river waters to slow down and spread out. Although much of the destructive impact of floods is related to people building their homes or roads in floodplains or farming too close to rivers and wetlands, the destruction of wetlands has further reduced the natural landscapes ability to manage normal spikes in rain or drought cycles. Palmiet wetlands are good examples of ecosystems that can effectively reduce the impact of floods. Where palmiet, a unique wetland plant, has been removed from wetlands, rivers frequently become highly sedimented and their banks are gouged out by unchecked floodwaters.

2. What is a wetland?
Wetlands are areas in the landscape where the water in rivers and streams slows down and spreads out. This results in the sediments and nutrients in the water being deposited. Over time, wetlands become fertile areas that provide good habitat for plants (bulrushes, reeds, waterlilies and sedges) and a range of creatures (e.g. microbes, specialised waterbirds, insects etc). Hectare for hectare, there is more life in a healthy wetland than in almost any other habitat. The National Wetland Inventory has mapped over 114,000 wetlands, ranging greatly in size and value and accounting for about 3,6% of South Africas surface area. Different wetland types supply different ecosystem services including provision of clean water and carbon storage. Through natural processes in their soils and plants, wetlands aid in improving water quality. They also reduce the damaging impacts of floods, help to control erosion, and contribute to more stable stream flow throughout the year. They supply wild food, grazing, building and craft materials to people, and are important refuges for specialised plants and wildlife. In urban areas they are important green spaces.

Wetlands and livelihoods

People have a long and intimate association with wetlands. In addition to contributing to the life-support services that sustain us, wetlands also provide many people with a livelihood, or a means of earning a living. Often it is poor people, especially in rural areas, who are most directly dependent on wetlands for their livelihoods. If the livelihoods benefits that wetlands provide are to be sustainable, they must be used wisely. People have sustainable livelihoods if they can use available resources to earn a living without irreversibly depleting those resources. On a subsistence level, these benefits range from wild food and grazing to materials for building and crafts. Purification and provision of clean water have enormous health benefits which in turn have economic and social impacts. On a mainstream economic level, several key tourism industries are based on wetlands, in some cases being the backbone of local economies. As the interest in indigenous fibre products grows, craft sales are becoming more important as a means for rural households to earn hard cash. In Mbongolwane in northern KwaZulu-Natal, about a third of household income is derived from the sale of crafts woven from fibre harvested from wetlands. About 70 women from two craft groups, Ikhowe and Thubalethelihle, sustainably harvest wetland reeds such as induma and ikwane for conference bags, file covers and corporate gifts, earning about R200 000 annually. Production is home-based. In Maputaland, the iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority is helping about 200 women sell products such as blinds, lamp shades and place mats to home supply stores and lodges. A variety of wetland grasses are used as well as grassland and forest species such as ilala palm. A partnership has also been established with Mr Price Home to supply natural fibre products. This is the first time that small-scale subsistence fibre crafters will have such a strong presence in the formal retail market.

Wetlands and water

Wetlands play an important role in ensuring a steady supply of clean water, which is essential for human health. Where people use water directly from natural sources such as rivers, wetlands play a strong role in keeping people healthy. For those who get their water from taps, healthy wetlands in river systems contribute significantly to reducing the cost of purifying water. Wetlands are uniquely designed to purify water through natural processes, acting like the kidneys of the landscape. Firstly, they slow down water flow and this allows sediments in the water to be deposited. Then, wetland plants, such as bulrushes and reeds, and wetland soils and microbes stabilise and store or use many pollutants including excess nutrients and toxins from sewage and agricultural chemicals and fertilisers. This helps reduce the possibility of excess nutrient enrichment downstream. They can also trap many heavy metals including cadmium, zinc and mercury that result from mining and industrial processes. The roots of some wetland plants secrete toxic substances that kill some pathogenic bacteria. Wetlands also act like sponges, slowing down flood waters, storing water when it rains, and then releasing it slowly during the dry season, helping

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Food from wetlands

In addition to contributing to the life support services that sustain us, wetlands also provide many people with a livelihood, or means of earning a living. Often it is poor people, especially in rural areas, who are most directly dependent on wetlands for at least part of their livelihoods. Foods can be harvested from wetlands, both wild and cultivated. In many parts of the world small mammals, aquatic snails, arthropods, insects, reptiles and amphibians are eaten widely. In South Africa, bullfrogs and cane rats are popular eating in many areas, both providing a rich source of protein. Cane rats prefer semi-aquatic environments in marshes and reedbeds. Fish is probably the most obvious wetland food and is a significant wetland contributor to human health. Twenty one percent of animal protein in Africa comes from fish and in South Africa many communities depend on fish from freshwater lakes and rivers as well as estuaries and coastal shores. In Kosi Bay in Maputaland, the highly productive estuary is criss-crossed with traditional reed fish kraals which trap large adult fish as the tide goes out. About 40,000 kg of fish is caught every year in this area, most of it for family consumption, with the surplus sold. Estuaries are important nurseries and breeding grounds for many economically important marine fish species. Some 20 such species, which are exploited commercially and recreationally, depend on these ecosystems for secure spawning sites, and many other species are dependent on estuaries for feeding and shelter. This means that much of the multi-million rand fishing industries that employ thousands of people indirectly rely on coastal wetlands to sustain the fish stocks that they exploit. These fish are also important for subsistence fishers. There are also many edible wetland plants in South Africa. For example, the white, sweet-smelling flowers of waterblommetjies, Aponogeton distachyos, are made into waterblommetjie bredie which is eaten widely in the Western Cape. Another indigenous vegetable is the tuber of the blue water lily, Nymphae nouchali, which is roasted like potato. The rhizomes of bulrushes, Typha capensis, are dried and ground, to be eaten like cereal meal and swamp forests yield various fruits, nuts and leafy vegetables.

use about 19,500 tons of medicinal plant material. Wetlands support a great diversity of plant species, some of which are used in traditional medicines. The wetlands of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal yield the river pumpkin, Gunnera perpensa, which is used to ease childbirth and treat kidney and bladder infections. The leaves of the white arum lily, Zantedeschia aethiopica, which is widespread in wetlands throughout the country, are used to treat headaches and as a poultice. Eucomis comosa, (slender pineapple flower), is used to treat rheumatism, Ranunculus multifidus (common buttercup) is used to treat coughs, headaches, urinary complaints, throat ulcers, wounds and pain, and Manulea parviflora (pepper and salt) is used as a natural enema for children with intestinal disorders. The honey disa, Disa polygonoides, is found along the eastern coastline from the Eastern Cape to southern Mozambique, and is used to restore the voice after an illness. Urginea macrocentra (poison snake-head) is found in marshy ground near streams and treats roundworm and tapeworm.

Wetlands and disease

In South Africa, 16 million people have no reticulated sanitation and five million people have no access to potable water. This means that they are vulnerable to diseases associated with polluted water, including diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis A and bilharzia. Worldwide, 3 million people die each year from illnesses caused by contaminated water. Preventable water-borne diseases most affect children under five years old. Water quality in rivers is reduced by pollution from mining and industrial processes, agriculture and sewage. Because of the concentration of the pollution and the destruction of water resources such as wetlands, natural systems are unable to cope. But where the pollution concentration is low, the plants, soils and microbes in wetlands help to reduce disease-causing organisms and pollutants. As important waterbird habitats, wetlands reduce the risk of contact between wild and domesticated birds such as chickens, and thereby substantially reduce the risk of spreading avian flu. Wetlands are also a source of water-related diseases. For example, they provide habitat for the species that transmit malaria and bilharzia. Draining wetlands may be able to help control malaria in some areas, but many beneficial ecosystem services are lost in the process. Other disease management options, including provision of clean water, improved sanitation, and importantly good management of wetlands, should also be considered.

Subsistence farming in wetlands

In many rural communities produce from subsistence agriculture helps ensure that people have adequate nutrition. Vegetables from home gardens, milk from cattle and meat from household chickens and goats are often the most important food for many families. In places such as Maputaland where the soils are sandy and lack nutrients, the edges of wetlands provide organic-rich, moist soils that are ideal for farming. The same in places such as Craigieburn in Mpumalanga where forced resettlement in the 1960s and 1970s resulted in large numbers of people occupying small areas of land, leaving wetlands as the only sites available for subsistence farming. For about 25% of the villagers living around Craigieburn, the wetlands are the only source of food and income and altogether about 70% of the local people use the wetlands in some way. In this extremely poor and HIV/Aids impacted region, most households are headed by women who may each care for up to nine children, many of whom are orphans. Rehabilitation of the Craigieburn wetlands contributes to food and livelihoods security in the area by protecting the wetlands that are used for subsistence agriculture. Common crops such as cabbages are grown on the edges of wetlands and there are also some plants such as amadumbe that are grown in wetter soils. Its corms are eaten like potatoes and in fact make a much tastier alternative, and its leaves are eaten like spinach. Wetlands provide good, nutritious food for livestock and in fact, some wetlands can provide up to five times more grazing than terrestrial grasslands. However, it is important that wetlands are grazed wisely and that they are protected from overtrampling and degradation. Many South African wetlands are used sustainably for low-density subsistence agriculture and sensitive grazing but most are not suitable for large-scale agriculture.

3. Rehabilitating wetlands
The health and well-being of people depends on maintaining healthy ecosystems. Wetlands are vulnerable to a range of impacts that reduce their ability to continue providing their beneficial services to people. Direct impacts include draining wetlands for pastures and crops, and building infrastructure such as roads that impede and concentrate water flow. There are also severe ongoing impacts from pollution and erosion in catchments, excessive water abstraction, loss of vegetation cover, climate change and land use change. In some major catchments, up to 60% of the wetlands are already lost or severely degraded because of mining, agriculture, timber plantations and urban development. Everyone is affected when wetlands are degraded. In urban areas, it might mean reduced water quality, or even a reduced supply, as well as infrastructure loss from more destructive flood impacts. In rural areas, those who rely on wetlands for their livelihoods lose important benefits, and as rural areas degrade, those people are forced to relocate to cities. Many waterbird populations have declined because of wetland degradation e.g. the Wattled crane. Wetlands in heavily industrialised parts of the country are irreplaceable as water purifiers. For example, the peatlands of the Klip River in southern Johannesburg have absorbed the pollution of 150 years of gold mining in the western Witwatersrand, as well as more recent industrial and urban pollution. This has resulted in higher water quality for downstream users than would be the case had there been no wetlands. Degradation of these wetlands not only reduced their ability to purify water, but also resulted in the release of trapped pollutants.

Medicine from wetlands

In South Africa traditional medicine is the preferred primary health care choice for about 70% of people, and every year 28 million South Africans

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But degradation is not necessarily permanent, and international and South African experience has shown that it is possible to recover some of the health and values of degraded wetlands through rehabilitation. Legislation of the departments of Environmental Affairs, Water Affairs and Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries protects wetlands and encourages their rehabilitation. Wetland rehabilitation is the action taken to reverse or halt the decline of the health of the ecosystem.

Some examples of agricultural wise use include: limited livestock grazing; controlled water extraction such as watering animals and a little irrigation; careful cropping without digging too many drains. What actions to avoid in a wetland The following are guaranteed to impact negatively on your wetlands:

Working for Wetlands

Working for Wetlands uses wetland rehabilitation as a vehicle for both poverty alleviation and the wise use of wetlands, following an approach that centres on co-operative governance and partnerships. The Programme is managed by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) on behalf of the departments of Environmental Affairs (DEA), Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) and Water Affairs (DWA). With funding provided by DEA and DWA, Working for Wetlands forms part of the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) which seeks to draw unemployed people into the productive sector of South Africas economy, gaining skills while they work and increasing their capacity to earn income. Rehabilitation projects maximise employment creation, support small businesses, and transfer relevant and marketable skills to workers. Each year, over 40 wetland rehabilitation projects throughout South Africa provide temporary jobs and training for about 2,000 people from marginalised groups, with the work teams made up of 60% women, 20% youth and 1% people with disabilities.

Dont dig large drains (deeper or wider than 30cm) in a wetland. A drain in a wetland is like pulling the plug out of a bath of water and results in the severe drying out of the wetland such that loses its ability to provide many of its benefits. Prevent overgrazing and over trampling, especially in the wet season. This can cause erosion points that eventually develop into dongas which drain the water out of the wetland, reduce water quality and increase soil loss. Avoid burning your wetland every year, especially with very hot fires at the wrong time of year. This will destroy the vegetation, reduce the diversity of plant species and may result in erosion.

Wise grazing
Productivity levels in wetlands are high although the quality of forage produced by wetland plants is typically low. Nevertheless, wetland forage quality can be improved by judicious burning. The productivity of wetlands plants can be exploited for grazing. On average the grazing capacity (biomass) in the outer zones of a wetland is 1,5 times higher than in an equivalent area of non-wetland, but this is dependent on many factors such as species composition and the wetness cycles. What you should do if you are grazing in a wetland: Use wetlands for grazing mainly in the dry season so that cattle do not churn up very wet soils, making them susceptible to erosion. Keep cattle on the outer edges of a wetland, away from the permanently saturated areas. Watch carefully for overgrazing and find out how to correctly graze a wetland. (e.g. carrying capacity, when to graze, for how long, and resting periods). What you shouldnt do: Do not allow grazing in the rainy season or when the ground is very wet because cattle may disturb the soil surface through trampling, which results in decreased water quality and increased risk of erosion. Dont allow cattle into the wettest part of the wetland where they can cause disturbance to the highly sensitive core of the wetland, and often get stuck. Dont allow heavy grazing without any rest periods. This may cause valuable, sweet (or highly nutritional) grasses to be replaced by less palatable or useful species. Dont let animals overgraze, or the protective plant cover of the wetland will be removed resulting in erosion and the drying out of the wetland. Avoid the following kinds of wetlands for grazing because they erode easily when disturbed by trampling and grazing: wetlands with loose soil, on steeper slopes and where water starts concentrating into a channel.

4. Using wetlands on your farm

Wetlands provide specific agricultural opportunities mainly winter grazing and some opportunities for cropping and fibre harvesting. A hectare of wetland may have the potential to support the grazing of up to five times more animals than a hectare of terrestrial grassland, but this has to be managed carefully to avoid overgrazing and degradation. Wetlands provide fertile beds for crops, and opportunities for improving household food security through small-scale and subsistence cultivation, especially in areas of the country where soils are unsuitable for agriculture. But wetlands are not suitable for large-scale or commercial cultivation, and farming in wetlands is sustainable only if it is undertaken on a very small scale and in a way that is sensitive to the hydrology and other workings of the wetland. For example, crops that can tolerate wet conditions can be planted in the less sensitive parts of the wetland and on the edges of the wetland, and clearing of wetland vegetation such as reeds and palmiet should be avoided. Experience has shown that when wetland vegetation is cleared, the wetland is less able to reduce the damaging impact of floods, and vegetation loss also increases erosion risks. The following guidelines are intended to improve the sustainability of wetlands that are already being cultivated. The conversion of healthy wetlands for cropping is not encouraged. If in doubt about the impact of agricultural activities on wetlands, it is recommended that you contact the relevant agricultural authority or extension workers from the Mondi Wetlands Programme for assistance. Use our wetlands wisely The general rule is that wetland users should not substantially disrupt the basic fabric of the wetland, which consists of the elements of soil, water and vegetation. It is through the interaction between these elements that wetlands are able to generate the range of functions and products that benefit people. If a wetland is transformed in a way that compromises its ability to function, it may lose its ability to provide these valuable services. The concept of wise use thus requires an approach to management through which benefits can be enjoyed without changing the natural functioning of the wetland.

Burning wetlands
Wetlands are burnt for many reasons, including improving the grazing value for livestock by removing old dead plant material and increasing productivity; controling alien plants; reducing the risk of run-away fires; and improving habitat for wetland dependant species. If done incorrectly, burning can have unintended negative consequences, so it is critical to follow the correct approach.

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Good burning tips: You can burn the wetland about every second year if the rainfall is more than 800 mm per year. Burn every third or fourth year if you are in a very dry part of the country (less than 800 mm per year). Burning needs also depend on grazing pressure. If the wetland is grazed to its carrying capacity then you need to burn less frequently or even not at all. If you can, divide your wetland into burning blocks and burn only half of each block. This allows for the unburnt part to provide refuge for wildlife. Where this is not practical, and you have a few wetlands near each other, burn one entire wetland and leave the others unburnt. Its a good idea to use cool fires, so burn when the grass is moist after rain, or in the evenings or early mornings after dew. Burn at the beginning of the growing season, just after the first rains so that plants can regrow quickly. Burn with the wind as this is more controllable and less damaging to plant growth points. Keep records of when you burn, where you burn and the conditions under which you burnt so that you can improve your burning techniques and share the knowledge with your neighbours. What you shouldnt do: Avoid burning in early winter. Never burn a wetland when it is totally dry, because if the wetland soils have a high organic content, this can result in underground fires that are difficult to control and potentially last years. Extremely hot slow moving fires can even kill wetland plant root systems. With no protective cover, soil erosion sets in. Hot fires may also kill off certain plants and change the range of different plants that grow in the wetland, which can reduce its usefulness for grazing. Delay burning to another day or even year if in dry years there is a danger of soil ignition, when weather conditions are consistently unsuitable or if winter breeding animals (e.g. Wattled cranes) have not completed breeding.

What you should not do: Dont plant trees in wetlands, especially exotic trees that consume a lot of water, because they will dry out the wetland. Always leave suitable buffer zones between timber plantations and wetlands. Never drain a wetland near its outlet. Dont plant in the wettest parts of the wetland. Avoid sensitive wetland areas: wetlands with high erosion hazards, forested wetlands, peatlands, wetlands supporting endangered species such as Wattled cranes, wetland areas on the margins of estuaries and wetlands in catchments and landscapes where lots of damage has been done to other wetlands already. Never dig deep drains to dry out a wetland or you could destroy the structure and functioning of the wetland. Avoid using chemicals that will contaminate the surface or groundwater. Dont clear big areas to plant. Try to leave as much original vegetation in place as you can to protect the soil and underlying water.

An agri-tourism possibility?
Wetlands offer delightful open spaces that people can visit to walk, birdwatch or just enjoy being in nature. Outdoor activities such as cycling, walking, boating, fishing, birding and watersports all contribute to improving our lifestyles and mental well-being, and help to stave off mental illnesses such as depression. Wetlands such as mangroves and rocky shores are popular for school outings. They are fascinating outdoor classrooms where learners can interact with the elements of the ecosystem and see first hand how they are integrated. As habitats for wildlife such as waterbirds, hippos and angling fish, wetlands are lucrative tourist destinations. For example, the economy of the town Wakkerstroom in Mpumalanga is built on birdwatching around the Wakkerstroom wetland and surrounding area. Lake St Lucia in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park in KwaZulu-Natal is another example. Here the success of tourism justifies the 1996 government decision to adopt a tourism-based economic development strategy for the region, in preference to mining.

Planting crops in a wetland

One of the controversial agricultural uses for wetlands is for the cultivation of crops. It is possible to plant some types of crops in wetlands in such a way that does not affect the functioning of the wetland. Cultivation in wetlands is regulated by the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (CARA), and a permit is required from the relevant agricultural department for cultivating in wetlands. Planting of crops in a wetland should never involve the draining and planting of the entire wetland with crops, because this will affect the natural properties of the system and destroy many of the other benefits provided by the wetland. Useful tips if you are planting in wetlands: Select crops that do not need much artificial drainage or dry soils to survive. Amadumbe and certain indigenous pastures are good choices. Because of the risks of flooding and soil loss you should plant at the outside edges of the wetland, rather than right in the middle or in the lowest part of the wetland. Try to plant with minimum disturbance. Plant by hand. Dig only as much as is absolutely necessary. Use the wetland plants that you clear away as a mulch to cover the soil. Use as little fertiliser and pesticides as possible, because these will seep into the water and can be polluting. Patchwork cultivation is a good idea; this means you leave patches of natural wetland vegetation in between cultivated patches. Plant no more than one quarter of a wetland in total. A good idea is to have a number of beds, say three, and only plant one each year. This means that each bed rests for two years in between plantings. If you are going to dig drains make sure they are no more than 30cm deep and wide and cover only a small area so that the wetland does not dry out completely. All drains should be blocked in the dry season to keep the wetland alive.

5. Websites and publications

WET Management Series
Although designed primarily for guiding wetland rehabilitation work in South Africa, this set of integrated tools can be applied to a wide range of other purposes. For example, some tools are used to assess wetland health and ecosystem services. Others can be used to foster wise wetland management and develop understanding of the driving forces behind the formation and degradation of wetlands. They are also of enormous value for education and training. The WET Management Series is the product of the Wetland Rehabilitation component of the National Wetlands Research Programme, an initiative of the Water Research Commission. The first phase of this programme, focusing on wetland rehabilitation, was jointly funded by the Commission and the Department of Environmental Affairs, through the Working for Wetlands programme housed by the South African National Biodiversity Institute. Other key partners include the Department of Water Affairs, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Mondi Wetlands Programme, provincial conservation agencies, universities and private enterprise. The research programmes second phase, Wetland Health and Integrity, which is being undertaken by the University of Cape Town, will add new tools to the WET-Management Series. For further information about the WET Management Series, please contact Donovan Kotze at kotzed@ukzn.ac.za or Working for Wetlands at wetlands@sanbi.org. The series is published by the Water Research Commission: www.wrc.org.za Mondi Wetlands Programme website www.wetland.org.za. The Wetlands Basics link gives news of booklets explaining aspects of wetlands. Wetland Values and Functions, a booklet, can be downloaded from www.daff.gov.za/publications.

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Working for Wetlands Website http://wetlands.sanbi.org. General Information about wetlands and several resources can be found here, or requested from 012 843 5191 or wetlands@sanbi.org. You can also subscribe to a monthly electronic newsletter with regular updates on happenings in the wetlands world. For information on wetland issues in the SADC region www.sadc. int/wetlands

University of the Free State Department Zoology and Entomology Tel: 051 401 2427 Department of Plant Sciences Tel: 051 401 2514 plantsciences@ufs.ac.za Department Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences Tel: 051 401 2221 Water Institute of South Africa Tel: 011 805 3537 www.wisa.org.za

Water Research Commission Stanley Liphadzi Tel: 012 330 0340 stanleyl@wrc.org.za www.wrc.org.za Wetlands Consulting Services (Pty) Ltd Allan Batchelor Tel: 012 349 2699/ 083 287 4082 info@wetlandconsulting.co.za

6. Roleplayers
National policy and legislation provides clear direction and support for rehabilitation, but the very complex links between people and wetlands means that actions aimed at sustainably rehabilitating and conserving wetlands will depend on the dedication and commitment of all stakeholders, especially landowners and wetland users. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Directorate: Land Use and Soil Management Tel: 012 319 7686 Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) Tel: 012 310 3594 www.environment.gov.za Department of Water Affairs (DWA) Tel: 0800 200 200 Mondi Wetlands Programme Wetlands and agriculture: Damian Walters 083 684 8000 Wetlands and catchment management: Vaughan Koopman 083 228 7949 www.wetland.org.za Rand Water Foundation Angie Phaliso Tel: 011 682 0806 www.randwater.co.za

7. International business environment

The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands is an inter-governmental treaty that provides a framework for national action and international co-operation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. It was signed in Ramsar, Iran in 1971. South Africa is a member country and has recognised and registered 19 wetlands as being of international importance, with proposals to increase that list. For information and documents relating to Ramsar and for a list of Wetlands of International Importance, visit www.ramsar.org Information for this chapter was supplied by the Mondi Wetlands Programme (MWP), Working for Wetlands, Land Resources International, the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Isimangaliso Wetland Park Authority, the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, and Wetland Consulting Services. Contributors: Craig Cowden, Rehana Dada, John Dini, Kerry Philp, Donovan Kotze, Duncan Hay, Stanley Tshitwamulomoni, Retief Grobler, Dick Frost, Roland Vorwerk, Sharon Pollard and Scotty Kyle. Our thanks to John Dini (Programme Director at Working for Wetlands) for thorough feedback.

South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) Find the regional contacts on the Working for Wetlands website www.dwaf.gov.za John Dini (Programme Director) Tel: 012 843 5191 Endangered Wildlife Trust wetlands@sanbi.org (EWT) http://wetlands.sanbi.org EWT Partnership African Cranes, Wetlands and Communities South African National Parks Tel: 011 486 1102 (SANParks) Marius Snyders GroundTruth Tel: 013 735 6569 / 072 201 7936 Tel: 033 342 6399 Olga Jacobs craig@ground-truth.co.za Tel: 012 426 5046 / 082 905 4575 www.ground-truth.co.za Stellenbosch University Land Resources International Department of Conservation (Pty) Ltd. Ecology and Entomology Tel: 033 392 8360 Prof Michael Samways http://www.lri.co.za Tel 021 808 3728

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Resources and Good Agricultural Practice

Damage Causing Animals

Dogs Lack of control of domestic dogs by owners can cause huge stock losses though. Legislation exists in some parts of the country to allow for the destruction of dogs which are found out of control of their owners, but killing dogs is an unpleasant task which could be avoided if their owners would take responsibility and care for their well being. See the chart overleaf for information on Caracal / Rooikat, Blackbacked Jackal (Red jackal, witrug), Brown Hyena. See the chart overleaf for information on the following: Leopard, Spotted hyena, Cheetah and the Wild dog. A further note about the Wild Dog is that they move over large areas and do not stay for long on a farm, except during breeding activities. Would usually be off the farm by the time damage is discovered. Pachyderms Included are the elephant, hippo and rhinos. These animals can potentially cause a lot of damage but because of their legal status and the danger involved, nothing should be done without the knowledge of the conservation authorities. The strategy would usually be to chase the animals back to where they came from, to dart and return them, or as absolute last resort, to destroy them. For all three options special knowledge and equipment is needed. Wild pigs The damage and tracks of the warthog and bushpig are very similar, though the warthog is diurnal and the bushpig nocturnal. The damage vary from rooting out newly planted crops to pushing over mature maize plants to feed on the cobs, thereby wasting more than is eaten. Exclusion is difficult but possible. Baboon and Vervet monkey Damage to crops like maize and various fruit and vegetable kinds. The capture or killing of these intelligent social animals is complicated and should be done by professionals. Prevention is better than cure refer to www.primatecare.org.za. Porcupine can cause relatively large damage when crops like watermelon and pumpkins are targeted. The size of the commodity is such that it wont be totally consumed in one night, but the animal damages a new one every night. Birds The birds can descend in hundreds (or quelea in millions) on planted crops such as corn, sunflower, vineyard and fruit trees. What the birds lack in size are made up by sheer numbers. Larger birds like spurfowl may occasionally also damage crops, mainly by removing newly planted seeds. You could kill 10 jackal in one night without getting rid of the actual culprit causing the damage. Success will be measured by reduced losses and increased profits, not by numbers of predator skins in the shed. Haphazard measures are not worth it, because animals avoid or escape from poorly set traps and controls and this will often make matters worse. Damage causing animals get to know the devices and tricks used by farmers, so after a while even the best trapper may have declining success with a method in a particular area, whilst the same method applied by the same trapper may be highly successful elsewhere. There are many control methods to choose from with a clear distinction between those which are lethal i.e. they kill animals; and non-lethal i.e. those which control by prevention, protection and aversion. The control equipment should be seen as a toolbox from which the correct tool is selected for the varying applications.

Wildlife on farms
1. Overview
Chancing across a steenbok on your farm can lead to a sense of mystery and fascination. You feel honoured, a witness to a world that passes unseen by humanitys schedules and timetables. The presence of wildlife on farms is not always as discreet or innocent, with some roleplayers placing the value of livestock losses to Damage Causing Animals somewhere past the R1 billion mark. The figure has been disputed by some, but this misses the point. It is important that the farmer who has lost livestock on the farm to predators, livestock on which his own livelihood depends, feels LISTENED to. It is easy for the urbanite to have an opinion after seeing a television programme on a Sunday evening. One farmer believes that the situation is out of control. He faces a cunning adversary, an enemy who adapts to his every device! Another farmer selects a combination of the control measures available and believes that losses are limited to acceptable levels. There are many differing theories and beliefs on this topic and a lot of emotion! While we look for solutions, let us spare a thought for the discreet wildlife on our farms (rabbits, aardvark, bat eared foxes, buck etc), poisoned or maimed inadvertently in a battle that has very little to do with them.

2. National government departments

Find details of the provincial conservation bodies in the Biodiversity chapter

Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) Sonja Meintjes / Magdel Boshoff Tel: 012 310 3545 / 3911 mboshoff@environment.gov.za

3. Damage Causing Animals

Damage Causing Animal refers to a specific individual member of species, which has changed its natural behaviour or adopted habits which cause financial losses to farmers. This may be as a result of advanced age, injury, eviction from a territory, starvation of a young evicted individual, adapted feeding behaviour; or just because the farmers stock are easier to kill than wild, natural prey. The ideal is to identify the damage causing animal and remove it, rather than innocent bystanders. A correct and methodical application of control methods will mean that the ecological balance of the area is not disturbed.

4. Roleplayers
Farmer/producer organisations
The Livestock and Wildlife Industry Working Group on DCA c/o the National Wool Growers Association (NWGA) Tel: 041 365 5030 nwga@nwga.co.za www.nwga.co.za Livestock loss due to predators (mainly the black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) and caracal (Caracal caracal) is at present the biggest threat towards sustainable economic livestock production in South Africa. The value of losses per annum is estimated to be R1.108 billion in comparison to the R327 million per annum due to stock theft. The Livestock- and Game Producers Organisations established a Working Group to collectively address this problem threatening their future. An

IDENTIFICATION OF DAMAGE CAUSING ANIMALS

The first step at a carcass is crucial: determine whether the animal was killed by a predator or only scavenged (dead animals do not bruise). If the animal was killed by a predator, make an informed assessment to determine which one, then decide on the correct and relevant control method to be employed. Various publications provide information and can be very useful e.g. Predators and Farmers (Endangered Wildlife Trust) and Predators and Associated Wildlife Livestock, Game farms and Protected Areas (Landmark Foundation).

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agreement of co-operation was subsequently formalised between the respective producer organisations (Wool, Red Meat, Mohair and Game Industries). The Working Group has the objectives to: i) influence policy and legislation, a process already in progress and managed by the Department of Environmental Affairs; ii) handle media affairs collectively as far as possible, on behalf of the respective organisations involved; iii) training programme for farmers farm workers; iv) identification of research needs National Association of Conservancies and Stewardships of South Africa (NACSSA) find contact details in the Conservancies chapter. www.nacsa.org.za NACSSA supports the agricultural industry with best land management practices, recognising that farmers possess a wealth of stored knowledge of great importance which assist those working in the field of nature conservation. NACSSA is opposed to the illegal use of poisons to control any problem species.

to livestock loss from predation. This age-old battle has been fought with one main goal achieve predator free farmland through the illegal use of poisons, gin-traps, hunting with dogs and a host of other lethal mechanisms. Jackal and Caracal numbers are on the increase on farmlands. How is this possible given the fact that these two animals have been so intensely pursued by man for at least 350 years? The victims of this conflict are the thousands of innocent wild animals that are killed or maimed annually (aardvark, bat eared foxes, brown hyenas honey badgers, jackals, leopards, riverine rabbit) by the lethal mechanisms intended to trap and kill the wily Jackal and Caracal. Even larger predators like the Leopard and Cheetah are not spared in this struggle. Some of these species face local extinction others are significantly compromised. The cost is also borne by the farmer whose time, effort and money are wasted in what is evidently a futile war.

