Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Overview
(1) The meaning and forms of job discrimination. (2) Statistical and attitudinal evidence of discrimination. (3) Historical and legal context of affirmative action. (4) Moral arguments for and against affirmative action. (5) Doctrine of comparable worth and controversy. (6) The problem of sexual harassment.
Introduction
Job discrimination has many variations. Affirmative action has been one proposed remedy for past discrimination. What moral arguments exist for and against discrimination? What are the obligations of employers toward their employees regarding discrimination issues?
Evidence of Discrimination
Statistical evidence: Studies reveal the persistence of discrimination in American life. Research shows wide economic disparities between whites and racial minorities. It shows significant occupational and income differences seen in white males as compared to women and minorities. Few women and minorities can be found at the very top of the business world.
Evidence of Discrimination
Attitudinal evidence: Statistics alone do not conclusively establish discrimination other elements may account for the disparities in income and position between men and women and between whites and other races. Widespread racist and sexist attitudes and biased institutional practices and policies come into play. Women and minorities often find themselves measured by a white male value system.
In the Philippines, the Labor Code mandates workplace protections against discrimination based on race, sex or creed but age discrimination is NOT included in the law.
A recent survey in Asia showed that one in six respondents who were living with HIV/AIDS had been discriminated in the workplace. A higher proportion of respondents experienced workplace discrimination in the Philippines (21 per cent) than in other countries in the region (15 per cent in Indonesia, 12 per cent in India and 7 per cent in Thailand).
In one restaurant, the owner required female employees to wear sexually revealing clothes. Responsively, a local court has overruled this policy and held that the dress requirement imposed on female employees by the restaurant was not necessary.
The governments of the Philippines and Japan recently enacted laws that address sexual harassment as a form of discrimination. The law provides that both women and men shall be protected from sexual harassment, and requires employers to take workplace measures to address it.
Philippines are unable to find solid protection in the cou because sexual orientation is not considered a suspect classby either the court system or the national government.Many Filipinos feel that homosexuality and transgenderism are perversions, mental lapses, or strange lifestyle choices. As such if Filipino LGBTs would happen to sue for their rights, the traditionally conservative Philippine court system would likely mention that: 1) LGBTs are not a suspect class under Philippine law, and 2) the at-will paradigm protects the rights of
Comparable Worth
The meaning of the comparable worth: It says that women and men should be paid on the same scale not only for doing the same or equivalent jobs, but also for doing different jobs involving equal skill, effort, and responsibility.
Comparable Worth
Advocates point to statistics showing that women are in more low-paying jobs than men and that the more women dominate an occupation, the less it pays. Some say monetary reparations (retroactive payment adjustments) are due to for past work. They believe that paying women equally for a job of equal worth is a matter of social justice. Opponents say that women have freely chosen lower-paying occupations.
Sexual Harassment
Definition: Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when (1) submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individuals employment, (2) submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual, or (3) such conduct has the purpose or effect of substantially interfering with an individuals work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.
Sexual Harassment
Two forms of sexual harassment: (1)Quid pro quo harassment occurs when a supervisor makes an employees job opportunities conditional on the employees entering into a sexual relationship with, or granting sexual favors to, the supervisor. (2)Hostile working environment is behavior of a sexual nature that is distressing to workers (often, but not exclusively, women) and interferes with their ability to perform on the job.
Sexual Harassment
The view of the law courts: In sexual harassment cases, the courts look to what a reasonable person would find offensive. But what matters morally is to respect each persons choices and wishes.
Sexual Harassment
Dealing with sexual harassment: An employee encountering sexual harassment should: (1) Make it clear that the behavior is unwanted. (2) If the behavior persists, document it by keeping a record of what has occurred, who was involved, and when it happened. (3) Complain to the appropriate supervisor. (4) If internal complaints prove ineffective, consider seeing a lawyer and learning in detail what legal options are available.