CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND. INTRODUCTION Glass is an ideal material for recycling.

In engineering, glass became a relatively new construction aggregate material, because glass aggregate is strong, durable, easy to place and easy to compact. It can be used for construction applications including general backfill, roadways, utility backfill, drainage medium, and in miscellaneous uses such as landfill cover and underground storage tank backfill. Recent studies include the effect of crushed glass when using it as an additive to bricks, ceramics and plaster for decoration purposes. The study aims to evaluate the strength, durability and cost when crushed glasses were used as an additive, by using different mixing ratios of glass to clay to form the bricks. In the near future by using the mixing ratios for making decorative brick, we could determine what is the best percentage of clay to glass to get a high strength, durable and economical material. The researcher made a study on the effect of crashed glass when mixed with the clay bricks. It is entitled as EVALUATION OF THE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF DECORATIVE BRICK WITH CRUSHED GLASS AS AN ADDITIVE. SETTING OF THE STUDY Technological Institute of the Philippines Quezon City CONCEPTUAL OR THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The study in the near future wanted to prove that the mixture of bricks and crushed glass exhibits a considerably high compressive strength and can be of high durability using different tests.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM/ OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Describe the similarities or differences of clay and glass in terms of particle size distribution through sieve analysis. Identify the different independent variables that will affect the strength and durability of clay bricks with additional content of crushed glass. Determine the recommended mixing proportion that produces high strength and when subjected to certain load. Differentiate the benefit cost ratio of two materials clay bricks with crushed glass or without crushed glass. HYPOTHESIS If there is a higher percentage by mass of the crushed glass as an additive, then there is a possibility of decreasing the compressive strength of the brick. There is an effect of adding crushed glass in making clay bricks contributing to its durability and especially its strength.

SCOPE AND DELIMINATION OF THE STUDY The study covers only determination of strength and durability of bricks made of clay with an additive by testing the material using compressive strength and waste absorption test. The difficulty in the study is finding the equipment of material to be used in making the clay bricks.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study is significant endeavor in promoting crushed glass as an additive mixture in clay bricks. It is also beneficial to the consumers who want to use a decorative but a durable and economical type of bricks. Moreover this study will provide the evaluation of strength and durability of a decorative but economical bricks.

DEFINITION OF TERMS Clay a. A fine-grained, firm earthy material that is plastic when wet and hardens when

heated, consisting primarily of hydrated silicates of aluminum and widely used in making bricks, tiles, and pottery. b. A hardening or non-hardening material having a consistency similar to clay and used for modeling. Compression - a. The act or process of compressing. b. The state of being compressed. Compressive strength - is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand axially directed pushing forces. When the limit of compressive strength is reached, materials are crushed. Glass - is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material. Glasses are typically brittle and optically transparent. Durability - Able to perform or compete over a long period, as by avoiding or overcoming injuries. Strength - Degree of intensity, force, effectiveness, or potency in terms of a particular property. Water absorption - is used to determine the amount of water absorbed under specified conditions. Factors affecting water absorption include: type of plastic, additives used, temperature and length of exposure.

INPUT
Materials Crushed Glass

PROCESS
Preparation of Materials Mixing Ratios of Clay
%Clay to Glass: Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 100% 75% 50% 25% %Glass 0% 25% 50% 75%

OUTPUTS
Recommendation for the acceptable mixing proportion obtaining high strength and endurance of the material Comparison whether the mixture of bricks and glass is economical to other bricks

Water
Clay Sand Mixer Molds Weighing Scale/ Triple Beam

Equipments

Test -Compressive Strength Test -Water Test Absorption

Balance
UTM (Universal Testing Machine) Water Absorption Materials Oven ASTM Procedures & DPWH BlueBook if necessary

Figure 1.1 Paradigm