Cheetah Programmes
The Ann van Dyk Cheetah Centre Tel: 012 504 9906/7/8 cheetah@dewildt.co.za www.dewildt.co.za Mainly active in the Limpopo and North West Provinces, they specialise in cheetahs but also have the expertise to assist with leopard, brown hyena and other smaller predators. Cheetah Outreach Tel: 021 881 3242 cheetah@intekom.co.za www.cheetah.co.za An organisation in the Western Cape focusing on educating the farming community about predators, it especially highlights the plight of the cheetah and promotes the use of Anatolian shepherd dogs. National Cheetah Conservation Forum c/o Reinhardt Holtzhausen manager@wrsa.co.za

Canis-Caracal Programmes
University of the Free State Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences African Large Predator Research Unit (ALPRU) Prof HO de Waal dewaalho@ufs.ac.za The black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) and the caracal (Caracal caracal) are two important medium sized predator species among the South African wildlife which impact negatively on sectors of the South African livestock industry, specifically the sheep and goat farmers. Reports suggest that the cattle farmers and the wildlife ranching industry are increasingly also experiencing losses as a result of predation. With a view to manage these two predator species and reduce the financial impact on the livestock industry, a comprehensive initiative, the CanisCaracal Programme, was launched during December 2004 by ALPRU. The Canis-Caracal Programme is conducted in three phases, comprising several independent but related facets that run concurrently, namely: Phase 1:- collect and interpret all available data and information and after scientific evaluation, relevant and appropriate information on the black-backed jackal and the caracal will be disseminated to stakeholders and role players. Phase 2:- initiate, support and conduct scientific studies on the ecology of these two predator species and their natural food base. Phase 3:- assist, in partnership with farmers and conservation authorities, in formulating new or updating existing scientific management strategies and policies to regulate these two predator species at the national and provincial levels. As an integral part of the initiative, the human or social component will be closely studied and monitored. For example, what are the attitudes of farmers and can it be changed to assist in making tangible progress to reduce the impact as a result of predation. ALPRU does not advocate a wipeout strategy of these two predators species (this strategy has NOT SUCCEEDED in the past!), but endeavours to develop practical management strategies to reduce the impact on the farming community in South Africa as a matter of high priority. Such a strategy aims at removing those predating individuals who repeatedly cause damage to livestock. Jackal Connect Rob Harrison-White info@jackalconnect.com http://jackalconnect.com The Predator/Biodiversity Project through its research both within and outside the Parks promotes eco-friendly predator management on farmland as well as limiting losses attributed to wild animals within the livestock industry. Thousands of wild animals are killed each year on South African farmland as innocent bystanders to the ongoing war waged between the livestock industry and primarily two wild animals the Black Backed Jackal and the Caracal. These two predators are the most implicated with respect

Leopard Programmes
The Cape Leopard Trust Tel/fax: 027 482 9923 The Cape Leopard Trust aims to facilitate conservation of the Capes predator diversity optimally through simultaneously implementing conservation strategies, research projects and tourism initiatives as well as educating youth of disadvantaged communities to have a vested interest in the environment. Landmark Foundation Dr Bool Smuts Director Tel: 083 324 3344 bool@landmarkfoundation.org.za www.landmarkfoundation.org.za This Leopard and Predator Project addresses persecution of predators, and leopards in particular, by establishing a: predator rescue, rehabilitation, release; implementing holistic predator management strategies focus on nonlethal controls of predator farmer conflicts; research project; advocacy campaign to outlaw gin and poison traps which are inhumane, unethical and ecologically unacceptable, and consumer pressure to pressure retailers into supporting these initiatives; developing environmentally friendly meat and animal fibre brands; developing expansion of predator-friendly habitats through expanding reserves and collaboration with farmers.
See also www.fairgame.org.za

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Endangered Wildlife Trust programmes

The Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) Tel: 011 486 1102 ewt@ewt.org.za www.ewt.org.za The Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) achieves its conservation goals through specialist, thematic Programmes, designed to maximise effectiveness in the field and enhance the development of skills and capacity. The Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Programme (WCMP) was first established as the Poison Working Group in 1992 and addresses the large-scale poisoning of birds of prey, cranes, storks, game birds, waterfowl and the detrimental environmental impacts of certain herbicides and their applications. The work of the Group soon expanded to include other conflict issues between humans and wildlife, and the group officially changed its name to reflect this new direction. The WCMP produce an informative newsletter Antidote. Write to the Working Group Manager, Tim Snow, at snowman@ewt.org.za Other Working Groups of relevance to this chapter are: The vision of the Carnivore Conservation Programme (EWTCCP) is to develop southern Africa into a region where carnivores are managed in an ecologically and economically sustainable manner, free from irrational and unnecessary persecution. Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG) Southern Africa The Healthy Rivers Programme aims to conserve river ecosystems. Oribi Working Group (EWT - OWG). The Oribi is now one of South Africas most threatened antelope. The Riverine Rabbit Working Group (EWT-RRWG) aims to ensure the survival of the Critically Endangered Riverine Rabbit

Information on the EWT programmes may be found on the EWT website www.ewt.org.za. Many of them are mentioned in the Birds and Farming chapter. Helplines The Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Programme Office Line Tel: 011 486 1102 (Janet Edwards) Urban and Wildlife Management Helpline 072 952 2552 (Janet Edwards) Nashua Pesticides Helpline 082 802 6223 (Tim Snow) Vegetation Management Helpline 082 325 6578 (Arnaud le Roux) Animal Health Helpline 082 325 6578 (Arnaud le Roux) Waterberg Wild Dog Hotline 082 853 1063 (Deon Cilliers) For individual or corporate membership enquiries, gift memberships or bequest programme details, please contact: Joel Thosago (Membership Manager) Tel: 011 486 1102 Fax: 011 486 1506 E-mail: joelt@ewt.org.za

Wildlife Rehabilitation Centres

African Bird of Prey Sanctuary Tel: 031 785 2981 www.africanraptor.co.za Centre for Animal Rehabilitation and Education (CARE) Tel: 015 769 6251 care@lantic.net www.primatecare.org.za The centre specialises in the care of chacma baboons, actively pursuing their rescue, rehabilitation and release. The Centre for Rehabilitation of Wildlife (CROW) Tel: 031 462 1127 info@crowkzn.co.za CROW is a wildlife hospital that cares for the injured and orphaned wild animals and birds in KwaZuluNatal.

Chart used courtesy of Deon Cilliers (formerly of De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Trust, now the Ann van Dyk Cheetah Centre). The reader is referred to publications, some mentioned under heading 6, which provide more detailed information charts, maps, photgraphs, pictures of spoor etc.

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Daktari Bush School Wildlife Orphanage Tel: 082 656 2969 www.daktaribushschool.org

and and those who remain due to the extent of their injuries, are cared for at the center and are used to educate local and international visitors. Daktari educates and inspires children to care for their National Society for the environment through the medium Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (NSPCA) of a wildlife orphanage. Wildlife Unit FreeMe Wildlife Rehabilitation Tel: 011 907 3591 / 2 / 3 wild@nspca.co.za Centre Tel: 011 807 6993 / 083 558 5658 www.nspca.co.za info@freeme.org.za The NSPCA is building a database www.freemewildlife.org.za of wildlife rehabilitation centres FreeMes maxim is RESCUE, countrywide. Contact them should REHABILITATE, RELEASE. you require such a place, or indeed Members of the public, Nature if you offer services for wildlife in Conservation, SPCAs and local distress. vets bring injured and orphaned Sanwild Wildlife Trust indigenous birds, mammals and Tel: 015 318 7900/1 reptiles to the centre. FreeMes Tel: 083 310 3882 24 hour mobile trained specialist team rescues number wildlife compromised by oil spills, Fax: 015 318 7901 fires, poisoning countrywide as well rescue@sanwild.org as problems arising from human/ www.sanwild.org wildlife conflicts countrywide. www.afritrust.com FreeMe is committed to promoting responsible attitudes towards For wild animal emergencies. They wildlife and the environment will endeavour to respond to all through education programmes, wild animals in crisis free of charge. newsletters, publicity and advice. If you have found an injured or orphaned animal and need help to Moholoholo Wildlife Rehab rescue and save it you are invited Centre to contact them (NOTE: no cell Tel: 015 795 5236 phone reception at the office). moholorehab@wol.co.za Wildlife is brought to the center from all corners of South Africa

Stellenbosch University Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Tel: 021 808 3728 samways@sun.ac.za

Wildlife Campus Tel: 011 656 1601 www.wildlifecampus.com

Wildlife Campus is a public access campus offering a variety of wildlife University of Free State and wildlife-related courses to the African Large Predator Research general public. It currently offers Unit (ALPRU) 20 different courses and has over Prof H O de Waal 3,900 registered students from 93 Tel: 051 401 2210/9111 countries. deWaalHO.sci@ufs.ac.za www.ufs.ac.za/alpru Wildlife and Environmental of South Africa Department Animal, Wildlife and Society (WESSA) find details in the Grassland Sciences Biodiversity chapter. Prof GN Smit Tel: 051 401 2125 World Wild Life Fund SA find details in the Biodiversity chapter.

5. Control methods
Many farmers are developing new, innovative conflict prevention techniques all the time and are encouraged to share these with role-players like Prof HO de Waal (Canis-Caracul Programme), dewaalho@ufs.ac.za; Claudia Hodkinson (EWT-Wildlife Conflict Prevention Group) 072 952 2552 etc. Find the relevant roleplayers under heading 4. Fencing By building predator-proof fences, the predators are kept apart from livestock. This works best for an enclosure close to the farm house. Here, fencing is cheaper than potential continued losses. Objections to fencing include: An insecure enclosures may allow predator access, which can result in livestock being trapped and more than one animal being killed. The maintenance of fencing can be expensive and a constant use of man hours. Fences interfere with biodiversity. Animals are cut off from food, shelter, breeding partners. Thousands of innocent animals every year are electrocuted against the electric fences. Roleplayers can advise on where fences would be most effective. Find contact details in the Fencing chapter. A plan for a Game Proof Predator Fence is also obtainable from Dr Bool Smuts, Tel: 083 324 3344. Frightening devices These may include lights and noises, such as FM radios and VHF radio alarms systems, used to frighten and confuse predators away from kraals at night. As with bell and scent collars, if these devices are used frequently, predators will become accustomed to the stimulus and become unafraid. If used inconsistently and only for short periods of time they are effective around calf or lamb camps at night. Unfortunately such devices also attract thieves who steal lights, radios and livestock. Herdsman A diligent and well-trained herder can prove to be invaluable in detecting and preventing potential problems before they take place. This method has the potential to create hundreds (thousands?) of jobs, with great socioeconomic benefits.

Forums, trusts and training

Animal Damage Control Institute (ADCI) Tel: 076 129 0889 thys@jackal.co.za www.jackal.co.za Problem animal specialist, Thys de Wet, has devoted a lifetime to researching predator control. He points out that the first step in solving the problem is understanding why it exists, and the dynamics that maintain it. Failed control methods of the past must be evaluated and understood, and practitioners with field knowledge and animal sense, as well as sufficient background to interpret new findings, are needed to implement methods that will work. Training courses offered cover the whole field of animal damage control, including ecological aspects principles and numerous alternatives and the practical applications. Animal Rights Africa (ARA) Tel: 011 472 2380 www.animalrightsafrica.org Flying for Conservation Joan Cameron Tel: 087 808 3927 www.bateleurs.org.za The Bataleurs are volunteer pilots and supporters involved in practical conservation work. Potchefstroom College of Agriculture Tel: 018 299 6739 / 6636

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Anatolian Shepherd Dogs This method is vouched for by many, but issues relating to Anatolians have been raised. Consult a roleplayer or a farming colleague with experience in working with guarding dogs before taking on a puppy. Roleplayers include: The Cheetah Outreach runs an Anatolian Shepherd programme. Find the notes on www.cheetah.co.za or call 021 881 3242. Bool Smuts (Landmark Foundation) 083 324 3344 Nic Slabber 082 603 2229 Cyril Stannard 049 842 1113 Donkeys Donkeys can be very effective at chasing away predators and other intruders. Refer to the Donkey chapter. A further contact is Alexis Olds (Makana and Ndlambe Donkey, Equine, Livestock Association) 084 511 3900 or alexisolds22@gmail.com. Alpacas Alpacas have a strong herding instinct and will run an intruder down. Alpacas are 24-hour watch guards and are of particular value around lambing season provided they are introduced 6-8 weeks prior to lambing. Sally Kingwell 084 251 0426 Bool Smuts (Landmark Foundation) 083 324 3344 Llamas and Ostriches Llamas and ostriches have been reported to provide similar protection refer to the Ostrich chapter and visit www.llamapaedia.com Collars and technology Call HOTSURE for livestock monitors and track collars, alarm monitors, guard monitors and trackers etc. Visit www.hotsure.co.za or call 0861 265527 (COLLAR) The Veldwagter - SMS Warning System - Phillip Lotter at 028 212 3346 Other collars: Dead Stop Collar Klaas Louw at 072 424 7752 King Collar Larry King at 045 846 9155 Protect-A-Lamb Eddie Steenkamp at 022 723 1842 Toxic collars target only the damage causing individual. Find notes on www.jackal.co.za.

using, say, stemborer poisons to kill predators. When poison targets only the damage causing individual we are making tremendous progress. Find the notes on toxic collars at www.jackal.co.za Cage traps / Live traps These can be successful with felines and brown hyenas and certain other species such as baboons. They are not a successful option for jackals. Unfortunately, many animals die of thirst and starvation in these traps since they are not always monitored. As a management intervention, lives traps are devices that merely contain animals without causing any major injuries. This is the recommended way of removing any animal from an area traps have been designed and developed by Mr Jaco van Deventer of CapeNature. Many leopards, caracals and other species have been captured unharmed using these. Live traps have been effective tools for research projects and enable farmers to trap leopards or caracul without injuries for re-release either in their own original territories or for translocation. It also enables tracking via GPS collars facilitating groundbreaking research into the management of livestock by their owners. Landmark Foundation Leopard and Caracal Trap Designs are available from the Landmark Foundation. Leg-hold devices/gin traps These are strongly discouraged gin traps are illegal when used against protected species because of the unacceptably high number of non-target eliminations. This is especially true when traps are not regularly inspected. Call and shoot The advantage is that it is target species specific, and certainly recommended above the more indiscriminate methods. There is no guarantee that you will get the particular individual who has caused the livestock depredation, of course. Denning This is when young predator species are removed from dens. Buffer species Like most suggested solutions, this has also been disputed. The idea though is to encourage indigenous prey species like springbok and guinea fowl. Their presence acts as a buffer between your livestock and predators, since they are a preferred species. Herd Management Although this can include lambing co-ordination, using lambing pastures and stock rotation, it can be as obvious as avoiding marginal areas where exposure to certain predators is greater.

Poison It is important to note that agricultural poisons may only be used as prescribed on the label. There is a significant fine even a jail sentence for

On lethal control
Before using lethal control options legislation should be checked with the local authority regarding possible restrictions which may include or require: a) a permit b) proof of damage c) proof that non lethal control options have failed d) only qualified professionals used to target problem individuals e) no payment / bounty system hunters should not be paid per head of jackal killed f) record to be kept by department in authority I think lethal control should only be acceptable after all non lethal exclusion techniques have been tried. The move is towards this as the lethal control has not addressed the situation in 3 centuries. Rob Harrison-White The use of non-lethal methods should always be considered, but with our still imperfect damage control methods this is not always possible. Thys de Wet

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6. Websites and publications

Find the numerous articles in Landbouweekblad and Farmers Weekly. A browse through the archives at www.farmersweekly.co.za will find articles that range from No real solutions for predators yet, Pick n Pay takes another step towards predator-friendly meat to Abre Steyns Predator vs predator. Predators and Associated Wildlife Livestock, Game farms and Protected Areas is a detailed and photographic analysis of most predators co-habiting farming enterprises is presented. Animal behaviour, killing patterns, feeding patterns, non lethal as well as lethalcontrols are discussed. This manual is seen as a practical and informative tool to be used by farmers, conservationists and the like. replaces Predators on Livestock Farms a Practical Farmers Manual for Non-lethal, Holistic, Ecologically Acceptable and Ethical Management 2008. Write to bool@landmarkfountation.org.za Published by the Endangered Wildlife Trust and available in English, Afrikaans and isiZulu, Predators and Farmers describes the various predators, lists benefits and conservation status and indicates their potential impact to farms. Maps, photographs and pictures of spoor make it an attractive read. Methods previously practised are now prohibited by legislation e.g. gin traps, leg hold traps, poison baits, livestock protection collars (poison collars). The reader is made aware of what the law is, and offered alternatives. Orders can be placed through Janet at 011 486 1102 or wcpg@ewt.org.za Integrated Livestock & Predator Management: A Farmers Guide; Cheetah Conservation Fund Namibia, www.cheetah.org Best Management Practices: Human-Wildlife Conflict Prevention and Management a working document with inputs from Cheetah Outreach, Ann van Dyk Cheetah Centre, NSPCA and Cape Nature. The new magazine Environment People and Conservation in Africa replaces the former African Wildlife (Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa - WESSA) and Vision (Endangered Wildlife Trust - EWT). Seven NGOs launched the new magazine at a function in Sandton in November, 2009. They were the Cape Leopard Trust, Game Rangers Association of Africa, SANCCOB, the Wildlands Conservation Trust and the Wilderness Foundation of South Africa, WESSA and the EWT. Wildcare: The Story of Karen Trendler and Her African Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre Mike Cadman (International Fund for Animal Welfare) Published by Jacana Media, 2003 ISBN 1919931538, 9781919931531. This perspective on the South African wild animal rehabilitation centre Wildcare explains how wild animal rehabilitation has moved from a backyard pastime to a highly complex operation. The report Livestock guarding dogs: their current use world wide by Robin Rigg compiles a detailed review of current practices in the use of livestock guarding dogs throughout the world and to discuss these in relation to livestock depredation by predators. See www.canids.org/occasionalpapers/ livestockguardingdog.pdf Visit www.ethologicalethics.org, founded by Jane Goodall and Marc Bekoff. Human-elephant conflict mitigation: a training course for community-based approaches in Africa (trainers manual) Hoarse RE; Niskanen LS; Parker GE Produced by The People & Wildlife Initiative (2007). Refer to: www.eldis. org/cf/rdr/?doc=39647&em=180908&sub=man www.savp.co.za South African Vaccine Producers. Snake etc bite. Visit the websites mentioned earlier in this chapter.

7. International organisations
The Afri-Leo Foundation Namibia, a non-profit organisation based in Namibia helps to conserve Africas lions www.afrileo-foundation.org www.cheetahbotswana.com Botswana Cheetah Conservation Fund The wild cheetah population in Africa today is classified as Vulnerable in the IUCNs Red Data List. Now Africas most threatened big cat, cheetah population numbers are of an insufficient level to cope with on-going indiscriminate removal, either in retaliation for livestock losses or poaching for illegal trade. The cheetah is formally protected by law in Botswana and internationally, by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Cheetah Conservation Fund Namibia www.cheetah.org. Namibia has the largest remaining population of free-ranging Cheetah in the world, estimated at 2 500. Ninety percent of Namibias Cheetah live outside of protected reserves, primarily on commercial livestock farmlands. Approximately 1 000 farmers control the fate of the Cheetah as a threat to their livestock and game and often indiscriminately kill or remove Cheetahs from their land. Conservation of the Cheetah can only be achieved by educating communities about livestock management techniques which are sensitive to both farmers needs and the Cheetahs survival. The Cheetah Conservation Fund has international branches and closely linked organisations Defenders of Wildlife employs over 150 dedicated professionals and is supported by more than 500 000 members in the USA. Visit www. defenders.org www.iucn.org International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The IUCN Species Programme produces, maintains and manages The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It implements global species conservation initiatives, including Red List Biodiversity Assessment projects to assess the status of species for the IUCN Red List. The Rare and Endangered Species Trust restafrica.org (REST) in Namibia www.

The Species Survival Network (SSN) co-ordinates the activities of conservation, environmental and animal protection organisations around the world to secure CITES protection for plants and animals affected by international trade. Visit www.ssn.org Material for this chapter has been merged from many contributors and sources, including Tim Snow and Yolan Friedmann (Endangered Wildlife Trust); Dr Bool Smuts (Landmark Foundation); Thys de Wet (Animal Damage Control Institute - ADCI) and his website, www.jackal.co.za; Deon Cilliers (formerly of De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Trust, now the Ann van Dyk Cheetah Centre); Prof HO De Waal, African Large Predator Research Unit (ALPRU) and the ALPRU pages at www.ufs.ac.za; and Rob HarrisonWhite (Jackal Connect)

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Value add and agro-processing

Agro-processing
Consult also the other chapters in this section.

1. Overview
Agro-processing is the process or action taken by manufacturers of converting primary (raw) agricultural products into consumable commodities. The agro-processing / food processing industry consists of various subsectors including: meat processing; dairy products; Fruit and vegetables processing; grain mill products; sugar mills and refineries; wine; fruit juices; beer; cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery; bakery products; prepared animal feeds; other food products/ingredients e.g. starch and starch products, baby food, chips, baking powder, yeast, condiments, mustard, vinegar, edible salt refining, tea and coffee processing and packing. Other products include tobacco, essential oils and leather. There is money to be made in the food chain, but less so at producer level where margins are increasingly under pressure. Suggestions have been made to farmers to be more involved in the activities that usually happen beyond the farm gate: processing produce and the transportation of these to the consumer is where more income can be earned. For this reason, technologies, equipment and the companies and associations mentioned in this section ought to be of interest to you.

2. Associations involved
Agricultural Business Chamber (ABC) Tel: 012 349 1315 / 082 441 2308 www.agbiz.co.za South African National Consumer Union (Sancu) Tel: 012 428 7122 www.sancu.co.za

Consumer Goods Council of SA South African Association for Tel: 011 789 4885 Food Science and Technology www.cgcsa.co.za (SAAFoST) Tel: 012 346 2091 Federation of Food Processors www.saafost.org.za Hamish McBain (president) hamish.mcbain@tigerbrands.com South African Agricultural Processors Association South African Chamber of (SAAPA) Commerce and Industry Tel: 012 663 1660 (SACCI) Tel: 011 446 3800 Find the link at www.grainmilling. www.sacci.org.za org.za The following are associations with which the Agro-processing units at the Department of Trade and Industry have contact: ABI (Amalgamated Beverage Industries) Tel: 011 719 1400 www.abi. co.za AFMA (Animal Feed Manufactures Association) Tel: 012 663 9097 www.afma.co.za AMIESA (Association of Meat Importers and Exporters) Tel: 031 767 5740 www.amiesa.co.za Agri SA Tel: 012 663 9935 www.agrisa.co.za Canning Fruit Producers Association Tel: 021 872 1501 www. canningfruit.co.za Chamber of Baking Tel: 012 663 1600/2 www.sacb.co.za Chamber of Milling Tel: 012 663 1660 www.grainmilling.org.za CSIR (Council for Scientific & Industrial Research) Tel: 012 841 2911 www.csir.co.za DBSA (Development Bank of SA) Tel: 011 313 3911 www.dbsa.org DFPT (Deciduous Fruit Producers Trust) Tel: 021 870 2900 www.dfpt. co.za

Fair Trade SA Tel: 021 448 8911 www.fairtrade.org.za GMA (Grocery Manufacture Association) Tel: 011 886 3008/9 Grain SA Tel: 056 515 2145 www.grainsa.co.za MPO (Milk Producers Association) Tel: 012 843 5698 www. dairyconnect.co.za Milk SA Tel: 012 460 7312 www.dairysa.co.za NAACAM (National Association of Automotive Component and Allied Manufacturers) Tel: 011 392 4060/011 392 5784 www.naacam.co.za NAMC (National Agricultural Marketing Council) Tel: 012 341 1115 www.namc.co.za Namibia Management Services Tel: 012 346 2160 NRF (National Research Foundation) Tel: 012 481 4000 www.nrf. ac.za Ostrich Business Chamber Tel: 044 272 3336 www.saobc.co.za Paper Manufacturers Association Tel: 011 803 5063 www.pamsa. co.za PPECB (Perishable Products Export Control Board) Tel: 021 930 1134 www.ppecb.com Red Meat Industry Forum (RMIF) Tel: 012 667 1189 www.redmeatsa. co.za SA Cane Growers Association Tel: 031 508 7200 www.sacanegrowers. co.za SACFA (SA Crocodile Farming Association) Tel: 012 807 4100 www. sacfa.co.za SA Citrus Processors Association Tel: 015 307 4222 SA Feedlot Association Tel: 012 667 1189 www.safeedlot.co.za SA Flower Export Council Tel: 011 692 4237 www.saflower.co.za SAFGA (South African Flower Growers Association) Tel: 011 692 4237 www.saflower.co.za SAFLEC (SA Footwear and Leather Export Council) Tel: 031 701 4206 www.saflec.co.za SA Fruit & Vegetable Canners Association Tel: 021 871 1308/9 www. safvca.co.za SA Fruit and Vegetable Exporters Council Tel: 021 871 1308 SAGIS (SA Grain Information Service) Tel: 012 523 1400 SA Pork Producers Association Tel: 012 361 3920 www.sapork.com SA Port Producers Association Tel: 044 213 3326 SA Poultry Association Tel: 011 795 2051/2 www.sapoultry.co.za SA Subtropical Fruit Growers Association (Subtrop) Tel: 015 307 1031 www.subtrop.net SASA (SA Sugar Association) Tel: 031 508 7000 www.sasa.org.za SA Sugar Millers Tel: 031 508 7300 SA Table Grapes Producers Industry (SATGI) Tel: 021 872 1438 www. satgi.co.za SA Wine Industry Council Tel: 021 886 8992 www.winecouncil.co.za SAWIT (South African Wine Industry Trust) Tel: 021 889 8101 www. sawit.co.za Swaziland Sugar Association info@ssa.co.za www.ssa.co.sz Textile Federation Tel: 011 454 2342 www.texfed.co.za Tobacco Institute of SA Tel: 021 421 0011 www.tobaccosa.co.za TSB (Transvaal Suiker Ltd) Tel: 013 791 1000 www.tsb.co.za WOSA (Wines of South Africa) Tel: 021 883 3860 www.wosa.co.za Find other umbrella bodies in the relevant agro-processing chapters.

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Details of all directorates can be found on www.daff.gov.za

Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306 DFSQA@daff.gov.za Directorate: Marketing Tel: 012 319 8455 DM@daff.gov.za

Directorate: Agricultural Product Inspection Services Tel: 012 319 6100 DAPIS@daff.gov.za

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All food business operators (FBOs) of legislated agricultural products of plant origin intended for export are required to register with DAFF. The purpose of these registrations is to ensure that producers, packers, processors and freight forwarders are in line with the internationally set traceability requirements. Food business operators that are required to register as soon as possible include agri-production units (especially vegetable and tea growers, farms, packhouses, cold stores, processing plants etc.), transport operators (trucks, freight forwarders, seaport and airport terminals) and silos. Trucks or tractors with trailers transporting fruit, vegetables or grain from the farm to the packhouse or silo do not need to individually register with the department if the producer is the owner of the truck or tractor. The following traceability requirements may also be required from food business operators. They should: establish the traceability of food products at all stages of production, packing, handling and distribution; be able to identify any person or supplier from whom they have been supplied with food products, or any substance intended to, or expected to be used in the production or processing of these food products; have in place systems and procedures to identify other businesses to which their food products have been supplied; ensure that adequate procedures are in place to withdraw food products from the trade where such food products present a serious risk to the health of consumers; immediately withdraw food products from the trade which were identified as food products that present a serious risk to the health of consumers; immediately informs the Executive Officer of such withdrawal; keep records of the information mentioned as well as any other relevant information for at least two years; register with DAFF as a food business operator. For more information on the registration process please contact: Neil Erasmus Billy Makhafola Hanlie Wessels Tel: 012 319 6027 neile@daff.gov.za Tel: 012 319 6023 billym@daff.gov.za Tel: 012 319 6058 hanliew@daff.gov.za Processed products Vegetables and grain Fresh fruit

Competition Commission Tel: 012 394 3332 www.compcom.co.za The Competition Amendment Act holds major implications for directors and senior management. The Act introduces provisions to hold personally accountable, and criminally liable, individuals who cause firms to engage in cartel activity. Find the document on this website, on www.thedti.gov.za or at www.agbiz.co.za

Department of Health Tel: 012 312 0000 www.doh.gov.za GMO-Council C/o the Registrar Tel: 012 319 6382 GillianC@daff.gov.za

4. Training and research

ARC-Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Tel: 021 809 3100 www.arc.agric.za Training courses are given in post-harvest handling of fresh fruit, fruit beverages, value adding to dried fruit, fruit processing and jam processing. ARC-Institute Agricultural Engineering Tel: 012 842 4000 www.arc.agric.za ARC-IAE training and research includes on farm processing equipment, infrastructure, publications, advice etc. The Provincial Departments of Agriculture working with the Agricultural Colleges offer a variety of value-add training courses. The following are on the list sent to this project by the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture at Cedara: peach processing tomato processing peanut processing dairy processing soya processing jam manufacturing health & food safety

Other:
Industry Development Division (IDD) at the Department of Trade & Industry (dti): Agro-processing Agro Processing I Imameleng Mothebe Tel: 012 394 1160 imamelengm@thedti.gov.za www.thedti.gov.za Agro Processing 2 Tshifhiwa Madima Tel: 012 394 1149 tshifhiwam@thedti.gov.za www.thedti.gov.za

Further examples would include Fort Cox College (value adding technology training), Grootfontein (meat processing), Tsolo College (baking bread, buns, scones). All offer training in marketing concepts too. Lowveld Agricultural College and the Mpumalanga Provincial Government were building the Mpumalanga Food Technology Centre on the campus, to be opened mid2010. Find the list of Agricultural Colleges in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Cape Peninsular University of Technology (CPUT) www.cput.ac.za Department of Consumer Sciences food and nutrition Tel: 021 460 3176 jacksonv@cput.ac.za FoodBev SETA Tel: 011 253 7300 www.foodbev.co.za FoodBev is the Sector Education and Training Authority (SETA) responsible for facilitating education and training in the food and beverages manufacturing sector, which is further broken down by activities into the following chambers to allow for a more accurate servicing of our constituents: Baking, Cereals, Confectionary and Snacks Chamber Beverages Chamber Diary Chamber Manufacture of Food Preparation Products Chamber Processed and Preserved Meat, Fish, Fruit and Vegetable Chamber Department of Food Technology Tel: 021 959 6276 dolleyl@cput.ac.za

IDD is a division of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), responsible for providing leadership in developing industry policies and strategies that create an enabling environment for competitiveness, growth and job creation. The dtis Agro-processing unit is located in Industry Development Division (IDD). Agro-processing is one of sectors under EIDD. The unit designs and implements programmes for the development of agro-processing sector, in support of the dtis Integrated Manufacturing Strategy and governments microeconomic reform strategy. Sector development is related to the identification and facilitation of the removal of blockages to sector development. In this context this will be done by any means within the direct control of government, such as legislation, regulations and strategic direction. Therefore the primary role of this business unit is to lead the development and implementation of sector strategies or programmes in the agro-processing sector.

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Dairy Cheret Tel: 011 314 8618 Fax: 011 314 8619 SESTO Tel: 011 280 8660 www.sesto.co.za SAQA accredited training provider delivering learnerships and skills programmes nationally. Stellenbosch University Department of Food Science Tel: 021 808 3578 www.sun.ac.za University of the Free State www.ufs.ac.za Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development Tel: 051 401 2163 groenei@ufs.ac.za University of Pretoria www.up.ac.za Centre for Nutrition Tel: 012 420 6030 andre.oelofse@up.ac.za Department of Consumer Science Tel: 012 420 2853 Consumer.science@up.ac.za Department of Food Sciences Tel: 012 420 3239 Amanda.minnaar@up.ac.za Department of Microbial, Biochemical & Food Biotechnology Tel: 051 401 2729 www.uovs.ac.za/biotech

6. Companies involved
Find the details of the various associations and companies involved in the relevant agro-processing chapters. Find details of the Buyers Guide and the Food & Beverage Reporter under the previous heading. Refer also to the SAAFoST website where details of a number of consultants are given. Visit www.saafost.org.za.

