tpbay; cs;slf;fk;

khj ,jo; Mrphpah; gFjp

nghOJ - 04
04 tho;j;Jf;fs;
khh;fop - ij (r
(rdthp)
dthp) - 2009
2009
tpbay; kjpg;Giu
gp. jq;fuh[; ftpijfs;
rpwg;ghrphpah; xOf;fk;
lhf;lh; eh. fz;zd; gpvr;.b. jkpo; top ,iza jsk;
fy;Y}hp Kjy;th; Njrk; njhiyj;jth;fs;
gpypg;Gnj nky;Nyh
Mrphpah; Jspg;ghf;fs;
Kidth; ,uh. re;jpuNrfud; gpvr;.b. tpjhyp G+h;dpf;fh
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd;
,izg;Nguhrphpah; & jiyth;
mbikg;Nghf;FfSk; jPh;TfSk;
jkpo;j;Jiw
jkpopy; fzpjk; gapYq;fs;
The Tevaram Contribution to
Mrphpah; FO Saivism & Indian Music
jkpo;j;Jiw tphpTiuahsh;
tphpTiuahsh;fs;
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs;
kpfg; nghpa kyh;
cjtp Mrphpah;fs; ekJ Njrk;
ftpaurp (III gp.V
gp.V. jkpo;) Jauj;jpd; Rit
ngUQ;rpfuk; gw;wpa rpWFwpg;G
#ir gpufhrk; (I gp.V
gp.V. jkpo;)
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
rpy;tpah (I gp.v];rp. gp.b.)
gp.b. nra;
nra;jpj;jhs;
ek;gpf;if

jkpo;j;Jiw
Nf.v];.Mh;. fiy & mwptpay; fy;Y}hp
jpUr;nrq;NfhL – 637 215
www. ksrcasthamizh.blogspot.com
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 Mrpupau; gFjp
cynfq;Fk; cyTk; fpwp];Jk]; tho;j;Jf;fs; gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by;
cUthdJ. cynfq;Fk; cs;s jkpoh;fspd; cs;sq;fis kfpo;tpf;Fk;
ijj;jpUehshk; nghq;fy; jpUehisf; nfhz;lhLk; tifapy; nghq;fy; tho;j;Jf;fs;
mDg;Gk; tof;fk; cUthfp 80 Mz;Lfs; Mfpd;wd.
nghq;fy; tho;j;J mDg;Gk; tof;fj;ijj; jkpoh;fs; kj;jpapy; cUthf;fpath;
jkpo; vOj;jhsh; k.g. nghparhkpj; J}ud;
J}ud Mthh;. ,th; 1928Mk; Mz;by; nrd;id
khepyf;fy;Y}hpapy; gapd;wNghJ khzth;fspilNa> fpwp];jth;fs;
‘fpwp]; cynfq;Fk;
fpwp];Jk]; tho;j;Jf;fis tho;j;J ml;ilfspd; topahfg; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;tijg;
Nghy cynfq;fpYk; thOk; jkpoh;fSk; nghq;fy; tho;j;Jf;fisg;
ghpkhwpf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;’ vd;w fUj;jpid Kd;nkhope;jhh;. mjidr; nraypYk;
fhl;bdhh;. mfykhd xU FUj;Njhiy xd;iw mofhf ntl;b> mjw;F tz;zk;
jPl;b> mjpy; nghq;fy; tho;j;jpidf; FWQ;nra;jpahf vOjp jkpowpQh; fh. ekr;rptha
Kjypahh;> jkpo;j;njd;wy; jpU.tp.f.> fy;fp KjypNahUf;Fk; jk; ez;gh;fSf;Fk;
mDg;gpitj;jhh;. ,jid tuNtw;w jpU.tp.f. mth;fs; jkpoh;fs;
‘jkpoh; midtUk;
,jidg; gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk;’ vd;W fl;Liu xd;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;L vOjpdhh;.
md;;Wnjhlq;fp ,d;Wtiu mg;gof;fk; jkpoh; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;JtUfpd;wJ.
jw;NghJ njhiyNgrp> miyNgrp> kpd;dQ;ry; Kjypatw;wpd; topahfg; nghq;fy;
tho;j;J jkpoh; kj;jpapy; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. jghy; fl;lz cah;tpd;
fhuzkhfTk; fhyjhkjq;fshYk; ngq;fy; tho;j;J ml;il mDg;Gk; tof;fk; jkpoh;
kj;jpapy; Fiwe;JtUfpd;wJ.
cynfq;Fk; thOk; jkpoh; midtUf;Fk; ,dpa ijg;nghq;fy; tho;j;Jf;fis
tpbay;’ khj ,jo; njhptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ.
‘tpbay;
– Mrphpah;
Mrphpah;FO

