Giai Nhanh Trac Nghiem Vat Ly

1
HNG DN HC SINH MT S TH THUT GII NHANH BI TP

TRC NGHIM VT L CHNG LNG T NH SNG[VT L 12]
ThS. Hong Hu Tng
GV Trng THPT Cm Xuyn - H Tnh
I. t vn
T nm hc 2008-2009, hc sinh(HS) lp 12 THPT trn c nc c hc chng trnh v SGK
mi. B Gio dc v o to thay i hnh thc thi tuyn sinh mn Vt l (VL) t phng php t
lun sang phng php thi trc nghim khch quan (TNKQ). Vi lng kin thc ton b chng trnh
SGK VL 12 hin hnh trong thi gian 60 pht cho 40 cu thi tt nghip THPT; tt nghip b tc
THPT; 90 pht cho 50 cu thi i hc; Cao ng. Vic n tp v thi bng phng php TNKQ i hi
HS nm bt kin thc tng qut. iu HS phi c nhng suy l lgic; nhng php ton da trn c s
cc nh lut v cc phng php VL a ra phng n tr li nhanh v chnh xc.
Vi nhng yu cu trn, ti xin a ra Th thut gii nhanh BTTNVL chng Lng t nh sng
lp 12 THPT.
II. C s l lun
- Da vo cc nh lut quang in.
- Da vo cc hng s bit
34
6, 625.10 . h J s
= ; C e
19
10 . 6 , 1

= ; kg m
31
10 . 1 , 9

= ; s m c / 10 . 3
8
= .
19
1 1, 6.10 ( ) eV J
= ,
6
1 10 m m =
- Da vo cc n v quen thuc dng bi tp trong cc thi.
- Dng phng php ton hc xy dng hng s mi.
- Dng cc php bin i tng t v hon v chng.
III. Gii quyt vn
Xy dng Hng s mi da vo cc hng s bit, t xy dng mt s th thut (h qu) gii
nhanh bi tp trc nghim.
1. Tm gii hn quang in
0
( ) m khi bit cng thot A.
a. Trng hp 1: Gi thit bi ton cho cng thot A ( ) J . Tm gii hn quang in
0
( ) m
34 8 25
0
6, 625.10 .3.10 1, 9875.10
( )
hc
m
A A A

= = =
+ Cc p n thng cho n v l m
+ i n v ( )
0
m sang ( )
0
m
25 6 19
0
1, 9875.10 .10 1, 9875.10
( ) m
A A

= =
t l hng s (Hng s th nht)

(I)

H qu 1
V d 1: Cng thot lectron ca Vnfram l
19
7,1.10 A J
= . Gii hn quang in ca Vnfram c gi tr

l
A. 0, 500 m B. m 420 , 0 C. m 375 , 0 D. m 280 , 0
Hng dn: p dng h qu 1
( ) m
A

=
0
19
1, 9875.10

=
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2
( ) m
A

280 , 0
10 . 1 , 7
10 . 9875 , 1
19
19
0
= = =

. p n D
b. Trng hp 2: Gi thit bi ton cho cng thot ( ) A eV . Tm gii hn quang in
0
( ) m
+ i n v cng thot ( ) A eV sang ( ) A J
+ T h h qu 1ta c:
19
0 19
1, 9875.10 1, 242
( )
.1, 6.10
m
A A A
= = =
t l hng s (Hng s th hai)
(II)

H qu 2

Ch : Mi lin h gia v

V d 2: Cng thot ca Natri l 2, 4843 A eV = . Gii hn quang in ca Natri c gi tr l
A. m 5 , 0 B. m 6 , 0 C. m 5 D. m 6
( ) m
A

5 , 0
4843 , 2
242 , 1
0
~ = = . p n A
2. Tm cng thot A khi bit gii hn quang in
0
( ) m .
Hon v gi thit v kt lun ca bi tp ta c cc h qu sau:
a. Trng hp 1: Gi thit bi ton cho gii hn quang in
0
( ) m . Tm cng thot A ( ) J .
T h qu 1 ta c:
H qu 3
V d 3: Gii hn quang in ca Xdi l m 66 , 0
0
= . Cng thot ca Xdi dng lm catt l
A. J
19
10 . 114 , 30

B. J
19
10 . 0114 , 3

C. J
20
10 . 0114 , 3

D. J
19
10 . 14 , 301

19
19
0
1, 9875 10
3, 0114.10 ( )
0, 66
A J
= = =
. p n B
b. Trng hp 2: Gi thit bi ton cho gii hn quang in
0
( ) m . Tm cng thot ( ) A eV .
p dng h qu 2 ta c

H qu 4
( )
0
m
A
=
e

= =
19
10 . 6 , 1

( ) J A
0
=
( ) eV A
0
=
1, 242 =

3
V d 4: Gii hn quang in ca mt kim loi l m 30 , 0
0
= . Cng thot ca kim loi dng lm catt
c gi tr l
A. eV 16 , 1 B. eV 21 , 2 C. eV 14 , 4 D. eV 62 , 6
0
1, 242
4,14
0, 3
A eV
= = = . p n C
3. Tm bc sng nh sng kch thch ( ) m khi bit lng t nng lng lng .
S dng cc h qu trn v cc php ton tng t
a. Trng hp 1: Gi thit bi ton cho lng t nng lng ( ) J . Tm bc sng nh sng n sc
khi chiu vo Catt ( ) m .