Finance and services

Agri-Africa Consultants Tel: 021 886 6826 / 082 950 9294 Fax: 086 684 6143 / 086 670 7439 info@agri-africa.co.za www.agri-africa.co.za Caryki Consulting Tel: 051 436 6281 / 082 456 0396 caryki@iburst.co.za FIRI Consulting Tel: 021 949 3004 www.firi.co.za GPB Consulting Tel: 021 852 7811 www.consultgpb.co.za

5. Websites and publications

Food & Beverage Reporter Subscribers have access to an online, searchable directory. They also receive the Food & Beverage Reporter online. Call 011 880 3682 or visit www.developtechnology.com The Buyers Guide is an annual directory listing the providers of all processing aids, flavours, ingredients, antimicrobial agents, colourants, curing agents etc, food and beverage processing equipment and more. Contact 021 671 1389 or 011 835 2631. Milk & Juice is a magazine aimed at informing and empowering milk and juice processors to run their businesses on a sound basis. The magazine is also a member of the Restaurant Association of South Africa and serves as a link between the food supplier (processor) and the food vendor. Call 012 843 5702 or visit www.mjretail.co.za The ARC-IAE has a number of publications dealing with on farm processing. Contact them at 012 012 842 4000. Overseas information for the small agro-processor www.digivu. co.za/page/2/?s=business+manual or use the blog search and search for business manual or a product. Dave Harcourt does agro-processing advisory work. J A Evans Frozen Food Science & Technology Wiley Blackwell (publisher). Order the book at www.wiley.com Companies which sell processing equipment often have manuals and publications explaining the technology and/ or business opportunities involved. www.hospitalityforum.co.za is a unique information site for hospitality resources. www.ifama.org International Food and Agribusiness Management Association Find certified Halaal establishments at www.sanha.org.za Website of Indias Ministry of Food Processing Industries http://mofpi. nic.in

Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) Agribusiness setup, development Food, Beverages & Agro Industries and management / Food Processing Tel: 011 269 3000 and value adding are areas in which www.idc.co.za this consultancy can help. Support is given mainly to DIGIVU horticultural activities, particularly DA Harcourt 082 451 0148 those with a processing element. dave@digivu.co.za www.digivu.co.za Invest North West Tel: 014 594 2570 Agro-processing consultation, www.inw.org.za advisory / information work Van Der Vyver Transport Exhibition Management Tel: 021 981 0300 Services Fax: 021 981 0652 Tel: 011 783 7250 Fax: 011 783 7269 Refrigerated and general www.exhibitionsafrica.co.za transporter Africas Big Seven, which happens at Midrand, incorporates AgriFood, Food Tech Africa, Interbake Africa, Food Biz Africa, Retail Trade Exhibition, Retail Solutions Africa and IFMA Africa.

Equipment
Agrex Milling Tel: 031 584 6250 www.agrexmilling.co.za Competitive technology small milling specialised milled products for their snack food, pasta, biscuit making, and or bread baking production lines. Anderson Engineering Tel: 033 387 1544/5/6 www.andersoneng.co.za

African Micro Mills (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 584 6250 www.africanmicromills.com

BioAfrica Tel: 082 534 4807 Our target market can range www.bioafrica.co.za from farmers/co-operatives/rural communities who are looking Technology for growers at value-adding their crops, to urban/rural entrepreneurs wishing Buckle Packaging and to enter the growing staple food Engineering industry, to food and beverage Tel: 011 613 8024 industry specialists who require www.bucklepack.co.za

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Buhler Group Tel: 011 801 3500 www.buhlergroup.com

HG Molenaar & Co Tel: 011 578 0940 www.hgmolenaar.co.za and

Global technology partner for Manufacturer, engineer food processing industry equipment suppliers Crown National Tel: 011 201 9100 www.crownnational.co.za Heat And Control Tel: 021 948 5934 JeffR@heatandcontrol.co.za

Donaldson Filtration Solutions Food processing solutions Tel: 011 997 6000 Tel: 021 930 3882 John F Marshall www.donaldson.co.za Tel: 011 842 7100 Sterile conditions can improve the jfm@veracruz.co.za marketing potential of perishable www.johnfmarshall.co.za foods. Such fragile foods as dairy products can enjoy a longer shelf Agro product processing systems life which might allow the opening (peanut butter grinder/ seed de of new markets as well as reduced hullers, jam boiling tanks etc); product loss. Donaldson process bakery systems (dough moulder, filtration provides the food and dough mixer etc); fruit and vegetable beverage industry with quality pulpers and driers; liquid packaging machines; cold press oil extraction filtration products worldwide. systems. Elite Fibre Macadams Baking Systems Tel: 021 551 9390 Tel: 021 907 1000 mwatters@elitefibre.co.za www.macadams.co.za Manufacture insulated truck bodies. Bodies built to your Ovens manufacturing local and specifications for transporting of international meat carcasses, ice cream & all Metal Tank Industries fresh & frozen products. Tel: 011 968 2260 www.metaltankindustries.com Facet Engineering Tel: 011 769 1168 Vessels and process equipment www.facetengineering.co.za Flexicon Tel: 041 453 1871 sales@flexicon.co.za Bulk solids conveyor
In addition to the other agro-processing chapters, see also chapters like Grain Storage and Handling and Agricultural Consultants. Be aware too that roleplayers like the ARC, CSIR and Eskom can also assist in value add activities.

Dewfresh Tel: 011 736 7738 www.dewfresh.co.za Entreshar Tel: 011 791 3591 gillian@entreshar.co.za Foodcorp www.foodcorp.co.za Godrich Flour Mills Tel: 013 932 0155 Granor Passi Tel: 015 298 6000 GWK Douglas Tel: 053 298 8200 www.gwk.co.za Heinz Foods SA Tel: 021 870 5700 Hudson & Knight Tel: 011 898 5300 International Fine Ingredients Tel: 011 888 6613 www.ifi-sa.com Kraft Food Tel: 011 603 4400 www.kraft.com Magaliesberg Citrus Tel: 012 256 9000 www.magaliescitrus.co.za McCain Foods (SA) Tel: 011 856 6000 www.mccain.co.za National Brands Tel: 011 707 7000 www.avi.co.za Nestl (SA) (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 889 6000 www.nestle.co.za Parmalat Tel: 021 809 1400 www.parmalat.co.za Pioneer Foods Tel: 021 807 5100 www.pioneerfoods.co.za Premier Foods Tel: 011 565 4300 www.premierfoods.com Progress Milling Tel: 015 297 3452 www.progress-milling.co.za Rainbow Farms Tel: 031 242 8500 www.rainbowchicken.co.za Rudolf Wild Tel: 011 783 1130 www.wild.de SAB Miller Tel: 011 407 1700 www.sabreweries.com Senwes Limited Tel: 018 464 7800 www.senwes.co.za Sharon Bolel Tel: 011 454 5400/1 www.sharonbolel.co.za Snackquip Tel: 011 965 0582 Tiger Brands Tel: 011 840 4000 www.tigerbrands.com Tongaat Hulett Starch Tel: 011 458 5000 www.tongaathulettstarch. co.za Unilever Tel: 011 823 4838 www.unilever.com Unique Flavours and Fragrances Tel: 012 644 0334 www.uniqueflavours. co.za

7. Local business environment

Find the Trends in the Agricultural Sector document on www.daff.gov.za Various investment and procurement opportunities exist across the agricultural sector in processing and the exporting of fresh produce. A wide range of opportunities are to be found in the various areas listed below. Industry Fruits, nuts and vegetables Summary of existing operations and opportunities Deciduous apples, pears, plums, nectarines, grapes, peaches Citrus oranges, mandarins, grapefruit Subtropical avocados, pineapple, mangoes Indigenous marula Canned peaches Vegetables, baby vegetables Nuts macadamia, cashew, pistachio (emerging) Fruit-based Sparkling, shelf-stable Potential for vegetable juice development Potential for chilled concentrate development

General
AFGRI Tel: 012 643 800 www.afgri.co.za African Aloe Tel: 044 752 1588 www.africanaloe.co.za Associated Fruit Processors Tel: 021 859 7090 Astral Foods Tel: 012 990 8260 www.astralfoods.com Anchor Yeast Tel: 011 248 8200 www.anchor.co.za Brenner Mills Tel: 0861 100 2010 www.brenmill.co.za British American Tobacco Tel: 021 888 3500 www.bat.com Cape Fruit Processors Tel: 013 790 3015 Clover Tel: 011 471 1400 www.clover.co.za Crown National Tel: 011 201 9100 www.crownnational.co.za Danisco Tel: 011 608 6760 www.danisco.com Dannhauser Malt Tel: 034 621 2661 Juices

Wine

Red: Cabernet Sauvignon, pinotage, Shiraz, Merlot, blends White: Sauvignon blanc, Chardonnay, Chenin blanc Traditional: Lamb, beef, pork Exotic: Ostrich, kudu, springbok, crocodile High-value cuts Processed and value-added meats

Meat

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Dairy

Long-life dairy products Milk concentrates Milk powders Value-added specialised cheeses, yoghurts, custards, flavoured milk products

8. International business environment

Strategists like Prof Herman van Schalkwyk and NG Meyer have made the point that developed world subsidies make it a struggle to compete in areas of agricultural production; that we need an increasing focus on the whole value chain, especially to value-adding agro-industries. Here we have a competitive advantage, and this is where we could have the largest developmental impact. Visit www.agra-net.com the leading information specialist on agriculture and food policy, markets and trade. UK based. Global Industry Analysts (GIA), USA-based research company, has released several research projects in the food and beverage space. Each report aims to provide comprehensive insight into the products current market scenario, factors influencing the market, growth drivers, and major challenges. The reports also focus on recent research and development activities, and strategic corporate activity of major market participants. The research collections can be viewed www.strategyr.com Our thanks to Prof Minnaar (University of Pretoria) and Tshifhiwa Madima (Department of Trade and Industry) for feedback on the draft chapter

Fisheries and aquaculture

Established fisheries: hake, sole and monk, pilchards, mackerel, rock lobsters, tunas, yellowtail, squid, prawns and abalone Freshwater Aquaculture: mussels, oysters, trout and trout ova, African catfish, American catfish, koi Mariculture: abalone, prawns, salmon (emerging), marine finfish (under development)

Incentives A range of incentives is available to qualifying investments. The more commonly used incentives are listed on the DTI website. Various consultants specialise in assisting entrepreneurs to access these incentives. Guy Taylor at BEESA is an example. He can be reached at 086 111 2098 or guy@beesa. co.za
Source: DTI website www.dti.gov.za/publications/agroprocessing

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Value add and agro-processing

Red Meat Industry Forum (RMIF) Tel: 012 667 1189 www.redmeatsa.co.za The RMIF represents all the nationally representative roleplayer organisations in the Red Meat industry.

Abattoirs
1. Overview
Natural progression from live animal to carcass to meat Animals are transported, offloaded and kept for slaughter in a manner that does not involve unnecessary pain. Clean water is provided continuously. Depending on the time they have to wait for slaughtering, food, in accordance with their needs, is provided. The animals are handled in a humane way at all times. Inspectors perform an ante mortem examination to determine if the animals are healthy and ready for slaughtering. Sick animals are isolated and dead animals are disposed of by an acceptable method which may include rendering, burning or denaturation. Care is taken that only meat from healthy animals reaches the consumer. All animals are inspected to determine whether they have any latent diseases. A routine meat inspection is done on the carcass and offal of each animal by trained meat inspectors. Carcasses are now classified. Meat is classified to provide the consumer information relating to the age and fat thickness on the carcass. After final approval, the carcasses are chilled immediately to stop germs/ micro organisms from multiplying or causing accidental contamination. Meat is now kept cold and the temperature is kept constant until the product reaches the consumer. (It is important not to break the cold chain from after slaughtering until the meat is cooked and consumed). During the entire process, hands are washed regularly, instruments are sterilised (boiled) and clean protective clothes are worn daily. All surfaces coming into contact with meat are cleaned and sanitised on a routine basis. The health care of the workers handling the meat is a high priority to eliminate problems with regard to germs/micro organisms or contagious diseases that can be transmitted to the meat. A great effort is made to make certain that meat leaving the abattoir is clean, safe, nutritious and in a wholesome condition to ensure a relatively long shelf life.

Others:
Roleplayer and website Association for Meat Importers and Exporters (AMIESA) www.amiesa.co.za The Federation of Red Meat Producers Contact details Tel: 011 803 2058 Fax: 011 807 5691 ceo@amiesa.co.za This comprises the National Emergent Red Meat Producers Organisation (NERPO) and the Red Meat Producers Organisation (RPO). Tel: 011 601 8600 As for RMLA Tel: 011 907 3590/1/2

Meat Exporters of South Africa (MESA) Meat Statutory Measure Services (MSMS) National Council of SPCAs: Farm Animal Unit www.nspca.co.za National Emergent Red Meat Producers Organization (NERPO) www.nerpo.org.za National Federation of Meat Traders (NFMTT) National Heritage Council www.nhc.org.za Red Meat Levy Admin (RMLA) Red Meat Producers Organisation (RPO) South African Feedlot Association (SAFA) www.safeedlot.co.za South African Meat Industry Company (SAMIC) www.samic.co.za South African National Consumers Union www.sancu.co.za South African Ostrich Business Chamber (SAOBC) www.saobc.co.za South African Pork Producers Organisation (SAPPO) www.sapork.com SA Federation of Meat Traders SA Meat Processors Organisation (SAMPA) SA Federation For Livestock Auctioneers and Meat Brokers (SAFLA & MB)

Tel: 012 361 9127 Fax: 012 361 4430 Tel: 011 646 0290 Fax: 011 646 3566 Tel: 012 348 1663 / 8233 Tel: 012 348 7572 / 8457 Fax: 012 361 2382 Tel: 012 348 1933 Fax: 012 361 4430 Tel: 012 667 1189 Fax: 012 667 1246 Tel: 012 361 4545 Fax: 012 361 9837 Tel: 012 428 7122 info@sancu.co.za Tel: 044 272 3336 Fax: 044 272 3337 Tel: 012 361 3920 Fax: 012 320 7363 Tel: 011 646 0290 Fax: 011 646 3566 Tel/fax: 012 807 1367 Cell: 082 399 8908 stoffelm@lantic.co.za Tel: 012 348 2170 Fax: 012 348 1379

2. Associations involved
International Meat Quality Assurance Services (IMQAS) Tel: 012 349 1322 www.imqas.co.za IMQAS acts as an independent agent at an abattoir that ensures a safe and wholesome product is supplied to the consumer through compliance with regulations of the Meat Safety Act (Act 40 of 2000) and meat inspection at the abattoir. Find details of services (e.g. Meat Inspection) on their website. Red Meat Abattoir Association (RMAA) Tel: 012 349 1237/8/9 www.rmaa.co.za The Red Meat Abattoir Association (RMAA) is a representative forum for abattoir owners in South Africa. The mission of the Association is to provide representation and services to the abattoir industry, which will ensure the highest standards of meat safety and quality to the benefit of the industry and the consumer. Training is provided to abattoir personnel as part of the challenge to improve and maintain hygiene and safety standards of meat. The RMAA website gives information on industry news, services offered by the RMAA, legislation relevant to the industry, price and health information and industry products.

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3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Directorate: Food Safety & Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306 www.daff.gov.za This directorate is responsible for setting national standards, etc for abattoirs. Dr Tertius Bergh: Deputy Director Tel: 012 319 7688 Fax: 012 329 6892 Directorate: Animal Health Import Export Policy Unit Tel: 012 319 7522 Directorate: Veterinary Services Tel: 012 319 7679 Legislation relevant to the abattoir industry Legislation governing the prevention of cruelty to animals specifically pertaining to transport, stunning and sticking of animals at abattoirs include: Meat Safety Act (Act 40 of 2000) The Animal Protection Act Regulation 73 under the Meat Safety Act, 2000 (Act no. 40 of 2000) prescribes the following regarding stunning pistols: the abattoir owner must ensure that the captive bolt pistol is silenced, in a good state of repair and that it is used according to the methods approved by the national executive officer; and the correct grade of cartridge for the type of animal must be used to ensure maximum bolt speed and penetration of the skull For a simple outline of these Acts refer to www.rmaa.co.za Other relevant legislation: Agricultural Product Standards Act (Act 119 of 1990) The Health Act The Water Act Local Authority Health Regulations The Livestock Theft Act

A number of Learnerships in the red meat industry have been developed. Bursaries for the training of health officers are also available. For more information visit the RMAA website (www.rmaa.co.za) and view the Training and the Qualifications & Learnerships sections, or contact the RMAA. ARC-Animal Livestock Division Nutrition and Food Science Tel: 012 672 9341 Fax: 012 665 1551 www.arc.agric.co.za Research is done in meat production, carcass evaluation, meat technology, quality, microbiology, biochemistry, chemistry all relevant areas. and training in the food and beverages manufacturing sector. This includes processed and preserved meat.

The South African Halaal Marketing Consultants organise seminars for exporters to the global Halaal market. These events offer a comprehensive overview, covering international trade and food laws, Together with the ARC-Irene safety standards and freight and Analytical Services section, training logistics. Email halaalguide@ifisa. courses offered include those which co.za for further information. help you determine the nutrient content of food products. There are two formal structures in the red meat industry from FoodBev SETA which funds are made available Tel: 011 253 7300 for research and development, Fax: 011 253 7333 namely the Red Meat Industry www.foodbev.co.za Forum (RMIF) and the Red Meat Research and Development FoodBev is the Sector Education Trust (RMRDT). Find details at and Training Authority (SETA) www.redmeatsa.co.za. responsible for facilitating education

5. Websites and publications

Publications:
Manual for the Abattoir Industry a manual which describes all aspects of the abattoir industry and is an ideal source of reference for any person involved in the abattoir industry. Meat Inspectors Manual - this manual contains the minimum norm of required knowledge for all persons involved with hygiene control and meat inspection at abattoirs. It also serves as a valuable reference with regard to diseases and condemnations. FOA [United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation] Manual on Meat Inspection for Developing Countries is strongly recommended for training and reference purposes. The above publications are available at the RMAA 012 349 1237/8/9 or www.rmaa.co.za under the Training menu option. Industry relevant articles, news and events will be available and updated on a regular basis in the articles section of the RMAA website. Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publications, available from the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering: Mishanteringshandleiding vir intensiewe diereproduksie-eenhede in SA Processing of Meat Products (Russians, tongue, hamburger patties, polony, frankfurters, bacon, ham, susages) The Butcher is the definitive magazine for the meat & deli industries. Also available is the annual Butcher Buyers Guide. Call the editor at 011 447 1192 or write to newstr1@mweb.co.za. A number of booklets are available from SAMIC: Info for new meat traders Duties and Functions of Abattoir managers regarding the welfare of animals Duties and Functions of Abattoir managers regarding the welfare of pigs A guideline for the use of prodders and stunning devices in abattoirs The above booklets are also available from the NSPCA. Tel: 011 907 3590/1/2.

National Agricultural Marketing Department of Health Council Tel: 012 312 0185/6 Tel: 012 341 1115 www.doh.gov.za www.namc.co.za The Department of Health and the Relevant Statutory Measures, South African Bureau of Standards registration forms, abattoir levy (SABS) contact details under forms etc can be obtained from the heading 6 are responsible for Red Meat Levy Admin company processing of meat. (details under heading 2).

4. Training and research

Red Meat Abattoir Association (RMAA): Training provided by the RMAA includes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Routine training Alternative techniques Correction of slaughter methods Starting-up of new abattoirs Operational investigations Hygiene management Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) 8. Hygiene Awareness

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An Australian resource is Meat Your interactive guide to red meat. This CD contains a Beef and Goat and Lamb and Mutton disc and both are full of informative and useful training tools including cooking and cutting demonstrations, food safety techniques, industry contacts, links to industry web sites that provide up-to-date news, and general information about red meat. To order, contact Meat and Livestock Australia by email: info@mla. com.au Emerging Red Meat Producers Road to Prosperity. Contact NERPO. Tel: 012 348 1933 SA Meat/Vleis Willemien von Solms (Editor) Tel: 012 664 1168. (10 issues/ year) The A to Z of Red Meat Ms. Santa Ramsay Tel: 051 436 9339

Butcher and Meat Process Equipment (BMPE) Tel: 011 664 8212 www.bmpe.co.za Certified Natural Tel: 054 833 0041 www.naturalmeat.co.za Crown National (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 201 9000 www.crownnational.co.za Supplier of spices and equipment Deli Spices Tel: 0861 774 237 www.delispices.co.za Deluxe Chemicals Tel: 011 397 3299 www.deluxe.co.za DIVAC Tel: 044 874 2720 Fax: 044 874 2747 Design, develop and supply specialised equipment, plan and design by-product, chilling and freezing facilities according to SA, EU and USDA Export standards. EAC Group Tel: 016 972 1115/6 www.eac-group.co.za Top quality grained beef Freddy Hirsch Group (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 406 3200 www.freddyhirsch.co.za

John F Marshall Tel: 011 842 7100 www.johnfmarshall.co.za Karan Beef Tel: 011 613 1851 www.karanbeef.co.za Kentmaster SA (PTY) LTD Tel: 011 455 3748 www.kentmaster.com Carcass cutting tools and saws Kimberley Cold Storage Tel: 053 841 0145 Fax: 053 841 0234 LAW Holdings Tel: 054 833 0041 www.lawmeat.co.za Planner Bee Plant Care Tel: 011 888 4215 www.fertilis.co.za A research project is underway to test the efficacy of using earthworms in abattoir waste management. This is being conducted with Gauteng Veterinary Services and Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute. Roelcor Meat Tel: 022 486 4657 www.roelcor.co.za

Websites
View websites of associations mentioned earlier in the chapter e.g. www. samic.co.za and www.rmaa.co.za. The websites of companies involved can also be worth a visit: www.pigs.co.za and www.vleissentraal.co.za Find out about the 2010 World Meat Congress at www. worldmeatcongress2010.com An excellent source of news is www.meatinternational.com. A newsletter will keep you abreast of international issues and events. www.butcheryonline.co.za is the website that keeps you informed about the South African meat industry. A butchery newsletter is available. See also www.thebutcherweb.co.za. www.meatscience.org website of the American Meat Science Association www.iso.org website of the International Organization for Standardization. The ISO 17020 gives assurance of the quality of meat and meat products from recognised abattoirs. Current legislation does allow for cultural, traditional or religious slaughter. The role of the SPCA is to ensure the humane treatment of the animals and that the process is checked from the loading of the animals through to their arrival at the venue and the actual slaughter. Relevant websites are www.nspca.co.za, www.nhc.org.za and www. chabad.org. For a list of Halaal abattoirs visit www.halaal.org.za. See also the www.sanha.org.za, www.islamsa.org.za and www.jamiat.org. za sites.

6. Companies and other roleplayers

ARC-Livestock Business Division Tel: 012 672 9341 Fax: 012 665 1551 www.arc.agric.co.za The Sensory Analysis Unit does confidential contract work for the broader food, beverage and household product industry. The following services are rendered, usually using trained panels: Flavour, Texture and Appearance Descriptive Analysis Shelf-life stability tests Comparative product analysis Consulting Statistical interpretation of results. Consumer tests can also be run. BC Technologies Tel: 082 403 2638 Biltong dryer Beefmaster (Pty) Ltd Tel: 053 441 9100 www.beefmaster.co.za Best Cut Tel: 035 787 1960 www.bestcut.co.za Best Cut owns butcheries and meat processing factories in KwaZulu-Natal and retails its branded products through the major supermarket retail chains countrywide. Bull Brand Foods (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 953 2334 / 48 www.bullbrandfoods.com

South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Elaine Smith Tel: 012 428 6896 Contact details of branches smithes@sabs.co.za throughout Southern Africa available on the website. They are Food Safety Certification suppliers of spices, casings and programmes as well as Product equipment to meat industry. Certification: GlobalGAP , BRC, HACCP , ISO 22000 Gariep Organic Meat Processors Regina Rapoo Tel: 053 683 0190 Tel: 012 428 6172 rapoor@sabs.co.za IIR Conferences Tel: 011 771 7134 Microbiological examination of www.iir.co.za foods The IIR runs the Excellence in Meat Sparta Beef Management Conference. Tel: 051 991 9200 contactus@sparta.co.za JF Equipment Tel: 011 760 3494 StratEquity www.jfequipment.com Tel: 012 643 7400 www.stratequity.co.za Jarvis Products Corporation RSA (PTY) LTD A BEE company which bought into Tel: 011 974 6776 / 9 Best Cut A complete range of equipment UNITEMP required for the beef, sheep, pig, Tel: 021 762 8995 / 011 966-9800 poultry and ostrich industry. www.unitemp.com

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Upfront Instrument Distributors (UID) Tel: 011 475 6983

Van Vliet de Wet & Partners Tel: 011 482 2290

8. International business environment

The following are the requirements for registering to supply the meat export market: 1. Animals need to be individually and permanently identified at least 3 months before slaughter. 2. Animals must be of South African origin. 3. Farmers must supply a detailed plan of their farm, buildings and fences. 4. Dont use hormones, steroids, growth stimulants, animal by-products or feed stimulants. 5. Only natural food may supplement veld. 6. Veld must be clearly marked, identified, rotated, and rested for one season before being used. 7. Feed must be stored in a dry area away from chemicals and fertilizers and be kept safe from vermin, mould and dust. 8. Feed and water troughs must be clean and well maintained. 9. Stock Registers must contain the following information: a) dates of arrival at the farm C IF applicable) b) origin c) identification numbers d) any treatment and vaccination dates e) number of deaths (w ith reasons) f) the dates of dispatch to the A battoir 10. Disease Control Measures: a) Notify State Vet in the event of the outbreak of a disease. b) Treated animals must be kept in a separate camp. c) Intra-muscular injections must only be given in the neck. d) O bserve the stipulated w ithdraw al periods for any therapeutic remedy used. e) Send the head of any animal that dies to the nearest Vet. To check for Mad C ow Disease. 11. Dipping areas must be sealed when not in use. 12. Record all chemicals used. 13. All chemicals must be environmentally friendly. 14. Allow the export Abattoir to conduct soil, water and feed analysis for heavy metals prior to registration. 15. Transport must be well coordinated and the trucks should never be overloaded. 16. Cattle branding must be completed 3 weeks before slaughter. 17. De-horn cattle before weaning. 18. Animals must be subjected to minimum stress during the 3 week period before slaughter. Contacts: MESA supports the Department of Agriculture in the establishment of protocols with selected countries in order to enable the export of meat and meat products to those countries. They also provide timeous information on trends in global meat markets and identify opportunities for export. Find details for MESA and AMIESA under heading 2. Visit the website of the International Meat Secretariat (IMS) www.meat-ims.org. The IMS brings together meat and livestock organisations throughout the world. Find out about the 2010 World Meat Congress at www. worldmeatcongress2010.com See the website of Meat International www.meatinternational.com. Their newsletter keeps you up to date with international issues and events. Meat News The business journal for meat and poultry processors. The website is www.meatnews.com

Planning, design and construction of Previously Status Instrument plant and equipment for abattoirs cc. UID provides the perishable and for the meat industry product market with measuring instruments. Vleissentraal Tel: 012 460 9916 www.vleissentraal.co.za Included amongst the abattoirs in South Africa of international standards, are: Eastern Province Livestock Agency Tel: 041 401 6800 Karan Abattoir Tel: 016 342 1214 Gariep Abattoir Tel: 053 683 0190 Pretoria Abattoir And Meat Packers (Pty) Limited Tel: 012 545 0011 Abattoirs that are EU listed for mutton, venison and fresh meat are: Graaf-Reinet Abattoir, Camdeboo Meat Processors (largest exporters of Game), LAW Groblershoop and De Aar Abattoir

7. Local business environment

The RMAA releases its price information report once a week. Participating abattoirs receive it free of charge. Market outlook can also be found in the agricultural weeklies Landbouweekblad and Farmers Weekly or visit their websites: www. landbou.com and www.farmersweekly.co.za Local markets include butcheries, supermarkets, hotels, institutions, colleges, schools and restaurants. Although price is weighed up against convenience and ease of preparation in a time-stressed society, there is an emerging emotion economy, where ethical concerns are growing along with other production attributes. These are increasingly influencing purchasing patterns where intangibles are beginning to dominate e.g. food safety, traceability, animal welfare and good environmental practices. Consumers want to know more about the source of their food, and details of production. Health is no longer left to chance. Supermarkets, who dominate food distribution channels, have been responding to consumers and developing niche markets. Traceability is vital, and as it is approached positively, it is the single most important tool in the meat and livestock industry for future market development. Contact IMQAS about services here. The paper Growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass and meat quality of tropically adapted breed types from different farming systems in South Africa, by Strydom, Frylinck, van der Westhuizen and Burrow, evaluates and compares the growth performance, meat yield and meat quality of cattle (nondescript crosses, Sanga types and a B. indicus) derived from resource-poor farming systems with tropically adapted breed types (Sanga) from commercial herds under commercial feedlot and slaughter conditions. The study was supported by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). The paper concludes that cattle from resource-poor farmer herds have the ability to meet the specifications of South Africas commercial beef markets, indicating a genuine opportunity for import substitution, whereby the more than 5 million cattle in resource-poor farmer herds could be used to overcome the significant shortfall in South Africas domestic beef market demand.

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Major exporting countries are Australia, the USA, Brazil, the European Union (EU) and Canada. Major importing countries are the USA, Japan, Russia, the EU, Mexico and South Korea. The South African Halaal Marketing Consultants organise seminars providing a step-by-step guide for exporters to the global Halaal market. The seminars offer a comprehensive overview, cover international trade and food laws, safety standards and freight and logistics. Call 031 301 6366 or email halaalguide@ifisa.co.za for further information.

9. Nerpos Black Economic Empowerment in Value Adding Programme

Strategic objective of the programme
To pursue business opportunities in the livestock and meat production chain for the advantage and benefit of the emerging producers.

Current status
The meat and livestock industry in South Africa is dominated by white commercial producers, speculators, processors and traders. Very few black entrepreneurs have succeeded in entering the ranks of the established livestock producers and even fewer have established themselves in the meat marketing chain. Exclusion has led to mistrust and many black producers feel that they are being cheated by the commercial marketing system. Only exposure and direct involvement can improve this situation. Until the emergent black farmers have established themselves in the marketing of their livestock and the black entrepreneurs have become an integral part of the commercial marketing chain, the meat industry cannot expect to enjoy more than token political support. Black farmers and businessmen need some interventions to become part of the formal meat and livestock sector. This action cannot be limited to marketing in the communal areas as this will perpetuate the exclusion of the black participants and will fail to introduce them to the commercial sector. NERPO Investments Limited that is an existing public company established by the members of the Organisation in 1998 with the intent to promote and gain access as an empowerment company to the commercial red meat industry is a driving force for the implementation of this strategic objective.

Strategy
Identify and acquire significant ownership in profitable enterprises operating in the meat and related industries. Explore the acquisition of appropriate and profitable privatisation and unbundling opportunities. Seek joint venture partnership with local and foreign investors involved in meat and related industries. Ensure the widest possible ownership by members of the Organisation in acquired companies. Actively support the training of staff, the upgrading of skills and capacity building of the workforce in acquired companies.
Source: www.nerpo.org.za

Our gratitude to the Red Meat Abattoir Association (RMAA) for feedback on the draft chapter

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Southern African Grain Laboratory (SAGL) Tel: 012 349 2683 www.sagl.co.za The SAGL is an association incorporated under Section 21 (Association not for gain). SAGL is a quality analyses laboratory and has ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation. They offer a variety of quality analyses on grains and oilseeds. The SAGL provide courses in laboratory training for both wheat (flour) and maize (meal) analyses. FOODBEV Tel: 011 253 7300 www.foodbev.co.za FOODBEV is the Sector Education and Training Authority (SETA) responsible for facilitating education

Baking
See also the milling chapters

and training in the food and beverages manufacturing sector. Of relevance to this chapter is their Baking, Cereals, Confectionary and Snacks Chamber. Rich Products Corporation Tel: 011 429 4000 www.rich.com A centre which combines a state-ofthe-art research and development centre and a bakery training school was opened in 2009. University of the Free State Department of Microbial, Biochemical & Food Biotechnology Prof G Osthoff Tel: 051 401 2216 Osthoffg@ufs.ac.za

1. Overview
Bread is the second most important supplier of energy (kilojoules) in the national diet after maize products. Economic and other information can be found on www.sacb.co.za

2. Associations involved
Find details of the Grain Milling Federation and the National Chamber of Milling (NCM) in the Milling chapter.

South African Chamber of Baking Tel: 012 663 1600 www.sacb.co.za South African Agricultural Processors Association (SAAPA) Tel: 012 663 1660 SAAPA is an association promoting the interest of its members including in the areas of international trade, BEE and government policy. Read more about it in the general agro-processing chapter.