ml;ilg;
lg; glk;
jkpohpd; tPu tpisahl;Lf;fSs; xd;W [y;ypf;fl;L – Mrphpah;.

tho;j;Jf;fs;
ekJ fy;Y}hp khzhf;fh;fs;; m. fhh;j;jpf; kw;Wk; v];. jpNd~;
jpNd~;
(,sq;fiy Kjyhkhz;L fzpdp mwptpay;) MfpNahhpd;; ‘,aw;if
njha;tk;’, ‘ek;gpf;if’ Kjypa jiyg;Gfspy; mike;j ftpijfs;>
jpdj;je;jp’p
‘jpdj; (12.01.2009) ehspjopy;
ehspjopy; khzth;
‘khzth; ];ng~y;’ gFjpapy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. mjw;fhf> ‘jpdj;
jpdj;je;jp’p ehspjOf;F ed;wpfisAk; mk;
khzf;fh;fSf;Fg;; ghuhl;LfisAk; ‘tpbay;
tpbay;’ njhptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ.
– Mrphpah;.

2
 tpbay;’ kjpg;Giu
‘tpbay;
ml;ilapy; fz;l fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kdj;ijf; fdpar;nra;jd. ,d;iwa
epiyapy; cyfpw;F czh;j;j Ntz;ba fUj;Jf;fisf; fz;Nld; - kdk;
kfpo;e;Njd;. kdpjNeak;> ngz;zpak; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; Ritglf;
$wg;gl;Ls;sd. tpbaypd; tuthy; khzth;fspd; kdJ kyh;e;Js;sij
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. vjph;fhyj;jpw;fhd tpbaiy Nehf;fp tpopj;jpUg;Nghh; gyh;.
njhlh;e;J tpbal;Lk;. - Nj. tp[a;> fzpjtpay; tphpTiuahsh;.
“,d;iwa ntw;wpia
kwe;jhYk;
New;iwa Njhy;tpia
kwthNj” – vDk; rjP~;Fkhhpd; ftpijthpfs; vy;NyhiuAk; rpe;jpf;f
itf;Fk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. jkpo;nkhopapy; cs;s Xh; vOj;jpw;Nf
,j;jid rpwg;Gs;sjh vd;gij “ ‘o’fuj;jpd; rpwg;G” vDk; Fwpg;ghy; fz;L
tpae;Njd;. tpbay; ,jOf;F vdJ tho;j;Jf;fs;.
- t. fhh;j;jpf; > Mil tbtikg;Gj; Jiw tphpTiuahsh;
tphpTiuahsh;.
tpbay; vDk; ,jopd; top vq;fSf;Fk; Gjpa gy nra;jpfs;
fpilf;fpd;wd. vq;fs; jkpo;j;Jiwapd; ,t;tpjo; jkpo; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s
gw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. jkpiog; gbf;Fk; vq;fisj; jFjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
tpbay; kyul;Lk;; khje;NjhWk;. - %d;whkhz;L jkpo; ,yf;fpa
khzhf;
khzhf;fh;fs;.
tpbay; ,jo; rpwg;G. ,e;j ,jioj; njhlh;e;J gbf;fpd;Nwhk;.
ftpijfspd; Rit vq;fs; kdj;ijf; fth;fpd;wJ. ‘jkpo; top ,izak;’
vDk; gFjp gad;kpFe;Js;sJ. ‘ek;khy; KbAk;’ vDk; gFjp vq;fis
Cf;fg;gLj;jpaJ. vq;fs; tho;tpw;fhd tpbayhf tUk; ,t;tpjio
tho;j;JfpNwhk;. - Kjyhkhz;L gp.rp.V. ‘gp
gp’
gp gphpT khzhf;fh;fs;.

