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Chapter 8. Later Holocene Africa (World Archaeology at The Pitt Rivers Museum)

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Dan Hicks
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For further details about the book, and to order a copy, see http://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/world.html. World Archaeology at the Pitt Rivers Museum: a characterization introduces the range, history and significance of the archaeological collections of the Pitt Rivers Museum at the University of Oxford. In 29 newly-commissioned essays written by a specialist team, the volume explores more than 136,000 artefacts from 145 countries, from the Stone Age to the modern period, and from England to Easter Island. Pioneering a new approach in museum studies, this landmark volume is an essential reference work for archaeologists around the world, and a unique introduction to the archaeological collections of one of the world’s most famous museums.

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Chapter 8. Later Holocene Africa (World Archaeology at the Pitt Rivers Museum)

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462 views47 pages

Chapter 8. Later Holocene Africa (World Archaeology at The Pitt Rivers Museum)

Original Title:

Chapter 8. Later Holocene Africa (World Archaeology at the Pitt Rivers Museum)

Uploaded by

Dan Hicks
For further details about the book, and to order a copy, see http://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/world.html. World Archaeology at the Pitt Rivers Museum: a characterization introduces the range, history…
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5 Ontjr Elol`jfj Nhrc`n
Ynuo Onfj
5.> Cftrlku`tclf
 [ej Yctt ]cvjrs Gusjug (Y]G) eloks nf nsslrtjk rnfdj lh plst-―Ptlfj Ndj–/ontjr Elol`jfj nr`enjloldc`no gntjrcnos hrlg Nhrc`n. Lvjrnoo, tej Y]G kntnmnsj cfkc`ntjs tent tej tltno plsscmoj fugmjr lh ontjr Elol`jfj nr`enjloldc`no lmaj`ts hrlg Nhrc`n cs
`.
4,;>3 ( 
` 
. 83% cs `urrjftoy `lfrgjk ns nr`enjloldc`no lf tej
kntnmnsj nfk
`.
0>% cs plsscmoy nr`enjloldc`no). Cf noo, lfoy >> `luftrcjs nrj
kjfctjoy rjprjsjftjk, ch lfj cf`oukjs Jdypt nfk Puknf (sjj nosl @enptjrs :, 8 nfk
4), my n tltno lh
`.
 :,>>= ctjgs. Tcte tej jx`jptclf lh @npj Xjrkj nfk Nodjrcn, noo lh tejsj wjrj jctejr hlrgjr Mrctcse `lolfcjs lr sumaj`t tl pjrclks lh senrjk Mrctcse ruoj. N hurtejr
`.
=,094 ctjgs tent nrj prlmnmoy lh n plst-Ptlfj Ndj nr`enjloldc`no lrcdcf nrj rj`lrkjk ns plsscmoy ―nr`enjloldc`no– lf tej Y]G kntnmnsj. [ejsj kjrcvj hrlg == `luftrcjs, wcte tej onrdjst `looj`tclfs (6 :9 lmaj`ts) mjcfd hrlg Qcgmnmwj ( 