5. Websites and publications

In addition to the websites listed in this chapter, the following will also be of interest: Grain South Africa www.grainsa.co.za SA Grain Information Service www.sagis.org.za National Agricultural Marketing Council www.namc.co.za The Baker serving the baking, milling & confectionery industries: www.thebaker.co.za

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find the Legislation menu option on www.sacb.co.za

For wheat related research documents and projects, contact the Winter Cereal Trust. Call 012 663 1600 or fax 012 663 1604

6. Companies involved
Find the membership list on www.sacb.co.za The Baker Guide for the Baking & Milling Industries in South Africa is a comprehensive directory to the baking and milling industries. Visit www.thebaker.co.za or phone Newstreet Publishers at 011 447 1192

Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306 Find the Food Safety and Quality Assurance pages under the Divisions option at www.daff.gov.za

Vitamin Suppliers
AB Mauri / Fortitech Tel: 021 527 5010 www.abmauri.co.za

Milling and Baking Solutions

International Fine Ingredients Tel: 011 888 6613 www.ifi-sa.com

4. Training and research

Agricultural Colleges like Tsolo Agriculture and Rural Development Institute (TARDI), linked to the provincial departments of Agriculture, do short courses in baking. Find the contact details in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Deutscher Genossenschafts- und Raiffeisenverband (DGRV) German Co-operative and Raiffeisen Confederation Tel: 012 346 6020 / 083 629 8326 dgrvsa@worldonline.co.za www.dgrvsa.co.za The DGRV, the national apex organisation and top-level auditing federation of the German co-operative sector, has opened a model-bakery where a qualified master baker offers basic and advanced training in baking and confectionary.

DSM Nutritional Products Kerry Bioscience Tel: 011 398 6924 / 03 Tel: 011 923 6360 www.dsmnutritionalproducts. www.kerrygroup.com co.za National Bread Improvers Maccallum & Associates SA Tel: 011 888 6613 Tel: 011 234 8470 www.breadimprovers.co.za Malachite Chemicals Tel: 011 455 1201 www.malachitechemicals.co.za

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The case against biofuels: The high level of inputs fossil fuel, fertiliser means that the carbon and nitrous dioxide emissions overtake the good intentions of being environmentally friendly. A strain on water supply and soil erosion are possible down-sides to biofuel crops, as is the loss of millions of hectares of forest, converted into soy, sugarcane and palm oil plantations. Local development does not work if it means that the same farmers go hungry because they used their crops (e.g. cassava) for energy rather than for food. The use of food crops as a fuel leads to exorbitant food prices. The food vs fuel issue is looked at under heading 3. Biofuels are not the only renewable energy source: why not look to solar or some other form of energy?

Biofuels
1. Overview
When people talk about biofuels they are essentially referring to ethanol or biodiesel, the former favoured by the Americas (Brazil and the US produce most of the worlds ethanol); the latter preferred by Europe (accounts for most of the global biodiesel production). Biofuels can be produced from any number of plant crops; most ethanol in the world today being derived from maize, with sugar cane increasingly gaining favour (the latter providing double the yield per acre of the former). Biodiesel emanates mainly from vegetable oils or animal fats, and waste cooking oil from Chinas restaurants has been to thank for supplying Chinas growing biodiesel industry. Cellulosic ethanol, also fast becoming the darling of the biofuel movement, is produced by breaking down plant cell walls. And as cellulose is the most common organic compound around, it can be sourced from many more places and has the added bonus of turning things that used to be regarded as waste maize stalks, wood chips, grasses into incredibly useful sources of energy. Countries, and interest groups within countries, are divided over whether biofuels is the villain behind food insecurity or a vital future energy source. There is also, increasingly, a re-think of how green, or eco-friendly, biofuel really is. Source: Biofuels: Green gold or problems untold, an article on www.cnn.com; the report Bad ethanol, good ethanol at www.irinnews.org

3. The food vs fuel question

Find the article One quarter of US grain crops fed to cars, not people, published in January 2010, on www.mg.co.za

The dramatic increase in food prices over the past two-three years raised concerns about the affordability and accessibility of food for the poor. Biofuels were frequently identified as one of the drivers in the sharp rise, and this turned into the food vs fuel debate. The reasons for the escalation in prices are many. Amidst them all, no agreement exists on the share of responsibility that grain-based biofuels carry. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) placed it as high as 60 percent, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) at 30 percent. Biofuel proponents, like the US Secretary for Agriculture, might admit to a 3 percent figure. Owing to the costs of transport, processing and distribution, agricultural commodities are already integrated within the global energy market. The production of biofuels from food crops adds a new dimension to this. Droughts in wheat-growing and food producing areas might be temporary factors, but when they coincide with political tensions and the uncertainty which couples food to the price of oil (because grain is diverted to fuel), the lives of millions are placed at risk.

2. Biofuels: the debate

The price and supply of fossil fuel has led to a strategic re-think, with governments and interest groups looking to alternative sources of energy. Climate change and the resulting concern over vehicle emissions added a moral imperative. Reading through the articles and news reports collected over the previous months shows every shade of opinion around biofuels and a lot of emotion! The exclusion of maize in the South African biofuels strategy, for example, dashed the hopes of maize farmers who in the past had struggled to stay profitable as bumper harvests pushed maize prices to multi-year lows. If the rest of the world can grow maize for fuel, why cant we? The price is set in Chicago; our contribution to the global supply of maize is negligible; our not using maize for ethanol makes no difference or not much difference to the food security of the world and we lose out on all the developmental benefits! To do the biofuel debate justice would require a lot more space than we have available here, and we will simply list the arguments that cropped up repeatedly. Readers are encouraged to explore the listed websites and other material to gain a greater sense of the arguments. The case for biofuels runs mainly along these lines: The local economic development income generating opportunities for entrepreneurs and rural communities; new markets for emerging (and commercial) farmers and community growers; new skills development and the provision of services etc and a halting of people migrating to urban areas. It is environmentally friendly and better for our health (no exhaust carbon monoxide and fine particulate emissions). The establishment of by-products within this process (livestock feed, fertiliser for food crops).

Perspectives
In a country such as South Africa where farmers produce surplus grain crops more years than most, the use of grains for fuel can actually enhance food security. When surplus crops force prices down farmers are forced to change to activities that ensure their income and thus they move away from grain production. If this coincides with a dry year we could have real food shortages. Should there be a biofuel industry that processes the surpluses and the supply and demand is kept in balance, farmers will always have a reason to plant grain. When a dry year comes the food market will take priority. In any of these cases the price will always be determined on the international supply and demand situation and that will be the real impact to the people using grains as staple food in any event.
Source: Derek Matthews, Silversands Ethanol

This is a chicken and egg (which came first?) question. Do we want cheap food at the expense of farming profitability? Africa has the soils to feed the world if we embraced First World technologies.
Source: Gary Farr, Rainbow Nation Renewable Fuels Ltd

Andrew Makanete did a comprehensive presentation to the East London Industrial Development Zone (ELIDZ) in 2009. Amongst his many points was that access to food, not food production, is the problem. Severe market inefficiencies are as much a critical factor (i.e. price-fixing; the fact that farmgate prices are divorced from retail prices; the prices charged by spaza shops in poor areas). Find Can the Bio-fuel Sector Thrive Without Threatening Food Security? on www.elidz.co.za

4. Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a diesel fuel substitute produced from renewable sources such as vegetable oils, animal fats, and recycled cooking oils. It can be used in

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neat form, or blended with petroleum diesel for use in diesel engines. Extensive notes on biodiesel exist on websites like: www.biodiesel.org the National Biodiesel Board (USA) www.biodieselsa.co.za specialising in producing environmentally friendly fuel. Find the What is biodiesel menu option www.biodieselcentre.co.za the Biodiesel Centre in Cape Town Find other roleplayers under heading 9 whose websites can also be consulted.

Neighbouring Mozambique is pursuing jatropha production for ethanol. Jatropha is excluded as a feedstock in South Africas biofuels strategy. Visit www.jatrophabiodiesel.org for more information on jatropha. Three trees have potential and relevance for this chapter: the moringa oleifera (miracle tree), the ximenia caffra (large sour plum) and the pappea capensis (jacket plum). While the jatropha curcas is a foreign tree, the ximenia caffra, moringa oleifera and the pappea capensis are indigenous to Africa. As the plants grow in an arid environment, they survive by storing energy in the form of oil in their seeds. The oil that is extracted from the seeds of a hectare of trees can produce 1 560 litres of bio-diesel a year. Besides oils for biodiesel, the trees can provide feedstock for biogas reactors as well as material for the manufacture of briquettes for burning. In addition, the large-scale planting of trees could enable farmers to earn hard cash under the carbon-credit scheme of the Kyoto Protocol - if they pursue it in the correct manner.
Source: Adapted from the article Fuel from trees plan takes root on www. engineeringnews.co.za

5. Ethanol
The largest single use of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is as a motor fuel and fuel additive, a biofuel alternative to petrol. It is manufactured from crops like sugarcane and maize. The largest national fuel ethanol industries exist in Brazil (used in more than 90 percent of new cars in the country). Whereas the United States fuel ethanol industry is based largely on maize, the Brazilian industry is mostly sugarcane-based. The following websites are excellent starting points for the interested reader: The website of the US Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) provides comprehensive information on, and makes the case for, ethanol. Visit www.ethanolrfa.org www.ethanol.org the American coalition for ethanol provide a step-by-step interactive tour on the how ethanol is made. www.ethanolindia.net Ethanol Information India is also a comprehensive source of information for the reader.

Biofuel can be manufactured from algae. It does not impact on fresh water resources, and wikipedia tells us that more oil is produced from an area the size of a two-car garage than from an entire football field of soybeans. Algaculture is the term given to the farming of algae. Using technology like Lignocellulose conversion, South African Red Grass, invader plants and even wood chips can be utilised for bioenergy.

6. Ethanol gel and safety stoves

Visit www.greengel.co.za, www.silversandsethanol.co.za, www.cooksafe. co.za and www.paraffinsafety.org and www.safetyproduct.co.za Ethanol gel is a renewable form of energy made by mixing ethanol with a thickening agent and water. It burns cleanly (no harmful fumes are emitted). It does not spread if the stove is knocked over, and there is no danger of flash fires from leaking stoves. Ethanol gel is more suitable for household stoves and lights, and its use eliminates a major health hazard. Source: Andrew Makanete presentation Can the Bio-fuel Sector Thrive Without Threatening Food Security on www elidz.co.za; AgriReview, 2nd quarter 2008, available at www.standardbank.co.za

8. National strategy and government contacts

Find the Biofuels licensing criteria, Biofuel Industrial Strategy for South Africa and other related documents on the Department of Energy website www.dme. gov.za. The Government policy regarding biofuels can also be found on the website of the Oil & Protein Seed Development Trust www.opot.co.za Largely due to food security concerns, fears around price increases and the fact that maize is a staple food source for the majority of the poor in the country, South Africa has not included maize in the initial stages of the countrys biofuels policy. Bioethanol will be produced from sugarcane and sugar beet.; biodiesel will be sourced from soy beans, sunflower and canola. Jatropha is excluded since it is an alien invasive. The first phase of the five-year project will run from 2008 to 2013, after which targets will be reviewed. The blending targets are 8 percent for ethanol and 2 percent for biodiesel.

7. Biofuels: some other sources

Biobutanol produced from sugar beet. It has an energy equivalent of 95% of petrol compared to 75% for ethanol with further benefits in its acceptability in petrol fuel systems. International companies DuPont and BP , in partnership with Associated British Foods, are roleplayers here. Jatropha, a tough weed with oily seeds, can grow on poor land. It offers a spectrum of potential uses, apart from the principle imperative of biodiesel production. Whole plant: Erosion control, hedges and crop protection Fruit Seed fruit shell: Burning fuel Seed oil: Diesel production Seed cake: Soap production, organic fertiliser, chemical production, glycerine and biodegradable cutter bar lubricant (for chain saws).

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9. Roleplayers
African Alternative Energy (AAE) Tel: 084 941 3993 www.aae.co.za Buhler Group Tel: 011 801 3500 Fax: 011 801 3556 www.buhlergroup.com

Grain SA Tel: 056 515 2145 www.grainsa.co.za Grasoline South Africa Tel: 071 678 7033 www.grasoline.co.za

project development to the turnkey construction of plants through to full plant operation.

Bio-energy farming and Buhler makes complete plants, production, supply of equipment processes and stand-alone and consulting machines for utilising renewable energy sources like ethanol. Agricane Tel: 033 343 3016 / 084 840 5471 Bureau for Food and www.agricane.com Agricultural Policy (BFAP) Tel: 012 420 4582/3 Alco, a Belgian biofuels company www.bfap.co.za Asgisa Eastern Cape (Pty) Ltd Tel: 043 531 0103 http://asgisa-ec.co.za Find the Biofuels report on their website. The BFAP Annual Baseline reports, too, cover biofuels.

Association for the Study of CSIR Peak Oil and Gas (ASPO) Natural Resources and the South Africa Environment www.aspo.org.za Tel: 012 841 4425 rtaviv@csir.co.za BioAfrica Tel: 082 534 4807 CookSafe www.bioafrica.co.za Tel: 082 377 0151 www.cooksafe.co.za BioEnergy Africa http://bioenergyafrica-ltd.com D1 Oils plc is a UK-based global producer of biodiesel. Their Developing the production of operations cover agronomy, ethanol from sugarcane in Southern refining and trading. Visit www. Africa d1plc.com. Bio Fuels Kontor SA Tel: 011 486 2775 info@alensys.de www.alensys.de Degussa Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 697 0716 Fax: 011 318 0975

In a Makana Bioethanol Platform presentation, locally produced bioethanol would run the government transport, which Producing ethanol from Johnson would turn fuel money into an Grass economic development tool. Call 046 636 1227. Greengel African Heat Tel: 031 700 1313 MBB Services International www.greengel.co.za Tel: 021 887 1026 www.mbb.co.za Greengel cooking gel is an organic based product, made from sugar Biofuels projects, research and cane. It is the most cost effective development planning. and safest fuel available to informal housing and residents and the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan needy. University InnoVenton iLembe District Municipality Tel: 041 504 3281 / 3613 Tel: 032 437 9512 www.nmmu.ac.za/innoventondcts Mike.Newton@ilembe.gov.za Oil & Protein Seed Development A Biodiesel Out Growers Trust and the Oilseeds Advisory Programme is planned whereby Committee people with access to land plant Tel: 011 234 3400/1 and supply raw coconut/palm www.opot.co.za oil nuts to a central biodiesel manufacturing plant. Phyto Energy Group Tel: 082 779 1609 Industrial Development www.phytoenergy.org Corporation (IDC) Food, Beverage and Agro Rainbow Nation Renewable Industries Fuels Limited (RNRF) Tel: 0860 693 888 Tel: 041 402 4000 www.idc.co.za www.rnrf.co.za Invest North West Tel: 014 594 2570 www.inw.org.za Investec Bank Ltd Tel: 011 286 7239 ccorbishley@investec.co.za www.investec.com Institute for International Research (IIR) Tel: 011 771 7000 www.iir.co.za www.africanbiofuels.co.za A biofuels processing plant to be built in the Coega Industrial Development Zone (in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality) will be the largest soybean processing facility in Africa, will generate R4.5 billion in turnover annually and create 350 new permanent jobs. An additional 725 employment opportunities in related sectors and 800 jobs during the construction phase are also expected to be created.

East London IDZ A partnership is offered to southern Tel: 043 702 8200 African farmers for the production ayanda@elidz.co.za www.elidz.co.za of biodiesel and protein food. Biodiesel Centre Tel: 021 949 2369 www.biodieselcentre.co.za EECO Fuels Tel: 011 794 5933 www.eecofuels.com

Sales of biodiesel and biodiesel- Biofuels technology supplier making equipment ESETA Energy Sector & Training Authority Biodiesel One Gauteng: 011 689 5300 info@sunfuel.com Eastern Cape: 041 363 1801 www.biodieselone.co.za www.eseta.org.za Biodiesel Power Plants Emerald Oil International see Tel: 082 956 7118 Biodiesel Africa www.biodieselpowerplants.co.za Biodiesel production plants Biodiesel SA Tel: 033 330 8765 / 082 452 9261 www.biodieselsa.co.za Biodiesel and equipment Ethanol Africa Tel: 056 515 4731 www.ethanol-africa.co.za

The organisers of the African Rhodes University Biofuels Conference Environmental Biotechnology Research Unit (EBRU) Jatropha Energy Corporation Keith Cowan schmidt@biodieselafrica.co.za Tel: 046 622 2656 / 079 902 2457 http://jatropha.biodiesel.co.za a.cowan@ru.ac.za Katzen International Incorporated (USA) www. katzen.com KwaZulu-Natal AgriFoundation (KZNAF) C/o KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs Research is done into the uses of algae including as a source of energy. Scanwood Solutions (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 803 0065/0861 472 461 www.scanwood.co.za Shaval Biodiesel Tel: 011 704 0801 www.shaval.co.za

FANRPAN Biofuels Project Khamarunga Banda biodiesel-making khamarunga@hotmail.com Global Associates Tel: 012 654 0641 apricot@intekom.co.za Goudine Empowerment (Pty) Ltd biodiesel Elijah Sedumedi Tel: 014 594 2570 www.inw.org.za

Bioman Tel: 072 819 2060 www.bioman.co.za Manufacturers processing units of

Lurgi SA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 244 4761 Lurgi is a leading technology Specialists in the erection of company operating worldwide in biodiesel plants and production the fields of process engineering technology. and plant contracting from

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Silversands Ethanol Derek Matthews 082 944 4535 www.silversandsethanol.co.za Ethanol gel, portable and economical stoves for safe and easy cooking South African German Chamber of Commerce Tel: 011 486 2775 www.germanchamber.co.za

South African Sugar Association (SASA) Tel: 031 508 7400 Standard Bank Charles.bettman@org.za Tel: 011 636 6162 www.sugar.co.za sbsaagriculture@standardbank. South African New Economics co.za www.standardbank.co.za Network (SANE) Tel: 021 762 5933 www.sane.org.za Sasol Adam Mostert www.sasol.co.za Stellenbosch University Prof WH (Emile) van Zyl Tel: 021 808 5854 whvz@sun.ac.za

a sustainable biofuel industry in Southern Africa; a comprehensive infrastructure to market and utilise biofuels in the most suitable way; a framework of laws and regulations, favourable to the biofuel sector; and to establish a network of companies, organisations and individuals in order to provide a platform for discussions, interaction and co-operation for the benefit of the biofuel sector.

Private investors have injected R1.8billion into building a new sugarprocessing facility in the rural area of Makhathini, in the far north of KwaZulu-Natal province. The project, which is a joint initiative by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), local municipalities and sugar growers, aims to produce ethanol and other sugar by-products from raw sugarcane. Other roleplayers include Eskom, the Industrial Development Corporation and the Central Energy Fund. South African Sugar Association chairperson Martin Mohale said the markets for sugarcane-based renewable energy will create major opportunities for the South African sugar industry. The Makhathini sugarprocessing facility will be commissioned in 2011 and is estimated to create 1 800 direct jobs.
Source: MediaClubSouthAfrica.com Friday, 19 June 2009.

Responses to the Makhathini plans have not all been positive. Find articles like More than just eyebrows raised at Makhathini sugar project announcement on www.farmersweekly.co.za, for example.

12. International business environment

Brazil, the worlds leading ethanol producer and exporter, is investing over $13 billion in 89 new sugar and ethanol mills between now and 2011. Her dominant position in the world market remains unchallenged. Find statistics on global production on the Canadian Renewable Fuels Association website www.greenfuels.org Renewable Fuels Association (USA) www.ethanolrfa.org European Renewable Energy Council www.erec.org www.worldbiofuelsmarkets.com organised by Green Power Conferences, this is the largest biofuels event in Europe. www.agra-net.com/worldethanol website of the World Ethanol conference (November 2008) www.worldbioplants.com The easiest way to find bio plants around the world www.biofuelsdigest.com the worlds most widely read biofuels daily Ethanol Producer Magazine http://www.ethanolproducer.com www.ethanolmarket.com daily website with market and commodity news. A weekly ethanol newsletter is also available www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html official energy statistics from the US Government Thanks to Derek Matthews and Gary Farr for feedback on the draft chapter

Uhde Tel: 011 236 1000 The Southern Africa Biofuels www.uhde.co.za Association (SABA) visit www. saba.za.org seeks to support the A company of development and implementation Technologies of:

ThyssenKrupp

10. Websites and publications

The websites of roleplayers (see previous heading) contain a wealth of information about biofuels, as do the websites mentioned under other headings. Find biofuels news and articles at www.biofuelsjournal.com Find the archived articles on www.farmersweekly.co.za Visit the website of the Alternative Fuel Vehicle Institute (AFVI), an American not-for-profit organisation established to promote the transition to alternative fuel vehicles www.afvi.org www.mla.com.au find details of a project by Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA) and the Midfield Biodiesel project to produce bio diesel from tallow. Write to cis@mla.com.au www.miss-collect.org Miss Collect supports disadvantaged woman in third world countries with the collection of used cooking oil for the production of biodiesel. www.mybiofuels.co.za an online discussion website about biofuels

11. Local business environment

Find the latest Biofuels report on www.bfap.co.za Sugar cane is expected to be the major feedstock for biofuel production in South Africa. The price of biofuel will be determined by biofuel parity prices and the Basic Fuel Price (BFP) for fossil fuel. Advice to farmers considering producing their own biodiesel for on-farm use: Familiarise yourself with the SABS SANS 1935 standards. Continual quality control of all inputs and of the production process is essential because fuel-injected equipment failure is a risk with below-standard biodiesel; Ensure that the quality and specifications of the biodiesel is accepted by the engine manufacturer of your farm machinery. Failure to do this could invalidate any manufacturers warranty; Constantly keep abreast of any changes to the Petrol Amendment Act No 58 of 2003.
Source: Farmers Weekly 4 November 2005, p 29.

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SA Fruit & Vegetable Canners Export Council (Safvcec) Tel: 021 8711308/9 info@safvca.co.za www.safvca.co.za Safvcec operates in association with its sister organisation, the South African Fruit and Vegetable Canners Association. The sector covers products for export which are canned, preserved or otherwise processed from fruit, vegetable and other related agricultural products. Safvcec is a voluntary grouping of industry members and its mission is to protect and promote their export interests and provide its members with synergistic services of value. The Export Council co-ordinates the following activities of its members: liaising with and assisting the Department of Trade and Industry and DAFF in matters relating to international trade such as market access, tariffs and non-tariff barriers; facilitating members participation and/or representing members as selected international trade fairs and trade missions; representing and serving the interests of its members on various forums relating to export and international trade matters; addressing technical matters concerning exports such as product quality, food safety, regulations relating to packaging, labelling and grading of canned fruit and vegetable products, can/tin plate specifications, etc; co-ordinating export studies and market related research; Providing an administration service in respect of industry/export related initiatives. The key objective of the South African Fruit & Vegetable Canners Export Council is to protect and maintain the existing export industry and from this sustainable platform generate future export growth through the: improvement of our competitiveness and profitability development of new products and markets improvement of market access implementation of on-going promotional and marketing activity

Canning and preserving

1. Overview
The three main sectors of this industry covering products which are canned, preserved or otherwise processed from fruit, vegetables and tomatoes and other related products are: Deciduous fruit: based in the Western Cape. Includes products such as canned fruit, fruit in plastic cups, fruit purees, fruit concentrates and jams manufactured from the same raw material base. Pineapples: based in the Eastern Cape. Includes products such as canned pineapples, pineapple purees and concentrates. Tomatoes and vegetables: Based in various parts of the Country. Includes products such as canned and bottled vegetables, tomatoes, pulps, purees, pastes, sauces, spreads and condiments. Raw materials are sourced from around 1,500 farms and about 600,000 tons of fresh fruit, tomatoes and vegetables are processed annually to produce goods with a market value of more than ZAR 5 billion. These products are renowned for their high standards and are manufactured in production facilities that have adopted world class manufacturing practices in full compliance with both product quality and food safety certifications. Coupled with this, the natural attributes of the South African raw materials i.e. colour, texture and taste rank these products as some of the best in the world. To maintain strict quality standards for export products, canners carry out their own continuous on-line quality inspection. In addition, there is third party inspection by the Perishable Products Export Control Board on behalf of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF). While the bulk of the tomato and vegetable products are marketed locally, approximately 85% of canned/preserved deciduous fruit and pineapple products are exported to over 40 countries in Europe, Far East, North America, South America, Middle East, Australasia and Africa.
Source: SA Fruit & Vegetable Canners Association (Safvca)

SA Canning Fruit Producers Association (CFPA) Tel: 021 872 1401 inmaak@mweb.co.za www.canningfruit.co.za The CFPA is a voluntary association of canning fruit farmers in the Westernand Eastern Cape regions. The Association aims to serve the apricot, pear and peach growers and act on their behalf. They offer the services of: grading regulations relating to the grading of fresh apricots, clingstone peaches and pears intended for processing in a factory setting spraying recommendations for maximum residue limits the handling of samples for residue analysis plant improvement

2. Associations involved
SA Fruit and Vegetable Canners Association (Safvca) Tel: 021 871 1308/9 info@safvca.co.za www.safvca.co.za The association is a voluntary grouping of fruit and vegetable canning/ processing industry members and its mission is to protect and promote their interests and provide its members with synergistic services of value. Members directly employ nearly 12,000 factory workers and 532 administrative and sales staff. Safvca represents most of the leading food canning companies in South Africa. The products produce include the brand leaders in canned fruit, canned vegetables, soup and sauce condiment categories, many smaller processors and canners are also represented by the Association.

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306 DFSQA@daff.gov.za www.daff.gov.za Perishable Products Export Control Board Tel: 021 930 1134 www.ppecb.com

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Inspectors of the Perishable Products Export Control Board are stationed at each canning factory to ensure that South African exports of canned fruit and vegetable products conform to prescribed regulations. Regional contact details can be found on the website.

Key pineapple canners and processors

Summerpride Tel: 043 731 1770 www.summerpride.co.za Swazican Part of the Rhodes Food Group

4. Training and research

Research for the fresh production of canning fruit is contracted to universities, as well as to the ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij. ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Tel: 021 809 3100 www.arc.agric.za Training courses are given in: fruit beverage workshops (including hands-on practical sessions); post-harvest handling of fresh fruit; any other courses relevant to canning and jam production, provided there is sufficient demand. Canning companies provide learnership and do HACCP training for their staff. Companies involved also do research investigating new products and varieties. Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) Food Technology Tel: 021 959 6276 dolleyl@cput.ac.za www.cput.ac.za FoodBev SETA Tel: 011 253 7300 Fax: 011 253 7333 www.foodbev.co.za SAPO Trust Tel: 021 887 6823 www.saplant.co.za A specialist plant improvement organisation owned by deciduous fruit growers through the Deciduous Fruit Producers Trust, the Canning Fruit Growers Association and the Dried Fruit Technical Services.

Key vegetable and tomato canners and processors

Deemsters Tel: 051 933 2368 Denny Tel: 011 278 4600 www.denny.co.za Tiger Brands Tel: 021 970 4100 nassos.martalas@tigerbrands.com Rhodes Food Group Tel: 021 870 4000 www.rhodesfoodgroup.com

In addition, there are close to 30 other vegetable canners, whose contact details may be obtained from Safvcec.

Can makers
Nampak Divfood www.nampak.co.za Carnaud Metal Box www.crowncork.com

6. Local business environment

The fruit canning industry has suffered severe financial setbacks mainly as a result of the strengthening of the South African currency. To counter the effect of this and improve competitiveness, the Industry embarked on successful internal rationalisation programmes as well as commissioning an independent Value Chain Analysis Study which was presented to the Department of Trade and Industry. As a result, a Task Team, representing Business, Labour, Community and Government was constituted to prepare a Business Plan utilising the Value Chain Analysis model. The key focus is to create a sustainable platform for the growth and competitiveness of the industry over the short and long term. The Business Plan, accepted by the Leadership Group, focuses on: improving market access developing products and markets increasing competitiveness addressing transformation

Stellenbosch University This is the Sector Education Department of Food Science and Training Authority (SETA) Tel: 021 808 3578 responsible for facilitating education voedsel@sun.ac.za and training in the food and beverages manufacturing sector. B.Sc. degree in Food Science (4 year course)

5. Roleplayers
The Safvca represents most of the leading food canning companies in South Africa. The products produced include the brand leaders in canned fruit, canned vegetables, soup and sauce categories. Many smaller processors and canners are also represented by the association.

Key deciduous fruit canners and processors

Langeberg & Ashton Foods Tel: 021 970 4100 www.tigerbrands.co.za Rhodes Food Group Tel: 021 870 4000 www.rhodesfoodgroup.com Del Monte Foods South Africa Tel: 023 230 1061 www.delmonte.com Boland Pulp Tel: 021 873 3165

For further information contact the SA Fruit and Vegetable Canners Association (Safvca).
Sources for the chapter: The websites listed and SAFVCA

In addition, there are also other pulp/puree processors whose contact details may be obtained from Safvcec.

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4. Training and research

ARC - Animal production Institute (Irene) Department: Dairy Technology Tel: 012 672 9220/3 Tel: 012 672 9153 Fax: 012 665 1605 joos@arc.agric.za This department specialises in: very practical dairy manufacturing courses, each student (practically) makes 5 types of cheese research in dairy and food products product development for SMMEs problem solving Cheese Academy Tel: 082 828 1832 http://cheeseacademy.co.za Getsmarter Tel: 021 683 3633 www.getsmarter.co.za Grootplaas de Rust Cheese Academy Tel: 082 828 1832 (at Hartebeespoort) JJK Food Consultants Tel: 012 332 3112 South African Milk Processors Organisation (SAMPRO) Tel: 012 991 4164 www.dairytraining.co.za Stellenbosch University Department of Food Science Tel: 021 808 3578 voedselw@sun.ac.za

Dairy
Find also the Dairy chapter in the Livestock section

1. Overview
Milk producers are milk farmers. Milk processors buy milk from producers and process it for the retail market. Some roleplayers, of course, are both. This chapter covers the processing side, the dairy secondary industry: milk powder, flavoured milk, cheese, cottage cheese, feta cheese, maas (Amazi), yoghurt, evaporated and condensed milk, cheese powder, buttermilk, cream, sour cream, butter, ice-cream as well as retailing milk itself. Many of these products, along with explanatory links, are listed on the www.wikipedia.org website (google Dairy product).

2. Associations involved
Agri-Expo Tel: 021 975 4440 www.agriexpo.co.za This is an agricultural society involved with training, competitions, expos, finance and other support. They run dairy championships, the South African Cheese Festival visit www.cheesefestival.co.za - manage the cheese training programme for Previously Disadvantged cheesemakers to France. Milk SA Tel: 012 840 8118 Milk SA represents the primary and secondary industries. South African Milk Processors Organisation (SAMPRO) Tel: 012 991 4164 www.sampro.co.za The Dairy Standard Agency Tel: 012 804 0818 www.dairystandard.co.za Monitoring quality dairy safety and

University of the Free State Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Dairy Cheret Biotechnology Tel: 011 314 8618 Tel: 051 401 2900 Fax: 011 314 8619 myburghj@ufs.ac.za Dairy Cheret offers cheese and www.uovs.ac.za/biotech yoghurt manufacturing courses. They are also the sole supplier of A three-day course on the production of value-added dairy Danisco products. products is be presented by Drs Celia Hugo and Maryna de Wit. FOODBEV Tel: 011 253 7300 www.foodbev.co.za FOODBEV is the Sector Education and Training Authority (SETA) responsible for facilitating education and training in the food and beverages manufacturing sector.

3. Websites and publications

The Dairy Technology department at the ARCs Animal Production Institute offers the following: Dairy Product Manufacturing, a booklet for those interested in making their own cheese on kitchen scale. Tel: 012 672 9223. Call 012 672 9203, or email joos@arc.agric.za The nutritional content of South African milk and liquid milk products and Nutritional content of South African cheeses are two other publications. Call 012 672 9203, or email Louwrens@arc.agric.za Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the publication Processing of Dairy (Butter, cream, buttermilk, cheese, yogurt, milk and milk powder), available from the ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering. Contact roleplayers like the ARC or Dairy Cheret (details under the next heading) for other publications to do with dairy processing. Find certified Halaal establishments at www.sanha.org.za Visit the websites of companies and associations involved e.g. www. cheesesa.co.za, www.greenwayscheeses.co.za, www.butlerscheeses. co.za and www.capecheese.co.za www.developtechnology.co.za sometimes runs dairy related articles.