gp. jq;fuh[; ftpijfs;

ftpijfs;
,sq;fiy ,uz;lhkhz;L fzpdp mwptpay; ‘gp’ gphpT
KjpNahh; ,y;yk;
kpUfq;fs; te;J
kdpjh;fisg; ghh;j;Jr; nry;Yk;
kdpjf;fhl;rpr; rhiy

rpfnul;
vhpa vhpa jhDk; fiue;J
Ve;jpathpd; MAisAk; fiuf;Fk;
nkOFth;j;jp.

Gj;jfk;
md;W
jiy jho;j;jp cd;idg; ghh;j;Njd;.
,d;W gyh;
jiy epkph;j;jp vd;idg; ghh;f;fpd;wdh;.

3
 xOf;fk;
v];. uhN[];
,sq;fiy Kjyhz;L tzpf Nkyhz;ik
Kd;Diu
xOf;fk; tp
“xOf; tpOg;ge; juyhd;
juyhd; xOf;fk;
caphpDk; Xk;gg; gLk;” (jpUf;Fws; vz; :131)
kdpjd; kdpjdhf thoNtz;Lkhdhy; xOf;fj;ijf; filgpbj;J
tho;tJ mtrpak;. xOf;fk; kdpjid khe;jUs; rpwg;Gilatdhf
cUthf;FfpwJ. me;j xOf;fj;ij capiu tpl Nkyhdjhff; fUjp>
xOf;fj;Jld; - khdj;Jld; tho;e;jhy; ngUk; GfioAk;> rpwg;igAk;
milayhk;. mj;jifa xOf;fj;jpd; rpwg;Gf;fis ts;Sth; topepd;W
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

xOf;fk; ey;ywj;jpw;F tpj;jhFk;. ey;y mwr;nray;fisr; nra;J

NgUk; GfOk; mila kdpjdpd; xOf;fNk mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ. fhe;jp
mbfspd; xOf;fNk mtiu kfhj;khthf cyfj;jpd; Kd; cah;j;jpaJ.
kfhj;kh Nghy cyfpy; cah;e;J epw;f Ntz;Lkhdhy;> rpwpa tajpNyNa
ey;y gof;ftof;fq;fSld;> ey;y gz;GfSld;> ed;ndwpfisg; gpd;gw;w
Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW nra;jhy; ehk; gpwe;j Fbf;Fk;> ehl;Lf;Fk; ngUik
Vw;gLk;.
capNuhL elkhLgth;fs; kl;Lk; kdpjh;fs; my;yh;. tho;thq;F tho
Ntz;ba newpapy; kdpjj; jd;ikNahL thOk;NghJjhd; kdpjdhf KbAk;.
,y;iynad;why; GjpanjhU tpyq;fha;g; GOtpDk; fPohf kjpf;fg;gLNthk;.
ehk;> nghpNahh;fs; tho;e;J fhl;ba xOf;f newpfisg; gpd;gw;wp tho;e;J
te;jhy; ekf;F ,k;ikf;Fk;> kWikf;Fk; mit JizGhpAk;.
xOf;fj;jhy;jhd; xUtd; rKjhaj;jpy; kdpjd; vd;w jFjpiag;
ngWfpwhd;;. Fbkfd; vd;W cyfj;jhuhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwhd;. mg;NghJ
mtdJ ngUikNa> mtdJ xOf;fNk mtdJ Fbg;ngUikahf cah;e;J
epw;Fk;.

