Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ARCHITECTURAL DATA
Skybridges : Center line Span - 191 feet Overall Width - 17 feet Overall Height - 31 feet Length of Supports - 169 feet Total Weight - 720 tons Exterior Cladding : Horizontal Ribbons of Vision Glass and Stainless Steel Spandrel Panels Foundation : Two Raft Foundations, 15 feet thick, each containing 13,000 cu meters of Grade 60 Concrete which weighs approximately 32,350 T with 208 Barrette Piles (rectangular section piles, 9x4 feet, varying from 197 feet to 380 feet deep)
PETRONAS TOWERS
A study by, Jonathan Tedjakusuma Gautam R Shenoy
First Year M.B.S Fall 2001 Term Project
PETRONAS TOWERS PETRONAS TOWERS
FACT SHEET
: Two Raft Foundations, 15 feet thick, each containing 13,000 cu meters of Grade 60 Concrete which weighs approximately 32,350 T with 208 Barrette Piles (rectangular section piles, 9x4 feet, varying from 197 feet to 380 feet deep)
uArchitect uLocation uFoundation
ARCHITECTURAL DATA
: Cesar Pelli & Associates : Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Engineer : Thornton-Tomasetti ThorntonEngineers, NY & Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur
uThe perimeter diaphragm wall : 2 ft 6 in thick uStructure : A core and Cylindrical tube Frame System, constructed entirely of Cast in place, high strength concrete (Up to Grade 80) uFloor framing at Tower Levels : Concrete Fill on composite steel floor deck and composite rolled steel framing
uStructural
Engineers : Flack + Kurtz, New York, USA; KTA Tenaga Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia PETRONAS TOWERS PETRONAS TOWERS
uMEP
ARCHITECTURAL DATA
uHeight
PLANNING ANALYSIS
Transportation : Double deck and Sky Lobby systems. Floors 8 to 37 are served by 2 banks of 661600/1600kg double deck elevators. Floors 44 to 83 are served by 1 bank of 6-1600/1600kg, and 62 banks of 3-1600/1600kg double deck 3elevators. Skylobbies (Floor 41 to 42) are served by 52100/2100kg double deck shuttle elevators.
uVertical
uNumber uGross
Building Area : 2.3 million sqft. (each tower) of the Pinnacle : 241 feet
uHeight uSize
of floor plate (gross) : Lower Floors - 28,239 sqft ; Upper Floors - 22,490 sqft to 10,000 sqft floor to floor height : 13 feet 2 inches Ceiling Height : 8 feet 8 inches : Levels 41 and 42 (includes, Conference Center, Dining Facilities and a prayer room) PETRONAS TOWERS PETRONAS TOWERS
uTypical
uFinished uRaised
uSkylobby
PLANNING ANALYSIS
uFloor Planning : The Floor plan design was originated from the ancient Islamic forms of eight-pointed stars and decorative motifs. eightWhen viewed in plan, the towers appear as two overlapping squares-interlocking heaven and earth - to create an eight-pointed squareseightstar, which is further refined with half circle between the star points. uExterior facade : The exterior facade is made from glass, aluminum and stainless steel panels which brings a tremendous light effect from the sun light and it changes on different time of days and months throughout the year.
CASE ANALYSIS
BASE CASE : What are the Steel Sections used ?
W24 x 131 (Beam) Tube Section 1(Column) W24 x 306 (Beam) Tube Section 3 (Column) W24 x 207(Beam) Tube Section 2 (Column) W24 x 408 (Beam) Tube Section 4 (Column) Tube Section 5 (Column) - On the last 5 floors
CASE ANALYSIS
To Study the Structure, analyze the Structural members and suggest changes, certain assumptions had to be made. The following were the assumptions:
W24 x 131 (Beam)
CASE ANALYSIS
uThe Structure was treated as a Complete Steel Frame instead of its composite nature uThe uThe uFor
Type was Moment Frame Section types used are Tubular and I Beams
Analysis two Floors were treated as One and the structure was studied Gravity Load is calculated as 4.9 kips/ft Lateral Load is calculated as 16.2 kips/ft
total number of floors is 42 occurs at 21st, 31st and 37th floors 21st, PETRONAS TOWERS PETRONAS TOWERS PETRONAS TOWERS PETRONAS TOWERS
uTapering
CASE ANALYSIS
Tube Section 1(Column) - Super Petro 5
CASE ANALYSIS
The analysis was divided into the following parts : The first case is where in the structure was detailed in Multi Frame 4D and Analyzed