5. Companies involved
Inputs
AXXON/MILKING Tel: 011 837 7177/6/0 Fax: 011 837 3100 axxon@global.co.za BALIMI BONKE Tel: 083 736 2638 balimibonke@webmail.co.za The Cheeseman Tel: 031 904 1602 / 083 732 5594 Cheese making machinery Dairypack Tel: 011 494 4470 www.dairypack.co.za

Small-scale pasteurisation and Ecolab fermented products manufacture Tel: 080 000 6448 amasi, yoghurt, cheeses Fax: 011 393 1567 Central Melk Tel: 013 246 1094 www.centralmilk.com Ekomilk Ultrasonic Milk Analysers Tel: 021 808 5403

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Filmatic Packaging Systems (Pty) Limited Tel: 021 862 2192 sales@filmatic.com www.filmatic.com Lab-o-Mat Tel: 021 872 8747 / 083 458 3575 Sachet machines Lake Foods Tel: 011 409 5000 www.lake.co.za

Olgear Tel: 021 702 4666 www.olgear.com Packo RSA Tel: 058 852 2375 / 082 825 0796 SABS Tel: 012 428 6172 Microbiological foods examination of

Darling Creamery Tel: 022 492 2206 Deur die Drif Tel: 044 388 4710 Doornkraal Cheese Tel: 012 732 0700 Dordrecht Cheese Tel: 045 943 1794 Douglasdale Dairy Tel: 0861 782 5489 www.douglasdale.co.za Elberta Estate Cheese elberta@iafrica.com Fairview Cheese Tel: 021 863 2450 www.fairview.co.za Fisher Dairy Tel: 045 839 4705 fischer@isat.co.za Foundation Jersey Dairy Tel: 036 354 1714 Forest Hill Cheesery Tel: 021 875 5984 Foxenburg Estate Tel: 021 873 5617 Fynboshoek Cheese Tel/fax: 042 280 3879 Ganzvlei Dairy Tel: 044 383 0035 Gays Dairy Tel/fax: 023 541 1538/1274 Geluksfontein Goat Milk Tel: 014 755 4331 info@goatmilk.co.za www.goatmilk.co.za Greenways Fine Cheese Tel: 011 466 2001 greenways@global.co.za www.greenwayscheeses.co.za www.bronberorganic.co.za Grove Dairy Tel: 051 433 9038 thorn@shisas.com Highbury West Dairy Tel: 039 834 1068 highbury@futurenet.co.za Hijke Cheeses info@hijke.co.za www.hijke.co.za

Homsek Dairy Tel: 051 433 9368 homsekdairy@homsek.co.za Indezi River Cheese Company Tel/fax: 033 234 4889 Jasmyn Plaasprodukte Tel: 012 259 1183 Jersey Fresh Tel: 022 4857212 Kasselshoop Cheese Tel: 028 754 2430 Kimberley Dairies Tel: 053 833 7282 Kimilili Farm Hand Crafted Farmhouse Cheeses Tel: 023 231 1503 www.kimililifarm.co.za Klein River Cheese Tel: 028 341 0693 kleinriver@telkomsa.net La Montanara Cheese Tel: 023 615 1929 La Petite France Tel: 033 383 0010 petitefrance@telkomsa.net La Rochelle Cheese Tel: 023 356 2091 La Masseria Tel: 021 884 4940 Ladismith Cheese Company (Pty) Ltd Tel: 028 551 1613 ldskaas@cybertrade.co.za Lattaia Goats Cheese Tel: 083 535 4341 Lancewood Cheese (Pty) Ltd Tel: 044 878 1894 info@lancewood.co.za www.lancewood.co.za Marrakesh Cheese Farm Tel/fax: 033 267 7258 marrakesh@dillon.co.za Milkwood Dairy Tel: 046 653 0230 Montagu Cheeses Tel: 082 475 7188 Mont Vere Cheese Tel: 021 873 1635

Tetra Pak Tel: 011 570 3000 Natural colours, flavours and www.tetrapak.com stabiliser blends for use in dairy products. Test systems for antibiotic Complete processing and packaging and bacteriological testing. solutions Marefa Tel: 021 862 9944 www.marefa.co.za Bottle filling equipment Ultrapak Tel: 043 745 2233 ultrapak@iafrica.com Milk sachets

Dairies and Milk Processors

Agri-Best Tel: 021 439 7875 www.agri-best.com Alfalfa Melk Tel: 023 340 4117 Atys SA Tel: 021 705 1451 www.atys-group.com Bandini Cheese Tel: 011 433 2355 impactdistributors@icon.co.za Belnori Boutique Cheesery Tel: 011 964 3405 Norman Belcher 082 330 4706 belnori@intekom.co.za Bellevue Cheese Tel: 051 821 1896 Butlers Farmhouse Cheeses Tel: 044 878 1262 willie@butlerscheeses.co.za www.butlerscheeses.co.za Caledon Food & Beverage Tel: 028 212 2272 admin@caledondairy.co.za Cape Cheese Tel: 021 551 3087 info@capecheese.co.za www.capecheese.co.za Caterix Tel: 021 946 4737 www.caterix.net Chrissies Country Tel/fax: 031 781 1791 Cloud Cottage Cheese Tel: 044 752 3423 Clover SA Tel: 011 471 1400 www.clover.co.za Costas Cheese Tel: 012 370 1153 Cremona Tel: 011 413 1027 Creighton Valley Tel: 039 833 9060 crtnvalley@futurenet.co.za Dairy Belle Tel: 0800 225 115 www.dairybelle.co.za Dairy World (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 327 0416 Darleon Tel: 011 458 8000 Dalewood Fromage Tel: 021 875 5725

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Mooivallei Suiwel Tel: 023 616 3912 Morning Milk Tel: 044 878 1419 Nestl SA Tel: 011 889 6000 Oak Spring Dairy Tel: 033 263 2321 Parmalat Tel: 021 809 1400 / 0860 66 44 22 www.parmalat.co.za Pendle Hill Dairy Tel: 013 254 0073 Port Alfred Paradise Tel: 046 624 5859 Porto Bello Cheese Tel: 021 870 4000 Prikkelpot Cell: 082 523 9805 A/H Tel: 021 975 7053 Ovis Angelica Tel/fax: 051 713 7091 www.sasheepdairy.co.za Rheenendal Road Cheese Tel: 044 388 4688 GH52@mweb.co.za River Glen Cheese Tel: 033 701 1926 Silver Lily Cheese Farm Tel: 044 870 7424 / 083 444 2392 silverlily@lantic.net Simply Natural Tel: 045 969 0250 Slabbert Cheese Tel: 05772 ask 2212

Stellenbosch Cheese Tel: 021 881 3342 roulou@netactive.co.za Stormberg Cheese Tel: 051 6531412 Swissland Cheese Tel/fax: 033 234 4042 Cell: 082 418 3440 Tantinki Tel/fax: 044 279 2384 Cell: 083 340 5821 Transem Cheese Tel: 018 469 2275 Trumilk Dairy see Morning Milk Van Gaalen Kaasmakerij Tel: 012 207 1289 Weenedale Cheese Tel: 036 354 1185 websters@lantic.net Wegraak Bosch Dairy Tel/fax: 015 276 1811 Cell: 082 853 8754 Weltevreden Cheese Tel: 039 727 4018 Weltevrede Cheese Tel: 082 496 4191 Woodlands Dairy Tel: 042 200 3400 tpretorius@woodlandsdairy.co.za www.woodlandsdairy.co.za Zandam Cheese Tel: 021 976 7850 / 976 9794 zandam@kingsley.co.za Zevenwacht Wine Estate Tel: 021 903 5123 sales@zevenwacht.co.za

6. Notes on adding value to your milk

Milk is a cash crop and most people are users and cash buyers (even your neighbours!). Should you sell fresh milk or add value by producing and selling fermented products (amasi, yoghurt, cream cheese)? Producing fresh milk for your own family and neighbours where there are no nearby commercial milk farmers can earn a decent price AT RETAIL LEVEL. Bulk delivery into township spaza shops or to retailers who have a bulk-tank and can dispense to customers into their own containers is viable. But, you may be forced by health regulations in your area to pasteurize milk before selling. You also have to deliver the milk to your customers and therefore you need a vehicle and that adds to costs. Selling fresh milk to large buyers (e.g. Clover, Nestle, Parmalat) requires a certain level of production (also check you are on a collection route). And you will earn only wholesale price of around R3.00-R3.50/litre and at that price you may not be able to cover your costs. Here you compete with the larger-scale commercial farmers and prices are set accordingly.

Adding value to your milk

Should you sell fresh milk to a big buyer and get, say R3.25/litre (as at the time of writing November 2009). OR make Amasi and sell it at R6.00/litre (R12 for a 2litre Cool-drink bottle) and thats to resellers; retail will fetch even more (again after delivery costs). That is nearly doubling your turnover on the same amount of milk with relatively little extra cost of pasteurising and additives. NOW YOU CAN DEFINITELY MAKE MONEY OUT OF SMALL SCALE DAIRY. Some considerations: Keep an eye on Eskom costs in future pasteurisers chew power! There is also the cost of additives culture medium, stabiliser, flavourant (like vanilla) and yellow colouring agent. Competition from the Big boys means that making milk-powder, long-life milk and butter is not recommended, even if you cancould afford the very expensive equipment. What is needed for producing fermented products? 1. Firstly, a nearby market that will buy your product. 2. Electricity from Eskom not generated off diesel or petrol power (too expensive)! 3. A Batch Pasteuriser say big enough for 1 or 2 days milk production. 4. A warm room (for Amasi) to mature the fermented product; (or your thermostatically controlled batch pasteurizer for other products like yoghurt).
Source: Chris Challis of Axxon (Pty) Ltd, a mentor to Balimi Bonke CC. Phone 083 736 2638(Busi Zuma) for more information.

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local drying industry. Elimination of sulphur dioxide is also possible using appropriate dehydration conditions and suitable pre-treatments. Successful commercial production of mangos and pears has been realised. Read more on www.arc.agric.za. CSIR Tel: 012 841 2911 www.csir.co.za FOODBEV Tel: 011 253 7300 www.foodbev.co.za

Dried fruit
1. Overview
Dried fruit is fruit that has been dried, either naturally or through use of a machine, such as a food dehydrator. Raisins, prunes and dates are examples of popular dried fruits. Other fruits such as apples, apricots, bananas, cranberries, figs, kiwi, mangoes, papaya, peaches, pears, persimmons, pineapples, strawberries and tomatoes may also be dried. Drying preserves fruit, even in the absence of refrigeration, and significantly lengthens its shelf life. When fresh fruit is unavailable, impractical, or out of season, dried fruit can provide an alternative. It is often added to baking mixes and breakfast cereals. Both the local marketing and exporting of dried fruit are free from government intervention. However, in the case of exports, phytosanitary requirements and quality standards must be adhered to. Dried fruit is produced mainly in the Western Cape, the Southwestern Districts, Northern Cape, the Little Karoo, the Olifants River area and the Lower and Upper Orange River area. Apricots are mainly produced in the Little Karoo. Prunes are grown almost exclusively in the Tulbagh district in the Western Cape. Most raisins are produced along the Lower Orange River. Currants come from the Vredendal district. Tree fruit, as opposed to vine fruit, is dried mainly in the Western Cape and the Southwestern districts.
Source: Wikipedia; Department of Agriculture; Dried fruit Technical Services (DFTS)

Included in CSIR programmes is FOODBEV is the Sector training and demonstration in solar Education Training Authority drying and sun drying. (SETA) responsible for facilitating education and training in the food DIGIVU and beverages manufacturing DA Harcourt 082 451 0148 sector. dave@digivu.co.za www.digivu.co.za South African Plant Improvement Organisation Training, consulting (SAPO) Tel: 021 887 6823 Dried Fruit Technical Services www.saplant.co.za (DFTS) Tel: 021 870 2929 A specialist plant improvement dappies@dtd.co.za organisation owned by deciduous fruit growers through the Deciduous Short courses, farmers days and Fruit Producers Trust, the Canning technical discussions are frequently Fruit Producers Association, the organised by Dried Fruit Technical Dried Fruit Technical Services and Services. South African Table Grapes. Elsenburg Agricultural College Tel: 021 808 5111 Stellenbosch University Department of Food Science Tel: 021 808 3578 Dried Fruit is part of the Diploma voedselw@sun.ac.za at Elsenburg Agricultural College, Stellenbosch. Training covers the whole fruit production process: planting, pruning, irrigation, fertilisation pest- and disease management, harvesting, and drying of the crop.

2. Associations involved
Dried Fruit Technical Services (DFTS) Mr David Smit Tel: 021 870 2925 dappies@dtd.co.za DFTS is an umbrella association representing all dried deciduous fruit producers and dried fruit packers. It co-ordinates research and development in the dried fruit industry. Visit the website of the International Nut and Dried Fruit Council Foundation (INC) at www.nutfruit.org

5. Companies involved
Equipment
Ananeo Tel: 082 851 9347 Fax: 021 868 0637 jaap@ananeo.co.za www.ananeo.co.za Dryers for Africa Tel: 013 733 3854 www.dryersforafrica.co.za John F Marshall Tel: 011 842 7100 Fax: 011 872 1078 www.johnfmarshall.co.za

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find the Info Pak Solar drying of fruit and vegetables under the Publications menu option at www.daff.gov.za

Registered packers/marketers:
At Source (Pty) Ltd Tel: 023 313 3130 / 082 411 8777 Fax: 023 313 4898 handri@source.co.za Carpe Diem Riodor SS (Pty) Ltd Tel: 054 332 2901 / 083 324 0340 Fax: 054 332 2907 carped@lantic.net Desert Raisins Tel/fax: 054 431 1431 admin@desertraisins.com Fruits Du Sud (Pty) Ltd Tel: 054 491 1041 Fax: 054 491 1042 www.fruitsdusud.co.za Fruitworks (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 872 8327 Fax: 021 872 8324 john@fruitworks.co.za JBF Fruits (Pty) Ltd Tel: 028 572 1960 Fax: 028 572 1198 jbffruits@cybertrade.co.za

Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306 DFSQA@daff.gov.za

4. Training and research

ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Tel: 021 809 3100/446 hansmannc@arc.agric.za Training courses are given in the drying of fruit. The permissible limits on sulphur dioxide on foreign markets are continuously decreasing. The technology to produce sun-dried pears with a sulphur dioxide content of 600-800 mg/kg was developed for the

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Kalahari Raisins Tel: 054 463 0060/32 Cell: 082 411 0224 Fax: 054 463 0086 kalraisins@telkomsa.net Kambrosig Tien Tel: 021 873 2841 Fax: 021 864 2030 mfoshola@telkomsa.net Koo Drory T/A Jakkalsvlei Plase Edms Bpk, Tel/fax: 023 614 2095 koodroery@breede.co.za Little Oaks Dried Fruit Tel: 023 614 3319 Fax: 023 538 4399 littleoaks@breede.co.za Mebos Boerdery BK T/A Tulbagh Dried Fruit Tel/fax: 023 230 0960 mebos@lando.co.za Montagu Dried Fruit Tel: 023 614 2682 / 082 499 0087 Fax: 023 614 1607 / 3796 www.montagudriedfruit.co.za

The Raisin Company Tel: 054 441 0200 / 082 339 9827 Fax: 054 441 0014 SAD (Pioneer Group) Tel: 021 864 8600 Fax: 021 873 5199 nkoch@pioneerfoods.co.za www.sadfoods.co.za Tiger Food Brands Ltd Tel: 023 615 1120 Fax: 023 615 1307 Two Oceans Raisin Co Tel/fax: 054 431 0293 Cell: 072 315 8528 aar@telkomsa.net West Coast Raisins (Pty) Ltd Tel: 021 905 1709 Fax: 021 905 3211 www.wcraisins.co.za

Value add and agro-processing

Essential and vegetable oils

See also the Herbs and Spices chapter

1. Overview
An essential oil is any concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants, which are called aromatic herbs or aromatic plants. They are also known as volatile or ethereal oils, or simply as the oil of the plant material from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An oil is essential in the sense that it carries a distinctive scent, or essence, of the plant. Essential oils do not, as a group, need to have any specific chemical properties in common, beyond conveying characteristic aromas. They are extracted from flowers, grasses, stems, seeds, leaves, roots, bark, fruit, moss and tree secretions using various means including distillation, expression, extraction, enfleurage, maceration and head space technology. They are used by the flavour and fragrance industry to create, and then manufacture, flavourings for food and beverages, and perfume compounds for cosmetics, household products and fine fragrances, amongst other items. Various essential oils have been used medicinally at different periods in history. Medical applications proposed by those who sell medicinal oils range from skin treatments to remedies for cancer, and are often based on historical use of the oils for these purposes. Such claims are now subject to regulation in most countries, and have grown correspondingly more vague, to stay within these regulations. Interest in essential oils has revived in recent decades, with the popularity of aromatherapy, a branch of alternative medicine which claims that the specific aromas carried by essential oils have curative effects. Oils are volatilised or diluted in a carrier oil and used in massage, or burned as incense, for example. Carrier oil, also known as base oil or vegetable oil, is used to dilute essential oils before they are applied to the skin. They are so named because they carry the essential oil onto the skin. Carrier oils do not contain a concentrated aroma, unlike essential oils, nor do they evaporate like them. There are a range of different carrier oils each with their own individual properties and suitability towards different treatments in aromatherapy. Infused oils are a combination of a carrier oil and various herbs. True carrier oils are generally cold-pressed vegetable oils such as: sweet almond grape seed avocado olive oil sesame evening primrose sunflower jojoba oil

Others
Abba Moosa Wholesalers Tel: 031 209 1125 www.orientaldelight.co.za Ambassador Foods Tel: 013 750 1192 www.ambassadorfoods.co.za Bestnut Tel: 011 791 7467 www.acenuts.co.za Carlana Farm Products Tel: 013 114 9164 DIGIVU DA Harcourt 082 451 0148 dave@digivu.co.za www.digivu.co.za Training, consulting Komati Foods Tel: 021 448 2130 www.komatifoods.co.za Neltropica Tel: 012 323 9200 info@neltropica.co.za www.neltropica.co.za Strengthening African Food Processing Technology (SAFPP) daveharcourt@safpp.net www.safpp.net Strengthening support for the small food processing enterprise 18 000 tons of dried fruit a year. Tulbagh Dried Fruit Tel: 023 230 0960 jon@tulbaghdriedfruit.co.za

6. Local business environment

The benefits of dried fruit production include: A prolonged shelf life, and thus a longer marketing period which extends fruit availability to all year round. Reduced storage space required, which lowers transportation costs. Low or no refrigeration costs. They are peeled, cut and ready for use by the consumer. The dehydrated value is higher than fresh produce. Good compatibility with other ingredients in dry food mixtures. Prices are more stable than fresh produce prices. Our thanks to the Dried Fruit Technical Services (DFTS) for feedback on the draft chapter.

South Africa has the potential to be a major supplier of certain essential oils, such as lavender, lemon balm and rose geranium. The eucalyptus oil sector is some 70 years old and is largely self-sufficient and established. Others, like geranium, lavender and chamomile are relatively new. The Essential Oil industry is driven by two main factors: commercial farmers seeking alternative high value crops to diversify risk and increase profitability; and rural communities, Government and NGOs seeking high value crops that can be produced on a co-operative basis thereby creating jobs in economically depressed rural areas. The South African essential oils industry comprises over 100 small commercial producers of which fewer than 20% are regular producers. Most oil production is in the Limpopo and Mpumalanga regions, KwaZulu-Natal and the Western Cape.
Source: Michael Gristwood, SAAFFI; www.essential-oil.org; NEDLAC / Fridge report (details under heading 5); the Southern African Trade Directory of Indigenous Natural Products

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2. Associations involved
The Allied Health Professions Council Tel: 012 329 4001 www.ahpcsa.co.za Southern African Essential Oil Producers Association (SAEOPA) Tel: 082 785 8700 Fax: 086 668 8823 South African Association of the saeopa@gmail.com Flavour & Fragrance Industry (SAAFFI) An advisor on new, medicinal Tel/fax: 011 447 2757 plant crops and essential oils Cell: 082 940 2757 for market trends, production, Info@saaffi.co.za packaging, quality control and www.saaffi.co.za value adding. SAEOPA offers networking and a data base for SAAFFI is a Member of the plant material, nurseries, distillation International Organisation of the and marketing. Mobile distillation Flavour Industry (IOFI) and the units for the extraction of essential International Fragrance Association oils from herbaceous materials (IFRA), the two international are researched, especially for organisations that deal with many where electricity and water are aspects of Flavours and Fragrances not available. These are sized for respectively on a global level. supporting small commercial growers.

Department of Health www.doh.gov.za

CapeNature Tel: 021 659 3400 Fax: 021 659 3455 The governmental body that has www.capenature.org.za ultimate responsibility for this Find the Indigenous Essential oils countrys food laws heading later in this chapter. CSIR South African National Tel: 012 841 2911 Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) www.csir.co.za Tel: 012 843 5000 The CSIR has done work with Fax: 012 804 3211 commercial farmers and communal www.sanbi.org.za farmers. Historically, the CSIR has had the most experience with the For information regarding South essential oils sector in South Africa. African flora and biomes It retains an interest where essential oil production is undertaken by rural communities.

4. Training and research

See the chapter on herbs

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance Dr BR Ntshabele Tel: 012 319 7306 Department of Agriculture: Western Cape Directorate: Farmer Support Services Mr J Aries 021 808 5199 Mr W Burger 044 803 3713

ARC- ITSC (Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops) Rosemary Du Preez Tel: 013 753 7000/ 073 252 7675 rosedup@arc.agric.za ASNAPP South Africa (Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products) Tel: 021 808 2920 Fax: 021 808 2917 www.asnapp.org Dr Petrus Langenhoven Tel: 021 808 2965 Research done by companies (like Biomix, Biosys and Buchumoon) is company-specific. Training and agricultural advice is also provided for farmers who will be growing alternative and industrial crops for them. Find their details under Companies Involved. CSIR Tel: 012 841 3295 Vanesh Maharaj vmaharaj@csir.co.za Helena Heystek hheystek@csir.co.za Dr Marthinus Horak rmhorak@csir.co.za

Department of Agriculture (KwaZulu-Natal) Dr Maria de Figueiredo Tel: 033 355 9156 Maria.Figueiredo@kzndae.gov.za KwaZulu-Natal is characterised by a great climatic diversity enabling the growth of a variety of essential oils. Elgin Learning Foundation Tel: 021 848 9413 www.elf1.co.za Find the Essential oils on Grabouw farms information on the website. FOODBEV Tel: 011 253 7300 www.foodbev.co.za FOODBEV is the Sector Education and Training Authority (SETA) responsible for facilitating education and training in the food and beverages manufacturing sector. Find a list of accredited training providers on the website. KARWILConsultancy Willie Alberts 072 929 7080 karwil888@gmail.com Research, training is done. Agricultural advice is given for SAEOPA. They develop training materials and business plans for the industry.

OTHER
Department of Science and Technology (DST) www.dst.gov.za The Department of Science and Technology (DST) has identified essential oil production as an important priority. Its interest in the industry is largely channeled through three initiatives: The work of the CSIR (in particularly community projects, such as Giyani, Driekoppies, Badplaas and Pacaltsdorp); The work of the Institute for Natural Resources (at the University of KwaZulu-Natal University); The chemical sector incubator (Chemin) situated in Port Elizabeth. Department of Trade and Industry www.dti.gov.za Representatives of SAEOPA have attended various trade missions sponsored by Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). These trade missions are largely considered to have been successful with the prospect of orders being placed. However, in the process, SAEOPA has identified several issues that need to be addressed in order to secure market access: The need to consolidate production in order to supply sufficient quantities with consistency. The volumes are required in order to get serious international attention. The need to have basic testing facilities (e.g. Gas Chromatograph) in order to test oils and to be able to give assurances with regards to quality and characteristics.

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Pico-Gro Tel: 011 314 1029 erikao@telkomsa.net www.pico-gro.co.za

University of Fort Hare School of Agriculture and Agribusiness Tel: 040 602 2232 www.ufh.ac.za

A Complete Guide to Understanding and Using Aromatherapy for Vibrant Health & Beauty Roberta Wilson. 1995. ISBN 0-89529-627-6. This book covers the extraction of Essential oils. Essential Oil Crops EA Weiss. ISBN 0851991378 www.developmentbookshop.com three relevant publications are: Small-scale Oilseed Processing by Janet Bachmann. Basic processes involved in small-scale oilseed processing, includes a low-tech method for raw material preparation using sunflower seeds as an example; information on methods and equipment used for oil extraction; notes on clarification, packaging, and storage. The Manual Screw Press for Small-Scale Oil Extraction by Kathryn H. Potts, Keith MacHell, 1993, Intermediate Technology, ISBN 1853391980. Manual oil extraction from peanuts or other soft oilseeds can be a viable enterprise for small businesses. Describes small-scale processes of oil extraction for use in rural areas, as well as ways to market and distribute the oilcake. Small-scale Vegetable Oil Extraction by S W Head, A A Swetman, T W Hammonds, A Gordon, K H Southwell and R V Harris, Natural Resources Institute, 1994, ISBN 0 85954 387-0. Covers a basic understanding of the science and composition of oils and economic and marketing considerations, principles of oil extraction, basic oilseed processing methods, the major oil sources with specific small and intermediate technologies for each. Results from third world situations are used.

Training is done for private individuals, extension officers, University of the Free State of Microbial, emerging farmers and companies. Deptartment Biochemical & Food Biotechnology Prof JLF Kock SAAFFI, together with the Tel: 051 401 2249 University of Johannesburg, kockjl@ufs.ac.za has designed a B-Tech Diploma Course, focusing on many aspects University of Johannesburg of the Flavour and Fragrance (UJ) Industry. This post graduate 1- Food Technology Department year course aims to give graduates Tel: 011 559 6252 a fundamental overview of the dmetcalfe@uj.ac.za Flavour and Fragrance Industry in the areas of: University of Pretoria Department of Food Science creation and application of Tel: 012 420 3238 flavours and fragrances as well riette.dekock@up.ac.za as sensory aspects University of the management and marketing operations and manufacturing Witwatersrand Pharmacy and Pharmacology The course is structured in block Ms S van Vuuren format and includes lectures and Tel: 011 717 2175/57 sandy.vanvuuren@wits.ac.za practical laboratory work. SAAFFI also runs short training courses of less than one day on very specific subjects related to the work of the Flavour and Fragrance Industry. These are announced through its newsletter, details of which can be found on the website: www.saaffi.co.za Research includes the collection of data from commercial farmers Stellenbosch University in the production of geranium oils, Food Science and advice to emerging farmers in Tel: 021 808 3578 the essential oil industry. mm7@sun.ac.za Tshwane University of Technology Prof AM Viljoen Tel: 012 382 6360 viljoenam@tut.ac.za Essential Oils research: South Africa is a global epicenter for research on aromatic plants. University of Zululand Karen Swanepoel Co-ordinator of SAEOPA Researcher: Industrial and Alternative Crops Tel: 082 785 8700 saeopa@gmail.com

COMPUTER-BASED PROGRAMMES
Bizsolutions has an excellent set of interactive computer-based programmes dealing with various aspects of essential oils. These are available from bizsolutions by contacting them by email (bizsolutions@xsinet.co.za) or telephone (011 447 2757). The Encyclopaedia of Natural Raw Materials programme covers 282 Essential Oils, giving a description of each, the history, cultivation details, different names and photographs. In addition, general information such as INCI names and CAS numbers are listed. For each Essential Oil, details of the composition, physical and chemical analysis, odour description are given as well as information about the production method and yields are given. The programme has the facility to record personal notes, add photographs and to print off personalised Safety Data Sheets. The search criteria include: Latin Name, Vernacular, Country, Type of apparatus, molecule, olfactive note. The Universal Aromatherapy Encyclopaedia covers 262 Essential Oils, giving a description of each, the history, different names and photographs. The programme gives indications for the use of the essential oil in aromatherapy as well as its properties and precautions before use. For each Essential Oil, details of the composition are given. The programme has the facility to record personal notes, add photographs and to print off personalised Safety Data Sheets. The search criteria include: Botanical name, Vernacular, Synonyms, Chemotypes, Properties, Indications, Precautions and Molecules. The Encyclopaedia of Natural Raw Materials for Cosmetology covers over 200 Botanicals, giving a description of each, the history, different names and photographs. The programme gives indications for the use of the botanical as well as its properties and precautions before use. For each Botanical, details of its composition are given. The programme has the facility to record personal notes, add photographs and to print off personalised Safety Data Sheets. There is a complete section on formulating cosmetic products, in which ones own formulation can be captured. The search criteria include: Botanical name, Vernacular, Synonyms, Chemotypes, Properties, Indications, Precautions and Molecules.

5. Websites and publications

BOOKS
Call 012 842 4000 or email stoltze@arc.agric.za for the following publications, available from the ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering: Oil processing in South Africa Oil seed processing using the ram press The extraction of essential oils from herbaceous materials by steam distillation SAEOPA and KARWIL Consultancy developed Info Paks on 10 essential oil crops for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Find these under the Publications menu option on www.daff.gov.za. A planned manual on the agricultural requirements for essential oil crops to be published by SAEOPA and DAFF is still in the pipleline. Contact SAEOPA for details. The Food & Beverage Reporter often has articles of relevance for this sector: news or articles e.g. adding value to products with flavours and fragrances. The magazines contact number is 011 880 3682

WEBSITES
Visit the websites of the associations and companies mentioned in this chapter e.g. www.saaffi.co.za. Find the NEDLAC / Fridge report at www.nedlac.org.za/research/ fridge/aroma/part4/current.pdf. www.scienceinafrica.co.za Africas first on-line Science magazine occasionally covers essential and other oils. www.aromaforum.co.za for those interested or involved in aromatherapy in South Africa or beyond. We are invited to write to them at info@aromaforum.co.za

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Find the websites listed under the International Business Environment heading. International Trade Centre (ITC), the Development partner for export success www.intracen.org National Association of Fruits, Flavours & Syrups, Inc. (USA) www. naffs.org The Public Ledger www.public-ledger.com This is a commodity priced service. Some oils (but not all) are included. Find the essential oils links at www.perfumflavor.com The website of Leffingwell & Associates services and software for the perfume, flavour, food and beverage industries can be found at www.leffingwell.com American Botanical Council, your source for reliable herbal medicine information www.herbalgram.org The New Crop Resource Online Programme at Purdue University www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ HealthWorld Online www.healthy.net The Kevala Centre www.kevala.co.uk A range of holistic courses are offered. Regulations on natural products and on essential oils are updated regularly and have an impact on the marketing procedure. Information on requirements needs to be sourced before production starts to be able to market and provide trade opportunities Find the various entries when you do a New Use Agricultural and Natural Products Products Program (NUANPP) web search. Natural Coconut Oil Site Coconut-info: A good site discussing the products and uses of one of the top 10 most useful trees in the world: the Coconut Cocos nucifera. www.coconut-info.com Sesame oil. Why Sesame seed oil is known as the queen of oils. www. youthingstrategies.com

Biosys Plant Extracts (Pty) Ltd BPE trades and transfers technology. BPE Tel: 012 841 4616 www.biosys.co.za Buchu Moon Tel/fax: 021 864 www.buchumoon.com Burpak Da Gama Avocado Oils Tel: 013 750 0055 Busby Essential Oils Tel: 033 212 9045 Nursery and production advice to all interested producers. Avocado and macadamia oils

Pure, natural eucalyptus oil and Dives oil since 1970. Twice honoured by winning the State Presidents Merit Award for Export Achievement. This is a joint venture between HerbsAplenty and four commercial farmers. Chemin has successfully piloted an essential oil project in the Oliver Tambo Municipal area in conjunction with the local authority. Suppliers of flavours and flavour ingredients to the food industry

Cape Essential Oil Services Tel: 082 338 8292 www.cape-eos.co.za Chemin Tel: 041 503 6700 www.chemin.co.za Chemimpo SA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 293 2000 dawie@chemimpo.co.za

6. Companies involved
Find the list of SAAFFI members on www.saaffi.co.za, some of who are included below: AFRIPLEX Tel: 021 8724976 www.afriplex.co.za Alternative African Energy Tel: 084 941 3993 www.aae.co.za Amathole Economic Development Agency Tel: 043 721 2070 Aromatech Flavours CC Tel: 011 452 1760 byron@icon.co.za ASNAPP Tel: 021 808 2922 www.asnapp.org Manufacturer of natural products

Essential oil farming and production

Co-funders with the ECDC of the Essential Oil Project of Hogsback Manufacturer of snack food seasonings

Products include herbal teas, culinary herbs and spices, essential and press oils. Numerous ASNAPP contact details across Southern Africa can be found on their website.

