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CT LI CA CI B
Buddhadasa Bhikkhu
(Hoang Phong chuyn ng) Nh xut bn Phng ng 2012

Ba quyn sch "Ct li ca ci B-"

Li gii thiu
(ca ngi dch) Vo nhng ngy cui nm 1961 bc sang u nm 1962, mt nhm tu hc Pht Php ca nhn vin bnh vin Siriraj Bangkok c mi mt nh s Thi Lan l Buddhadasa Bikkhu n thuyt ging trong ba ngy. Ni dung ca ba bui thuyt ging c ghi li v in thnh mt quyn sch nh. Mi n nm 1983 tc l 21 nm sau th quyn sch ny c dch sang ting Anh vi ta l "Heartwood of the Bodhi tree" (Ct li ca ci B-). T n nay quyn sch ny ngy cng c nhiu ngi bit n v c lin tc ti bn, ng thi cng c dch ra nhiu ngn ng khc. Nm 2011 quyn sch ny c b Jeanne Schut mt t ngi Php ca v i s Ajhan Chah dch sang ting Php vi ta "Le coeur du message du Bouddha" (Tm im thng ip ca c Pht) vi mt vn phong sng sa v bng by. Bn chuyn ng ting Vit c da vo c hai bn ting Anh v ting Php trn y. Mi n nm 2006, tc l bn mi bn nm sau khi n bn ting Thi c pht hnh v cng l mi ba nm sau khi Buddhadasa qua i th quyn sch ny c c quan UNESCO chnh thc a vo danh sch cc tc phm thuc gia ti vn ha ca nhn loi. ng thi cng vo dp ny UNESCO vinh danh v tha nhn Buddhadasa l mt nh t tng thng thng v uyn bc v Pht Gio. Buddhadasa xut gia nm 1926 khi va c hai mi tui. Sau vi nm tu hc trong mt ngi cha ti Bangkok ng nhn ra rng "s tinh khit khng th no tm thy nhng thnh ph ln", nn bn ri cha v tr v qu ng min nam Thi Lan. ng dc lng sa li mt ngi cha hoang ph v n nm 1932 th bi n ngi cha ny thnh mt trung tm ging dy Pht Php rt ni ting tn l "Suan Mokkhabalarama" (c ngha l "Khu vn Gic Ng" v thng c gi tt l "Suan Mokkh"), mt trong nhng ni u tin ti Thi Lan ging dy v thin Minh St (Vipassana). Buddhadasa rt nhit tm v bn ch trong vic nghin cu Tam Tng Kinh v cc tp sch bnh gii bng ting Pa-li. ng ch trng phi tm li s tinh khit nguyn thy cho Pht Gio. Tuy nhin ng cng nghin cu v tm hiu cc tn gio khc v gi mt mi bang giao rt ci m vi cc tn gio ny. Trn phng din thuyt ging v qung b o Php th Buddhadasa ch trng ch nu ln nhng iu ch yu, thit thc v tht cn thit nhm gip ngi tu tp loi b c kh au v t c gic ng mt cch trc tip v nhanh chng. ng khng nu ln cc khi nim mang tnh cch trit hc hay n thun tn ngng, v theo ng y l nhng g khng thit thc. Chnh v im ny m nhiu ngi thng hiu lm v xem Buddhadasa thuc vo nhm cc hc gi v cc ngi tu tp Ty Phng ch trng "duy l ha" v "khoa hc ha" Pht Gio, m ngi u n ca khuynh hng ny l mt thin s ngi Anh tn l Stephen Bachelor.

Quyn sch gm ba phn, ghi li ni dung ca ba bui thuyt ging nh sau: Phn I: Nhng im chnh yu nht trong gio hun ca c Pht Phn II: Tnh khng l g Phn III: Phi luyn tp nh th no thng tr trong tnh khng. Trong phn th nht Buddhadasa nu ln mc ch ch yu nht ca o Php l gip con ngi loi b kh au. Th nhng ti sao con ngi li kh au? Chng qua bi v con ngi lun tm cch nm bt v bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", v s nm bt v bm vu sai lm lm pht sinh ra mt cn bnh trm kha mang tnh cch bn nng v ni ti ni mi con ngi. Buddhadasa gi cn bnh y l "cn bnh tm linh" v phng thuc cha tr l cch luyn tp nhm gip mi ngi thc hin c bn cht v ng ca chnh mnh v ca mi s vt. V th, theo mt cch nhn no nu chng ta mt mt th tu tp o Php v mt mt th li c kh kh bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" hay bt c mt th g khc - d y l nit-bn, s gic ng hay s gii thot - th y cng ch l cch t to ra cho mnh mt tnh trng mu thun vi chnh mnh ri li a n mi th kh au khc m thi. Nhng th kh au y i khi rt tinh t v kn o khin chng ta khng thc c s hin din v cc tc ng do chng gy ra m c tng rng y l con ng ch tht gip thc hin c nhng c vng tm linh ca mnh. Chng ta mong cu t c mt s gii thot no , th nhng tht ra th y cng ch l mt s la phnh, bi v s mong cu y cng ch n gin l mt hnh thc bm vu vo ci ng ca mnh. Phn th hai ca quyn sch gii thch v tnh khng, l khi nim ch yu v cn bn nht ca o Php. D rng c t nhiu khc bit trong cch hiu v cch gii thch v tnh khng gia cc tng phi v hc phi, th nhng tt c u nht lot chp nhn v nu cao khi nim ct li ny trong o Php. Cng nn hiu rng bt c mt hnh thc tu tp no khng cn c vo khi nim ny u c th xem nh khng phi l chnh Php. Khng c mt nn vn minh no, mt h thng t tng no, mt trit hc no, mt tn gio no, mt khoa hc no nu ln khi nim ny ngoi o Php ca c Pht. Tht vy khi nim v tnh khng do Ngi a ra vt ln trn tt c cc tn gio, k c "Pht Gio" di cc hnh thc "tn ngng" mang tnh cch i chng. Tnh khng hay v ng d thuc lnh vc c th con ngi hay bao gm tt c mi hin tng trong v tr, v d mang tnh cch tm thn hay ngoi cnh th cng u biu trng cho mt s "hiu bit" siu vit trong lnh vc trit hc v mt "phng tin" thc dng gp phn vo vic "iu ch" phng thuc cng hiu nht nhm cha tr "cn bnh tm linh", l nguyn nhn mang li nhng th "kh au" dai dng v su kn nht ca con ngi. Phn th ba ca quyn sch trnh by r rng v c th cc php luyn tp gip cha tr cn bnh tm linh, hay ni cch khc l gip chng ta nh ch mi s nm bt v bm vu

4 vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" l nguyn nhn ci r khin to ra cn bnh y. Nu thc hin c s nh ch mt cch tuyt i th y cng s l s Tt Ngh ton din, l Nit-bn, l Tnh Khng ch tht, l o Php, l c Pht. Nghe qua th c v d hiu th nhng tnh khng li l mt khi nim rt kh thu trit. Vy phi lm th no gip cho tt c mi ngi vi kh nng lnh hi khng ng u, u c th qun thy c tnh khng hu mang li cho mnh mt s nh ch tuyt i hay l s gii thot? V nu ch bit tng nim lin min v mn nhng hnh thc l lc mu m che du nhng kh au dai dng, ni ti v su kn ca mnh, hoc ni mt cch khc l t nh la mnh th chng ta cng s chng gii quyt c g nhiu, nu khng mun ni tt c ch s a n mt s b tc. vt ln kh khn ny Buddhadasa hng chng ta vo s qun thy tnh khng di nhng th dng tht n gin hin ra trong cuc sng thng nht ca mnh. D rng th dng trng khng hay tnh khng trong cc trng hp s khi y cha c ton vn i na, nhng cng gip chng ta "nm c" mt cht "tin v" no ca nit-bn ch tht sau ny. Tht vy, Buddhadasa t ng bo rng bt c ai, d y l cc c gi hay nhng ngi cht phc khng c hc hnh nhiu, k c m tr con cn cp sch n trng, nu h tht s mun loi b kh au th tt c cng u c th tha hng c hiu qu mang li t tnh khng: "Nu khng sc hiu c v ng v tnh khng l g th t ra cc bn cng phi hiu c th no l khng ch k ch! V nu khng ch k th cng mang li mt s gii thot no cho m v gip mnh n gn vi c Pht hn". Tht th, khng ch nh k cng l mt hnh thc gin tip khng bm vu vo "ci ti" v "ci ca ti", mt th dng tht n gin no ca tnh khng. Khi nim v tnh khng mang hai kha cnh khc bit nhau. Kha cnh th nht biu trng cho bn cht ca hin thc, nu ln sc thi trit hc siu hnh, lin quan t nhiu n khoa hin tng hc v tt c cc ngnh hc khc, ni chung l s hiu bit ca con ngi. Kha cnh th hai mang tnh cch thc dng gip ngi tu tp t c s gii thot v an tr trong hin thc, tc l trong tnh khng ca v tr v ca chnh nit-bn. Buddhadasa khai trin kha cnh th hai ny mt cch tht kho lo, gip chng ta qun thy tnh khng ca chnh mnh v ca hin thc trong tng giy pht mt trong cuc sng thng nht: c ngha l trong nhng lc sinh hot bnh thng, trong khi thin nh v trong lc ci cht gn k. Ngi dch mn php xin ghp thm mt vi li ghi ch nh vo phn chuyn ng vi hy vng c th gip ngi c d theo di nguyn bn hn. Cc li ghi ch ny c trnh by bng ch nghing v t trong hai du ngoc. Ngoi ra trong phn ph lc cui sch ngi dch cng xin trnh by thm mt vi nt v v i s Buddhadasa. Hoang Phong (Bures-Sur-Yvette, 18.09.12)

Phn I

Nhng im chnh yu nht trong gio hun ca c Pht


Cuc hi ng gia chng ta hm nay qu l mt dp may him c, do ti ngh r ng cng nn nu ln cc ti trng yu nht hu c th tm lc c nhng im gio l cn bn trong Dhamma (o Php). V th ti ca bui ni chuyn hm nay s l "Nhng im chnh yu nht trong gio hun ca c Pht", vi hy vng l nu thu hiu c tng tn nhng im y th qu v nht nh cng s bc c mt qung tht di trn ng tu hc. Tht vy, nu khng nm vng c cc im trng yu ny th qu rt kh cho qu v c th trnh khi mi s hoang mang: qu v s lun thc mc l ti sao li c qu nhiu th (gio l) cn phi hc n th, chng c tip tc nhn ln n khng sao c th nh ht, hiu ht v mang ra ng dng ht c (Pht Php qu nhiu v qu a dng). y l nguyn nhn thng thy nht khi n cho nhiu ngi phi b cuc trn Con ng: h thy nn ch v sau y th mi quan tm n o Php ca h cng s dn d b phai nht i. H cm thy vic y tr thnh mt gnh nng phi mang trn vai v cng chng bit phi x tr vi n nh th no na.

Cn bn gio hun ca c Pht


Trc ht ti s nhc li mt vi im chnh yu trong gio hun ca c Pht nhm gip qu v n li kin thc ca mnh. y l nhng im tht "cn bn" v cn thit gip qu v hiu c Dhamma (o Php) mt cch ng n hn. Ti xin lp li v nhn mnh ngha ca ch "cn bn", bi v c nhiu th hiu bit khng mang tnh cch "cn bn", nu khng mun ni l c mt s nhng phn bnh gii sai lm na ( ni l c nhiu th gio l thm tht). y l nhng th bnh gii lch lc ngy cng i trch ra bn ngoi gio hun ca c Pht. D cho nhng cch bnh gii y c gi c tnh cch Pht Gio my i na th y cng ch l nhng th thm tht v sau ny dn d cng s b loi b ra ngoi gio hun ca c Pht. cho mt iu g c th c xem l thuc "cn bn" gio hun ca c Pht th iu y phi p ng c hai iu kin sau y: th nht l phi gip loi b c dukkha (kh au) v th hai l mi ngi u c th t kim chng c iu y (tc lm cho kh au phi chm dt) m khng cn phi trng cy vo bt c ai khc (Pht Gio l mt tn ngng t lc). y l hai yu t quan trng nht thuc "nn mng" hay "cn bn" gio hun ca c Pht.

6 c Pht khng cp n bt c iu g khng mang mc ch lm cho dukkha (kh au) phi chm dt, th d nh cc ch lin quan n s ti sinh chng hn. Ngi ta c th nu ln vi c Pht cc cu hi i loi nh sau: Ti sinh l ? N v n hnh ra sao? g Hu qu ca kamma (nghip) l g? Th nhng tt c cc cu hi y khng lin quan g n vic gip cho kh au phi chm dt, v y cng l l do cho thy ti sao nhng thc mc i loi nh trn y khng nm trong nhng li ging hun ca c Pht. Hn na, i vi mt ngi khi nu ln cc thc mc nh trn y th tt nhin h cng s khng cn mt s la chn no khc hn l phi tin mt cch m qung vo cc cu tr li m h tip nhn c t mt ngi no m chnh nhng ngi ny cng khng th t kim nghim c, v cng ch bit a ra cc cu tr li da vo cm ngh ring ca mnh hay lp li nhng g c nghe ngi khc ni. Do , cc ch y s tch xa dn tng cht mt vi Dhamma (o Php), v sau cng th s tr nn xa l hn vi Dhamma, v c ng s chng cn dnh dng g vi mc ch lm cho dukkha phi chm dt. Ngc li, nu c th gt b c nhng th thc mc (v ch) y i th chng ta cng c th s t hi: "Dukkha c tht s hin hu hay khng? " v "Cn phi lm g dukkha phi chm dt?". i vi nhng cu hi y th c Pht s sn sng tr li, v nhng ai bit lng nghe li dy ca Ngi th cng s nh m thu hiu c s tht trong tng ch ca cc cu gii p y v khng cn cn phi tin tng mt cch m qung na. Ngi y s ngy cng hiu c minh bch hn cho n mt lc no th s thu trit c mt cch hon ton. Khi no s hiu bit t mc ton vn c th gip cho ngi y trt b vnh vin c dukkha th khi s hiu bit y s c gi l s hiu bit ti thng (c ngha l s gic ng). Khi t c s hiu bit ti thng ri th ngi y cng s hiu rng ngay c trong hin ti cng khng h c "ngi no" l ang sng c (v v ng nn khng c "ci ti" no ang hin hu c); ngi y cng s hiu v khng cn mt cht nghi ng no rng khng h c "ci ti" v cng khng th c bt c th g thuc vo "ci ti" c (gii thch s gic ng v gii thot tuy rt n gin v d hiu th nhng tht su sc: t c s hiu bit ti thng th s nhn thy l "khng c ngi no" ang sng c v cng chng c g thuc vo "ca ai c" - k c thn xc v tm thc ca chnh mnh - v y chnh l s gic ng v gii thot). Ci cm tnh v mt "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" ch c th hin ra khi no chng ta c mc mt cch tht n n cho bn cht la phnh ca cc th cm nhn gic cm nh la mnh (cc kinh nghim cm nhn ca ng gic khng biu trng ng cho hin thc, bi v y ch l nhng s din t ca tri thc mang tnh cch ch quan, quy c v b t m bi cc vt hn ca nghip, v chnh y l bn cht "la phnh" ca chng - c ngha l chng khng trung thc v lun nh la chng ta khi chng ta nhn vo hin thc). Nu khng h c mt "c nhn" no sinh ra (v ng), th tt cng s khng h "c ai" cht c v cng s chng h "c ai" ti sinh c. Do ti sinh l mt vn hon ton khi hi v chng lin h g n Pht Gio (ch ny kh t nh v phc tp, xin lu l Buddhadasa vn cp n vn ti sinh gia cc kip sng khc nhau, th nhng khi phi gii thch v "lun hi" th ng ch nu ln s "lun hi" ca "ci ti" trong tm thc ca mi ngi trong kip sng hin ti. y l mt im tht tinh t lin quan n ch trng v phng php ging hun ca Buddhadasa m t ngi hiu hay ch n. Cng xin m n php ghi ch

7 thm l Pht Gio Tan-tra trong khi th l i ch trng nhn thng vo ci cht nhm ch ng n). Mc ch ca gio hun Pht Gio l gip chng ta hiu c l khng h c "ci ng" tc l khng c g c th gi l mt "c th" c. Cm tnh v s hin hu ca mt "c nhn con ngi" ch l mt s hiu bit sai lm ca mt tm thc u m. y ch n gin l mt thn xc v mt tm thc, v c hai th y th cng ch l s vn hnh ca nhng qu trnh mang tnh cch t nhin. S vn hnh y cng chng khc g nh nh ng chuyn ng c hc nhm x l v bin ch cc d liu. Nu cc chuyn ng y vn hnh mt cch sai lc th kt qu mang li cng s l mt s hiu bit n n v hon ton ng ngn v hin thc: tc c ngha l tin vo s hin hu ch tht ca mt "c th" con ngi, vo mt "ci ti" v vo cc s vt thuc vo c th ca con ngi y. Nu cc chuyn ng vn hnh mt cch ng n th s qun thy mang tnh cch sai lm trn y chng nhng s khng xy ra m hn th na s lm pht sinh ra mt s ch tm tht trong sng (satipanna / truth-discerning awareness / s tnh thc hay tnh gic) gip nhn bit c hin thc. y chnh l mt s qun thy cn bn v ch tht, mt s nhn bit tht minh bch chng minh cho thy rng khng h c "ci ng" v cng chng c g thuc vo "ci ng" c. Cn c vo s kin ngi ta c th hiu rng vn ti sinh hoc bt c g i loi nh th khng phi l mt ch thuc lnh vc gio hun Pht Gio. Tt hn ht l ch nn nu ln cc cu hi nh sau: "C dukkha hay khng?" hay l "Phi lm th no dp tt c dukkha?". Khi hi u c nguyn nhn ci r mang li dukkha l g th khi ngi ta cng s tm c phng cch loi b n. Th nhng ci nguyn nhn ci r y ca dukkha l g? y chnh l th dng u m (v minh) tin tng mt cch sai lm vo s hin hu ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Vn lin quan n "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" (khi nim v v ng) l vn ct li nht trong gio hun Pht Gio. y l nhng th phi loi b cho bng c (tc l phi loi b ci ti v ci ca ti). Do tt c s hiu bit phi tp trung vo y. Vic hc hi cng nh cch tu tp v ton b gio hun Pht Gio cng l y, khng c mt ngoi l no c. Ti xin qu v hy c gng ghi nh iu y. Nu nghin cu cn k phn cn bn lm nn mng cho Dhamma th ngi ta cng s nhn thy rng chng khng n i qu nhiu. Trong mt bi thuyt ging c Pht cng tng cho bit l ch c mt nm m thi (trch dn trong kinh Simsapa-sutta - Samyutta Nikaya, LVI-31. Kinh ny nhc li s tch c Pht nht mt nm l simsapa trong mt khu rng x Kosambi v ni vi cc t rng: "Ny cc t kheo, l trong tay ca Nh Lai tht l t so vi s l trn cc cnh cy ca c khu rng ny. Nhng g Ta qun thy c mt cch trc tip nhiu hn gp bi [nhng g Ta ang n m trong tay, tc c ngha l nhng g m Ta thuy t ging]. Th nhng ti sao Ta li khng ging tt c nhng th y? Bi v chng khng lin h g n ch ch [ca Con ng], khng phn nh mt th dng n s no ca s sng [tc chng lin h g n bt c mt chng sinh nh nhoi no], khng nh tan c s m lm, loi b c dc vng, khng mang li s nh ch, s thanh thn, s

8 qun thy trc tip, s tnh thc [s Gic Ng] v s Gii Thot. y l l do ti sao Ta khng thuyt ging". S d mn php di dng nhc li bi kinh ny bi v Buddhadasa mn chnh bi kinh ny lm phng chm ging hun ca ng, tc ch ging nhng g tht cn thit gip ngi tu tp loi b c kh au v t c s gii thot. ng tm mi cch gip ngi tu tp khng b lc hng trn Con ng v khng ri vo nhng ng ngch ph thuc v d tha. Do , nh nu ln trong mt ghi ch trn y l mt vi hc gi Ty phng k c mt s ngi Pht Gio Thi Lan ngh r ng Buddhadasa ch trng "n gin ha" Pht Gio, v y l mt s sai lm). c Pht i ngang mt khu rng, Ngi ci xung nht mt nm l v hi cc t kheo ang bc theo Ngi rng l trong tay Ngi c nhiu hn l trn cc cnh cy trong rng hay khng. Tt c cc t kheo u ng lot tr li rng l trn cc cnh cy trong rng nhiu v s ln hn so vi s l trong tay Ngi. Qu v hy nhn vo nhng li n d y hiu c Pht mun ni ln iu g: l trong rng qu l nhiu v k. c Pht c cho bit l nhng g m Ngi khm ph ra th nhiu nh l trong rng, th nhng nhng g cn phi ging dy v mang ra thc hnh th c ng chng nhiu hn nm l trong bn tay ca Ngi (c Pht qun thy c bn cht ca hin thc, thu trit c cc quy lut vn hnh ca mi hin tng trong v tr, th nhng Ngi ch chn ra nhng hiu bit no thit thc nht nhm c th trc tip mang li s gii thot cho tt c chng sinh). Tm li nhng g trn y cho th y l cc nguyn l chnh yu cn phi mang ra luyn tp nhm loi tr dukkha th cng khng nhiu hn mt nm l trong tay, trong khi th li c hng h sa s mi th khc trong th gii ny. Chng ta phi nhn thy li im ln lao ca s t i , bi v n s khng vt qu xa kh nng hc hi v sc hp th ca chnh mnh. y l im quan trng u tin m chng ta phi thc c hu da vo y thit t mt nn mng hiu bit vng chc cho ton b gio hun Pht Gio. Ti va nu ln cc ch "gio hun Pht Gio" v ti mong rng qu v cng nn tm hiu ngha chnh xc c a cc ch ny l g. Vo thi bui ca chng ta ngy nay, mi khi nghe ni n "gio hun Pht Gio" th y c nh l mt m my m: qu sc mnh mng li khng c nh ngha y . Vo thi k ca c Pht ngi ta s dng mt thut ng khc hn (khng gi l gio hun Pht Gio): y l ch Dhamma (xin ch ch "Pht Gio" - Buddhism - l mt ch do ngi Ty Phng ch mi sng ch ra vo u th k XIX - khong nm 1925!). Ch Dhamma (o Php) ch c ngha l lm cho dukkha (kh au) phi chm dt. C nhiu th dhamma khc nhau, dhamma ca c Pht th c gi l "Dhamma ca nh s C m". Nu y l dhamma ca nhng ngi tu hnh khc, chng hn nh ca v Nigantha Ntaputta (mt v cng thi vi c Pht v l ngi sng lp ra o Ja-in / Jasm) th gi l "Dhamma ca Nigantha Ntaputta". Ai thch dhamma no th c nghin cu dhamma y cho n lc hiu c thu o v sau th mang ra thc hnh. S d trong cc thi k xa xa ngi ta gi y l "Dhamma ca nh s C m" bi v vo cc thi k y Dhamma cn rt tinh khit, khng h c cm by, cng cha c v s cc th ngoi lai c ghp thm vo. Ngy nay th li khc, chng ta gi chung Dhamma v tt c nhng th thm tht l "gio hun Pht Gio". Ch v chng ta thiu cn trng cho nn cigi-l "gio hun Pht Gio" tr thnh c mt m my m gm c nhng th hon ton

9 ngoi lai m trc khng h c trong gio l nguyn thy (cng xin mn php gp thm mt vi li ghi ch. Nu l mt ngi Pht t th lc no cng phi thc c tnh cch v thng ca tt c mi hin tng, Dhamma cng ch l mt hin tng. Tnh cch c th v c o nht ca Pht Gio chnh l im . Dhamma tin ha v bin i qua thi gian, khng gian v tng tc ng nh thch ng vi bi cnh chung quanh tr nn v c cng phong ph v do cng s rt phc tp - k c nhng s din t sai lm - th nhng chnh y l sinh lc ca Pht Gio. y l nhng g cho thy Pht Gio khc hn so vi cc tn gio da vo nhng nguyn l cht kh v cng nhc. Tuy nhin Buddhadasa hon ton c l khi ng ch trng tm ki m nhng g nguyn thy nht, tinh khit nht v thit thc nht gip ngi tu tp mt cch hiu qu hn). Gio hun ch tht ca Pht Gio cng qu y - nhiu nh l trong rng - th nhng nhng g cn mang ra hc hi v tu tp th li ch nh mt nm l trong tay. Mc d qu nhiu th nhng k c vo thi bui ny ngi ta vn cn c mun ghp thm vo gio hun ca c Pht mi th khc, chng hn nh lch s tn gio v tm l hc ng dng... Hy nu ln mt th d ngay trong trng hp ca Tng Lun (Abhidhamma / A-t-t-ma lun, tc l tng th ba trong Tam Tng Kinh, mt tng kinh c trc tc sau khi c Pht tch dit), ni dung ca tng kinh ny gm nhiu phn thuc tm l hc, nhiu phn khc thuc trit hc, v c th m tng kinh ny ngy cng c trin khai thm nhm p ng s i hi ca cc mn (Tng Lun c trc tc sut trong khong mi th k lin tip t th k th I n th k XI, tc cho n thi k Pht Gio bt y suy tn khp ni Chu. Hn na Tng Lun cng gm c nhiu vn bn khc nhau vi ni dung t nhiu khc nhau ty theo cc hc phi). Do c qu nhi u th c ghp thm vo gio hun ca c Pht. Tt c cc th y c gom chung di mt tn gi duy nht l "gio hun Pht Gio", th nhng trn thc t th li c nhiu th "gio hun Pht Gio" khc nhau (nhiu hc phi, tng phi...khc nhau). Nu khng nhn thy c cc im trng yu th tt nhin chng ta cng s kh trnh khi bi ri khi phi chn mt gio hun thch hp vi mnh. y cng chng khc g b c vo mt ca tim bn qu nhiu mt hng khin chng ta khng cn bit phi chn th no. Thng thng chng ta ch bit cn c vo s thch ca mnh chn la - tc thm mt cht ny, bt mt cht kia, lm th no hp mnh. Th nhng tht ra th y ch l cch la chn da vo cc yu im sn c tc l chiu theo cc s thch ring t ca mnh, thay v phi phn xt da vo s ch tm v tnh gic. Chnh v th m i sng tu tp tm linh ca chng ta i khi ch gm ton nhng th chuyn nh l bi, c gng "to thm cng c", hc thuc lng kinh i n, tm cch trnh bt lo s (cu khn, thin nh nhm vo mc ch ln trnh hin thc...), v.v. Th nhng tt c nhng th y no c lin h g vi gio hun Pht Gio u. Nh vy th chng ta cng phi c gng phn bit c u l gio hun Pht Gio v u l nhng th thm tht c ghp thm vo. K c i vi gio hun ch tht th chng ta cng phi nhn bit c nhng im no cn bn v ch yu nht. y l nhng g m ti s trnh by vi qu v sau y.

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Cn bnh tm linh
Cc bui thuyt trnh ny c t chc trong mt bnh vin, do cng khin cho ti nh n mt tp Lun Gii tng v c Pht nh mt v "Lng Y" v tm linh. Khi tm hiu mt s cc li gio hun ca c Pht v cc li bnh gii trong cc Tp Lun th ngi ta cng c th nhn thy c mt s tiu chun gip xc nh hai th bnh: y l bnh th xc v bnh tm thn. Kinh sch thng ni n mt th bnh gi l "bnh tm thn", th nhng cch m t v chn bnh th c phn khc hn so vi ngy nay. Vo thi i ca c Pht, cn bnh ny ch c ngha l mt s qun thy sai lm v mi vt th, hay ch l mt s thm kht. Ngy nay th thut ng ny li c s dng ch nh cc bnh tm thn tht s, tc lin h n c th (trong c c no b) v do cng c ngha l lin h n ton b lnh vc thn xc ni chung (thn xc v no b). Nhm gip nh ngha cc thut ng trn y r rng hn, ti ngh nn t ra thm mt thut ng th ba na: trc ht l gom cc th bnh thuc thn xc v tm thn vo mt th v gi chung l "bnh tm thn", v thut ng mi c ngh thm l "bnh tm linh" (maladie spirituelle / spiritual disease) ch nh nhng g m c Pht m t nh l mt th bnh ca tm thc (mi ngi u c th c sc khe tt, khng au m, hoc cng c th b "bnh tm thn" tc l cc th bnh trn thn xc v trong no b - in lon, th nhng tt c mi ngi th u b "bnh tm linh" tc l bnh gy ra bi s qun thy sai lm v mi s vt - u m, v minh). Ch "tm thc" ch nh cc kha cnh tm thn tht tinh t ang b nhim bnh, bi v n b chi phi bi cc con vi khun tm thn, y l v minh v s qun thy sai lm v mi s vt (Buddhadhasa c th ha tnh trng qun nhn sai lm ca tm thc v hin thc nh l mt cn bnh trm kha do cc con vi khun ca s u m v lm ln gy ra. i vi Pht Gio, nhng g chng ta qun nhn c v hin thc u hon ton ch quan, quy c, b bp mo bi cc xc cm b chi phi bi nghip. D cho chng ta kho mnh khng au m trn thn xc, c ng khng b thc lon tm thn - mt tr, in lon -, th nhng s vn hnh ca tm thc chng ta phn nh bi tc , ngn t v hnh ng l mt s vn hnh bnh hon, v Buddhadasa gi y l cn bnh tm linh ca con ngi, v tt c mi ngi u mc phi cn bnh ny). Mt tm thc chng cht v minh v b chi phi bi s nhn thc sai lm v mi s vt l mt tm thc b "bnh tm linh": s qun thy ca n v cc s vt u sai. V qun thy sai nn n suy ngh sai, ni nng sai v hnh ng sai. Chng bnh tm linh tng n bn trong nhng th y, tc l bn trong cc t duy, ngn t v hnh ng ca mnh. Qu v c th nhn thy ngay l tt c mi ngi u bnh hon v vng phi cn bnh tm linh, khng c mt ngoi l no c. Cc chng bnh thn xc v tm thn ch xy ra cho mt s ngi no , vo mt lc no , v chng th cng khng n i khng khip g cho lm. Chnh y l l do ti sao gio hun Pht Gio li khng quan tm n cc th bnh lin quan n thn xc v tm thn y (cng xin nhc thm l nu xem vic thin nh l mt phng tin nhm mc ch mang li sc kho cho thn xc v s thng bng cho tm

11 thc th y khng phi hay t nht l cha phi l Pht Gio, thin nh phi c mt mc ch cao xa v su sc hn nhiu, tc l cha chy cn bnh tm linh trm kha trong tm thc con ngi nhm bin ci cch nhn sai lm ca mi c th trc hin thc). Gio hun Pht Gio l phng thuc iu tr cn bnh tm linh v c Pht l V "Lng Y ca tm thc". Tm li l tt c mi ngi u vng phi cn bnh tm linh v tt c u phi cha lnh cn bnh y. Dhamma (o Php) l liu thuc iu tr, phi s dng "nm l tht t i" y ca gio hun Pht Gio nh mt liu thuc ung, hp th v cha lnh cn bnh. Qu v cng nn ghi nhn thm l vo thi bui chng ta ngy nay con ngi khng cn bit quan tm n chng bnh tm linh na, do h khng ngng gy ra mi th xu xa, khng ring cho h m cho c ngi khc na, bi v khi c mt ngi mc bnh tm linh th cng s ly sang cho ngi khc v ton th gii cng s mc bnh theo (v minh to ra v minh, hung bo ko theo hung bo). C th gii ang lm bnh, va l bnh tm thn (trn thn xc v trong tm thn) va l bnh tm linh, cng chnh v th m chng ta thay v tm thy mt s an bnh bn vng th li phi chu ng mt tnh trng khng hong trin min. D chng ta c ra sc c gng v u tranh cch my i na th chng ta cng chng tm thy s an bnh, d ch trong chc lt. Ngi li ni chuyn ha bnh lu di vi nhau th ch l cch lm mt thm th gi v ch, bi v tt c cc phe phi lin h u vng phi bnh tm linh, tt c u cho mnh c l, mi ngi khc u sai (thng th nhng nh lnh o ngi vo bn tho hay thng thuyt vi nhau u l nhng ngi "lnh mnh" trn phng din tm thn, c tr thng minh hn ngi, hc cao, hiu rng, khn ngoan, lnh o gii, qun s gii, mu m nhiu..., th nhng i vi Pht Gio, hay t ra l i vi Buddhadasa, th h u mc bnh tm linh rt nng). Tt c cc phe phi u mc phi bnh tm linh v v th nn lc no h cng to ra ton l dukkha (kh au) cho chnh mnh v cho c ngi khc v ngy cng nhiu hn. Tng t nh c mt gung my c thit k sn trong th gii ny sn xut ra kh au. Vy phi lm th no mang li s an bnh cho th gii? Phi cha khi chng bnh tm linh ang hnh h tng chng sinh trong th gii ny. Th th ly g cha chy cho h? Nht nh phi c mt liu thuc c th ha gii c cn bnh y! Vng, ng th: y l nm l Dhamma ca gio hun Pht Gio (cc cu ny tm lc ngha ca T Diu ). Sau y l l do gii thch cho cc thc trn y l ti sao ngy nay gio hun khng cn l mt phng tin cho con ngi nng ta na, ng nh s mong c ca nhng ngi tu hnh, mc d ngi ta vn thng cho rng ngy nay Pht Gio pht tri n hn xa rt nhiu v s ngi hiu bit thu o v Pht Gio cng ng hn gp bi so vi trc y? Tht th d ngi ta c nghin cu gio hun tht chu o v thu trit tht su xa i na, th nhng nu khng thc c rng mnh ang b bnh tm linh th lm th no m hiu c gio hun l g, v phi mang ra p dng nh th no? Nu khng thc c l mnh ang m au th no chng ta c ngh n vic phi tm n mt v y s iu tr u,

12 do chng ta cng chng thuc men g c, c phi ng th hay khng? Hu nh mi ngi chng ai thc c l mnh ang lm b nh, v th m vn "thuc thang" ch l mt th phong tro (c th cn t hi hn l mt phong tro na, bi v "thuc thang" cng c th ch l mu m, mt hnh thc mu hay mt phng tin la phnh k khc). Chng ta i nghe ging v Dhamma v i khi chng ta ng nghin c u Dhamma nh l mt phng c thuc k diu, th nhng chng bao gi ngh n l mnh ang bnh hon. Chng ta tip nhn Dhamma v ngay sau th t n sang mt bn, hoc gi cng c th mang ra lm u tranh bin vi nhau, i khi c ng th a dp ci l hay gy hn vi nhau. y l l do gii thch ti sao Dhamma ngy nay khng cn l mt phng tin hiu qu iu tr cho th gii na. Nu tht s chng ta mun thit t nn mng cho mt x hi Pht Gio, ti ni ny v ngay trong lc ny, th chng ta phi nm vng c cc ch ch ti hu ca x hi , c nh th th s c gng ca chng ta mi c th mang li nhng kt qu ng n c, ni cch khc l trong trng hp y Dhamma mi c th gip cha tr c chng bnh tm linh mt cch trc tip v hiu qu. Phi nhn nh c cc ch ch mt cch minh bch, nu khng th chng ta cng s chng bit l phi bc theo hng no m i. Tht ra th ch c mt t "mt ngt thing ling" trong lng bn tay, th nhng phi bit mang ra s dng nh th no cho tht ng v hiu qu. Phi lm th no cho vic tu tp ca mnh mang li li ch v khng tr thnh mt tr h. n y chng ta hy tm hiu xem ci bnh tm linh y l g v phi lm th no iu tr bng mt nm l Dhamma trong tay.

Vi khun lm pht sinh ra cn bnh tm linh


Nhng con vi khun lm pht sinh ra cn bnh tm linh tng n trong cc cm tnh gi l "chng ta" v ci "ca chng ta", ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", y l cc th cm tnh thng xuyn tn cng chng ta. Nhng con vi khun y nm sn trong u chng ta, trc ht chng pht trin di hnh thc cc cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", v sau th cc cm tnh y, di tc ng ca th dng tm thn t xem mnh l trung tm, s bin thnh tham lam, hn th v s qun thy sai lm v mi s vt. y chnh l nhng g s to ra mi th bn lon cho mnh v cho c ngi khc. Cc th bn lon y chnh l cc triu chng ca cn bnh tm linh ang honh hnh trong tm thc chng ta. Tm li chng ta cng c th gi "cn bnh tm linh" l "cn bnh ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Tt c mi ngi u mc phi cn bnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" v vn cn tip tc tip nhn thm nhng th vi khun ngy cng nhiu hn mi khi nhn thy c mt hnh tng, ngi thy mt mi, s vo mt vt th, nhn ra c mt v hay suy ngh sai l m trong u, hoc ni cch khc th y l cch ngi ta b ly nhim vi khun qua cc s tip xc ca gic cm vi cc vt th thuc mi trng chung quanh, cc vt th y cha y vi khun v chng ly sang cho ta.

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Chng ta phi thc c l cc con vi khun y s to ra cho chng ta s bm vu di hai th dng khc nhau: bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Bm vu vo "ci ti" c ngha l cm thy rng con ngi ca chnh "ti y" ng l mt thc th, tc l "ti" ng tht ang nh th ny hay l ang nh th kia, "ti" ngang hng, thua km hay cao hn nhng ngi khc, v.v. Cc thi hnh x y ch l cc cch nhm biu l mt "ci ti". i vi ci "ca ti" th c ngh l g? y l cch xem cc s vt thuc ca mnh: y l s thch a "ca ti", y l quan im "ca ti". K c trng hp i vi nhng th m mnh ght cay ght ng th mnh vn c xem y l nhng k th "ca chng ta". Tm li y l nhng g gi l ci "ca ti". Cc th cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" tht ht sc nguy him, nguy him n phi gi y l mt th bnh mang tn l "bnh tm linh". Tt c cc ngnh trit hc trin khai vo thi k ca c Pht u nhm vo vic iu tr chng bnh y. Mc d mi ngnh da vo cc phng php khc nhau, th nhng mc ch th cng ch l mt: y l cch phi lm th no loi b c "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". S khc bit (vi Pht Gio) l cc ngnh trit hc y cho rng sau khi lo i b c cc th cm tnh y (v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti") th nhng g cn st li s l Ci Ng ch Th t, ci Atman Tinh Khit, n gin hn y ch l s Thm Kht (tc l mt hnh thc thm kht hay bm vu: mt cch m ch v m t linh hn tht c o). Tri li gio hun Pht Gio khng chp nhn cch nu ln cc loi thut ng nhm trnh khng lm pht sinh ra mt s bm vu no khc vo "ci ti" v cc s vt thuc vo "ci ti". Theo c Pht th khi no bit nhn vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" ng vi bn cht ca chng th khi ch s cn li mt s trng khng tht hon ho gi l nibbna (nit-bn) - theo ng vi cu "nibbanam paramam sunam" tc c ngha l mt th dng hon ton trng khng v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" - khng c bt c th g khc cn lu li na. Nibbna biu trng cho s chm dt ca chng bnh tm linh. Vn v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" tht ht sc kh thu trit. Nu khng sc tp trung s suy ngh th t su xa th qu l rt kh c th qun thy c dukkha (kh au) ang tng n tht kn o pha sau "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", y l nhng con vi khun gy ra cn bnh tm linh. Thut ng "att" cn gi l "ci ng" mang cng ngha v i ch "ego" ("ci ti") trong ting La-tinh. Khi cm tnh v "ci ti" hin ln th chng ta gi y l tnh ch k (gotisme / egocentricity, egocentrism / tnh t li, t xem mnh l trung tm), bi v mi khi xut hin th n s lm pht sinh ra cm tnh v ci "ca ti" mt cch tht t nhin. Nu em ghp chung cm tnh v "ci ti" v cm tnh v cc s vt l "ca ti" th tt s a n s ch k ng vi ngha c a n (egoism). Ngi ta thng c xu hng bo rng "ego" ("ci ti") l mt th g tht t nhin ni tt c mi sinh vt v c th xem nh l trng tm ca s sng. Nu dch sang ting Anh th ch ny c ngha l "linh hn" (soul), mt ch pht sinh t ting Hy Lp kentricon, v ch ny th c ngha l "trung tm". Do att (ci ng) c th xem l trng tm hay phn ct li tht cn thit ni mi sinh vt, v chnh v th nn ht sc kh cho mt ngi bnh thng (khng tu tp) c th tr kh c n hay thot c n.

14

Tm li l mt ngi khng thc tnh s lun b chi phi bi s ch k. Tht ra th th dng ch k khng nht thit phi thng xuyn pht l mt cch cng khai, m n ch hin ra khi c s tip xc ca cc gic quan, c ngh l khi trng th y mt hnh tng, nghe a c mt m thanh, ngi thy mt mi, s vo mt vt th hay mi khi c mt t duy hin ra trong tm thc. Mi khi cm tnh v "ci ti" hay ci "ca ti" hi n ra th ng i ta c th bo y l lc m triu chng ca cn bnh pht hin y , bt k y l do c quan gic cm no nh th c n. Vo ng lc xy ra s tip xc gic cm th cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" cng s hin ra, cc triu chng ca cn bnh cng theo m pht hin tht r rt, v theo s ch k ch tht cng s pht l mt cch cc mnh. cp bc ny, chng ta khng cn xem y l mt th cm tnh t li (egotism) na m l mt s ch k vi y ngha ca n (goisme / selfishness, egoism / s ch k, s hp hi, bn xn, ch bit ngh n mnh), bi v y l mt th cm tnh v k khin con ngi b nh lc hng v ri vo con ng sai lm, mt con ng thp hn ch bit ngh n bn thn mnh v mc k ngi khc, mi hnh ng u biu trng cho s ch k tt . Trong trng thi , con ngi ch cn bit hnh ng di s chi phi ca s thm mun, ght b v tnh trng u m v thc th ca mi s vt. Cn bnh pht hin di hnh thc ca mt s ch k mang li mi th tai hi cho chnh mnh v cho c ngi khc. y l mi him nguy ln nht trong th gii ngy nay. S d th gii ang lm vo tnh trng nhiu nhng v lon lc cng n gin ch v tt c mi ngi u ch k, h ko b lp ng knh chng nhau. H c nhm mt m nhau, th nhng thc ra trong thm tm th no h c c tnh mun nh th u, y ch v h b thc y bi cc th xung nng m h khng sc cng li. y l cch m cn bnh thm nhp v lan rng trong c th h. S d cc th vi khun gy ra bnh tt lan trn trn th gii y l v chng h c ai bit c phng thuc cu cha mang ra s dng, tuy rng phng thuc y li ang sn c v y l ct li ca gio hun Pht Gio.