xOf;fj;jpypUe;J jtwpdhy; mtidr; rKjhak; Gwf;fzpf;Fk;:

,ope;j gpwg;G vd;W mtid ,opj;Jg; NgRk;;: mtkjpg;Gk;> Gwf;fzpg;Gk;
Vw;gl;L tho;f;if epiyFiye;JtpLk;> jhq;f Kbahj JauKk;> Jd;gKk;
tUj;Jk;. gpwe;j Fbapd; ngUikAk; Fd;Wk;. ,jid>
xOf;fk; cilik Fbik ,Of;fk;
“xOf;
,ope;j gpwg;gha; tpLk;” (jpUf;Fws; vz; :133) vd;fpwhh;
nja;tg; Gyth;.
tho;f;ifapy; Kd;NdWtjw;fhf vg;gbAk; thoyhk; vd;W epidf;ff;
$lhJ. ,g;gbj;jhd; thoNtz;Lk; vd;W xOf;f newpapy; epd;W tho;e;J
fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. ,d;W> rKjhaj;jpy; nghUsPl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mirahy;>
jtwhd topapy; gyh; gzk; rk;ghjpj;J gadila tpUk;Gfpwhh;fs;. mJ
jtwhd ghijahFk;. ,g;ghij mtDf;Fg; gy Jd;gq;fis cUthf;fp>
cUf;Fiyj;J tpLk;> tPz;gopAk;> ,Of;Fk; Vw;gLk;: kdpjd; Kaw;rp nra;J
ciog;gpdhy; Neh;ikahd topapy; nghUs; <l;l Ntz;Lk;. mJ cah;itj;

