:

1.
1.1


.

II

III

IV

x1, x2 x1 < x2 f(x1) < f(x2),

f .

x1, x2 x1 < x2 f(x1) > f(x2),
f .

:

.

x1 x1. f
:
x1A f(x1),
f(x) f(x1), x x1.

 x1A f(x1),
f(x) f(x1), x .
x1A f(x1),
f(x) f(x1), x x1.
x1A f(x1),
f(x) f(x1), x .

:
,
.
x1 f. f(x1).

1.
f(x)=axv+av-1xv-1+...+a1x+ao
2.

f(x) = 3x2 + 5x + 6
A=R

f2(x) 0

f2(x)= 0
R
x .

f(x ) =

g(x) 0



R

.
g(x) > 0
,


R

.
g(x) > 0
,


R

f1 (x )

f(x ) =

f2 (x )

3.

f(x ) = g(x )
v

2, N

4.

f(x) = [g(x)]h(x)

5.
f(x) = ln(g(x))

f(x) = log(g(x))

1x
x2 4

x2 4 0
x2 4 = 0
x2 = 4
x= 2
= R {2, 2}
f(x) = 1 x2

1 x2 0
x2 1
|x| 1
1 x 1
= [1, 1].
f(x) = (x + 1)x
x + 1 > 0
x > 1
= (1, +)

f(x) = ln(x2 5x + 6)
x2 5x + 6 > 0
= 25 24 = 1
x1,2 =
x
x25x+6

51
2

2
+
+

x < 2 x > 3
=(, 2)(3, +)

6.
f1(x) = (g(x))

f2(x) = (g(x))

f3(x) = (g(x))

f4(x) = (g(x))

f1, f2

A = R
f3

g(x)+ , ,.
2

f4
g(x) ,.

f3(x) = (2x + )

+
3
2

2x +
= +
3
2

2x = +
2 3

+
2x= +
x=
2 12
6

=R{ + , Z}
2 12

2x +

:
:

1) f(x) = x +

>0

=R
=R

2) f(x) = x , 0
A=R

> 0
= [0, +)

< 0
= (,0]

a>0

()

, 0
x

A=R{0}= R*
= R*

a>0

()
4) f(x)=
=x, >0, 1
(.. f(x) = ex)
A=R
= (0, +)

a>1

>0 f
.
<0 f
.
=0 f .

=
2

3) f(x) =

< 0 :

(,0),

(,0),

> 1 f
.
0 < < 1 f

y = ax +

< 0 :

yy.
< 0
:

.
: xx, yy.

(0, 0).
0 < < 1 :

xx.

()
5) f(x)=
= lnx f(x)=
= logx

f(x)=

>0 f
[0, +)  >0
f

(, 0].
f(0) = 0.
<0 f  <0
(,0] f


f(0) = 0.
[0, +)
> 0 f

(0,+ ).
< 0 f

(0,+ ).

A=(0, +)
=R

()

yy.

6) f(x) = x
1
3
2

=R
= [1, 1]


:
x = /2
[0, /2], [3/2, 2]
f(/2)=1.
:

[/2, 3/2]
x = 3/2
f(3/2)=1.

= 2

2.

A=R
= [1, 1]

:
[0, ]
:

[, 2]

= 2

2.

7) f(x) = x
1

2
3
2

x = 0 x = 2,
f(0) = f(2) = 1.

x = , f() = 1

f xo , R, x
xo , xx, f(x)
yy.
lim f(x ) =
x x0

xo.

f(x)

f(x)

1. =(, xo)(xo, )

f(x)

x xo x

lim f(x ) =

x xo

f(xo).

xxo f(x)

2. =(, xo)

f(x)

x xo

lim f(x ) =

x xo

f(xo).

xxo f(x)

3. A=(xo, )

f(x)

xo x

lim f(x ) =

x xo

f(xo).

xxo f(x)
f(x)

4. =(, ), xoA

f(x)

x xo x

lim f(x ) =

x xo

f(xo)=

f(xo)
f(x)

5. =(, ), xoA

f(x)

x xo x

lim f(x ) =

x xo

f(xo)

xxo f(x)

4 lim f(x ) = f(x o ) . f

x xo

x.

lim f(x ) = f(xo ) , x f
x xo

. ( 4,
5)
.

:
f(x) xo
:
(, xo) (xo, ) (xo, ) (, xo) (, ) xo(a, )

, , , ,
, .

f g xo
lim f(x) = lim g(x) = , , R, :
x xo

x xo

lim f(x)=3
x 2

lim g(x)=2

x 2

1.

lim (f(x)+g(x))

x xo

(
)
2.
lim (f(x)), R
x xo

lim f(x) + lim g(x) = +

x xo

x xo

lim (f(x)+g(x))=

x2

lim f(x) + lim g(x) = 3+ 2 = 5

x2

lim (f(x)) = lim f(x)

x xo

xxo

x2

lim (5f(x)) =

x2

5 lim f(x) = 53 = 15
x2

3.

lim f(x) lim g(x) =

lim (f(x)g(x))

x xo

x xo

xxo

lim f(x) lim g(x) = 32 = 6

(
)
4.

lim (f(x)g(x)) =

x2
x2

lim f(x)

f( x )

lim
x xo g ( x )