Ct li ca gio hun Pht Gio l g?


Ti rt mong qu v s nm bt c th no l "ct li ca gio hun Pht Gio". Trong bui ni chuyn hm nay, nu ti nu ln cu hi: "Vy ct li ca gio hun Pht Gio l g?" th nht nh ti cng s nhn c v s cc cu tr li tri ngc nhau, khng cu no ging vi cu no c. Mi ngi tr li ty theo nhng g m h c hc hay c nghe, hoc l do s suy lun ring ca mnh. Chng ta c th nhn vo nhng g ang xy ra trong th gii ngy nay xem sao. Trong th gii ca chng ta cn c c my ai sc nhn bit u l ct li ca gio hun Pht Gio? V trong s c my ai mang ra ng dng hiu qu c ci ct li ? Nu nu ln cu hi tm im ca Pht Gio l g th mt s ngi s bo rng y l Bn S Tht Cao Qu (T Diu ), mt s ngi khc th li cho y l aniccamdukkhamanatta (tc l Ba Du n hay Ba Nguyn L n B n ca Pht Gio l C

15 aniccam: v thng, dukkha: kh au hay bt toi nguyn, manatta: v ng. Tuy nhin c ng xin ghi nhn thm l nhiu kinh sch cn ngh thm mt du n th t l nibban hay nitbn) v mt s ngi khc na th li c ln vanh vch cc cu sau y: Sabba pipassa akaranam Kusalassupasampada Sacitta pariyodapanam Etam Buddhanasasanam (c ngha l : "khng nn lm iu xu, ch nn lm iu tt, tinh khit tm thc mnh, y l ct li gio hun ca c Pht") Tt c cc cu tr li trn y u ng, th nhng ch ng c mt phn, chng qua bi v mi ngi ch tr li mt cch thuc lng m qun mt i l phi t kim chng bng kinh nghim ca chnh mnh xem c ng tht nh th hay khng. nu ln ct li ca gio hun Pht Gio ti ch xin nhc li vi qu v mt cu pht biu v cng n gin ca c Pht: "Khng c bm vu vo bt c g c". Trong kinh Majjhima Nikaya (Trung A Hm) c thut li rng mt hm c mt ngi bc n nh l c Pht v thnh cu Ngi hy tm l c gio hun ca Ngi bng mt cu tht ngn gn, v nu c th cu y s l g. c Pht p li rng Ngi c th lm c vic y v ni ln cu trn y: "Sabbe dhamma nalam abhinivesaya" tc l "Khng c bm vu vo bt c g c" ("Sabbe dhamma" c ngha l bt c g, "nalam" khng c php, "abhinivesaya" bm vu vo). c Pht cn nhn mnh thm tm quan trng ca cu ny bng cch ni thm rng nu ai c nghe nhng li ct ty y th cng c ngha l nghe c tt c gio hun, v nu ai tip nhn c qu ca vic tu tp y (khng bm vu vo bt c g) th cng c ngha l tip nhn c tt c cc qu do gio hun ca Ngi mang li. Nu ai nm vng c s tht trong nhng li gio hun y mt cch hon ho - tuyt i khng c bm vu vo bt c g c - th ngi y cng s khng cn b nhng con vi khun gy ra cc th bnh thm mun, ght b v v minh thm nhp, y l cc th bnh a n nhng hnh ng sai lm, d l trn thn xc, bng ngn t hay trong tm thc. Chnh v th, c mi khi c mt hnh tng, mt m thanh, mt mi, mt v, mt s va chm hay mt hin tng tm thn pht hin, th khng th "khng c bm vu vo bt c g c" s gip chn ng ngay c s ly nhim. Vi khun khng th thm nhp c, hoc cng c th c cho chng thm nhp nhm d tiu dit chng hn. D sao th vi khu n cng s khng th no sinh si ny n v gy ra bnh c, bi v khng th trong ngi lun tm cch tiu dit chng. Tht vy khng th c hiu lc v song v v vi n. V y l ct nh li ca gio hun Pht Gio, ca tt c Dhamma. Khng c bm vu vo bt c g c! Bt c ai thc hin c s tht th cng c th xem nh to c cho mnh khng th gip ha gii mi s tc hi ca cn bnh tm linh v khin cho n phi chm dt. Ngi y s khng cn b cn bnh lm cho mnh phi kh s vi n na. Th nhng i vi

16 trng hp ca mt ngi bnh d khng thu trit c ct li ca gio hun ca c Pht l g th hon ton khc hn: ngi ny khng c mt sc khng no c. n y c l qu v cng nm vng c ngha ca "cn bnh tm linh" l g v ai l v lng y cha khi c cn bnh y. Th nhng ch khi no thc c l mnh ang bnh th khi y mnh mi tht s ngh n vic cha chy v s dng liu thuc thch nghi. Nu cha thc c l mnh ang bnh th mnh vn c sng nhn nh v ua i nhng g mnh thch. y chng khc g nh m t ngi b lao phi hay b ung th m c lo vui a khng quan tm n vic cha chy cho n mt lc no th m i s mun, ngi y s khng sao trnh khi ci cht do cn bnh ca mnh gy ra. Khng nn vng vo nhng chuyn ngu xun i loi nh th! Phi lun tun theo nhng li ch dy ca c Pht: "Khng c chnh mng. Phi lun ch tm tht mnh". Bit ch tm tht mnh th chng ta mi nhn ra c l mnh ang b cn bnh tm linh hnh h v t mnh mi khm ph ra c m "vi khun" gy bnh cho mnh. Nu p dng c nhng iu ch bo trn y mt cch ng n v kin tr th nht nh qu v cng s tip nhn c ngay trong cuc sng ny nhng iu tt p nht m con ngi c th c c.

Bm vu l cn nguyn gy ra chng bnh tm linh


Chng ta phi nhn bit c mt cch tht chnh xc l cc hnh ng bm vu ca mnh chnh l nhng con vi khun va gy ra bnh tt li va lm cho bnh tt lan trn. Ch cn quan st mi s vt thuc trong mt cp bc tht n s th cng nhn thy mt cch d dng l s bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" l mt vt thng trm trng nht (khi b "ci ti" chi phi v cm tnh ch k bng ln th d mt chuyn tht nh nht cng c th khin cho chng ta tc gin, hi tic, au bun, kh s, vui v, hn hoan, v.v.). Ngi ta c th phn loi s nhim ca tm thc thnh ba cp bc: lobah tc l s thm mun (tham vng, thm kht, am m / desir), dosa tc l s ght b (khng thch, chn ght, hn th / aversion) v moha tc l v minh (s sai lm, u m, khng nhn thy c ng bn cht ca mi s vt / ignorance, delusion) hay l s hiu bit sai lm v hin thc. Ngi ta c th phn loi chi tit hn nhng th au thng y thnh mi su th khc nhau hoc l nhiu hn ty thch (kinh sch gi ba th ny l "tam c" hay "ba th nc c" (trivisa) hay cn gi chung l "ba th dng am m" hay "dc vng" (khesa) - kinh sch ting Vit gi l tham, sn, si - cc th cm tnh bn lon ny c th c phn loi thnh 16 th loi khc nhau hay nhiu hn na ty theo kinh sch v cc hc phi), th nhng sau cng th tt c cng ch quy vo ba th l s thm mun, ght b v v minh (thm mun, ght b v v minh th no c au n g u? Chng ta thng xuyn b chng chi phi v kim ta th nhng vn c tm thy s vui thch, vn ci ni v n ung rt ngon, thy ngi khc phi (hay cng c th l ng tnh) rt p, trng thy k th ca mnh tht "ngu dt" v nu chng may "h" gp kh khn th mnh cm thy vui thch, h h..., th nhng pha sau nhng

17 th thm mun, ght b v v minh y lun tng n nhng kh au mnh mng m m nh khng thc c, bi v "ba th nc c" - nht l v minh - c kh nng la gt chng ta mt cch tht ti tnh m chng ta khng h hay bit). V c ba th y (tam c) li cng c th gom chung thnh mt th duy nht: y l cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" l mt th mm mng nm sn trong ni tm lm pht sinh ra s thm mun, ght b v v minh. Khi n pht l di hnh thc ham mun, am m v ho hc (lobah) th n s tm cch ko gn li vi n cc i tng (thch th) ca gic cm m n tip xc c. Ngc li khi n pht l di hnh thc ght b (doha) th n s tm cch y ra xa cc i tng m n cm nhn c. Th nhng nu khi n b ri vo tnh trng hoang mang khng cn bit l mnh mun g, phn vn khng bit l nn nm gi hay nn bung b i tng, th y chnh l th dng ca v minh (tc l moha hay s u m. V minh hay u-m c ngha l khng nhn thy c bn cht ch tht ca mi hin tng, do d "ci ti" pht l di hnh thc thm mun hay ght b th cng u l sai, v v th "hoang mang" l th dng tt yu ca "ci ti" khi n ri vo tnh trng sai lm). Cn bnh tm linh thc y chng ta ng x theo mt trong ba cnh hung trn y (thm mun, ght b v hoang mang) i vi tt c cc i tng ca gic cm (hnh tng, m thanh, mi, v, hay cc vt th s m c) ty thuc vo cch nhn ca n: tc l cc i tng to ra s quyn r, s gh tm hay l tnh trng hoang mang, tt c u ty thuc vo cc th dng hin hin khc nhau ca chng: l liu hay n kn, quyn r hay gh tm, hoc l hoang mang. Tuy khc bit nhau th nhng c ba cch ng x u l sai lm, bi v nguyn nhn lm pht sinh ra chng l nhng cm tnh ni tm cho rng c "ci ti" v ci "ca ti".V th, ngi ta c th bo rng cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" l mt s nhim trm trng nht lm pht sinh ra tt c mi th kh au v bnh tt. V l do chng ta khng nm vng c mt cch tht su xa gio hun ca c Pht v kh au do chng ta cng khng tht s hiu ht c kh au l g. Chng ta c tng kh au m c Pht ni n ch l s sinh, s gi nua v ci cht. Thc ra kh au th no c phi ch l phn thn xc lm phng tin chuyn ti kh au u (mt cu gii thch tht tuyt vi: dukkha m c Pht nu ln tht su sc, mnh mng v n kn, khng nht thit ch l nhng th dng au thng l liu lan trn v phi by ra chung quanh chng ta. Khi no thc c ci dukkha su kn v mnh mng th lng t bi ca chng ta mi c th tr nn ch tht c). c Pht tm lc gio hun v kh au nh sau: "Nu ni mt cch ngn gn th dukkha l s bm vu vo khandha" (khandha: kinh sch ting Vit gc Hn gi l ng u n, tc l nm th cu hp to ra mt c th con ngi, y l: hnh ng, gic t cm, s nhn bit, tc v tri thc). Nm th cu hp y cng c ngha l nhng g ng ra bm vu (ch th) hay l da vo y bm vu (i tng) vi t cch l "ci ti" hay ci "ca ti" (khi nm th cu hp - hay ng un - bm vu vo mt i tng bn ngoi th n s gi vai tr ca "ci ti" tc l "ch th", khi "ci ti" bm vu vo nm th cu hp, th nm th cu hp s tr thnh ci "ca ti" tc l "i tng". Ngoi ci "ca ti" l nm th cu hp ra, th "ci ti" cn bm vu vo s bin ng ca cc vt th khc (hin tng) trong bi cnh bn ngoi v c ng xem y l ci "ca ti" tc l cc i tng thuc ngoi cnh). Tt c nhng g khng v ng mc bi s bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" u

18 thot khi dukkha. Ch khi no bm vu vo s sinh, s gi nua, bnh tt v ci cht nh l "ci ti" hay ci "ca ti" th khi nh ng th y mi bin thnh dukkha. Thn xc v tm thc cng l mt th v chng khng khc g nhau. Dukkha khng phi l mt th g mang tnh cch t ti ni thn xc v tm thc m ch pht sinh khi no xy ra s bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Khi thn xc v tm thc loi b c nhng th vi khun tm thn (s bm vu vo "ci ti", v ci "ca ti") v tr nn tinh khit th khi chng cng s ging nh thn xc v tm thc ca mt v A-la-hn, tc l hon ton khng cn vng mc vo bt c mt th kh au no na. Qu v phi thc c mt cch tht minh bch l "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" l cn nguyn ca tt c mi th dng ca dukkha. Bt c ni no c s bm vu (vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti") th ni tt s c s u m v lm ln. S d chng ta thiu sng sut y l v tm thc ca chng ta khng trng khng, n b trn ngp bi s gin d, bc tc v bn lon, y l cc th dng tm thn m cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" t o ra cho n. Tri li, mt tm thc vt thot c s bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" th s trn y mt s nhn thc sng sut ("truth-discerning awareness" trong bn dch ting Anh v "sage prsence consciente" trong bn dch ting Php - c th xem nh cng ngh v i cc khi a nim v "tr tu", s "tnh thc" hay s "gic ng"). Chng ta cn phi nm vng s kin l c hai th loi cm tnh khc nhau - th nht l cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" (v minh), th hai l s nhn thc minh bch (tr tu) v c hai hon ton tng khc nhau. Nu mt trong hai th cm tnh thm nhp vo tm thc th tc khc th kia s rt lui ra. Hai th khng th ha hp vi nhau c. Nu tm thc trn ngp cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" th s nhn thc sng sut khng sao thm nhp vo c, v nu trong tm thc hin hu s nhn thc sng sut th "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" s bin mt. Thot khi "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" tc l t c th dng nhn thc trong sng (s tnh thc, tr tu hay s gic ng).

Tnh khng hin hu ti ni ny v ngay trong lc ny


Nu ln iu sau y bit u cng c th s gy ra mt s lo ngi no , th nhng nu mun thu trit c chnh xc Dhamma l g th cng nn mn cch pht biu ca mt v thy thuc hc phi Zen l Huang Po (Hong B Hy Vn, thin s Trung Quc th k th IX), ni ln rng: tnh khng chnh l Dhamma, tnh khng chnh l c Pht, tnh khng chnh l Tm Thc Nguyn Sinh. S hoang mang (lm ln, u m, v minh) v s vng mt ca tnh khng s khng phi l Dhamma, khng phi l c Pht, khng phi l Tm Thc Nguyn Sinh (tuyt vi thay mt cu gii thch tht ngn gn nhng bao hm c tt c o Php t Theravada cho n ton th i Tha. Nu cha t c tnh khng mt cch tuyt i th kh c th ha nhp c vi hin thc, bi v loi b c cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" th y mi ch l cch gip "trng thy" v "qun nhn" c hin thc v cha phi l hi nhp tr thnh mt vi hin thc. Do c ng khng nn nh gi t tng ca Buddhadasa l ch nm trong gii hn ca lnh vc Pht Gio Theravada). S

19 hoang mang (v minh, lm ln) v nh mt tnh khng ch l hu qu xy ra sau ny (Tm Thc Nguyn Sinh hay Pht Tnh l nhng g mang tnh cch t ti v nguyn thy. Trong khi th cc hu qu pht sinh ra sau ny t cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" s to ra s hoang mang v u m che lp Pht Tnh v Tnh Khng). Tm li l c hai th cm tnh i nghch nhau s hin ra (mt bn l cm tnh v Dhamma v Tnh Khng v mt bn l th dng i nghch vi n tc l cm tnh v s hoang mang v tnh trng nh mt tnh khng). Khi no chng ta thu trit c c hai th cm tnh y th chng ta n g s hiu c c Dhamma d dng hn. Qu v ang ngi y nghe ging v nu qu v l "trng khng", tc c ngha l qu v ang c gng hnh dung ra l mnh khng pht ng cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", th qu v s lng nghe ti ni vi mt s nhn thc sng sut (ch tm), tng t nh trong mt th dng m cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" khng gy ra mt tc ng no i vi qu v. Th nhng nu c mt th g bt thn pht hin ra v mt trong cc gic quan ca mnh b khch ng (th d nh thy ngi bn cnh c ng, cm thy cnh tay ca ngi ngi pha sau chm vo lng mnh , ngi thy mi m hi hay mi nc hoa ca ngi ngi bn cnh, hoc nghe thy mt ting ng ngoi sn...) th tc khc cm tnh ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" s pht sinh ra vi qu v v tnh khng hay th dng nhn thc sng sut m mnh ang cm nhn c cng s tc khc bin mt. Nu hon ton trng khng v tnh t k (t xem mnh l trung tm) th chng ta cng s khng cn mang mt cm tnh no v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" na. Chng ta s t c s nhn thc sng sut (tr tu) gip loi b dukkha v lm cho cn bnh tm linh phi chm dt. Bt u t thi im ny nhng cn bnh mi t bn ngoi s khng cn thm nhp vo c na v bnh ly nhim t trc cng b tiu tr, tng t nh tm c c n v vt n ra ngoi. T giy pht ny tm thc s trn ngp Dhamma. Nhng g va trnh by cng tht ph hp vi cch cho rng tnh khng chnh l s nhn thc sng sut, l Dhamma, l c Pht, bi v ng vo thi im m "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" tr thnh trng khng th tt c nhng phm tnh tuyt vi nht ca ton th gio hun ca c Pht cng s hin ra. Nu ni mt cch n gin hn th y l mt s ch tm tht hon ho (s tnh thc) c ghp thm mt s hiu bit ton din v mi s vt (tr tu), v cng l m t cm tnh tht minh bch v mt s h thn (hiri / hi hn, hi tic, ni chung l s thc v o c) trc nhng hnh ng ti t do mnh gy ra, mt tm lng lng thin bit e s nhng iu xu xa, mt s kt hp gia s nhn nhc v s kin tr (khanti), mt lng nhn i (soracca), khng li bc trc bt c mt th thch no. y c ng l m t s bit n su xa (katannukatavedi) v mt lng lng thin tuyt i gip mang li mt s hiu bit v mt s qun thy minh bch v hin thc. y l nhng g s gip thc hin c nibbna hay s Gic Ng ti thng.

Tr lc ca o c

20 Tt c cc phm tnh cn bn nh c trnh by trn y nh t thit u phi c hi , bi v nhng th y cng thuc vo thnh phn ca Dhamma (xin nhc nhc li cc phm tnh y nh sau: s hiu bit minh bch (satisampajanna), s h thn (hiri), s lo s vi phm vo nhng iu hung c (ottappa), s kin nhn v bn ch (khanti), lng nhn i (soracca) v lng bit n (katannukatavedi). Ch ring s xu h v e s vi phm vo nhng iu hung c cng gip cho th gii tm thy s thanh thn v s an bnh bn vng. Ngy nay hnh nh con ng i tr nn qu tr trn v chai khng cn bi t xu h hay lo s trc nhng hnh ng ti t ca mnh na. H phm vo nhng hnh ng khng th tha th c v d thc c l cc hnh ng ca mnh s gy ra tai ha cho ton th gii, th nhng h vn c tip tc hnh x theo cung cch . Th gii ang b tn ph nng n cng ch v khng my ai cn gi c ci c tnh tht n gin y (xu h v e s vi phm vo nhng iu t hi. Xin nhc thm l Buddhadhasa ni ln nhng iu ny cch nay na th k). Chng ta th xt n mt c tnh khc c th cn khim nhng hn th na: y l lng bit n. Ch cn c c tnh duy nht ny cng mang li s an bnh cho th gii. y l mt th c tnh gip chng ta hiu rng trong th gii ny mi con ngi u biu trng cho mt s li ch no i vi ngi khc. Tht th, khng phi ch c con ngi mi bit mang li li ch! Con mo, con ch hay con chim s cng u mang li mt s li ch cho con ngi. Nu thc c ci mn n bit n ca mnh i vi tt c cc chng sinh y th chng ta ng s khng th no hi can m gy ra thit hi cho bt c mt c chng sinh no hay i x tn t vi chng (cu c chng hn). Ch cn da vo sc mnh ca c tnh tc l lng bit n, cng gip chng ta gp phn khng nh vo vic ci thin th gii. Tm li l nu nhng g trn y m ngi ta gi chung l o c c pht huy mt cch ng n th tt c cng s biu trng cho mt bn cht ging nhau, y l kh nng gp phn vo vic gip th gii. Ngc li nu y l nhng th o c sai lm hay ch l o c gi, th chng s to ra tnh trng hn lon a n nhng cc cnh hung tng khc v xung t. Khi no pht huy c o c ch tht, thot khi "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" th tt c th dng vn ton ca Dhamma, ca c Pht v ca tt c mi hin tng cng s hin hu trong ci tm thc duy nht y, mt tm thc ch tht trong th dng nguyn sinh ca n (nhng g m Buddhadasa va m t th no c khc g vi khi nim v Pht Tnh hay bn th ca Pht i vi i Tha Pht Gio ni chung, hay l vi mt tm linh tnh thc gip mnh ho nhp vi thc ti do hc phi Zen ch trng u. Khi no qun thy c "ct li ca Dhamma" l g th chng ta cng s c th vt ln trn cc cch din t, cc thut ng v bit u c cc hc phi khc nhau). Tri li nu mt tm thc khng ngng biu l "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" trong mt tnh trng lun cng thng th nht nh n s khng th no phn nh c bng dng ca mt th o c no, bi v ci tm thc khng th pht huy c mt s ch tm hay mt s tnh thc no c. Tm thc lun xao ng, chnh mng, khng pht huy c mt s qun thy bn vng, khng c kh nng xt on, c ng khng gi c mt s cn bng cn thit. Ci tm thc cng khng cn bit h thn l g, cng khng bit lo s vi phm vo nhng hnh ng sai tri na. Mt con ngi khi mang mt tm thc nh th s tr nn hon ton v cm v khng th no hiu c lng bit n l g.

21

Tm thc ca ngi ny hon ton b xm chim bi bng ti ca s u m, khin mnh ch bit thc thi nhng hnh ng nhm tn ph c th gii. i vi mt ngi ri vo tnh trng tm thc nh trn y th d c bn tho vi h v s qun thy sng sut v anicca (v thng), dukkha (kh au) hay anatta (v ng) hoc bt c iu g khc th cng ch l v ch. Tht s l khng cn lm g c th gip h c na.

Nn chn cho mnh s trng khng hay l s bn lon?


Trc ht chng ta phi phn bit tht r rng gia hai th dng: th nht l s "trng khng v ci ti" v th hai l s "khng trng khng v ci ti". Th dng th nht c th gi l s "trng khng" v th dng th hai l s "bn lon" (hay xao ng). Xin qu v hy ghi nh cch nh ngha ny khi phi nhc i nhc li trong phn trnh by di y. Tt nhin l qu v s cho rng chng c ai mun mnh lm vo tnh trng bn lon c. Nu ti nu ln vi tt c qu v trong bui hp mt ny mt cu hi nh sau: "Nu c ai ang tham d bui hp ny mun mnh lm vo tnh trng bn lon th xin a tay ln!", v n u tht s c ai a tay ln th nh t nh y l mt ngi mang ch mun a nghch m thi. Tt c mi ngi u thch trng khng, d l di hnh thc ny hay hnh thc khc: mt s ngi thch s trng khng mang tnh cch li bing tc khng mun i lm, tt c mi ngi th u thch s trng khng v mi th c th quy ry mnh, chng hn nh khng thch trng chng nhng a tr nghch ngm v khng vng li. Th nhng tt c nhng th y ch l s trng khng v nhng th thuc vo bi cnh bn ngoi, v y khng phi l s trng khng ch tht. Trng khng trong ni tm l mt th dng bnh th ng (bnh d, thng bng), c ngha l mang mt tm thc khng b sao lng v ln ln. Bt c ai cm nhn c s trng khng ni tm u cm thy hi lng. V nu th dng c pht huy n mt cp bc cao nht, tc c ngha l t c mt th dng trng khng v bt c mt hnh thc ch k no th y chnh l nibbna (tc l nit-bn, mc d Buddhadasa nhc trn y l nn ghi nh cch nh ngha th no l s trng khng, tuy nhin cng xin mn php c nhc li l s "trng khng" y c ngh l tr ng khng v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" hay ni cch a khc l trng khng v tnh "v k" ch bit ngh n t li v xem mnh l "trung tm", s d nhc li l nhm vo mc ch trnh hiu lm nit-bn l s trng khng, bi v nit-bn ch l mt "th dng tm thc tht bnh thng" khi loi b c cc th trn y). Mt tm thc bn lon (khng trng khng v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti") th hon ton i nghch li. Bt c th g cng u c th gy ra bn lon cho ci tm thc : t hnh ng, ngn t, t duy cho n xc cm. Mt tm thc b bn lon s ri vo mt tnh trng hoang mang hon ton (lm ln, v minh), khng cn dnh ra c mt khong trng nh nhoi no cho s an bnh v hnh phc. Mt ngi c tm thc ri lon th d c quy y i n Tam Bo, quyt tm tun th Gii Lut, chm lo cng dng v thc thi nhng iu o hnh, th h cng s khng th no ha nhp vi c Pht, vi Dhamma v Sangha (Tng

22 on) c. H ch bit thc thi nhng nghi thc l bi hon ton v ngh Tm l i l c a. Pht ng tht, o Php ng tht v Tng on ch c th hin hu trong mt tm thc trng khng. Mi khi tm thc t c s trng khng v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" th Tam Bo cng s hin ra tc khc ng vo thi im . Nu nhng giy pht khng ko di th y cng c ngha l c Pht, o Php v Tng on cng ch hin hu vi tnh cch tm thi m thi. Th nhng khi gi c nhng giy pht bn vng v khng thay i th Tam Bo ch tht - tc c Pht, o Php v Tng on - cng s hin ra vi mnh thng xuyn hn. V th xin qu v hy c gng trt b "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" ra khi tm thc mnh, khi c Pht, o Php v Tng on cng s thng xuyn hin ra vi qu v. Qu v c tip tc nh th cho n khi no s trng khng tr thnh tuyt i (khng cn mt bng dng no ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" na) th y cng c ngha l qu v m rng tm thc mnh n nhn Dhamma - nh l mt khng th hay mt liu thuc ha gii - khin cho cn bnh tm linh khng cn mt c may no c th pht hin ra c na.

Cha tr cn bnh tm linh


n y c l chng ta cng nn gi i thch chi tit hn i cht v cch cha tr. Nu mun nga bnh v iu tr th nht thit phi p dng cc nguyn tc c trnh by trn y, ni cch khc l phi ngn chn mi tc ng ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Vy phi lm th no? C nhiu phng php khc nhau. i vi cc th bnh v thn xc v tm thn th c nhiu cch cha tr, khng phi ch c mt cch duy nht v bt di dch. Tuy rng c nhiu phng php khc nhau th nhng mc ch v kt qu mong cu th lc no cng ch c mt (tc phi lm th no cha lnh cn bnh). i vi chng bnh tm linh th cng th, c Pht cng a ra rt nhiu phng php tu tp khc nhau, hu thch nghi vi cc dn tc khc nhau, vo nhng thi i khc nhau, thuc cc a phng khc nhau v cc c hi khc nhau. C th qu v cng tng c nghe ni n nhiu php tu tp c gi bng mi th danh xng khc nhau, v v th bit u qu v cng c th s cm thy s hi khi nghe ni rng c Pht tri n khai n 84.000 ti ch yu hay ch suy t lin quan n Dhamma (con s 84.000 mang tnh cch thing ling trong nn vn ha n ni chung v ch c tnh cch tng trng, kinh sch thng nu ln con s ny l ch nhm ni ln s phong ph v cc "phng tin thin xo" - upaya - trong gio hun Pht Gio). Nu tht s c n 84.000 ch th qu v ngi y tt s phi thi ch. D qu v c hc c mt t th sau cng s qun v phi hc li, d c hc li th cng li qun, hoc c th l cc th y cng s ln ln trong u mnh. Th nhng tht ra th Dhamma cng ch l mt nm trong tay, c Pht tm lc nm o Php bng mt cu n gin nh sau: "Khng c bm vu vo bt c g c". Lng nghe li ging cng c ngha l lng nghe ton b gio hun; tu tp gio hun cng c ngha l tu t p ton b gio hun; tip nhn c qu ca gio hun cng c ngha l cha khi c tt c mi bnh tt.

23 Tt c cc phng php u nhm vo vic cha lnh cn bnh ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", v th ty qu v mun la chn cho mnh phng php no cng c. Mt trong cc phng php l phi thng xuyn suy t v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" bng cch xem chng nh mt th o gic hay mt th o tng bnh hon (hallucination). S suy t s gip nhn thy rng cm tnh v mt c th con ngi tuy b ngoi c v nh hm cha mt thc th vng chc - m chng ta vn thng c thi quen gi y l "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" - th nhng tht ra th y ch n thun l mt o gic. Chng ta c th nhn bit c u ny bng cch nhn vo "ci ti" xuyn qua quy lut paticcasamuppda (quy lut tng lin hay l duyn khi), mt quy lut ton cu nu ln s tng kt gia mi hin tng hay l s li ko lin tc gia nguyn nhn v hu qu (tt c mi hin tng u tng lin, tng to v tng tc vi nhau trong mt s chuyn ng chung, khng c mt hin tng no mang tnh cch t ti hay ni ti c, tc c ngha l t n n khng th hin hu mt cch c lp v tch ri ra khi cc hin tng khc c, "ci ti" do cng khng phi l mt thc th c lp m ch l mt "o gic" nh tt c cc hin tng khc. Quy lut ny cng gip "hnh dung" ra tnh khng (vacuit / emptiness) ca tt c mi hin tng theo quan im ca i Tha Pht Gio. Do khi Buddhadasa nu ln quy lut ny gip qun thy tnh cch o gic ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" th y cng l cch m ng n gn vi cch suy lun ca i Tha v khi nim v tnh khng theo quan im ca i Tha ).

Cha bnh bng paticcasamuppda (quy lut tng lin)


Nu mun gii thch tng tn trn phng din l thuyt v k thut paticcasamuppda l g th s mt rt nhiu th gi (tht ra th trn ph ng di n l thuyt v k thut n thun th cng khng n i qu kh hiu th nhng nu mun lm quen vi n, ha mnh vi n, hi nhp vi n trong s chuyn ng chung ca thc ti v ca v tr bng thin nh th cng s mt kh nhiu th gi). Phi mt t mt n hai thng c th trin khai ch ny, bi v trong lnh vc l thuyt th quy lut ny ngy cng c khai trin nhiu hn trn cc kha cnh lin quan n tm l hc v trit hc v a n mt tnh trng phc tp qu ng (tht ra con ngi lun suy ngh v hnh ng ngc li vi quy lut tng lin, thay v ha mnh v i thc ti v chuyn ng chung vi v tr th con ngi lun tm cch ph v thc ti ra tng mnh vn hay tng thnh phn nhm d nh ngha, t tn, quy nh, gii hn v nm bt tng mnh vn hay tng thnh phn mt, v y cng chnh l cch "tch ri" cm tnh v "ci ti" ra khi mt c th quy nh n nh l mt "ci ti" tht s, hay ni cch khc l trc tip lm pht sinh ra mt "ci ti" c lp hay l linh hn. Xin nu thm mt th d v s bao qut v phc tp v quy lut ny: ngi ta thng hnh dung tc ng ca hin tng tng lin trong bi cnh ca thc ti v khng my ai ngh n l nhng tc ng cn mang tnh cch "xuyn thc ti" v "xuyn c th" tc l c th gp phn vo vic gii thch v hin tng ti sinh, ni cch khc y l s tng lin gia kip sng ny vi cc kip sng khc xy ra trc v c sau trong tng lai. S d mn php dng di l nhm vo mc ch lm ni bt thm ch trng tu tp tht n gin, trc tip v thit thc ca Buddhadasa, tc l khng ni n s tng lin v li ko gia cc kip sng khc nhau v cng khng nu ln tc ng ca quy lut ny trong

24 lnh vc tm l hc v tt c nhng th y qu tru tng v phc tp). Th nhng trn phng din thc hnh th c Pht cng cho bit l ch gm c mt nm gio hun trong tay. Khi cc gic quan (mt, tai, mi, li v.v...) tip nhn c cc th nh hnh t ng, m thanh, mi, v, th ngi ta gi y l s "tip xc", v tip theo s tip xc y s lm pht sinh ra gic cm v s cm nhn. S cm nhn li tip tc trin khai tr thnh s thm mun, s thm mun li c kch ng thm tr thnh s bm vu (mun tm hiu tng tn hn qu trnh ny th c th xem li khi nim v s vn hnh ca nm th cu hp - hay ng un - to ra mt c th con ngi). S bm vu a n s hnh thnh, s hnh thnh a n "s sinh" hay l s hin hin ra "ci ti", v t s sinh cng s bt u pht sinh ra cc th kh au ca s gi nua, ca bnh tt v ci cht - gi chung l dukkha (Buddhadasa rt ngn "mi hai mi dy tri buc trong chu k ca s sng" m kinh sch ting Vit gi l Thp Nh Nhn Duyn. ng ch nu ln l s bm vu s a n s sinh v s sinh s l nguyn nhn lm pht sinh ra kh au ca s gi nua, bnh tt v ci cht). Ti cng xin qu v hy c gng ghi nhn l mi khi c s tip xc vi mt i tng ca cc gic quan, th s tip xc s lm pht sinh ra gic cm, v tip theo l s thm mun, v c tip tc nh th. Ngi ta gi y l chu k paticcasamuppda (chu k ca s tng lin), qu trnh li ko mi vt th ca quy lut ny cho thy rng mi vt th nu mun hin hin ra th lun phi cn n mt nguyn nhn c t trc, tc l cc iu kin cn thit lm pht sinh ra mt th g khc, ci th g khc y li tip tc tr thnh nguyn nhn lm pht sinh ra mt th g khc na, v.v... Qu trnh li ko y cho thy rng mi s vt s d c th hin ra l nh vo quy lut lin kt gia nguyn nhn v hu qu, "ci ti" khng h hin hu bt c ni no trn qu tr nh (ch c nguyn nhn v hu qu li ko nhau m thi). Bnh xe ca s tng lin nu ln h nh nh tri buc v xoay vn ca tt c mi hin tng. Nu mun p dng nguyn l mang li li ch th y l cch chn ng qu trnh din tin lm pht sinh ra nguyn nhn to ra cc iu kin a n s hnh thnh. Chng ta phi ct t qu trnh ngay t lc sinh ra s tip xc gic cm, khng cho cc cm tnh toi nguyn hay bt toi nguyn c th pht sinh sau . Khi no khng n m t c phn ng no hin ra trong lnh vc cm tnh, th khi cng s khng cn c mt s thm mun no hay mt s bm vu no c th xy ra c. Tht vy "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" pht sinh ng vo thi im y, tc l vo lc bt u hin ra s thm mun v bm vu, v ci by ca o gic cng s ging ra vo ng lc . Th nhng nu vo thi im xy ra s tip xc gic cm v nu y s ch l mt s tip xc n thun, hon ton khng c bt c g khc xy ra thm sau , th "ci ti" v ci "c a ti" cng s khng c. Do cn bnh tm linh cng s khng th pht sinh ra c v tt nhin cng s khng c dukkha. Thi im xy ra s tip xc gic cm Sau y l phng php tu tp th hai. i vi phn ng mi ngi th qu ht sc kh cho h ngn chn khng cho s tip xc lm pht sinh ra mt th cm tnh no (s vo mt tm la th mnh cm thy thch th, mt con chut b ui hong ht chy ba ln chn

25 mnh thot thn th mnh ku tht ln v s hi. Hai gic cm kh gn nhau: s mn mng ca tm la v lng ca con chut, th nhng hai cm tnh pht sinh - hay l hai cch din t ca tm thc - th tri ng c nhau: toi nguyn v bt toi nguyn). Ngay vo lc xy ra s tip xc gic cm th tc khc mt cm tnh toi nguyn (thch th) hay bt toi nguyn (kh chu) cng s theo m xy ra. Qu trnh vn hnh v li ko y khng th dng li c cp bc tip xc, bi v tm thc (ca nhng ngi y) khng h c luyn tp v Dhamma. Tuy nhin vn c cch gip h vt thot khi dukkha m h khng th trnh n c: tc l mi khi c s tip xc gic cm xy ra th d cho mt cm tnh v s toi nguyn hay bt toi nguyn c theo m hin ra i na th vn cn th gi chn ng chng, y l cch xem mt gic cm ch l mt gic cm, mt cm tnh l mt cm tnh, v c cho chng t tri qua nh th. Khng nn cho chng bin thnh s thm mun, th d nh c mong c c ci ny hoc l tm cch loi b ci kia, ty theo s tip xc s lm pht sinh ra s toi nguyn hay bt toi nguyn. Bi v nu c s toi nguyn th tt nhin cng s c s thm mun, va , ham thch, chim hu, ganh t, v.v... Ngc li nu y l s bt toi nguyn th tt s sinh ra s mong cu loi b c nhng g m mnh khng thch, chng hn nh tm cch gy s, ph phch, st sinh, v.v.... Nu cc th loi xc cm xm chim tm thc th cng c ngha l cc gic cm chuyn thnh s thm kht. Ri vo hon cnh th qu tht khng cn cch no trnh khi b nhim cn bnh tm linh v gnh chu dukkha, v khng cn ai c th gip mnh c na. D cho tt c cc v thn linh c hp nhau li th c ng nh b tay. c Pht cng tng th nhn rng chnh Ngi c ng khng th lm g c khi s th xy ra nh th. c Pht khng c mt quyn nng no c th bin i c cc quy lut thin nhin. Ngi ch n gin l ngi khm ph ra cc quy lut y v nu ln hu gip cho nhng ai bit da vo y bin ci ly chnh mnh. Tt c u do ni mnh, n u tu tp khng ng n th kh trnh khi dukkha, v tri li nu tu tp ng n th s khng c dukkha. Do , khi no s cm nhn chuyn sang giai on thm mun th khi y cng s khng cn c ai c th cu gip mnh c na. Ngay vo lc m s thm mun hay ght b bt u hin ra th mi s mun, khng cn cch no khc trnh khi dukkha. (khi con chut chy ngang chn mnh v lng ca n chm vo da tht mnh tht m cng chng khc g nh chm vo mt tm vi la, th nhng nu tht ln th s khng cn ai c th ngn chn dukkha c na: mt s xanh mt, tay chn run ry, tim p mnh v hi th hn hn... S tip xc chuyn thnh s gh tm v s hi. S vo tm la v cm thy s mn mng, m mt ca tm la l mt cm nhn thch th, th nhng s toi nguyn cng s biu trng cho mt th dukkha tht tinh t, su sc, tim n, rt kh nhn bit v mang tnh cch la phnh v am m, v nht l... bo hiu mt s "nguy him" to ln hn nhiu ang ch i mnh so vi trng hp mt con chut chy ba ln chn mnh). Hy tm cch xc nh xem ai ang n nu pha sau s thm mun ang pht sinh trong u mnh, c phi y l "ci ti" ang lm ch th pht ng ci cm tnh y hay khng, c phi l "ci ti" ang thm mun c c ci ny hay ci n, mun thc hin mi th theo cch ny hay theo cch kia, mun hnh ng nh th ny v phi t c kt qu nh th kia hay khng? Ci ch th ng ra thm mun y chnh l "ci ti". V thm mun cc s vt nn "ci ti" y bm vu vo chng v khng nh bng mi cch rng tt c

26 nhng th y u l "ca n", chng hn nh a v x hi "ca ti", nh ca "ca ti", s an ton "ca ti", s vinh quang "ca ti". Cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" c xem l s bm vu, n sinh ra t s thm mun v thuc vo s chuyn ng chung ca chui tip ni lin tc gia nguyn nhn v hu qu. Nu bnh xe ca s xoay vn v tip ni chuyn sang cp bc bm vu th tc c ngha l m "vi khun" chui vo mt, tai, mi, l i v thn xc. Chng sinh si ny n, lan trn v lm pht hin ra cc triu chng ca cn bnh, v y cng chnh l tnh trng khi s bm vu chuyn sang s hnh thnh - c ngha l s bm vu tr thnh nguyn nhn a n s hnh thnh. S "hnh thnh" (bhava) c ngha l "chi m hu v tr thnh nh th" (avoir et tre / having and being). Vy th chim hu ci g v tr thnh ci g? y l chim hu "ci ti" v tr thnh ci "ca ti". Khi ni n s "hnh thnh" th c ng c ngha l cn bnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" pht trin tht y ( a n s sinh). Tu tp l phi chn ng ngay tc khc qu trnh li ko y ng vo thi im m s tip xc sp chuyn sang th dng cm-nhn/cm-tnh (tc l trc khi pht sinh ra cm tnh toi nguyn hay bt toi nguyn), hoc nu trong trng hp khng th chn ng c qu trnh y ng vo thi im trn y (tc l thi im chuyn tip gia cm-nhn v cmtnh, v nu "cm-nhn" l tr thnh "cm-tnh" mang tnh cch toi nguyn hay bt toi nguyn th c ng ph i c gng khng cho n chuyn thnh s bm vu) th phi ngn chn ngay khng cho cm tnh tr thnh s thm mun, nu khng th s qu tr. Dhamma phi c mang ra s dng (nh l mt phng thuc) ng vo thi im y: c ngha l ng vo thi im khi mt tip xc vi hnh tng, tai tip xc vi m thanh, li tip xc vi v, v.v... Phi chuyn cn luyn tp (Dhamma) nhm gip mnh tuyt i khng cn bm vu vo bt c th g na. i vi hu ht mi ngi, mi khi c s tip xc gic cm xy ra th tc khc cm tnh xut hin, v tip tc sau c ng s xut hin s thm mun, bm vu, hnh thnh v sau ht l s sinh to ra "ci ti". Chng ta vn quen bc theo con ng din tin y, v th n cng tr thnh mt con ng rt quen thuc, tht d i tng t nh trt xung mt trin dc trn trt. Tuy d i th nhng khng c bc theo con ng ! Mi khi s tip xc gic cm xy ra th tc khc phi i hng ngay v chn cho mnh con ng ca s nhn nh minh bch, tc con ng ca s ch tm v tnh thc. Khng nn b trt theo trin dc ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", hoc trong trng hp nu l i theo con ng v bc vo giai on m cm tnh pht sinh th v n cn th gi chuyn hng v bc theo con ng ca s nhn nh minh bch. Khng nn c b trt theo trin dc ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", y chnh l cch gip mnh trnh khi kh ng s t au. Nu luyn tp theo phng php tht ng n v hon ho th chng ta c c th dng A-la-hn. c Pht c ging cho mt t tn l Bahiya v mt nguyn tc tht n gin nh sau (kinh Bahiya Sutta, Udana 1.10, PTS Udana 6):