uThe second case is where in Belt Trusses were added to the structure and then it was analyzed in Multi Frame again uThe third case is analysis by reducing the size of members as the belt truss affects the system uAll the cases were studied and notes were made on the DEFLECTION, STRESSES IN MEMBERS, RATIOS OF DEFLECTION TO HEIGHT uThe comparisons show how the addition of Belt Trusses can affect the cost factor as well stability of the structure uEach
CASE ANALYSIS
W24 x 207(Beam) Tube Section 3 (Column) - Super Petro 3
CASE ANALYSIS
CASE ANALYSIS
Tube Section 2 (Column) - Super Petro 4 W24 x 408 (Beam)
CASE ANALYSIS
CASE ANALYSIS
W24 x 306 (Beam) Tube Section 4 (Column) - Super Petro 2
CASE ANALYSIS
CASE ANALYSIS
Step 3 - Stresses at the Second Offset (Continued)
CASE ANALYSIS
CASE ANALYSIS
The analysis was conducted and the following Stresses have been Recorded for EXISTING CASE Step 1 - Stresses at the Bottom Step 4 - Stresses at the Third Offset (Continued)
CASE ANALYSIS
Stress for Central Beam = 9.588 ksi (Floor 37) Stress for Bottom Beam = 14.557 ksi (Floor 01) Stress for Bottom Column = 19.477 ksi (Floor 01)
Top Portion
CASE ANALYSIS
Step 2 - Stresses at the First Offset (Continued) ANALYSIS FOR CASE 1
CASE ANALYSIS
uFloor to Floor height - 20 feet uNumber of floors - 42 uOverall Height - 840 feet uOffset at Each Level - 6 feet on either side uDeflection - 27.912 inches (Y-axis) (YuDeflection - 02.133 inches (X-axis) (X-
Deflection Ratio :
Ratio Along Y - Axis = 361.134 > 200
CASE ANALYSIS
Case 2 - Addition of three belt trusses
uThe belt trusses are added at Levels, 21, 30 and 37 uThe members used are XP12 sections with weight of 65.477 LB/Ft
CASE ANALYSIS
Case 2 - Addition of three belt trusses
37 30 21
Stress for Edge Column = 6.566 ksi (Floor 42) Stress for Middle Beam = 6.988 ksi (Floor 42)
uFloor to Floor height - 20 feet uNumber of floors - 42 uOverall Height - 840 feet uOffset at Each Level - 6 feet on either side uDeflection - 24.312 inches (Y-axis) (YuDeflection - 02.022 inches (X-axis) (XRatio Along Y - Axis = 414.610 > 200 PETRONAS TOWERS PETRONAS TOWERS PETRONAS TOWERS PETRONAS TOWERS
CASE ANALYSIS
Case 2 - Addition of three belt trusses Case 3 - Addition of One belt truss
CASE ANALYSIS
21
CASE ANALYSIS
Case 2 - Addition of three belt trusses Case 3 - Addition of One belt truss
CASE ANALYSIS
CASE ANALYSIS
Case 4 - Analysis of One belt truss (Change the size of Members)
CASE ANALYSIS
21
uFloor to Floor height - 20 feet uNumber of floors - 42 uOverall Height - 840 feet uOffset at Each Level - 6 feet on either side uDeflection - 24.768 inches (Y-axis) (YuDeflection - 01.374 inches (X-axis) (XRatio Along Y - Axis = 406.976 > 200 PETRONAS TOWERS PETRONAS TOWERS
Stress for Column under Truss = 20.599 ksi (Floor 21) Stress for Beam under Truss = 17.234 ksi (Floor 21)
CASE ANALYSIS
Case 4 - Analysis of One belt truss (Change the size of Members)
I. After the cases 1,2 and 3, we realized that addition of 3 Belt Trusses was not required since the deflection varies only in terms of a few inches uDeflection - 24.312 inches (Y-axis) for the case with (Ythree belt trusses uDeflection - 24.768 inches (Y-axis) for the case with (YOne belt trusses
CASE ANALYSIS
Case 4 - Analysis of One belt truss
II. Hence the next case which involves the resizing of members and checks for stresses to be within 22 Ksi, will be conducted on the Single Belt Truss reinforced frame
Stress for Column under Truss = 20.843 ksi (Floor 37) Stress for Beam under Truss = 19.898 ksi (Floor 37)
CASE ANALYSIS
Column D Beam 1 Column C Beam 2 Column B Beam 3
CASE ANALYSIS
uFloor to Floor height - 20 feet uNumber of floors - 42 uOverall Height - 840 feet uOffset at Each Level - 6 feet on either side uDeflection - 28.590 inches (Y-axis) (YuDeflection - 02.063 inches (X-axis) (XRatio Along Y - Axis = 352.570 > 2004
CONCLUSION : The use of a single Belt Truss provides enough resistance The size of all members can be reduced Yet, Stresses remain within the limit of 22 KSI The deflection does change / increase by 3 inches in the new structure, but material costs are greatly reduced
Column A Beam 4
CASE ANALYSIS
Comparison of Members - Old and New