H qu 5

V d 5: nh sng n sc c lng t nng lng J
19
10 . 975 , 3

= . Bc sng sng n sc c gi tr
l
A. mm 5 , 0 B. m 5 , 0 C. nm 5 , 0 D. pm 5 , 0
( ) m
5 , 0
10 . 975 , 3
10 . 9875 , 1
19
19
= = =

, p n B
b. Trng hp 2: Gi thit bi ton cho lng t nng lng ( ) eV . Tm bc sng nh sng n
sc khi chiu vo Catt ( ) m .

H qu 6

V d 6: nh sng n sc c lng t nng lng eV 1 , 2 = . Bc sng sng n sc c gi tr l
A. m 621 , 0 B. m 540 , 0 C. m 564 , 0 D. m 591 , 0
( ) m
591 , 0
1 , 2
242 , 1
= = = . p n D
4. Tm lng t nng lng khi bit bc sng nh sng kch thch ( ) m .
Hon v gi thit v kt lun ca bi tp ta c cc h qu sau:
a. Trng hp 1: Gi thit bi ton cho bc sng nh sng n sc. Tm lng t nng lng
( ) J .
Tm lng t nng lng ( ) J .

H qu 7

V d 7: Mt bc x in t c bc sng m 2 , 0 = . Nng lng ca mi photon c ln bng
A. J
20
10 . 375 , 99

B. J
19
10 . 375 , 99

C. J
21
10 . 375 , 99

D. J
22
10 . 9375 , 99

( ) J
=
( ) m
=
( ) m
=

4
2 , 0
10 . 9875 , 1
19
= =

( ) J
20 19
10 . 375 , 99 10 . 9375 , 9

= =
p n A
b. Trng hp 2: Gi thit bi ton cho bc sng nh sng n sc. Tm lng t nng lng
( ) eV .

H qu 8

V d 8: Nng lng ca phton ng vi nh sng c bc sng m 41 , 0 l
A. eV 1 , 2 B. eV 5 C. eV 3 , 30 D. eV 03 , 3
eV 03 , 3
41 , 0
242 , 1
~ = =
. p n D
5. Tm ng nng ban u cc i ca quang lectron khi bit ,
0

p dng cng thc Anhxtanh
Ta c
0( max)
A W = +
( ) max
0 0
1 1
W
hc hc
A hc

| |
= = =
|
\ .

( )
34 8
0
0 max 6
0
6, 625.10 .3.10
W
10 .
| |
=
|
\ .

19 0
0 (max)
0
1, 9875.10 ( )
.
W J

| |
=
|
\ .

H qu 9

V d 9: Catt ca mt t bo quang in lm bng xdi c gii hn quang in l 0,66m. Chiu
vo catt nh sng t ngoi c bc sng 0,33m. ng nng ban u cc i ca quang electron l
A. J
19
10 . 01 , 3

B. J
19
10 . 01 , 4

C. J
19
10 . 15 , 3

D. J
19
10 . 51 , 2

.
19 0 0
0 (max)
0 0
. 1, 9875 10 ( )
.
W J

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

19
0( max)
0, 66 0, 33
1, 9875 10 .
0, 66 0, 33
W

| |
=
|
\ .
( )
19
0( max)
3, 01 10
W J
=
p n A

H qu 10

0
0( max)
0
( )
.
W J

| |
=
|
\ .

0
0 (max)
0
( )
.
W eV

| |
=
|
\ .