"Ny Bahiya,

27 Khi nhn thy mt hnh tng, th y ch l cch trng thy. Khi nghe thy mt m thanh, th y ch l cch nghe thy. Khi ngi thy mt mi, th y ch l cch ngi thy. Khi nm thy mt v, th y ch l cch nm thy. Khi xy ra mt s cm nhn trn thn xc, th y cng ch l mt s cm nhn. V mi khi c mt t duy hin ra, th y cng ch l mt hin tng t nhin hin ra trong tm thc. y l cch khng c ci ng. Khi no khng c ci ng th khi cng s khng c mt s chuyn ng no ti ni ny hay ti ni kia (khng phng tng vo mt th g c v cng khng din t g c), v cng khng h c s dng li bt c mt ni no (khng bm vu vo ci ny hay ci kia v cng khng tr thnh mt th g c). y l s chm dt ca dukkha (kh au). y l nibbna (nit-bn). (im tuyt vi nht trong cu thuyt ging trn y l "khng c mt s chuyn ng no" cng "khng c mt s dng li bt c ni no". "Khng chuyn ng" th nhng cng "khng dng li" th ng l mt th dng mang hai sc thi tng khc nhau - khng "chuyn ng" cng khng "dng li" - , chng t ha gii ln nhau to ra mt s "trng khng" tuyt i, mt s "trng khng" khng th m t c bng bt c phng tin no, cng khng th dng tr thng minh thng thng hnh dung ra c, bi v khng c mt th dng no theo s hiu bit quy c li c th va "khng chuyn ng" li va "lu chuyn v khng dng li". Ci th dng "trng khng" ch c th "cm nhn" trc tip bng trc gic m thi. Khi c m nhn c ci "trng khng" y th n cng c th lm chn ng v n tung c thn xc v tm thc ca chnh mnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" s khng cn tm thy mt c s no nng ta na. Khi i ti s c mt "ci ti", khi dng li cng s c mt "ci ti", "khng i ti" m cng " khng dng li" th "ci ti" s phi chu thua, khng lm g c, tc l n nh phi t bin mt m thi. Tuyt vi thay mt li thuyt ging tht n s v ngn gn ca c Pht) Mi khi xy ra nh th th y l nit-bn. Nu th dng y ko di th nit-bn cng s ko di. Nu th dng y ch c tnh cch giai on th nit-bn cng s ch l giai on. Ni mt cch khc th c hai th (nit bn v th dng "khng chuyn ng ti ni ny hay ni kia" v cng "khng d ng li mt ni no c") u thuc vo mt nguyn l chung v duy nht. D l qu v luyn tp theo cch no (mt trong hai cch m t trn y: dng li trc khi cm tnh pht sinh hoc sau khi cm tnh pht sinh nhng s thm mun v bm vu cha hin ra) th tt c cng s u mang li s bnh thn (khng thm mun, ght b, bm vu...) mi khi qu v phi tip xc vi cc i tng ca gic cm, hay l s bin mt ca chng. Nu qu v luyn tp mt cch ng n v khng tm cch t la di mnh (phi thnh tht v lng thin vi nhng cm tnh ca chnh mnh) v d y l phng php suy t no (mt trong hai phng php trn y) th cng s u mang li cng mt kt qu l: qu v khng cn ph mc cho cc th gic cm tha h tung honh v lm pht sinh ra cc

28 cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" na. Khi th c hin c kt qu th vic loi b cc chng ngi (cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti") lm cho tm thc b u m khng cn phi l chuyn qu kh, bi v khi luy n tp ng th cc ch ng ngi ("ci ti" v ci "ca ti") cng s t ng bin mt. Hy a ra mt th d tht n gin nh sau, nu chng ta nui mt con mo trong nh ngn nga khng cho l chut ko vo quy ph th chng ta cng ch cn chm sc cho con mo, khng cn phi ui chut. Con mo m nhn cng vic ca n v s khng c mt con chut no dm bn mng chui vo nh. Nh c con mo nn nhng g khng mun cng s khng xy ra. C ng th , chng ta ch cn canh chng cn thn: mt, tai, mi, l i, thn xc v tm thn tht ng n th cc th chng ngi ngn chn s Gic Ng cng s b loi b mt cch t nhin. Nn hnh x ng n trong th gii Li khuyn ny c v nh l mt cu ni rp khun theo cc cng thc sn c. y cng chng khc g nh khi c Pht nu ln: "Nu bit c x ng n th th gii cng s chng thiu g nhng v A-la-hn". Th nhng chng ta phi nm bt c tt c s t nh n cha trong cu ni : "Ch cn bit sng nh th no cho tht ng n v hp l - nh th cng tha v chng cn phi lm g thm - v ri th gii cng s khng him nhng v Ala-hn". Tht th li khuyn y no c phi l mt iu hi ht. Trong nhng giy pht trc khi tch dit c Pht tng ni vi cc t ca Ngi nh sau: "Im ce bhikkhave bhikkhu samma vihareyyum asunno loko arahantehi assa", c ngha l "Ny cc t kheo, nu bit sng mt cch ng n th th gii ny s khng him nhng v A-la-hn", samma vihareyyum c ngha l "sng mt cch ng n" (cng xin ghi ch thm l theo cc hc gi Ty Phng th c Pht ni bng th ng ca x Ma-kit- - Magadha, gn vi ting Phn v ting Pa-li, d sao th cng khng hon ton ging vi ting Pa-li nh c ghi chp ngy nay. Tuy nhin cng c th hiu l c Pht c th thuyt ging bng nhiu th th ng trong thung lng sng Hng gi chung l cc ngn ng prkrit). Vy lm th no sng mt cch ng n th gii s khng cn him nhng v A-la-hn? Sng "ng n" l sng m khng cho cc th hnh tng, m thanh, mi, v v s ng chm trn thn xc c th gy ra bt c mt tc ng no nh hng n mnh (xin ng hiu y l mt s v cm, m ng hn l mt s cm nhn bnh th ng, c ngha l khng cho nhng cm nhn y bin thnh nhng cm tnh a n s thm mun v bm vu). Ni cch khc l d cho cc gic quan c nhn bit c cc th y i na th nhng s nhn bit y khng n su vo con ngi chng ta to ra nhng th xc cm chng hn nh thm mun hay bm vu. Tm li l chng ta bit sng mt cch khn kho, bit pht ng mt kh nng ch tm kh d c th gip nhn thc c bn cht ca mi s vt thc rng chng ta hon ton trng khng v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", nh c trnh by trn y. S d chng ta t c kh nng l nh vo s suy t v m hi u v bn cht cc s vt v s luyn tp ca chnh mnh. Nh vo kh t nng , mi khi c mt s tip xc gic cm xy ra th i tng ca gic cm y cng s cht ngay sau , tng t nh mt ln sng p vo b, hoc tng t nh c nui mt con mo trong nh ui l chut ra ngoi.

29

Nu chng ta sng mt cch "ng n" - tc gi ng theo nguyn tc khng bm vu - th hnh tng, m thanh, mi, v v nhng cm gic trn thn th khng th no gy ra tc hi cho chng ta c. Chng ta cm bit c nhng th y, thc c nhng th y, th nhng ng thi chng ta c ng pht huy c mt s ch tm thch ng, kh d c th gip qun thy c bn cht ch tht ca chng. Khi t c kh nng th chng ta cng s ch ng c vic s dng mi vt th: chng ta c th n chng, chim ot chng, ct gi chng m khng gy ra mt kh au no cho mnh, bi v chng ta xem chng nh l khng h hin hu. D sao th chng ta cng c th khng mng n vic s dng chng, khng n chng, khng chim gi chng, bi v chng ta thc c rng chng khng phi l "chng ta" v cng chng phi l "ca chng ta". Tri li nu tt c mi th c thc thi xuyn qua "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" th theo dukkha cng s hin ra. Tht th, ngay trc khi n hay trc khi chim hu mt ci g th s bt toi nguyn cng hin ra ri, v trong lc ang n hay ang chim hu th mi s s cn tr nn t hi hn nhiu. Tt c u l dukkha, v y cng c ngha "sng khng ng n" v hu qu l chng ta lun b dukkha ba vy v tc hi. Khi no chng ta bit sng mt cch "ng n" th cn bnh khng th pht ra c. Vy chng ta th nu ln mt hnh nh khc lm th d gii thch thm v vn ny. Chng ta u hiu rng nu bit sng ng n th nhng th nhim tm thn - chng hn nh s thm mun, ght b v u m - s khng c "nui dng" (dung dng, chm sc) do chng c ng s tr nn o ut v tan bin mt. Chng ta c th so snh s kin y vi hnh nh ca mt con cp ang ni gin v b nht trong chung v khng ai cho n: trong trng hp khng cn phi git n bi v t nhin n cng ph i cht. Chng ta giam gi hnh tng, m thanh, mi, v, cc gic cm trn thn th v cc hin tng trong tm thn ngay vo lc chng tip xc vi mt, tai, mi, li, thn xc v tm thc ca chng ta. Chng ta nht chng vo chung ngay tc khc. Nu thc hin ng cch v tht quyt lit th y s l cch "b i" nhng th nhim tm thn. Chng s khng sinh si v lan trn ra c na, c ngha l cc con vi khun y s cht. c Pht bo rng nu chng ta bit sng mt cch "ng n" v chnh trc th a cu cng s khng thiu nhng v A-la-hn. y l cch m Ngi khuyn chng ta nn sng thch nghi vi quy lut paticcasamuppda (quy lut tng lin hay l duyn khi). y l mt cch sng ng n khng cho cc th nhim tm thn c c may xut hin. Chng ta qun thy mt cch minh bch l "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" ch l nhng th o gic, bi v chng ch c th hin hin nh vo s tip xc gic cm lm pht sinh ra mt s cm nhn v mt cm tnh, nhng th ny li tip tc c pht ng bin thnh s thm mun v bm vu. Nu chng ta c th chn ng c s pht hin ca s thm mun, th cng s khng c s bm vu vo "ci ti" hay ci "ca ti". Qu v phi thu trit c mt cch minh bch rng "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" ch l nhng s to dng n thun, chng hon ton khng thc. y ch l nhng o gic, tng t nh mt gn sng do mt cn gi to ra: nc ng l tht, th nhng gn sng ch l mt o gic. S so snh trn y khng c hon ton

30 chnh xc th nhng cng c th gip hnh dung ra kha cnh o gic ca gn sng do cn gi "to dng" ra khi n thi trn mt nc. y ch l mt s chuyn ng ca nc do gi "khi ng" v n s bin mt i sau . Cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" hin ra thng xuyn sut trong ngy, tng t nh nhng gn sng. Nc c th v nh i tng ca gic cm tip xc vi ngn gi l s u m (v minh) khin to ra nhng gn sng ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" sut trong s sinh hot hng ngy. Tm hiu s sinh ra "ci ti" Mi s hin hin ca cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" u c xem l mt "s sinh" (xin mn php nhc li l Buddhadasa ch trng "thu gn" hay "n gin" bt chu k ti sinh tc "chu k lun hi" bng cch ch m t nhng bin chuyn ca tm thc trong thc ti). Theo ngha m c Pht mun ni, th ch sinh khng h c ngha l s sinh ra i ca mt hi nhi t t cung ca mt ngi m - y ch l nhng g qu vt cht! S sinh m c Pht cp thuc vo lnh vc tm linh: y l s sinh ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" to ra bi s xut hin ca s bm vu. Nu nhn theo mt kha cnh khc th s thy rng c hng trm s sinh ni tip nhau xy ra, con s ny ty thuc vo kh nng ch ng ca tng ngi. D sao trong mi s sinh th "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" cng s xut hin, sau s m nht i, t t tan bin v sau cng s cht hn. Mt s tip xc gic cm khc pht sinh tht nhanh sau bo hiu mt "s sinh" khc. Mi s sinh u to ra mt tc ng nh hng n s sinh xy ra tip theo sau. y l g m ng i ta gi l kamma (nghip): n lu li t mt kip sng trc v chn mui trong s sinh hin ti ri tip tc lu truyn xa hn na. y l tm lc nhng g xy ra cho mi s sinh. V y cng l cch hi u v "qu ca kamma" v s "tip nhn qu ca kamma". S din t hon ton ph hp vi li ging hun ca c Pht. Nu khng hiu ng nh th th chng ta s lt ra ngoi ch . y chnh l cch m chng ta phi hiu v "s sinh", kamma v qu ca kamma. Hy a ra mt th d, ngi ta c th sinh ra di th dng ca mt c th no v c th ny thm mun chim hu mt vt th thch th, c th ny cht v sau th ti sinh thnh mt tn trm, tn trm tm cch chim hu vt th y, sau y c th ny li cht i v li ti sinh thnh mt c th khc na th hng s thch th khi c c vt th . Mt thi gian sau, c th ny li ti sinh thnh mt tn phm php v b giam gi. Cc th loi ti sinh rt a dng v hn n bi v c qu nhiu mi dy kt ni chng cht vi nhau. Th nhng nu phn tch tht k th qu v cng s nhn thy ng vo thi im m ngi ta khng cn "sinh ra" ("ci ti" khng pht hin) th nibbna (nit-bn) cng s hin hu. Nit-bn khng sinh, khng gi, khng bnh v khng cht. Th nhng khi no vn cn "s sinh", vn cn cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", th bnh xe ca s sng v ci cht vn tip tc quay u ko theo vi n dukkha. Cng xin lu l s vng bng ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" khng phi l s trng khng vi ngha l khng cn cm bit bt c mt th g na. Ngi ta khng ngi xung ha thnh mt pho tng hay mt khc ci, m ng hn l mang li cho mnh mt s linh hot tt nh. t c th dng hon ton trng khng v "s sinh", v "ci ti" l cch gip mnh pht ng s tnh gic, v nh tt c nhng g mnh lm s c sun s v tri

31 chy mt cch t nhin. Nh khng phm vo cc t duy sai lm, cc ngn t khng chnh ng, cc hnh ng ti t, nn chng ta cng s hon tt c mi vic tht nhanh chng v y t tin. Chng ta cng s khng phm vo sai lm bi v s tnh thc v qun thy trong sng s t ng pht hin v vn hnh mt cch t nhin. Th dng tm thc gi l th dng "trng khng v ci ti". Bt c ai t c th dng trng khng y ca "ci ti" tc l th dng ca nit-bn, th c ng s thc hin c tt c mi th v khng s b sai lm. Ngi y s hon tt c nhiu vic mt cch tht linh hot v li ch. Khng nn tin rng khi qu v loi b c "ci ti" th qu v khng cn lm c g na, phi ngng tt c v tr nn hon ton m man, n v v cm. y ch l ngh ny sinh ra trong u ca qu v y thi! Chnh ci v minh ca qu v khin cho qu v cm thy s hi s trng khng, s hi nibbna, s hi s chm dt ca thm mun v nu khng cn bit thm mun l g th s khin cho qu v bun chn. S chm dt ca thm mun l mt lc th ti thng, l mt nim phc hnh ln nht trong s tt c cc nim phc hnh. y chnh l lc th ch tht, l phc hnh ch tht. y l s chm dt ca n au, ca s di tr v o gic. Lc th ca nhng ngi bnh thng, thiu gic ng, ch l nhng th lc th ph du, la phnh v nht thit ch mang n kh au. y cng chng khc g ming mi mc vo mt li cu: khi nu t ming mi m mnh thm mun th chic li cu cng s mc vo c hng. y cng chng khc g nh ri vo bn tay ca qu s, c ngha l ri vo m t tnh trng lm ln v hoang mang thng xuyn. y l tnh trng b ct vo bnh xe ca s sinh v ci cht ang quay trn trong cn l c ca dukkha, v nu ri vo ci by y th kh lng m ra thot c. V th s qun thy nh cch tu tp da vo quy lut paticcasamuppda - tc l bnh xe ca chui di tri buc (s tng lin gia mi hin tng) - s gip nhn thc c l "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" ch l o gic, v y chnh l con ng Gii Thot. Anicca, Dukkha v Anatta l g ? Ngoi cc phng php trn y ran c thm m t phng php khc na, y l c cch suy t v anicca, dukka, v anatt (v thng, kh au v v ng qun thy l cc ) i tng ca gic cm - hnh tng, m thanh, mi, v, cc vt th s m c v cc hin tng tm thn - cng ch l o gic. Khng nn xem nh cch suy t ny. Khng phi y l chuyn dnh ring cho nhng ngi ln tui hoc ch an i nhng ngi hp hi. y l nhng li ging hun dnh cho nhng ngi ang sng nh chng ta nn mang ra tm hiu v ng dng vo s sinh hot hng ngy ca mnh. Nu hi kh nng vn dng s hiu bit v anicca, dukkha v anatt hng dn s sinh hot ca mnh hng ngy th chng ta cng s to c cho mnh mt khng th cc mnh khin cho nhng th nh hnh t ng, m thanh, mi, v, v.v... khng cch no c th bin thnh nc c c. Nh chng ta s tm thy s an ton (ting Pa-li l khema / security). Qu l mt iu kh l th khi nhn thy c Pht khng h s dng ch "hnh phc" khi thuyt ging, chng qua v ch ny rt d gy ra hiu lm. Thay th ch "hnh phc" bng ch "an ton" (khema) th c l thch hp hn, v ch ny c ngha l "t do v an bnh" v c c th hiu nh l "loi b c cc ng

32 th nc c tm thn", tc l nhng g khin cho tm thc phi bn lon. Loi b c mi s bn lon l cch gip mnh tm thy s trng khng hay l nit-bn. Nu qu v mun tm thy s an ton v c che ch, th qu v phi bit p dng s hiu bit su xa ca mnh v v thng, kh au v v ng. S p dng s to ra cho qu v sc khng chng li tc ng gy ra bi cc th hnh tng, m thanh, mi, v v cc cm nhn trn thn xc, gip qu v khng ri vo s thm mun hay ght b. Tht ra cng ch c hai th loi bn lon: ri vo tnh trng thm mun hay ri vo tnh trng ght b. Hai th loi bn lon y l hai nguyn nhn to ra ting ci hay ting khc. Khi no hiu rng ci ch l mt th dng tc th v phi th ht ra, v khc th cng ch l mt phn ng khc ca s nghn th (khin cho mnh phi nc ln v chy nc mt), th khi chng ta c ng s hiu rng cch tt nht l tm cch mang li cho mnh s bnh lng v thanh thn, v y cng l s "an ton". V nh th s khng cn b chi phi bi cc i tng ca gic cm na, hay ni cch khc l khng cn b n l cho ting ci hay ting khc (ci hay khc cng ch l nhng hnh thc bn lon gy ra bi nhng cm nhn gic cm: mt ngi mt tr c th ci hng hc mt mnh, mt ngi sung sng c th rn ra nc mt. Ci cng nh khc u c th biu trng cho mt trong hai th dng: hoc l hnh phc hoc l kh au. Do ch "hnh phc" d gy ra hiu lm, ch "an ton" c v thch nghi hn, bi v ch "hnh phc" i khi c ng ng ngha vi ch "kh au". Tm kim hnh phc cng l mt hnh thc dukkha). Tm thy s th gin, thanh thn v an ton bao gi cng tt hn. y l cch bit nhn vo anicca, dukkha v anatt (v thng, kh au v v ng hng dn cuc sng thng nht ca ) mnh. Khng phi l qu kh nhn bit c cc i tng ca gic cm u l o gic. y cng ch ng khc g nh trng hp khi phi nhn bit "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" l o gic, bi v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" cng ch l nhng th pht sinh t cc i tng ca gic cm. S d chng ta nhn bit c chng l o gic, y l nh vo s qun thy su xa v v thng, kh au v v ng. y l phng php gip trnh khi cn bnh dukkha. Xem s thch th nh mt o gic n y chng ta h cp n khi nim v sukhavedana (ch ny c ngha l s y "thch th v toi nguyn" - kinh sch ting Vit gi l "lc th". Tuy nhin vi mc ch trnh bt cc thut ng Pa-li thng c dng thng trong nguyn bn v ng thi lm "nh" bt cc cu chuyn ng, nn ch sukhavedana s c dch mt cch ngn gn l "thch th" trong phn di y). Thch th ch l o gic, chng khc g nh nhng gn sng ni ln bt thng v t chng khng hm cha mt thc th no c. Ti xin qu v hy ghi nh iu ny: bt c mt s vt no, d thuc vo mt bi cnh no, cng u c nh gi cn c vo tng lng thch th do n to ra. Qu v cng nn chu kh suy ngh m t t: ti sao qu v li thch c hc hi? To sao qu v li thch lm cc cng vic m qu v ao c? Ti sao qu v li thch tch ly tin bc, tm kim mt a v x hi, mong cu t c danh vng hay l c thm nhiu mn ? Bi v cc th y s to ra s thch th cho qu v, n gin ch c th. Nu hiu c iu y - v tht ra th cng ch cn c th - th cng tha gip qu v gii quyt c cc vn trn y mt cch ng n, v mi s nh cng s xy ra mt cch tha ng. Vy phi hiu c iu g? Phi hiu c l qu

33 trnh din tin ca vic tm kim s thch th ng tht vi bn cht ca n cng ch l mt hnh thc o gic m thi. Chng ta phi nhn vo s tm kim thch th qua bn cht o gic ca n. Qu khng c g li c th khi hi hn khi pht ng cm tnh th ght thch th, hoc ngc li l b m hoc v tr thnh n l cho n. ng x mt cch thch ng khi i u vi n chnh l cch thc hin Dhamma (o Php), v y cng l thi hnh x ca mt ngi Pht t. Cch hnh x s gip cho ngi Pht t chn ng c dukkha v s khng cn b cn bnh tm linh hnh h mnh na. Bit suy t v bn cht o gic ca s tm kim thch th s gip mnh thc hin c cch hnh x . Thch th cng chng khc g nh nhng gn sng ni ln khi c gi thi trn mt nc. Ni cch khc l khi no cc th hnh tng, m thanh, mi, v... thm nhp vo mt c th th s di dt do v minh xi dc v s ngu xun do s qun thy sai lm to ra s tc khc tm cch tip xc vi nhng th y. T s tip xc s lm pht sinh ra gn sng ca s thch th, v ri cc gn sng cng s p vo b v tan r. Nu bit nhn mi s theo cch th chng ta cng s gii quyt c mi s m khng h cm thy kh au. Gia nh khng dukkha, xm ging khng dukkha, th gii khng dukkha, v chnh chng ta l ci ngun lm pht sinh ra th dng khng dukkha y. Nu tt c mi ngi u bit nhn vo mi s vt nh th th th gii s tm thy mt s an bnh bn vng v mt nim phc hnh ch tht. Nhng g trnh by trny cho th y c nhiu phng php tr bnh c th mang li li ch cho mi ngi: y l cc cch phi lm th no cho cn bnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" khng cn hnh h mnh na.

Kt lun
V thi gian c hn, do thit ngh ba th d (ba phng php luyn tp) va c nu ln trong bui ni chuyn hm nay cng tm . Trc ht l phng php qun thy tnh cch o gic ca khi nim v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" bng cch da vo quy lut paticcasamuppda (quy lut tng lin - l duyn khi); sau l phng php qun thy bn cht o gic ca cc i tng ca gic cm nh vo cc khi nim v anicca, dukkha v anatta (v thng, kh au v v ng) ; sau cng l phng php gip qun thy bn cht o gic ca khi nim v sukhavedana (s "thch th v toi nguyn" hay l "lc th" trong kinh sch ting Vit). Nu mun cc phng php ny c th gip qu v mt cch hiu qu th qu v phi nhn tht st vo mi s vt, phi ch tm, cnh gic v tht tnh thc khi cc i tng ca gic cm tip xc vi mt, tai, mi, li, thn xc v tm thc, ng theo nhng g m c Pht ch dy cho Bahiya. y l cch phi xem ci thy ch l mt s trng thy, nghe ch l mt s nghe thy..., v khng c da vo to ra mt cm tnh no khc, hoc nu mt cm tnh l sinh ra th khng c cho n bin thnh s thm mun. ng thi qu v cng phi ch tm v ngh n khi nim v s "trng khng" v s "bn lon".

34 Cng c th y l ln u qu v tham d mt bui ging nu ln cc ch trn y, v qu v th cng sp tr v nh. V th ti cng xin qu v th quan st s sinh hot trong cuc sng ca qu v xem sao, mt lc no qu v s cht thy trong cuc sng thng nht cng c nhng lc qu v cm thy mnh "trng khng", y l nhng lc m qu v khng b s hoang mang v lm ln chi phi, v s trng khng y lun i km vi mt s tnh thc cao v mt s qun thy trong sng. Ngoi nhng lc "trng khng" y ra th s "bn lon" tc l cm tnh v "ci ti" (qua nhng th dng nh ganh t, ham mun, bc tc, vui sng, gin d, c m, mu , hn hoan, lo u, yu thng, nh nhung, s hi, n ni huyn thin, v.v...) thnh thong li xut hin, v mi ln xut hin nh th th gi l mt s sinh ("ci ti" hin ra qua tng cm tnh nh va k v mi ln n hin ra th y l mt s sinh, khng cn phi c mt a hi nhi lt lng m th mi gi l sinh). V c mi ln xy ra s sinh th cng theo m kh au s sinh ra (mi cm tnh nh va k trn y - gin d, vui sng, yu thng, ght b, nh nhung... - l mt biu hin ca kh au v biu trng cho mt s sinh trong v s s sinh tip ni nhau trong cuc sng ca chnh mnh trong hin ti). Tuy nhin cng c rt nhiu lc khng c s sinh no xy ra c v y l nhng lc khng c kh au (nit-bn). Th nhng tic thay no c my ai thc c iu y u, h ang i bn cnh nibbna (nit-bn) m khng h hay bit. Mc d y ch l mt th nit-bn b t, mt tin v thoang thong ca nit-bn, th nhng n c cng mt bn cht vi nit-bn ch tht, ch khc l s pht hin ca n qu ngn ngi. S d n khng th ko di c y l v chng ta khng bit cch trnh cho mnh khi b ly nhim, v khi v ng bnh th cng khng bi t cch no cha cho khi. V th cn bnh c thng xuyn honh hnh v lm cho nibbna phi t on. Nu mt ngi c tr thng minh nhn bit c rng tm thc ca mnh t bn cht ch l trng khng, th y cng l nit-bn, ngi y ch c mt vic duy nht cn phi lm l canh chng khng cho bt c mt th g thm nhp vo tm thc mnh. i vi qu v cng th, ng cho chng thm nhp! Tng kh chng ra ngoi! Nu khng cho chng thm nhp vo nh th gian nh ca chng ta lc no cng s trng khng. Mun tng kh nhng th y ra ngoi th phi tu tp Dhamma theo ng vi nhng li ging dy ca c Pht. Vic tu tp y s khi ng sc mnh ni tm v cm ng ca mnh k c lng vng tin ni Dhamma, tt c s gip chng ta bit chuyn cn hn trong vic luyn tp, bit lng su vo thin nh v lun cnh gic. Khi thc hin c nh th th mc ch cng s gn k. Nu khi s bng nhng bc sai lm th vic tu tp s kh trnh khi kh khn, kh hn c vic ln mt khi ln nh ni. Th nhng nu chng ta bit qun nhn vo mi s vt mt cch ng n th mi s s tr nn d dng hn, d hn c ln mt khi xung chn ni. Phi lun gi s tnh thc, khng c xao lng, khng nh mt s cnh gic. Lun ch tm qun thy s "trng khng" (nit-bn) v mi th "bn lon" (s sinh) thay nhau

35 hin ra trong cuc sng thng nht. C gng gip tm thc mnh tm thy s hn hoan trong th dng "trng khng", mt th dng nit-bn m rng v thng xuyn. Khng c cho tm thc chy theo nhng nhn nh sai lm nhm trnh cho n khng ri vo s kim ta ca nhng th c th khin cho n b bn lon. Vn gay go nht trong thi bui ngy nay l chng cn my ai tht s mong mun lm cho dukkha phi chm dt. Ngi ta khng cn sc thc c rng s d mnh c sinh ra y l c mt dp may gip mnh t gii thot khi kh au. Con ngi c cm tng nh mnh c sinh ra khng v mt ch ch no c, m ch cn c mt th g lm cho mnh hi lng v mang li s vui thch cho mnh l c. Chng ta ch bit chy theo nhng g xy ra chung quanh mt cch m qung. Th nhng trong khi nu mun lm cho dukkha chm dt th no c phi l mt chuyn qu kh v vt qu tm tay ca mnh u. y cng chng khc g nh th c thi cc cng vic hng ngy hay hnh ngh mt cch bnh thng. Th nhng chng ta khng h thc c iu y v c ngonh mt i nhn vo ni khc, do khin chng ta lun phi kh au. Tm li, s chm dt hay s gii thot khi cn bnh tm linh ty thuc vo kh nng ngn chn s hin hin ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". S gii thot khi cn bnh y c xem l "mt mn qu to ln nht". V y cng chnh l tiu m cc t ca c Pht s dng qung b Dhamma vo nhng thi k nguyn thy. H i xuyn ngang cc lng mc v thnh ph rao bn mt liu thuc thn diu: "Arogya parama labha" c ngha l "Gii thot khi bnh tt l mt s li ch to ln nht!". y khng phi l cch cha khi au rng hay cc bnh tt i loi nh th. Cn bnh tm linh m c Pht ni n l mt th bnh mang li nhng kh au tht to ln. y l mt cn bnh ch tht, v th phng thuc gip cha khi cn bnh y cng phi c mt hiu lc thch nghi v tng xng. Vo thi bui ca chng ta ngy nay, con ngi lun n o m cho mnh m t li t thot trong cuc sng, th nhng h li khng thc c s kin . Mi khi xy ra mt bin c mang li kh au th h ch bit tm mi cch thay vo y bng mt th dng i nghch m thi, ting Pa-li gi s kin y l tandangavimutti. Th nhng nu chng ta bit cch kim sot tm thc mnh th n c ng s vt thot c cch hnh x trn y tr thnh trng khng v thot khi bnh tt, ting Pa-li gi s kin ny l vikkhambanavimutti c ngha l s "gii thot bng cch ngn chn" (delivrance by suppression) - y l cch m chng ta ngn chn cc con vi khun khng cho chng gy ra bnh tt, tc c ngha l ch ng c tm thc mnh bng mt s cnh gic cao . y cng l cch thit thc v mang nhiu li im hn so vi cch ty c ng bin v ch c tnh cch tm thi (hi h tm cch thay th kh au bng cc th dng i nghch hay tandangavimutti). Th nhng chng ta c ng c th i xa hn bng cch loi b tn gc r v hy dit hon ton cc con vi khun dt khot hn, cch ny gi l samucchedavimutti (release by cutting off / gii thot bng cch trit tiu hay hy dit). y l cch git cht cc con vi khun mt cch vnh vin.

36 Thng thng, mi khi thay vo mt th m mnh khng mun bng mt th g khc mang tnh cch i nghch th mnh cng c th s cm thy mt cht hiu qu no , v nu tht s thnh cng th y cng l mt kt qu ng k. Th nhng nu mun i xa hn th na th phi ngn chn (vikkhambanavimutti) hoc hy dit hon ton (samucchedavimutti) cc con vi khun mt cp bc cao hn. Thc hin c nh th, chng ta s khng cn sng vi s thm mun, ght b v s qun thy sai lm cng nh tt c mi th dc vng khc. Chng ta s sng trong an bnh, yn n, hon ton tnh gic, khng cn kh au v bn lon na, tng t nh s ti mt ca mt a tr th. y chnh l cch cha lnh cn bnh tm linh. Trc khi chm dt ti cng xin t t c qu v vi t cch l nhng ngi Pht Gio hy quan tm n ch ch ca cuc gp g gia chng ta hm nay. Nu qu v ngh rng s gp g ny l mt dp pht ng s quyt tm ca mnh dn thn trn con ng ca lng nhn t v s tht, th qu v cng nn to ra cho mnh mt np sng ph hp vi quyt tm y, hy t b nhng g xu xa v km lnh mnh tm ly cho mnh nhng g tt p, xng ng v ton thin hn. Hy kin tr v c gng, ng bung tay. Hy pht huy s tu tp ca mnh trn con ng nhm mang li li ch cho mnh v cho c nhn loi. Nh qu v cng c th t ho ni ln rng qu v lm nhng g tt p nht trong cuc sng m mt con ngi c th lm c, v qu v cng tip nhn c nhng g tt p nht m mt con ngi c th tha hng c. y no c phi l mt chuyn xa vi u. Tt c u nm trong tm tay ca qu v. Tm li y cng c ngha l chng ta t n ch tt cng nhng g cn phi hc hi, cn phi thc hin v cm nhn c hiu qu mang li t nhng kinh nghim trc tip v nhng hnh ng tu tp ca chnh mnh. y l mt cuc sng hon ton loi b c dukkha, k c trong lc cnang tu t p cng n h sau khi t c kt qu. Trong khi luyn tp hng ngy - d phi m trch thm cng n vic lm - th cng s khng c dukkha. Nu nh cng vic lm n c mang li cho chng ta mt t kt qu vt cht no i na - chng hn nh tin ca, a v x hi, ting tm hay danh vng - th cng s khng c dukkha. Dukkha s khng h xy ra trong bt c hon cnh no. Chng ta tr thnh nhng con ngi thng thng. Tng t nh cu c mt con c m khng b li cu m vo tay (khi mc mi) v n c khng b xng mc vo cung hng. Cu c con c khng gy ra kh au v n con c cng khng gy ra kh au (c th mt ngi tu tp theo Pht Gio i Tha s tm mt th d khc hn, d sao th y cng l mt th d d hiu dnh cho mt c ta th tc). n gin ch c th. Ti mong rng qu v nm vng c khi nim v cc th bnh thn xc, tm thn v tm linh. Nu qu v lun ghi nh s hiu bit th n c ng s gip qu v cha lnh c mi th bnh tt. Khi cha khi c mi th bnh tt th lc y qu v cng s nhn thy c ngha trong cu sau y rt ng: "Sc kho ch tht l gia ti to ln nht" (xin

37 nhc li cu trn y c ng l tiu m cc t ca c Pht s dng qung b Dhamma).

38

Phn II

Tnh Khng l g
Trong bui ni chuyn trc y ti cng nhc n tnh khng v cho bit y l mt ch tht ch yu, th nhng ti cha kp trin khai mt cch y v tng xng vi tm quan trng ca n. Thit ngh chng ta cn phi thu trit khi nim ny mt cch su sc hn. Nhiu kha cnh ca ch ny qu tht l vn cn qu m m, do ti s dnh trn bui ni chuyn hm nay cho ti ny.

Nhp
Trong ton b gio hun Pht Gio th tnh khng l mt ch kh thu trit nht, bi v y chnh l phn ct li. Cng th t d hiu, nu l ct li ca Pht Gio th nht nh y cng s l mt ch tht tinh t v su sc. Cc cch phng on v suy ngh thng thng khng th no c th gip chng ta hiu c tnh khng l g, m chnh chng ta phi dy cng nghin cu mt cch kin tr v tng tn. Ch "nghin cu" trong trng hp ny phi hm cha y ngha ca n: tc l phi thng xuyn quan st v phn tch tt c nhng g hin ra trong tm thc mnh, d y l mt s thch th hay kh chu. Ch c nhng ai tng theo di tht cn thn nhng din bin trong tm thc mnh th mi c th hiu c Dhamma (o Php) l g. Nhng ngi ch bit nghin cu bng sch v chng nhng s khng hiu c tnh khng m li cn rt d b sai lm. Tri li, nhng ai bit quan st tt c nhng g xy ra trong tm thc mnh v t nhn nh c nhng iu no l ng trong chnh tm thc mnh th mi khng s b lm ln. Ngi ny s hiu c dukkha (kh au) l g, s chm dt ca dukkha l g, v sau cng s hiu c Dhamma l g. Sau khi c sch v tnh khng th ngi y mi c th hiu c ng n ch ny. T lc bc vo ci i ny cho n khi lm chung, lc no chng ta cng phi lun luyn tp theo cch sau y: phi qun xt s tip xc gia tm thc mnh vi tt c cc s vt chung quanh v phi nhn bit c bn cht ca cc hu qu mang li t s tip xc . Trong qu trnh ca s vn hnh t nhin y, nht nh s thch th hay l n au s phi xy ra, th nhng nu theo di v qun xt c n th vic ny cng s gip cho tm thc ca chng ta tr nn tnh to v mnh m hn. Tip tc tm hiu bn cht ca t duy nh trn y s gip gii thot tm thc khi dukkha - y l mt s hiu bit li ch nht trong s tt c cc s hiu bit, v y cng l cch gip chng ta dn dn thc hin c tnh khng hay thc c n l g.

39 C l qu v vn cn nh l trong bui thuyt trnh trc y chng ta cng ni n l c nhiu ngi xem c Pht nh mt v "Lng Y tm thn", v chng ta cng ni n l c hai loi bnh: loi th nht l cc bnh thuc thn xc v tm thn, loi th hai l cc bnh thuc lnh vc tm linh. Bnh tm linh l mt cn bnh khng cho php mnh qun thy c s tht ti hu ca mi s vt ng tht vi nhng g l nh th . Do bnh y l mt th bnh lin quan n v minh, hay l s hiu bit sai lm, v nu l mt s hiu bit sai lm th tt nhin l n s a n nhng hnh ng sai lm v t pht sinh ra kh au. Vy phi lm th no c th cha lnh c cn bnh tm linh y? Phng thuc gip cha khi chnh l tnh khng. Hn na tnh khng chng nhng l mt phng thuc m cn l c mt s gii thot c th lm trit tiu tt c mi th bnh tt, bi v pha sau tnh khng s chng cn li g c. Phng thuc gip cha lnh cn bnh tm linh chnh l s hiu bit v php luyn tp gip thc c tnh khng. Khi tnh khng hin ra, n s cha khi cn bnh. Khi khi bnh th ngoi tnh khng ra s chng cn li bt c mt th g khc, y l mt th dng hon ton loi b c kh au v mi th u m tm thn, l nguyn nhn gy ra mi kh au. Tnh khng y mang mt ngha v cng rng ln, t n hm cha nhng phm tnh nh: khng c g c th lm cho n b thoi ha, cng khng th trin khai hay ci thin thm cho n, bt c mt tc ng no cng u v hiu. y l mt th dng vt ra khi thi gian, bi v n khng cn gnh chu s sinh v ci cht na. S "hin hu" ca n hon ton khc hn vi s hin hu ca cc s vt v c cc chng sinh c sinh ra v phi cht. Bi v khng c mt thut ng no c th din t c n nn chng ta cng ch bit mn c tnh "khng h bin i" ca n gi n l "tnh khng bt bin" (vacuit immuable / immutable emptiness). Nu mt ngi thc hin c iu y - ni mt cch chnh xc hn l khi "tm thc" ca ngi y thc hin c tnh khng mt cch hon ho - th n s tr thnh phng thuc gip cho ngi y cha lnh cn bnh ca mnh. S cha tr s c hiu qu tc khc, v y cng l m t th dng vt ra khi thi gian: mt sc kho ch tht (c ngha l khng cn cht na). Ti mong qu v lun ghi nh n cch nh ngha y ca ch "tnh khng" - ting Pali gi l sunnat - c th theo di d dng nhng g ti s trnh by chi tit hn di y.

Tt c u l tnh khng
Trc ht chng ta khng nn qun l chnh c Pht t ng ni rng mi li m Ngi tht ln u nht thit hng vo ch tnh khng, Ngi khng h cp n bt c g khc, d l trc tip hay gin tip. Bt c mt li gio hun no nu khng lin h g vi tnh khng th y khng phi l li ni nguyn thy do chnh Ngi tht ra, v y cng c th l

40 do cc v t sau ny ca Ngi thm vo, v ham thch bin lun dng di, nn tm cch ph trng s uyn bc ca mnh m thi. Tht th ngi ta c th ghp thm nhiu th vo gio hun nguyn thy - th d nh ch "trng khng" ngy nay mang thm nhiu cch ng dng khc nhau (xin nhc thm l tnh khng l mt khi nim c hiu kh khc bit nhau gia cc hc phi. Cch hiu ca Theravada rt "thc t" v hng thng vo tnh cch v ng ca mt c th, vic ng dng do cng "trc tip", "thc t" v "gin d" hn). Mc d s "trng khng" mang c tnh bn vng v bt bin, th nhng cch din t n th li rt a dng. Ni th hiu rng chng ta s ch kho st tnh khng trong vng gii hn ca mt s kha cnh sau y: - s vng mt ca dukkha (kh au) - s vng mt ca nhng th u m trong tm thc khin to ra dukkha - s vng mt ca cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" y l nhng g biu trng cho th dng tnh khng m chng ta s da vo y tu tp. Nu chng ta c gng tm trong s cc li ging hun ca c Pht v ch ny xem c nhng li ging hun no d hiu nht v thng c c Pht ni n nht th chng ta s thy rng y l nhng li m Ngi khuyn chng ta hy nhn vo th gii ny nh l mt s trng khng. y l cu: "Sunnato lokam avekkhassu magharasa sada sato", c ngha l: "Hy xem th gii l trng khng, v nu kh nng lun thc c tnh khng ca th gii th ci cht cng s khng cn nm bt c mnh na". Li ging trn y khuyn chng ta h nhn vo th gii nh l mt s trng khng y cng chnh l mt php tu tp cao siu nht. Bt c ai mun t gii thot khi cc kh khn gy ra bi dukkha v ci cht th nht thit phi nhn vo th gii - c ngha l nhn vo tt c mi s vt - ng tht vi n, nu ni cch khc th n trng khng v "ci ti" v bt c g thuc vo "ci ti". Cc cu tm lc sau y ca c Pht ni ln tt c s li ch ca php tu tp y: "Nibbna (nit-bn) chnh l tnh khng ti thng" v "Nibbna l nim phc hnh ti thng nht". Nhng g va trnh by cho thy tht r rng l nibbna, hay s tt ngh tuyt i ca kh au, v "tnh khng ti thng" c cng mt ngha nh nhau. Th nhng nu gi y l mt th tnh khng "ti thng" th cng c th hnh dung ra mt th tnh khng khc, khng mang tnh cch ti thng v c th xem nh l mt th tnh khng cn khim khuyt hay sai lm. Khi no kh nng nhn bit c s tht tr nn hon ho v trong sng, khng cn vng mc bt c mt cht bng dng no ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", th khi n mi c th gip hnh dung ra c "tnh khng ti thng" l g. Ci "tnh khng ti thng" chnh l nibbna bi v n c kh nng dp tt c ngn la ang thiu t chng ta v lm cho cn lc ca nhng hin tng v thng phi lng xung. V th "tnh khng ti thng" v s "tt ngh ti hu ca dukkha" cng ch l mt th.