(
)

x xo

lim g(x )

x xo

,0

x2

f(x)
=
lim
x2 g(x)

lim f(x )
3
x 2
=
2
lim g(x )
x 2

5.

lim (fv(x)), N*

( lim f(x))v = v

lim (f3(x)) =

xxo

x xo

x2

( lim f(x))3 = 33 = 27
x2

6.

lim

x xo

v 2,

f( x ) , vN

lim f(x) = , 0

xxo

lim

x2

f(x) =

lim f(x) = 3

x 2

f(x) 0

1.2 1.3

1.2 f x = xo.

f xo

f(xo + h) f(xo )
,
h 0
h

, lim

.
f xo f(xo),
:

f y = f(x) .
f xo ( f(xo)) y x =
xo xoA.
f xo ( f(xo))
y x x = xo.

y = x(t)
()

t.

(t)


t.

E()

.

x = xo
to,
, t = to
x(to + h ) x(to )
(to) = x(to) = lim
h
h 0
to
t = to.
(to + h ) (to )
(t) = (to) = lim
h
h 0
= :
(o + h ) (o )
() = lim
h
h 0
7

C(x)
x
.

x = xo (C(xo))

C (xo + h) C (xo )
C(xo) = lim
h
h0

y
Cf f
(xo, f(xo)) ( xo f(xo+h)
f),
(xo+h,
f(xo)
f(xo+h)) h 0
Cf
O
( h 0)

() Cf .

M(xo+h, f(xo+h))

()

(xo, f(xo))A

xo

xo+h

f (xo, f(xo)),
f xo. :

= = lim
h 0

f ( xo + h ) f ( xo )
= f ' (xo ) (1).
h

Cf xo
y = f(xo)x +

1.3

f(x) = c
f(x) = x
f(x) = xp
f(x) =

f(x) = x
f(x) = x
f(x) = ex
f(x) = lnx

1. f(x) = (c) = 0
2. f(x) = (x) = 1
3. f(x) = (xp) = pxp1
1
1
2
1
1
4. f(x) = x = x = x 2 =
2 x
2

5. f(x) = (x) = x
6. f(x) = (x) = x
7. f(x) = (ex) = ex
1
8. f(x) = (lnx)=
x

( )

1.(c f(x)) = c f(x)

(6 lnx) = 6 (lnx) = 6

2.(f(x)+g(x)) = f(x)+g(x)

(x2 + 2x + 1) = (x2) + (2x) + (1) = 2x + 2

3.(f(x)g(x))=f(x)g(x)+f(x)g(x)

(4x2x) = (4x2)x + 4x2(x) = 4(x2)x + 4x2x =

= 8xx + 4x2x

(x )' x x(x )'

x
=
=
x
2x
xx x(x )
=
=
2

(x) =

f(x )
f' (x )g(x ) f(x )g' (x )
=
4.

g
(
x
)
g 2 (x )

2x + 2x
2

1
2x

f, g :
[f(g(x))] = f(g(x)) g(x)

(x ) = v x

1. [h (x)]=vh (x)h(x)

(3x) = [(x)3] =
32x (x) = 32x (x) =
32xx

1
1
= 2 , x 0
x
x

1
1
= 2
2.
h' (x ) =
h
(
x
)
(x )
h

h' (x )
= 2
h (x )

1
1
1

= 2 (ln x ) =
ln x
ln x
x ln 2 x

( x ) =

3.

( h(x) ) =

4.

(h(x ))

v-1

1
2 x

(x) = x

v-1

1
2 h(x )

h' (x )

= h(x ) h' (x )

(x) = x

5. (h(x))=h(x)h(x)

(ex) = ex

6. (eh(x)) = eh(x)h(x)

(lnx) =

(x) =

1
x

7. (lnh(x)) =

1
2

8. (h(x))=

1
h(x )

1
2 x

(x ) =

h(x)

x
2 x

((ln x )) = (ln x )(ln x ) = (ln x )

x

(x3) = x3(x3) =
= x3(3x2) =
= 3x2x3

e x3 = e x3 x 3 = 3x 2 e x3

1
(ln x) =
(x) =
x
x
=
= x
x
1
(2x) =
(2x )' =
2 2x
2
=
2 2x

( )

1
h(x)
h(x )

( x ) =

(x) =

1
2 x

9. (h(x))=

(x2) =

1
2 h(x )

h' (x )
=

1
2 2

x
2x

(x2 )' =

2 x 2

1.4
&

: f

f(x) > 0 ,
f
f

: f

f(x) < 0
f .
f

f :
f(xo) = 0 , xo(a, )
f(x) > 0 (, xo)
f(x) < 0 (xo, )
f (, )
x = xo f(xo).

A(xo, f(xo)

< 90

f



Cf

, xx

f(xo) = = > 0
y


(xo, f(xo))

> 90

x Cf
, xx
.
f(xo) = = < 0.
f


x
a
xo

Cf,
+

f(x)
f,
f
xo f(xo).
y
f(xo)

xo

:
f :
f(xo) = 0 , xo(a, )
f(x) < 0 (, xo)
f(x) > 0 (xo, )
f (, )
x = xo f(xo).

f


x
a
xo

Cf,

+
f(x)
f,
f
xo f(xo).
y
xo

f(xo)

10

:
f
xo f(xo) = 0.
xo f , f(xo) = 0
, f xx.
f(xo) = 0 f (, xo) (xo,
) f x = xo.
f(x) = 0 x(, ) f
f x(, ).