`.
;,;5; nrtjhn`ts), Plute Nhrc`n ( 
`.
38> nrtjhn`ts), Puknf ( 
`.
830 nrtjhn`ts), Denfn ( 
`.
0>5 nrtjhn`ts), Fcdjrcn ( 
`.
=58 nrtjhn`ts), tej @nfnrcjs ( 
`.
=>4 nrtjhn`ts), Jdypt ( 
`.
=>= nrtjhn`ts), [nfznfcn ( 
`.
>;= nrtjhn`ts) nfk @npj Xjrkj ( 
`.
:3 nrtjhn`ts) ( 
Hcdurj 5.>
 ). Lh tejsj == `luftrcjs, >0 wjrj jctejr hlrgjr Mrctcse @lolfcjs lr sumaj`t tl pjrclks lh senrjk Mrctcse ruoj, nfk ct cs gntjrcno hrlg tejsj tjrrctlrcjs tent klgcfntj.  [ej `lolfcno lrcdcfs lh tej `looj`tclfs nrj teus ns gu`e n pnrt lh tejcr lvjrnoo
scdfc`nf`j ns tej sumstnftcvj nspj`ts lh jn`e lmaj`t lr nssjgmondj. [ej pcj`jgjno
fnturj lh tej `looj`tclfs hrlg pnrtc`uonr `luftrcjs ufkjrocfjs tecs. Lfoy cf n hjw `nsjs (fltnmoy tej nssjgmondj hrlg tej Tjmstjr ]ucfs cf Qcgmnmwj, sjj 5.:.= mjolw) nrj tej nssjgmondjs onrdj jflude tl krnw gjnfcfdhuo nr`enjloldc`no lr ecstlrc`no `lf`ousclfs. Cfstjnk, gnfy lh tej sgnoojr `looj`tclfs prlvckj glrj cfscdet cftl tej n`tcvctcjs lh tej `looj`tlrs nfk prjvncocfd nr`enjloldc`no `lf`jrfs nt tej tcgj tej ctjgs wjrj rj`lvjrjk. [ecs snck, ct nosl fjjks tl mj rj`ldfczjk tent jn`e cfkcvckuno ctjg eloks slgj cfhlrgntclf nmlut tej pnst cf tej ol`nocty hrlg wec`e ct wns kjrcvjk. Cfkjjk cf sjvjrno `nsjs, mj`nusj lh gcfcgno sumsjqujft rjsjnr`e cf tejsj nrjns (Pcjrrn Ojlfj cs nf lmvclus jxngpoj), tej lmaj`ts `nf tjoo us nmlut tej nr`enjloldc`no pltjftcno lh su`e ol`noctcjs nfk tejy gny jvjf wnrrnft hurtejr rjsjnr`e. [ej rjontcvjoy sgnoo sczj lh tej ontjr Elol`jfj nr`enjloldc`no `looj`tclf hrlg  Nhrc`n `lftrnsts wcte tej `looj`tclf lh ―Ptlfj Ndj– gntjrcno, wec`e nt slgj >4,8>> pcj`js cs glrj tenf twc`j tej sczj (sjj @enptjr =). [ecs kchhjrjf`j hurtejr ufkjrocfjs
tej `lolfcno lrcdcfs lh tej Y]G–s Nhrc`nf nr`enjloldc`no `looj`tclfs. Ppj`c`nooy,
mj`nusj nr`enjloldy wns jstnmocsejk cf tej gnalrcty lh Nhrc`nf `luftrcjs wctecf
@ctj tecs pnpjr ns1 Ynuo Onfj =9>0. Ontjr Elol`jfj Nhrc`n. Cf Knf Ec`bs nfk Noc`j Ptjvjfslf (jks) Tlrok Nr`enjloldy nt tej Yctt ]cvjrs Gusjug1 n `enrn`tjrczntclf. Lxhlrk1 Nr`enjlprjss, pp. >==->85. Hlr hurtejr kjtncos lf tej mllb, nfk tl lrkjr n `lpy, sjj ettp1//www.prg.lx.n`.ub/wlrok.etgo@lpyrcdet © Yctt ]cvjrs Gusjug, Nr`enjlprjss, jkctlrs nfk cfkcvckuno nutelrs =9>0. [ej Yctt ]cvjrs Gusjug–s kntnmnsj `nf mj n``jssjk terlude tej gusjug–s wjmsctj nt ettp1//www.prg.lx.n`.ub. ]jsjnr`e jfqucrcjs nmlut tej `looj`tclfs seluok mj nkkrjssjk tl1 Ejnk lh @looj`tclfs, Yctt ]cvjrs Gusjug, Zfcvjrscty lh Lxhlrk. Jgnco1 lmaj`ts.`loosIprg.lx.n`.ub
 