41 Khi pht biu rng nibbna l nim phc hnh ti thng, th y cng ch l mt cch ni thuc lnh vc ca s tht tng i. Tht ra th y cng ch l mt cch pht biu nhm khuyn khch mi ngi nn ngh n vic tu tp, chng qua cng l v i vi nhng ngi bnh d th sut i h ch bit nui mng tm c hnh phc th thi. Do khi bo rng nit-bn l hnh phc th y ch l cch ni nhm p ng s c mong trong lng h m thi, v tt nhin y cng ch l mt cch ni mang tnh cch thit thc, bi v d c gii thch v khng nh vi h y l mt th hnh phc ti thng i na th trn thc t nitbn vn to ln hn v vt cao hn th dng hnh phc m h c th hnh dung ra c. Bi v ci hnh phc y ca nit-bn chnh thc l tnh khng. D sao i na th ngi ta cng khng th no bo y l hnh phc hay l kh au c, bi v n vt xa hn kh au v c nhng th hnh phc thng tnh. Th nhng nu c gii thch loanh quanh nh th th mi ngi s chng hiu g c, v th nn khng th no lm g khc hn l bt buc phi s dng cch ni thng thng v d hiu gi nibbna l "phc hnh ti thng". Do ti cng xin lu qu v l mi khi ti ni n ch "phc hnh" th nn hiu rng ch y khng mang ngha m mi ngi thng hiu. y l mt th dng trng khng v tt c nhng th c sinh ra v lan trn trong tm thc (cc t duy v xc cm trong tm thc) v tt c nhng hin tng v thng (th gii hin tng bn ngoi), bi v khi no vn cn s bin ng (ca mi th t duy v xc cm trong ni tm v ca mi hin tng chi phi v tri buc mt c th t bi cnh bn ngoi) th khi y s khng th no tm c hnh phc ch tht c. Ci th dng phc hnh ca s trng khng tht tuyt vi, ti mt v xng ng chng ta mong cu. Trc ht phi hiu rng cc s cm nhn thch th hin ra khi xy ra s tip xc gia cc c quan gic cm vi cc i tng t bn ngoi, u l o gic, y khng phi l nim phc hnh ti thng. Nim phc hnh ca nhng ngi bnh thng khng phi l nim phc hnh ti thng ca nibbna, bi v nim phc hnh ny ch l tnh khng. V th mi khi qu v nghe ni n: "Nibbna l phc hnh ti thng" th khng c vi v xem nibbna ng vi nhng g m qu v hng mong cu, ri c nhn vo y m c m v qun bng i l nibbna ng thi cng cn c ngha l tnh khng ti thng.

Khng c bm vu vo bt c g c
Gio hun ca c Pht lin quan n vic tu tp v tnh khng chnh l ct li ca ton b gio hun Pht Gio: "Khng c bm vu vo bt c mt th dhamma no c" (xin ch ch dhamma - s nhiu v vit khng hoa - c ngha l cc hin tng hin ra trong s hin hu ca mnh hay ni chung l tt c cc hin tng v hnh hay hu hnh thuc vo th gii v c trong tm thc ca chnh mnh, v ch Dhamma - s t v vit hoa - th c ngha l o Php). Nu suy rng ra th cu trn y cng c ngha l: D bt c ai th cng khng c nm bt v bm vu vo bt c th g xem y l "ci ti" hay l ci "ca ti". Cc ch "d bt c ai" c ngha l "tt c mi ngi" khng ngoi tr mt ngi no c. Cc ch "nm bt v bm vu" th c ngha l nhng g s lm pht sinh ra cm tnh v "ci ti". Cc ch "xem l ci ti" c ngha l cm thy mnh l mt c th vng chc, trng tn, hay hm

42 cha mt linh hn. Cc ch "nh l ci ca ti" th c ngha l chim hu mt hin tng lin h n cm tnh ca mt "ci ti". Cu trn y l cch m c Pht khuyn bo chng ta tuyt i khng c pht ng bt c mt cm tnh no v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" bng cch lin kt n vi bt c mt th g khc (tc c ngha l khng c xem mt th g k c thn xc mnh - l "ti", hay l mt th g thuc s hu "ca ti"), d y ch l mt ht bi hay l mt vin ngc qu, hay gi n ch l mt i tng ca s thm mun gic n cm, k c s vin mn tc l th dng cao nht trong vic tu tp tm linh. Khng c bt c g, nn nh l tuyt i khng c bt c mt th g, c th lm i tng cho s bm vu, tc l nm bt ly chng v xem y l "ci ti" hay ci "ca ti". y cng chnh l ct li ca gio hun Pht Gio. c Pht cng tng khng nh v iu . c Pht bo rng khi no c nghe cu ni y - tc "Khng c bm vu vo bt c mt dhamma no" - th cng c ngha l c nghe tt c gio hun; mang cu ni y ra luyn tp c ngha l hon tt c tt c mi s tu tp; tip nhn c kt qu t s tu tp c ngha l tip nhn c tt c qu mang li t ton b gio hun. Tm li qu v ch nn lo s khi thy c qu nhiu th hc hi. c Pht c ni rng d s hiu bit ca Ngi nhiu nh l trong rng th nhng nhng g Ngi thuyt ging nhm gip cho chng ta tm thy nibbna th cng ch nh mt nm l trong tay. "Nm gio l" y trong bn tay ca Ngi biu trng cho nguyn tc: khng c nm bt hay bm vu vo bt c g v xem y l "ci ti" hay ci "ca ti". Khi no c nghe li thuyt ging y th c ng c ngha l c nghe ton b gio hun, bi v ring n hm ch a v bao gm tt c cc ch . V cng khng h c bt c mt ch no m c Pht nu ln li khng cp n kh au v phng cch gip loi b kh au. S nm bt v bm vu l hai nguyn nhn mang li kh au. Bt c ni no c s nm bt v bm vu th tt ni s phi c kh au. Tu tp l cch chn ng hon ton v vnh vin khng cho s nm bt v bm vu c th xy ra nhm gip cho tm thc lc no cng trng khng. Vn vn v n gin y l nhng g cn phi lm. Tt c cng ch c th. "Php tu tp y bao hm ton b tt c cc php tu tp khc". Vy qu v cng nn th suy ngh xem cn c g khc cn phi tu tp thm hay khng. Nu mt ngi no , d y l bt c ai, nu tm thc h loi b c mi s nm bt v bm vu, th i u g s xy ra trong tm thc ca ngi y? Qu v th suy ngh tht k xem! c th hnh dung nhng g s xy ra th chng ta c th cn c vo s din tin tun t theo tng giai on mt: khi u l quy y Tam Bo, gi gn gii lut v thin nh nhm pht huy s ch tm v tr tu, sau l thc hin c Con ng, tip nhn c qu ca Con ng v cui cng l nit-bn. Vo giai on cui cng tc l nit-bn khi tm thc loi b c tt c mi th u m (v minh) v dukkha (kh au), th nh s t c th dng ca Pht, ca Dhamma (o Php) v ca Tng on v tr thnh "mt" vi ton b Tam Bo. Vic y c th thc hin c m khng cn phi cu khn hay tng nim g c. Nhng th ny ch l cc hnh thc l bi hay cc nghi thc l lc thuc vo giai on khi u. Nhng hnh thc y ch l nhng g ph thuc bn ngoi, khng gip c mnh ha nhp su xa vi c Pht, vi Dhamma v

43 Tng on, tc l nhng g thuc vo ni tm. Trong khi i vi mt ngi c mt tm thc trng khng v s nm bt v bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", d l ch gi c trong mt khonh khc ngn, th cng c th xem tm thc ca ngi y thc hin c tnh khng vo ng nhng khonh khc y. Tm thc s rt tinh khit, rng ngi v an bnh, v s ha nhp tr thnh mt vi c Pht, Dhamma v Tng on. Tm li, mi khi tm thc mnh thc hin c th dng gii thot , th s nng ta ca mnh ni Tam Bo mi tr thnh ch tht c.

B th l mt hnh ng bung x v cng l mt cch bung b chnh mnh


n y chng ta hy cng bn tho v s ho phng (dna / b th). ngha hm cha trong hnh ng b th v hin dng chnh l s bung x, khng nm bt v cng khng bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" na. Mt ngi b th m cn ngh n mt s hi p to ln hn - th d nh b th mong cu t c mt lu i trn thin ng - th y khng phi l mt s b th m ch l mt s mua bn. b th th khng c ch i bt c mt s hi p no: y l cch bung b nhng th m mnh bm vu xem y l "ci ti" hay ci "ca ti". Khi tm thc ca mt ngi no khng cn vng mc vo cm tnh v mt "ci ti" hay ci "ca ti" na th hnh ng b th ca ngi y mi c th mang tnh cch ti thng c, bi v khi bung b ngay c "ci ti" ca chnh mnh th no c cn li g na u cho mnh b th? Khi cm tnh ca "ci ti" bt u tan bin th cm tnh v ci "ca ti" (ca ci vt cht v nhng bm vu tm thn) cng s tan bin theo. V th, ch trong nhng lc m mnh t c mt tm thc tht s trng khng v ci ng, tc c ngha l trong lc bung b c ci ng ca chnh mnh, th mnh mi c th thc hin c mt s b th ng ngha ca n.

o c ch tht hon ton trng khng


n y chng ta cng nn tm hiu th no l mt thi hnh x o c (sila). Nu mt ngi c mt tm thc trng khng, thot khi mi s nm bt v bm vu vo "ci ti" v cc s vt xem y l ci "ca ti" th nhng hnh ng, ngn t ca ngi y mi c th xem l ch tht v hon ton o c c. Tt c cc hnh thc khc ca o c ch ton l tr h. Chng ta quyt tm nguyn khng vi phm vo vic ny hay vic n (khi quy y chng hn), th nhng chng ta cng c vi phm, th y chng phi l mt tr h hay sao? Chng qua y l v ngay t lc u chng ta khng bi t phi lm th no dt b c "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". V khng thot khi "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" nn chng ta khng th no hnh x mt cch tht s o c c. Gi s c loi b c "ci ti" i na th cng ch tm thi m thi. y khng phi l ariyakantasila tc l cch hnh x o c ca cc v Thnh Nhn, m ng hn ch l mt th lun l th ng tnh, khi tri khi st v khng th no tr thnh siu nhin c. Tri li trong trng hp gi c tm thc trng khng, d

44 ch gi c trong chc lt hoc sut mt ngy hay mt m, th y cng l m t iu ng k, bi v trong nhng lc y cc hnh ng o c ca mnh s mang tnh cch ch tht.

Tnh khng chnh l th dng samadhi ch tht


Theo php luyn tp thin nh v s tnh lng hay s tp trung gi l samadhi th mt tm thc trng khng s l samadhi ti thng, tc l mt th dng tp trung bn vng v thng bng nht m tm thc c th thc hin c. Nu thin nh m cn phi c gng v phn u th vic thin nh y cha phi l thin nh, y cng chng khc g tp trung tm thc nhm vo mc ch t c mt th g , d cho y l th dng khng bm vu vo nm th cu hp l khandha (ng un) cng vy. Phi hiu rng c hai th thin nh: ng v khng ng. Ch khi no tm thc thc hin c s trng khng v s nm bt v bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" th mi c th t c th dng hon ton thng bng v ch tht ca mt s tp trung ng. Bt c ai c tm thc trng khng th cng s c c mt s tp trung ng n.

Tr tu ti thng l tnh khng


n y chng ta hy tm hi u v tr tu (pann). Nn hiu rng s hiu bit, hay thc hin c tnh khng, hay tr thnh tnh khng th tt c cng u c ngh l tr tu ti a thng, bi v ng vo lc khi tm thc t c s trng khng th n cng tr nn v cng tinh t v bn nhy. Tri li khi v minh v s hiu bit sai lm v mi s vt thm nhp vo tm thc v bao ph ly n th nht nh chng s lm pht sinh ra s nm bt v bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", v y chnh l th dng t hi nht ca s n n. Nu qu v suy ngh v nhn li mnh th qu v cng c th nhn thy mt cch d dng v minh bch rng mi khi th dng n n thot ra khi tm thc th tm thc t n cng s tr nn ht ngu n (nhiu lc chng ta cm thy mnh qu di dt, lm nhng chuyn tht ngu xun khng nn lm. S hi hn cho thy rng c nhng lc tm thc cng loi b c th dng n n, th nhng y ch c tnh cch tm thi v s n n cng s xm chim tr li tm thc mnh khi "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" pht l tr li v x mnh vo bng ti ca s hoang mang v u m). Khi tm thc loi b c s ngu n tr nn trng khng v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" th n s t c s hiu bit hon ho hay l tr tu. Chnh v th m cc v hin nhn thng bo rng tnh khng v tr tu - tc l kh nng ch tm ng (chnh nh) gip nhn bit c mt cch minh bch bn th ch tht ca mi s vt - cng ch l mt. Tuy nhin khng phi ch v chng ging nhau m gi y l mt th duy nht. Tr tu ch tht v hon ho l tnh khng, trong ci tnh khng y khng h c s bm vu di dt no vo cc th o gic. Mt tm thc khi loi b c v minh th s tm thy th dng nguyn sinh ca n, y l th dng tm thc nguyn thy v ch tht, v chnh ci th dng y mi gi l tr tu, c ngha l n c kh nng nhn bit c s tht ca mi s vt ng nh th

45 (tm thc trng khng tc l tr tu v y cng chnh l th dng nguyn sinh ca n - tc cha b nhim bi cm tnh ca ci ti v ci ca ti). Ch "tm thc" trnh by trn y mang mt ngha tht c bit, khng nn nhm ln n vi 89 hay 129 loi "tm thc" lit k trong A-t-t-ma lun (Abhidhamma). Chng ta gi "tm thc ch tht v nguyn thy" l mt th tm thc tr thnh mt vi tr tu. y l mt tm thc trng khng v s nm bt v bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", v ngi ta s khng cn c th gi th dng y l "tm thc" na, m phi gi y l "tnh khng". Th nhng bi v "tnh khng" y vn cn hm cha kh nng hiu bit v th nn chng ta nh phi tm gi n l "tm thc" th thi. Mi hc phi gn cho n mt tn gi khc nhau (Pht tnh, bn th ca Pht, thc ti, hin thc, tm thc nguyn thy hay nguyn sinh...), v i vi chng ta th cng ch bit cho rng bn th ch tht ca tm thc chnh l tr tu, tc l s ch tm gip nhn bit c s tht, khng hm cha mt s nm bt hay bm vu no. Tm li l tr tu hon ho lun nm bn trong tnh khng.

Con ng, Qu ca Con ng v Nit-bn u l Tnh Khng


n y chng ta s cp n vic thc hin c Con ng, Qu ca Con ng, v Nibban (Nit-bn). y l cc cp bc thng tin tun t ca tnh khng t n cp bc cao nht ca n l nibban hay cn gi l tnh khng ti thng (paramasunnata hay paramam sunnam). Do qu v cng c th nhn thy rng bt u t lc khi s quy y, b th, tun th gii lut, thin nh cho n khi t c tr tu th tuyt nhin chng c mt th g khc ngoi tnh khng, tc l th dng khng-bm-vu vo ci ng. S thc hin Con ng, Qu mang li t s thc hin y v c nibban tt c cng ch l tnh khng, im khc bit duy nht l nibban thuc vo cp bc ti thng th thi. Do khi c Pht ni rng nu nghe c gio hun th cng c ngha l nghe c ton b gio hun; thc hin c gio hun c ngha l hon tt c tt c s tu tp; tip nhn c qu ca s tu tp c ngha l tip nhn c tt c cc kt qu. ngha y ca ch "tnh khng" mang mt tm quan trng tht ln, qu v nn ghi nh iu ny.

Tt c u l dhamma
n y chng ta s tm hiu xem ti sao tt c mi hin tng u c gi l "dhamma". Trc khi ni ln ch ny th qu v cng phi hiu tht tng tn y l g. Ch dhamma c ngha l tt c nhng g hin hu. Khi c Pht ni n "tt c dhamma" th y c ngha l tt c mi hin tng, khng c mt ngoi l no c, d chng thuc lnh vc vt cht, tinh thn hay tm linh. Nu nh c mt th g nm ra bn ngoi c ba th loi y th n cng vn thuc vo cch nh ngha ca thut ng "tt c dhamma". Ti mong rng qu v c th nm vng c cch nh ngha ny: l mi "th gii" ca nhng vt th vt cht, c ngha l bao gm tt c cc "lnh vc" ca nhng vt th vt cht, tt c u l dhamma. Mt

46 tm thc thc c tt c cc th gii y th t n cng l mt dhamma. Nu tm thc v th gii tip xc vi nhau th s tip xc c ng l m t dhamma. Nu s tip xc lm pht sinh ra cc hu qu chng hn nh tnh thng yu, hn th, ght b, s hi, k c tr tu v s qun thy trong sng v mi s vt ng l nh th..., th tt c cc hnh thc phn ng y cng u l cc dhamma. D cho chng ng hay sai, tt hay xu, th tt c cng u l dhamma. Nu tr tu lm pht sinh ra nhng th hiu bit khc nhau trong ni tm th nhng th y cng gi l dhamma. Nu cc th hiu bit y a n vic gi gii, thin nh, hay tr tu (tu gii, tu nh v tu tu) hay bt c mt php tu tp no, th vic tu tp y cng l mt dhamma. i vi cc kt qu mang li s tu tp y - d c biu trng bng cc thut ng nh "s thc hin c Con ng (s gic ng), qu mang li t Con ng (s gii thot) hay l nibban (nit-bn)" - th tt c cng l cc dhamma. Tm li l tt c nhng th y u l dhamma. Thut ng ny bao hm tt c, gm t th gii ca cc vt th vt cht cho n cc kt qu mang li t s tu tp Dhamma (o Php), s thc hin c Con ng, qu mang li t Con ng. Nh ni n trn y, nu nhn thy c mi s vt y mt cch tht minh bch th cng c ngha l nhn thy "tt c cc s vt" v cng s hiu c rng i vi bt c g d l do chnh c Pht ging dy th cng khng c nm bt hay xem y l cc i tng ca s bm vu. Ci thn xc ny khng phi l mt i tng nm bt hay bm vu, i vi tm thc th li cng khng nn nm bt v bm vu bi v y l mt th o gic khc to ln hn nhiu. V th c Pht cng tng ni, nu nht nh c mt mc khng khng bm vu vo mt th g xem y l "ci ti" th tt hn nn bm vu vo thn xc bi v n bin i chm chp hn, v n cng khng la phnh mnh t hi nh tm thc (nu xem thn xc l "ci ti" th c th mnh s lo trau chut n, t im phn son cho n, xc nc hoa cho n, tp th dc cho lng ngc n nang cn i, eo ng h t tin, trang sc lp lnh, sa sang "sc p", "ct bt" ch ny, "n thm" ch kia... Tt c cc th y khng n i nguy him nh khi xem tm thc l "ci ti", bi v khi xem n l "ci ti" th s ch k s bng ln, hn th pht sinh, t i dy v, tham lam xi dc, trong lng nui nng mi th hy vng, c m, mu m, tic nui, yu thng, ght b... khin lm pht sinh ra mi th xc cm bn lon v in r, cng nh mi th o gic v tng tng bnh hon, a n nhng hnh ng hung bo, ph phch, t t, st sinh..., hoc di mt th dng rng ln hn tc l chin tranh khi cho rng y l gian nh "ca ti", t nc "ca ti", tn gio "ca ti", s t do "ca ti"...). Ch "tm thc" trong trng hp trn y khng mang cng mt ngha vi ch "tm thc" khi c dng ch nh "tm thc" l mt vi "tnh khng" (tm thc ch c th tr thnh mt vi tnh khng khi no n tm th y tr tu hay l th dng nguyn sinh ca n). Ch "tm thc" trn ch c ngha l "tm thn", tc l "tm thc" hiu theo cch thng thng. S tip xc gia th dng tm thc y v th gii s lm pht sinh ra mi th cm tnh nh yu thng, hn th, gin d, v.v.... y l cc th loi dhamma cng khng nn bm vu hn so vi cc th dhamma thuc thn xc, bi v chng l nhng th o gic pht sinh t s m qung ca mt tm thc u m (cc cm tnh hay o gic y lun bin ng kh theo di c th ch ng c chng. Chng khng hin ra l l nh thn xc). Nm bt v bm vu vo nhng th y tht v cng nguy him.

47

c Pht c ni rng ngay c s ch tm gip qun thy c s tht ca mi s vt cng khng c xem l cn nguyn ca s nm bt v bm vu, bi v y cng ch l mt thnh phn ca thin nhin. Bm vu vo y cng ch l cch to ra thm nhng ngh sai lm: ngi ta c th s tng tng ra mt con ngi no c th t c mt kh nng tr tu nh th, v tin rng y l ci tr tu "ca ti". S bm vu s lm cho tm thc tr nn nng n v chao o di s chi phi ca mi bin ng xy ra, v t s sinh ra dukkha (kh au). Ch nn n gin xem s hiu bit l s hiu bit. Nu di dt bm vu vo y xem l ci "ca ti", th n s li ko theo nhiu th bm vu khc, chng hn nh cc th "nghi thc l bi v cc hnh thc l lc", khin cho chng ta cng thm kh s m cng chng bit l ti sao (on ny kh khc trit v c ng, do xin mn php c gii thch thm vi tt c s d dt. Bm vu vo s hiu bit v xem y l "ci ti" s a n s kiu ngo v y c ng l ch ng ngi "th ba" trong s "mi th chng ngi" (entraves, empchements / obstacles) buc cht con ngi vo vng sinh t. Khi nim v "mi th chng ngi" gi l samyojana (ting Phn v Pa-li), kinh sch ting Vit gc Hn ng gi l "Thp S" hay "Thp i" hay "Thp Cn Phin No". Trn ng tu tp nu bm vu vo s hiu bit ca mnh - phin no th ba trong s mi th phin no - th c th s by ra mi th hnh thc nghi l tri buc, khin cho mnh thm kh s chng ?). Tu tp Dhamma cng th: ch cn bit n gin tu tp th thi. Kt qu t n s tng xng vi mc tu tp ca mnh - y cng ch l mt s tht ca thin nhin. Nu nm bt v bm vu vo s tu tp y xem l "ci ti" hay ci "ca ti" th li cng d khin mnh ri vo s sai lm nng n hn, tc l to ra thm cho mnh mt "ci ti" hon ton v cn c, v do s mang li kh au khng km g nh khi bm vu vo nhng th tht th thin khc nh s thm kht tnh dc chng hn. i vi vic thc hin c Con ng, tip nhn c qu ca Con ng v nitbn, th tt c cng ch l dhamma, l thnh phn ca thin nhin. Chng l nh th th c xem chng l nh th. Ngay c tnh khng cng ch l thnh phn ca thin nhin. Nu nm bt n v bm vu vo n, th y s l mt th nibban khng ch tht, mt th tnh khng sai lm, bi v i vi nibban ch tht tc tnh khng ch tht th khng th no nm bt c n. Chnh v th nn mi khi nm bt nibban hay tnh khng v xem y nh l "ci ti" hay ci "ca ti" th tc khc v ng thi cng s t tch ri mnh ra khi nhng th y. Tt c nhng g trnh by trn y cho thy tuyt i khng c bt c g khc hn l dhamma. Thut ng dhamma ng ngha vi ch "thin nhin". Cch gii thch ny kh ph hp vi ngha t chng ca ch dhamma, bi v ngha nguyn thy ca ch ny l "mt s vt c th t duy tr ly n ". Cc dhamma c phn chia thnh hai th loi khc nhau: mt th loi lun chuyn ng v mt th loi th khng. Th loi gm cc dhamma thng xuyn chuyn ng hm cha mt ng lc thc y chng nhm duy tr chng trong chnh s chuyn ng ca chng, ni cch khc th chnh chng l dng chy ca s i thay (v thng). Th loi gm cc dhamma khng chuyn ng th khng hm cha cc yu t gy ra s chuyn ng , y l nibban hay l tnh khng.

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Tm li, c hai th loi dhamma : mt th loi gm cc s vt lun chuyn ng v mt th loi th khng, c hai u n gin ch l dhamma, tc l cc s vt t duy tr c trong mt th dng no (t duy tr c trong th dng bin ng hay t duy tr c trong th dng khng bin ng - chng hn nh tnh khng). Tt c u l thin nhin (hay t nhin), n gin ch l cc thnh phn ca thin nhin. Do nu y ch n gin l cc dhamma (thnh phn ca thin nhin li ko trong mt s vn hnh t nhin) th lm th no m chng c th tr thnh "ci ti" hay l ci "ca ti" c? Trong bi cnh dhamma cng s ch c ngha l "thin nhin", ng nhin l nh th. Ngi ta cng c th gi dhamma l tathat (c ngha l nh th / ainsit / suchness, v chnh c Pht cng t gi mnh l "Nh Lai" t c c ngha l "Nh Th "): dhamma l nh th th c l nh th, khng th khc hn c. Ch ton l dhamma. "Tt c mi th" u c ngha l dhamma: khng c mt th dhamma no li khng hm cha trong "tt c mi s vt". Tri li Dhamma ch tht (tc l o Php, vit ch hoa v thuc s t) th d thuc vo lnh vc no, cp bc no hay th loi no th c ng u nht thit l tnh khng, hon ton trng khng v "ci ng" (o Php l v ng). Tm li chng ta phi nhn thy tnh khng hm cha trong tt c mi s vt, hoc ni mt cch n gin hn l trong tt c cc dhamma (xin ghi ch thm l khi Buddhadasa nu ln quan im v tnh khng ni tt c mi hin tng nh trn y th mt cch gin tip ng n gn vi "cch hiu" ca i Tha v khi nim ny). Theo php suy lun l-gic (da vo s hp l) th chng ta s c cc phng trnh nh sau: Tt c mi s vt = u l dhamma Tt c mi s vt = u l tnh khng Cc dhamma = u l tnh khng (trn y l ba v ca tam on lun - syllogism -: tt c mi ngi u cht, Aristoteles l ngi, Aristoteles cng s cht) Ngi ta c th trnh by khi nim trn y bng nhiu cch khc nhau (nhiu cch gii thch khc nhau v tnh khng) th nhng iu tht s quan trng v cn phi hiu th cng khng c g khc hn l chnh bn cht ca s trng khng. Chng ta khng c bm vu vo bt c th g xem y l "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". y l cch gip chng ta nhn thy mt cch minh bch tnh khng l bn cht ca tt c mi s vt. Ch khi no loi b c tt c mi th t duy sai lm (cho rng c "ci ti" v ci "ca ti") th khi chng ta mi c th nhn thy c ci bn cht y. Nu mun qun thy c tnh khng th cn phi c pann (hay nana, jnana, tc l tr tu hay bt-nh), l mt th dng hiu bit tinh khit loi b c mi th u m tm thn.

Cc th dhamma ca v minh

49 Ngoi ra cng c thm m t th dhamma na gi l dhamma ca v minh hay ca s hiu bit sai lm, tc l nhng phn ng pht sinh t s tip xc gia tm thc v th gii vt cht. Nh c trnh by trn y, khi dhamma tm thc tip xc vi dhamma mang tnh cch vt cht (matrialit / materiality / tc l nhng g mang tnh cch c th hay thc th) th tc khc mt phn ng s pht sinh di hnh thc gic cm, v t gic cm s a n hoc l khng a n mt xc cm (cm tnh). Tip theo , ngi ta c th s ng theo hoc con ng ca s u m (v minh) hoc con ng ca s qun thy sng sut, tt c u do s tc ng ca cc iu kin bn ngoi (bi cnh) v bn cht thuc vo th loi dhamma (tc s hiu bit hay nhim tm thn). Dhamma ca v minh th cng chng phi l g khc hn l dhamma ca s nm bt v bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", l nhng th hon ton mang tnh cch o gic. V th cng nn hiu y cng ch l mt th dhamma (nh tt c cc dhamma khc). Bn cht ch tht ca n cng ch l tnh khng. V minh l tnh khng, s qun thy minh bch hay nibban cng l tnh khng; tt c cng ch l dhamma. Nu nhn nhng th y ng nh th th chng ta cng s hiu c rng chng hon ton trng khng v ci ng. Tuy rng cc dhamma trong lnh vc ca v minh vn l "mt" vi tnh khng, th nhng chng vn cn tip tc lm pht sinh ra o gic v "ci ti". Do chng ta phi tht cnh gic i vi cc dhamma ca s nm bt v bm vu cng nh ca s qun thy sai lm v mi s vt - tt c u gm chung trong thut ng "tt c mi s vt". Nu chng ta qun thy c mt cch minh bch tt c mi s vt th s bm vu mang y u m s khng th pht sinh ra c. Ngc li nu s qun thy ca chng ta thiu minh bch v chng ta ch bit nhm mt chy theo cc bn nng th tnh ca mnh mt cch di dt v sai lm, th y cng chng khc g nh t m ca ngy cng rng hn n rc cc th dhamma ca v minh. Nm bt v bm vu l mt th di sn lu truyn trong con ngi chng ta t mun thu (c th hiu nh mt th bn nng sinh tn chung cho tt c mi sinh vt, th nhng i vi con ngi th bn nng nh hng bi gio dc v tr thng minh tr thnh nhng th xung nng mang tnh cch ch ng - nm bt v bm vu - vt xa bn nng sinh tn nguyn thy. Th d nh con ngi khng cn "kim n" na m bit tch ly ca ci, gi tin trong ngn hng, mu m, lng gt, a n bo ng v cui cng l chin tranh). Nu quan st v phn tch tht k th chng ta cng s thy rng nhng ngi chung quanh chng ta chng nhng lun tm cch khuyn dy chng ta bt chc theo h - d v tnh hay c cng bc vi h vo con ng v minh m hn na h cn ch dy cho chng ta cch thc phi bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" nh th no (mt s nhn xt tht su sc, tuy nhin cng c th m rng hn cch nhn : khng phi nhng s "ch dy" y ch gii hn trong lnh vc gia cc c nhn vi nhau m tht ra th cc th gio thuyt, ch ngha, tuyn truyn, qung co, bo ch c ng nh cc phng ti n truyn thng... trong k c mng li internet, chng phi l nhng phng tin nhm khch ng chng ta, xui dc chng ta bc theo nhng ngi khc trn con ng "v minh" v "bm vu" vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" di mi hnh thc hay sao? u phi ch c cha m, anh em, bn b, thn

50 thuc, xm ging, thy c... mi l nhng ngi lm gng v dy cho chng ta nhng th y. V th mt ngi tu hnh - ti gia hay ni cha chin - nu mun thot khi mng li v minh dy c ang bao ph, giam hm v sit cht ly mnh, xui dc mnh bm vu vo ci ng ca mnh th phi cn n mt s qun thy minh bch v mt ngh lc phi thng). H khng bao gi tp cho chng ta bit nhn vo bn cht v ng ca mi s vt. Tr con chng nhng khng bao gi c ch dy v nhng th y, m hn th na ngi ln cn lun tm cch i thoi vi chng di t cch l nhng c th hon ton bit lp (c ngha l mt c th c lp tch ri ra khi nhng a tr nh l mt ch th cch bit nhm ch dy cho chng, v nhng s ch dy y cng ch l cc cch cng c thm cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" ca chng v ca chnh mnh). Mt a b mi sinh ra i cha c cm tnh v mt "ci ti" bit lp trong tm thc ca n, sau th n mi dn dn nhn bit c cm tnh y xuyn qua mi trng chung quanh n. Khi mi m mt cho i v bt u thc c mt th g th ng i ln tp cho n bm vu vo y: y l cha "ca n", m "ca n", gian nh "ca n", thc n "ca n"; k c ci a ng thc n cng l "ca n" v khng ai c s dng ci a y "ca n"! (th d khi n va u vo gc bn chng hn th n t thc c l gc bn khng phi l n, tc khng phi "ci ti" ca n, hoc ngi ln khi trng thy n b va u th dy n phi cn thn trnh xa gc bn, hoc ly tay nh gc bn trng tr mt th g khc vi n v gy ra au n cho n. y l cch gin tip cng c "ci ti" bn trong tm thc ca n. Tm li gio dc, mi trng v s sng thng xuyn to ra cm tnh v "ci ti" bn trong tm thc ca a b. Ci ti" y li tip tc bin i di tc ng ca nhng iu "hc hi" mi v cc "kinh nghim" mi, v c cc bin i mi trn thn xc ca n, to ra mt "ci ti" mi khc hn vi "ci ti" m n c trong nhng giy pht trc , trong nhng ngy hay nhng nm trc v dn dn chuyn thnh "ci ti" ca mt ngi trng thnh, ca mt ngi cha, mt ngi m, ca mt ngi gi ang hp hi. "Ci ti" ang tun t bin i trong kip sng ny ca mi c th qua nhng "th dng" khc nhau - tr th, trng thnh, gi nua - nh va thy v sau cng th s nh vo ci cht tr thnh "ci ti" ca mt a b khc di mt tn gi khc v mang theo vi n cc th hiu bit v cc kinh nghim t trc di hnh thc nhng vt hn ghi m trn dng tri thc lin tc ca n. Trong kip sng mi n c th s b va u vo mt gc bn thc c mt "ci ti" mi. y l qu trnh vn hnh ca "ci ti" trong kip sng hin ti v c trong tng lai. Bm vu vo "ci ti" to ra cho mnh nhng s lm ln v nhng xc cm bn lon l mt s sai lm, v nm bt ly "ci ti" y xem n l mt th linh hn trng tn bt bin cng s l mt th sai lm khc na). Qu trnh vn hnh vt khi s thc ca mnh - hay s hnh thnh ca mt "ci ti" trong tri thc v s pht trin ca n - l mt s din tin theo ng vi cc quy lut chi phi n (quy lut tng lin, nguyn nhn hu qu...). Tri li, cm tnh v s vng mt ca "ci ti" th li khng bao gi hin hin ln, do sut trong khong thi gian t khi cn b cho n lc trng thnh, mt c th tip tc cht cha y nhng s bm vu v nhng th u m tm thn do chnh nhng s bm vu y gy ra. i vi c th y "ci ti" chnh l s sng v s sng cng chnh l "ci ti". Th nhng khi m bn nng ca s bm vu vo "ci ti" bt u c xem nh l mt s sng bnh thng vi tt c ngha ca n, th s sng cng s b buc cht vo dukkha (kh au). Ci ti tr nn tht nng n v ngt ngt, b tc, rt bng v tht n au (i khi chng ta ngi khc hay ci mt mnh, lo bun hay hn h, hi tic hay

51 hy vng, gin d hay yu thng..., th y l mt vi hnh thc b tc tht nng n m Buddhadasa mun nu ln) - tm li l mt cuc sng hm cha mi triu chng ca dukkha. Tm li, mi khi xy ra s nm bt v bm vu vo bt c g, k c nhng th tt p nht th tc khc s sinh ra kh au. Nu nhn theo cch th nhng g m thin h cho l tt th tht ra cng ch l mt s sai lm hay l mang tnh cch t hi bi v "ci tt" cng l mt hnh thc ca "dukkha" - mt th dukkha c thun ha, th nhng y vn l dukkha, chng qua bi v tm thc khng trng khng v lun b bn lon. Ch khi no tm thc trng khng v vt ln trn ci tt cng nh ci xu th khi mi loi b c dukkha. Tht vy, khi nim quan trng nht trong gio hun Pht Gio c th tm lc tht chnh xc bng cu sau y: "Tuyt i khng c bm vu vo bt c g c" ("sabbe dhamma nalam abhinivesaya"). Cu ny cng c ngha l phi loi b hon ton mi s nm bt v bm vu vo mi s vt xem y l "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Tht ra cng ch c th, no c g kh hiu u! Khi no chng ta vn cn nhn din mnh qua nhng s bm vu, v khi nhng s bm vu y tr thnh mt vi chnh mnh, th khi chng ta cng s khng cn lm c bt c g na. Vy khi tm thc mnh ri vo tnh tr ng th ai s c th gip mnh c? Cu tr li s l: (chng c ai c) ch c tm thc mnh mi c th gip c mnh m thi. Nh trnh by trn y l khng c b t c th g khng phi l dhamma: s sai lm l mt dhamma, s tht cng l m t dhamma, dukkha (kh au) l mt dhamma, s nh ch ca dukkha (s gii thot) l mt dhamma, phng tin lm nh ch dukkha (o Php) cng l dhamma, tm thc l dhamma, thn xc l dhamma. V th khi tt c ch l dhamma th gii php nht thit cng s phi nm trong chnh tm thc (tt c u l tm thc), da vo mt cch vn hnh thch nghi vi n. Xng ng (merite / ph hp vi o c / ting Pa-li l punna) hay khng xng ng (demerit / thiu o c / ting Pa-li l papa) th cng u ty thuc vo chnh chng ta. Nu s tip xc vi th gii mang li tr tu th y l iu xng ng. Nu s tip xc vi th gii mang li s n n v cc ngh sai lm th y l iu khng xng ng. Nu quan st mi s vt tht cn thn th chng ta s nhn thy l tt c mi con ngi khi sinh ra u ngang hng nhau: y l mi ngi u c mt, tai, mi, li, thn xc v tm thc, mi ngi u cm nhn c hnh tng, m thanh, mi, v, cc s nhn bit ca xc gic v cc i tng tm thn (tc l cc th t duy, o gic, s tng tng, cc c vng, , cc th xc cm...). Mi ngi trong chng ta u c dp tip xc vi cc th y, v s tip xc xy ra ging nhau i vi tt c mi ngi. Vy th ti sao li c s phn cch gia nhng ngi bc theo con ng n n, khng xng ng, xu xa v nhng ngi bc theo con ng ca tr tu, ca s xng ng v nhng iu tt lnh? Cc dhamma xu vn c mt kha cnh tch cc (li ch). Tht th chng l mt s che ch ch tht cho mi ngi nu nhn theo mt kha cnh no , chng hn nh khi au kh

52 th y l mt dp rt ta thm cho mnh mt bi hc (tc l nhng "kinh nghim" sng). Mt a tr b bng khi a tay vo la th n s hiu rng phi cn thn hn. i vi cc vt th vt cht th tng i d bung b, th nhng i vi s nm bt, bm vu, thm mun, ght b v nhng th t duy sai lm th trong s hu ht chng ta khng my ai thc c l mnh ang t tay vo ci ng than hng y. Chng nhng th, chng ta li cn xem y l nhng g tht tuyt ho v ng cho mnh thm mun. y cng c ngha l mnh chng h rt ta c mt bi hc no c. Ch c mt phng thuc cha tr duy nht l phi lm th no c th thc c bn cht ch tht ca nhng th dhamma y hiu rng chng ch l mt ng than hng m chng ta khng c nm bt v bm vu vo y (c th y l rt ra t bi kinh Adittapariyaya-sutta trong Samyutta-Nikaya IV, tc l bi Kinh: "Tt c u bc chy" - c th xem phn chuyn ng ca bi kinh ny trn Th Vin Hoa Sen). y chnh l con ng ca tr tu, ca s hc hi kinh nghim, hiu rng mi khi nm bt bt c mt th g v xem y l "ci ti" hay ci "ca ti", th ngn la s bng ln ngay. Khng phi n gin l mt ngn la lm cho bng tay m ng hn l mt ngn la thiu ri c con tim ln tm thc ca mnh. i khi n ngn su n khin chng ta khng thc c y l mt ngn la ang bng chy v chng ta c th m tip tc lao mnh vo ng than hng ca vng lun chuyn gia s sinh v ci cht. y l ngn la thuc loi nng bng nht, nng hn c mt ci l in. y l trng hp c th xy ra cho chng ta, nu chng ta khng hc c bi hc ca mt a b b bng l khng nn a tay vo la. c Pht tng ging rng ch khi no tm thc qun thy c hu qu ca kh au do s nm bt v bm vu mang li th khi n mi hiu rng phi nn bung b. V th vn then cht s l: chng ta c nhn thy c hu qu kh au do s nm bt v bm vu mang li hay khng? Nu khng th chng ta cha h bit bung b l g, v nu cha bung b th chng ta s khng trng khng. Trong mt ln thuyt ging khc c Pht c ni rng mi khi qun thy c tnh khng th ng i ta s tm thy s toi nguyn trong th gii ca nibban. Ch khi no ngi ta bt u qun thy c s phi-hin-hu ca ci ng th khi tm thc mi c th hiu c rng ch nn tm s toi nguyn trong th dng ca nibban m thi. Tt c nhng g nhn bit c qua trung gian ca cc gic quan v tm thc th u c gi chung l "lnh vc" gic cm (ayatana /sphre des sens / sphere of senses / "th gii" gic cm). C l cng nn mn dp ny nu ln rng nibban cng ch l mt th "lnh vc" (sphere / th gii, ci) bi v n cng ch n gin l mt i tng ca s hiu bit. Phi tht ht sc n n mi khng nhn ra c iu ny! (nibban, thin ng hay ci cc lc... th cng u l cc "i tng nhn bit" ca tm thc - nm na l tng tng - bi v cha h c ai trng thy c cc dhamma y bn ngoi tm thc ca chnh mnh c). Chng ta s ch c th nhn bit c n khi no chnh mnh cm nhn c s trng khng ca mnh, bi v khi bung b c s nm bt v bm vu th khi chng ta mi s tm thy s toi nguyn trong "th gii" (sphere / ci, lnh vc) ca nibban. Th nhng nh ti ni n trn y, iu y tht ht sc kh bi v cuc sng ca chng ta lun b trn ngp bi mi s bm vu vo cc s vt, v cho n khi no s bm vu y khng gim xung

53

th cng s khng c s trng khng, v nu khng c s trng khng th cng s khng th no c s toi nguyn trong th gii ca nibban (hay trong ci nit-bn) c. Chng ta c th kim chng s kin ny khi nhn vo cc tn gio khc. Tht vy khi nim v th dng khng-bm-vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" khng h c trong cc tn gio khc - ti sao li nh th? Bi v cc tn gio y u nu ln mt "ci ti" v nht thit phi bm vu vo y. V nhn thy chng c g t ra sai lm nn ngi ta xem y l ng, do vic t c Ci Ng (hay l Linh Hn, ni cch khc v di mt hnh thc khc th y l mong mun lm tho mn c s thm kht v thc hin c c vng ca mnh) s tr thnh mc ch ca tn gio (ni chung). i vi gio hun Pht Gio th hon ton ngc li, s bm vu vo "ci ti" nht thit phi c xem nh l mt s qun nhn sai lm v mi s vt, mt s lm ln hon ton n n ca s nhn thc, do ch ch tu tp ca Pht Gio l phi loi b bt c mt khi nim no i loi nh th. Tht vy, gio hun v v-ng ch c trong Pht Gio. Khc vi cc tn ngng ch trng c mt ci ng hu bm vu vo y hoc l phi t c n, chng ta (nhng ngi Pht Gio) ch trng phi loi b hon ton ngh v s hin hu ca ci ng hu c th cm nhn c th dng v-ng, mt th dng hon ton trng khng v ci ng ca tt c mi s vt. Tm li ch c Pht Gio l ni n v-ng. S hiu bit v nhn thc v khi nim ch c th pht hin ni nhng ngi c hc hi rng: tt c mi s vt (dhamma) u v-ng v nht thit khng c bm vu vo bt c g. Nu c hc hi rng ci ng tht s hin hu v phi bm vu vo y th sau ny qu tht s khng cn phng cch no c th gip thc hin c th dng phi-hin-hu ca ci ng y na. Tht vy, khi no nhn bit c l la c th lm bng tay th chng ta mi thc c mt cch tht minh bch s nguy him ca mi s vt lm nguyn-nhn-ci-r khin ngn la bng ln - y l cc ngn la ca s thm mun, ght b v v minh, ca s nm bt v bm vu, nh dn dn chng ta s chn ngy nhng th y v mong cu loi b c chng, hu c th gip mnh sc bung b v khng cn mun lm cho cc ngn la bng ln na.