(, ),

f(xo)
= 0, x(a, ) , .

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

14.
15.

,
.


( )



0

( , ,
)
:
i. cf(x)
ii. f(x)+g(x)
iii. f(x)g(x)
iv. f(x)/g(x)


11

1.

,

.
2. ,

.

3. H f, f(x) = 0, x

f(x) = x g(x) = x .

1
, x > 0, .
x
1
f(x) = , x < 0, .
x

.
f, ,
, .
f
, x1, x2
x1 > x2 f(x1)<f(x2).
f
, x1, x2
x1<x2 f(x1)<f(x2).

1, x

4. x + y = 1 x, y R, .
2
5. g g(x) = x .
6. f f(x) = 20x .
7. h h(t) = 2t , tR+, .
8. f f(t) = 2t , tR+, .
9. f, R,
10.
11.

f(x) = f(y) x, y A, x = y.
f, g ,
S = f + g .
f, g ,
h =

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

f

g

.

.
.

f(x) =

12

21.
22.

23.
24.

25.

H f(xo) f
xo .


f, (xo, f(xo)) ,
f xo.
f
xo y
= f(x), x, x = xo.
f(xo) f xo

f(xo + h) f(xo )
, hR, h 0.
h
f(x) = x xo = 0.

f(x) = x xo = 0.

f xo

g
1, g g(x)=cx, cR {1}.
g
4 , g 5 .
g
, g 2 .

f(x + h) f(x)
, h 0, x
h 0
h

f(xo + h) f(xo )
lim
, hR,
h 0
h
h 0.
f xo
,

lim

h 0

26.
27.
28.

29.

f(xo + h) f(xo )
, lim
, h
h 0
h
0,
, f
(xo,f(xo)) .
f(x)= x , x R+,
f(x)=

30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.

1
2 x

H g() = q, qQ, >0

g() = qq-1.
f(x) = x g(x)=x
f(x) = (x) = x g(x) = (x) =
x.
(x) = ex L(x) = lnx

1
(x) = (ex) = ex L(x)=(lnx)= .
x

f f(x) = lim

13

37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.

45.

46.

47.

f f
, () f.
H ( ) g
g.
H ( ) g
g.
f(x) = 5 f(x) = 5x.
s(t) = t s(t) = 1.

iv)
v)

f


f .
f

xo ,
f(xo), f(xo) = 0.
f,

, f(xo) f(xo) 0, xo
, xo f.
f, .

, f
,
.
f, .

x , f
f(x) ,
.
f

xo
xo,
f (xo, f(xo))
xx.

f. () () :

i)
ii)
iii)

2 3 4

2 1 0

5 6 7

f [2, 7]
f (2, 7]
f (2, 4)
, x = 3.
f(3) 0.
f(x) > 0 x(2, 3) f(x) > 0 x(3,4).
14

vi)
vii)
viii)

(2, 3) f .
f(5) 0.
f
(3, f(3)) (5, f(5)) .

1.

To

x 2 , < x 1
1<x
2,

. f(x)=

1
, < x < 1
. f(x)= x
2, 1 x
x 2 , < x < 1
. f(x) =
2, 1 x
e x , < x < 1
. f(x) =
2, 1 x
1
, < x 1
. f(x) = x 2
2, 1 < x

2.

y
2

, :
. (, 2)
y

. (, 3]
. (, + )
. (, 3]
. (0, 3]

3.

f(x) =
.
.
.
.
.

[1, 1]
[1, +)
(1, 1)
(, 1]
(, +)

15

1
1 x2

4.

To
. f(x)= x
y

. f(x)= x
. f(x) =

1
x

1
. f(x) =
x
. f(x) = 2x

5.

To
. f(x)= x2
y
2

. f(x)= x
. f(x) =

. f(x) =

. f(x) =

6.

1
x2
x

x2

1
x

f xo ,

. f(xo) = 0
. f(xo) 0
. lim f(x)
x xo

. lim f(x) = f(xo)

x xo

. lim f(x) f(xo)

x xo

7.

f xo
,

f(xo + h) f(h)
, hR, h 0
h 0
h
f(xo + h) f(xo )
. lim
, hR, h 0
h 0
h
. lim

16

. lim

h 0

f(xo + h) f(xo )
, hR, h 0
h

f(xo + h) f(xo )
= + , hR, h 0
h 0
h
f(xo + h) f(xo )
. lim
= , hR, h 0
h 0
h
. lim

8.

H f, xo
,
. xo
.

f(xo + h) f(xo )
,h0
h

. f(x) x, x = xo
. f(x) x xo
.

9.

f(xo) f xo

.

f(xo + h) f(xo )
, hR, h 0
h

. lim (f(xo + h) f(xo)), hR, h 0

h 0

f(xo + h) f(xo )
, hR, h 0
h 0
h
f(xo + h)
. lim
, hR, h 0
h 0
h
f(xo + h)
.
, hR, h 0
h
. lim

S(t) t,

10.

,
.
.
.
.
.

11.

S(xo + h) S(xo )
, hR, h 0
h

t = to
[to, to + h]
[to, to + h]
t = to

to to + h

f R
, f
.
.
.
17

.
.