4
jUk;. vg;nghOJk; cah;e;j gz;GfSld;> cah;e;j newpfisg; gpd;gw;wp tho
Ntz;Lk;: gpio ePq;fp tho Ntz;Lk;.
rhd;Nwhh;fs;> mwpTilath;fs;> xOf;fk; jtWtjhy; Vw;gLk;
NfLfis ed;F mwpe;Jitj;J xOf;fj;Jld; tho;fpd;wdh;. jq;fs; Fyk;
Fw;wk; mile;J gopf;F MshFk;> xOf;fj;jpdpd;W jtWtjhy; Jd;gk;
Vw;gLk; vd;gij mwpe;J ,opTr; nraypy; ,Ue;J tpyfpj; jq;fisj;
jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,jidg; gpd;tUk; Fws; top mwpayhk;.
xOf;fj;jpd; xy;fhh; cuNthh; ,Of;fj;jpd;
“xOf;
Vjk; gLg
gLghf; fwpe;J.” (jpUf;Fws; vz; :136)
Vzpapy;yhky; khbapy; VWk; Kaw;rp ghJfhg;G cilaJ my;y>
jtwp tpOe;jhy; caph; gpiog;gJ mhpJ. vdNt> tho;f;ifapy; rpwg;Gngw
tpUk;GNthh; ‘xOf;fNk cfe;j Vzp’ vd;W czu Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F khwhf
xOf;f newpapypUe;J tpyfpr; nrd;W ,lwp tpOe;jhy; mJtiu milahj
gopAk;> mjph;r;rpAk; te;jiltJ cWjp. ehk; tho;f;ifapy; Nkd;ik mila
tpUk;gpdhy; xOf;fNk cfe;j newp vdf; fUjp tho Ntz;Lk;.
jPnahOf;fj;ijf; filgpbj;J tho;Nthkhdhy; ve;ehSk; Jd;gq;fs;
cah;e;J> tho;f;ifNa Xahj Nghuhl;lkhf khwp> kfpo;r;rpiaAk;>
,d;gj;ijAk; nfLj;J tpLk;. ,jid>
ed;wpf;F tpj;jhFk; ey;nyhOf;fk; jPnahOf;fk;
“ed;
vd;Wk; ,Lk;
,Lk;ig jUk;” (jpUf;Fws; vz; :138) vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.
ehk; jPikahdnray;fisg; gpwhplk; NgrpdhYk; mJ
xOf;fj;jpdpd;W jtWtNj MFk;. jg;gpj;jtwp jPikahd nrhw;fisg;
Ngrptpl;lhYk; cyfk; ek;ikj; jtwhf fUJk;. Mz;Lfs; vj;jid
kiwe;jhYk; cyfk; mjid kwthky; itj;jpUe;J> md;W mt;thW
$wpatd;jhNd vd;W ek;ik Vsdk; nra;Ak;. thapy; nrhy;ypa gpd;dUk;
vijAk; kiwf;f KbahJ. ‘njhpahky; nrhy;yptpl;Nld;’ vd;W kd;dpg;Gf;
Nfl;fTk; KbahJ. mJTk;> ‘ey;yth;fs; thapy; ,J Nghd;w
jPikahdnrhw;fs; gpwf;f tha;g;Ng ,y;iy’ vdg; Gwf;fzpj;J tpLthh;fs;.
,itnay;yhk; ehk; thOk; cyfpy; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba newpfshFk;.
cyfj;NjhL xd;whf fye;J gofp thOk; ehk; ftdj;NjhL. xOf;f
newpNahL tho Ntz;Lk;. cyfj;NjhL xl;b thOk; fy;tp mwpT ,y;yhky;
gy E}y;fisg; gbj;J ,Ue;jhYk; gadpy;iy. mth;fs; mwptpy;yhjth;fs;;;
cs;sj;jpy; kfpo;r;rp milahjth;fs; vd;W ts;Sth; ,bj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.
cyfj;NjhL xl;l xOfy; gyfw;Wk;
“cyfj;
fy;yhh; mwptpyh jh jhh;” (jpUf;Fws; vz; :140) vd;gJ nja;tg;Gyth;
thf;F.
KbTiu
xOf;fj;jpd; rpwg;Gfis mwpe;J> ma;ad; ts;Sth;> mz;zy;
fhe;jpabfs;> Gj;jh;> ,NaR ngUkhd; Nghd;w cah;e;j rhd;Nwhh;fs; fhl;ba
ey;topapNy epd;W xOf;fj;ijf; filgpbj;J> ngUk; GfOk;> rpwg;Gk; ngw;W
vjph;fhy rKjhaj;jpw;F topfhl;baha; ,d;iwa ,isQh;fs; jpfoNtz;Lk;.
ehLk; tPLk; eyk; ngw tho;e;J fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.

“khdk; mope;jgpd; thohik Kd;,dpNj

jhdk; mopahikj; jhdlq;fp tho; (T) ,dpNj
Cdk; xd; (W) ,d;wp cah;e;j nghUSlik
khdplth;f; (F) vy;yhk; ,dpJ.” (,.eh. : 13)

5
 jkpo; top ,iza jsk;
Kidth; ,uh. FzrPyd;
d;> jkpo; tphpTiuahsh;