Chng c g l ti v cng chng c g l ca ti c


n y chng ta hy bn lun v ngha ca ch "tnh khng". Trn y chng ta khng nh rng khi no cm nhn c n th khi y chng ta cng s tm thy c s toi nguyn ca nibban. Chng ta phi thc tht r rng rng tnh khng cp bc tin khi ch biu trng cho mt s vng mt ca cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Khi no cm tnh y vn cn hin din trong tm thc th n s khng th no trng khng c, n vn cn tip tc b xao ng bi s nm bt v bm vu. Nhm mc ch thng nht cch trnh by, nn mi khi ni n ch "trng khng" th y c ngha l th dng thot khi mi cm tnh v ci ng v nhng g thuc vo ci ng; mi khi ni n s "xao lng" th y c

54 ngha l s hoang mang, hay th dng bn lon tm thn lin quan n cm tnh cho rng mnh l mt "ci ti" v c c cc s vt m mnh xem y l "ca ti". Vy th dng thot khi cm tnh cho rng mnh l mt "ci ti" s hm cha nhng c tnh nh th no? Kinh Sch c ghi chp mt bi thuyt ging ca c Pht nu ln bn im ln quan n vn ny. Hai im u tin l: 1- Cm tnh nhn bit chng c th g l "ti" c - (na aham kavacini). 2- Khng mt cht lo lng v nghi ng no v bt c mt th g c th l "ti" c - (na kassaci kincanam kisminci). Hai im k tip l: 3- Cm tnh nhn bit khng c g l "ca ti" c - (na mama kavacini). 4- Khng mt cht lo lng v nghi ng no v bt c mt th g l "ca ti" c (kisminci kincanam natthi). (y l bi kinh Ananjasappaya Sutta, thuc Majjhima Nikaya / Trung B Kinh - MN, 106). D chng ta thc c rng khng c g c th l "ti" c, th nhng i khi cng c th c mt s nghi ng no l bit u cng c mt th g y c th "l ti". Chng ta cm thy khng c bt c th g c th l "ca ti", th nhng chng ta cng khng th ngn cn c s nghi ng cho rng bit u cn c mt ci g (m mnh khng bit c) cng c th l "ca ti". Phi tht minh bch v dt khot, phi t c mt s hiu bit vng chc khng th lay chuyn rng khng c g l ci ng c, khng c bt c g c th lm cho chng ta phi lo ngi v s hin hu ca mt ci ng; khng c g thuc vo mt ci ng c, v cng khng c bt c mt th g c th bo cha hay bin minh cho s lo ngi v mt ci g bit u cng c th l ca ci ng. c Pht bo rng khi no tm thc thot ra khi bn th y th ngi ta mi c th tr thnh trng khng c. Cc li bnh gii (trong cc kinh sch) m t s kin ny mt cch tht ngn gn v chnh xc bng mt cu nh sau: "Khng c xem bt c g l ci ng v cng khng c xem bt c g thuc ci ng c" - thit ngh gii thch nh th cng qu . Hy th hnh dung ra mt th dng khng nm bt cc vt th nhm bm vu vo y, th tm hiu xem l n s nh th no? y l mt th dng m ngi ta qun nhn vo tt c mi th v hiu rng tht s ra th khng c bt c th g , ang v s mang mt tim nng tr thnh ci ng hay l mt th g thuc vo ci ng c. Khng c ci ng trong hin ti v th cng khng c l do g e ngi l c mt ci ng trong qu kh, hay trong tng lai. y l cch tm thc thc hin c tnh khng nh vo s qun thy minh bch rng tuyt i khng c bt c th g c th bin minh cho ngha hm cha trong cc thut ng

55 "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" c (ni n gin hn l "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" khng hm cha mt ngha no c hay ni cch khc l hon ton v ngha). Tt c u l dhamma, tc l cc cc yu t thin nhin. Mt th dng tm thc nh th chnh l tnh khng. Nu chng ta bo rng tm thc thc hin c hay t c tnh khng, th mt s ngi cng c th s hiu lm l tm thc v tnh khng l hai th khc nhau, v nu ng nh th th s khng cn cch no gip mnh c th hiu c tnh khng l g. Tm thc trong th dng t nhin ca n l tnh khng. S n n chi phi n v ngn chn s qun thy tnh khng ca n ch l nhng g t bn ngoi thm nhp vo n. V th khi no s n n b loi b ra khi tm thc th tm thc v tnh khng cng s tr thnh mt. Vo chnh lc tm thc s nhn ra chnh n. Khng cn phi i u xa nhn bit c cc i tng m n ang tm kim: t n hm cha sn s hiu bit v tnh khng, n ch cn n gin thc c l n phi thot ra khi s chi phi ca "ci ti" v nhng g c th tr thnh nhng ci "ca ti" ( nhn thy tnh khng hay l chnh n). Tnh khng l gio hun ca c Pht, khng c mt li thuyt ging no ca Ngi li khng lin quan n tnh khng. Trong Tng ng B Kinh (Samyutta Nikaya) c Pht c ni rng gio hun su xa nht l nhng li thuyt ging v tnh khng, tt c cc ch khc u l th yu. Ngi cn ni thm l ch ni v tnh khng su sc n phi cn n mt Sinh Linh Gic Ng c th ging dy trong th gii ny (chng ta c ng c th nhn vo cc sch v "Pht Gio" v nhng bi vit v "Pht Gio" lan trn khp ni v c trn mng internet, thy rng phn ln ch l cc sch v v bi vit thuc loi "chy vng ngoi" phn nh xu hng v xung nng ca ngi vit hn l gio l ca c Pht. gi l "chy vng ngoi" th nu cng chy nhanh th sc "ly tm" cng s cng mnh v cng khin cho tt c mi th - bi vit, ngi vit cng nh ngi c - cng b bn ra xa hn vi o Php v s gic ng).

Tnh khng nm trong tm tay ca tt c mi ngi


Trong mt phn on khc ca b kinh ny c Pht c ni rng tnh khng lc no cng l mt ngun li ch hay mt nim an i v khch l ln lao cho nhng ngi th tc tc l tt c nhng ngi tht bnh d trong th gii ny. on kinh trn y c nu ln mt giai thoi k li mt nhm ngi th tc tm gp c Pht. H thnh cu Ngi hy ban cho h mt bi ging hun c th mang li mt s li ch lu di v mt nim an vui cho nhng ngi th tc nh h, tc c ngha l cho "nhng ngi c gia nh, cn bn bu v con, cn bi du n hng v xc nc hoa". c Pht bn ging cho h bi kinh ni v tnh khng trn y. Nhm ngi th tc ni vi c Pht rng bi ging ny qu kh v h khng hiu g c. c Pht bn gim xung mt bc v ging cho h mt phng php tu tp khc, y l cch gip h bc vo dng chy (bc vo dng chy c ngha l ha mnh vi dng sui a n nit-bn, v trn thc t th c ngha l phi quy y, y l cch gip mnh bc theo vt chn ca c Pht), tc c ngha l thc hin tinh thn ch thc ca Pht, Dhamma (o Php) v Sangha (Tng on), v tun th o c (tu gii) khin cho cc v Thnh Nhn khi trng thy cng phi toi nguyn. Thc ra th y cng ch l cch m c Pht hng h vo

56 mt ch ch khc (mang tnh cch thc t v c th hn v cng d thc hin hn, tc l ch cn quy y v tch ly o c). Theo cch hiu ngy nay th c th bo y l mt cch nh la! Khi nhm ngi th tc bo rng h khng thch tnh khng (chng nhng h khng hiu y l g m cng khng bi t phi lm th no thc hin c tnh khng, bi v i vi h y l mt th g qu tru tng, m h v khng hiu ni) c Pht nh phi thay vo y bng mt th g khc gip h khng cn phi da vo tnh khng. Th nhng tht ra th h cng khng th trnh khi c tnh khng, bi v c Pht nm v pha h mt si dy ko h tr v vi con ng thng. Tht vy ch c mt con ng duy nht v ch tht thc hin tinh thn ca Pht, Dhamma v Sangha v tun th o c khin cho cc v Thnh Nhn cng phi toi nguyn: y l con ng gip mnh lc no c ng nhn th y tnh cch v ngha ca cc hnh ng nm bt v bm vu ca mnh. Qu v c ngh rng c Pht sai lm khi cho rng tnh khng cng lin quan n ngi th tc hay khng? Nu c Pht c l (tc cho rng tnh khng c ng lin h n ngi th tc) th chng ta cng c th s phi pht in ln c v cm thy mnh hon ton sai lm, bi v ngy nay chng ta vn ngh rng tnh khng no c phi l nu ln cho nhng ngi thng tnh sng trong th gii u (tc l nhng ngi th tc), m ch dnh ring cho nhng ai hng tt c i mnh vo s thc hin cnh gii ca nibban (tc l nhng ngi xut gia) - d cho h khng bit ch xc y l g i na. Ngi ta vn thng ngh nh vy, th nhng c Pht th li nhn mi s mt cch khc hn. Ngi dy rng tnh khng l mt s li ch trc mt tc l c th mang li nim an vui cho ngi th tc. Vy th ai c l? c Pht hay l chng ta? Nu c Pht c l th chng ta (Buddhadasa mun ni n nhng ngi th tc ang ngi nghe ging) phi lo tm hiu s tht trong nhng li thuyt ging ca Ngi. thc hin iu th chng ta cng nn t hi xem ai l nhng ngi kh au nhiu nht, ai l nhng ngi c tm thc b thiu t bi trn ha hon v nhng ng than hng? Nht nh y l nhng ngi th tc! Nu nhng ai b ba vy bi trn ha hon th phi lo tm cch lm cho n phi tt i, tc l phi trit tiu dukkha di tt c mi th dng ca n, phi xng pha trong chn la bng, bi v khng c bt c ni no an ton c th gip h ln trn: tt c u bc chy. H phi tm cho mnh gia chn la bng mt ni hon ton mt m. Ci ni y chnh l tnh khng, mt ni khng c ci ng cng khng c bt c g thuc vo ci ng c. Ngi th tc phi bit khm ph ra ci tnh khng sng trong bu khng gian ta rng ca n. Nu khng sc to cho mnh mt cuc sng ti trung tm ca khung cnh (ca tnh khng) th t ra cng phi sng bn trong chu vi ca khung cnh vi mt s hiu bit ng n (v tnh khng) - y cng l mt cch mang li s an lnh lu bn cho ngi th tc. Nhm ngi th tc trn y thnh cu c Pht hy ging cho h phi lm th no tm thy mt s li ch lu bn, c Pht tr li rng: "sunnatapppatysamyutta lokuttara dhamma" - tc c ngha l "dhamma c ghp thm tnh khng s vt ln trn th gii". Vt ln trn th gii c ngha l vt ln trn ngn la. Thc hin c tnh khng

57 c ngha l thot khi mi s bm vu vo cc s vt xem y l "ci ti" hay ci "ca ti". Nhng li gio hun y c th xem nh l mt mn qu m c Pht ban tng cho nhng ai ang sng trong th gii ny. Cng chnh v th m ti mong rng qu v hy xt li xem ti sao li phi quan tm n tnh khng n th, v cng nn t hi xem y c ng l ch duy nht xng ng em ra hc hi hay khng? Trong Tng ng B Kinh (Samyutta Nikaya), c Pht khng nh rng tnh khng chnh l nit-bn, v nit-bn th cng l tnh khng, v tnh khng th c ngha l thot khi mi th nhim (nhng th u m tm thn) v kh au. Tm li l nibban (nit-bn) cng nht thit lin quan n ngi th tc (c ngha l ngi th tc cng c th tu tp t c nit-bn). Nu nhng ngi th tc cha sc hiu c nibban l g v cng cha sc hi nhp cuc sng ca mnh vo khung cnh ca tnh khng, th y c ngha l h vn cn sng trong la bng ca ha hon v phi gnh chu him nguy nhiu hn nhng ngi khc.

Nit-bn ngay trong nhng giy pht ny


ngha ca ch nibban tt nhin l s m rng v bao hm c cp bc hon ton vng mt mi th nhim tm thn l nguyn nhn mang li kh au. V th mi khi tm thc trng khng v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" th y chnh l nibban. Hy a ra mt th d, ngay lc ny v trong khi qu v cn ang ngi y, th ti c th bo rng tt c hay t nht th cng gn nh tt c u c mt tm thc vt thot tt c cc khi nim v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", bi v khng c bt c g hin ang xen vo lm pht l ra cm tnh y. Khi chm ch nghe ti ni th qu v s khng cn ra mt khong trng no cho cm tnh v "ci ti" c th hin ra. Qu v th nhn li xem tm thc mnh ngay trong lc ny c tht s trng khng v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" hay khng? Nu nh c mt tnh khng no (ti xin nhn mnh n ch "no " bi v d y khng phi l mt tnh khng "ng ngh a" ca n m tht ra ch l mt th dng bt nh ca tnh khng) th c ng c ngha l qu v ang trong khung cnh (ci, hay th gii) nibban (nit-bn). D rng y cha phi l nibban tuyt i v hon ho, th nhng y cng vn l nibban. Mi s vt u mang mt ngha vi t nhiu sc thi khc nhau, vi cc mc khc nhau v thuc cc trng hp khc nhau. Nibban trong tm thc ca tng qu v ngay trong lc ny tng ng vi mc m qu v loi b c cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Do ti cng mong rng qu v thc c s vng mt ca "ci ti", lun nh n n, tip tc gi c n khi qu v tr v nh. Khi v n nh th bit u qu v cng c th cm thy rng mnh bc chn vo gian nh ca mt ngi no khc, hoc trong lc lm mt vic g trong nh th mnh c c m gic l mnh ang lm thay cho m t ngi no khc (khng cn nhn ra "ci ti" ca mnh na v c cm tng nh l mt ngi khc ang lm khng phi l mnh) nhm hon tt cng vic ca ngi y. Cm tnh y tip tc ngy cng tr nn r rt hn v cc th dukkha do gian nh v cc cng vic trong nh tng gy ra cho mnh trc y c ng s theo m bin mt. Lc no qu v cng gi c th dng vt thot khi "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". y cng tng t nh qu v eo ln ngc mt l ba h mnh gi l nibban hay tnh khng (ngi dn Thi Lan thng eo ngc mt l ba hay

58 thng hn l mt tng pht nh, qu nht l nhng tng Pht tht xa, v xem y nh l mt th "ba h mnh"). y l mt cch gip mnh trnh khi mi s him nguy v nhng iu bt hnh. y l l ba ch tht (tnh khng hay nit-bn trong tm thc mnh) m c Pht ban cho chng ta, tt c nhng th khc u l d oan (ch c tnh khng di th dng nit-bn thng tr trong tm thc mnh mi c th gip mnh c m thi, tt c cc th ba ch, nghi thc l lc hoc cc sinh hot mu m... ch l d oan hay nhiu lm th cng ch l nhng g ph thuc - upaya - m thi). Nu ti c tip tc ni theo cch ny th qu v cng c th s ngh rng ti mun rao bn mn hng ca ti, th nhng xin qu v khng nn xem ti nh l mt ngi ph trng gi tr (thing ling) ca c Pht mt ni cng cng. Qu v ch nn xem tt c chng ta ch l nhng ngi ng hnh khn kh ang bc trn con ng ca sinh lo bnh t , th nhng ton th chng ta cng u l t ca c Pht. Nu c nhng iu c ni ln nhm gip qu v thc c nhng g c th mang li li ch cho qu v th y l nhng iu c ni ln vi tt c thin tm ca ti. Nhng ai pht huy c tr tu ca mnh th cng s t ng thu trit c nhng g c trnh by trn y, khng cn phi tin vo li ti ni. Tht th s qun thy v mi s vt s m ra cho chng ta cnh ca a n mt s hiu bit su xa hng vo mt s tht ti thng. Vy n y chng ta hy cp n ch lin quan n cc thnh phn (ting Pa-li l dhtu, c th dch l thnh phn, yu t..., kinh sch ting Vit gi l cnh gii, khng gian hay yu t...).

Cc loi thnh phn (dhtu)


Ch dhtu v ch dhamma c cng mt gc l ch "dhr" v ch ny th c ngha l "nm gi", "duy tr"..., tm li "thnh phn" c ngha l mt th g c th t n duy tr c n - cng tng t nh cch nh ngha ca ch dhamma. Cng ging nh i vi dhamma, cc thnh phn gi l bin i th t chng duy tr c chnh chng ngay bn trong s bin i ca chng, cc thnh phn khng bin i th t chng duy tr c chnh chng bn trong s khng-bin-i ca chng. Vy thnh phn no m qu v thy rng c th lin kt n vi tnh khng? Cc nh nghin cu v vt l v ha hc ch bit n cc thnh phn vt cht, tc l cc thnh phn tinh khit (lmnts chimiques / chemical elements / cc nguyn t ha hc, th d nh carbon, oxy...), tt c gm khong hn mt trm th v ngi ta cn tip tc khm ph ra thm. Cc thnh phn ny khng th no trng khng c - hay t ra phi nh ngha n mt cch tht su xa c th nhn thy n trng khng, bi v y ch l nhng thnh phn vt cht (y cng chnh l cch "hi u" hay "gii thch" khc nhau v ch tnh khng gia Theravada v cc hc phi trit hc xa nh sravaka v pratyekabudha v Pht Gio i Tha. Cc hc phi "nguyn thy" - theravada, sravaka, pratyekabudha - ch trng s vng mt ca s hin hu v mt "ci ti" mang tnh cch c th, trong khi th Ph t Gio i Tha ni chung ch trng s vng mt ca ci ng i vi tt c mi hin tng - dhamma. Tuy nhin cch gii thch v tnh khng ca Buddhadasa i khi cng cho thy kh gn vi cch hiu v ch ny trong cc hc phi i Tha. S kin ny cho thy t tng ca

59 Buddhadasa "vt xa" hn gii hn ca mt s khi nim sn c ca Theravada). Ngoi ra cng c nhng thnh phn phi-vt-cht, cc thnh phn thuc tm thn hay l tri thc, cc thnh phn ny nm bn ngoi cc lnh vc vt l v ha hc. Phi hc hi v nghin cu ngnh khoa hc do c Pht a ra mi c th hiu c cc thnh phn phi-vt-cht v phihnh-tng, l nhng g pht xut t con tim v tm thc. Tm li th t ra cng c hai nhm thnh phn khc nhau nh c trnh by trn y (xin lu n ch "t ra", v Buddhadasa s cn ni n mt loi thnh phn khc quan trng hn nhiu trong on di y). Vy ngi ta c th quy nh "tnh khng" thuc vo thnh phn no? Nu c ai bo rng tnh khng l mt thnh phn vt cht, th tc khc bn b chung quanh s ci ngi ny ngay. Mt s nhng ngi khc th bo rng y l mt thnh phn phi-vt-cht v phihnh-tng, th nhng trong trng hp ny th li n lt cc v Thnh Nhn t c gic ng ("Noble Ones" / "Nobles tres veills", ni chung y l cc v tu hnh c o v uyn bc) s ci h. Tht vy, tnh khng l mt thnh phn khng phi l vt-cht m cng khng phi l phi-vt-cht, do phi c mt th loi th ba: y l mt th thnh phn m nhng ngi bnh th ng khng th qun thy c. Thnh phn ny c c Pht gi l nirodhadhtu - "thnh phn ca s tt ngh" (hay nh ch) - y l thnh phn lm cho tt c cc thnh phn khc phi chm dt - hoc cn gi y l "thnh phn khng bao gi cht". Tt c cc thnh phn khc u cht, bi v chng mang bn cht phi gnh chu ci cht (mi hin tng hin ra v bin mt nh nhng o gic). Tri li thnh phn tt ngh khng lin quan g n s sinh cng nh ci cht, hn th na n cn biu trng cho s tt ngh hon ton ca tt c cc thnh phn khc. Tnh khng sng bn trong thnh phn , chnh v th m ngi ta cng c th gi thnh phn tt ngh l "thnh phn ca tnh khng", v y cng l thnh phn a tt c cc thnh phn khc tr v vi tnh khng (nh ngha gin tip nitbn, tc l s tt ngh, v th dng lin i vi n l tnh khng mt cch tht kho lo v tuyt vi). Nu qu v mun hiu c l cc thnh phn no kh d kh thch hp nhm gip mnh hiu c Dhamma (o Php) th trn y l nh ng g m qu v cn phi thu trit. Khng nn tin rng ch cn hiu c cc thnh phn t, nc, kh v la l g th cng y ch l nhng chuyn ging cho tr con nghe. Cc th ny c ni n ngay c trc thi k ca c Pht. Phi y s hiu bit xa hn na n thnh phn tri thc phi-vtcht, thnh phn khng gian v sau ht l thnh phn tnh khng, tc l s tt ngh hon ton ca t, nc, kh v la, k c tri thc v khng gian. Thnh phn tnh khng l thnh phn tuyt vi nht c nu ln trong gio hun Pht Gio. Tm li: t, nc, kh v la thuc vo cc thnh phn vt cht. Tm thc (spirit, mind), tri thc (consciousness, mental proceses) thuc cc thnh phn phi-vt-cht. Nibban (nit-bn) tc l thnh phn ca tnh khng th thuc vo cc thnh phn ca s tt ngh (nirodhadhtu). Qu v cng nn dnh th gi suy t cn thn hn v tt c cc th loi thnh phn cho n khi no hiu c mt cch tht minh bch nhng g va c tm lc

60 trn y. y s l cch gip qu v khm ph ra thnh phn nibban v hiu c thu o hn cc khi nim v v-ng v tnh khng m chng ta ang bn tho. Tm li chng ta c th a ra mt nguyn tc nh sau: trong s nm bt v bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" c c hai thnh phn vt-cht v phi-vt-cht, v trong s vng mt ca chng th li c thm thnh phn tt ngh. Ni mt cch ngc li th ngi ta c th bo rng nu thnh phn tt ngh thm nhp vo tm thc th ng i ta ch thy ton l tnh khng: th dng thot khi "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" y s pht l mt cch tht r rt. Nu mt thnh phn khc (tc khc hn vi s tt ngh) thm nhp vo tm thc th ng i ta s nhn thy n di cc th dng nh hnh t ng, danh xng, mt vt th trng thy c, m thanh, mi, v, mt vt th s m c, hoc l cc gic cm (thch th, kh chu), cc th k nim, t duy, tri thc, v.v... - tt c m hn tp tham gia vo s hin hin v bin mt ca cc hin tng (xin hiu l qu trnh hin hin v bin mt ca mi hin tng l mt s cm nhn ca tm thc, do khin chng ta cng c th lin tng n quan im v hin tng hc ca hc phi duy thc), v da vo ngi ta s pht l ra s thch th hay l ght b (s minh bch trong tm thc ca Buddhadasa v cch trnh by chnh xc ca ng t n mt mc khin cho chng ta phi bng hong). Tht vy, chng ta c hai th dng tm thn nm gi mt vai tr u th hn c: y l s toi-nguyn v bt-toi-nguyn. y l hai cch phn ng tr nn qu quen thuc vi chng ta (tht th khng my khi chng ta gi c mt th dng trung ha, khi mt gic cm xy ra - nhn thy mt hnh tng, nghe thy mt m thanh, ngi thy mt mi... - th tc khc chng ta nh gi ngay nhng th y bng s thch th hay kh chu v khng th gi c mt th dng "v t"). Ngi khc dy chng ta cch phi lm th no chim hu nhng g m mnh thm mun (dy mnh phi c gng hc hnh kim c nhiu tin chng hn, th nhng mnh th li ch thch li bing), hay l loi b hoc ln trnh nhng g m mnh cm thy kh chu (th d nh mnh lo bun th ngi khc dy mnh ng ngh n qu kh, th nhng mnh th li c quay v qu kh hoc hng vo tng lai v khng th no "ct" tm thc vo hin ti c). y l mt s xao ng thng xuyn, n khng cho tm thc c th tm thy c s trng khng. Nu mun cho tm thc trng khng th chng ta phi vt xa hn nhng g va trnh by trn y, tc c ngha l phi vt thot khi nhng thnh phn gy ra s bn lon, hu gip mnh ha nhp vo tm im ca tnh khng.

Ba thnh phn gip a n nit-bn


Nhm nu ln cc c tnh ca cc thnh phn khc nhau, c Pht phn chia chng ra thnh ba th loi. Trc ht Ngi nu ln th loi gi l nekkhamadhtu - "thnh phn ca s t b" nh l mt nguyn nhn a n s rt lui ra khi th gii tham dc (sensuality - tc l rt lui ra khi th gii dc tnh hay l bi cnh gia nh); sau l thnh phn arupadhtu - "thnh phn phi-vt-cht" - nh l mt nguyn nhn a n s rt lui ra khi th gii vt cht; thnh phn th ba l nirodhadhtu - "thnh phn ca s tt ngh" - tc

61

l s rt lui khi th gii tri buc (monde conditionn / conditioned world / th gii hin tng sinh khi qua s tri buc v chi phi ca quy lut nguyn nhn v hu qu). Nu sc nhn thy c thnh phn ca s t b th cng c ngha l sc rt lui khi th gii tham dc, bi v y l th dng i nghch vi n. Thng tr trong thnh phn ca s t b l cch khng cho mnh b thiu ri bi ngn la tham dc (sensuality / dc tnh. Mt ngi "ti gia" khng xem phim nh nhm nh, khng cho tm thc mnh b xm chim bi nhng th tng tng bnh hon kch ng bi bn nng dc tnh, khng b thu ht bi hnh nh ca ngi khc phi - hay i khi cng c th l ng tnh - th cng c th thc hin c kha cnh no ca mt ngi "xut gia"). Mt tm thc khi loi b c th gii ca s thm mun gic cm tt s hm cha c thnh phn ca s t b. Nhng ngi t b c nhng s thm mun th thin nht ca dc tnh s bit hng vo nhng th khc cao p v th v hn. Tuy nhin nhng th y d mang tnh cch thanh tao hn th nhng vn cn thuc vo th gii vt cht. Chng hn nh trng hp ca nhng ngi luyn tp du-gi (yogi) thnh tho, h lun tm cch thng tr trong mt th dng bm vu vo nhng th thch th do php thin nh su xa mang li cho h (chng ta cng nn ghi nh l tm kim th dng thanh thn, phng lng v an vui bng thin nh khng c g l Pht Gio c. Thin nh Pht Gio l cch gip mnh qun nhn c bn cht ch tht ca hin thc l g v ho nhp vi n). mt cp bc thp hn, chng ta thng thy cc ngi ln tui hay say m c hoc thch su tp cc loi cy king him c. Tuy cc th y khng dnh dng g n vn tnh dc th thin, th nhng tht ra th chng l mt ci by nguy him hn tnh dc rt nhiu, bi v khi ri vo ci b y y th kh lng m ra khi - tc c ngha l rt kh t b nhng hnh thc thch th vt cht. Vy th ngoi s bm vu vo th gii vt cht ra th ng i ta s cn d b khch ng bm vu vo nhng th g khc na? Ngi ta s bm vu vo nhng s vt hnh thnh ty thuc vo cc iu kin tc to ra chng (choses conditinnes /conditioned things) mt cp bc cao hn, tc c ngha l mang tnh cch tch cc hn (th d nh nhng iu tt lnh, o hnh, nhn i, t bi, l tng v tha...). Trong lnh vc ny s c ngha l tt hn khng nn ni n nhng g mang li s xu xa - chng ai mun nghe ni n nhng th y! Tt nht chng ta ch nn nu ln cch trau di nhng phm tnh tt v thc thi nhng hnh ng o hnh m mi ngi thng hay cho rng nh y s c ti sinh trong cnh gii thin ng. Chng phi l mi ngi vn thng xuyn m tng n chuyn y hay sao! Th nhng tht ra th y cng ch l sankhata - tc cng ch l mt th dng tri buc (tat conditionn / conditioned state. Chng ta hy th tng tng ra l nu mnh c sng trong mt ci y hoa thm c l cng m nhc v ting ht vang lng, th nhng nu y ch l hoa gi v cc bi ht th li qu xa, li thi v ch ton mt iu, th hi mnh c chu ng ni mt thng hay chng? Tng tng nh th tc l cch gip hiu c ch sankhata m Buddhadasa nu ln l g, v mt th dng tm thc khng loi b c ci ti s nh th no). Chng ta thng xuyn b giam hm trong cc ngh nh mu n c tr thnh th ny hay th kia v chim hu vt ny hay vt n! Tr thnh "ci ti" ca mt con th th qu l mt iu khng ai thch, vy th ai c ng mu n c l ci ti ca mt con

62 ngi. Khi nhn thy rng lm ngi cng chng kh g lm th li mun c lm mt thin nhn (celestial being / tre cleste). c lm thin nhn c ng cha v a lng nn li mun c lm mt v thnh (brahma-god / divinit). Nu c lm mt v thnh vn cha phi l hay, th li thch lm vua ca cc v thnh (mahabrahma-god / roi des divinits)! Th nhng trong tt c nhng th y u c mt "ci ti", hay tt c cng ch l cc thnh phn tri buc (sankhata). Ch duy nht khi no khm ph ra c thnh phn tt ngh (nirodhadhtu) th khi mi c th gip mnh thot khi th gii tri buc c. Thnh phn tt ngh do chnh l thnh phn ti thng. y l s tt ngh hon ton ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Nu s tt ngh y mang tnh cch vnh vin v tuyt i th s tr thnh mt v A-la-hn, mt sinh linh c gii thot, mt sinh linh gic ng. Nu s tt ngh y khng hon ho, th ch s t c s Gic Ng mt cp bc thp hn, bi v vn cn du vt ca "ci ti", v y cha phi l tnh khng ti hu. Tm li l chng ta phi thu trit c cc thnh phn, tc cc yu t cu hp ch tht ca tt c mi hin tng. Ti xin qu v nn tm hiu nhng th ny da vo mt nguyn tc cn bn nh sau: c cc th thnh phn mang hnh tng tc l cc th thnh phn vt cht, cc th thnh phn khng mang hnh tng tc l cc thnh phn phi-vt-cht, v sau ht l cc thnh phn lm tt ngh tt c cc thnh phn khc, d chng mang hnh tng hay khng hnh hnh tng. Chng ta c th khng nh mt cch chc chn khng c bt c g khc ngoi ba th y ra. Trn y l nhng g m chng ta hc c t ngnh khoa hc do chnh c Pht a ra, mt ngnh khoa hc bao gm nhiu lnh vc, t vt l hc, tm thn hc v tm linh hc. Ngnh khoa hc mang li cho chng ta mt s hiu bit y v ton vn v tt c mi hin tng, y n m chng ta chng cn mun ngh n vic nm bt chng na. V y cng chnh l ngha ca tnh khng (nh hc hi t nhng khm ph khoa hc ca c Pht chng ta nhn thy tnh cch o gic, bin ng, khng thc v la phnh ca mi hin tng, khin chng ta khng cn mun chy theo chng na, y ch l nhng th v ngha, khng thc, trng rng, v nu l tay m chm vo chng th s b bng, ch c th thi).

Tnh khng hay l ci th ng tr ca cc Chng Sinh Thng Thng


Nhm a s hiu bit v tnh khng i xa hn, ti s trin khai thm mt vi im na. Trong mt bi thuyt ging (kinh Uppannasaka-Sutta trong Majjhima Nikaya) c Pht c ni rng tnh khng l ni thng tr ca cc Chng Sinh Thng Thng (mahipurisavihara). Cc Chng Sinh Thng Thng khng bao gi cho tm thc mnh lang thang v xao ng, xoay ht hng ny sang hng khc tng t nh tm thc ca nhng ngi bnh d. Tm thc ca cc V Thng Thng an tr trong tnh khng, ho nhp vi tnh khng, v tr thnh chnh tnh khng. y cng l cch m tnh khng tr thnh ni an tr hay l ta lu i ca cc Chng Sinh Thng Thng, tc cng c ngha l ca c

63 Pht v ca cc Chng Sinh t c Gic Ng. Khi ni rng tnh khng l ni thng tr ca cc V y th cng c ngha l cc V y sng ni y v ht th bu khng gian ca ni y. Chnh c Pht cng cho bit l Ngi tng sng trong ci tnh khng. Trong khi thuyt ging Dhamma th tm thc ca Ngi trng khng v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Trong khi Ngi ang i kht thc hay trong nhng lc phi lm nhng cng vic thng nht, th tm thc ca Ngi cng trng khng. Trong nhng lc ngh ngi hay tm s th gin th Ngi vn lun gi th dng trng khng v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Chnh v th m Ngi tng ni vi ngi t l X li Pht (Sariputta) rng Ngi tri qua cuc i mnh trong ci tnh khng. Con ngi m chng ta ang cp khng phi l mt con ngi bnh d cha gic ng m ng hn y l mt Sinh Linh Thng Thng, l c Pht: Ngi sng nh th no v thng tr trong mt ni nh th no? Nu qu v mun trng thy c ni thng tr ca c Pht, th nht nh qu v khng nn tng tng ra mt kin trc no n , c xy ct bng gch v xi-mng, m qu v ch nn hnh dung ra mt ci thng tr gi l tnh khng. Ci ci trng khng mt cch tht tuyt vi. Tnh khng ti thng khng phi l mt cm tnh thong qua m qu v cm nhn c khi cn ang ngi y v ri n s bin mt i trc khi qu v v n nh. Ci thng tr ca tnh khng chnh l tnh khng ti thng, v th m ngi ta t thm cho n mt ci tn khc na bng ting Pa-li, mt ci tn kh di: paramanuttara-sunnata - c ngha l "tnh khng ti thng khng c g v t hn c" (parama: ti thng, anuttara: khng c g vt hn c, sunnata: tnh khng). Ni tm thc s ta rng v ha nhp vo mt bu khng gian tht tinh khit bi v trong n cc th nhim tm thn b loi b, v y cng ch l th dng vn hnh t nhin v khng gng p ca mt v A-lahn. Tuy nhin cng c mt th dng trung gian. Trong th dng ny tm thc tuy pht huy c mt s ch tm tht mnh v loi b c mi th o nh tm thn, t c s tinh khit nh trn y, tc khng cn mang mt du vt no ca nhng th nc c tm thn na, th nhng s tinh khit y cha mang tnh cch vnh vin, n c th b thoi li hoc chuyn ngc v th dng ti thng (tc b mt i phm tnh "khng c g v t hn c" hay "anuttara"). Nu mun tr thnh mt ngi t ch tht ca c Pht th qu v phi hi kh nng t c th dng trn y. D cha sc loi b hn cc th nc c tm thn th cng vn c th tm thi vt thot khi s chi phi ca chng. y l mt tm nhn bao qut v cnh gii ca c Pht v ca cc v A-la-hn. Tm nhn nht nh s gip mang li cho chng ta mt ngh lc phong ph hn trn ng tu tp. Bi v nhng g m ngi ta gi l tnh khng, s Gic Ng hay nit-bn th tt c u c th t c, hoc ton vn v vnh vin hoc cng c th ch t c vi tnh cch tm thi v vi mt th dng cha c

64 hon ton n nh, v y cng l th dng nm trong tm tay ca nhng ngi bnh d nh chng ta. Tuy nhin cng v n cn c mt th loi th ba c th xy n nh vo s trng hp ca mt s iu kin (coinsidences / bi cnh, c duyn). i khi c nhng trng hp m cc iu kin (c duyn) xy n mt cch thun li gip tm thc an tr trong tnh khng c khong mt hay hai gi lin tip. Tuy nhin iu quan trng l chng ta phi quyt tm tu tp vi tt c kh nng ca mnh nhm gii thot cho tm thc ca chnh mnh.

Cc cp bc ca tnh khng
Thut ng "tnh khng ti thng khng c g vt hn c" (paramanuttarasunnata) do c Pht nu ln c ngha l s thm mun, ght b v nhng ngh sai lm v thc th ca mi s vt tt c u b loi b, k c s nm bt v bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" cng b tr kh. Tm li l thut ng trn y mang ngha ca mt s x b ton din. Khi nhn vo cp bc cao nht ca tnh khng nh trn y th chng ta cng s hiu rng c cc cp bc thp hn. Bn di cp bc tt nh paramanuttarasunnata s c cc cp bc thp hn, xp theo th t nh sau: - nevasannanasannayatana: cm nhn khng cm nhn - akincannayatana: cm nhn s trng khng tuyt i - vinnancayatana: cm nhn tri thc v bin - akasanancayatana: cm nhn khng gian v tn - pathavisanna: cm nhn t. - arannasann: cm nhn rng Cp bc thp nht l arannasanna c ngh l cch "c m nhn s hoang d" a (perception of forest). Nu chng ta ang sng trong mt mi trng n o v y hoang mang th chng ta hy ng tng l mnh ang b c vo mt khu rng hoang d tht yn t lng. Chng ta cm thy ni y tht an bnh, khng mt ting ng. Ch cn tng tng ra nh th cng l mt hnh thc cm nhn no v tnh khng ri - th nhng cch tng tng y ch l mt tr chi tr con. Trn cp bc ny l cp bc pathavisanna c ngha l cch "cm nhn t". Chng ta hnh dung tt c mi hin tng u ton l t (khng c gi tr g c). S cm nhn s gip xa b mi s thm mun cc lc th gic cm pht sinh t hnh tng, m thanh, nc hoa, v v s ng chm. y l cch cm nhn m nhng ngi cn tr nn c gng thc hin. n y chng ta s chuyn sang mt cp bc cao hn na l akasanancayatana, y l cch to ra cho mnh s "cm nhn khng gian v tn". Chng ta cm thy khng c mt th g c ngoi mt khng gian bao la v v tn. Khng gian cng l m t biu trng no

65 ca tnh khng th nhng khng phi l tnh khng ch tht. Tnh khng ch tht thuc vo mt cp bc cao hn khng gian trng rng. D sao th cng khng nn c m thy s hi trc s trng rng ca tnh khng v hy c gng hng vo mt cp bc tinh t hn na l vinnancayatana, hay s "cm nhn tri thc v bin". Chng ta to ra cho mnh mt tri thc v tn v chng ta s khng cn cm thy bt c mt th g khc ngoi ci tri thc tht rng ln y. mt cp bc cao hn na l akincannayatana, c ngha l "cm nhn s trng khng tuyt i". Chng ta hnh dung ra mt th dng tm thn hon ton trng khng, tc khng cho tm thc hng vo hay tr vo bt c mt th g c. Tuy nhin trong th dng vn cn tn ti cm tnh v s trng khng. Mt cp bc khc cao hn na l nevasannanasannayatana, c ngha l s "cm nhn khng cm nhn". Trong th dng ny ngi ta khng cm thy l mnh ang sng hay cht. Nu bo y l mt s cm nhn th hon ton sai, th nhng nu ni rng khng c s cm nhn th cng sai nt. Ngi ta khng th no gn cho kinh nghim cm nhn y bt c mt th nhn hiu no c. y l mt "tri thc khng nhn thc" (perception sans perception / awareness without perception). S tinh t t n mt mc tht cao, cao n nu cho rng mt ngi trong th dng y cn ang sng l sai, th nhng bo rng ngi y cht th cng l sai. Trng thi y cng l mt hnh thc ca tnh khng (m t tri thc ca mt ngi cn k s Gic Ng ti thng - paramanuttarasunnata - mt cch cc k gin d v tuyt vi n c th khin cho chng phi bng hong v kinh s). Su cp bc ca tnh khng trn y hon ton khng phi l cng mt th vi "tnh khng ti thng v khng c g vt hn c" (paramanuttarasunnata). c Pht nu ln cc th dng trng khng trn y l ch nhm mc ch cho thy cc cp bc khc nhau ca tnh khng, v trong s ny khng c mt cp bc no c th lm ni thng tr ca cc Sinh Linh Thng Thng c. y ch l nhng th dng tnh khng m nhng ngi du-gi tng luyn tp trc c thi k ca c Pht. D h c khm ph ra rt sm cc th dng th nhng h b chn ng li cc cp bc y v khng th vt xa hn c. Ring ch c c Pht khm ph ra tnh khng ch tht nh l mt ni thng tr cho nhng Sinh Linh Thng Thng. y l "tnh khng khng c g c th vt hn c" m ti va trnh by trn y.