12.

13.

f, ,
,
. f(x) = 0, x
. f(x) = 0, x
. f(x) > 0, x
. f(x) < 0, x
.
H f(x) = x2 ( h 0)
. lim

h2

h(2x + h)
h

. lim h(2x + h)
h 0

. lim

h 0

(x + h) 2 x 2
h

. 2
. x

14.

15.

axa,
0, 1,
.
.
. 2xa-1
. axa-1
.

H h(x) =

x 2

. f(x) =

x g(x) = x

. f(x) = x2 g(x) =
. f(x) = x
. f(x) = x
.

16.

H f(x) = 3x
. f(x) = 3x
. f(x) = 3x
. f(x) = x, g(x) = 3x
. f(x) =
.
18

3x
3

x2

2.
2.1

( )
(
(
)
)
(1, 2, 3....).
.
(20, 30, ...,
)

( )
(, , , )
(, , )

:

.
,
.
.

:

.

2.2

( )
x1, x2, ......x, , .

() i, xi, i = 1, 2, .....,,
xi
.

19


fi, xi
.
: fi =

vi
, i = 1, 2, .....,.
v

i, xi,

xi.
:
i = v1 + v2 + ....+ vi.

Fi , xi,

xi
:
Fi = f1 + f2 + .....+ fi.

:
fi% = fi 100, Fi% = Fi 100,
, .
.
(xi, vi).
(xi, fi).


xi, vi, fi.
,
xi, .

.
:
.... i,
.... fi, 1
.... fi%, 100

()

(vi, fi, fi%)

(vi, fi, fi%, Ni, Fi, Fi%)

(vi, fi, fi%, Ni, Fi, Fi%)

(vi, fi, fi%, Ni, Fi, Fi%)
(vi, fi, fi%, Ni, Fi, Fi%)
20



,

(), [, ) (
3 ).





c = .
x =

a +
.
2

vi i
i, xi, i = 1,
2, ..., .

1 :
. :

<20
5
20-50
6
50-100
7
100-200
8
200-400
9
2 : c= ,
R ,
.
c , .
3 : . (
) c
- .
.
4 : .
:
,
.

.
.

21

2.3

x :

.

x=

i =1

:
)
ti
v=5

:
1 4
x = ti =
4 i =1
10 + 12 + 14 + 16
=
= 13
4

ti
10
12
14
16

1
v

x=

10
12
14
16
17

x v = x f
i i

i i

i=1

i=1

:
4

x v
i

xi
10
12
14
16
.

vi
2
4
2
2
10

1
v

x=

x=

xi vi
20
48
28
32
128

10
128
x=
= 12,8
10

xi

x v = x f
i i

i=1

i =1

i i

i=1

:
:
)
) .

[10, 12)
[12, 14)
[14, 16)
[16, 18)

xi
11
13
15
17
-

vi
1
3
4
2
10

xi vi
11
39
60
34
144

= t3 = 14


i.
:
a)
=81
xi
10
12
14
16

vi
20
10
20
31
81

i
20
30
50
81
-

i i

x=

i =1

10

50%.
:

Fi%

x=

wi

[10, 12)
[12, 14)
[14, 16)
[16, 18)

i
1
3
4
2
10

wi
0,7
1,2
0,8
1,3
4

x w

xi wi
7
14,4
11,2
23,4
56

40

x
10

12

14

16

18

: = 14,5 ( ).

56
= 14
4

( )

w
i=1

50

i =1
4

10
1

x=

t40 + t41
=
2
12 + 12
=
= 12
2

Fi %
10
40
80
100
-

80

xi
10
12
14
18

fi %
10
30
40
20
100

v
= 40
2

i
20
50
70
80
-

Fi%
100

i=1

=t41=14

wi

= 80
vi
20
30
20
10
80

i=1
v

v
= 40.5
2

)
xi
10
12
14
16

144
= 14, 4
10

x w

v
=2
2
t + t3
= 2
=
2
12 + 14
=
= 13
2

10
12
14
16

v 5
= = 2,5
2 2

x v

)
v=4
ti

: AB = x = 10 x = 20 = 0,5
A

22

40

: = 14 + 0,5 = 14,5

40


: s2
: s
: CV

2
2
v
v
v
: s 2 = 1 ti t , s 2 = 1 t 2 1 t = 1
i

v i =1
v i = 1
i = 1 v

t
i =1

2
i

Cv = s/x

:
x
x = 13
2

1 4
1
(ti 13) = 4 20 = 5
4 i=1

s2 =

s 2,3
=
= 1,76%
x 13

s = 5 2,3, CV =

(x x ) f
2

i =i

1 2
1

xi vi xivi
v i =1
i =1

s2 =
=

1
xi x vi =
v i =i

s2 =

x f
i =1

2
i

xif i =
i =1

()

fi x

i =1

:
x
x = 13

2
1
xi x vi =
v i =1
1
=
42 = 4,2
10

s2 =

s = 4,2 2,05 , CV =

s
x

2,05
= 0,157 15,7%
13

:
x

s2 =

1 2
1

xi vi xivi
v i = i
v i =i

s = 4,16 2,04 ,

x=

1
1282
=
1680
= 4,16
10
10

128
s 2,04
= 12,8 CV = =
= 0,159 15,9%
10
x 12,8

:

.
R = 6 s.