Belmay South Africa Tel: 011 314 0914 Bidfood Technologies (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 201 9100 BioAfrica Tel: 012 342 3118 www.bioafrica.co.za Bioflora Tel: 012 348 2367 bioflora@lantic.net Biomox Pharmaceuticals (Pty) Ltd Tel: 012 804 www.biomox.com Raw material and spice supplier to the food industry Predominantly a national agricultural consultancy to farmers and communities. It has its own distillation facilities and a network of international buyers. Bioflora distributes Carotino Cooking Oil, a cholesterol free food oil. Research and development of new products, specialising in vitamin, mineral and amino acid combinations in natural products in collaboration with farmers.

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Claman (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 791 2640 clarissa@iafrica.com Clive Teubes (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 793 1207 teubes@global.co.za Coca Cola Southern and East Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 644 0666 kvokes@afr.ko.com Cranbrook Flavours CC Tel: 011 398 6000 www.cranbrookflavours.com Creative Flavors International (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 760 1830 www.creativeflavors.co.za Deli Spices Tel: 021 505 2000 www.delispices.co.za Dunmustard Distributors Tel: 031 701 7734 mustard@mweb.co.za Eastern Cape Development Corporation (ECDC) Tel: 043 704 5600 www.ecdc.co.za Emerald Acres Tel: 082 495 0405 emeraldacres@lantic.net Essential Oils cc Tel: 012 361 2112 www.essentialoils.co.za Firmenich (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 653 0700 www.firmenich.com FlavourCraft (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 719 0618 ryanp@fcraft.co.za Foodspec Co (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 793 1333 www.foodspec.co.za Gauteng Economic Development Agency (GEDA) Tel: 011 833 8750 Mudunwazi@geda.co.za Givaudan South Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 406 8700 www.givaudan.com

Marketing/sales of Robertet Fragrances to the cosmetic, toiletry and household industries Manufacturer of raw materials for the flavour and fragrance industry Manufacturer of soft drink concentrates

International Flavors & Fragrances (SA)(Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 922 8800 www.iff.com Invest North West Tel: 014 594 2570 www.inw.org.za Jannderee (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 974 7822 chrisy@jannderee.com John F Marshall Tel: 011 842 7100 www.johnfmarshall.co.za Kalahari Grape Seed Oil Tel: 054 332 2382 Fax: 054 331 1467 Khutso Foundation Tel: 083 302 3988 Maccallum & Associates SA (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 234 8470 Fax: 011 234 8474

Manufacturer of flavours and fragrances to industry

Devils Claw is identified as a planting, harvesting and processing opportunity. Manufacturer of flavours for the food and drink Industries Equipment: cold press oil extraction systems Producer of cold pressed grape seed oil and other grape seed products Supplying local and international markets with natural African health foods, essential oils and essences. Importer of ingredients for the food industry (including Ajinomoto flavour enhancers)

Manufacturer of flavours for the food industry Manufacturer of flavours for the food and drink industries

Supplier of food ingredients to the food industry Co-funders of the Essential Oil Project of Hogsback

McCormick South Africa (Pty) Manufacturer of flavours for the food Ltd industry Tel: 011 315 6530 Fax: 011 315 6538 Millbrook Distribution Tel: 016 366 7014 Tel: 034 952 1615 www.millbrook.co.za Molo Africa Tel: 021 883 8064 www.moloafrica.com Morgenster Estate Tel: 021 852 1738 www.morgenster.co.za. Mystic Mountain Tel: 083 953 8010 www.puressentialoils.co.za Naturoba Skincare Tel: 011 705 1607 Cell: 082 927 9629 Parceval Pharmaceuticals Tel: 021 873 3895 www.parceval.co.za Pico-Gro Tel: 011 314 1029 erikao@telkomsa.net www.pico-gro.co.za Ruah Tel: 018 451 0033 www.ruah.co.za Sensetek CC Tel: 011 607 4944 mikec@sensetek.biz Sensient Colors South Africa (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 462 7150 dershanaj@sa-sensient.co.za Sharon Bolel Chemical Marketing Tel: 011 454 5400/1 www.sharonbolel.co.za Suppliers of essential fatty acids and cold pressed oils, including virgin coconut oil

Producer exporter

A web-based business dealing in pure, unadulterated essential oils Manufacturer of flavours and fragrances to industry Manufacturer and distributor of food flavourings & food products Supplier of food Ingredients and food manufacturing equipment GEDA is working with partners to facilitate funding for previously disadvantaged individuals identified for participation. Marketing/sales of fragrances to industry flavours and

The farming of essential and base oil crops and the production of oils. The Morgenster Extra Virgin Olive Oil is gently cold pressed, entirely natural, contains no additives or preservatives and is neither filtered nor refined. Producer

Jojoba skincare products, made from South African pure Jojoba nut Manufacturer of herbal, homeopathic and natural medicines Bulk herbs and essential oil production

Goedgedacht Trust A high quality extra virgin olive oil is Tel: 022 482 4369 marketed. www.goedgedachttrust.org.za Grassroots Group Tel: 023 232 0506 Fax: 023 232 0429 Icy Herbs Tel: 051 943 0317 www.icyherbs.co.za Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) Food, Beverages & Agro Industries Tel: 0860 693 888 www.idc.co.za Indigenous essential oils, medicinal plants and dried fruit Grow, freeze and export herbs

Producer and Manufacturer of range of essential oil Products Supplier of fragrance oils and natural essential oils from Charabot Importer and supplier of colouring for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical Industries Supplier of raw materials to the flavour, fragrance, cosmetic, food and pharma industries

The IDC has identified the essential oil industry as significant contributor to job creating, higher value agriculture.

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SOIL Tel: 031 201 2778 www.soil.co.za Sunspray Food Ingredients (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 474 2490 www.sunspray.co.za Symrise (Pty) Ltd Tel: 011 921 5911 www.symrise.com Talborne Organics Tel: 011 954 5763 www.talborne.co.za The Lavender Company Tel/fax: 033 234 4741 Cell: 082 825 9243

Organic production of essential oils

9. Indigenous essential oils

Rural communities often wild harvest indigenous plants, either on their own land or that of a commercial farmer. The exploitation of this indigenous plant material holds some interest for rural development, and a number of new cultivation projects are underway, with the aim of ensuring long term sustainability of these industries and enabling rural communities to create wealth from indigenous knowledge. Prominent companies involved are Grassroots Natural Products and Cape Nature (Buchu cultivation). Other promising indigenous oils are: Artemisia afra. Leonotis leonurus, Eriocephalus sp., Lippia sp., Salvia sp.,Helichrysum sp., Cymbopogon validus, Coleonema sp., Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Arthrixia sp. For more information on the market trends contact saeopa@gmail.com

Manufacturer of Spray Dried Food ingredients

Manufacturer of savoury and sweet flavours; supplier of oleoresins, fragrances and cosmetic Involved in ARC and CSIR herbs for essential oils and employment projects Producer and manufacturer of range of essential oil products

7. Local business environment

Typical uses of essential oils: homeopathic remedies sweets aromatherapy pharmaceuticals perfumery non-toxic insecticides stain removers cleaning materials

10. Other vegetable oils

Essential oils evaporate or volatise when in contact with air, and they usually possess a strong aroma. In this way they are different to fatty vegetable oils (e.g. sunflower or canola). For roleplayers in oilseed crops (e.g. the Oil & Protein Seed Development Trust), refer to the Grain and Oilseeds chapter.

A wide range of producers grow essential oil crops farmers both commercial and emerging; farmers looking for alternative crops; cooperative farmers; community projects; and the cottage industry. The technologies for extracting and distilling the oils are reasonably easy to access and operate. One of the most important aspects is marketing intelligence before planting, find out what the buyer wants in terms of quality and quantity. This determines what to plant, how much and also what type of distillation is going to be used. This is a growing market, but it can be a risky business if all aspects of the market requirement are not taken into account.

8. International business environment

International Organisation of the Flavour Industry (IOFI) www.iofi. org The International Fragrance Association (IFRA) www.ifraorg.org International Federation of Essential Oils and Aroma Trades (IFEAT) www.ifeat.org.uk Globally the essential oils industry is valued at around $10-billion (R68bn). The primary market for essential oils is the flavour and fragrance industry, which supplies manufacturers of soft drinks, food, cosmetics, toiletries and perfumes with the tastes and smells these products use. These commercial markets require reliable supplies of consistent high quality price competitive products. The United States is the single largest user and importer. China, Iran and the US are the largest producers. In the total world market, Africa share is less than 1%. The United States of America imported 42 million dollars worth essential oils from Sub-Saharan countries between 1996 and 2005 (FAS, USDA, 2005). This shows that there is great potential for African essential oils provided the growers can meet both quality and quantity restrictions expected by the regional and world essential markets. Essential Oils qualify for duty free access under the AGOA Act to the USA. Some growers warn that it is a difficult market to break into.
Source: Buffalo City Info; A presentation at an ASNAPP conference in Cape Town 2006 - Ramu Govindasamy and Venkata Puduri; Rutgers University, USA; Robin Learmonth

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Grape Seed Oil

Oil from grape seeds discarded by grape producers is a possible niche market. Similar to olive oil, the product boasts many regenerative and health-boosting properties. Cheaper grape seed oil is imported from Europe but this is refined oil, not cold pressed and doesnt have the same health benefits. The farming operation at 054 332 2382 has been involved with this sort of operation. Add value: powdering the dried seeds by putting them through a hammer mill and package them in 150g sachets for the treatment of gout.

10. Emerging farmer information

Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products (ASNAPP) Tel: 021 808 2918 info@asnapp.org www.asnapp.org ASNAPP is a non-profit organisation that helps create and develop successful African agribusinesses in the natural plant products sector. The sector is ripe with opportunity for emerging entrepreneurs and small-scale suppliers across the continent, given Africas vast botanical heritage and growing global demand for natural and organic products. The ASNAPP team operates in five countries, namely South Africa, Ghana, Rwanda, Senegal and Zambia, working with 25 agri-enterprises that represent more than 2 000 small-scale natural plant suppliers. The social and economic impact of these activities is significant, considering that each producer supports on average a family of six. BioAfrica Tel: 016 342 3118 / 082 534 4807 www.bioafrica.co.za BioAfrica works with farmers and communities who have sufficient land to grow, harvest and produce sufficient essential oil. Farmers pay a price for every ha planted by BioAfrica. This includes the full service package (right mix and varieties of seed, the correct planting equipment, the right soil food advice and other mentoring to make the farmers succeed). BioAfrica has the market for essential oils and so takes responsibility for the distribution, transportation and sales of finished products. Find Biomox Pharmaceuticals and Buchu Moon under heading 6 CSIR Tel: 012 841 3295 Fax: 012 349 1153 The CSIR are involved in projects, especially when this involves rural development projects e.g. Giyani in the Limpopo Province, where Lippia and Geranium are grown. Find Gauteng Economic Development Agency (GEDA) under heading 6. Read about the farmworker programme run by the Goedgedacht Trust at www.goedgedachttrust.org.za. KARWIL Consultancy Willie Alberts 072 929 7080 Research and training on essential oil, medicinal plant and industrial crops and agricultural advice for SAEOPA. Developer of training materials. Developing business plans for the industry. Winrock International Tel: 035 450 3110 Essential Oils Project Steven Jacobson 076 515 4955 sjacobson@winrock.org They train and mentor farmers, and link them to marketers and processors. Their aim is to establish a feasible value chain in KwaZulu-Natal. Our thanks to Michael Gristwood (SAAFFI) and Karen Swanepoel (SAEOPA) who provided feedback on the draft chapter.

Marula Oil
Virgin marula oil is extracted from the fresh raw seeds in a natural pressing and filtration process. For years, women in the rural areas of Africa have cracked the nut of the marula fruit to extract the precious kernels from which the oil is made. Traditional uses include putting baked nuts into foods as a spice, over meat as a natural preservative, and in using oil from the kernels to soften the skin. Contact the Marula Natural Products (MNP) administration regarding opportunities to grow with them. Email: mnp@lantic.net

Olive Oil
Contact SA Olives to find out about opportunities in this area. Call 021 870 2900 or visit www.saolive.co.za. All the notes you could want about growing olives are on this website. The Member of SA Olive seal guarantees accurate labelling as extra virgin olive oil and that the product complies with international guidelines as stipulated in the SA Olive Code of Conduct. The producer must submit samples of her oil to an accredited laboratory for chemical analysis and to the SA Olive organoleptic panel for tasting to confirm the absence of defects. Websites include: www.olivessouthafrica.com Your one stop webpage for top South African Olives, Extra Virgin Olive Oil [etc] www.olivesource.com Olive oil information and products www.olivematters.com www.olivebusiness.com www.internationaloliveoil.org International Olive Oil Council Research and training ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Mr Carlo Costa Tel: 021 809 3100 costac@arc.agric.za www.arc.agric.za Elsenburg Training Centre Mr F Marais Tel: 021 808 5329

Citrus Oil
Citrus oils are produced as a by-product of the citrus fruit and fresh fruit juice market. South Africa is a net exporter of lemon oils (as it is of fresh fruit). The main producers are Associated Fruit Producers, Valor Co-op, Granor Passi, Onderberg Verwerkings Co-op, Magalies Co-op and Letaba Co-op. A large portion of production is purchased by Teubes for further processing and fractionation, the rest is exported. The citrus flavours generally are used in the softdrink industry, for example, Coca Cola. Besides beverages and confectionery, Lemon oil is also used in fragrances, where it provides a top note. For more information on citrus oil, contact Clive Teubes at 011 793 1207 or cliveteubes@global.com, Karen Swanepoel at 082 785 8700 or saeopa@gmail.com, or one of the roleplayers mentioned above.

Other cold pressed oils

Avocado, Macadamia, Grapeseed and Baobab oil are also produced in South Africa. Information on cultivation, markets and roleplayers is available at saeopa@gmail.com or contact Karen at 082 785 8700.

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Value add and agro-processing

Find the Glossary & Definitions menu option at www.foodsafetyinitiative. co.za (website of the Consumer Goods Council of South Africas Food Safety Initiative). The terms and explanations below are taken from here. GAP Good Agricultural Practices are practices on farms which define the essential elements for the development of best practice for production, incorporating integrated crop management, integrated pest management and integrated agricultural hygiene. GHP Good Hygiene Practices include all practices regarding the conditions and measures necessary to ensure the safety and suitability of food at all stages of the food chain, including primary production, facility design, operational control, maintenance, personal hygiene, transport, consumer complaints, product information and training (Codex). GLP Good Laboratory Practices refers to a quality system concerned with the organisational process and the conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, archived and reported (OECD). GMP Good Manufacturing Practices are that combination of manufacturing and quality control procedures aimed at ensuring that food products are consistency manufactured to their specifications (IFST). Limited to such a maximum level that the product concerned will not be deleteriously affected or its compliance with legal requirements disturbed (Department of Health).
See also at www.freshquality.org

Food safety and traceability

1. Overview
Food is a dynamic substance which changes with time and through exposure to different temperatures, storage conditions and processing methods. Food safety is a scientific discipline describing the production, harvesting, handling, processing, preparation and storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne illness. This includes a number of procedures and practices that should be followed to avoid potentially severe health hazards. Food can transmit disease to humans as well as serve as a growth medium for bacteria that can cause food poisoning. Traceability is the ability to identify the past or current location of an item, as well as to know the items history. Increasingly, this is an aspect in Food Safety matters that cannot be ignored. See heading 2 for more. If we wish to be internationally competitive, exporters of food and beverages must be aware of and implement the numerous protocols, systems and standards.

2. Traceability
GlobalGAP
Find the standard documents on www.globalgap.org. The GlobalGAP standard is primarily designed to reassure consumers about how food is produced on the farm by minimising detrimental environmental impacts of farming operations, reducing the use of chemical inputs and ensuring a responsible approach to worker health and safety as well as animal welfare. Traceability helps to identify the source of products and their ingredients, to identify the processes conducted, to assure compliance with food safety standards, and to affirm the authenticity of a product and claims made about it. When something goes wrong, the information recorded for traceability purposes can help to locate and prevent further distribution of products that may be affected, and if necessary support withdrawals. A traceability system is defined as the totality of data and operations that is capable of maintaining desired information about a product and its components through all or part of its production and utilisation chain (ISO22005:2007; SANS22005:2009). Implementing traceability requires supply chain participants to link the physical flow of materials and products with information about locations, parties and processes. This requires each party to keep vital records. Vital records are the minimum records required to achieve a particular outcome. The following actions are required in order to achieve traceability: Identify and record the food and its components. Identify and record relevant locations and parties. Identify and record treatments and processes. Record movements of products, one-step-back and one-stepforwards, in other words what exactly was received from whom, and what exactly was sent to whom. Record changes of constitution of products, such as breaking or building a pallet. Record transformations of products, for example on-site processing. Link the inputs to the outputs, taking account of constitutional changes and transformations. When needed, recreate what happened from records. View the whole supply chain (which is the greatest challenge). Food safety data requirements and records differ at places from those for organic products, fair trade and carbon footprint. Typical uses for traceability: provides a foundation for vital data records; determines the origin of a product; gives evidence of compliance to requirements of regulations, agreements and standards; authenticates claims made about a product, such as Organic and Fairtrade; satisfies consumer demands for information on production conditions; reports on, locates and manages products that might have a problem.

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)

Find guidelines on www.fao.org. HACCP is a food safety management system that is based on proactivity and prevention, and is therefore seen as the management of product safety to prevent food poisoning incidents. It can be used to ensure quality, and goes a long way to ensuring food safety. There are control points and critical control points (CCP). The CCP is any point at which a hazard can be prevented, reduced or eliminated in a food process.

The Codex Alimentarius

Find these documents on www.fao.org. This is a collection of international set of standards, guidelines and codes of practice. Each country has the right to set stricter standards and/or regulations than Codex guidelines, under the WTO SPS agreement, provided that that country can scientifically prove why their regulations are stricter (otherwise these can be seen as an artificial barrier to trade). These food standards aim to protect consumers health and ensure fair practices in the food trade. The Codex Alimentarius includes standards for all the principle foods, whether processed, semi-processed or raw, for distribution to the consumer.

GS1 Standards
Find out more at www.gs1za.org. The GSI Standards identify locations, trade items and logistics units. The GS1 South Africa User Manual, the Global User Manual and the GS1 General Specifications can be ordered from GS1 South Africa. Contact them at 011 789 5777 or write to gs1-info@gs1za.org

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Traceability vital records enable us to recreate the production, processing and distribution of a food or feed product, and associate a specific product with others that shared its experiences or which it met in its journey on and from farm to fork. Traceability systems enable this to happen quickly and efficiently. The details to be recorded would depend on the reason for having traceability - food safety data requirements and records would differ from those for organic products, fair trade and carbon footprint; however, all could apply to the same product across its production and supply chains. The South African government has created a regulatory framework and related instruments for food safety and traceability. The Departments of Health and Agriculture have responsibilities relating to safety of food locally and with regard to meeting requirements of international markets. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Inspection Services ensures compliance with phytosanitary agreements. Government assignees assure compliance of products in different sectors, e.g. the Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) is responsible for assuring that exports of fresh and processed products of plant origin meet the requirements of the South African Agricultural Products Standards Act [Act 119 of 1990]. Similarly, the South African Bureau of Standards assures that fish products comply with regulations, and the Wine & Spirits Board assures compliance of wine and spirits processes and products. The national Food Safety Forum is chaired by the DAFF Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance. The Forum publishes hazard profiles, and food safety checklists and compliance criteria for different types of food business operators. Separate operating procedures and guidelines may be provided, e.g. for residue sampling and traceability. PPECB inspectors use the checklists during food safety export compliance audits. A Food Safety Forum Technical Working Group updates the documents from time to time. Further documents are under review or in the process of being prepared. The documents are available under the food safety section on the DAFF website: www.daff.gov.za Companies handling products of plant origin that are destined for export markets are required to register with DAFF as Food Business Operators. Producers who supply local fresh produce markets will in future also register as Food Business Operators. (Find contact details in the general agro-processing chapter of this directory, or look under the Divisions option at www.daff.gov.za). A Food Business Operator must adhere to good handling practices and traceability, keep adequate records and be able to withdraw implicated products from the market should there be a serious problem. An approach to responding to product alerts, withdrawals and recalls is provided in the Traceability Standard Operating Guideline published on the DAFF website. Larger South African retailers are adopting international trade standards or/and defining their own standards. This has a domino effect back up the fresh produce chain, and producers and processors who are unable to provide evidence of adhering to good practises may be locked out of storage and processing facilities. The ability to show evidence of due diligence and compliance with a standard would depend on the records available about a specific product or process at each point in the chain.
Source: Gwynne Foster g.foster@mweb.co.za

The Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) Tel: 021 930 1134 www.ppecb.com PPECB was mandated by the Department of Agriculture, under the Agricultural Products Standards Act (Act 119 of 1990), to ensure compliance with the food safety standard, by conducting food safety audits on all registered FBOs (Food Business Operators). Assessors are stationed across the country and delivers inspection services on 200 product types at more that 1500 locations. PPECB also audits the use of legislated pesticides on a regular basis, according to an MRL Standard Operating Procedure. This forms part of the risk based approach of the total PPECB mandated function.

OTHER:
Department of Health (DoH) Directorate: Food Control Tel: 012 312 3180 www.doh.gov.za/department/dir_ foodcontr.html For the purposes of its regulatory activities, the Directorate is advised by the Food Legislative Advisory Group (FLAG). This non-statutory body is composed of representatives of academic and research institutions, the food industry, consumer and professional organisations, other government departments and provincial health authorities. Find the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act of 1972 on the website. Department of Science and Technology Tel: 012 841 4331 contact@esastap.org.za www.esastap.org.za Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Tel: 012 394 9500 www.dti.gov.za

4. Roleplayers
ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI) Tel: 012 808 8000 Many of the institutes core activities relate to food safety in some way, sometimes less obviously and indirectly. A number of examples, in no order of significance, are listed below. The development of ecologically sound rodent control strategies are directed at protecting food supplies, not only against direct damage by rodents, but also to protect humans against diseases they carry. Biological pest control has many advantages, one of which is a reduced reliance upon chemical pesticides, leading to less risk of direct poisoning of consumers and less risk to the environment, the latter becoming an issue when crops are planted in contaminated soils, for example. The control of alien invasive plants impacts on food safety, albeit indirectly. For example - leaves and seeds of some of the plants are poisonous and therefore a threat to livestock; - biological control reduces the use of herbicides and concomitant pollution of the environment, including dams and rivers w here the effects of pollutants may be immediate. Pesticides, when incorrectly used, have a profound effect on food safety through direct contamination and environmental pollution. Our research and training (of pest control agencies and farmers) promote sensible pesticide use. Under The Poverty Relief Programme of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) rural communities are guided in the production of oyster mushrooms to diversify and add to their food base. Quality control in the production process is imperative to prevent contamination with poisonous species. Advice is provided on a continuous basis to the Registrar, Act 36 of 1947 (Fertilisers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies And Stock Remedies Act), on the use and suitability of pesticides for use in particular circumstances.

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Directorate: Agricultural Product Inspection Services Tel: 012 319 6535/ 6100 Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 6004 / 7306 DFSQA@daff.gov.za Directorate: Animal Health Tel: 012 319 7456 Directorate: Plant Health Tel: 012 319 6539 / 505 DPH@daff.gov.za

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Some AgriSETA accredited trainers provide courses in the area of food safety. Find details of these providers in the Agricultural Education and Training chapter. Association of Dietetics of South Africa Tel: 011 789 6621 www.adsa.org.za Bemlab cc Tel: 021 853 1490 Business Quality Solutions Tel: 082 892 8010 / 083 230 6029 bqs@polka.co.za Consulting and training is offered. Cape Peninsular University of Technology (CPUT) Food Technology Tel: 021 959 6276 Consulting Microbiological Laboratory Tel: 011 425 3775 www.cmlabs.co.za Consumer Goods Council of South Africa CGCSA Food Safety Initiative Dr LE Anelich Tel: 0861 242 000 fiona.vanderlinde@gs1za.org www.foodsafetyinitiative.co.za

Courses offered include introductory HACCP and Basic Food Hygiene. Control Union SA Tel: 031 262 5965 Tel: 035 788 0945 www.controlunion.com GlobalGAP certification inspection and

FarmVision Tel/fax: 042 296 0818 lventer@farmvision.co.za www.farmvision.co.za Quality Management Consultancy FoodBev SETA Tel: 011 253 7300 www.foodbev.co.za FoodBev is the Sector Education and Training Authority (SETA) responsible for facilitating education and training in the food and beverages manufacturing sector. FoodNCropBio Wilna Jansen van Rijssen Tel: 012 347 4257 Cell: 083 379 2111 wilnajvr@telkomsa.net Food safety legislation; GMO legislation; Registration of chemical pesticides; Toxicology; Food irradiation; Codex Alimentarius issues; Mycotoxins; Presentations and workshops. Established as a section 21 Company not for gain in January 2002, it carries out quality testing of milk (e.g. whether water or Soya has been added).

GlobalGAP Africa Dr Elm Coetzer Tel/fax: 012 991 5139 Tel: 012 332 0696 Cell: 082 662 8105 coetzer@globalgap.org GS1 South Africa Tel: 011 789 5777 www.gs1za.org HACCP Academy Tel: 076 897 0161 / 082 883 2103 www.haccpacademy.co.za International Meat Quality Assurance Scheme (IMQAS) Tel: 012 349 1237 IMQAS is the first company in Southern Africa to service all the hygiene and quality needs of the meat industry on a completely independent basis. The services are offered from the primary producers, through the abattoirs and processing establishments to the retail outlets. Koue Bokkeveld Training Centre Tel: 023 317 0983 MBB Services International Tel: 021 887 1026 www.mbb.co.za

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Food and Beverage Analysis Tel: 021 658 2766 amunian@csir.co.za Dairy Standards Agency (DSA) Tel: 012 804 0818 www.dairystandard.co.za Control and Dairy Science: SO 9000 consultation and auditing; GlobalGAP consultation auditing; HACCP consultation auditing; HACCP training; Quality Control (consulting; and auditing; training); Dairy Science. DFM Software Solutions Tel: 021 904 1154 www.dfmsoftware.co.za Elgin Learning Foundation Tel: 021 848 9413 www.elf1.co.za

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Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) Tel: 021 930 1134 www.ppecb.com PPECB has been involved in the export of perishable products for over 80 years, certifying the product quality and food safety of South African fruit and other perishable products. PPECB ensures that Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), and Good Distribution Practices (GDP) combined with product quality and traceability guarantees consumer confidence all over the world. The PPECB programme for training and technical support also provides training and consultation programmes to facilitate growers and other operators in the supply chain to comply with food safety standards. Product Control for Agriculture (Prokon) Tel: 012 325 4579 South African National Accreditation System (SANAS) Tel: 012 394 3760 Some Provincial Departments of www.sanas.co.za Agriculture provide short courses on health and Food Safety e.g. South African National the KwaZulu-Natal Department Consumer Union (SANCU) of Agriculture and Environmental Tel: 012 428 7122 Affairs, who can be contacted at sancu@mweb.co.za www.sancu.co.za 033 355 9444/5. SANCU aims to build up consumers awareness of their rights, responsibilities and bargaining powers through education, information and protection. Details Training includes GAP and of the provincial branches may be certification procedures, food safety, found on their website. quality standards, Phytosanitary requirements/MRLs, and packaging South African Quality Institute (SAQI) and packaging requirements. Tel: 012 349 5006 www.saqi.co.za South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) SAQI helps organisations to Elaine Smith 012 428 6896 evaluate and develop their quality smithes@sabs.co.za infrastructure, train their people, www.sabs.co.za participate in key quality events. A diverse range of services for thirdparty certification and testing for Southern African Auditor & food safety assurance are offered: Training Association (SAATCA) GlobalGAP , HACCP , British Retail Tel: 012 349 1008 Consortium (BRC) and ISO 22000 www.saatca.co.za together with management system certification to ISO 9001 and Southern Africa Fresh Produce ISO14000. In addition, laboratory Traceability Project (SA FPTP) Gwynne Foster services cover all relevant testing Tel: 082 578 4201 of foods and feedstuffs and include g.foster@mweb.co.za pesticide and veterinary residue testing; constituent, nutrient and SA FPTP activities focus on supply contaminant testing; microbiological chain facilitation, information testing; and pesticide efficacy and projects and enabling smallapplication trials. All services are scale agri-businesses to meet the accredited by the SA National requirements for traceability and Accreditation System (SANAS) vital records. which provides for international acceptance of certification and test SGS South Africa (Pty) Ltd services. Tel: 011 680 3466 www.sgs.com South African Institute for Entrepreneurship (SAIE) GLOBALGAP , HACCP , BRC training Rob Stead or Robin Coxson and certification Tel: 021 447 2023 www.entrepreneurship.co.za SA AgriAcademy Tel: 021 880 1276 info@agriacademy.co.za www.agriacademy.co.za

Stellenbosch University Department of Food Science Tel: 021 808 3578 voedselw@sun.ac.za

University of Pretoria Department of Consumer Science Tel: 012 420 2853

Department of Food Sciences Introductory HACCP training is Tel: 012 420 3239 also offered. Contact Prof Louw Van der Linde, Des Hoffman at 021 808 4747. Tel: 012 654 4716 Swift Micro Laboratories Biological, chemical and physical Tel: 021 683 8436 www.swift.co.za properties of pesticides for local and overseas registration. He helps Microbiological testing; HACCP farmers get their systems in place and hygiene-related training (GlobalGAP etc). University of the Free State Von Holy Consulting Department of Microbial, Tel: 083 267 6004 Biochemical & Food Biotechnology www.vonholyconsulting.com Tel: 051 401 2692 hugocj@ufs.ac.za

5. Websites and publications

Find the different food safety Info Paks at www.daff.gov.za/ publications. Idiots guide to HACCP, available on CD, is a step by step Excel computer programme which will guide the inexperienced to conducting a hazard analysis, determining fool proof critical control points, establishing critical limits, a monitoring system, corrective actions where required, with verification procedures and finally tailor made hands on documentation. A user manual that explains the rationale of HACCP and how to use the HACCP program to best is included. For further information please contact: Eugene Cloete. Call 012 420 3265 or email eugene.cloete@up.ac.za The Food Safety Network (FSN) www.thefoodsafetynetwork.co.za. The objective of FSN is to create a user-friendly, one-stop directory and networking website that will provide broad-based food safety information. Global Food Traceability Forum (GFTF) www.gftf.org World Organisation for Animal Health www.oie.int Find the Food Safety menu option. Farmers should begin to implement livestock marking systems as global trade barriers diminish. Exporters in particular need to make investments in identification and traceability systems. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety the notes on Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. www.wto.org find the Sanitary and phytosanitary measures (i.e. food safety and related issues) menu option. www.africa-observer.info and www.globalgap.org GLOBALGAP standards www.fao.org Find the excellent HACCP guidelines including Obstacles to the Application of HACCP , Particularly in Small and Less Developed Businesses (SLBDs) and Approaches to Overcome Them. www.usda.gov find the Food and nutrition menu option. www.fsis.usda.gov the USA Department of Agricultures Food Safety and Inspection Service www.icrisat.org International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). Research included improved storage techniques to avoid serious contaminations. www.brc.org.uk British Retail Consortium, for successful and responsible retailing The European Union Food Safety pages http://ec.europa.eu/food. The European Commission Food and Veterinary Office (EC FVO) audits compliance to food safety issues. The role of EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) is to assess and communicate on all risks associated with the food chain. See www.efsa.europa.eu. International Association for Food Protection www.foodprotection. org www.au-appo.org Inter-African Phytosanitary Council International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF) www.icmsf.iit.edu Find the food safety option at www.sapoultry.co.za. www.coleacp.org/en/pip/11784-homepage Quality & conformity in fruit and vegetables www.identigen.com This company, active in Ireland and North America, uses a DNA-based system for accurate traceability back to the farm where the animals were raised.