Tip xc vi tnh khng


Cc tp Lun Gii thuc Kinh Sch Pht Gio gi cc kinh nghim cm nhn v tnh khng l sunnataphassa - "tip xc vi tnh khng". Chng ta hiu r v s tip xc gic cm xy ra gia mt v cc vt th trng thy c, gia tai v cc m thanh nghe thy c, v.v..., th nhng chng ta cha h c mt kinh nghim no v s tip xc vi tnh khng, bi

66 v chng ta ch vn vn bit c cc thnh phn vt-cht v phi-vt-cht, chng ta tuyt nhin cha h c bit g v thnh phn ca s tt ngh hay nirodhadhtu. Khi no chng ta bt u nhn thy c thnh phn ca s tt ngh th chng ta cng s cm nhn c mt th g mi l hn, y l g m cc v thy bnh gii gi l "s tip xc vi tnh khng". V y cng l tn gi ca Con ng Cao C (Noble Sentier / Noble Path / Con ng ca Tm S ng n hay cn gi l Bt Chnh o. Xin ghi ch thm l gn y cng c mt s hc gi Ty Phng cho rng ch "ng n" - "chnh" - mang ngha tng i gii hn khng biu trng c ngha ca Con ng Cao C nn ngh thay ch "ng n" bng ch "hon ho") bt u t giai on m n loi b c tt c cc th nc c tm thn. Nu luyn tp theo con ng cho n khi no loi b c tt c cc th u m tm thn th s tip xc vi tnh khng s hin ra. Tm thc tip xc vi tnh khng cng kh tng t nh dng bn tay chm vo s trng khng. i vi nhng ai qun nhn ngy cng minh bch hn rng khng h c "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" m tt c ch ton l dhamma v cc chuyn ng t nhin (anattnupassan) th s trng khng di hnh thc mt s tip xc s phn nh c Con ng ca Tm S ng n. Khi mang bn cht y (tt c ch l dhamma) th Con ng ca Tm S ng n cng c th c xem l tnh khng, v mi s tip xc xy n trn Con ng y cng s gi l s "tip xc vi tnh khng" (sunnataphassa). S qun thy minh bch khng h c "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" l nguyn nhn mang li s tip xc , v ng thi cng l hu qu ca s qun thy minh bch v kh au (dukkhnupassan). Qun thy minh bch c kh au cng tng t nh a tay vo la v nhn ra rng y l mt vic khng nn lm; hoc tng t nh khi hiu rng khng nn nm bt bt c mt dhamma no, v cng khng nn bm vu vo chng, bi v nu c nm bt ly chng th chng s ha thnh ngn la. Trn phng din tm linh, khi qun thy c mt cch minh bch rng la c th thiu t, hy dit, lm cho ngt th, gy ra thng tch, ba vy v giam hm con ngi th khi chng ta cng s qun thy c mt cch minh bch dukkha l g (dukkhnupassan). cp bc ny chng ta phi ngh n s kin l c mt s ngi cho rng nu khng th t mnh t c nibban th khng th no hiu c n l g, tng t nh nu khng thm ving mt nc no th khng th ni c l trng thy quc gia y. Th nhng nibban khng phi l mt th g thuc lnh vc vt cht, y l nhng g lin quan n tm thc v con tim ca mnh. Nh ti nu ln trn y, ngay ang trong giy pht ny tm thc ca hu ht qu v l tnh khng, v y cng l mt cht tin v ca tnh khng (ch tht) ri. Qu v hy trin khai s qun thy y v (tnh khng ca) mi s vt. Kinh Sch c nu ln cc Nn Mng ca s Ch Tm (cn bn luyn tp v s tnh thc) trong phn trnh by v cch quan st cc hin tng (cittnupassan) tc l cch tp trung nhn vo tm thc mnh: "Nu tm thc b trn ngp bi s thm mun dc tnh, th mnh cng phi thc c s kin ; nu tm thc b chi phi bi s ght b, th mnh cng phi thc c s kin ; nu tm thc ri vo t nh tr ng hoang mang tm thn th mnh cng phi thc c s kin ; nu tm thc ri vo tnh trng kit qu v mt ht

67 ngh lc, th mnh cng phi thc c s kin ; nu tm thc khng kit qu th cng phi thc c l n khng kit qu; nu tm thc thc c s Gii Thot, th mnh cng phi thc c s kin ; nu tm thc cha c gii thot, th cng phi thc c l n cha c gii thot". Nu tm thc c gii thot th n s trng khng; nu n cha c gii thot th n s khng trng khng. Vy th chng ta hy nhn vo tm thc mnh xem sao: hoc tm thc mnh c gii thot th tc c ngha l n s trng khng v tt c mi th, hoc l tm thc mnh cn bm vu vo mt th g th tt n cn vng mc trong s nm bt. c Pht ging rng ngay t lc mi khi s tu tp phi c gng thc c th no l mt th dng tm thn trng khng tc l c gii thot. y l nhng g ch c th nhn thy t bn trong, khng phi l cch nh vo s suy lun v hc hi trong sch. Nibban hay s trng khng ang ni ny, trc mt ca chng ta, d cho chng ta cha t c gic ng cng vy. Tnh khng c th hin ra mt cch t ngt, th d nh ngay trong lc ny, nu cc c duyn hi . Nu tp trung tm thc tht ng n nhm gip n t c th dng hon ton th gin v an bnh (nu ni phng i thm th th dng y cng c th so snh vi th dng khi tm thc cm nhn c mt s thch th thng thng). Tuy nhin th dng ny c ng l m t kha cnh no ca "s gii thot bng cch ngn chn" (vikkambhanavimutti / release by suppression). V th ngay c trng hp cha t c s Gii Thot ti hu ca mt v A-la-hn i na th chng ta vn c th nhn bit c tnh khng kho st n - nh l mt mn hng lm mu do c Pht ban tng! Nu mun nhn c mn hng mu y th qu v cng c th tm thy ni ni tm ca chnh mnh. Tm li l qu v phi luyn tp v Bn Nn Mng cn bn ca s Ch Tm theo tng giai on mt: trc ht l pht huy s suy t v thn xc, sau n cc gic cm, tip theo l tm thc v sau cng l cc i tng ca tm thc. S luyn tp ny s mang li cho qu v "hng v" ca tnh khng sut trong thi gian ngay t khi mi khi s tp luyn cho n lc hon tt. Vo giai on cui cng khi qun th y c cc hu qu kh au do s nm bt v bm vu mang li th qu v cng s hiu c tnh khng l g. Vo chnh thi im y, tm thc cng s tc khc hng vo bu khng gian ca nibban tm ly s toi nguyn cho mnh. y l cch gip chng ta thng xuyn trng thy c tnh khng (v hng "hng v" ca n) trong khi ch i t c n cp bc tt nh. Qu trnh l m t s thng tin t nhin v ph hp vi mt th quy lut ring chi phi n, tuy nhin cng c th cho y ch l mt th quy lut ca thin nhin. Khi t mnh qun nhn c tht minh bch mt iu g th s hiu bit y s rt vng chc. N s khng bin i ging nh trng hp ca mt s hiu bit sai lm hay l mt s hiu bit hc hi c t mt ngi khc.

S chm dt ca nghip

68 Chng ta cng chng cn phi c gng qu ng mi c th mang li hnh phc cho mnh. Tht vy, chng c g l phc tp lm. Tt c nhng g cn phi lm l gii thot cho tm thc mnh khi s thm mun, ght b v cc ngh sai lm, hoc nu ni cch khc l phi trt b mi s nm bt v bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Khi no tm thc loi b c s thm mun, ght b v cc ngh sai lm th n s tr nn trng khng v mi th kh au cng s chm dt. Trong Tng Nht B Kinh (Anguttara Nikaya) c ni rng khi no tm thc loi b c s thm mun, ght b v cc ngh sai lm, trt b ht "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", th t nhin kamma (nghip) cng s t n chm dt. iu c ngha l kamma, qu ca n v cc s u m tm thn lm nguyn nhn to ra nghip cng s t ng theo m chm dt. Chng ta khng nn s hi kamma, tc khng nn lo s phi gnh chu tc ng ca n. Khng cn phi quan tm n kamma mt cch qu ng, tt hn nn ngh n tnh khng. Nu chng c th to ra tnh khng cho "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" th kamma theo cng s tan bin ht v chng ta cng s trnh c mi tc ng ca n. Chnh v l do m mt ngi mang tn l Angulimala c th tr thnh mt v A-lahn. Khng nn hiu sai nh nhiu ngi khc v cu tr li ca c Pht cho Angulimala : "Ta dng li t lu ri, chnh con vn cha dng li y thi" (nhm gip ngi c theo di d dng hn ca Buddhadasa trnh by trong on ny nn cng xin mn php nhc li cu chuyn v Angulimala nh s au:... Mt hm c Pht i n mt ni c ting l nguy him v ni ny c mt tn st nhn l Angulimala v cng hung d v li ang tm git ngi th mt ngn. Ch nhn mt qun tr thit tha xin c Pht hy dng chn li v ng i u c. c Pht khng nghe v vn lng lng ln ng. Th trn vng tanh, nh nh ng ca. Angulimala thy mt nh s ang i mt mnh trong mt con ph vng, hn bn rt thanh kim v i theo. c Pht thy c k l n gn v bit ngay y l tn st nhn m mi ngi s hi, tuy nhin Ngi vn thn nhin bc mt cch thanh thn. Angulimala rt ngc nhin trc thi bnh thn , hn a cao thanh kim ng chn trc mt c Pht v tht ln ra lnh cho c Pht phi dng li. ng Nh Lai khng t v s hi mt cht no v ct li ni vi Angulimala mt cch tht du dng: "Ny Angulimala, con c bit khng, ta dng li t lu lm ri. Chnh con vn cn ang ma may trong la ca hn th, ca gin d v dc vng in cung". Angulimala ht sc bt ng trc cu ni lin ngc nhn d xt gng mt ca Pht. Trc v mt trn y lng t bi v nhn i ca c Pht, Angulamala bng cm thy tr tri v c n, v bt thn hn nhn thy mnh ang bc trn con ng ca kh au v bt hnh. Hn bn nm b th anh kim v qu xung di chn ca ng Gic Ng v xin nguyn s t b cuc sng hung c (kinh Angulimala-sutta, trong Trung B Kinh - Majjhima-Nikaya. on trn y trch t mt bi vit mang ta "Khi nim v ba ca ng trong Pht Gio" - c th xem trn Th Vin Hoa Sen). Cu tr li y khng c ngha l Angulimala trc y l mt tn st nhn, th nhng nay th dng li v khng cn git ngi na v nh m Angulimala tr thnh mt v A-la-hn. Cch hiu nh th l hon ton sai. c Pht dng ch "dng li" vi dng l khng cn nm bt v bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" na, ni cch khc th s dng li y chnh l tnh khng. Tnh khng l mt s ngng ngh, v y cng chnh l mt hnh

69 thc dng li duy nht c th gip cho tn cp Angulimala tr thnh mt v A-la-hn cao c. Nu ch nh vo s kin khng cn st nhn na m Angulimala tr thnh mt v A-la-hn th ti sao bao nhiu ngi khc khng st nhn m no h c t c gic ng u? Bi v s nh ch hay s dng li ch tht, mi ng l tnh khng. Khi no khng cn c "ci ti" tr ng ni ny, i n ni kia hay quay v t mt ni khc, th khi y mi c th gi l mt s dng li ch tht. Khi no vn cn mt "ci ti" th s khng c cch g dng li c. Qu v cng nn hiu rng ch "tnh khng" mang cng mt ngha vi ch "dng li" v y cng l ch m c Pht s dng lm cho Angulimala phi thc tnh, trong khi m hai tay ca hn vn cn vy mu v trn c vn cn eo mt xu chui vi 999 t xng ly t cc ngn tay ca cc nn nhn m hn git. Nu mun cho kamma t n phi chm dt v t n im "dng li" th chng ta phi lun tm nim cu sau y: "Phi thc hin c s trng khng v ci ti v ci ca ti" - v nht l khng c nm bt cc s vt, cng khng bm vu vo chng. S d phi gii thch dng di nh trn y y nhm vo mc ch lm sng t ngha ca ch "tnh khng". Thot khi nhng th u m tm thn tc c ngha l trng khng v cm tnh ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Nh ngi ta s t c tnh khng v loi b c dukkha. Tm li l th dng trng khng v cc th u m tm thn cng l th dng trng khng v mi th kh au. Ch cn n gin thc hin c s trng khng ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" th cng t c s trng khng ca tt c mi s vt. Th dng trng khng khng thuc vo thnh phn t, thnh phn nc, thnh phn la, thnh phn kh hay thnh phn khng gian, v.v... (xin ghi ch thm l ngoi t i gm t, nc, la v kh, c t-lai Lt-ma v mt s kinh sch cn nu thm mt thnh phn th nm l khng gian, tc l thnh phn cn thit chuyn ti t i). Chnh c Pht ni r l thnh phn trng khng khng thuc vo nhng th nh va k. Trng khng l thnh phn ca s tt ngh, l s vng mt ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", l s nh ch ca kamma, l s loi b ca cc th u m tm thn v ca kh au.

Thc hin th dng thanh thn


im sau cng cn phi bn lun v cng c nu ln ngay t lc u, y l s lin h gia tnh khng v tt c mi s vt. Qu v cng nn ghi nh mt iu l "tt c mi s vt" u l dhamma, v dhamma th cng chng phi l g khc hn l thin nhin hay nhng g "t chng l nh th"; chng hon ton trng khng v "ci ng" v v nhng g thuc vo "ca chng". S d cc th dhamma ca s n n, ca cc ngh sai lm v u m thng xuyn hin ln y l v vn ha (ch ny trong nguyn bn l "culture", c th hiu l gio dc, truyn thng, tp qun...) v i sng x hi (trong nguyn bn l "la faon dont nous vivons" / "the way that we live") u nhm vo ch ch cng c cc dhamma lin quan n "ego" ("ci ti") v cc th dng ca s thiu-hiu-bit (unknowing) v khng h quan tm n cc dhamma ca s hiu bit tht s. V th chng ta phi thng xuyn v t ng

70 gnh chu s trng pht v ci "ti t tng" y (trong nguyn bn l pch originel / original sin, y l ng ni n quan im v "kh au" ca mt s cc tn ngng khc, khi cc tn ngng ny cho rng tt c chng ta u phi gnh chu li lm ca t tin mnh vi phm. Buddhadasa xem ci ti t tng y chnh l cc truyn thng, tp qun, gio dc v cc hnh thc sinh hot x hi, tt c nhng th ny d phn cng c "ci ti" ca mi c th con ngi trong x hi) ca mnh t khi chng mi pht sinh, y l ci ti hnh ng thiu thc ca mnh (b chi phi v iu khin bi "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" m khng hay bit) v khng h thc kp thi rt ta mt bi hc cho mnh (tng t nh a b a tay vo la). Th h tr khng thc c vic ; ngi trung nin cng khng, v hu ht nhng ngi trng tui cng th (c ngha l chng c ai bit rt ta cho mnh mt bi hc no c t s trng pht v s "phm ti t tng" ). t ra th khi trng thnh hay vo lc tui gi chng ta cng phi thc c s kin y nu mun trnh khi s trng pht v vt thot khi ci li ca s sinh v ci cht ang giam gi mnh hu c th bay bng ln bu khng gian trong sng v v tn. Khi gio hun Pht Gio c truyn b sang Trung Quc th nhng ngi Trung Quc vo thi by gi cng chng t cho thy l h kh thng minh v sng sut khi bit tip nhn gio hun y. Sau ti Trung Quc cng hnh thnh nhiu hc phi do cc v thy thuc tm c ln nh Hui Neng (Hu Nng) v Hoang Po (Hong B Hy Vn) ch xng. Trong cc hc phi ny ngi ta nhn thy cch gii thch v tm thc, Dhamma, c Pht, Con ng v tnh khng u rt chnh xc (Pht Gio Theravada khen Thin Hc), v ni bt hn l mt cu tht then cht nh sau: "tm thc, c Pht, Dhamma, Con ng v tnh khng cng ch l mt th" (tuyt vi thay s hiu bit thm su ca Buddhadhasa, ch cn vi ch cng tm lc ct ty ca Thin Tng. D sao th chng ta cng c th thm vo y "hin thc" hay "thc ti", bi v tt c nhng g va k ra trn y u ha nhp vi nhau tr thnh mt tc l "hin thc" v ta rng trong bu khng gian v tn v trng khng xuyn qua tm thc ca mi c th con ngi ngay trong "thc ti"). Cu ni y cng tha , khng cn phi dng di g na c. N c th thay cho tt c kinh sch. Th nhng y li l mt cu m nhng ngi tu tp theo li c in (l bi, tng nim, cu xin, chung m vang rn...) khng th no hiu ni. Chng ta phi cm thy h thn v chuyn y. Ngi Trung Quc cn ni thm rng "tnh khng t bn cht ca n lc no cng ang hin hu, th nhng ch v chng ta khng nhn thy m thi". Ti c th chng minh c iu y bng cch lp li thm mt ln na l ngay trong giy pht ny nhng ai ang ngi y, t bn cht u c mt tm thc trng khng, th nhng qu v chng nhng khng nhn thy n m li cn khng khng khng chp nhn y ng tht l tnh khng. Hoang Po (Hong B) lun cnh gic cc t ca mnh bng cch a ra hnh nh mt ngi c mt vin kim cng dnh trn trn m khng h hay bit, v c chy n o khp c a cu v c cc th gii khc tm cch hin dng mt xu hu mong cu mua c ci thin ng v cc phng tin gip lm tha mn tt c nhng g m mnh khao kht. Tht vy, ch v khng nhn thy vin kim cng ang dnh trn trn mnh nn chng ta nh phi chy khp ni trong th gii ny v c bn ngoi a cu (ci cc lc v chn thin ng) tm kim n. V th ti mong rng qu v hy c nhn thy, d ch trong mt thong

71 tht ngn ngi, xem c g dnh trn trn mnh hay khng, v hiu rng phi t bn tay mnh ln y. Cc li ch dn gip khm ph ra vin kim cng ca cc v thy Trung Quc cn n cha mt s su sc khc na, y l: "Chng cn phi lm g c, c n gin gi ly s thanh thn (be still / tre tranquille / bnh thn... - cng c ngha l gi s yn lng trong t th bt ng ca php ngi thin) th tm thc t n cng s trt b tt c tr thnh trng khng". Cu pht biu: "C n gin gi ly s thanh thn v chng cn phi lm g c" trn y mang nhiu ngha khc nhau. Tm th c chng ta thch nghch ngm v ham vui a (naughty and playful). Tm thc ch mun thot ra bng cc ca ng nh m t, tai, mi , li v thn xc. Tm thc thu gp cc i tng gic cm v ct cha bn trong n. Th nhng sau th tm th c li t ra qu sc n n v n c mc cho cc dhamma ca v minh (s u m tm thn) lo li n, hu qu mang li s ton l cc hnh thc nm bt v bm vu vo "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Tnh trng gi l ham thch nghch ngm v khng thch s thanh thn. "Gi s thanh thn" c ngha l c cho cc i tng gic cm thm nhp vo tm thc mnh, th nhng c mc k cho chng cht, tng t nh nhng gn sng p vo b. Hy ly mt th d, khi mt trng thy mt hnh tng, nu y ch l mt "s thy", th cng s c ngha l khng cho php cc th "hnh tng trng thy c" thm nhp vo tm thc i vi cc gic quan khc c ng vy. Nu khng lm c nh th v cc th cm tnh nh toi nguyn v bt toi nguyn hin ra sau , th qu v cng nn c gng dng li y! Khng c cho cc th cm tnh y chuyn thnh s thm mun. Nu mi s dng li y th vn c th gi c s thanh thn. Tri li nu chng ta c cho chng tip tc pht trin bin thnh cm tnh toi nguyn, th tc khc ngay vo lc y "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" s hin ra. Hoc nu phn ng y l mt cm tnh bt toi nguyn th kh au s hin ra. V y c ngha l khng gi c s thanh thn. Tm li ngha trong cu "gi c s thanh thn" do Hu Nng a ra rt ph hp vi tinh thn tu tp do c Pht ging dy, tc l khng c bm vu vo bt c th g xem y l "ci ti" v ci "ca ti". Nu chng ta khng bm vu vo bt c th g c th ly g c th lm xao ng v mang li s hoang mang cho chng ta c. Thay v ch bit chy theo cc s vt to ra s bn lon cho mnh th chng ta nn gi ly s thanh thn. Chng ta phi c gng to ra cho mnh tnh khng v y l mt th g tht xng ng cho chng ta hoi vng. Nu ni rng c mt th tnh khng c th mang li s nh ch, s tinh khit, s minh bch v s an bnh th y cng vn cn l mt cch ni s dng cc thut ng quy c. Bi v nu thc s l tnh khng th ch ton l tnh khng, ch c mt th duy nht y m thi v nht thit n khng phi l mt th nguyn nhn no c nhm mang li bt c mt th g c. Ci tnh khng y l c Pht, l Dhamma, l Sangha, l s tinh khit, minh bch, l s an bnh v nit-bn... tt c u hin hu chnh trong ci th dng bt bin y. Nu c tip tc bo rng tnh khng l nguyn nhn to ra ci ny hay ci kia th y s l bng chng cho thy chng ta cha t n ch ti thng, bi v nu t c

72 cp bc y th s chng cn c g m lm na (nu t c tnh khng ch tht th s khng cn c g khc m t c na, nu gi s cn c mt ci g khc t c th nht nh y phi l mt s tht li v s khng cn phi l tnh khng na). Gi c s thanh thn th c Pht, Dhamma, Sangha, s tinh khit, s minh bch, s an bnh, nibban,...tt c s hin hu trong th dng bt bin y. Hoang Po (Hong B) s dng mt phng php tht n gin gip nhng ngi gp qu nhiu kh khn trong vic tm hiu tnh khng: ng a ra mt cu nh sau: "Hy th nhn vo mt hi nhi trc khi n c hnh thnh". Ti cng rt mun lp li cu y vi tt c qu v ang ngi y. Qu v th nhn vo tm thc ca mt hi nhi trc khi n c hnh thnh xem ci tm thc y ca n ang u? (trc khi hin hu tc l trc khi ng un kt hp to ra mt c th th c th y cha c ci tm thc c th hm cha "ci ti", c ng cha c nm th cu hp - ng un - cho n c th gi y l ci "ca ti", do ci "tm thc" trong th dng nguyn sinh trc khi mt c th c cu to s phi trng khng v nhng th y tc v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti"). Nu qu v gii p c cu hi trn y th nht nh qu v cng s tm thy tnh khng tht d dng, chng khc g nh qu v ly tay s vo vin kim cng trn trn mnh.

Kt lun
Tm li, ch v tnh khng bao hm tt c gio hun Pht Gio bi v chnh c Pht ht th bng tnh khng (hin hu, trng tn v sng trong tnh khng). Tnh khng va l mt s hiu bit l thuyt, va l mt s luyn tp v cng li va l qu mang li t s luyn tp y. D hc hi bt c th g (tng phi no, hc phi no, kinh sch no...) th cng u phi hc hi tnh khng; nu luyn tp th y cng l phng tin nhm gip mang li qu to ra bi tnh khng; nu tip nhn c qu th y cng s l tnh khng, tm li l sau cng ngi ta s t c mt th g v cng xng ng. Tht vy, khng c g c th vt hn tnh khng c. Khi thc hin c n, tt c cc kh khn u chm dt. Tnh khng khng trn, khng di cng khng bt c mt ni no c. Ti cng chng bit phi ni g hn, v th tt nht l ti xin cm ming li! n gin chng ta ch cn bit rng tnh khng l nim phc hnh ti thng (Buddhadasa tr li cch ni thng tnh v quy c ca nhng ngi th tc ni vi nhng ngi th tc nhm khuyn khch h "mnh dn" bc vo Con ng. Th nhng trong cc cu kt lun sau cng di y Buddhadhasa s nm v pha h mt chic dy thng lng li h tr v con ng thng a n tnh khng hay nit-bn ch tht). D sao th qu v cng cn phi c gng hiu c mt cch ng n cc cu sau y: "Nibban (nit-bn) l nim phc hnh ti thng", "Nibban l tnh khng ti thng". Khng nn lm ln ch "phc hnh" trn y vi nim hnh phc m qu v c th tng cm nhn c - c mt hc phi mang hnh thc tn gio pht trin trc c thi k ca c Pht, tng tin rng nibban l im tt nh ca khoi lc dc tnh, tng t nh trng hp ca mt s hc phi khc (du-gi) tin rng cc th dng tinh t ca thin nh chnh l

73 mt nim hnh phc ti thng. c Pht mong mun chng ta phi thc c l phi tuyt i lnh xa nhng th y d bng bt c phng tin no: d y l cch chn thnh phn ca s t b (nekkhamadhtu) (xut gia) nh mt phng tin trnh khi dc tnh, d y l cch chn thnh phn mang tnh cch phi-vt-cht (arupadhtu / immateriality) nh mt phng tin trnh khi php lng su vo thin nh tm thy cc th dng vt-cht-tinht (fine-material plane / cc loi cm gic thanh thot, lng lng v an bnh to ra bi thin nh), v sau ht d y l cch chn thnh phn ca s tt ngh (nirodhadhtu) nh l phng tin trnh khi tt c mi th mang tnh cch tri buc (conditionn / conditioned / c l nn dng ch conditionnant hay conditioning th thch nghi hn, bi v tt c cc hin tng trong v tr - trong gm c c chng ta - va "t tri buc" ln nhau v cng va lm nguyn nhn "to tc" ra nhng hin tng khc - th d nh chng ta c th to ra mi th chuyn. Do th gii ca mi hin tng khng nht thit mang tnh cch th ng m tht ra cng rt tch cc v ch ng, tuy rng lun b chi phi bi cc quy lut tng-lin v nguyn-nhn-hu-qu. Chn thnh phn tt ngh l cch thot ra khi tnh cch va "tri buc" li va "to tc" ca th gii hin tng). y chnh l cch khin cho tt c mi th loi hoang mang tm thn u phi hi t (tan bin) vo tnh khng. D cho qu v c thu trit c nhng g va trnh by hay khng, v d cho qu v c em nhng th y ra luyn tp hay khng, th y cng l chuyn ca qu v. Bn phn ca ti l gii thch mi s vt ng l nh th, cn v s hiu bit v lnh hi, cng nh vic luyn tp th y l trng trch ca tng qu v. Hm nay ti xin chm dt y.

74

Phn III

Phi luyn tp nh th no thng tr trong tnh khng


Trong bui thuyt trnh ln th hai va qua, ti gii thch th no l tnh khng. V th hm nay thit ngh ch cn trnh by v cc cch luyn tp nhm gip thng tr trong tnh khng mt iu m tt c mi ngi u c th thc hnh c, k c nhng ngi cha c hc hi nhiu v kinh in Pht Gio hoc khng c cn bn hc vn cao.

Nhp
c th hiu c "thng tr trong tnh khng" l g th phi tm hiu cn k ngha ca mt vi t nh: "hiu bit", "thc hin", "qun thy minh bch", "thng tr trong...", "tr nn trng khng". Di y l cch nh ngha thng dng ca cc t ny: Hiu bit = c ngha l hiu bit tnh khng Thc hin = c ngha l thc hin tnh khng Qun thy minh bch = c ngha l qun thy minh bch tnh khng Thng tr trong... = c ngha l thng tr trong tnh khng Tr nn trng khng = c ngha l tr nn trng khng trong tnh khng, hay tr thnh tnh khng. Vy u l nhng kha cnh khc bit v tinh t c th gip phn bit cc t v cc cch din t trn y? Chng ta phi hiu nh th no v ngha ca tng ch v tng cch din t y ty theo cc bi cnh v trng hp khi chng c nhc n?

Tm hiu tnh khng


Nu bo rng chng ta "hiu tnh khng", th tc khc mi ngi s ngh rng chng ta tng c dp c hc hi v nghin cu v ch ny. Th nhng nu khng c gng suy ngh xa hn th chng ta cng s khng th no hiu c tnh khng mt cch ng n c. Theo ngha trong Dhamma (o Php) th ch "hiu bit" khng phi l mt s hiu bit nh vo nghin cu, nghe ging, hay nh vo bt th g khc i loi nh th. Nu ch da vo cch hiu bit nh va k (tc nh vo s hc hi) th d cho chng ta c qu quyt cho rng mnh th u trit tng tn i na, th n vn cha phi l mt s hiu bit hon

75 ho. Theo cch ni thng thng th cc ch "bit" v "hiu" ch n gin phn nh nhng g thu thp c nh vo vic c sch, nghe ging, suy ngh hay cch suy lu n l-gic (s hp l). i vi tnh khng th tt c cc cch trn y khng th no gip mang li s hiu bit ng tht c. "Hiu tnh khng" c ngha l thc c tnh khng vi mt tm thc khi n tht s trng khng (trong thin hc th ngi ta gi y l mt s hiu bit - hay qun thy - bng trc gic, tuy nhin phi ni rng cch gii thch ca Buddhadasa trn y c th v d hiu hn nhiu. Trong thin hc ngi ta thng quanh co tm nhng phng tin gin tip chn ng s suy ngh v hiu bit quy c "qun nhn bng trc gic", th nhng nhiu ngi b "khng" li v khng thu trit c "qun nhn bng trc gic" l g v y cng ch l mt cch bt h phi quay tr li vi cc thut ng quy c). c th hiu c tnh khng l g th phi cm nhn c tnh khng ngay vo lc thc c n (bng trc gic nu ni theo thin hc): y l giy pht xy ra mt s cm nhn trc tip. y l g m ngi ta gi l "hiu bit tnh khng". Cng c th xy ra trng hp chng hn nh khi c nghe ni n mt th g i ln v sau th ti p tc suy ngh thm v chuyn y, v cui cng th tm thc nh quen vi li suy ngh l -gic ca n nn s cho rng chuyn y l ng, v trn thc t th cng c th xy ra trng hp l ng tht nh th. Tuy nhin y cng vn cha phi l s hiu bit m chng ta cp trn y (tc s "hiu bit" trc tip vt ln trn s hc hi). Nhng g va gii thch cng ch l mt s hiu bit v thu trit theo ngha thng th ng v cc ch y. Do ti cng xin qu v hy ghi nh ngha c th ca ch "hiu bit" trong gio hun Pht Gio ("hiu bit" trong gio hun Pht Gio l mt s "nhn bit" hay "qun thy" bng trc gic vt ln trn cc ngn t v cc cch din t quy c, chng hn nh Ma-ha Cadip mm ci khi c Pht cm mt cnh hoa a ln. c Pht v Ca-dip c hai khng ni ln mt li no). "Hiu bit Dhamma" c ngha l Dhamma tht s ang hin hu v ng thi chng ta cng ang thc c s hin hu . C ng th , hiu bit tnh khng c ngha l th c c tnh khng ang hin l. Chnh v th m ti lun khuyn mi ngi phi thng xuyn thc c tnh khng bt c lc no m n hin ra trong tm thc mnh, d y cha phi l tnh khng tht hon ho v ton din i na. Thc ra, tnh khng pht l nhiu ln trong mt ngy, v d cha tht s ng l tnh khng bn vng v tuyt i i na th n cng vn ng cho chng ta theo di v tm hiu. Nu ngay t u (trong vic luyn tp) m chng ta bit quan tm n th dng tnh khng y (d cha c hon ho) th chng ta c ng c th lm pht sinh ra c mt s thch th no khi cm thy mnh trng khng (mt thong gic ng tht nh), v iu cng s gp phn khng t gip chng ta t c tnh khng ch tht (sau ny). Tm li, "hiu bit tnh khng" c ngha l thc c tnh khng khi n hin l ra (cch gii thch v s "hiu bit" trong o Php trn y va gin d li va chnh xc v nht l kho lo hn nhiu so vi cch m cc v thin s s dng cc cng n gii thch cng mt s "hiu bit" y, v gi n l s nhn thc, qun thy, nhn bit... bng trc gic. S kho lo v tuyt vi ca Buddhadasa l cch s dng cc thut ng rt thng thng gii thch nhng g tht cao siu v kh nm bt. Cc cng n ch l nhng cch gii thch "khng-gii-thch", do d d cc cng n y c gip ich c

76 nhiu ngi, th nhng cng c th lm cho nhiu ngi khc ri vo s hoang mang nu h khng sc nm bt). i vi cch din t "nhn thy minh bch tnh khng" (voir clairement la vacuit / seing emptiness clearly) th cng tng t nh cch hiu trn y. y l cch nhn thy ngy cng minh bch hn v chnh xc hn. Khi no chng ta th c c tnh khng ca chnh tm thc th chng ta cng nn suy t v n, tp trung s ch tm vo n cho n khi no t c mt s qun thy trong sng, sc bn, v s qun thy y cng s c th gi l mt s "hiu bit thm su" (Buddhadasa s trnh by su sc v chi tit hn v tnh khng hay s trng khng ca chnh tm thc trong cc on sau, v y chnh l nit-bn. S d nu ln ghi ch ny l c nhc ngi c nn lu tm n s trng khng ca chnh tm thc hu c th nhn thy qu trnh v vic luyn tp a n nit-bn m Buddhadasa s trnh by trong phn di y. Tht th khi ni n s qun thy tnh khng th phn ng t nhin ca chng ta l phng tng ra tnh khng ca mi s vt v qun rng chnh tm thc mnh cng l mt s trng khng). i vi cch hiu ca cu "thc hin tnh khng" (raliser la vacuit / realize the emptiness) th cng tng t nh trng hp va trnh by. y l thi im xy ra s thc hin (s lo sng ca trc gic). i vi cch pht biu quy c th chng ta c th bo rng chng ta thc hin c tnh khng, th nhng trn thc t th chnh tm thc (spirit) thc hin c vic y. Tri thc (consciousness) gi vai tr ch th " thc" v "thc hin" tnh khng (s chnh xc ngy cng gia tng: "chng ta" thc hin c tnh khng, th nhng tht ra th tm thc thc hin, v trong ci tm thc y th thnh phn tri thc gi vai tr thc hin. Nu suy ngh k hn na th chng ta cng s nhn thy tnh cch cu hp ca cc ch "chng ta", "tm thc"... v k c "tri thc" nu xem tnh khng l mt th g khc m n thc hin c. S sai lm ca chng ta l cch "v c nm" cn c vo y - tc l a cc th cu hp - nh l mt tng th t nhn din n l "ci chng ta" hay "ci ca chng ta"). Thut ng "thng tr trong tnh khng" (demeurer dans la vacuit / abiding with the emptiness) c dch t ting Pa-li sunnatavihara, v c ngh l "s ng v ht th bn trong a s thc thng xuyn v tnh khng". Sau ht l cc cu "l tnh khng" hay "tr thnh trng khng" (tre vide / being empty) c ngha l g? Cc cu ny hm cha ngha l khng c m t cm tnh no v "ci ti" hay ci "ca ti" c, v chng ch l mt th cm tnh pht sinh t s bm vu (ngc li vi tnh khng). Loi b c cm tnh y tc l "tr thnh trng khng". Th nhng ci g trng khng? Xin nhc li, y l tm thc trng khng (nu bo rng "ti" trng khng hay "chng ta" trng khng th "ci ti" vn cn l l ra y), n trt b c cm tnh v "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" trong c hai th dng th thin cng nh tinh t ca n. Nu tm thc khi tr thnh trng khng n mt mc m th dng tinh t ca "ci ti" c ng khng c n, th lc c th ni rng tm thc chnh "l tnh khng". Cch ni cng trng hp vi ch trng ca cc hc phi Pht Gio khc (cc hc phi thin hc), v theo cc hc phi ny

77 tm thc l tnh khng, tnh khng l tm thc; tnh khng l c Pht, c Pht l tnh khng, tnh khng l o Php, o Php l tnh khng. Tt c cng ch l mt. Hng h sa s nhng th m chng ta hiu bit cng ch l tnh khng. Ti s c gng tip tc phn tch thm di y v ch "trng khng" hu lm sng t hn v ch ny.

Vy tnh khng l g
Ch "trng khng" hay ch "tnh khng" tht s l ch nh hai th khc nhau, hay ng hn l hai c tnh khc nhau. Trc ht n ch nh c tnh ca tt c mi hin tng (xin nhc li y c ng l cch hiu ch yu v ch tnh khng theo cc hc phi i Tha). Ti xin qu v hy nh rng tt c mi hin tng u l tnh khng. Ngoi ra c nn ghi nh thm l mi khi ti ng ni n "tt c mi hin tng" th y c ngha l bao g m tt c cc vt th vt cht cng nh tm thn; hon ton tt c, t mt ht bi cho n nibban (khi ni n tt c mi hin tng th phn ng u tin ca chng ta l ngh n nhng g xy ra chung quanh chng ta, y chng qua bi v cm tnh v "ci ti" chi phi chng ta qu mnh - c ng th hay khng? Nu s kim ta ca "ci ti" c ni lng bt i th chng ta cng s c th phn ng t nhin hn v d dng hn hiu rng chnh mnh v nhng g hin hin ra trong tm thc mnh cng ch l cc hin tng, v cng khng khc g nh cc hin tng "v ngha" v "trng khng" khc trong v tr ). Phi thc tht r l mt ht bi cng hm cha tnh khng hay l s vng mt ca ci ng, tc l s vng mt ca mt thc th trng tn v c lp. Vng, bc, kim cng cng u hm cha chung mt c tnh v s vng mt y ca mt thc th bt bin. Cc vt th tm thn - nh t duy, gic cm, xc cm - u mang c tnh ca tnh khng, tc vng mt mt thc th trng tn v c lp (c lp y c ngha l t n khng hin hu c, y ch l hu qu ca s tng tc v tng kt gia nhiu hin tng khc to ra nguyn nhn a n s hin hu ca n, v s hin hu tm thi ca n cng ch l mt hin tng c sinh ra v n s tng tc v ni kt vi cc hin tng khc tr thnh mt nguyn nhn khc lm pht sinh ra cc hin tng khc). Vic nghin cu v luyn tp Dhamma (o Php) cng mang cng mt c tnh nh th tc l s vng mt ca mt thc th trng tn v c lp. i vi vic thc hin c Con ng, qu ca Con ng v nit-bn, th tt c cng mang cng mt c tnh y - ch v chng ta khng qun thy c m thi. Mt con chim s bay ngang trn u chng ta c ng mang c tnh ca tnh khng, th nhng ch v chng ta khng nhn thy ci tnh khng y ca n m thi. Ti mong rng qu v hy lun suy ngh n iu ny chim nghim, qun xt, suy t, cho n khi no c th nhn thy c l tt c u hm cha ci c tnh y ca tnh khng v hiu rng trc y chng ta hon ton m tt v s kin y. Tm li th ai l nhng ngi ng b ch trch? C phi l chnh chng ta hay khng? Chng hn nh cu - cn gi l cng n - rt quen thuc ca thin hc Zen nh sau: "Mt ci thng gi c ng t bo rng mnh l o Php". Ci ci thng y biu l ci tnh khng ca n, ci tnh khng m n chia s vi tt c mi th khc, th nhng mi ngi li khng nhn ra c s biu l , khng hiu c nhng li gio hun ca Dhamma (o Php) v s kin , cng khng nghe thy

78 nhng li tuyn b ca tnh khng. y l ngh tin kh i nht ca ch "trng khng" a lin h n tt c mi hin tng. ngha th hai ca ch "trng khng" lin quan n cc c tnh ca tm thc khi tm thc loi b c mi s nm bt v bm vu. Qu v nn ghi nh iu ny: tm thc trong trng thi bnh th ng lun trng khng v "ci ti", th nhng s d n khng thc c l n trng khng chng qua l v n th ng xuyn b bn lon v b bao ph bi cc ngh mang tnh cch khi nim (pense conceptuelle / conceptual thought) sinh ra v c nui dng bi nhng s tip xc gic cm. Tm li l tri thc khng thc c tnh khng ca chnh n v c tnh khng ca tt c mi hin tng. Th nhng mi khi tm thc trt b hon ton c nhng g bao ph n - tc l s u m v cc th nm bt v bm vu vo cc ngh sai lm - v trnh xa c hn nhng th y, th nh vo s khng-bm-vu y m n s tr thnh tnh khng. Do c hai th tnh khng tng quan vi nhau: "tnh khng ca tm thc khngbm-vu" v "tnh khng ca tt c mi hin tng" (tnh khng ca "ni tm" v tnh khng "bn ngoi"). V s kin tt c mi hin tng tht s u mang c tnh v s vng mt ca "ci ti", tc l mt thc th trng tn v c lp hu c th nm bt hay bm vu vo y, nn chng ta c ng nh m c th nhn thy c s tht v tnh khng. Tht vy, nu chng khng trng khng v ci ng ca chng th khng th no c th nhn ra c ci tnh tnh khng ca chng (mt s suy lun v cng l-gic). Tuy th, d cho tt c mi hin tng u trng khng th nhng chng ta li nhn thy chng khng-trng-khng. Tm thc b che khut bi mt mn bao ph kn mt lm cho n b u m nn khin n c th m nm bt tt c v bm vu vo tt c ri xem y l ci ng. Mt ht bi cng khng tha! Mt ht bi d b t xu c ng v n c c xem l mt thc th c lp, v v th nn mt "ngi khc" l mt "mt ngi khc" nht nh khng phi l "ti". Chng ta dn vo trn ca "ngi y" mt nhn hiu no , v dn lun cc nhn hiu khc cho cc th chung quanh chng ta v c bn trong chng ta - y l ci ny, l ci kia - v c th chng ta nhn mi s vt u hm cha mt thc th trng tn v c lp (cch "suy ngh" v "qun thy" ca chng ta l cch ph v hin thc ra tng mnh vn xc nh v t tn cho tng "mnh mt" xem y l "tng th" mt, mang mt "thc th" ring bit). Chnh v l do nn th t ht sc quan trng phi thu trit mt cch ng n ch "trng khng" l g. Mt cch vn tt th trc ht y c ngha l hiu c rng tnh khng ch l mt c tnh ca tm thc khi n khng bm vu vo bt c th g (c tnh ca mt tm thc thc hin c tnh khng). Kha cnh th nht y ca tnh khng l mt i tng ca s hiu bit m n t thc hin c cho chnh n. i vi kha cnh tnh khng th hai th l c tnh ca chnh tm thc khi n trng khng v thc hin c s tht ca tnh khng (tm thc tr thnh chnh tnh khng). V th khi tm thc nhn thy tnh khng ca tt c mi s vt th tm thc t n s tan bin ht v ch cn lu li tnh khng (khi mi hin tng tr thnh trng khng trong tm thc th tm thc cng l mt hin tng nn n cng s tr thnh trng khng nh s trng khng ca nhng hin tng khc m n qun nhn c, nhng g cn li l mt s trng khng ton din v tuyt i). Tm thc s tr

79 thnh chnh tnh khng v s nhn thy tt c ch ton l trng khng, t mt ht bi cho n nit-bn. Khi no thc hin c mt cch hon ho s thc th cc v t th vt cht, con ngi, th vt, thi gian, khng gian, tc l mi th loi dhamma, tt c u s tan vo tnh khng. y l ngha ca ch "trng khng".