mwptpaypd; tsu;r;rp ,e;j cyfj;ijNa rpWfpuhkkhf

khw;wptpl;lJ. xUtiu xUtu; njhlu;Gnfhs;sNth> xU nra;jpiaj; njupe;J
nfhs;sNth nkhop ,d;W xU jilahf ,y;iy. ‘xt;nthUtUk; mtu;fspd;
jha; nkhopapNyNa ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;’ vd;gNj mwptpay;
cyfpd; kpfg; ngupa ,yf;fhf cs;sJ. ,r;R+oypy;> ,izaj;jpy; ek;
jha;nkhop njhlu;ghd fz;Lgpbg;Gfis mwpe;J mjd; epiw - Fiwfis
Ma;e;J nrhy;yNtz;baJ ek; flikahFk;.
,izaj; jkpo;
Background Processing – gpd;dzpr; nrayhf;fk;.
Central processing Unit (CPU)- ikar; nrayfk;.
Computer Programmer - fzpg;nghwp epuyu.;
Computerized Database – fzpg;nghwpj; juTj;jsk;.
Continuous Scrolling – njhlu; cUsy;.
Control Panel – fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gyfk;.
jdpg;gadhf;F.
Customize –jdpg;
Data entry Operator – juT cs;sPl;lhsu;.
Data Processing – juTr; nrayhf;fk;.
Intranet – mf ,izak;.
,izajs
,izajs njhopy;El;gk;
o ,izajsq;fisAk;> tiyg;gjpTfisAk; nkhop khw;wpg;gbf;f
GjpanjhU ,izajsk; http://girgit.chitthajagat.in/MFk;. ,j; jsj;jpw;Fr;
nrd;W ekf;Fj; Njitahd ,izajs Kftupia ,lNtz;Lk;. rpwpJ
Neuj;jpy; ehk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,izajsk; nkhopkhw;wg;gl;L fhl;rpaspf;Fk;.
jw;NghJ ,e;j tha;g;G “jkpo;> njYq;F> Nuhkd;> xupah> kiyahsk;>
fd;dlk;> `pe;jp> F[uhj;jp> FUKfp Mfpa nkhopfSf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; gpw nkhop njhpahNjhUk; mk;nkhop ,izajsq;fisAk;>
tiyg;gjpTfisAk; gbj;Jg; gad; ngWk; epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

o http://www.ispeech.org/bloggers.php vd;w jsj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W ehk; xyp

tbtpy; khw;;wNtz;ba tiyg;gjpT Kftup> ,izajs Kftup> juTfs;
Mfpatw;iw mspj;jhy;> ,j;jsj;jpdh; clNd mtw;iw vk;.gp-3 tbtpy;
khw;wp mspf;fpwhu;fs;. mjid ehk; gjptpwf;fk; nra;J gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;syhk;. ekJ tiyg;gjptpNyh> ,izajsj;jpNyh ,lk; ngwr;
nra;ayhk;.

o ,izajs cyfpy; jdf;nfd xU jdpaplj;ijg; ngw;W tpsq;Fk;

$Fs;> jd; vy;yh gjpTfspYk; jkpOf;F vd jdpftdk; nrYj;jp tUfpwJ.
Fwpg;ghf ,izak;> tiyg;gjpT> kpd;dQ;ry;> Mu;Fl; Mfpatw;wpd;
mikg;Gfspy; jkpo; vd;Dk; nkhopia ehk; Nju;T nra;jhy; KOf;f KOf;f
jkpopNyNa ehk; ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;j KbfpwJ.
6
 Njrk; njhiyj;jth;fs;
jkpod; (,uh. GfNoe;jp)
jiyth;> fzpdp mwptpay; Jiw
,J> GJf;ftpijah kuGf; ftpijah vdj; njhpahJ. ,jpy; re;jk; cs;sjh
vd;Wk; njhpahJ. Mdhy;> ,jpy; rj;jk; cs;sJ; Xh; ,dj;jpd; rj;jk; cs;sJ. ek;
czh;r;rpfisg; gpujpgypg;gJ.
,ikNahu fz;;zPh;
cjl;Nlhu thh;j;ij
tpuNyhu vOj;J.
vdf;F
,ikNahuj;jpy; twl;rp
cjl;Nlhuj;jpy; Xirapy;iy
mjdhy; vOj;jpy;…

