Typical Protection Schemes

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Author: G. Ziegler

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Typical protection for a radial system

Most distant relay gets the shortest delay time Definite-Time (51, 51N) System impedance (Infeed) high, no current selectivity Inverse-Time (51, 51N) System impedance (Infeed) medium, current selectivity Very Extremely Inverse-Time (51, 51N) System impedance (Infeed) small, high current selectivity 1) Auto reclosing cycle only for overhead lines (79) 2) Negative-phase sequence system as back up protection (46, unbalance protection)
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Page 88

2007-08

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Typical protection of ring feeders

Switch off time of the relays has to be coordinated with downstream fuses Inverse-time characteristic curves (51, 51N) Thermical overload (49) for cables Negative-phase system protection (46) as sensitive back up protection

(52: Circuit-breaker)

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Typical protection for a distribution feeder with reclosing

The relay settings and the auto reclosing cycle (79) must be coordinated with the down-streamed protection devices.

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Feeder protection Distribution System

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Feeder protection Transmission System

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Feeder protection Transmission System

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2007-08

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Small transformers < 5 MVA

Main protection OS
>

Undelayed I>>, IE>> (50, 50N) Buchholz (63) Back-up protection OS Time-delayed overcurrent-time (51) Overload (49) Negative-phase sequence system (46) Main protection US Limited earth-fault (87N) Back-up protection US (OS: Overvoltage side) (US: Undervoltage side) Time-delayed overcurrent I > (51G) (Earth path)

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Dual infeed with single transformer

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Author: G. Ziegler

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Important transformer infeeds

Main protection Differential (87T) Limited earth-fault (87N) Buchholz (63) Back-up protection Overcurrent-time (50, 51, 51N) Neg.-phase sequence system (46) Earth-fault current protection(51G) Overload protection Thermal (49)

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Three-winding transformer

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Autotransformer

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Large autotransformer bank

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Small and medium motors with nominal outputs < 1MW

a) In systems with solid grounding or low-resistance neutral earthing (IE IN Motor)

(37) Undercurrent relay

b) In systems with high-resistance neutral earthing (IE IN Motor)

1) Cable-type current transformer is necessary for sensitive earth-fault protection 2) Directional protection, Earth-fault monitoring

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Big high voltage motors > approx. 1 MW

1) Cable-type current transformers for the sensitive earth-fault detection 2) Sensitive directional earth-fault detection in operation with a Petersencoil 3) Startup supervision 4) Temperature sensor

Optional

(27) Undervoltage-relay

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2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Micro generators < 500 kW

a) Solid grounding

b) Earthed via resistance

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2007-08

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Busbar protection Reverse interlocking principle

Applicable to distribution buses without considerable (< 0.25 In) back feeding from the outgoing feeders

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2007-08

Author: G. Ziegler

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Low impedance - Busbar protection

Especially used in multiple busbars for which an isolator replica is necessary Feeder protection can be connected to the same current transformer core Current transformers can be different
(87): Differential protection (86): Tripping relay (BF): Breaker failure protection
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2007-08

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High impedance busbar protection

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1-1/2-breaker arrangement

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2007-08

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Typical protection for parallel service without back-feed

Directional overcurrent - time protection relays (67, 67N) switch off fault on the protected line without delay

Non-directional relays (51, 51N) must be delayed about 1 grading zone

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2007-08

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Dual transformer infeed

Main protection Overcurrent-time Phase/Earth directional (67, 67N) non-directional (50, 51, 51N) Buchholz (63) Back-up protection Overcurrent-time Phase/Earth (51, 51N) Negative-phase sequence system (46) Overload protection Limited earth-fault (51G) Thermal (49)

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Cable / short overhead line < 20km with infeed of both sides
Main protection Differential (87) Back-up protection Overcurrent-time (51, 51N) Overload protection Thermal 1) Automatic reclosing only in overhead lines (79) 2) Overload protection (49) mainly in cables

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Overhead lines or long cables with infeed of from sides

Main protection Distance (21, 21N) 1) Signal comparison (85)

Back-up protection 2) Directional Overcurrent-time (67N)

3) Auto reclosing (79) (single or multiple) only in overhead lines

Page 110

2007-08

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