( ) eV
=

5

V d 10: Catt ca mt t bo quang in lm bng Niken c gii hn quang in l 0,248m.
Chiu vo catt nh sng t ngoi c bc sng 0,180m. ng nng ban u cc i ca quang
electron l
A. 0,116eV B.1, 891eV C. 0, 034eV D. 0, 815eV .
0 0
0 (max)
0 0
. 1, 242 ( )
.
W eV

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

0( max)
0, 248 0,1
1, 242. 1,891
0, 248 0,18
W eV
| |
= =
|
\ .

p n B

6. Tm hiu in th hm
h
U gia ant v catt dng quang in trit tiu khi bit ,
0

( )
( ) 0 max
0 max
W
W
h h
eU U
e
= =

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

.
.
.
0
0
0
0
e
U
h

H qu 11

V d 11: Chiu mt chm bc x n sc c bc sng 0,5m vo catt ca mt t bo quang in c
gii hn quang in l 0,66m. Hiu in th cn t gia ant v catt trit tiu dng quang in l
A. V 2 , 0 B. V 2 , 0 C. V 6 , 0 D. V 6 , 0
p dng h qu 11

|
|
.
|
\
|
=

0
0
242 , 1
h
U
V U
h
6 , 0
5 , 0 66 , 0
5 , 0 66 , 0
. 242 , 1 = |
.
|
\
|
= v 0 (
h
U . p n D
7. Tm vn tc ban u cc i ca quang lectron khi bit ,
0

( )
2
0 max
0 (max)
2
e
m v
W =
( )
( ) 0 max
0
0 max
e 0
2W
2
m .
e
v
m

| |
= =
|
\ .

( )
19
0
0 max 31
0
2.1, 9875.10
9,1.10 .
v

| |
=
|
\ .

( ) V U
h
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

.
0
0
6
( )
5 0
0 max
0
6, 6.10
.
v

=
t l hng s (Hng s th ba)

H qu 12
V d 12: Catt ca t bo quang in c lm t kim loi c cng thot electron l eV A 48 , 2 = . Chiu
vo b mt catt nh sng n sc c bc sng m 31 , 0 = . Gii hn quang in ca kim loi lm catt
v vn tc cc i ca quang electron khi bt ra khi b mt catt ln lt l
A. m 45 , 0
0
= ;
( )
s m v / 10 . 32 , 7
5
max 0
=
B. m 45 , 0
0
= ;
( )
s m v / 10 . 32 , 6
5
max 0
=
C. m 5 , 0
0
= ;
( )
s m v / 10 . 32 , 6
5
max 0
=
D. m 5 , 0
0
= ;
( )
s m v / 10 . 32 , 7
5
max 0
=
Hng dn:p dng h qu 2
( ) m
A

5 , 0
48 , 2
242 , 1
0
= = =
p dng h qu 12

.
.
0
0
(max) 0
= v
) / ( 10 . 32 , 7
31 , 0 . 5 , 0
31 . 0 5 , 0
. 10 . 6 , 6
5 5
(max) 0
s m v =
=
p n D
4. Kt lun
Qua thc t dy hc trng THPT ph thng cho thy vic gii BTTNVL bng phng php
xy dng Hng s mi chng Lng t nh sng lp 12 THPT c tc dng tch cc, thu ht nhiu
HS cng tham gia gii bi tp; nhanh chng a ra kt qu chnh xc v s dng mt cch d dng v gip HS
t kt qu tt trong cc k thi TN, v k thi tuyn sinh i hc.
5. Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn Th Khi (Tng ch bin), V Thanh Khit (Ch bin), Nguyn c Hip, Nguyn
Ngc Hng, Nguyn c Thm, Phm nh Thit, V nh Ty, Phm Qu t (2008), Sch gio khoa,
Sch gio vin, Sch bi tp Vt l 12 nng cao, Nh xut bn Gio dc, H ni.
[2]. Nguyn nh Non, Phm Th Ph, Nguyn nh Thc(2008), Bi tp trc nghim vt l 12,
Nh xut bn i hc s phm, H ni.
[3]. Phm Th Ph (2006), Pht trin bi tp Vt l nhm cng c kin thc v bi dng t duy
linh hot, sng to cho hc sinh, Tp ch gip dc, (s 138 k 2), trang 38-39-40.
[4]. Hong Danh Ti(2009), Hng dn gii nhanh cc dng bi tp trc nghim, Nh xut bn
i hc quc gia, H ni.
) / (
.
0
0
(max) 0
s m v

=
5
10 . 6 , 6 =
7
[5]. L Vn Thnh (2011), Phn loi & phng php gii nhanh bi tp vt l 12, Nh xut bn
i hc s phm, H ni.
[6] Nguyn c Thm (1998), Gio trnh t chc hot ng nhn thc ca hc sinh trong
dy hc Vt l trng ph thng, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H Ni.
[7]. Nguyn nh Thc (2010), Nhng bi tp sng to v Vt l trung hc ph thng, Nh xut
bn Quc gia H Ni .
[8]. Nguyn Anh Vinh(2011), Hng dn n tp v phng php gii nhanh bi tp trc nghim
vt l 12, Nh xut bn i hc s phm, H ni.

Giai Nhanh Trac Nghiem Vat Ly

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Giai Nhanh Trac Nghiem Vat Ly

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1

HNG DN HC SINH MT S TH THUT GII NHANH BI TP

= . Gii hn quang in ca Vnfram c gi tr

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