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6. Emerging farmer news

With experience and through mentoring and partnerships with established farmers, the sector is maturing and emerging farmers are producing good quality products. There are few favours in business, and in order to qualify for long-term contracts and access to competitive supply chains and lucrative markets, these farmers must demonstrate that they are consistent and reliable suppliers, and meet the necessary record keeping and certification requirements. The latter is an enormous challenge since meeting requirements of food safety and traceability records is beyond the capacity of the average small-scale farmer. Discussions between members of the Koekedouw Emerging Farmers Association and the South African Fresh Produce Traceability Project on how to approach traceability and vital records led to the idea of developing a community-based traceability services centre that would drive the traceability programmes for Koekedouw farm businesses and products. Koekedouw, located near Ceres in the Western Cape, comprises 12 farms that vary in size from 6 hectares to 180 hectares. The farms mainly grow fruit, vegetables, fodder crops and aromatic plants for extraction of oils. Some farms have livestock. Several farmers have been overseas, and the group appreciates the importance of food safety and traceability. The following principles were adopted for the Koekedouw traceability services centre: Dont expect the farmer to also be the accountant, book keeper and systems technology specialist. Service the farmers with regard to traceability, record keeping, document management and systems. Cater for all levels of experience, literacy and understanding. Build capacity within families and local communities. Inform and involve everyone authorities, institutions, industry, extension, advisors, mentors, services providers Treat everything as a managed project (Plan the work and work the plan).

The services centre gives an opportunity to develop a range of skills and jobs within the community e.g.: vital record keeping (Book Keeping / Accounting) various disciplines) plant / animal health monitoring [Technical Monitor(s)] community chemical store (Inventory Controller / Store Manager) coding allocation and management (Standards Controller) quality assurance [Assessor(s) / Internal Auditor(s)] planning (Planner / Project Cost Accountant) implementation (Project Manager / Project Administrator) education requirements and career planning (Skills Development Facilitator) skills development and capacity building (Experts /Guides /Mentors) human resources management (Contract manager / HR Administrator) information provisioning (Librarian / Reporter / Photographer) systems, document and data management (various roles) Taking a community approach to traceability and vital records has attracted wide interest and support, and could be a catalyst for kick starting emerging agriculture beyond the original objective. The scope has expanded to other farms within the broader Witzenberg Municipality. With a view to meeting its objective of accurate data from source, the traceability services centre is determining how to apply the GS1 identification system in primary agriculture, with the aims of assessing the costs of doing so and whether use of the GS1 system would be practical and beneficial to the farmer. This research is ready to come off the drawing board.
Source: Gwynne Foster, writing about the South African Fresh Produce Traceability Project for the Global Food Traceabilty Forums Food Traceabilty Around the World Vol. 1. Contact Gwynne Foster at g.foster@mweb.co.za

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7. International business environment

A Danish report on Africa identifies the sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) and related food safety regulations as being probably the most difficult hurdles among the many non-tariff barriers confronting African exporters. Any increase in exports of non-traditional goods from Africa is likely to take place within product categories subject to SPS regulations (horticulture, fruits, livestock, and fish). Challenging the status and contents of the SPS is not an option. It is important that African countries and the individual African exporters develop capabilities that ensure conformity with the SPS. As this is technically demanding and very costly, it is a vital area for donors to support capacity and institution building. The report speaks of the necessity for Denmark and other likeminded EU countries to follow this issue closely, so that SPS requirements never become (hidden) technical barriers to trade. Find the report at www.netpublikationer.dk/um/4888/index.htm Electronic traceability will take on a new dimension with a new EU regulation that takes effect on 01 January 2010. The EU IUU Regulation (EC) 1005/2008 and its Implementing Rules (EC) 1010/2009 aim to prevent illegal, unreported and unregulated fishery products from entering the EU markets. This will have an impact on all supply countries. Find further information at www.ec.europa.eu.

Value add and agro-processing

Hunting
See also the Wildlife Ranching and Gamebirds, Waterfowl and Other Poultry chapters.

1. Overview
Information on hunting (regulations, procedures etc) can be found at www. professionalhunters.co.za and www.sahunt.co.za Hunting has been a part of the South African history since the earliest days. With the arrival of the Europeans a new era dawned, and modern weapons and the desire for financial gain from meat, horns, tusks and skins led to a decline in wildlife numbers. A number of species became extinct, but the situation was eventually arrested when concerned parties took steps to conserve the remaining wildlife. Hunters took the lead in this process and were responsible for the first conservation associations to be established in South Africa. The modern hunter is attracted to hunting by the experience associated with a hunting trip which includes enjoyment of the great outdoors, an escape from the hustle and bustle of the city, the opportunity to be with friends and the thrill of the chase. Regulated sport hunting has not caused or threatened the extinction of a single species. On the contrary the money hunters spend and contribute pays the cost of wildlife protection. The modern hunter is a true conservationist who believes in wise use of resources to the benefit of society at large. In the latter half of the twentieth century a new model for management of game on private land developed in South Africa. Fundamental to this model were the issues of private ownership of game animals and adequate fencing required to keep animals in the enclosure. From its humble beginnings the commercial game industry on private land in South Africa developed steadily. Many farmers converted agricultural land to game ranches, motivated by the opportunities of financial gain offered by a growing game industry. Some areas in South Africa became a patchwork of high fences and game numbers increased exponentially over the past forty years. In areas where certain game species no longer existed, land owners translocated animals from other areas to stock their farms. This increased not only game numbers, but also species diversity on private land. The wildlife revolution that took place on private land in South Africa is regarded by many as one of the conservation miracles in the world. The engine behind this whole process was the market created by hunters wishing to hunt game animals. Research has shown that as much as 60% of the total income of the commercial game industry is derived from hunting. In addition to about 200 000 local hunters, large numbers of foreign hunters visit South Africa annually. The money that hunters are willing to pay for trophies, leisure and meat drive a huge industry with a total value estimated to be in access of R7 billion. Hunting has been the cornerstone and most important conservation development in the 20th Century and continues to be the leading contributor to conservation as man enters the 21st Century. Hunting is an exceptional form of sustainable use that has been proven to create conservation stakeholders, to stimulate conservation incentives and generate operating revenue for conservation budgets; hence, is one of the foremost forces for conservation. When considering the contribution that hunters and hunting has made to conservation over many years, we cannot be anything but proud. We need to call on hunters to hunt with pride and to continue building a legacy. As hunters we have a responsibility to fulfil our calling in the wild. We are an indispensible conservation force as illustrated by the slogan of the Confederation of Hunting Associations of South Africa (CHASA): NO HUNTING - NO WILDLIFE.
Source: Adapted from a paper sent to this project by Prof Pieter van Niekerk of Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University and CHASA

Our thanks to Gwynne Foster, Lucia Anelich and Mooketsi Mosome for feedback on the draft chapter.

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2. Associations involved
Confederation of Hunting Associations of South Africa (CHASA) www.chasa.co.za Manager: Rory OMoore National Chair: Pieter van Niekerk Secretary: Jokl le Roux Tel/fax: 041 922 5600 chasa@telkomsa.net Tel: 082 461 7522 pieter.vanniekerk@nmmu.ac.za Tel/fax: 041 922 7618 ecgma@telkomsa.net

SA Hunters and Game Conservation Association (SAHGCA) Tel: 0861 SAHUNT (724 868) admin@sahunt.co.za www.sahunt.co.za

Wildlife Ranching SA is the official mouthpiece of game farmers. Find details in the Wildlife Ranching chapter and at www.wrsa.co.za

CHASA is an umbrella body for all Hunting Associations in South Africa. CHASA functions as a central discussion forum and channel to act on behalf of the hunting industry at a national level. CHASA affiliates African Gamebird Research and Development Trust (AGRED) Tel: 083 445 2685 www.agred.com Amatola Hunters Association Tel: 043 781 9226 amahunt@lantic.net Big Bore Association Southern Africa Tel: 073 219 9278 www. bigbore.org Bushveld Hunters Association Tel: 015 516 1431 www.bushveldhunters. co.za Bosveld Wapen en Ammunisie Vereniging Tel: 014 743 1171 bwav@telkomsa.net Clay Target Shooting Association of Southern Africa (CTSASA) Tel: 086 111 4581 www.ctsasa.co.za Free State Hunters Association Tel: 051 436 1774 www.fshunters. co.za Handgun Hunters Association of Southern Africa Tel: 082 416 6558 handgunhunter@gmail.com Kalahari Hunters Association Tel/fax : 053 712 2711 kjv@lantic.net KwaZulu-Natal Hunting & Conservation Association Tel: 031 709 3904 www.kznhunters.co.za Northern Cape Hunters Association Tel/fax: 053 831 1480 nk.jagters@absamail.co.za East Cape Game Management Association Tel/fax: 041 922 7618 ecgma@global.co.za Problem Animal Control Association of South Africa Tel: 011 462 1050 neil@tech-unlimited.co.za SA Bowhunters Association (SABA) www.sabowhunters.co.za Southern Cape Hunters Association Tel/fax: 044 696 6269 suidkaapjagters@xsinet.co.za Other affiliates are the African Bowhunting Organisation, Border Hunting Club, Highveld Hunters Association, Cape Hunters Association, North West Hunters Association, SA Hunting Rifle Shooting Association, SA Sport and Hunting Federation and the South African Falconry Association of South Africa (SAFA). International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC) South African Delegation Tel: 082 552 6603 gary@prismeb.co.za www.cic-wildlife.org CIC unites member states (mostly represented by the Ministry responsible for wildlife management and conservation), universities, organisations engaged in hunting, as well as individuals such as private members and scientific experts from over 80 countries. CHASA, PHASA, SAH&GCA and WRSA are member associations of the CIC South African Delegation. Professional Hunters Association (PHASA) Tel/fax: 012 667 2048/9 phasa@pixie.co.za www.professionalhunters.co.za PHASA represents the professional hunters of South Africa who, according to law, have to be present at hunts conducted by foreign hunters. The Association is the largest professional hunters association in the world.

The Wildlife Translocation Association (WTA) Included in SAHAs objectives Tel: 016 341 2534 are the promotion of sustainable www.wta.org.za utilisation, believing that hunting is the meaningful exploitation of The WTA is a voluntary association of professional a renewable resource; and to game capturers and associated assist authorities in stamping out role-players with members unethical and illegal hunting. from the private sector and government service. Its website contains important The game capture industry information e.g. hunting licences, in SA has an annual turnover hunting opportunities, hunting well in excess of R100 million proclamations, listed/protected and provides significant species and more. employment. The WTA members annually South African Predator capture 130 000 game Breeders Association animals. Tel: 053 927 4974 www.sapredators.co.za Other interest groups To co-ordinate and promote the National Society for the interests of the breeders and Prevention of Cruelty to hunters of captive bred predators, Animals (NSPCA) and represent their interests at Wildlife Unit national and international level. Tel: 011 907 3590/1/2 www.nspca.co.za The South African taxidermy industry is serviced by two bodies, While questions about the actual the Taxidermy Association of practice of hunting in general may Southern Africa (TASA) and be raised, the handling of animals Commercial Taxidermists and leading up to the hunt is also a Game Skin Tanners of South major welfare concern e.g. welfare Africa (CTGSTSA). TASA issues that arise around the holding represents the so-called smaller of game animals in areas in which taxidermists while CTGSTSA they do not naturally occur (low represents the so-called bigger or poor resistance to infection, taxidermists, each of them has a internal and external parasites and market share of approximately 50%. nutritional problems). Other issues Visit www.t-a-s-a.co.za or call 034 involve conditions around the 370 1136 to find out about TASA. breeding, transportation and sale Details of CTGSTSA can be found of wildlife. on www.professionalhunters.co.za

3. National strategy and relevant government department

Find legislation affecting hunting on this website and on others mentioned earlier in the chapter e.g. www.chasa.co.za and www.sahunt.co.za Both the national Departments of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) and Water and Environmental Affairs (DWEA) are significant roleplayers in the wildlife and hunting sectors. While DAFF leads agricultural production (including wildlife husbandry), DWEA leads environmental conservation. The latter plays a most important role with regard to resource utilisation, as demonstrated by the appointment of a panel of experts to advise on appropriate norms and standards for hunting (both professional and recreational).

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4. Websites and publications

Also see this heading in the Wildlife Ranching chapter. Report on the investigation to identify opportunities and address problems for sustainable growth and development in South African wildlife ranching NAMC Research Report 2006 03. Contact: schalkb@namc.co.za Write to Victor Musetha (VictorMu@daff.gov.za) or Keith Ramsay (keithr@daff.gov.za) for Wildlife Ranching in South Africa, July 2008, published by the Department of Agriculture. Game & Hunt, a monthly publication. Visit www.wildlifehunt.co.za or call 012 348 5550. Another magazine is SA Hunter/Jagter. Call Tel: 012 808 2148 or visit www.sahunt.co.za Visit www.zimbibooks.com African Indaba is a free bi-monthly e-Newsletter for hunterconservationists and people who are interested in the incentivedriven-conservation of Africas wild natural resources. Read African Indaba online at www.africanindaba.co.za, call 011 883 2299 or write to Gerhard@muskwa.co.za. African Indaba is mailed out by the CIC International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation and its Tropical Game Commission. For more information about the CIC please go to www.cic-wildlife.org More information about hunting in South Africa can be found in the paper Hunting in South Africa: Facts, Opportunities and Risks. You can download the paper at www.africanindaba.co.za. Also find details about the book The hunter and the fence by Gerhard R Damm here. Rowland Ward is a world renowned brand in the Safari hunting, sporting and out door market. It serves worldwide customers through the production and distribution of premium quality reading and viewing material, clothing and accessories from the website www. rowlandward.com from offices in the USA and RSA. Call 011 646 9888 or write to either info@rowlandward.com Visit the websites of roleplayers mentioned earlier in this chapter. www.chasa.co.za, for example, has numerous links to hunting groups, authorities, conservation bodies etc. .

Value add and agro-processing

Leather
1. Overview
The leather industry has been around for thousands of years ever since mankind began hunting animals. Almost every country has a tanning industry of some sort. Hides and skins are a by-product of the meat industry, so supply does not react to demand for leather, but for meat. Leather is used in the automotive, footwear, furniture, clothing, leather goods and exotic leathers (e.g. ostrich) sectors. Raw hides and skins: these are sold locally or exported under contract to overseas buyers by the main hide and skin trading companies (Pelts Products, African Hide, Springbok Trading, etc.) The same goes for wet blue hides and pickled sheepskins. Finished leather footwear: these are marketed by the tanneries concerned, directly to their manufacturing customers (footwear and leather goods factories). Some export, usually through foreign agents in the markets concerned, and increasingly through companies sourcing footwear for large European chain stores like Next and Marks & Spencer. Finished leather automotive: as described above, to the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) in sewn up seat covers or in cut form (kits) for export. Very little furniture leather is made locally most is imported from Italy.

2. Associations involved
The Skin, Hide and Leather Council (SHALC) Colin Gerrans gerrans@iafrica.com SA Footwear and Leather Export Council Paul Theron (Executive Director) Tel: 031 701 4206 saflec@saflia.co.za SHALC is the body representing www.saflec.co.za all sectors of the South African Leather Industry, from raw hide SA Footwear and Leather procurement to finished leather. Industries Association It is a member of the Red Meat Tel: 031 701 4111 Industry Forum (see www. info@saflia.co.za redmeatsa.co.za )

5. Companies involved
A list of companies involved can be found on www.professionalhunters.co.za as well as the websites listed under the CHASA, PHASA and SAHA entries.

Our thanks to Prof Pieter van Niekerk for feedback on the draft chapter

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306 The Department of Trade and Industry and the South Africa Bureau of Standards (SABS) are also involved. Find their details in the general agro-processing chapter.

4. Training and research

International School of Tanning Technology (ISTT) Tel: 046 622 7310 info@tanschool.co.za www.tanschool.co.za This is the only training body for the leather industry in South Africa. The website, an informative one, gives courses details and advice. Be it enough to say here that three main types of technical training are offered: certificate courses, National Higher Certificate in Leather Technology, and Practical Short Courses.

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5. Websites and publications

Shoes and Views Tel: 031 209 7505 tony@svmag.co.za www.svmag.co.za A bi-monthly magazine S & V is published. An annual directory comes out in June. The ISTT website, www.tanschool.co.za, is a must-read for anybody in the leather and hides industry. Its menu options include a list of the chemicals used to make leather, provides a dictionary of terminology, lists leather magazines and provides a list of related websites. Links to international bodies, websites as well as details of UK and USA Tanning publications may be found. www.leathercouncil.org the International Council of Tanners website, a definitive international website.

Karan Beef Tel: 016 342 1214 www.karanbeef.com Klein Karoo International Tel: 044 203 5100 Kolosus Automotive Leather Tel: 036 638 3000 www.feltex.co.za Kwiktan Tel: 011 662 7903 www.kwiktan.com

Swartland Tanning Co Tel: 021 873 1061 www.tanning.com Tanrite Tel: 041 992 4887 Woods Tannery Tel: 041 992 2179

For a list of SAFLEC companies (specifically footwear), visit www.saflec. co.za.

7. Local business environment

Huge quantities of raw and semi-processed hides and skins are exported and then re-imported as final products. South Africa, in effect, exports jobs in the leather industry to Europe and the Far East.

6. Companies involved
African Hide Trading Tel: 041 405 7000 Apeco Tel: 031 705 1668 www.apeco.co.za Asgisa Eastern Cape Tel: 043 735 1673 http://asgisa-ec.co.za Bader Bop Tel: 012 797 7100 info@bader.co.za Camexo SA t/a Exotan Tel: 041 396 9100 www.camexo.co.za Cape Produce Company Tel: 041 484 4591 www.pelts.co.za Crafcor Hart Hides Tel: 033 398 5700 Fax: 033 398 1272 EAC Tannery Tel: 016 972 8000 www.eac.co.za Era Pelles Tannery Tel: 051 653 1273 Feltex Automotive Leather Tel: 036 638 3000 www.feltex.co.za Gringo Leathers Tel: 039 685 5345 leather@gringo.co.za Hannitan Leathers Tel: 011 817 2150 www.hannitanleather.com Hidskin Tel: 011 613 6271 Horne Tanning Tel: 046 622 8174 The Ing Thing Tel: 033 343 1445 Leather from Hart Tel: 033 398 5700 Mario Levi Manufacturing Tel: 041 992 1160 Mossop-Western Leathers Tel: 021 864 9300 www.feltex.co.za Oasis Tanning Company Tel: 011 416 2270 / 88 www.oasistanning.co.za Ostriland Import Export Tel: 022 921 2177 Ostrimark Tannery Tel: 046 603 5300 www.ostrimark.co.za Pelts Products Tel: 041 461 1515 Philippe Genuine Ostrich Products Tel: 046 622 6567 / 697 7031 Prince Albert Tannery Tel: 023 541 1366/0 Rein Tanning Tel: 044 697 7031 Richard Kane Fur Skins Tel: 021 535 1122 Rotta Leathers Tel: 041 992 4887 Seton SA Tel: 011 360 7500 Springbok Trading (Pty) Ltd Tel: 041 405 7000 www.springboktrading.co.za Sutherlands Tannery Tel: 033 398 5700 Fax: 033 398 1272

Of the approximately 2,5 million cattle hides generated in South Africa annually, it is estimated that over half are exported either in the raw, unprocessed (salt cured) state, or partially processed as wet blue hides, mostly to Italy and China. Almost all of the several million sheepskins are exported with the wool on, or a few as pickled (de-wooled) pelts, mostly to Italy and Turkey. There is almost no production of finished sheep leather (for garments, etc) locally. Very little finished bovine (cattle hide) leather is exported directly: most of the automotive leather (90% est.) is exported in the form of sewn up seat covers or in cut panels in kit form to Europe, Australia and Canada. The footwear manufacturing industry in South Africa operates countrywide with factories in mainly in KwaZulu-Natal and Cape areas. The KZN area produces approximately 60% of the footwear made in the RSA. The next largest producing area is the Western Cape followed by the Eastern Cape and Gauteng. There are approximately 120 footwear factories in the country employing between 10 000 and 12 000 workers. The total annual manufacturing sales of RSA footwear are approximately R2 billion. South Africa exports 1,5m pairs of footwear per annum. The raw hide and wet blue industry is buoyant and competitive, with several firms active in procuring hides and skins for sale locally and for export. Most are members of SHALC (the Skin, Hide and Leather Council.

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8. International business environment

The largest exporters of cattle hides are the USA and Brazil (Brazil slaughters in excess of 40 million head of cattle per annum). India has the largest reservoir of leather making raw material of all types globally becoming much more active in export markets for finished goods (bags, shoes, clothing). Other countries with significant hide and skin resources are the EU, ex-Soviet states, Argentina, Uruguay, Australia, New Zealand, China, Bangladesh, Pakistan. Africa is a minor player. China has the fastest-growing leather and leather products industry in the world, largely based on imported hides and leather. It makes more than half of the shoes in the world. Italy still has the most modern and sophisticated tanning industry, and is the most significant importer of all types of hides and skins. Product development, design and marketing have remained with, and even shifted towards, the developed countries. Most hides and skins now originate from developing countries, especially those that dont protect this resource. Tanning and finishing have shifted towards developing countries. Governments give these industries incentives by placing export taxes on raw and semi-processed hides and skins. The export of finished leather and products has shifted towards developing countries that protect their raw material supply. This indicates an improvement in tanning technologies in those countries.

9. Farmer points of interest

These details and more may be found on the International Council of Tanners website www.leathercouncil.org Defects affecting hide and skin quality: pre-slaughter branding, barbed wire, tick, mite, veins (feeding deficiency), fine scratches caused by thorns, etc., horn rakes (sheepskins pin-holes from sharp grasses); abattoir damage Flay cuts, drag marks, stretch marks from hide pulling equipment, bruising, delay in curing (putrefication/rotting). The only way hide improvement schemes have been shown to work is when the farmer can see the benefit of looking after his animals to result in a higher quality, less marked hide or skin. This relies on a trace-back system from end processor (tannery) all the way back through the abattoir to the original farmer, with him receiving some sort of bonus for delivering an animal with a good quality hide. Such schemes are rare only working in sophisticated economies such as parts of Europe and Australia. Find the notes on how leather is made at www.tanschool.co.za. The website covers much more e.g. Dictionary of Leather Terms, Chemicals Used in Tanning, Skin Structure etc.
Information provided by SHALC, ISTT, www.tanschool.co.za, www.saflec.co.za, Gringo Leathers and Farmers Weekly 27 July 2007

Thanks to Pierre van Niekerk (Gringo Leathers), Dr Clive JacksonMoss (International School of Tanning Technology) and Paul Theron (SA Footwear and Leather Export Council) for feedback on the draft chapter.

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4. Training and research

Grain Milling Federation Tel: 012 663 1660 www.grainmilling.org.za The Grain Milling Federation offers theoretical training through correspondence courses for wheat and maize milling technology. It administers the practical trade test for would-be millers, and is also responsible for the advanced course. Tutorial assistance and technical consulting services are part of the Grain Milling Federations functions. All course information can be found on www.grainmilling.org.za Southern African Grain Laboratory (SAGL) Tel: 012 349 2683 www.sagl.co.za The SAGL is an association incorporated under Section 21 (Association not for gain). SAGL is a quality analyses laboratory and has ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation. They offer a variety of quality analyses on grains and oilseeds. National information is published on the website. They provide ring tests and give laboratory training and are being recognised as the grain analyses reference laboratory in Southern Africa. They are also responsible for a national crop quality survey for wheat and maize. The SAGL provide courses in laboratory training for both wheat (flour) and maize (meal) analyses. They offer a one-day hands-on course for the most imported analyses and a four-day practical course for all the different analyses done for quality control including a lecture on Good Laboratory Practices and Accreditation. Special course requests will be gladly accommodated. FoodBev SETA Tel: 011 253 7300 www.foodbev.co.za FoodBev is the Sector Education and Training Authority (SETA) responsible for facilitating education and training in the food and beverages manufacturing sector. Their chamber relevant to this chapter is the Baking, Cereals, Confectionary and Snacks Chamber one. The National Chamber of Milling is responsible for identifying and ensuring that research projects relevant to the industry are carried out. University of the Free State Department of Microbial, Biochemical & Food Biotechnology Prof G Osthoff Tel: 051 401 2216 Osthoffg@ufs.ac.za

Milling
See the Grain Storage and Handling, Small and Micro Milling, Baking and other grain chapters

1. Overview
Milling is the agro-processing end of the grain industry. The core business is white maize and wheat flour milling, while associate business is baking, pasta, wet milling, animal feeds and malting (barley and sorghum). Economic and other information can be found on www.grainmilling. org.za

2. Associations involved
Grain Milling Federation Tel: 012 663 1660 This is a venture by the National Chamber of Milling (NCM) relevant to wheat and maize. The National Chamber of Milling is a trade association representing the collective interests of commercial flour and maize millers in South Africa respectively. The National Chamber of Milling (NCM) Tel: 012 663 1660 www.grainmilling.org.za The National Chamber of Milling promotes, encourages and assists in the common interest of the milling industry in South Africa. It is a trade association which represents the interests of the South African wheat flour and maize milling industry. Membership of the NCM is voluntary and comprises large food conglomerates as well as small entrepreneurial operators and covers 90% of all wheat and 65% of all white maize milled in South Africa ( 5,0 million tons of grain per annum). South African Agricultural Processors Association (SAAPA) Tel: 012 663 1660 SAAPA is an association promoting the interest of its members including in the areas of international trade, BEE and government policy. Read more about it in the general agro-processing chapter.

6. Websites and publications

In addition to the websites listed in this chapter, the following will also be of interest: Animal Feed Manufacturers Association www.afma.co.za Grain South Africa www.grainsa.co.za SA Grain Information Service www.sagis.org.za National Department of Agriculture www.daff.gov.za National Agricultural Marketing Council www.namc.co.za

3. National strategy and relevant directorate at DAFF

Find the Fortification menu option on www.grainmilling.org.za Directorate: Food Safety and Quality Assurance Tel: 012 319 7306 DFSQA@daff.gov.za Find the Food Safety and Quality Assurance pages under the Divisions option at www.daff.gov.za

For maize related research documents and projects, contact the Maize Trust at 012 333 3429 or fax 012 333 3634. For wheat related research documents and projects, contact the Winter Cereal Trust. Call 012 663 1600 or fax 012 663 1604.

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6. Mills: Maize
Sasko Tel: 051 634 1681 (Aliwal North) Tel: 036 352 3035 (Estcourt) Tel: 018 406 1500 (Klerksdorp) www.pioneerfoods.co.za Foodcorp Tel: 011 692 1610 (Nola Randfontein) Tel: 012 308 3000 (Ruto Mills Pretoria West) www.ruto.co.za Premier Foods Tel: 011 565 4300 (Isando) Tel: 012 842 8000 (Waltloo) Tel: 056 216 4600 (Kroonstad) www.premierfoods.com NTK Tel: 014 719 9211 (Modimolle) Tel: 015 964 3031 (Sibasa) Tel: 015 491 9000 (Potgietersrus) www.ntk.co.za Pride Milling Company Tel: 012 663 5215 (Centurion) Tel: 017 647 1100 (Bethal) Tel: 017 811 2322 (Ermelo) Tel: 013 643 1016/93 (Ogies) Tel: 011 814 8254 (Nigel) www.pridemilling.co.za Tiger Brands Tel: 011 840 4000 (Sandton) Tel: 011 411 7000 (Randfontein) Tel: 033 397 0226 (Pietermaritzburg) www.tigerbrands.com Progress Mills Tel: 015 297 3452 (Polokwane) Tel: 013 235 2058 (Lydenburg) www.progress-milling.co.za

7. Mills: Wheat
Premier Foods Tel: 011 565 4300 (Isando) Tel: 012 803 9590 (Pretoria) Tel: 031 250 4400 (Durban) Tel: 021 448 4681 (Cape Town) Tel: 051 873 2151 (Thaba Nchu) Tel: 016 455 1010 (Vereeniging) www.premierfoods.com Sasko Tel: 021 807 5808 (Paarl) Tel: 021 871 1160 (Paarl) Tel: 058 307 4555 (Bethlehem) Tel: 041 401 6000 (Deal Party) Tel: 011 762 5300 (Chamdor) Tel: 031 469 0451 (Mobeni) Tel: 015 293 0050 (Ladanna) Tel: 022 482 8400 (Malmesbury) www.pioneerfoods.co.za Tiger Brands Tel: 011 840 4000 (Bryanston) Tel: 011 411 7000 (Randfontein) Tel: 057 573 9300 (Henneman) Tel: 021 948 0790 (Bellville) Tel: 033 397 0226 (Pietermaritzburg) www.tigerbrands.com Foodcorp Tel: 011 549 1030 (Bryanston) Ruto Mills Tel: 012 308 3000 (Pretoria West) www.foodcorp.co.za www.ruto.co.za

SMALLER MILLERS
Godrich Flour Mills Tel: 013 932 0155 Citrusdal Rollermeule Tel: 022 921 2434 RC Mission Mill Tel: 054 461 1085 Oude Tol Meulens Tel: 022 461 2500 White River Mills Tel: 013 796 1706 Noordfed Tel: 018 632 5037 www.nwk.co.za OVK Tweespruit Roller Mills Tel: 051 963 0001 www.ovk.co.za Western Cape Milling Tel: 021 951 2011 Pro Flour Tel: 031 502 1416 www.proflour.co.za Target Investments Tel: 051 933 4486 Tel: 031 500 9811

SMALLER MILLERS
Godrich Flour Mills Tel: 013 932 0155 TWK Piet Retief Grain & Malt Tel: 017 826 2147 OVK Tweespruit Roller Mills Tel: 051 963 0001 www.ovk.co.za Noordfed Tel: 018 632 5037 www.nwk.co.za Westra Industries Tel: 053 298 2817 Empangeni Milling Tel: 035 792 9124 TWK Mkondo Mill Tel: 017 826 2147 Vaal River Milling Tel: 016 423 5395 Vlakpoort Roller Mills Tel: 017 753 1955 Bothaville Milling Tel: 056 515 1071 Circle Milling Tel: 018 771 4703 Supa Trade 10 Tel: 058 852 1122 Durban Grits Tel: 031 502 2689 www.durbangrits.co.za VKB Frankfort Mill Tel: 058 863 8226 www.vkb.co.za

8. Other roleplayers
Find the Industry Suppliers menu option on www.grainmilling.org. za For suppliers of milling equipment, see Grain Storage and Handling chapter. Our thanks to the National Chamber of Milling for valuable input

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Small/Micro milling is an excellent way to assist development of B-BBEE initiatives due to the large returns off relatively low start up capital and the assistance that is now readily available in overcoming the various barriers to entry.

Small and micro milling

1. Overview
Small milling can be defined as having a capacity of 1 ton/hr or under. Micro milling can be defined as having capacities of up to 5 ton/hr. Figures published by the National Association of Maize Millers show that maize milling in the year to end April 2009 was 14.6% higher than figures for the previous year at 2.7mt. The SADC food security assessment for the 2008/09 marketing year indicated a total cereal surplus for South Africa of 1.60 million tonnes. A report from the Directorate of Agricultural Statistics indicate that between May 2008 and January 2009, 2.53 million tonnes of maize had been exported by South Africa mostly to the other SADC member states of Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia and Zimbabwe. There are huge growth opportunities within the milling industry at present, both locally and in relation to exports to neighboring SADC countries. There is sufficient room for expansion within the general milling market due to the many diverse product requirements within the industry. Due to relatively low start up and running costs, along with high returns and a market opening for niche milled products, this would be an extremely viable and sustainable investment for any group of investors. Micro milling is highly suited to farmers because they already have industry specific advantages of product, storage and labour. Similarly, people in rural environments where finished product often incurs large price additions due to transport and trader mark ups could offer a superior product at a lower cost whilst still retaining large margins. An opportunity to value add, diversify, increase skills, create jobs, boost rural economies and contribute greatly to black economic empowerment exists within micro milling for farming cooperatives in South Africa.

