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Symmetry
Motif: the fundamental part of a symmetric design that, when repeated, creates the whole pattern Operation: some act that reproduces the motif to create the pattern Element: an operation located at a particular point in space

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
= 360o/2 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern

A Symmetrical Pattern

6 6
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2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements Operation 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
= 360o/2 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern
= the symbol for a two-fold rotation

Motif

Element

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
= rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern
= the symbol for a two-fold rotation

360o/2

6 6
second operation step

6
first operation step

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry
180o rotation makes it coincident Second 180o brings the object back to its original position Whats the motif here??

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation b. Three-fold rotation
= 360o/3 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern

6
6

6
7

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation b. Three-fold rotation
= rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern 360o/3

6
step 3

step 1

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation
6 6 6
6

6 6 6
6

1-fold

2-fold

3-fold

4-fold

6-fold

Objects with symmetry:

a
identity

5-fold and > 6-fold rotations will not work in combination with translations in crystals (as we shall see later). Thus we will exclude them now.

6
6

step 2

6
6

4-fold, 2-fold, and 3-fold rotations in a cube

Click on image to run animation

2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 2. Inversion (i)
inversion through a center to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern = symbol for an inversion center
inversion is identical to 2-fold rotation in 2-D, but is unique in 3-D (try it with your hands)

6 6
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2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 3. Reflection (m)
Reflection across a mirror plane reproduces a motif = symbol for a mirror plane

2-D Symmetry
We now have 6 unique 2-D symmetry operations:

1 2 3 4 6 m
Rotations are congruent operations reproductions are identical Inversion and reflection are enantiomorphic operations reproductions are opposite-handed

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2-D Symmetry
Combinations of symmetry elements are also possible To create a complete analysis of symmetry about a point in space, we must try all possible combinations of these symmetry elements In the interest of clarity and ease of illustration, we continue to consider only 2-D examples

2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror

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2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect
(could do either step first)

2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect Step 2: rotate (everything)

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2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect Step 2: rotate (everything)

Is that all??

2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect Step 2: rotate (everything)

No! A second mirror is required

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2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror The result is Point Group 2mm
2mm indicates 2 mirrors The mirrors are different (not equivalent by symmetry)

2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

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2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect

2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect Step 2: rotate 1

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2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect Step 2: rotate 2

2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step 1: reflect Step 2: rotate 3

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2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Any other elements?

2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Any other elements?

Yes, two more mirrors

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2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Any other elements?

Yes, two more mirrors Point group name??

2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Any other elements?

Yes, two more mirrors Point group name?? 4mm Why not 4mmmm?

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2-D Symmetry
3-fold rotation axis with a mirror creates point group 3m Why not 3mmm?

2-D Symmetry
6-fold rotation axis with a mirror creates point group 6mm

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2-D Symmetry
All other combinations are either: Incompatible (2 + 2 cannot be done in 2-D) Redundant with others already tried m + m 2mm because creates 2-fold This is the same as 2 + m 2mm

2-D Symmetry
The original 6 elements plus the 4 combinations creates 10 possible 2-D Point Groups: 1 2 3 4 6 m 2mm 3m 4mm 6mm Any 2-D pattern of objects surrounding a point must conform to one of these groups

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3-D Symmetry
New 3-D Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
a. 1-fold rotoinversion ( 1 )

3-D Symmetry
New 3-D Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
a. 1-fold rotoinversion ( 1 ) Step 1: rotate 360/1 (identity)

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3-D Symmetry
New 3-D Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
a. 1-fold rotoinversion ( 1 ) Step 1: rotate 360/1 (identity) Step 2: invert This is the same as i, so not a new operation

Sistem Kristal Asimetrik

x x

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
b. 2-fold rotoinversion ( 2 ) Step 1: rotate 360/2 Note: this is a temporary step, the intermediate motif element does not exist in the final pattern

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
b. 2-fold rotoinversion ( 2 ) Step 1: rotate 360/2 Step 2: invert

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
b. 2-fold rotoinversion ( 2 ) The result:

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
b. 2-fold rotoinversion ( 2 ) This is the same as m, so not a new operation

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 )

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) 1 Step 1: rotate 360o/3 Again, this is a temporary step, the intermediate motif element does not exist in the final pattern