“G+f;fSf;Fj; Njhl;lk; nrhe;jkpy;iy

tpijj;jtDf;F Nth;fs;jhd; kpr;rk;
gwpj;jtDf;Fj; njhpahJ Nth;fspd; typ.
Rthrj;jpy; Rje;jpuk; ,y;iy
gilfs; ,q;F fdT
mbg;gilfs; fdT..
Mir kl;LNk kpr;rk;
ngsj;j Njrj;jpy; mmf mbik..
fpk;ir kl;LNk mbik
gazq;fs; Kbtjpy;iy -
,dj;jpw;fhd gazk;.
grpf;fhd gazk;.
caph;f;fhd gazk;.
,th;fSf;F fUtiw kl;Lk; nrhe;jk;
[dz
[dz rh];;jpuk; epr;rak; - mJ
kdq;fspd; cld;ghL hL..
kuz rh];jpuk; eepr;
pr;rak; - mJ
gpio..
kdq;fspd; gpio
gpio..
,dq;fspd; gpio
gpio..
nkhopfspd; gpio
gpiofs; rhpnra;ag;glyhk;
gpzq;fspd; kPJ.
rhp nra;ag;gl;l jtWfs;
fNs..
ntWk; rlq;FfNs
mJ>>
mJ
G+Nt ,y;yhhj;
j; Njhl;lk;
mOif ,y;yhhr; r; rhT
rj;jk; ,y;yhhr;
r; rpR
vJTk; cld;ghby;iy.

7
 vd; kz;> vd; ePh>;
vd; fhw;W> vd; kf;fs; vd
vy;yh ‘vd;Dk;’ ,utyhd gpd;
gpiog;G kl;LNk kpr;rk;.
mLj;jtd; vr;rj;jpy;
cz;ikahd kuzk;.
,lk; fle;J> cwT fle;J
gazk; cwf;fj;jpYk;
Njrk; njhiyj;j fij rhjhuzk;
mrhjhuzk;
NjrNk njhiye;j fij mrhjhu zk;.
y..
glNfWk; ghjq;fspy; Ks;spy;iy
Kl;fNs ghjq;fsha;…
cwT Njrj;jpy; cly; kl;Lk; Ch;tyk;.
clypy;yh caph; ,uhtz flypy; fdTfSld;.

fdT nka;g;gLk; Njhoh.”

gpypg;Gnj nky;Nyh
njhFg;G : j. fz;zd;> jkpo; tphpTiuahsh;
gpypg;Gnj nky;Nyh fpwp];jtj; jkpo; mwpQh;. ,tuJ tho;ehs;
fhyk; 1723-1790 MFk;. vgpNuA> fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> Nghh;j;Jf;fPrk;> jkpo;
Mfpa nkhopfisf; fw;wth;. Ntj rh];jpuq;fis mwpe;jth;.

fpwp];jtf; FUthf MFk; Kd;dNu ,th; rj;jpa Ntjhfkj;ijj;

jkpo; nkhopapy; nkhopngah;f;fj; njhlq;fpdhh;. 1753,y; ,yq;ifapd;
tlkhfhzf; FUtha; epakdk; ngw;W aho;g;ghzk; te;jhh;.
1759,y; GjpaVw;ghL KOtJk; ,yq;ifapy; mr;rplg;gl;lJ. ,th;
gioa Vw;ghl;bd; rpy ghfq;fisAk; nkhopngah;j;jhh;.
R+lhkzp epfz;L 2Mk; njhFjpf;F mDge;jkhf 20
ctikg;ghl;Lf;fis ,aw;wpr; Nrh;j;jhh;. ,J> ‘nky;Nyh ghjphpahuhy;
nra;ag;gl;l ctikg;ghl;Lfs;’ vd;w ngahpy; khdpg;ghap mr;rplg;gl;L
epfz;Lld; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 12Mk; njhFjpNahL 100 ghly;fSk; gpw
njhFjpfNshL rpyTk; ,tuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;Lr; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

“fw;Nwhh;Kd; fy;tp ciuj;jy; kpf,dpNj

kpf;fiur; Nrh;jy; kpfkhd Kd;,dpNj
vl;Liz ahDk; ,uthJ jhd;<jy;
vj;JizAk; Mw;wy; ,dpJ.” (,.eh. : 16)