.

.

23

.
.
.
.

.

.

.

.

()

.
.

24

(
) ( )








68%

( x s, x + s)
To 95%

( x 2s, x + 2s)

50%
0,15% 2,35%
x

- 3s




- 2s

x -s

13,5%
+

2,35% 0,15%
+ 2s

68%

99,7%

( x 3s, x + 3s)

95%
99,7%

R 6s
0,3%.

x = = .

13,5% 34% 34%

< x




x <

,
.

25

+ 3s

 :

;

xi

x , ,

yi = xi + c

c R*,

s 2y = s 2
sy = s

y =x+c

CVy =

y = + c

zi = xi c

z = xc

c R*,

z = c

-

s2, s, CV

sy

: c > 0,
c < 0.
s2z = c2 s2
sz = |c| s
CVz =

wi = axi +

a, R*,

< CV c > 0

x + c > CV c < 0
s

sz
z

|c|s
x+c

= CV

H .
s2w = 2 s2
sw = || s

w = x +
w = +

CVw =

| | s < CV > 0

ax + > CV < 0

xi c
s2, s.
x , , CV.
xi c
CV
x , ,s, s2.

26


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

. .
.
; ;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;

;
;

;
;

;

;

;
;

;
;

;
,
.
;
;
,

27

33.
34.

;
;

35.

36.

i c
;

2.5

1.

1,

1 + 2 + ... + = 1 .

2.

1, f1 + f2 + ... + f = 1 .

3.
4.

.
i
Fi .
Fi

xi.

.

fi [0,1]


.
,
.

.
.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

.

.

, .

.

.

x ti ,
28

18.

ti + c x + c .

50%
50% .

19.
20.
21.

, .

22.
23.
24.

.
(R)
.

.

.

ti x .
,
68%
( x s, x + s) .

25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

: 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3 2.
: 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5

5.

s ti x,

ti + c s + c.

.

10%.

.

1.
:
.
.
.
.
.
2.

:
.

.

(, , . . . )
.

29

.
.

3.

:
.

.

.

.

.

4.

500 .
:
.
500
.
500
.
500
.
500
.
500

5.

i xi
, :
1 + 2 + ... + = 1
.
1 + 2 + ... + =
.
1 + 2 + ... + =
.
.
.

6.

fi % i
, :
. f1 % + f2 % + ... + f % = 1
.
f1 % + f2 % + ... + f % = 100 %
.
.

7.

f1 % + f2 % + ... + f % =
f1 % + f2 % + ... + f % =

, i
, i :
. 360i
. 180fi
. 180i
.

8.

1 + 2 + ... + = 100

360fi

360

, R
, c :
.
.

c
R

c R

30

9.

i ,
() wi ,
:

x w
i

x=

i =1

x w
i

x=

i =1

i =1

x w
i

x=

i =1

x w
i

x=

i =1

i =1

i =1

10.

,
, :
.

.
.

11.

, :
.

.

.

12.

:
.
.
.
.
.
.

13.

4, 6, 10, 13, 17, x x = x.

x :
.

12

13

10

11

14

14.

10 0 2 4.
10 :
. 3
. 5
. 7
. 10
.

15.

.
min : 18, 21, 20, 17, 19
) :
. 16
.
22
.
19
. 17
. 20
) 20 min.
O :
31

. 18
.
22
.
19
. 25
. 20
.
19 min.
:
. 16
.
20
.
19
. 17,5
. 20

16.

5, 8, , 12, +1, 3-1 12,5. x

:
11,5
. 13
. 12,5
. 10
. 12
.

17.

14 9 .
, 10
, :
. 12,5
. 14,6
. 15
. 17
. 13,8

18.

0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5
)
:
. 2,5
. 4
.
1
.

19.

0, 1, 3, 3, 5, 1, 0, 2, 7, 5, 6, 2, 5, 7, 8
)
:
. 2,5
. 3
.
2
. 4,5

3,5

20.

10, 20, 30, 40, 60 :

. 10
. 60
. 30
. 40 .

21.

, 4.
2,5, :

. 2
22.

23.

:
.
.
.

. 3

. 1

. 4

xi
vi
0
1
1
2
2
3
3

4
2
5
1
.

:
.
.
32

.
.
.

.
.
.

24.

,
:
.
.
.
2 .
.
.

25.

:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

26.

:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10

27.

xi

xi = 120

= 1480 .

i =1

i =1

:
. 1
. 6
. 3
. 4
28.

10

,

(x s, x + s) :
.

88%

68%

95%

99,7%

72%

29.

20
3. 14 26
:
. 20%
.
70%
. 68%
. 99,7%
. 95%

30.

.

32 cm 0,2 cm.
)

:
. 33,5cm 35,2cm . 29,2cm 31,4cm . 31,4cm 32,6cm
. 32,6cm 35,5cm . 31,8cm 32,2cm

33

,
, :
. 33,5 cm
. 31,5 cm
. 31,4 cm
. 32,6 cm
. 32,2 cm
31.

CV 1, 2, 5, 5 ,7
: (
. 20,8%

32.

4,8 2,2 )

. 54,7%

. 68%

. 60%

. 59,5%

xi
v

50%.

xi

=200,

i=1

:
. 20
. 10
. 8

. 6

1. .