S tt ngh ca ci ti
Nhng g ti trnh by cho n y c l cng gip qu v t mnh hiu c hay nhn thy c rng ngh c a ch "trng khng" c a ng tng ng nh s tt ngh tuyt i ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", s hy dit hon ton cm tnh cho rng mnh l mt c th con ngi tch ri ra khi th gii. "Ci ti" ch l mt s to dng tm thn. N s hin ra khi c s nm bt v bm vu xy ra trong tm thc. Th nhng chng ta li khng nhn vo s to dng y nh l mt th g trng khng m chng ta li trng thy n nh l "ci ti", do l v s nm bt v bm l vu y trong tm thc b chi phi bi u m. V tm thc u m - tc l khng nhn bit c s tht - th t nhin s sinh ra bm vu. Chng ta khng h c tnh to ra s bm vu hay ch tm lm pht sinh ra "ci ti". Khi tm thc u m th khng th no trnh khi s cm nhn c mi th hin tng hin ra vi tnh cch l nhng thc th c lp, khng nht thit bt buc phi cn n mt nh mang tnh cc ch tm no c (nu "ci ti" l mt s "c tnh" th tng i s d loi b n, th nhng nu "ci ti" l mt hu qu hin ra mt cch t nhin t mt tm thc u m th s rt kh c th loi b c n). Nu thc hin c mt s hiu bit ch tht v nhn thy mi s vt ng tht l nh th th cng nh s nhn ra tnh khng cng ch ng phi l g khc hn l s tt ngh hon ton ca ci ng. Do cng c th nu ln nguyn tc cho rng s "trng khng" cng chnh l s tt ngh tuyt i ca ci ng. V th n y chng ta c ng nn tm hi u xem "s tt ngh tuyt i" tht s c ngha l g. Mt s tt ngh khng tuyt i v mt s tt ngh tuyt i s khc nhau nh th no? S tt ngh khng tuyt i ch n thun l mt s thay i hnh t ng; th d mt hnh tng cho thy r rng l n tt ngh, th nhng trn thc t th n vn cn lu l i mt mm mng no lm nguyn nhn cho s pht sinh ra mt hnh tng khc, v do s nm bt v bm vu vn cn tn lu trong tm thc ( bm vu vo ci mm mng y). Khi tri thc nhn bit s tht - tc l s hiu bit Dhamma - cha t n ch ti hu th n cng s cha hi kh nng lm chm dt c mt s hnh thc bm vu no trong mt s trng hp no . Th d mt s ngi c th s cho rng ht bi b t xu chng c mt thc th c lp no c, nhng mt con chim s th nht nh l phi c. Mt s ngi khc th cho rng cy c v th vt khng c mt thc th c lp, nhng con ngi th c. Trong s nhng ngi cho rng con ngi l mt thc th c lp hm cha mt ci ng, th cng c mt s cho rng thn xc l v ng nh ng tm th c th hu ng. y l nhng g

80 gi l mt s tt ngh khng tuyt i (khng c trn vn v hon ton). Mt s th dng th tt ngh th nhng i mt s th dng khc th vn c ngi xem l c ci ng (th d nh trng hp m Buddhadasa va nu ln trn y: thn xc tt ngh th nhng "linh hn" th trng tn nh c "ci ng", y l nhng s hiu bit cha t n ch ti hu), v k c trng hp c ngi mc d cho rng tm thc khng c ci ng th nhng li xem mt s phm tnh no ca tm thc th c ci ng, th d nh o c chng hn. Hoc l ngi ta cng c th cho rng o c khng c "ci ti" th nhng nhng g v t ra khi thi gian, th d nh thnh phn nibban, th hu ng (cng xin php c nhc li l nibban - nitbn - cng ch l mt i tng cm nhn ca tm thc, do n cng ch l mt hin tng nh cc hin tng khc, v th n phi l v ng). Cc hnh thc tt ngh khng c hon ton nh trn y lun lun lu li mt ht mm (c th lin tng n "vt hn" ca nghip trn dng lu chuyn ca tri thc). Tm li l ch khi no xa ht tt c mi th, k c thnh phn nibban, nh l nhng th khng hm cha ci ng, th y mi l mt s tt ngh ch tht v tuyt i ca ci ng. Tm li s "tt ngh tuyt i ca ci ng" c ngh l s khng cn mt s hin hin a no ca mt tri thc hm cha "ci ti" na. Trn phng din thc hnh th y l cch phi ngn chn s hin hin ca n, v phi da vo y luyn tp tht ng n v kin tr. S ngn chn khng cho tr thc hm cha "ci ti" c th hin hin cng c th gi l s "tt ngh tuyt i ca ci ng". Mt s luyn tp ng n khng ch trch c l mt s luyn tp nhm loi b vnh vin tri thc v mt ci ng - ni mt cch khc l khng cho s thc c th hin ln bt c lc no.

S sinh ca ci ti
Nhng g c gii thch n y c l cng mi ngi c th hiu c th no l "s sinh ra ci ti". S sinh y khng lin quan g n s sinh ra i ca mt hi nhi, m l s sinh bn trong bu khng gian rng ln ca tm thc. Do ti cng xin qu v c gng lu l cm tnh cho rng "y l ti" hin ra - tc sinh ra bn trong tm thc - l s sinh m chng ta ang cp, y khng phi l s sinh ca mt thn th vt cht (dng l khng nn lm ln vi mt s ti sinh thuc chu k lun hi). Cng nn hiu tht r rng d cho thn th vt cht c sinh ra t trong bng m th nhng ngi ta vn c th xem s sinh th xc y hon ton v ngha nu n khng c km thm mt s sinh mang tnh cch tm thn: tc l s sinh ca tri thc v ci ng. Thn th s ch l mt khi vt cht cho n khi no c s nm bt v bm vu vo mt ci ng c ghp thm vo y. Ch khi no c s ghp thm s nm bt v bm vu y th s sinh ra ci khi tht mi c th gi l ton vn (tht ra no b ca mt hi nhi b t u "hot ng" t trong bng m, th nhng s bm vu vo "ci ti" ca n, tc l s sinh ra ci ng, ch xy n sau ny khi a b tip xc vi bi cnh chung quanh v khi cc c quan gic cm ca n hot ng mt cch hu hiu v trn vn gip cho tm thc n thc c "ci" ti ca chnh n). Vo thi im khi s thc v ci ng hin ra vi a b, th khi ngi ta mi

81 c th ni l n th c s "sinh ra". Tm li khi no cm tnh vng mt th con ng i "cht" v tr thnh mt khi tht. Khi no khng c bt c mt th cm tnh hay gic cm no kch ng s xut hin ca ci ng th khi kh ng c s sinh - v y cng tng t nh mt ngi cht. Th nhng khi va xy ra mt s tip xc vi mt i tng gic cm v tri thc v ci ng hin ra, th tc khc mt "s sinh" mi cng s xy ra, v khng lu sau cng s xy n mt "ci cht" mi. Do ngi ta c th ni rng mi con ngi c "sinh ra nhiu ln" trong mt ngy. Php luyn tp c th sng trong tnh khng l: phi luyn tp nh th no tri thc v ci ng khng hin ra c trong ci khi tht y ( ct t s sinh). y l iu ch yu nht. Phn cn li l phi luyn tp nh th no v vo nhng lc no, tc l trong nhng bi cnh nh th no. Cc im ny s c gii thch trong phn di y. Nhm gip cho vic trnh by c d hiu hn, chng ta s phn chia vic luyn tp cn c vo ba bi cnh hay hon cnh sau y: 1) nhng lc bnh thng 2) nhng lc c s tip xc gic cm xy ra 3) v lc xy ra ci cht vt cht

1- Luyn tp trong nhng lc bnh thng


Ti sao li phi luyn tp trong nhng lc bnh thng tc l nhng khi cha xy ra s tip xc vi cc i tng gic cm? "Nhng lc bnh thng" l nhng lc sinh hot n c mt mnh, th d nh khi lm cc cng vic thng nht hay l trong nhng lc thin nh nghim chnh. Trong nhng lc nh th chng ta thng khng gp cc kh khn gy ra bi cc th tip xc gic cm. y l nhng lc ang lm mt vic g tht n gin, chng hn nh c sch, hoc suy ngh v mt chuyn g - iu thit yu l khng c cho tm thc b xao ng bi mt s tip xc gic cm no. Trong nhng lc y chng ta s suy nghim v tm hiu xem mi s vt trng khng v ci g v phi lm th no trt b tt c nhng g lm cho tm thc b u m, hu c th gii thot cho n. Nn suy t v cc chuyn y, tp luyn cho chnh mnh, hi han nhng ngi chung quanh v thng xuyn cng nhau tho lun. Phi tht kin tr. Ngoi ra cng c th thc hin bng mt con ng tt dnh cho nhng ngi th tc, nht l nhng ngi cha c dp quy y hoc hc hi Kinh Sch, k c nhng ngi khng bit c. D sao th cch luyn tp ny c ng mang cng m t ngh v m c ch nh c a trnh by trn y: t c l hiu bit v tnh khng ca tt c mi s vt. i vi nhm ngi ny, chng ta khng nn ni n tnh khng bi v h s chng hiu g c. Chng ta ch nn n gin tp cho h bit suy t v nhng g ng chim hu v nhng g ng tr thnh nh th. Th d trong s nhng th nh: kim c nhiu tin, nhiu ca ci, danh vng, uy

82 quyn... th c th no ng cho mnh c tr thnh nh th v ng cho mnh t c n hay khng? C c n v c tr thnh nh th Trc ht chng ta phi nm vng cc ch "c c n v c tr thnh nh th" (avoir et tre / having and being) mang ngha nh th no. Cc ch ny lin quan trc tip n s nm bt v bm vu. Cc ch "c c n" hay "chim hu c n" c ngha l chng ta nm bt mt th g v xem y l ca mnh. Th d chng ta em kim cng v n trang cht y mt gian phng th nhng khng nm bt mt th no c, khng h c mt my may cm tnh no v s chim hu nhng th y, tng t nh chng ta chng h c chng. Ci ng qu ang s s ra y th nhng i vi chng ta th n chng mang mt gi tr g c. Tri li nu nm bt vo khi nim v mt "ci ti" th tc khc s pht sinh ra ngay cc ngh nh sau: "Ti c n, n l c a ti" - nh th gi l "c n" hay "chim hu" c n. Nn hiu cc ch ny ng theo ngha trn y. Ti li xin lp li vi qu v thm mt ln na cu hi c nu ln trc y: vy th ci g ng cho chng ta c n, chim hu c n? Ci g sau khi tr thnh ca qu v m khng mang n cho qu v kh au? Tuyt i bt c g hin hu u s thiu t, m thng, bp ngt, ct cht, bao ph v bp ngi chim hu c n, ngay vo lc m n tr thnh s hu ca ngi y (tuyt vi thay mt s nhn xt! Chim hu nhng g "t bn ngoi" s em n cho mnh kh au l mt iu kh d nhn thy. Chim hu nhng g "t bn trong" tng i t c ai ch : tht th thn xc v tm thc "ca chng ta" ang bc chy v s thiu ri chng ta ch v chng ta ang nm bt v bm vu vo chng nh l chnh "chng ta". Chng ta c bao gi lo bun, hy vng, s hi, yu thng, m c cm, hnh din, soi gng ngm ngha dung nhan ca mnh hay khng? y l "ci ti" v ci "ca ti" ang thiu t chng ta y). Th nhng nu nh ci ng qu cht y trong gian phng khng gi ln bt c mt cm tnh chim hu hay xc nh no (l ca ti), th cng s khng c mt vt bng no, mt s bp ngt no hay mt s bp no c. y l iu m ngi ta gi l "khng c n" v "khng tr thnh nh th". Vy th nhng g c th gii thot chng ta khi kh au khi chng ta chim mt ci g lm s hu hay l khi chng ta tr thnh nh th? Mi khi m cm tnh c c n hay c tr thnh hin ra th d l mnh ang trong gian phng cht y qu hay ang gia mt khu rng hoang hoc ang vo pha bn kia a cu, th chng ta c ng khng th no trnh c kh au. Nu qu v c con ci sng nc ngoi v nu qu v c bm vu vo ci ti ca mnh th qu v cng s hiu rng d con ci ni xa xi th nhng chng vn c th lm cho qu v mt n mt ng, k c gy ra tnh trng khng hong tinh thn cho qu v? Do ti khuyn qu v nn thng xuyn suy ngh xem nh ng g ng cho m nh bm vu v nhng g ng cho mnh c tr thnh nh th. Th hi c chng mt th g m khi mnh chim hu c n hay c tr thnh nh th m li khng mang li kh au

83 cho mnh hay khng? Khi no chng ta nhn thy c s tht - rng khng c bt c mt th g trong th gii ny ng cho chng ta phi kh s v cc hu qu mang li t cm tnh "c c n" hay "c tr thnh nh th" - th khi chng ta mi c th tr nn dng dng i vi tt c mi s vt c. D phi lm mt vic g - thu dn c, sp xp cng vic, gom gp cc vt dng, tiu xi... hoc bt c th g khc, th chng ta cng ch nn lm nhng g cn phi lm. C ngha l khng nn cho tm thc cm thy rng n c c ci ny hay tr thnh nh th kia! Qu v nn gi tm thc lun ph hp vi nguyn tc: "hnh ng nhng khng c ch th hnh ng" (l'action sans l'acteur / doerless doing): Hnh ng c hon tt, th nhng khng h c mt ch th no hnh ng c Con ng i ht, th nhng chng h c mt ngi no bc i trn con ng Cc li pht biu y ca c Pht l nhm gi ln hnh nh ca mt v A-la-hn, mt Sinh Linh t c s thc hin, tu tp Dhamma, i trn Con ng Cao Qu (Bt Chnh o) v t c nibban. Th nhng ni v y khng h cn lu l i bng dng ca mt ngi tu tp hay ca mt ngi ang i no c. Nguyn tc "hnh ng nhng khng c ch th hnh ng" phi c thu trit v em ra p dng vo i sng thng nht ca mnh. D ang n, ang thi n nh, ang ng, c ang i hay lm vic, hoc lm bt c mt cng vic g, th chng ta ng ph i cn thn khng cho cm tnh ca ci ti hin ln, tc l cm tnh cho thy chnh "ti" ang hnh ng, ang n, ang lm vic, v.v... Chng ta phi thng xuyn trt b "ci ti" ra khi tm thc mnh, hu tnh khng c th tr thnh mt th dng t nhin gip chng ta lun thc c rng khng c bt c g ng cho chng ta c n hay tr thnh bt c mt th g. Chng ta c th va tu tp Dhamma va hon tt mt cch bnh thng cc cng vic hng ngy d chng c bt buc chng ta phi thng xuyn di chuyn ht ni ny n ni khc cng th. Khng c bt c mt l do g bt buc chng ta phi tch ri Dhamma ra khi cuc sng thng nht ca mnh. Ha nhp c hai th (o Php v cuc sng thng nht) vo nhau l mt php tp luyn vo mt cp bc tht cao. Nu s ch tm lun hin din v kt hp vi s thc minh bch v v ng, th chng nhng mi cng vic s c hon tt mt cch hon ho v khng sai lm, m ng thi Dhamma s cn c pht huy thm v s tr nn vng vng hn trong tim m Khng tm cch c c ci ny c nh. ng khng t m cch chim gi ci kia phi l th dng bnh thng ca tm thc. Tm cch i ph khng "tr thnh nh th" l mt vic tng i d dng. Qu v hy suy ngh nh th ny: c mt th dng no m sau khi t c n m n li khng mang li au kh hay khng? Phi lun t hi nh th suy t, y l mt phng php tht hu hiu. Ch "tr thnh nh th" (tre / being) cng ging nh ch "c c n" (avoir / have) hay "chim hu" c n (obtenir / gain) ch mang mt ngh no trong tr ng a hp "tr thnh nh th" i km theo mt s nm bt v bm vu vo ngh "ti l nh th" (je suis / I am). Nu ang gia mt gian phng cht y vng th nhng chng ta khng pht l mt cm tnh no v s chim hu c, th cng s chng c mt ngh no v s kin "c

84 c n" hay "tr thnh nh th". D trn phng din lut php, cc quyn t hu cng nh cc quy c do tp th x hi thit t c mang mt gi tr no i na, th nhng chng ta cng nn c gng t trong thm tm khng cho nhng th s tht tng i y la phnh mnh khin cho mnh c tng y l nhng s tht tuyt i (mt cu ni ng suy ngh: ch nn bm vu vo ci quyn s hu ca mnh, vo cc quy c x hi, vo lut php c cho l bo v mnh, bi v s bm vu y cng ch l mt hnh thc ngy th v di dt, mt cch t la phnh mnh m thi). Th d, khi mt ngi ph n sinh ra mt a b, th theo cch suy ngh th ng tnh ng nhin c th bo rng ngi ph n y tr thnh mt ngi m. Bi v nu khng t cho rng mnh l mt ngi m th mnh cng s khng phi l mt ngi m (trn thc t mnh l mt ngi m th nhng nu khng bt tm thc thc rng mnh l mt ngi m th mnh c ng s khng phi l mt ngi m). Hoc ngc li, t la di mnh bng cch tng tng ra rng mnh l mt ngi m th cng khng phi v th m mnh s tr thnh mt ngi m (tc l cc cch bm vu ca con ngi t nhn din ly mnh nh th ny hay th n, v y l s vn hnh c th ca tm tr con ngi khc hn vi th vt). Con g mi m, con ch ci m, con b ci m, v mi th m khc na, tt c t xem mnh l m (mt cch t nhin - hay "t n" l nh th - khng cn phi suy ngh hay bm vu g c) v xem tnh thng con mnh l m t s t nhin, khng cn phi to ra cm tnh y bm vu vo n: y ch l bn nng t nhin ca sinh vt (nhm gii thch thm v cch l lun kh khc trit v d nhn xt tinh t trn y, nn cng xin m n php k hu ngi c mt cu chuyn nh nh sau: mt hm ti trng thy trong ngi vn ca ti c mt con chim so va nhy cung qut trn mt cnh cy thp va pht ra nhng ting ku rt thng thit v bt thng. Ly lm l ti bn bc n gn gc cy th thy trong mt ci thng ln trng khng dng hng nc ma ti vn t bn cnh gc cy, c mt con chim so con ri trong , tuy lng nhng cha bit bay. Ti a tay nh lt nghing ci thng gip n thot ra ngoi. Cha kp nm vo ming thng th con chim m bay sm vo mt ti tn cng, ti vi vung hai tay . Con chim s hi bay tr li cnh cy v tip tc ku. Lc y ti mi c th lt nghing chic thng gii thot cho chim con. Sau khi ra thot th n chui vo mt bi cy gn , chim m bay theo ri ng st bn cnh chim con v nhn ti. Cu chuyn trn y cho thy ch cn bn nng thc y th mt con chim nh xu cng dm liu lnh chng li con ngi bo v con n. Con ngi th ngoi bn nng cn to ra thm cho mnh mi th nm bt v bm vu di mi hnh thc phc tp - th d con mnh p nht, thng minh nht, ngoan ngon nht, mnh hnh din l mt ngi m,v.v... - khin to ra thm cho mnh mi th kh au t th thin cho n tht tinh t). Nhng ai qun thy c s tht s vt ln mt mc cao hn. H bit s phi lm th no loi b mi s nm bt v bm vu pht sinh t s u m khng cho php mnh nhn thy c s tht tuyt i (tnh thng con pht sinh t bn nng l mt s tuyt i, cm tnh cho rng mnh "l mt ngi m" (tre / being) l mt s bm vu. D sao th cch lp lun v th d do Buddhadasa nu ln trn y cng kh tinh vi v kh nm bt, ngi c c th suy ngh thm mt cht xu s nhn thy c s khc bit gia bn nng t nhin v s bm vu).

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Cng c th s c mt s ngi ph n phn khng li rng: "Ti sao khng c xem chng ti l m? y l nhng g v cng tn nhn v v tnh! C phi l qu v mun chng ti khng c thng yu con ci ca chng ti hay sao?". Qu v nn lng nghe tht k nh, no c phi y l tt c nhng g m ti mun nu ln u. Ti ch mun ni rng mnh vn c th l mt ngi m, hnh ng nh mt ngi m vi tt c s qun thy trong sng v s tht ti hu ca mi s vt. Khng nht thit phi nm bt v bm vu vo cm tnh y (cho mnh l mt ngi m) th khi mnh m i l mt ngi m, v y ch l nhng g s mang li kh au. No c cn n phi cm thy bt hnh, lng mnh tan nt v n c mt xung u (mi cm thy c mnh l mt ngi m). Nim kh au pht sinh t tnh trng khng cn bit phi lm th no tr thnh mt ngi m, v cho thy mnh ch l mt ngi m hnh ng khng thch nghi vi Dhamma (xin c chp tay knh phc t tng v s nhn xt ca mt ngi tu hnh). Do , khi l mt ngi m th ng nhin s phi gnh chu ci kh au ca mt ngi m; khi l m t ngi con trai hay mt ngi con gi th mnh c ng s kh au ci kh au ca mt ngi con trai hay mt ngi con gi; khi l mt ngi cha th mnh cng phi kh au ci kh au ca mt ngi cha. Qu v hy t hi nh th ny: c lm m c phi l mt s vui thch hay khng? c lm cha c phi l mt s vui thch hay khng? Trong s qu v nu c nhng ai trng tui v nui con mnh n lc trng thnh th hy ngh li xem sao. C th tr li cu hi y i? Nu khng tr li c th bit u qu v cng c th nhn vai biu l mt s ng tnh no . c lm m c phi l mt s thch th hay khng? c lm cha c phi l mt s thch th hay khng? y l nhng iu m qu v cn phi suy ngh tht su xa, c th thc c chng mt cch tht gin d v t nhin trong nhng lc m tm thc qu v khng b xao ng bi mt s tip xc gic cm no.

C th xem l mt s vui sng khi c tr thnh mt th g , d cho y l bt c g hay khng


c tr thnh mt ngi chng c phi l mt s vui sng hay khng? c tr thnh mt ngi v c phi l mt s vui sng hay khng? Qu v hy t vn xem sao. Nhng ai tng kinh nghim trong cc vai tr y tt s phi lc u. c lm mt ngi n ng c phi l mt s thch th hay khng? c lm mt ngi ph n c phi l mt s thch th hay khng? Nu qu v bit pht huy s ch tm ca mnh tng bc mt tht ng n v kho lo nhm gip mnh nhn bit c s tht ca mi s vt, v nu s ch tm y tr nn tht tinh t v sng sut, th qu v cng s phi lc u tr li rng khng. Lm mt ngi ph n s phi kh au vi t cch mt ngi ph n; lm mt ngi n ng s phi kh au vi t cch mt ngi n ng. c lm mt a b c phi l mt s vui sng hay khng? c lm mt ngi trng thnh c phi l mt s vui sng hay khng? Nhng a tr con c th s bo rng: "C ch, thch lm", th nhng hin nay chng ta ang l nhng ngi ngi ln, hoc l

86 nhng ngi trng tui, v nu nhn li pha sau th th hi chng ta cn c th bo y l mt s vui sng hay khng? Nu c nm bt v bm vu th mt a b s phi gnh chu kh au ca mt a b, mt ngi ln s gnh chu kh au ca mt ngi ln (nhng g trnh by trn y l nh ng hnh thc bin dng ca kh au, bi v s sinh chnh n l nguyn- nhn-ci-r ca tt c mi th kh au ri). Nu y s suy lun xa hn: th c lm con ngi c phi l mt iu ng mong c hay khng? C ng tr thnh mt con ngi hay khng? Con ngi m qu v ang c, c phi l mt iu ng c n hay khng? Hay tt hn nn tr thnh mt con th? D tr thnh bt c g, mt vt th hoc mt th g ngc li vi n - th th no tt hn ht? c lm ngi, lm mt sinh linh ni a ngc, lm mt thin nhn trn tri - th th hi tt c nhng th y c ng mnh tr thnh hay khng? Tt c nhng cu hi trn y s gip chng ta, nh vo s hiu bit sng sut ca mnh, ngh li xem l mnh nh gi ng v th v vai tr ca s nm bt v bm vu trong mi tng quan gia chng ta v cc s vt cng nh ca c th gii hay khng? Nhng ai nhn thy c nhng au kh mang li t s nm bt v bm vu tt s tip tc lc u, bi v tr thnh mt con ngi s phi chu ng nhng kh au ca mt con ngi, hoc tr thnh mt thin nhn th ng s phi chu ng nhng kh au ca mt thin nhn. Nu c chng ta trng khng, khng t xem mnh l bt c mt th g c, khng phi l mt con ngi cng chng phi l mt thin nhn, th kh au ca mt con ngi cng nh kh au ca mt thin nhn c ng s khng c. Nu chng ta l con ngi hay l cc thin nhn b kim ta bi nhng xung nng ca s nm bt v bm vu, th y c phi l mt s vui sng hay khng? Tt c nhng ai th c hin c s tht cng s lc u cho bit l khng. Chng ta hy th suy lun xa hn na xem l c ng c lm mt ngi tt hay khng? C ng c lm mt ngi xu hay khng? Nu nu ln cu hi: ai mun c lm mt ngi tt, tt s c nhiu cnh tay a ln. Th nhng nhng ngi ny no c hiu c l bm vu vo s kin c lm mt ngi tt th cng s phi gnh chu kh au ca mt ngi tt, chng khc g nh m t ngi xu phi gnh chu kh au ca mt ngi xu. Nu nm bt chnh mnh v bm vu vo cm tnh c "tr thnh" mt ci g hay mt nhn vt no , th mnh cng s chng tm thy c hnh phc bi v chnh ci th dng hay nhn vt m mnh c tr thnh cng s b nghin nt di sc nng ca chnh th dng y hay nhn vt y. Nu c mt vi th dng kh au khng pht l mt cch hin nhin - bi v ch cn mt cht thch th hay xao lng tht nh nhoi xen vo cng che khut c ci kh au y - th tht ra y cng ch l mt tnh trng b nh la bi s vui sng hay cc th xao lng khc, v th ngi ta vn c mun c c n, c l nh th, c chim hu n hoc tranh u t c n vi tham vng s c tr thnh nh th ny hay th n. Tht th, thin nhin lun tm cchnh l a v gi by chng ta khin chng ta phi ri vo kh au. Sau y l mt th d tht hin nhin: s pht tn v lan truyn ca mt loi

87 sinh vt - ni cch khc l s sinh sn - l mt hnh thc kh au. Th nhng y cng ch l mt cch nh la tht kho lo (ca thin nhin) khin mi ngi nht quyt xem s sinh l mt nim hn hoan (khoa hc phn tch c qu trnh ca s sinh, mt nh t tng nhn thy c bn cht ca s sinh y, mt ngi tu hnh nhn thy c kh au tng n v bng bc bn trong ci bn cht y ca s sinh). Nu h nhn thy c s tht th tt nhin l h s khng cho thin nhin diu ct mnh n nh th. c tr thnh mt ngi tt c phi l mt s vui sng hay khng? c tr thnh mt ngi xu c phi l mt s vui sng hay khng? Hy c suy ngh i! Tuy nhin c ng c th l nn suy ngh nh th ny: c ng c tr thnh mt ngi may mn hay khng? C ng c tr thnh mt ngi thiu may mn hay khng? Nhng ai hp tp v thiu thn trng s c th vi vng tr li ngay l c may mn th nht nh s phi thch th lm ch, th nhng nhng ai tng tri qua ht mt thi k may mn th s lc u bo y l khng. Mt ngi c may mn s phi gnh chu kh au ca mt ngi tng rng mnh may mn, chng khc g nh m t ngi km may mn phi gnh chu kh au ca mt ngi km may mn. Sau ht l cc cu hi: C ng tr thnh mt ngi hnh phc hay khng? C ng tr thnh mt ngi bt hnh hay khng? S ngi tr li rng mnh mun c hnh phc s c th cn nhiu hn c s ngi tr li cho cu hi c nu ln trn y (tc l mun c may mn). Th nhng nhng ngi tng c hnh phc v tri qua ci hnh phc s lc u tr li l khng. Rt c th qu v cng khng hiu c r lm cc li gii thch trn y, do ti ng xin l p li nh sau: nhng ngi sung sng c cng phi gnh chu kh au ca nhng ngi sung sng (chnh c Pht cng tng chu ng "kh au" trong lu i do vua cha dng ln giam hm Ngi, nhng ngi trn thin ng v ni c c c lc c tht s "sung sng" theo ng vi s tng tng ca nhng i ngi cn ang s ng trn qu t ny hay khng? Hay h cng ch l nhng ngi b giam hm trong s bm vu vo "ci ti" ca h, d h ang trn a cu ny hay s vo nhng ni no khc?). Ni th qu v lun nh rng chnh x hi p t cc th tiu chun mang li hnh phc, v qu quyt rng nhng ai c tin bc, uy quyn, nhng ai c kh nng cung phng lc th cho mnh l nhng ngi hnh phc. Th nhng nu suy xt cn thn hn th chng ta cng s nhn thy l nhng ngi y tht ra rt kh au: dng nh c mt ci gai m vo da tht ca s lc th ca h. K c i vi ci phc hnh tht tinh t pht sinh t s tp trung tht mnh v lng su vo thin nh ca nhng ngi du-gi cng th, nu cm tnh cho rng "ti ang hnh phc" hin ra th y cng s l cch m nhng ngi du-gi t ly mt ci gai m vo da tht ca ci hnh phc y ca mnh v lm cho chnh mnh phi kh au. Nhng ai nm bt hnh phc mang li t vic thin nh v bm vu vo y th cng s khng trnh khi c mi th kh au. y l l do cho thy ti sao c Pht khuyn chng ta lnh xa lc th ca nhng vt th vt-cht cng nh phi -vt-cht. y l hai th chng ngi (cn gi l phin no thuc khi nim gi l "Thp i Phin No" hay samyojana, c nu ln trong mt ghi

88 ch trn y) u tin ngn chn con ng a n Gic Ng. Nu bm vu vo ngh c hnh phc, d y l mt th hnh phc lin quan n Dhamma (o Php) i na (nm bt v bm vu vo o Php nh l mt ngun hnh phc) th n cng s to ra mt ci gai tht tinh t m vo da tht khin mnh khng sao cn nhn bit c Dhammma ch tht l g na (y ch l nhng hnh thc tn ngng cc oan). Cng c th xy ra trng hp nm bt nibban v xem y l "ci ti" hay l ci hnh phc "ca ti". Trong trng hp tt nhin ngi ta s ngh rng: ti t c nibban, th nhng y cng ch l mt cch ni, bi v s kin y khng th no c th xy ra c. Bt c ai cn v ng mc trong s nm bt v bm vu s khng th no t c nibban (nu ni rng "ti" t c nit bn th ngay chnh ch "ti" y cng t co mt s u m no , mt s bm vu no , hay ni cch khc l mt s biu l r rt ca ci ng). Nu mt ngi no tht s ngh rng mnh ang hng nim phc hnh ca nibban, th y cng ch l mt th nibban gi mo. Bi v nibban ch tht do ni bn cht ca n (l tnh khng) s l mt th g khng th no c th nm bt c bng cch nh th. Vy th ch cn cch l nh phi loi b hnh phc vy! Hy gt n sang mt bn, d y l hnh phc ca tr con, ca ngi ln, ca thanh nin thiu n, ca ngi trng tui; ca nhng k quyn th, ca nhng v thin nhn, ca nhng ngi hnh thin cao thm (dugi) v k c hnh phc ca nibban (nit-bn). Nu chng ta ngh r ng: "ti ang hnh phc", th y cng phi gnh chu kh au. Nhng ai th c hin c s tht s thc c iu ( m trnh khng bm vu vo hnh phc). Ngc li nhng ngi khc s lm vo mt tnh trng hn lon trin min: h s m nhau v tham vng, v thm mun ca ci, uy quyn, lc th; hoc trn mt bnh din khc th h cng c th s ra sc phn u vi y tham vng mong cu s t c s qun thy su xa v s lng su vo thin nh hay l nhng th thc hin tm linh khc, n i khi cng phi a h vo dng tr vin. Nhng g va trnh by thit ngh cng ni ln mi th nguy him ca s nm bt v bm vu vo hnh phc. C th tr con khng hiu y l g, th nhng ngi ln th phi thc c iu y ch!

Suy t v kh au ca s sinh
n y chng ta hy tm hi u nhng cu song hnh v i ng khc (Buddhadasa mn cch trnh by v din t trong Php C Kinh - Dhammapada). C phi sinh ra l mt s vui mng hay khng? C phi ci cht l mt s vui mng hay khng? Nu phi chn mt trong hai th th qu v s chn th no? Trong hai th th th no thch th nht: sinh ra hay l cht? Nu tht s thu trit c Dhamma l g th nht nh l chng ta s lc u t cho bit l mnh chng mun th no c. Th nhng thng thng hn th khng ai mong mun ci cht, v nht nh ch mun c sinh ra. Ngi ta mun c mt s sinh khng c ci cht; hn th na: ngi ta mun cuc sng phi trng cu, hoc nu phi cht th cng phi c ti sinh. y chng phi l nhng th nm bt v bm vu hay sao? Ch khi no khng cn s sinh v ci cht v tm thc tr nn trng khng, th khi m i c s chm dt ca kh au.

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Ti sao qu v li khng suy t v nhng th y trong nhng lc ang nm hay ang i, y l nhng lc m tm thc ca qu v khng b xao ng bi nhng s tip xc gic cm (tht ra th cng c y ch, ch bt i m thi). Ngay c nhng lc ang lm mt vic g hay tr thnh mt th g th ti sao qu v li khng th nhn mi s di kha cnh trn y? ( xem s hin hu ny ca mnh c phi l kh au hay khng?). Trong nhng lc kh s v bn phn lm m khin cho mnh phi kit qu, th ti sao qu v li khng t th nhn rng y l nhng g qu bc bi? (sinh ra hay c sinh ra th cng u l kh au). D lm chng, lm v, hay bt c th g m ti nu ln trn y khi b bn lon v phi i u vi nhng chuyn nghch mnh v l do bt buc phi tr thnh mt th g (s nhn nhc, gi v...chng hn) - th ti sao qu v li khng bao gi cm thy y l nhng th v cng kh chu ? Qu v c gng t cho thy y l mt s thch th, trong lc m nc mt c mun tro ra! Qu v nn suy t su xa v s kin khng mt ai mun c s sinh cng nh s khng-sinh (non-naissance / non-birth) c bi v c hai th y u khng phi l tnh khng. D chng ta c bm vu vo s khng-sinh th y cng khng ph i l tnh khng. Sinh v khng-sinh l mt ch kh thu trit nht v cng l mt th dng kh luyn tp nht (tm c s gii thot ngay trong cuc sng ny). Gia sinh v khng-sinh, chng ta khng nn chn th no c, v nu khng nm bt chng v cng khng bm vu vo chng th chng ta s tm thy tnh khng (con ng trung o ca Long Th cng tng t nh th: khngsinh th nhng cng khng-phi-l-khng-sinh, v tr ca n nm gia s sinh v s khngsinh - y cng l mt cch tip cn vi tnh khng ni chung bng phng php t on lun ca Long Th). Chng ta cp kh y v hai ch "c c n v tr thnh nh th" v "khng c c n v cng khng tr thnh nh th". Vy tip theo y chng ta hy th tm hiu v "sinh" v "khng-sinh" xem sao. Tt nhin l chng ta s bm vu ngay vo th dng khng-sinh! Th nhng khi b c vo giai on cui cng ca vic luyn tp th chng ta cng s phi bt buc t n trnh m s hiu bit v khng-sinh ca chng ta s tan bin ht v khng ha thnh mt i tng nm bt hay bm vu no c. Chnh y l cch khin cho tnh khng hin ra, ci tnh khng y khng phi l sinh cng khng phi l khng-sinh, hoc ni cch khc th y l s khng-sinh ch tht, hay l s tt ngh tuyt i (tc l nitbn). Nu gii thch nh th th ngi ta cng c th s hiu lm l chng ta mun ch si tc lm t (cch trnh by ny kh gn vi php l lun lo-gic gi l t on lun ca Long Th, nhc n trong ghi ch trn y), th nhng ngha ca tt c cc th y tht ht sc minh bch: c mt s khc bit tht r rt gia hai th loi khng-sinh y (mt th loi "khngsinh" hm l mt s i nghch vi "sinh", mt th loi "khng-sinh ch tht" biu trng cho "tnh khng" hay "nit-bn") . V th nn cng xin qu v ng bm vu vo ngh ch o rng nibban l khng-sinh (i nghch vi sinh), l mt th g tht tuyt vi v k diu d l bt c ni ny hay ni kia (tc y ch l mt hnh thc bm vu), v cng khng c hiu lm rng samsara (bnh xe xoay vn gia s sinh v ci cht) l mt chui di ti sinh

90 y thch th (v b nh la bi v minh). Tuyt i khng c nm bt v bm vu vo bt c ni no (d y l ci nit-bn hay ci lun hi) th mi c th c c tnh khng ch tht v s khng-sinh ch tht. Trn y l php luyn tp m chng ta phi thng xuyn mang ra thc hnh vo nhng lc bnh thng.

Luyn tp trong khi thin nh


Nhng g m chng ta sp ni n l cch mang ra p dng mt kha cnh k thut cao nht gi l kammatthna thuc mt php luyn tp thin nh ng ngha c a n gi l samadhivipassana, y l cch thin nh nhm gip chng ta qun xt nhng hu qu tai hi do s nm bt v bm vu mang li, v tht ra th y cng ch l cch lm th no tr nn trng khng. Ch yu ca php luyn tp ny l phi hc hi cc li ch dy. Nu mt ngi khng c mt kin thc y th s kh lng c th chuyn sang phn thc hnh, do cn phi tun theo nhng iu ch dn v hc hi nhng li gii thch. D sao th nhng th y cng c th hc c trong sch hay vo nhng dp c nghe ging. Tt c nhng g lin quan n "php luyn tp trong nhng lc bnh thng" cng c gi tr trong khi thin nh.

2- Luyn tp lc xy ra s tip xc gic cm


C hi th hai gip luyn tp v tnh khng l lc xy ra s tip xc vi mt i tng gic cm. y l cch luyn tp khi c cc hnh ng trng thy c, m thanh, t mi, v v cc vt th s m c, tip xc vi mt, tai, mi, li v thn th, th chng ta c th gi cho nhng s tip xc y phi dng li s tip xc, v gic cm th phi dng li gic cm, nh chng ta t ng c dp ni n nhiu ln (c th xem li on ni n paticcasamuppada trong Phn I ca quyn sch, tc trong bui thuyt ging u tin). Cch cho s tip xc dng li tip xc l mt cch luyn tp cao . cp bc bnh th ng (c ngha l i vi nhng ngi khng tu tp) th s tip xc s tr thnh mt gic cm rt nhanh, tuy nhin vn cn c th lm cho s din tin ca qu trnh ny phi dng li khng cho php n li ko theo s thm mun hay bm vu vo "ci ti" hay ci "ca ti". Mt vi v ging s c ti hng bin trong chn cha chin hay cc i hc Pht Gio cho rng vic lm cho qu trnh din tin phi dng li cp bc tip xc khng th no thc hin c, lun lun s phi a n gic cm. Th nhng tht ra th y ch l cch hiu cn c vo ngha c a ngn t v ch vit m thi, s tht th hon ton khc hn. Tht th c Pht tng ni: khi nhn thy hnh tng th phi xem y ch l s trng thy; khi ngi thy mi th y ch s ngi thy; khi nm thy v th y ch l mt s nm thy; khi s vo cc vt th th y ch l mt s ng chm. Nu qu v thc hin c nh th, th s khng c ci gi l "qu v", v trong trng hp th ego tc l ci "ng" cng s khng pht sinh ra c (th d nghe thy mt m thanh, ngi thy mt mi, v hon ton thc c s nghe thy v ngi thy, th nhng khng cho nhng th "gic cm" y gy ra bt c mt "cm

91 nhn" mang tnh cch toi nguyn hay bt toi nguyn no, bi v khi sinh ra cc "c m tnh" toi nguyn hay bt toi nguyn th phi c mt "ci ti" "cm thy" l mnh toi nguyn hay bt toi nguyn, v tip theo s pht sinh ra s bm vu hay ght b pht hin t "ci ti" y). y l s chm dt ca kh au, l tnh khng vng bn. Ch cn theo di cch phn ng khi chng ta nhn thong qua mt vt th mang tnh cch "trung ha" khng gy ra mt s ch no i vi mnh th cng c th nhn ra s kin tip xc khng a n mt cm tnh no nh c trnh by trn y. Ch ng hn nh khi nhn vo mt khung ca s hay mt ca ra vo v thc c y ch l mt s tip xc th gic, khng km theo mt cm tnh toi nguyn hay bt toi nguyn no c. Khi m cc hnh tng, m thanh, mi, v hay cc vt th s m c tip xc vi cc gic quan ca mnh th qu v hy chn ng chng ngay cp bc y, tng t nh trng hp ca cc th d trn y. Hy tng tng ra mt ngi lnh ang ng gt bn cnh mt khu i pho. Nu c mt qu n c bn i th ngi lnh y d c nghe thy ting n nhng khng cm thy g c v vn c tip tc ng. D qu i pho c n to nh th no th hn vn khng h nao nng. y ch l ting n do khu i pho pht ra v ting n y tip xc vi tai ca hn v chm dt sau (nu ngi lnh bm vu vo "ci ti" ca mnh v cho s tip xc vi ting n tr thnh mt "cm tnh", tc l mt s "din t", th s hn s "phn bit" c ngay l ting n pht ra t mt qu i pho do "phe ta" bn i hay do "phe ch" bn li. Nu l do "phe ta" bn i th s gy ra s "bt toi nguyn" ngay v hn b nh thc, hn s cau c v c th s pht ra mt ting chi th. Tuy nhin nu y l do "phe ch" bn li th hn s tnh ng ngay v phng chy, y l s "bm vu" vo "ci ti" ca hn v v con "ca hn" kch ng hn co gi phng chy. C hai trng hp u l dukkha tc l kh au, pht sinh t s "tip xc" ca tai vi mt ting n v s "bm vu" vo ting n y). Qu v cng nn tp phn ng theo cch nh th (tc ging nh ngi lnh tip tc ng khi nghe thy ting n) mi khi qu v nghe thy ting ca mt ngi n ng, ca mt ph n, hay ting ca mt ngi thn thit no chng hn? Nu qu v thnh cng th y c ngha l qu v c mt kh nng ng k. Trong lnh vc ny th th vt vt xa hn chng ta nhiu bi v chng khng b chi phi qu nng n bi cc th hnh trang tm thn d tha ca con ngi. Nu mun t n tt nh thnh cng th chng ta phi luyn tp nh th no s tip xc s n gin dng li s tip xc. Nu qu v khng thnh cng v nh chu thua th qu v vn cn mt c hi khc tc l dng li cp bc gic cm (thay v cp bc tip xc). Ngay khi pht sinh ra s cm nhn thch th hay kh chu ca s toi nguyn hay bt toi nguyn th phi lm cho chng chm dt ngay, khng cho cc th kht vng y kp thi bng ln khi chng b khch ng bi cc s thm mun hay bm vu. Trn y l php luyn tp v tnh khng khi xy ra s tip xc gic cm.