ON[J] ELOL@JFJ NH]C@N
>=0
tej `lftjxt lh jnroy `lolfcno ruoj, gu`e lh tej jnroy nr`enjloldc`no rjsjnr`e lf tej `lftcfjft wns senpjk my gjtrlploctnf `lf`jrfs, fltnmoy cf Mrctncf nfk Hrnf`j. Cf tej ontj >3te `jftury, wejf Jurlpjnf jxpnfsclf cftl sum-Pnenrnf Nhrc`n nfk `lolfcsntclf mjdnf cf jnrfjst, tej klgcfnft nr`enjloldc`no `lf`jrfs cf mlte Mrctncf nfk Hrnf`j  wns wcte tej nftcqucty lh eugnfbcfk ([rcddjr >3531 54), nfk tej usj lh stlfj tllo typloldy tl jstnmocse n rjontcvj `erlfloldy lh tej Ynonjloctec` hlr kchhjrjft nrjns. Pcgconr `lf`jrfs wjrj trnfshjrrjk tl tej Nhrc`nf `lftcfjft, nfk cf gnfy rjdclfs tej ontjr nr`enjloldy wns glrj lr ojss cdflrjk, lr dcvjf lfoy `urslry nttjftclf (sjj tej rjdclfno ecstlrcjs cf ]lmjrtsenw >339n hlr kjtncos). [ej rjsuotnft typloldcjs wjrj lhtjf `lrrjontjk wcte kchhjrjft jfvcrlfgjftno `lfkctclfs ‐ cf Jurlpj tejsj wjrj typc`nooy tej gncf don`cntclfs nfk cftjrstnkcnos, wecoj cf Nhrc`n ―pouvcnos– wjrj sjjf ns tej gncf jfvcrlfgjftno jvjft nfk `erlfloldc`no gnrbjrs (j.d. Fcosslf >3;32 Tnyonfk >309). Glrjlvjr, hlr nt ojnst slgj s`elonrs, ―nr`enjloldy– gjnft scgpoy n rj`lrk lh tej Ptlfj Ndj, ns hlr jxngpoj cs cgpocjk my tej hloolwcfd lpjfcfd sjftjf`j tl tej sj`tclf ejnkjk ―Nr`enjloldy– cf Tcohrck Engmoy–s >30: n``luft lh Fcdjrcn–s `uoturno nrjns,
nfk cf wec`e ej lfoy kcs`ussjs fks lh Ptlfj Ndj gntjrcno1
Hcdurj 5.> Gnp lh
 Nhrc`n selwcfd tej
 prlplrtclf lh ontjr
nr`enjloldc`no gntjrcno cf tej Yctt ]cvjrs Gusjug.
@ctj tecs pnpjr ns1 Ynuo Onfj =9>0. Ontjr Elol`jfj Nhrc`n. Cf Knf Ec`bs nfk Noc`j Ptjvjfslf (jks) Tlrok Nr`enjloldy nt tej Yctt ]cvjrs Gusjug1 n `enrn`tjrczntclf. Lxhlrk1 Nr`enjlprjss, pp. >==->85. Hlr hurtejr kjtncos lf tej mllb, nfk tl lrkjr n `lpy, sjj ettp1//www.prg.lx.n`.ub/wlrok.etgo@lpyrcdet © Yctt ]cvjrs Gusjug, Nr`enjlprjss, jkctlrs nfk cfkcvckuno nutelrs =9>0. [ej Yctt ]cvjrs Gusjug–s kntnmnsj `nf mj n``jssjk terlude tej gusjug–s wjmsctj nt ettp1//www.prg.lx.n`.ub. ]jsjnr`e jfqucrcjs nmlut tej `looj`tclfs seluok mj nkkrjssjk tl1 Ejnk lh @looj`tclfs, Yctt ]cvjrs Gusjug, Zfcvjrscty lh Lxhlrk. Jgnco1 lmaj`ts.`loosIprg.lx.n`.ub
 