.

2.

: %

(x 3s, x + 3s)

1.
2.

68
83,85

(x s, x + 2s)

3.

95

(x s, x + s)

4.

49,85

(x 2s, x + s)

5.

81,5

(x s, x + 3s)

6.

100

(x 3s, x)

7.

99,7

.
.
.
.

4,7,5,8,6
4,5,6,10,12
4,4,5,8,10
4,10,5,8,4

1.
2.
3.

34

x=6
=6
R=6

3.
3.1

.
, .. ,
= {1,
2, ....., }, . i, i = 1, 2, ...., , ,
,
, .
:

(
)

( ).
:

( )

( ).
3 :



( )

Venn.
, , ,
=.

1. = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = {1, 5}, = {2, 5, 3},

= { 4, 2}.
:
)
( ), ( ) )
( ), ( ) ( )
)
( ), ( ) )
( ) ( ), ( )
= {0, 1, 2, ....., 10}, :
A = {x / x , 1 x < 6 }

2.

B = {x / x , 0 < x 4
:
) A B
) A B

) A B
) A B

) B A
) (A B ) (B A)

3.
)

Venn, :
A B , A B =
)
A (A B) = A B

4.

: (A B) = A B ;

Venn.

35

()()

()()

= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
= {3, 4, 5}
= {1, 3, 6}

= {1, 3, 4, 5, 6}

= {
}

= {3}

= {
}

= {1, 2, 6}
= {2, 4, 5}

= {4, 5}
= { 1, 6}

= {

}

={

}

( ) ( )
={
,
}

36

( ) ( ) =
{1, 4, 5, 6}

3.1

: 1) 0 fi 1 i = 1, 2, 3, ....,

2) f1 + f2 + ..... + f = 1
3) fA = fa1 + fa2 + ..... + fap

 .. {1}, {2}, ...., {}

,
1, 2, ....., .
{1}, {2}, ...., {}, f1 =

, f2 = 2 , ....., f = .
v
v
v

 = {1, 2, ...., } .. , :
fA = fa1 + fa2 + ..... + fa

= {1, 2, ..., }
. {i} i = 1, 2, ... v
(i) :

0 (i) 1
(1) + (2) + ... + () = 1

() = 1

(i) {i}.
()
= {1, 2, ..., } (1) + (2) + ... + ()
() = 0

:
.

:
() =

()
()

:
1) () =

N() 0
= =0
N( ) 1

2) ( ) =

( )
= 1 3) 0 () 1
( )

, .
.
( ) = () + () ( ) ( )
37





() = 1 ()
() ()
( ) = () ( )

()

()

()
,

()

,

()

()

[()()]

,

[()]

()
,

[()]

()
,

() = 1 ()

()=()+()()
( )

=
() = () + ()
( )

()= ()+() ()

,
() = 0

() = () ()

() = ()

38

[() ()] =
() + () =
() () + () () =
() + () 2()

[()] = 1 ()

() = [()]

[()] = 1 ()

() = [()]

:

.
= , = , = , :
( ) = () + () + ().
, ,
. (
)

= ( ) ( )
() = ( ) + ( )


= ( ) ( )
() = ( ) + ( )

= ( )
( ) = () + ( )

= ( )
( ) = () + ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) = ( ) + ( ) + ( )

.
:
 ( )
 ( )
 ()
 ()

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

i) To

. .

, , ,
.

39

ii) To
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii) B

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

;

.

;
;
;

;

-
1.
. . , () = 1.
2.
,
0 () 1.
3.
.. () = 0.
4.

.
5.
. . .. .
6.
.. .
7.
. . .. .
8.
.. ..
.
9.
. .. .
10. ..
. .
11. ()
.
12. ..
..
13.
.

40

14.

15.

16.
17.
18.

, .. ..
= .
, .. ..
= ( ) ( ).

, .

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

24.
25.
26.
27.
28.

= .
= {1, 4, 7}, = {4, 7, 11} .
= {2, 4, 6} , () = 3.

, () = 2.
:

.
..
..

.. .
.>
.
..
, fA =

29.
30.

.
fA fA > 1.
(i) (xv)
B

A
Venn.

() ()

.
i) A B
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
41


vi)

vii)

viii) =

ix) =

x) =

xi) =

xii) ( ) =

xiii) ( ) =

xiv) =

xv) ( ) =

..

.
.

31.

N(A)
() =
.
N()

1)

1, 2, 3
.
. . . . :
) = {3}
) = {1, 2, 3}
) = {1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3}
) = {1,1, 1,2, 1,3, 2,1, 2,2, 2,3, 3,3}
) = {1,2, 2,1, 1,3, 3,1}

2)

. .. .. :
) = {, , , }
) = {, }
) = {, }
) = {, }
) .