3. Black Economic Empowerment

Micro milling has been identified as an ideal BEE venture. In particular, it should be of particular interest to a large processor who seeks to earn BEE points for Enterprise Development. Small milling can provide multiple benefits from end to end as the industry encourages new skills development and lends itself towards empowering communities to become self sufficient. Relatively low start up costs with high returns facilitates a swift, upward incorporation into the economy. The wider range of training options and backup available to the small/micro milling industry provides entrants with further investment security. Other factors such as minimal infrastructure requirements, low running costs, transport savings amidst increasing fuel prices and the ability to easily diversify product range make the small milling industry a profitable, viable and sustainable business option. One 3ton/hour milling plant has the potential to provide a rural community with 330 tons/month of animal feed and 1300 tons per month of quality maize meal enough to feed 150, 000 people! The same project can potentially generate 25-30 direct employment opportunities and up to 150 indirectly. Food costs in the vicinity of the small milling project can be reduced by up to 25%.

4. Associations involved
The National Chamber of Milling (NCM) is an option that is open to all millers, including small and micro sectors. The NCM has a representative who looks after small/micro millers interests. A list of small millers can be obtained from the NCM. Find NCM details in the Milling chapter.

5. Training and research

Training has historically been restricted to the theoretical courses which culminated in trade tests carried out by the Grain Milling Federation. This is predominantly aimed at people already in the traditional milling sectors. (See Milling chapter for details, or visit www.grainmilling.org.za) MLG (trainers, facilitators and mentors details under heading 5) are AgriSETA and FOODBEV SETA approved trainers. They offer National NQF and SAQA accredited milling qualifications. The credentials are practically and theoretically orientated (www.mlg.co.za) African Micro Mills offers concise introductory courses to basic milling practices. Available to the general public at standard rates, it is designed as a brief overview of the skills required to succeed in a highly competitive market. The course facilitators are currently official training facilitators of the South African Chamber of Milling and have combined their industry experience to tailor a course specifically for this new sector (www. africanmicromills.com) African Mill Mentors, an associate company to African Micro Mills, offers a range of mentorship, advisory and equity participation options to the grain milling and basic food production industries. The company consists of a panel of the countrys leading advisors in fields ranging from grain milling, baking, raw material procurement, food science advisory, starch and product variant options to marketing, sales and business management (www.africanmicromills.com/african_mill_mentors.htm) FoodBev SETA Tel: 011 253 7300 www.foodbev.co.za FoodBev is responsible for facilitating education and training in the food and beverages manufacturing sector.

2. National strategy
Extensive analysis and discussions between role players in the wheat and maize industries resulted in a strategy document being agreed by the major participants and the Government in July 2005. Below is an extract from the document. Although directed at the milling industry in general, one can see the major shift in industry to encourage SMMEs, i.e. small and micro milling sectors. Methods of best practice and standards against which measurements can take place: 1.) Training: Develop appropriate skills in all sectors. 2.) Technology: Use of w orld class technology Assist in the development of, and participation in, Black Economic Empowerment (BEEs), Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) and Women Owned Enterprises (WE) within the industry: 1.) Provide technical and management assistance 2.) Training 3.) A ssist w ith procurement of inputs 4.) A ssist in logistic and marketing of their products 5.) C o-operate w ith Government to assist financially and technically Although the grain industry has made a firm commitment towards the principle of black economic empowerment in the industry, the task of full-scale empowerment remains one of the main challenges facing the industry at all levels of the value chain.
Source: Grain Milling Federation The Strategic Plan for the Grain Industry

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5. Companies involved
ABC Africa Group Tel: 012 804 2033 www.abchansenafrica.co.za www.millingsupply.com African Micro Mills (Pty) Ltd Tel: 031 584 6250 www.africanmicromills.com Drotsky Tel: 011 864 1601 www.drotsky.co.za MLG Tel: 031 502 1463 www.mlg.co.za

6. Local business environment

Africa Micro Mills has identified the following local small and micro milling business opportunities:

Grain milling
Localised Milling: local production facilities throughout SADC Breweries and Snack Food industries: specialised maize grits production and/or other maize products Baking Industry: specialised biscuit wheat flours and biscuit/rusk production lines Specialised Continental Bakery and Pizza Market: value-added 00 cake flour production for this burgeoning sector Infant Food and Breakfast Cereal Producers: rice flour milling Beverage and Cereal Products: barley flour milling Specialised Baking Market: rye flour milling Specialised Al-Dente Pasta Manufacture: Durum Wheat/Semolina for production of authentic, top-quality Italian-style pastas Organic Market: wheat and maize flour milling

Consultants, facilitators and trainers who run milling and entrepreneurial Full spectrum services in the grain milling skills training and mentoring milling and basic food production programmes sectors Maximill Roller Mills African Mill Mentors Tel: 056 217 1580/1 Tel: 031 584 6250 www.maximill.co.za w w w. a f r i c a n m i c r o m i l l s . c o m / african_mill_mentors.htm Plantkor Tel: 036 468 1309 An advisory and equity company, www.plantkor.co.za associated with African Micro Mills Maize mills 500 kg to 3 000 kg per hour; flour mills 500 kg to 3 000 kg Agrex Milling SA per hour; feed mills; basic mill and Tel: 031 584 6250 mix to computerised plants; silos www.agrexmilling.co.za 500 kg to 10 000 kg; grain handling equipment, flex augers, elevators, Buckle Packaging (Pty) Ltd augers Tel: 011 613 8024 www.bucklepack.co.za Snell Africa Tel: 056 212 2697 Bag closing technology www.snellafrica.co.za

Basic foods
Bread: micro-bakeries Instant bread: premixes Famine relief and feeding programmes: vitamin enriched basic foods Prisons & mine workers: extended shelf-life, non-refrigerated instant nutrition

Our thanks to Jane Higgins (African Micro Mills) for feedback on the draft chapter

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Statistics
Sawis 021 807 5700 www.sawis.co.za

Research & Technical

Wine
1. Overview
Two comprehensive sources of information for the wine industry are the SA Wine Industry Directory (Sawid) and the website www.wine.co.za. More detailed and statistical information can be found on the industry websites www,sawis.co.za and www.wosa.co.za The Cape wine-growing areas, situated in the narrow viticultural zone of the southern hemisphere, mainly have a Mediterranean climate. The mountain slopes and valleys form the ideal habitat for the wine grape Vitis vinifera, the products of which have given pleasure to humankind for many centuries. Long, sun-drenched summers and mild, wet winters contribute to the ideal conditions for viticulture. The Western Cape produces over 90% of South Africas wines. The wine industry in South Africa goes beyond what is usually understood by the word wine. Brandy and its building blocks rebate wine and distilling wine as well as grape juice and its concentrate are included, as wine grapes are used to produce all these. The products below all are relevant to this chapter. Natural wine is non-fortified and non-sparkling wine. It also includes any grape juice or must and grape juice or must concentrate used in the sweetening of such natural wine. Fortified wine is non-sparkling wine which has been fortified with wine spirit and has a higher alcohol level than natural wine. Sparkling wine which includes any grape juice or must and grape juice or must concentrate used in the sweetening of such sparkling wine. Rebate wine is wine specially prepared for double distillation in a copper pot still and then, as distillate, maturation for a period of at least three years in oak casks with a capacity of not more than 340 litres. Distilling wine is wine specially prepared for distillation to spirits intended for use in other spirits, for fortification of wine or for industrial purposes. Non-alcoholic refers to unfermented, undiluted or concentrated juice from grapes destined for use in non-alcoholic products such as fruit juices.

Winetech ARC InfruitecNietvoorbij IWB Sasev VinPro Consulting Services

021 807 3324 021 809 3100 021 808 3770 021 889 6311 021 807 3027

www.winetech.co.za www.arc.agric.za www.sun.ac.za/wine_ biotechnology www.sasev.org www.vinpro.co.za

Export & Marketing

Wosa 021 883 3860 www.wosa.co.za

Ethical Trade
Fairtrade Wieta 021 448 8911 076 150 5259 021 447 5660 www.fairtrade.org.za www.wieta.org.za

Biodiversity
BWI IPW 021 888 2865 021 889 6555 www.bwi.co.za www.ipw.co.za

Legislation & Regulation

Sawit Salba Wine and Spirit Board Wosa 021 889 8101 021 887 0117 021 889 6555 021 883 3860 www.sawis.co.za www.wosa.co.za www.sawit.co.za

Training
Find the Education and training heading

2. References for speedy assistance

General
SA Wine Industry Directory Wine.co.za AgriWorldSA Vines.org Sawis Library WineLand Magazine VinPro 021 807 5739 021 863 4524 021 807 3322 021 863 4524 021 855 0509 083 414 7207 www.wineland.co.za www.wine.co.za www.agriworldsa.com www.vines.org www.sawislibrary.co.za www.wineland.co.za www.vinpro.co.za

3. Associations involved
VinPro Tel: 021 807 3322 info@vinpro.co.za www.vinpro.co.za VinPro is the service organisation for 4 500 South African wine producer members, which represents them in dealings with the government and on all relevant wine industry forums. VinPro provides the following services: consultation in viticulture, oenology, soil science, agro-economics, general management and black economic empowerment (BEE); access to quality grafted vines, as well as rootstock and scion material via a 50% shareholding in Vititec Ltd; management, logistical services and generic promotion for industry wine shows/competitions;

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information transfer through the monthly WineLand magazine (incorporating Wynboer) and the annual publications Wynboer Technical Yearbook and the SA Wine Industry Directory; strategic industry information through websites and electronic and printed newsletters; facilitating various communication initiatives/forums with stakeholders including the annual VinPro/Nedbank Information Day; facilitating Technology Transfer for Winetech; WineMS a user-friendly information management system tailored for wine businesses. Wine Cellars South Africa Tel: 021 887 3334 wksa@lantic.net This representative organisation for producer cellars and marketers protects their interests on all industry forums with regard to wine legislation, exports, marketing, labour relations, BEE, technical wine making issues and relations with the government. WCSA also offers guidance regarding harvest management, price segmentation, legislation and long-term planning. South African Liquor Brandowners Association (Salba) Tel: 021 887 0117 beaty@salba.co.za Salba is a non-profit organisation representing the overlapping interests of manufacturers and distributors of liquor products in South Africa. Among others, issues include promotion of the long-term viability of members businesses by means of responsible brand name development in a competitive environment.

Constantia Wine Route www.uitsig.co.za Darling Wine and Art Experience www.darlingtourism.co.za Durbanville Wine Valley www.durbanvillewine.co.za Helderberg Wine Route www.helderbergwineroute.co.za Klein Karoo Wine Route www.kleinkaroowines.co.za Oranjerivier wynroete www.owk.co.za Paarl Vintners www.paarlwine.co.za Robertson Wine Valley www.robertsonwinevalley.co.za Stellenbosch Wine Route www.wineroute.co.za Swartland Wine Route www.swartlandwineroute.co.za Tulbagh Wine Route www.tulbaghwineroute.com Vignerons de Franschhoek www.franschhoekwines.co.za Wellington Wine Route www.visitwellington.com Worcester Winelands Association www.worcesterwinelands.co.za

Wine show organisations

SA National Wine Show Association (SANW) Tel: 021 863 2079 ferreira@vinpro.co.za www.veritas.co.za

Other roleplayers and associations

Black Association of the Wine & Spirit Industry (Bawsi) Tel: 021 863 3151 mandrews@bawsi.org.za www.bawsi.org.za Cape Estate Wine Producers Association (Cewpa) Tel: 021 884 4646 wine@kanonkop.co.za Cape Winemakers Guild (CWG) Tel: 021 883 8625 info@capewinemakersguild.com www.capewinemakersguild.com Independent Vignerons Tel: 021 886 4867 stlandbo@mweb.co.za Institute for Cape Wine Masters Tel: 011 783 4585 cwa@iafrica.com www.capewinemasters.co.za Rootstock Tel: 021 855 0509 www.rootstock.co.za Wine Industry Development Association (WIDA) Tel: 021 872 9181 Denver@wida.co.za http://wida.co.za

Cultivar development groups

Chardonnay Forum Chenin Blanc Association www.chenin.co.za Garagiste Movement www.garagiste.co.za Tel: 023 616 2141 Email: philip@weltevrede.com Tel: 021 853 1454 Email: wilmaribs@mweb.co.za Tel: 021 855 4275 Email: tanya@topazwines.co.za

Mthode Cap Classique Producers Tel: 021 865 2002 Association (MCCPA) Email: wine@villiera.com Muscadel South Africa Pinotage Association www.pinotage.co.za Pinot Noir Interest Group Sauvignon Blanc Interest Group Shiraz Forum Tel: 044 241 2556 Tel: 021 709 0933 Email: admin@pinotage.co.za Tel: 028 312 3595 Email: hrv@hermanus.co.za Tel: 021 870 4229 Email: sbig@dw.co.za Tel: 021 881 3268 Email: jborman@adept.co.za info@paarlwine.co.za Tel: 021 809 7618 Email: info@sabrandy.co.za

4. National strategy and contacts

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Directorate: Agricultural Product Inspection Services Tel: 012 319 6004 www.nda.agric.za/docs/plantquality/default.htm

Regulations and legislation

Contact the following for information on how regulations and legislation impact the wine industry: SALBA for customs and excise duty, liquor licensing: 021 887 0117 Wine and Spirit Board for certification, government regulations: 021 889 6555 WOSA for export requirements: 021 883 3860

SA Brandy Foundation www.sabrandy.co.za

SA Port Producers Association Tel: 044 213 3326 (Sappa) Email: boplaas@mweb.co.za

Regional wine associations

Breedekloof Wine and Tourism (Rawsonville) www.breedekloof. com Calitzdorp Wine Route www.calitzdorp.co.za

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5. Education and training

Elsenburg Agricultural College Tel: 021 808 7691 / 7686 veronicec@elsenburg.com liveaj@elsenburg.com www.elsenburg.com Institute for Wine Biotechnology Tel: 021 808 3770 ccav@sun.ac.za www.sun.ac.za/wine_ biotechnology Cape Peninsular University of Technology Tel: 021 864 5213 coetzeean@cput.ac.za www.cput.ac.za Cape Wine Academy Tel: 021 889 8844 info@cwa.org.za www.capewineacademy.co.za B Agric en B Agric degrees (Cellar Technology, and a Diploma (Cellar Technology) comprising wine chemistry, microbiology, oenology, marketing, legislation and management Postgraduate studies in Agriculture or Viticulture and Wine Biotechnology from an honours degree to a doctorate National Diplomas in agriculture and agricultural management, as well as BTech and MTech degrees focusing on viticulture and oenology A wide range of courses, from appreciation to an in-depth knowledge of wine, are offered at different levels to the public, tertiary institutions for hospitality and tourism, and traders in the liquor industry FOODBEV is the SETA responsible for facilitating education and training in the food and beverages manufacturing sector. Practical training in the industry, focusing on strategic market access and exports to businesses in different agricultural sectors, including mentorships for emerging producers in the wine industry. Undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in Agriculture, Agricultural Administration and the opportunity to specialise in Viticulture and Oenology. Short courses in Wine Marketing and Advanced Wine Marketing, focusing on optimal management of route-to-market and effective utilisation of trade and consumer networks, as well as consumer dynamics SAQA-accredited courses in technical and life skills for farm workers in developing communities Training of producers, restaurateurs, traders and the media in wine evaluation

ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij Tel: 021 809 3018 infocape@arc.agric.za www.arc.agric.za

A world-renowned, one-stop research facility where the most advanced technology is generated for SA industries such as deciduous fruit, grapes, wine, brandy and several others. The Institute supplies a needs-driven service in order to ensure the economic viability and growth of these industries, and research is strictly focused on practical implementation. Research is done on the genetic improvement of wine ferments, bacteria and wine grape cultivars. The two main fields of research are fermentationbiotechnology (wine aroma, wine fermentation and processing, gene regulation, etc) and viticultural biotechnology (stress-resistant grape cultivars, diseases and environmental conditions). A scientific association servicing the wine, wine grape and related industries by distributing the most advanced relevant scientific knowledge to its members via workshops, seminars and an annual congress as well as a number of international congresses. A scientific journal, the SA Journal for Enology and Viticulture is distributed twice annually. This network of knowledge and technology pertaining to the wine industry co-ordinates and finances research, training and the transfer of technology in the wine industry. Research partners include ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, ARC Plant Protection, the Institute for Wine Biotechnology and the Universities of Cape Town, Stellenbosch and Pretoria. The Technology Transfer Project is aimed at taking research results and the most advanced technology directly to the producer in the form of information days, farmers days and viticultural, winemakers and farm worker study groups co-ordinated by VinPro. A data base listing research projects is available on the web page and articles are published in the WineLand journal. Manages the South African Plant Certification Scheme for Wine Grapes as provided by the Plant Improvement Act 53 of 1976 and stipulated by the National Minister of Agriculture. Plant improvement occurs uniformly by applying regulations regarding vine cultivation and the selection, evaluation, testing and release of viticultural material. A financial survey, the Production Plan, is done annually by means of study groups in each of the wine producing regions to determine the average production costs incurred by producers in each region. The research project also includes start-up costs, break-even costs, target income, grape prices and labour. The results are available on the web page. Excellent, updated knowledge and technology is also made available by the VinPro Consultation Service via its regional viticultural consultants, soil scientist and oenologist.

Institute for Wine Biotechnology (IWBT) Tel: 021 808 3770 ccav@sun.ac.za www.sun.ac.za/wine_ biotechnology

SA Society for Enology and Viticulture (SASEV) Tel: 021 889 6311 sasev@sasev.org www.sasev.org

FoodBev Seta Tel: 011 253 7300 www.foodbev.co.za South African Agri Academy Tel: 021 880 1276 info@agriacademy.co.za www.agriacademy.co.za

Winetech Tel: 021 807 3324 booysenj@winetech.co.za www.winetech.co.za

Stellenbosch University Dept of Viticulture & Oenology Tel: 021 808 4782 dww@sun.ac.za www.sun.ac.za/viti_oenol/ University of Cape Town Graduate School of Business Tel: 021 406 1349 jennycar@gsb.uct.ac.za www.gsb.uct.ac.za/winemarketing

Vineyard Academy Tel: 021 809 3100 horne@vineyardacademy.co.za Wine Tasting Academy Tel: 011 482 9178 crossley@reciprocal.co.za

Wine Grape Improvement Council Tel: 021 872 1831 plantpro@iafrica.com

6. Research and development

By endeavouring to produce wine competitively and profitably, the South African wine industry ensures that its viticulturists and oenologists are in the vanguard of technology and development. Several institutions and research bodies have undertaken important research, and the knowledge gleaned from this has been ploughed back into the industry in the form of journals, magazines, and presentations at information days or farmers days. Producers pay a statutory levy, part of which is allocated to research. Government institutions, private businesses, financial institutions and so forth also contribute financially.

VinPro Tel: 021 807 3322 info@vinpro.co.za www.vinpro.co.za

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7. Websites and publications

The SA Wine Industry Directory (Sawid), available from WineLand Publications, and the web page wine.co.za are the two most comprehensive resources for the wine industry. Call 021 863 4524, write to info@wineland.co.za or visit www.wineland.co.za. Sawid is the wine industry Bible. Comprising more than 600 pages, it is published annually by WineLand Publications. It contains all the statistics, cultivars, wine makers, viticulturalists, distributors, organisations, wine routes, cellars, wine competitions and other industry interests one could wish for. WineLand Publications also publish two journals, WineLand (incorporating Wynboer) and Fynproe , a manual entitled Basic Wine-making (English, Afrikaans & Xhosa) and the Wynboer Technical Yearbook. A series of full colour pamphlets from the ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij discusses how to identify, control and prevent various diseases and pests in the vineyard. Contact 021 809 3305 or write to booksalescape@arc. agric.za Wine.co.za All-encompassing web site containing news about South African and international wines, a diary indicating generalities, dates pertaining to the industry, trading days and show days, and a search engine for finding wine makers, cellars, distributors or different kinds of wine. It offers a platform for overseas agents to contact local producers, to facilitate trade between buyers and sellers of grapes, bottled and bulk wine and equipment, and undertakes market surveys that can be used to promote marketing. Sawis.co.za The authoritative web site for statistics regarding the SA wine industry, including the harvest, area occupied by vines, exports, domestic sales, certification, Wine and Spirits Board regulations and so on. Links to the Sawis Library and the Winetech research data base can also be found on the web page. VinPro.co.za Collection point for news with an impact on the wine industry in the printed and electronic media, including the harvest, markets, best practices, excise, transformation and empowerment, fuel prices, the power issue and agriculture in general. Wosa.co.za Overview and news about the South African wine industry for potential importers. The most recent international sales and marketing trends via market research and export regulations in the different key markets (available to members only via the web-based Wosa Library).

Wine shows and competitions

Contact the SA National Wine Show Association c/o 021 807 3104. The SA Wine Industry Directory and wine.co.za can also be consulted for a complete list and dates of wine competitions and shows.

8. Companies involved
Refer to Sawis, the SA Wine Industry Directory and www.wine.co.za for comprehensive lists of producers, cellars, wine and liquor companies, providers, agents etc. The Website Industry Search on www.sawis.co.za is useful. The following are categories available: Wine grape producer Wine producer Co-op Estate cellar Non-Estate cellar Producing wholesaler Categories of Wine Producers: estate wineries, which can make wine only from grapes grown on their own land; co-operatives, which on a communal basis process the grapes of their farmer member shareholders into wine these co-operatives alone have invested vast amounts in production equipment and they press about 80% of South Africas total wine harvest; independent cellars and a number of wholesalers who buy in both grapes and wine, and make wine for bottling under their brand names, as well as making wine from grapes grown on their own wine farms. Wholesaler Exporter Bottler Distiller Other Organisations

9. Local business environment

An extensive distribution network of wholesalers and retailers, as well as co-operative cellars, estates and other organisations which market wine directly, ensure that wine products reach consumers around the country. The huge increase in trade and consumer shows, wine festivals, food and wine festivals and regional festivals has also created an important channel though which wine can be brought directly to the consumer. See the SA Wine Industry Directory, wine.co.za en Sawis for contact details regarding distributors of and agents for wine products as well as dates of shows and festivals taking place throughout the year.

International
www.vines.org www.winedirectory.org www.winespectator.com www.decanter.com www.just-drinks.com www.newworldwinemaker.com www.oiv.org

Industry issues
Issues around ethical trading, responsible alcohol consumption and socioeconomic upliftment are important components of the wine industry and have received al lot of attention over the past few years. The following organisations look after these interests and not only ensure that the wine industry is sustainable and profitable, but also that it employs management practices that in the long term will benefit all role players in the wine community. In the light of the international preference for wines produced on farms that take social responsibility for their labourers, accreditation by and involvement with the organisations mentioned below are also used as unique marketing tools. Association for Responsible Alcohol Use (ARA) Tel: 021 886 4327 www.ara.co.za The representative authority and policy-making body on the social aspects of alcolhol consumption. Members include SAB Ltd, Distell, Guinness UDV, DGB Pty Ltd, KWV and E Snell & Co. Involved in relevant research, support programmes to inform children and adults about alcohol abuse and responsible alcohol consumption, as well as responsible marketing and promotion activities through self-regulation. Dopstop Vereniging Tel: 021 883 8780 www.dopstop.org.za

Journals and wine tasting guides

WineLand: www.wineland.co.za Wynboer Technical Yearbook: www.wynboer.co.za Grape: www.grape.co.za WINE Magazine: www.winemag.co.za John Platter Wine Guide: www.platteronline.com 200 Best Value Wines in SA: Dave Hughes, Ampersand Press

On-line wine sales

www.sawines.com www.cybercellar.co.za www.sawinesonline.co.uk www.winecellar.co.za www.wineseller.co.za www.ewine.co.za www.wineweb.co.za www.vineyardconnection.co.za www.african-tradition.com www.capewineandfood.com www.winedirectonline.co.za www.southafricawines.co.uk www.wineconcepts.co.za www.carolineswine.com

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A non-profit organisation striving to create empowered and sound rural agricultural communities by promoting sustainable improvement in their standard of living and by enabling them, among other things, to take control of alcohol and drug abuse. Fairtrade Suid-Afrika Tel: 021 448 8911 www.fairtrade.org.za Pebbles Project Tel: 072 472 2797 www.pebblesproject.co.za Aims to offer specialised educational assistance to underprivileged children between 2 12 years of age, particularly those affected by Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), by providing a training network and community support. Wine and Agricultural Ethical Trade Association (Wieta) Tel: 021 447 5660 linda@wieta.org.za www.wieta.org.za An organisation consisting of producers, local and international traders, trade organisations and other role players in the wine, fruit and other agricultural sektors who are committed to promoting ethichal trade. This includes drafting and honouring a best practice code with a view to improving the working conditions of employees in the industry.

10. Black Economic Empowerment (BEE)

Find the story Swart vrouewynmaker bekroon on www.landbou.com about the historic achievement of Ms Ntsiki Biyela, a winemaker in Stellenbosch, winning the 2009 Female Winemaker of the Year award.

The Wine Industry Transformation Charter was finalised by the Wine Council in July 2007 and submitted to the Minister of Agriculture for approval. This charter is regarded by government as a sub-charter of the AgriBEE Charter. It includes scorecards, guidelines and commitment statements from all role players in the wine industry, including the government, to work towards the sustainable implementation of black economic empowerment, land reform and transformation in the wine industry. As part of the industrys commitment to black economic empowerment, transformation and land reform, government, together with organisations, individual producers and related businesses, are actively involved in setting up new producers from historically disadvantaged groups, supporting and uplifting farm workers and their communities, assisting new producers with regard to marketing and access to related services, and offering training. Several wine producers have set up joint businesses with their workers in order to promote co-ownership and transfer wine farm management and wine-making skills (e.g. Spiced Route, New Beginnings, Thandi Wines, Bouwland en Tukulu). These businesses have established extremely successful trademarks, which are selling well in the UK and European markets. They are also breaking into the USA and Far East markets. Interest was initially aroused by the political background of the projects, but since then the quality of these wines has been acclaimed and support for exports is becoming stronger. Many private initiatives are also aimed at extending ownership to communities living in wine producing regions. Returns on wine sales are ploughed back into the communites to improve their standard of living. For details, contact the organisations listed below and visit the Wosa website for background and a list of empowerment initiatives. Black Association of the Wine & Spirit Industry (Bawsi) Tel: 021 863 3151 mandrews@bawsi.org.za www.bawsi.org.za Organisation committed to transforming the wine industry to represent all aspects of South African society. The main objectives are the social upliftment of people living on farms, the implementation of fair labour practices, and to play a significant role in empowering its members to gain ownership in the wine industry. The organisation has representation on the SA Wine Council as well as Wosa, Sawis, Winetech, the Brandy Foundation and the National Wine Show Association. Offers assistance to workers from disadvantaged communities to obtain capital in order to set up viable wine businesses. As soon as the business is successful, the corporation disinvests on a profitable basis. Involved in the development of a business model that facilitate entry into the wine industry in the case of prospective entrepreneurs who lack the necessary capital and/or assistance to enter in the traditional way. Members of the alliance, which include Lindiwe, Sibeko Wines, Ses Fikile, Blouvlei and Kuyasa Wines, are supported by Sawit and Bawsi. The organisation is working the documentation of an agreement with financial institutions, wine suppliers, trade, industry support structures and oenologists.

NewFarmers Development Company Ltd Tel: 021 970 5140 corporate@newfarmers. co.za SA Black Vintners Alliance Tel: 021 982 2200 ava@africanrootswines. com

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SA Wine Industry Trust Sawit focuses on transforming of the wine (Sawit) industry, setting up new producers from Tel: 021 889 8101 historically disadvantaged backgrounds, sawit@live.co.za supporting and uplifting farm workers www.sawit.co.za and their communities in the wine industry, and assisting new viticulturists with marketing and access to related services. The organisation achieves its objectives via the Wine Industry Business Support Company (Busco), Wine Industry Development Company (Devco) and the Wine Industry Empowerment Company (Wieco). VinPro BEE Advisory Service Tel: 021 887 3322 info@vinpro.co.za www.vinpro.co.za This section of VinPro strives to be a onestop service a central point producers can contact when they become involved in the process. Among other things, wine producers receive assistance in strategic land reform and score card positioning, as well as the facilitation of BEE by means of viablitiy studies, project evaluation and specialised advice on mentorships. Independent specialists in the field are also called in to execute some of the business plans and analyses on behalf of the Advice Service. Producers are referred to relevant institutions where necessary. WIDAs mission statement is To be the key industry body responsible for initiating, facilitating, co-ordinating and monitoring transformation through economic empowerment, social upliftment and human capacity development in the South African wine industry .

suitability of vineyards as a habitat for biodiversity; to limit practices that negatively affect the environment; and to create marketing opportunities for the wine industry by menas of the unique biodiversity of the Cape Flower Kingdom as part of Trademark SA. Food and Trees for Africa Tel: 011 784 6399 info@trees.org.za www.trees.co.za The release of carbon dioxide gas by wine industry value chain processes is a relatively recent but critical environmental issue, requiring urgent attention in the light of global warmng. This organisation has launched The Carbon Standard. This programme enables users to measure and restrict carbon releases in businesses/on farms easily and cheaply.

12. International business environment

Find the International menu option on the SAWIS website. Also refer to www. ovi.org, an organisation which provides international wine industry statistics. For advice on export opportunities, or to contact potential overseas agents or distributers, contact WOSA or visit www.wosa.co.za For export statistics, certification, regulations and issuing of licences, contact SAWIS or visit www.sawis.co.za South Africa is the 9th largest wine producer in the world with more than 100 000 ha under vines, an annual harvest of about 1.3 million tons and a wine production figure of some 1 050 litres. The country contributes around 3% to the total worldwide wine production, France, Italy and Spain are the top three wine producing countries in the world, respectively adding 19%, 18% and 14% to wine production worldwide. Spain is the country with the largest area under vines. Wines of South Africa (Wosa) represents all exporters of South African wines and the generic promotion of Trademark SA overseas. It has branches in Sweden, Canada, Germany, Denmark, The Netherlands, the UK and the USA, among others. South African wine exports have increased enormously since 1994. About 38% of the total production was exported in 2006. The top export countries are the UK, The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark, and new opportunities and growth in non-traditional markets such as the USA, Canada and Asia have also opened up. Compared to domestic production and exports, only a small amount of wine is imported in cases where the domestic demand for certain varieties cannot be met. An export licence has to be obtained for all export wines. Before a licence is granted, samples of each consignment destined for a foreign country have to be sent to the Wine and Spirits Board at LNR Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, where they are subjected to tasting tests and chemical analyses in laboratories. The Wine and Spirits Board provides each bottle with a seal to confirm that the statements on the label regarding origins, vintage and wine grape variety are true. On its part, each country also requires certain documentation and compliance with certain regulations for instance, the alcohol content and the particular countrys legislation with regard to health warnings on wine labels have to be observed. Our thanks to Cassie du Plessis for feedback on the draft chapter

Wine Industry Development Association (WIDA) Tel: 021 872 9181 Denver@wida.co.za http://wida.co.za

11. Environmental issues

The Integrated Production of Wine (IPW) is a technical system for sustainable wine production, covering the wine industry as a whole. One of the main principles of the IPW system is that production should be in harmony with nature a principle which is also upheld by the Biodiversity and Wine Initiative (BWI). The system was created in 1998 and published in accordance with the Liquor Products Act 60 of 1989. It includes guidelines and recommendations on what should be done, as well as minimum standards. See www.ipw.co.za South African wine producers are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of protecting indigenous plant species and environmentally friendly viticulture, and this is used as a unique marketing tool in overseas markets, where consumers are showing a marked preference for wines produced under environmentally friendly conditions. Biodiversity and Wine Initiative (BWI) Tel: 021 888 2865 bwi@sawb.co.za www.bwi.co.za The BWI is a partnership concluded by the South African wine industry and the conservation sector with a view to reducing further encroachment upon the endangered natural habitat to a minimum and contributing to sustainable wine production by accepting guidelines on biodiversity. The objectives of the BWI are to prevent further encroachment upon the endangered habitat; to increase the total area set aside for natural habitat by identifying and accrediting producers as members or champions of the initiative; to propagate changes in farming practices that promote the

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