92

3- Php luyn tp khi ci cht xy n


Cng sp ht gi ri, do ti xin cp ngay n giai on luyn tp th ba gip chng ta thc v tnh khng: y l lc tm thc sp tt, thn xc suy sp v ang i n ci cht. Lm th no c th luyn tp nhm qun thy c tnh khng vo giai on ny? thc hin vic luyn tp ny, chng ta phi xem s tt ngh tuyt i nh l mt nguyn tc cn bn cho s sng (tc l th dng khng cn ci cht). Ci cht t nhin ca ngi ln tui l mt s kin hin nhin v chc chn. Ngi ta thng bo rng mt ngi khi cao tui th cng s khng cn sng c bao lu na. Vy trong qung thi gian ngn ngi cn li ngi ta s cn c th lm c g hay khng? i vi nhng ngi ln tui m trc y cha h c hc hi nhiu tt s khng cn th gi v kh nng hc thm g na, tuy nhin h c th da vo nguyn tc ca s tt ngh tuyt i cp trn y luyn tp nhm chun b kp thi trc ci cht. Qu v cn tp gip mnh thc c mt cch hin nhin rng: c lm mt con ngi cng chng phi l mt s thch th g, c lm mt nhn vt lng danh cng ch ng phi l mt s thch th g, c lm mt ngi cha, mt ngi m, mt ngi nam, mt ngi n, mt ngi chng, mt ngi v, mt ngi gip vic nh, mt v ch nhn, mt ngi thng cuc, mt k tht bi, mt ngi kh i, mt ngi hung d, mt ngi may mn, mt ngi km may mn... - th cng chng c mt ai vui thch c, v cng chng c g gi l hay ho c. Pht xut t im , tm thc s bit bung b mi s mong ch, mi nim c vng s c c ci ny hay tr thnh bt c g khc. Chng phi l ngi ta vn thng hay ni l c "tha h c m" c lm A-la-hn hay sao? y khng c ngha l ph i rt lui v chn s li bing. Hon ton khng ng nh th! y ch l s vng mt ca mi th hy vng ni nhng ngi khn ngoan v sng sut khi h nhn thy rng trong th gii ny hay trong bt c mt th gii no khc, khng cn c bt c g cho mnh c th thm mun hay l c c n, hoc tr thnh nh th. Tuyt i khng c bt c g ng c hay l tr thnh bt c g, trong bt c thi im no v bt c ni no. Vy th tm thc ca mt ngi khng cn mt s mong i hay c vng g na s phi chn cho mnh mt hng i nh th no? Ci tm thc s khng chn mt con ng no c, bi v n nhn thy khng c bt c g ng thm mun, v y cng l mc tiu m n quy nh cn c vo y m thc hin s tt ngh cho chnh n. Bi v khi no tm thc khng cn cht cha mt s thm mun c c mt th g hay tr thnh bt c g, th n cng s tan bin trong tnh khng. y cng chnh l m t phng php kho lo nh la thin nhin trn mt kha cnh no . Khi giy pht ca ci cht tht s gn k th chng ta phi pht l trong tm thc mnh cm tnh rng chng c bt c g, d l bt c ni no (d l trn a cu ny hay mt ci no khc cng th ) ng c n hay c tr thnh bt c g khc. Nu cm tnh pht l trong tm thc ca mt ngi trong lc cht th

93 ngi y nht nh s t c nibban (nit-bn) nh vo chnh ci cht ca mnh. Qu y l mt chuyn mua bn qu li: bi v ch cn u t tht t th nhng li th li rt nhiu! C th mi cc v hc gi cao thm n h trng thy tn mt mt tm thc ng u vi ci cht bng mt cm tnh ch tht khng cn bt c g, bt c ni no, ng c n hay c tr thnh bt c g, s l nh th no. Ci cht l mt s tan r km theo nhng thnh phn ca s tt ngh. Tm thc s chuyn thnh thnh phn tt ngh nh vo ci cht vt cht. Nu mt ngi ln tui thuc vo cp bc ng b ca mnh d khng c may mn hc hi nhiu khi cn tr, th nhng nu h c th pht ng c cm tnh n gin nh trn y th cng gip h thc hin c s tt ngh ch tht. Khi giy pht ca ci cht gn k th nn cho cm tnh xm chim ly mnh. Khng nn qun rng trong nhng giy pht th tm thc cng suy yu dn. Trong khi thn xc gn k giy pht cui cng th tri thc cng tun t tan bin, v qu v cng s t tch ra cng lc cng xa cho n khi ra i hon ton. Khi qu v s khng cn bit l lc ny ang l my gi, ban ngy hay ban m, c ch ng bit mnh ang u, ang nh ai. Qu v ng cng s khng cn nh c tn ca mnh v cng khng nh c ng cc cu tng nim. Th nhng nu mun lu li bn cnh tm thc mnh (lu li vi ci tnh khng ca tm thc mnh hay l nit bn trong chnh tm thc mnh) cho n nhng giy pht cht th qu v phi thc c mt cch tht minh bch rng khng c bt c g ng c n hay l c tr thnh bt c g. Hy c gng hng vo s tt ngh tuyt i! Hy ch tm gip cho cm tnh y ta rng mt cch t nhin v khng mt cht do d vo s tt ngh tuyt i, v xem n nh mt ngi bn ng hnh ca tm thc cn lu l i bn cnh tm thc cho n pht cui cng. Nh vo phng php kho lo tm thc s ha nhp d dng vo tnh khng, tc l nibban. Trn y l php luyn tp vo lc ci cht vt cht xy n dnh cho nhng ngi khng c hc hi nhiu. Nh mt c ng hay mt c b cng c th t c mt s tt ngh ti hu. Chng ta gi y l mt phng tin thin xo nhm bin mt ci ng t bc cao nht ca mt chic thang tr thnh mt bc nhy vt mang mt ch ch r rt. Thn xc tt nhin l phi cht khi gi yu v tiu dng h t vn ling thi gian cn li ca n - y l mt s ng xung. Th nhng khi ri t chic thang xung th ngi ta cng c th nhy, v ci nhy y cng c th l ri vo mt s tt ngh tuyt i mang theo trong tm thc mnh cm tnh cho rng chng c bt c g ng cho mnh c n hay c tr thnh bt c g. Ngi ta gi y l mt bc "nhy ng cch". Mt bc nhy hon ton khng gy ra mt s au n no - tri li cn gip t c mt kt qu m mi ngi hng c m: y l s tt ngh tuyt i. Tt nhin l phi tht cn thn; t trn thang ri xung th cng phi bit ng nh th no - khng b gy c, gy chn nh nhng ngi in r. Ngay c nhng ngi hc cao hiu rng, du lch y, thuyt ging hng hn ni chn cha chin cng v n c th ng gy xng nh thng. Tht th, nht l trong lnh vc ny th khng th em h ra m so snh vi nhng ngi bit quan tm n gio hun ca c Pht mt cch ng n c.

94

Trong trng hp cht v tai nn - chng hn nh b tai nn lu thng, b nh sp cht, hay b b mng hc v cp sng ca n m thng vo ngi, hoc cht v bom nguyn t - th phi lm th no? Nu suy ngh k th qu v s hiu ngay l cng chng c g khc c. Nu cn gi c mt cht tnh to th phi hng ngay tc khc tm thc mnh vo s tt ngh tuyt i. Nu trc y qu v tng luyn tp v s bung x bng cch pht ng cm tnh rng chng c bt c th g ng c n, hay l tr thnh bt c g, th cch phn ng trn y cng s d dng v t ng khi ci cht gn k. Qu v c th lm hin ra trong chp mt cm tnh y trong tm thc mnh tr c s chm dt cui cng. Th d mt ngi b mt chic xe m thng vo ngi v cha cht ngay th ngi ny cng s cn c mt cht th gi, d y ch l mt phn giy ng h hay thi gian ca mt tia chp, hng tm thc mnh vo s tt ngh tuyt i mt cch vng chc, nh th cng . n y chng ta y bn n trng hp m ci cht xy n vo mt thi im h khng c mt th cm tnh no c ( loi b c "ci ti" v ci "ca ti") - th nht nh y s l mt s tt ngh tuyt i! Nh ti gi i thch trn y l vo nhng lc bnh thng nu qu v tp luyn cch pht ng thng xuyn trong tm thc mnh cm tnh khng c bt c th g ng c n hay tr thnh bt c g, th n lc ci cht xy n mnh cng s khng cn suy ngh n bt g khc (s hi hay bm vu chng hn), cng khng cn cm thy g khc (khng au n hay lo s chng hn), bi v cm tnh y lc no cng hin hin trong u mnh, v nh cng s thc hin c s tt ngh tuyt i. Nu c th dnh ra c mt khonh khc tht ngn ca t duy d y ch l na giy, th c ng tha chng ta thanh thn ngh n cm tnh y. V th qu v khng nn s hi, khng nn t ra yu ui! Khng nn cho s yu hn v khip s lm suy yu ngh lc ca qu v khin qu v phi tht ln nhng li khn khon: "Lm n a ti i bc,s mang ti vo bnh vin nhanh ln!", i khi nh th. D c a qu v n cc ni y th qu v cng cht, v cng cht ging nh cht ti ni ny. Ch ti l mt thm th gi m thi. Nhm gip i ph vi ci cht v tai nn, hoc mt ci cht xy n bt thn, cng nh thi khng dm nhn thng vo ci cht trc mt lo liu trc, th Dhamma (o Php) khng nhng s mang li mt phng php hon ton hiu nghim che ch cho qu v m cn t c nibban (nit-bn) trong tm tay ca qu v khi qu v ang b mt chic bnh xe ln ngi, hay b chn vi di mt ng gch vn ca mt ta nh b sp, hay b cp sng ca con b mng cm thng vo ngi, hoc ang nm ln ln gia cc thy ngi b chy bng v bom nguyn t. Khng h c mt ci cht khip m v bt ng no c, bi v n c thay th bi nibban (y l im khc bit cn bn nht gia Theravada v Kim Cng Tha i vi ci cht. Theo Theravada th s chuyn tip gia ci cht v nit-bn hoc l s ti sinh xy ra trong mt chp mt v y ch l mt th dng ca tm thc - cng xin nhc thm l Buddhadasa khng h thuyt ging g v s ti sinh v theo ng chuyn y khng c ch li g c. Trong khi th Kim Cng Th a ch trng phi c mt giai on chuyn tip xy ra gia ci cht v s ti sinh hoc gia ci cht v tnh khng - tc l s gii thot hay nit-bn. Ngoi ra Kim Cng Tha cn da vo s qun thy bng thin nh m t tht chi tit v giai on chuyn tip v a ra cc php tu tp tht tinh t gip

95 "ngi cht" ch ng c giai on chuyn tip y hoc l hi nhp vnh vin vo th dng ca tnh khng hin ra trong giai on ny hoc l ti sinh tr li th gii lun hi tip tc cu gip chng sinh). Nhng ngi t c hc hnh, c kin thc km, k c trng hp khng bit c, cng u c th hiu c gio hun trn y thng xuyn mang ra luyn tp hu gip mnh ha nhp vi s hiu bit ng n y. Tuy nhin mi s cng s khc hn i nhng ngi c mt kin thc ton vn hn, tng pht huy c mt s ch tm v mt tr tu c th gip nhn bit c s tht ca cc s vt. H l nhng ngi tng hc hi v thu trit c Dhamma trn phng din l thuyt cng nh thc hnh. Vo lc ci cht xy n th nhng ngi y khng cn phi ch n khi b ng t trn mt chic thang bin ci ng y tr thnh mt bc nhy y tnh ton. H vt thot ci cht trc khi ng bnh. Bi v khi t c mt cp bc cao thm ca Dhamma th s khng cn cht na. Nu mt ngi t c mt s hiu bit v s tht nh trn y (khng c g c n hay tr thnh nh th) v n khi ci cht tht s xy n, th tt nhin l ngi y c chun b k lng hn, khng nh nhng ngi phi nhy t chic thang khi ng xung t. Cng nn hiu rng khi no pht huy c s tnh thc v s ch tm vng chc th y s l mt cch cho php mnh mm ci trc mt ci cht. Ngi ta bo rng y l cch "bc xung cc nc thang ca chic thang tng bc mt". y l cch tin bc ca nhng ngi t c mt s hiu bit ton vn. n y ti s cp n trng hp ca nhng ngi bnh chun b cho ci cht ca mnh. Khi hi u rng ci cht khng th trnh khi c, th khi ng bnh v n giai on cui cng th c ng nn dnh ngay l y phn thng v mnh, y l cch bit da vo s ch tm v s tnh thc khng t ra yu hn v s hi. Ti xin mn php k ra mt chuyn m ti c dp c c v cch m ngi ta chun b cho ci cht vo thi k ca c Pht cn ti th. i vi nhng ai tun th Tm Gii Hnh th s khng kh khn g cho h khi cn phi nhn i, bi v nu pht nguyn gi tm gii th h cng quen khng n g c sau gi ng v vo nhng ngy trng tr n v trng non (ngy rm v u thng). Khi no h cm thy mnh ch cn sng thm c nm mi ngy na th h ngng hn khng n ung g c - qu tht y l nhng g tri ngc hn i vi chng ta ngy nay! Tht th, ngy nay khi c mt ngi cn k ci cht th ngi thn chung quanh hi h mua cho h n nhng thc n t tin v tht cu k - n khin cho ngi bnh v n nh ng th y nn ch t sm hn. Vo thi k ca c Pht, nhn n l trnh cho tm thc khi b xao ng thm. Khi thn xc bt u suy yu th n cng s mt i kh nng tiu ha, thc n khi n vo s tr thnh c dc khin cho tm tr thm xao ng v hoang mang. Ngi bnh tt hn nn nhn i chun b cho ci cht ca mnh, h ch cn ung thuc v ung nc. Khi ci cht gn k th ngay c nc v thuc cng khng cn ung na c th gip s ch tm cng nh s tnh thc ca mnh hiu qu hn, nhm gip mnh bc vo ci cht bng con ng tt ngh tuyt i.

96 Nhng ngi ch trng lng nhn t v o c th chun b ci cht ca mnh bng cch bm vu vo lng nhn t v o c (mt cch ni rt kho: d bm vu vo o c th y cng l mt s bm vu nh nhng s bm vu khc khi cn k ci cht), trong khi th nhng v hin nhn (nhng ngi tu hnh, nhng ngi hiu c Dhamma) chun b bung x tt c tm thy s tt ngh tuyt i cho mnh, h khng h bit thm mun bt c mt th g na. Tim thuc v bm thc n cho h gi cho h sng ch l mt hnh ng gy ra thm nhiu bn lon cho h m thi. S bung x y gi l "c cho thn xc ra i". cho thn xc ra i khi ngi ta vn cn ang s ng y l cnh ginh ly phn thng v mnh bng cch n ly s tt ngh tuyt i (nhng g va trnh by cho thy tri ngc hn li vi quan im ca mt s tn gio v ca cc x hi Ty Phng trc tnh trng au n hay hn m ca nhng ngi sp cht, khi cc tn gio v cc x hi ny chng li cch gy cht khng au gi l euthanasia). Ngy nay ngi ta ri rt vy quanh cc v bc s, i khi gian phng ca ngi bnh cht nch c ngi; h p ngi bnh ung thuc, bt phi n, phi c gng chu tim thuc. Ngi ta ri rt n khin cho ngi bnh b chn ng v lo u, khng cho tm thc h tm thy c s an bnh. Ng i bnh hoang mang khng cn bit l mnh s cht nh th no v cng khng bit l mnh s cht tht hay khng. Ch ton l hoang mang v lo s. Do ngi bnh cng s khng th pht huy c cm tnh v s chin thng ci cht v cng khng th no thc hin c tnh khng nh ti trnh by trn y. Tri ngc hn li vi thi k ca c Pht, ngy nay ngi ta tm mi cch c c mt ci ging tin nghi nht, mt gian phng tin nghi nht, cc loi thc n v thuc men no t tin nht, ri sau khi cht s li mi th n nn cho ngi khc. H ch mun tip tc c sng, ko di thm kip sng ca mnh, d ch c mt pht. H ung v tim mi th thuc, tr liu theo mi cch, n khi cht th chng pht huy c mt s tnh thc no, cng chng thc hin c mt s ch tm no. Cch hnh x ca h tht ng l hon ton thiu suy ngh. c th tm thy cho mnh mt ci cht ng n th phi nh vo sc mnh do Dhamma mang li gip mnh cht bng s chin thng ci cht, tc l cht trong s thc hin tnh khng vo lc trt hi th cui cng. Ti mong qu v ng qun l mi s u vn c th cn thc hin c cho n nhng giy pht cht (d ang b chic bnh xe ln ngi hay cp sng ca con b mng xuyn vo bng). (Trong quyn "Mt trm con voi trn u cng c" - Cents lphants sur un brin d'herbe, Points Sagesses, 1997, tr 195 - c t-lai Lt-ma c vit nh sau: "Khi cn k ci cht, phi hng tm thc mnh vo s tu tp. Th dng tm thc vo ng thi im y s mang tnh cch quyt nh cho nhng g s xy ra sau . Nhng giy pht cui cng y hm cha mt sc mnh v song, tt c nhng iu xng ng gom gp trong sut cuc sng cng khng th snh kp". Cu ny cho thy rng quan im ca Kim Cng Tha cng rt gn vi Theravada v nhng g cn phi tu tp hay thc hin trong giy pht cn k ci cht).

97 Sau y l tm lc cc phng php luyn tp phn chia theo ba thi im hay ba giai on khc nhau: 1- Trong nhng lc bnh th ng: tc l trong nhng lc lm cc cng vic thng nht, hay trong nhng lc thin nh nghim chnh. 2- Trong nhng khi xy ra mt s tip xc gic cm: tc l phi bit phn ng nh th no to ra tnh khng vo nhng lc . 3- Trong lc ci cht gn k: th phi bit hnh ng nh th no khi nm th cu hp (ng un) to ra thn xc v tm thc i ht con ng ca chng. Trn y l nhng g cn phi ni ra nhn vo y m suy t; y l nhng vn cn phi c thng xuyn nu ln, tng t nh tho lun vi nhau v cc chng tr nh truyn hnh hay l cc bin c xy ra trn th gii, th d nh nhng ngi say m quyn thut th hng say phm bnh thao thao bt tuyt v nhng chuyn quyn thut. Th th ti sao chng ta li khng c th bn lun ngy m vi nhau v nhng vn trn y. Khi cn cp n cc vn quan trng th chng ta li khng dm m li m ni mt cu no? Ti sao chng ta li chng bao gi bn tho vi nhau cch phi i u vi ci cht nh th no, phi chin thng ci cht nh th no, hu gip mnh trnh khi c ci cht ln s sinh. Nu thc hin c nh th th mi s cng s tr nn d dng hn ngay trong lc ny. Nu chng ta bit tho lun vi nhau v cc vn y thng xuyn hn, tng t nh cp n cc vn (hng ngy) khc, th cng khng phi ch lu thy rng vic tu tp ca mnh nh s tr nn d dng hn. Khi luyn tp ng phng php th tt c cng chng c g l kh, k c chuyn t c nibban, hay nhy xung t bc cao nht ca mt chic thang. Tm li, chng ta phi thu trit c ngha c a cc ch "trng khng", "thc hin c tnh khng", "tr thnh trng khng mt cch t nhin" v "tr thnh chnh s trng khng". Tnh khng hin hu ni mi s vt; n l c tnh ca mi s vt. Nu tm thc loi b c s nm bt v bm vu vo mi s vt, th chnh n cng s l tnh khng, l s tt ngh tuyt i ca "ci ti" v ci "ca ti", v s khng cn c s sinh na. Ti xin chm dt bui ni chuyn v php luyn tp mang li tnh khng y.

98

Vi nt v nh s Buddhadasa
Trong phn li ta dnh cho n bn ting c ca quyn "Ct li ca ci B-" Jack Kornfield mt Pht t v hc gi li lc ngi M, vit nh sau: "Nu Buddhadasa sng Nht th nht nh ng s phi l mt danh nhn trong lch s hin i ca x s ny. Du sao i na th ngi ta cng bit n ng vo cui i nh l mt trong s nhng v Thy uyn bc v ng knh nht ca Pht Gio Thi Lan t nhiu th k nay". Tht th, chic am nh trong khun vin ca ngi cha Suan Mokkh, cn gi l "Khu vn Gic Ng", ti tnh Surat Thani thuc min nam Thi-lan bao che kn o mt phn cuc i ca mt nh s tht bnh d v khim tn v c mt tr tu bao la tng n bn trong s bnh d v khim tn y. Ngy nay, mi ngy u c nhng chuyn xe dng li trm Suan Mokkh xung hng ton ngi hnh hng. H l nhng ngi trng tui, l thanh nin, thiu n v c tr em. H n t mi thnh phn trong x hi k c nhng nng dn t vng qu hay nhng ngi bun thng bn mt t cc chn th thnh xa xi. Gia "khu vn" l mt ao sen tht ln, bn cnh l mt dy nh xy theo m hnh mt con thuyn nhm biu trng cho s Gic Ng. Dy nh c trang tr bng cc hnh tng iu khc, tranh nh v cc biu n gin nhm gi ln ngha ca gio l. Nhng ngi d khng c kin thc cao hoc khng c hc hnh nhiu mi khi nhn vo y cng c th lnh hi c nhng g chnh yu trong o Php. Buddhadasa thng t cc tng cnh mt gc cy hay xp cc vin nh chung quanh nhc nh khch thp phng n ving phi bit yu qu thin nhin v cy c. Tht vy c Pht ngi xung cnh mt gc cy t c Gic Ng, v Ngi cng nm xung gia hai gc cy ha nhp vi ibt Nit-bn. Mt ln Jack Kornfield tm s vi Buddhadasa rng trong cc x hi Ty phng c nhiu ngi mang nhng vt thng tht su kn trong lng h, v hi rng phi lm th no c th gip h cha khi. Buddhadasa k ra cho Jack Kornfield mt phng thuc nh sau: trc ht l phi m rng lng t bi, sau l phi ha nhp s sng ca mnh vi cy c, ni rng v thin nhin. "Khu Vn Gii Thot" khng c chnh in s vi cc trang tr cu k. Tht th ng khng thch nhng nghi thc l lc v mu m gi to. Nu c ai nh chp tay vi ly ng th ng chp ly tay ngi y m ko xung ngi bn cnh ng tr chuyn v thm hi nh mt ngi bn lu i. Php danh ca ng l Buddhadasa c ngha l ngi t kheo hu h c Pht, th nhng ngi dn Thi th li gi ng l Ajhan Buddhadasa. Ch Ajhan pht xut t ting Phn acarya c ngha l mt ngi hng dn hay ch o, v khi chuyn thnh ting Thi th li c ngha l mt v "Thy" vi mt s tn knh c bit. Th nhng chnh ng th ch mun xem mnh l mt ngi t kheo hu h c Pht: Buddhadasa Bikkhu.

Ph lc

99

Ti xin hin dng thn xc v s sng ny cho v Thy ca ti l c Pht Ti ch l mt ngi hu h Ngi V th m ngi ta gi ti l Buddhadasa (ch Pa-li dasa c ngha l mt ngi hu, mt ngi ti t sai bo - a bondsman)

Phn ln nhng ti liu v Buddadasa c th gii bit n ngy nay cng l nh mt Pht t ngi M. Ngi thanh nin tr ny tham gia t chc Thin Nguyn "Peace Corps" Thi Lan v nh bit c Pht Gio. Sau ng xut gia v tr thnh t ca nh s Buddhadasa vi php danh Santikaro. y l mt tm nh c bit ca Buddadasa m Santikaro cn gi li, vi li ghi ch nh sau: "Trong hnh ny ti ch l mt nh s b t, ngi di chn v Thy ca ti (bn tri) v v gim h ca ti (bn phi) gia l mt v i s thi s, b n ca Thy ti v v gim h ca ti. C ba gp nhau vo ma Kit H (Vassa) nm 1934 ni " Khu Vn Gii Thot" v h kt thn vi nhau. Ngi dn Thi thng gi ba v ny l "Ba Con H" ca min Nam nc Thi. Ngy Thy ti c tm mi tui th ti ch l mt t kheo non tr va mi th phong c mt nm. nh chp ngy 27 thng 5, nm 1986 ng vo ngy sinh nht tm mi tui ca Thy ti". By nm sau th Buddhadasa cng t b thn xc ca kip nhn sinh ny ca ng. Santikaro tip tc lu li "Khu Vn Gii Thot" n nm 1999 v trong khong thi gian ny ng cng dch sang ting Anh phn ln cc bi ging Php ca Buddhadasa.

Nhm tm hiu thm v v i s ny, c l chng ta hy cng c hai bi th sau y m ng vit cch nhau gn na th k . Hai bi th c th xem nh biu trng cho hai qung i tu tp ca ng: Bi th th nht:

Ti lm vic vt hn c sc ngi

100 Ti lm vic vt hn c sc ngi th nhng con tim vn sc hn hoan nhy ma. y chng qua trong thm tm, ti quyt v o Php hin dng kip sng ny. D hon cnh v c duyn a y khin ti phi cht - v nghip lc do chnh mnh to ra. Th y cng v nh c ngh tay sau nhng lc nhc nhn, c yn gic trong m, hay dng tay trong mt thong. Khi bnh minh l dng, ti li bt tay hon tt cng vic cn b li. Mi ngy li mt ln sinh, c hai cng ch l mt: sinh ra lc vng dng l dng, cht i khi mn m bung xung. Quay u vng lun hi chuyn ng, to ra mun ngn gn sng v v v an i tim ta. Hi nhng ai mong cu hn hoan v hnh phc, phi nh rng: tt c u do mnh hiu th no l hn hoan. i vi ti hn hoan chng mang ngha no khc l c sinh ra hng say lm vic. To ra c duyn gip mnh v tt c mi ngi hiu c bn cht ca th gii, hu chinh phc v chin thng n. Thin Nhin sinh ra ta, lnh mnh c th xc ln tm thn. Ln ln - cng li nh Thin Nhin! Th nhng s sng to y cng ch l c sinh ra, tan r v cht. Tuy th cng to cho ti dp may (c lm ngi), phn u nhm vt ln hng u, hu t c mc ch trc tt c mi ngi. Bn b thi nhau sng trong bung th, Bao cng vic b li, a vai ti gnh vc. Trong cuc sng, bn phn ba vy ti,

101 ta trn u cht cao trm mn n, Nh cn lc ngn chn bc chn ti. Bit khi no vt c, an bnh v gii thot cn xa mt ci no? Mun n c Nit-bn bao chng gai phi vt, y l ca i do chnh mnh dng ln. Quy Lut (nhn qu) y nghit ng hn bt c mt l lut no, Mng li ca n, d khn ngoan n u cng khng sao trnh thot. Bt c mt hnh ng no, nu mang li li ch cho ngi khc v cho mnh, Th phi thc hin nhanh ln, phi u tranh v ra sc, hon tt tht tt p nhm hi p mn n ca Thin Nhin. Khi no t thm tm mi s bm vu yu dn, tan i v bin mt, Th khi tr tu cng s loi b c tham lam, gin d v o gic - lun hi cng s ngng quay. Hy nhanh ln, hi cc bn, xin ng chm tr! Bt tay ngay, d kh khn no ang i. Nu vt qu sc ngi v phi cht sm, y v nh c ngh ngi ln cui, no c g khc u!
(Buddhadasa sng tc bi th ny ngy 13 thng 2, nm 1938, lc ng 32 tui. Bn dch ting Anh ca Santikaro Bikkhu)

Buddhadasa khng bao gi cht


Buddhadasa sng mi, chng c g cht c. D thn xc phi cht, tai khng cn nghe c na. Hoc cn hay ra i ni khc, no c h trng g? Theo dng thi gian - mt ci g tri i. Buddhadasa vn bc, chng c g cht c. D p tri hay nhng ngy ging bo, Lun dc lng tun theo li ging dy.

Bi th th hai:

102 em tm sc gi trn trng trch vi Nh Lai. Buddhadasa sng mi, chng c g cht c. Ht lng phc v cho nhn sinh mi mi, lun nu cao o Php t ngn xa lu li. Bn thy chng! Chng c g cht c! D phi cht, chm dt thn xc ny, Ting ti ni vn m vang trong tai bn, R rng v trong sng, hng hn nh nhng thu xa xa. Nu Thn-o-Php vn sng - th chng bao gi ti cht c. Hy xem ti khng bao gi cht c, Lun bn bn nh ngy xa mun thu. Hy t by nhng g trong tm thc, n cn ti gii p, bn thy chng ti ang ngi cnh bn. Hy xem ti khng bao gi cht c, Mun dng sui phc hnh s dng trn. o Php, xin ng qun nhng ngy ngi bn nhau bn bc: Thc hin c S Tuyt i (ca tnh khng) - ci cht s khng bao gi xy n.
(Bi th trn y c Buddhadasa vit vo ngy 27 thng 5, nm 1986, nhn sinh nht 80 tui ca ng. Bi th ny c Santikaro Bikkhu dch sang ting Anh vo ngy 28 thng 4, nm 1994)

Hnh chp Buddhadasa ngi trc chic am nh ca ng trong "Khu vn Gii Thot" vo ngy sinh nht tm mi tui

103

Hai bi th sng tc cch nhau 48 nm cho thy mt s khc bit tht ln. c Tht vy, gn na th k tu tp bin i hn mt con ngi. Khi cn l mt t kheo tr th Buddhadasa vn cn b m nh bi ci cht: Quay u vng lun hi chuyn ng, to ra mun ngn gn sng v v v an i tim ta. .................................... Nu vt qu sc ngi v phi cht sm, y cng v nh c ngh ngi ln cui, no c g khc u! V ngi t kheo tr trong nhng lc qu nhc nhn vn cn trch mc ngi khc: Bn b thi nhau sng trong bung th, Cng vic h b li, a vai ti gnh vc. Cng xin c nhc thm l Buddhadasa l mt ngi t hc v cng t tay tn lc trng tu mt ngi cha hoang ph to ra " Khu Vn Gii Thot" nh ngy nay. Th nhng i vi bi th c vit gn na th k sau th: Buddhadasa vn sng, chng c g cht c. ................................ Hy xem ti khng bao gi cht c, Lun bn bn nh ngy xa mun thu. .................................. Buddhadasa vn bc, chng c g cht c, .................................... Theo dng thi gian - ch c mt ci g tri i. Nu ngi t kheo tr trc y lun lo u v khc khoi: Trc s sng, bn phn ba vy ti, ta trn u cht cao trm mn n, .................................... Nh cn lc ngn chn bc chn ti. Bit khi no vt c, an bnh v gii thot mt ci no cn xa? Th v s gi lc no cng ung dung, t tin v thanh thn: D p tri hay nhng ngy ging bo, Lun dc lng tun theo li ging dy. .................................................

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D phi cht, chm dt thn xc ny, Ting ti ni vn m vang trong tai bn, R rng v trong sng, hng hn nh nhng thu xa xa. Ngoi s thng tin r rt gia hai giai on trn con ng tu tp ca mt nh s, t s m nh ca ci cht khi cn tr cho n th dng khng bao gi cht na khi bc vo tui gi, th hai bi th cn nu ln nhiu nt ni bt khc na. Ch xin n c mt vi im nh sau: Quan im tu tp ca Buddhadasa cho thy nhiu nt rt gn vi i Tha Pht Gio, chng hn nh ng nng vai tr ca lng t bi ln mt cp bc tht cao v ng thi ng cng chp nhn cc quan im v cch hiu ca ai tha v tnh khng, nit-bn, Pht tnh, s qun thy bng trc gic ca Thin Hc,v.v... Cc cu th sau y trong bi th ng vit ngay khi cn tr khng hn biu trng cho cch hnh x ca mt v A-la-hn m ng hn l lng quyt tm v s c gng phi thng ca mt ngi B-tt: Trc s sng, bn phn ba vy ti, ta trn u cht cao trm mn n. ........................... Bt c mt hnh ng no, mang li li ch cho ngi khc v cho mnh, Th phi thc hin nhanh ln, phi u tranh v ra sc. ............................ Nu vt qu sc ngi v phi cht sm, y v nh c ngh ngi ln cui, no c g khc u!. Thit ngh c l cng cn phi gii thch thm mt vi im khc trong c hai bi th ny. Trong bi th th hai Buddhadasa cho bit rng "Thin Nhin" sinh ra ng. "Thin Nhin" y khng biu trng cho mt ng Ti Cao no c m ch c ngha l cc quy lut t nhin chi phi s vn hnh ca mi hin tng trong v tr: y l quy lut tng lin, tng kt v tng to (interdependence), trong gm c quy lut v nguyn nhn v hu qu: Quy Lut y nghit ng hn bt c mt l lut no. Ci Quy Lut khin cho ng phi quay li kip nhn sinh. Th nhng ng khng h on trch ci Quy Lut y m tri li cn cm n n to ra cho ng c duyn c lm ngi tu tp. Tuy hiu c nhng iu y th nhng khi thuyt ging th ng khng bao gi nu ln bt c nhng g m ng cho l "v ch", tc l khng trc tip hng vo mc ch nhm loi b kh au. Nhng chuyn nh lun hi, ti sinh... ch khin cho ngi tu tp thm hoang mang m thi. Mt vi hc gi Ty Phng phn tch cc li ging ca ng v khng chu tm hiu su xa hn, v th i khi h nh gi ng mt cch sai lm khi cho rng ng ch trng n gin ha v duy l ha Pht Gio.

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im ni bt v ng ch hn ht trong bi th khi ng vit vo lc tui gi chnh l cu sau y: Buddhadasa sng mi, chng c g cht c. Vy nu Buddhadasa sng mi v chng c g cht c th c ngha l g? y c ngha l Buddhadasa ha thnh tnh khng v trong ci tnh khng chng cn lu li bt c g m cht c. Ci trng khng y chnh l s Tt Ngh Tuyt i, l Nit-bn. Tm thc ca Buddhadasa i ht con ng, tr thnh tnh khng, ch c thn xc tm thi ny ca ng l cn lu li m thi: Hoc (n vn) cn hay ra i ni khc, th c h trng g? Mi s nm bt v bm vu cng nh cc vt hn ca nghip, tt c u c loi b v ty sch trn dng lu chuyn lin tc ca tri thc ng. Tm thc ca ng ha nhp vo tnh khng ca tt c mi hin tng, tr thnh mt vi tnh khng ca c v tr. Tm mi tui, tuy ang ngi yn lng trc ca am trong "Khu Vn Gii Thot", th nhng tm thc ng an tr trong Tnh Khng Tuyt i v ch Tht ca Dhamma, ca Nit-bn v c Pht. Ci Tnh Khng y khng bao gi cht v chnh trong khng gian Trng Khng ca ci Tnh Khng Tuyt i y cng chng cn g st li m cht c. y l ngha ca ta bi th - Buddhadasa khng bao gi cht - v ca cu th m u cho ton b bi th - Buddhadasa vn sng, chng c g cht c. Nu sc pht l c cm tnh v mt cht tnh khng no trong tm thc mnh th bit u chng ta cng s c th cm thy c mt ngi tu hnh no trc y tng mang tn l Buddhadasa ang ngi bn cnh chng ta hm nay han hi v bn bc vi chng ta: Hy xem ti khng bao gi cht c, Lun bn bn nh ngy xa mun thu. Hy t by nhng g trong tm thc, n cn ti gii p, bn thy chng ti ang ngi cnh bn. Vy chng ta s han hi nhng g v thc mc nhng g? Phi chng chng ta mun bit l phi lm th no t c nc nit-bn? Buddhadasa s tr li cho chng ta bng cu th cui cng trong bi th ng vit: Thc hin c s Tuyt i (ca tnh khng) - ci cht s khng bao gi xy n! Hoang Phong

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(Bures-Sur-Yvette, 14.09.12)

Sau y l cc bn dch sang ting Anh ca hai bi th trn y: Bi th th nht:

I Work More Than I Can Bear


I work more than I can bear, but am happy hearted enough to leap and dance. * This is because my mind thinks and aims only to live in line with the Dhamma, * Wherever the causes and conditions lead, according to the karma I laid down in former moments. * To die is like a pause from work, to sleep for a night, to rest for a time; * With the new dawn, I take up the work Vigorously carrying on the work left over from before. * The new day is a new birth, these two are the same: born with the day and dying at night, * As the waves of the samsaric cycles create the myriad products that soothe and comfort our hearts. * Whoever wishes for joy and bliss must know that it depends on the one who can see joy for himself. * As for me, there is no meaning beyond the fact that I was born only to work * According to conditions, so that myself and others will know the world, conquer it, and vanquish sorrow. * Nature created us perfectly, physically and mentally thriving boundless thanks to Nature! * Although we are created for birth, decay, and death,

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yet Nature gives me the chance to vie * Struggle, and contend in all duties to break ahead in order to reach the end before anyone else. * While friends encourage each other to lie around, I am working hard as if they were chasing behind. * The duties of life that besiege constantly are like debts ever piling up on top of me * Blocking my way almost like a whirlpool, when will I pass beyond and find the place of freedom and peace? * From here to Nibbana we must pass through the checkpoint which is the work of our lives * This Law is more certain than any scales; no matter how skilled, no one can escape this rule. * For this reason, in any activity that aims for the benefit of others or oneself * We should hurry, struggle, and strive to make it beautiful and work off our debt to Nature. * Until the hearts attachments to all things weaken, dissolve, and fade away * So that wisdom sees directly that greed, anger, and delusion are finished and samsara stopped. * Hurry friends, don't be late! Whatever work you may meet, tackle it immediately. * Much work may bring a faster death, but it rolls along towards the final rest, just the same.

Bi th th hai

Buddhadasa Never Dies


Buddhadasa shall live, there's no dying.

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Even when the body dies, it will not listen. Whether it is or goes is of no consequence, it is only something passing through time. Buddhadasa carries on, there's no dying. However good or bad the times, Always one with the true teaching. Having offered body and mind in ceaseless service Under Lord Buddha's command. Buddhadasa lives on, there's no dying. In service to all humanity forever Through the Dhamma Proclamations left behind O, Friends, can't you see! What dies? Even when I die and the body ceases my voice still echoes in comrades' ears Clear and bright, as loud as ever. Just as if I never died the Dhamma-body lives on. Treat me as if I never died, as though I am with you all as before. Speak up whatever is on your minds as if I sit with you helping point out the facts. Treat me as if I never died, then many streams of benefits will accrue. Don't forget the days we set aside for Dhamma discussion; Realize the Absolute and stop dying!

Ngun: Th Vin Hoa Sen

NHNG TC PHM CA HOANG PHONG Trong nhng nm qua, tc gi/ dch gi Hoang Phong (Nguyn c Tin) gi tng Th Vin Hoa Sen mt s u sch v CD Pht gio do ng bin son v dch thut c Pht t Ph Ngc, php danh Diu Chu TP. Si Gn pht tm chuyn gip qu biu qu gi ny qua ng bu chnh. Cc sch ny cng c chuyn qua dng Ebook .EPub c trn IPad v IPhone. Qu c ga c th download t Th Vin Hoa Sen, mc Ebook Trong bao gm: 1. Tu Tu, c t Lai Lt Ma - Nh xut bn Phng ng n hnh nm 2009

GII THIU

109 2. Ch ng ci cht ti sinh trong mt kip sng tt p hn, Nh xut bn Phng ng n hnh nm 2010 3. Nhng li khuyn tm huyt ca c t Lai Lt Ma, Nh xut bn Phng ng n hnh nm 2011 4. Th dng trung gian gia ci Cht v s Sinh, Nh xut bn Phng ng n hnh nm 2011 5. Mt ci Tnh trong chng ta, Nh xut bn Tn gio n hnh nm 2010 6. Cm nang cho cuc sng, Nh xut bn Tn gio n hnh nm 2011 7. Ryokan, g Thin s i ngu c n trn con ng trng khng (Cuc i & thi ph) 8. V M mt vn th, Nh xut bn Vn ha - Vn ngh TP.HCM nm 2011 9. Khi nim v 8 mi lo toan th tc trong cuc sng, Nh xut bn Phng ng nm 2011 10. Pht gio trong th gii tn tin ngy nay, Nh xut bn Phng ng nm 2011 11. Pht gio trong th gii tn tin ngy nay, Nh xut bn Tn Gio nm 2011 12. Gio Hun Ca c t Lai Lt Ma, Nh xut bn Phng ng nm 2008 13. Tr Tu Trong Pht Gio, Nh xut bn Phng ng nm 2010 14. Vin chinh Nam K Nguyn tc: Histoire deLEXPDITION DE COCHINCHINE en 1861 15. Kh au Pht Sinh v Vn Hnh Nh Th No 16. Nhn Li Bn Cht Con Ngi 17. Quyn Sch Cho Nhn Loi: Tm lc o Php ca c Pht - Buddhadasa 18. PHT GIO NHP MN - Fabrice Midal 19. CT LI CA CI B Buddhadasa Bhikkhu (Hoang Phong chuyn ng) Nh xut bn Phng ng 2012 Sch ni: - Ch ng ci cht ti sinh trong mt kip sng tt p hn, Nh xut bn Phng ng 2011 - Cm nang cho cuc sng, Nh xut bn Tn Gio n hnh nm 2011 - Nhng Li Khuyn Tm Huyt ca c t Lai Lt Ma

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Nhng u sch v CD Pht gio ca dch gi Hoang Phong gi tng TVHS

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