3)

()
(). .. .. :
) = {, }
) = {, }
) = {, }
) = {, , }
) = {, }

4)

= {1, 3, 5} = {2, 4, 6}
. 3
:
)
)
)
)
)

5)

..
.
:
)
)
)
)
)

6)

:
) () + () = 0
) () + () = 2
) () + () = 1
) () = ()
)

42

7)

6
:
) = {1, 3, 5}
) = {x: x 6}
) = {2, ,4, 6}
) = {x: x > 6}
) =

8)

fA :
) 1 < fA < 2
) fA > 1
) fA < 0
) 0 fA 1
)

9)

:
) =
) =
) =
) () =

) =

10)
, :
)

2
3

1
6

1
2

1
3

) 1

11) .. ={1, 2, ..., } . (i),

i = 1, 2,... :
)

1
2

) 1

1
2

12) () :
) 1 < () < 2
) () > 1
) () < 0
) 0 () < 1 )

13)

:
) () + () = ( )
) () + () = ( )
) () + () = ( )
) () () = ( )
) ()() = ( )

14)

:
) ( ) = () + () ( )
) ( ) = () [() + ( )]
) ( ) = () + () ( )
) ( ) = () + () ( )
)

43

15)

:

:
)
) () ()
) () + () = 2
) =
) =

16) , ..
, :

P(A)
<0
P(B)

) () ()

) () > ()

) () + () = 1

17) , () = 0,4 () = 0,6 :

) ( ) = 1
) ( ) = 0,4

) ( ) = 1
) ( ) = 0,6

) ( ) = 0,2

18)

(, .. ) :
) () = 0,3 () = 0,7
) () + () = 1
) () = 0, 6 () = 0,4
) () + () = 1
) () = 0,5 () = 0,5

19) .. (. ) :
) ( ) = () + ( )
) ( ) = () ( )
) ( ) = () + ()
) ( ) = () ()
) ( ) + ( ) = ()

1)

.
(w ).
.

1. .

i)
ii)
2. iii)
.
iv)
3. v)
.
vi)
vii)
4. .
viii)
ix)
44

wA
w (A B)
w ( )
w ( )
w ( )
w
w ( )
w (A B) ( )
w

5. x)
.
xi)
xii)
6. xiii)
.
xiv)

w (A B)
w ( )
w ( )
w ( )
w ( )

7. .
8. .
9. .

1)

(, .. )

2) : (
) (). ()
.

=
=
=
=

45

=
=

=
() =
=
=

=

=
=
=

() =

1) a) Na

[3,5)
[5,7)
[7,9)
[9,11)

fi

xifi

(xi- x )2

(xi- x )2fi

0.1
0.2
0.3
1

) c,

c .
) c = {1,2,3, 20}, ,
: {
c }.

2)

[1,3)
[3,5)
[5,7)
[7,9

fi

xifi
0.2
0.8

(xi2fi)

a) 6.

)
.

3) , : P(A) > 0.6

P(B) =0.4.
a) ,
) R 2 +2 ( ) + P(A) P(B) =0,
-0,4 0
46

) 0,2< ( )

4) f(x)=4sx2 -2 x x +13, x R, x :
s: . f
(1, f(1)) =2009 , :
) f ()
)
) f
) f 1, :
i.
ii.
;
iii. Cf .

5) 400 .
. 340
240 . .
: { }, : { }
) ,
) P(-)

3
5

)
.
6) 7
6,3,,2,1,2,4 , :
.
)
S2() =

6 x 2 25 x + 166
49

)
.
) ={1,2,3,,,50}
= {

7) f(x) =

166
}.
7

x 3
x 2 + 5x + 6
g(x)= 2

x9
x + 7 x + 10

:
P(A) = lim f ( x) P() = lim g ( X ) ( )=g (1).
x 9

x 2

a) Na f(x) g(x)
g.
) P(A), P(B), ( ).
) ( )
)
.
47

8) f(x)=xlnx x
)
) f
(e, f(e)).
)
)
. P(A)lnP(A)+P(B) P(B)lnP(B)+P(A).

9)
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10)
400t
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t + 25

.
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.

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800,
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.
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4%
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,
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12) 70.000 x = 172cm

s = 7cm.
.
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179cm.
)
:{ 165 cm 193 cm }
) 2
cm ,
.
)

.
13) /
. 1,2,3,4 :
x3
x +1 2

i.

1 = lim

ii.

x 3

f(x)= 2x2 -20 x -16lnx +1 (4,f(4))

iii.

x 2 + 5, x 3

v3 + 3, x = 3

3 g(x) =
0 =3.

iv.

4 =

1 + 3 2 + 3
2

. )
.

[4,10)
[10,16)
[16,22)
[22,28)

fi%

Ni

Fi%
0.2
0.8

xii

)
) 40

16 25
10 .

49

14) 49,85%
(10,06). .
15) 8.
.

1)

y
f(x)
Cf
f
3
R.
1
)

x 2
0
1
2
3 x

f(x)
1

y

f.
)
f
.
)
;
)
R g g(x) = ef(x)

2)

100
100 .
200.
5.
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.
)
;
)
;

3)

.
)
.
)
( ).
)
.
)

10. N
i

40

35

20

10

50

12

16

20

xi

4)

25 7,8,9 10
, x = 8,4 .

)
)
)
)

5)

.
: i)
ii) S2
4
;
.

xi
7
8
9
10

fi%
a
28
32

100

.
)
:
Fi%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
1

i) ,
ii) R
iii) x , iv) s2
x1, x2, x3

xi2 i = 1180 , .

6) x = 4
s2 = 1,5
)
.
)

.
)
xi,
i = 1,2,3,4,5
i = axi+, i = 1,2,3,4,5

= 16, :

xi
1
2
3
4
5

i
2
4
20

i) .
ii) , .
51

7)

68% 250,
28% 300 8
350. :
)
.
)
.
)
.