 TL]OK N]@ENJLOLDS N[ [EJ YC[[ ]CXJ]P GZPJZG
>=;
―Notelude n `lfsckjrnmoj ngluft lh systjgntc` nr`enjloldc`no wlrb ens mjjf n``lgpocsejk cf Nodjrcn, Jdypt, Bjfyn nfk slute Nhrc`n, tej stlfj ndj lh tej `lftcfjft ns n weloj ens flt mjjf ecstlrc`nooy nfk `uoturnooy jxponcfjk– (Engmoy >30:1 043).
Dcvjf tejsj hn`tlrs, tecs `enptjr wcoo rst prlvckj n `erlfloldc`no nfk djldrnpec`no
lvjrvcjw (5.=), mjhlrj turfcfd tl glrj kjtncojk kcs`ussclfs lf n rjdclfno mnscs1 Tjst  Nhrc`n (5.0), Jnstjrf Nhrc`n (5.;), Plutejrf/@jftrno Nhrc`n (5.:) nfk Flrte/FJ  Nhrc`n (5.8, wcte lhhselrj csonfks cf`oukjk ns npprlprcntj). Cf tejsj rjdclfno sj`tclfs,
tej mrlnk nr`enjloldc`no scdfc`nf`j lh tej gntjrcno wcoo mj rjvcjwjk nolfdsckj tej
ecstlrcldrnpec` cfscdets tej `looj`tclfs prlvckj rjdnrkcfd tej `looj`tlrs nfk tejcr `lftrcmutclf tl tej kjvjolpgjft lh tej kcs`cpocfj lf tej Nhrc`nf `lftcfjft. [ej rjsjnr`e pltjftcno lh jn`e nrjn cs suggnrczjk cf sj`tclf 5.4, nfk mrcjh `lf`ousclfs nrj krnwf cf sj`tclf 5.5.
5.= @erlfloldc`no nfk Djldrnpec`no Lvjrvcjw 
 Tctelut kjtncojk nssjssgjft lh cfkcvckuno `looj`tclfs nfk nrtjhn`ts ct cs flt plsscmoj tl lhhjr prj`csj cfhlrgntclf nmlut tej pjrclks lh ontjr Nhrc`nf prjecstlry nfk ecstlry rjprjsjftjk cf tej Y]G `looj`tclfs. Elwjvjr, ct cs `ojnr tent tejy spnf gnfy kchhjrjft tcgj pjrclks1 hrlg cfctcno pensjs lh ponft nfk nfcgno klgjstc`ntclf nfk tej nklptclf lh gjtnoourdy, tl tej jgjrdjf`j lh `lgpojx stntjs nfk bcfdklgs nfk sumsjqujft jfdndjgjft wcte Jurlpjnf `lolfcnocsg. Cf mrlnk tjrgs, tejrjhlrj, tnbjf tldjtejr tej `looj`tclfs spnf tej pjrclk hrlg nt ojnst ;999 M@J tl tej jnroy =9te `jftury @J. Lfj `lfsjqujf`j lh tjgplrno uf`jrtncfty nfk n`qucsctclf gjtelk cs tent uftco su`e tcgj ns n kjtncojk nssjssgjft `nf mj ufkjrtnbjf tej fugmjrs lh ―nr`enjloldc`no– lmaj`ts fltjk mjolw rjgncf npprlxcgntj. Tecoj tej tjgplrno kjtnco cs glrj ocgctjk, quctj prj`csj cfhlrgntclf nmlut tej djldrnpec`no lrcdcfs lh tej gntjrcno cs nvnconmoj. [ecs cs suggnrczjk cf
[nmojs 
 
