Nitrification Reactions Nh4+ + 1.

5 O2 ---------- Ammonia Oxygen Nitrosomonas

No2- + 2H+ + H2O + Energy Nitrite Acid Water + Energy

NO2- = 0.5O2 ------------------ NO3Nitrite Oxygen Nitrobacter Nitrite Plug-Flow Process Typical Design Parameters Application BOD Removal Efficiency Aeration Type SRT (biological reactor) Aeration Time MLSS RAS Flow F:M Organic Loading

Domestic or industrial 85 95% Diffused or mechanical 5-15 days 4-12 hours 1500 3000 mg/L 25 75% of the influent 2-5 mg BOD/kg MLVSS 0.3-0.6 kg BOD/m3/d

Complete Mix Process Typical Design Parameters Application Domestic and industrial BOD Removal Efficiency 85-95% Aeration Type Mechanical SRT 5-15 days Aeration time 3-10 hours MLSS 2500 4000 mg/L RAS Flow 25-100% of the influent F:M 2-7 mg BOD/kg MLVSS Organic loading 0.8-1.9 kg BOD/m3

Contact Stabilization Process Design Parameters Application Modification of existing plant BOD Removal Efficiency 80-90% Aeration Type Diffused or mechanical SRT 5-15 days Aeration Time 0.5-1 hours contact 3-6 hours Reaeration MLSS 1000-3000 mg/L Contact 4000-10000 mg/L Reaeration RAS Flow 50=150% of the Influent F:M 2-7 mg BOD/kg MLVSS Organic Loading 1.0-1.2 kg BOD/m3

Step Feed Process Typical Design Parameters Application Domestic and industrial BOD Removal Efficiency 85-95% Aeration Type Diffused SRT 5-15 days Aeration Time 3-6 hours flow 5-7.5 hours solids MLSS 2500-3500 mg/L RAS Flow 25-75% of the influent F:M 2.5 mg BOD/kg MLVSS Organic Loading 0.5-1.0 kg BOD/m3 Extended Aeration Process Typical Design Parameters Application Smaller communities and Package Plants BOD Removal Efficiency 85-95% Aeration Type Diffused or Mechanical SRT 20-30 days Aeration Time 18-36 hours MLSS 3000-6000 mg/L RAS Flow 50-150% of the influent F:M 0.6-1.7 mg BOD/kg MLVSS Organic Loading 0.2-0.4 kg BOD/m3 High Rate Typical Process Design Parameters Application Industrial BOD Removal Efficiency 75-85% Aeration Type Mechanical or Diffused (rare) SRT 12-24 days Aeration Time 2-4 hours MLSS 4000-10000 mg/L RAS Flow 100-500% of the Influent F:M 5-17 mg BOD/kg MLVSS Organic Loading 2-20 kg BOD/m3 High Purity Oxygen Process Typical Design Parameters Application Domestic and Industrial BOD Removal Efficiency 85-95% Aeration Type Mechanical SRT 3-10 days Aeration Time 1-3 hours MLSS 2000-5000mg/L F:M 3-12 mg BOD/kg MLVSS Organic Loading 2-3 kg BOD/m3

SBR Process Typical Design Parameters Application BOD Removal Efficiency Aeration Type SRT Aeration Time MLSS RAS Flow F:M Organic Loading

Smaller Communities 85-95% Diffused N/A 12-50 hours 1500-5000 mg/L N/A 0.6 3.5 mg BOD/kg MLVSS 0.4 kg BOD/m3