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) Step 2: invert through center

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) 1 Completion of the first sequence 2

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) Rotate another 360/3

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) Invert through center

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) 3 Complete second step to create face 3 2 1

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) Third step creates face 4 (3 (1) 4) 3

4 2

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) Fourth step creates face 5 (4 (2) 5) 5 1

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) Fifth step creates face 6 (5 (3) 6) Sixth step returns to face 1 5 1

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) 3

This is unique

5 4 6

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 1: Rotate 360/4

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 1: Rotate 360/4 2: Invert

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 1: Rotate 360/4 2: Invert

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 3: Rotate 360/4

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 3: Rotate 360/4 4: Invert

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 3: Rotate 360/4 4: Invert

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 5: Rotate 360/4

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) 5: Rotate 360/4 6: Invert

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) This is also a unique operation

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 ) A more fundamental representative of the pattern

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 ) Begin with this framework:

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
1

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
1

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
2 1

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
2 1

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
3 2 1

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
3 2 1

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
3 2 1

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
3 2 1

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
3 5 2 1

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
3 5 2 1

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
3 5 2 1

3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
Note: this is the same as a 3-fold rotation axis perpendicular to a mirror plane
Top View

(combinations of elements follows)

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3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 ) A simpler pattern
Top View

3-D Symmetry
We now have 10 unique 3-D symmetry operations:

1 2 3 4 6 i m 3 4 6
Combinations of these elements are also possible A complete analysis of symmetry about a point in space requires that we try all possible combinations of these symmetry elements

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3-D Symmetry
3-D symmetry element combinations a. Rotation axis parallel to a mirror
Same as 2-D 2 || m = 2mm 3 || m = 3m, also 4mm, 6mm

b. Rotation axis mirror ------ beberapa mineral

2 m = 2/m 3 m = 3/m, also 4/m, 6/m

c. Most other rotations + m are impossible

2-fold axis at odd angle to mirror? Some cases at 45o or 30o are possible, as we shall see

3-D Symmetry
3-D symmetry element combinations d. Combinations of rotations 2 + 2 at 90o 222 (third 2 required from combination) 4 + 2 at 90o 422 ( ) ) 6 + 2 at 90o 622 (

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3-D Symmetry
As in 2-D, the number of possible combinations is limited only by incompatibility and redundancy There are only 22 possible unique 3-D combinations, when combined with the 10 original 3-D elements yields the 32 3-D Point Groups

3-D Symmetry
But it soon gets hard to visualize (or at least portray 3-D on paper)

Fig. 5.18 of Klein (2002) Manual of Mineral Science, John Wiley and Sons

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3-D Symmetry
The 32 3-D Point Groups
Every 3-D pattern must conform to one of them. This includes every crystal, and every point within a crystal
Increasing Rotational Symmetry Rotation axis only Rotoinversion axis only Combination of rotation axes One rotation axis mirror One rotation axis || mirror Rotoinversion with rotation and mirror Three rotation axes and mirrors Additional Isometric patterns 2/m 2/m 2/m 23 2/m 3 1 1 (= i ) 2 2 (= m) 222 2/m 2mm 3 3 32 3/m (= 6) 3m 3 2/m 4 4 422 4/m 4mm 4 2/m 4/m 2/m 2/m 432 43m 6 6 (= 3/m) 622 6/m 6mm 6 2/m 6/m 2/m 2/m 4/m 3 2/m

Table 5.1 of Klein (2002) Manual of Mineral Science, John Wiley and Sons

3-D Symmetry
The 32 3-D Point Groups Regrouped by Crystal System
(more later when we consider translations)
Crystal System Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Hexagonal No Center 1 2, 2 (= m) 222, 2mm 4, 4, 422, 4mm, 42m 3, 32, 3m 6, 6, 622, 6mm, 62m Isometric 23, 432, 43m Center 1 2/m 2/m 2/m 2/m 4/m, 4/m 2/m 2/m 3, 3 2/m 6/m, 6/m 2/m 2/m 2/m 3, 4/m 3 2/m

Table 5.3 of Klein (2002) Manual of Mineral Science, John Wiley and Sons

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3-D Symmetry
The 32 3-D Point Groups

After Bloss, Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry. MSA

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