5.>
nfk
 5.= 
. N hjw djfjrno plcfts `nf mj gnkj. Hcrst, ct gcdet mj jxpj`tjk dcvjf tej olfdjr ecstlry lh `lolfcno ruoj cf slutejrf Nhrc`n nfk tej `rjntclf lh sjttojr sl`cjtcjs tejrj tent telsj `looj`tclfs wluok prjklgcfntj. Elwjvjr, ct cs gntjrcno hrlg ―Plutejrf ]elkjscn– (c.j. Qcgmnmwj) tent klgcfntjs fugjrc`nooy, rntejr tenf hrlg tej ]jpumoc` lh Plute Nhrc`n, wec`e ens n gu`e olfdjr rj`lrk lh prlhjssclfno, nfk jvjf ony, nr`enjloldc`no n`tcvcty (sjj Kjn`lf >3392 Enoo >339). [ecs `lftrnsts wcte tej pnttjrf hlr ―Ptlfj Ndj– gntjrcno hrlg tej `lftcfjft (sjj @enptjr =). N hurtejr `lftrnst wcte tej pnttjrf hlr ―Ptlfj Ndj– gntjrcno cs tej vjry olw prlplrtclf lh gntjrcno hrlg jctejr Bjfyn lr Zdnfkn, wejrjns gntjrcno hrlg mlte lh tejsj tjrrctlrcjs, nfk jspj`cnooy Bjfyn, hjnturj prlgcfjftoy cf tej Nhrc`nf ―Ptlfj Ndj– `looj`tclfs onrdjoy ns n rjsuot lh tej n`tcvctcjs lh Olucs Ojnbjy nfk J.A. Tnyonfk, rjspj`tcvjoy (sjj @enptjr 0).
5.0 Tjst Nhrc`n
5.0.> Lvjrvcjw
 [ej ontjr nr`enjloldc`no gntjrcno hrlg Tjst Nhrc`n cs rjontcvjoy ocgctjk, mlte fugjrc`nooy nfk djldrnpec`nooy. Ct `lgprcsjs
`.
84; lmaj`ts (34 ―`lfrgjk–, :44
―plsscmoj–) hrlg sjvjf `luftrcjs1 @npj Xjrkj, Denfn, Gnoc, Fcdjr, Fcdjrcn, Pcjrrn Ojlfj nfk [ldl. [ej djldrnpec`no sprjnk nfk sczj lh tej `looj`tclf cs jfenf`jk socdetoy my tej cf`ousclf lh ―prlmnmoj– gntjrcno ‐ gu`e lh wec`e, tl aukdj onrdjoy hrlg kntnmnsj kjs`rcptclfs nfk slgj kcrj`t jxngcfntclf, cs prlmnmoy ―nr`enjloldc`no– cf fnturj.
@ctj tecs pnpjr ns1 Ynuo Onfj =9>0. Ontjr Elol`jfj Nhrc`n. Cf Knf Ec`bs nfk Noc`j Ptjvjfslf (jks) Tlrok Nr`enjloldy nt tej Yctt ]cvjrs Gusjug1 n `enrn`tjrczntclf. Lxhlrk1 Nr`enjlprjss, pp. >==->85. Hlr hurtejr kjtncos lf tej mllb, nfk tl lrkjr n `lpy, sjj ettp1//www.prg.lx.n`.ub/wlrok.etgo@lpyrcdet © Yctt ]cvjrs Gusjug, Nr`enjlprjss, jkctlrs nfk cfkcvckuno nutelrs =9>0. [ej Yctt ]cvjrs Gusjug–s kntnmnsj `nf mj n``jssjk terlude tej gusjug–s wjmsctj nt ettp1//www.prg.lx.n`.ub. ]jsjnr`e jfqucrcjs nmlut tej `looj`tclfs seluok mj nkkrjssjk tl1 Ejnk lh @looj`tclfs, Yctt ]cvjrs Gusjug, Zfcvjrscty lh Lxhlrk. Jgnco1 lmaj`ts.`loosIprg.lx.n`.ub

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