8)

, 2000 5%.
v

a)

ti2 = 2.807 10 6 ,

i =1

.
)

1000,
:
i)
1300 2000 .
ii)
1800 .

9)

100 t1,t2,...,t100 10%

100

t
i =1

)
)
)

2
i

= 646.400 .

( x >0 ).
xi .
R : R 160.

10)

6
: x = 20 s2 = 160.
18 24.
)
.
)
;

11) : 3, 1, 7, 2, 11, 7, x, , x,
, 4.
a)
x + = 14.
)
, :
i) x =

ii) x .
)

s =

1
76 x,
3

x < .

12)
t . f :
f (x ) = (t1 x )2 + (t2 x )2 + ... + (t x )2 , x R

52

t1, t2, ...,

 f (2 ) = 8.
)
)

.
f (0 ) = 4 .

)

.

2
i

i =1

= 48 , .

13)

, [55 ,
65).
)
55
65 .
)
.
)
x,
x [30,45) [55,65) .

26 x 35 x < 55
.
fi%
40

16
12

25

35

45

55

65

xi

14) ,
.

15)

8 10
: 18,16,16,17,14,20,12,13.
.
15

;

16) 30
20 C. x1,
x2, ..., x30 :
2

30
30 x xi = 3600.
i=1
i=1
30

2
i

53

17)

,
34%.

18) :
2
3
+1
, x2 = ln , , x = ln
,
1
2

ln 2004

.

x1 = ln

19) x + 1, x + 2, x + 3, x + 4, x R, 1,
2, 3, 4.
1, x R.

20) :
)
)

, ,.
.

xi
11
3
4

21) f1
f1 f2

i
-10+50
2-2
2-6
15
2

f2

1
.
4

22)
, *.
)
s
1
s .
2
)

.

xi
0
1

23) 120 , 24
, 20 12
. .
:
i)
;
ii)
;
iii)
;

( 2000)

24)

25% , 40%
10% .

54

 .
.

25)

.. = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
:
2(1) = 2(3) = 2(5) = 2(7) = 3(2) = 3(4) = 3(6) = 3(8).
, f(x) = x2 + x + 4 ,
.. . :
= { / f(x) = 0 },
.

26) : (3x 2)(4x2 11x + 6) = 0

(1)
(), () (() < ()) ,
(1) :
()
, ,
()

()

( ) =
i)
ii)
iii)

5
2
( )
12
3

1
:
2

, ,
, ,
.

27) ,
() + () 2P(A B ) .
3
3
: f(x ) = (x P(A B)) (x P(A B )) , x R
)
P(A B) P(A B) .
)

f(x)

x=
)

P(A) + P(B )
.
2

, , :
f(P(A)) = f(P(B )) .

28) ,
.
, : 42() + 92() + 2 = 4() + 6()

( ) = 5( )
:
)
()
)
()
)
( )
)
( )

55

() = 1 ()

() = () + () ()
( )
=
() = () + ()
( )

() = () + () ()
,
() = 0

() = () ()
() = ()

[()( )]=( )+()=

()( )+()()=
()+()2()

< CVx c > 0

CV
> CVx c < 0

s = sx
s2 = sx2

[()] = 1 ()
() = [()]

c > 0.

[()] = 1 ()
() = [()]

= x +c
i = xi + c

z = cx

CVz = CVx

= xi c

sz =| c | sx
sz2 = c2sx2
w = a xi +

:

()
() =
=
()

= {1, 2, ..., }
. {i} i = 1, 2, ... v
(i) :

0 (i) 1

(1) + (2) + ... + () = 1
= {1, 2, ..., } () = (1) + (2) + ... + ()
:

() = 0

0 () 1

() = 1

s w =| a | s x

s w2 = a 2 s x2

wi = axi +

CVw =

as
ax +

= {
}

68% ( x - s, x + s)
To 95% ( x - 2s, x + 2s)
99,7% ( x - 3s, x + 3s)

R 6s

0,3%.
,
= {

x = = .
}

= {

50%

0,15% 2,35%

x - 3s x - 2s x - s

={
}

34% 13,5%

13,5% 34%
x

68%
95%

( )( )

()(
( ) ( )={
)
,

99,7%

56

2,35% 0,15%

x + s x + 2s x + 3s

 xo
f(x) x xo

0
0

xxo . x
xo.
xo.
f .. xoA lim f(x ) = f(xo )
x xo

xo
f .. xoA
f(x + h) f(xo )
lim

h0

f .. xA f
. xB

f'(x ) = lim

h0

f(x + h ) f(x )
h

f f.
xo
to
u(t ) = x(t ) = lim x(to + h) x(to )
o

h0

to
(t ) = u(t ) = lim u(to + h) u(to )
o

h0

Cf xo.
y = f(xo) x +
f(xo),

f(xo) xo.

1. (cf(x)) = c f(x)
2. (f(x) + g(x)) = f(x) + g(x)
3. (f(x) g(x)) = f(x)g(x) + f(x)g(x)
4.

f(x )
f'(x )g(x ) f(x )g'(x )

=
g(x )
g2 (x )

57

(xo, f(xo)), = f(xo)