8
 Jspg;ghf;fs;
Kidth; ,uh. re;jpuNrfud;
,izg;Nguhrphpah;
Nguhrphpah; & jiyth;> jkpo;j;Jiw

gzk; czT
vz;zp vz;zp typj;jJ ‘cg;gpy;yhg; gz;lk; Fg;igapNy’
tq;fpf; fhrhsUf;F. Fg;igj; njhl;biag; ghh;j;J
Mrphpah;fs; Vq;fpdhh;; gpr;irf;fhuh;.
vOj;jwptpj;jjhy; kio
,iwtdhdth;fs;. gUtk; jg;gpajhy;
fdT fz;ldj;jpw;Fs;shdJ.
grpNahL gLj;jjhy; gdpj;Jsp
tu kWj;jJ. fjputidf; fz;lTld;
Vd; ,e;jg; gak;?

tpjhyp
jhyp G+h;dpf;fh
njhFg;G : j. fz;zd;> jkpo; tphpTiuahsh;

tpjhyp G+h;dpf;fh u~;ahitr; rhh;e;j jkpowpQh;. ,th; 1940,y;

u~;ahtpy; cs;s cf;Nudpy; xU tptrhaf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.
nydpd;fpuhl;by; fl;llj;njhopyhspahfg; gzpGhpe;jhh;.
1965Mk; Mz;by; xU Gj;jff; filapy;> u~;ankhopapy;
nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;l ghujpahhpd; ftpijE}y; xd;W ,tuJ fz;zpy;gl;lJ.
ghujpahhpd; rpe;jidapYk; fUj;Jf;fspYk; <h;f;fg;gl;l tpjhyp G+h;dpf;fh
jdJ fl;llj;njhopypidj; Jwe;J nydpd;fpuhl; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;g;
gphptpy; Nrh;e;J gapyj;njhlq;fpdhh;.
‘nrk;kpad;’ vd mwpag;gl;l Nrhtpaj; mwpQh; rpk;Nahd; E}jpdplk;
gapw;rp ngw;W> gpd;dh; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; K. tujuhrdhhplk;
jkpo;gap;d;whh;. ‘jkpofg;gpj;jd;’ vd;W jkf;Fg; Gidngah; ,l;Lf;nfhz;lhh;.
kh];Nfh Xhpaz;ly; ,d;];bl;bA+l;by; ‘fyhepjp gl;lk;’ ngw;whh;.
jkJ fyhepjp gl;l Ma;tpw;fhfj; jw;fhyj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; j.
n[afhe;jdpd; gilg;Gf;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;jhh;. E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd
fl;Liufis vOjpdhh;.
<oj;jkpo;g; gilg;gpyf;fpaq;fis u~;ankhopapy; nkhopngah;j;jhh;.
jkpofj;Jj; jkpoh;jk; njhd;ik> ehfhpfk;> rlq;FKiwfs; Fwpj;J
Ma;Tnra;J mjid u~;a nkhopapy; xU E}y; vOjpAs;shh;.
Mjtdpd; ‘vd;ngah; uhkNr~d;’ vd;w jkpo; ehtiy
u~;ankhopapy; nkhopngah;j;jhh;. ,k; nkhopngah;g;Gehty; u~;ahtpy; xU
yl;rk; gpujpfs; tpw;gidahdik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gy jkpo;g; gilg;Gf;fis
u~;ankhopapy; nkhopngah;j;Js;shh;.
9
 Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd;
pahtpd; mbikg;Nghf;FfSk; jPh;TfSk;
fSk
g. gpuG
,sq;fiy ,uz;lhkhz;L fzpdp mwptpay; ‘,
,’ gphpT
Kd;Diu
,e;jpa ehL 1947,y; Mf];l; jpq;fs; 15Mk; ehs; tpLjiy
ngw;wJ. tpLjiy ngWtjw;F Kd; nts;isah;fsplk; mbikg;gl;L gy
,d;dy;fisr; re;jpj;J te;jJ. tpLjiy ngw;w gpd;dh; ,e;jpahtpy;
KOikahd rl;ljpl;lq;fs; tFf;fg;gl;ld. xU kdjhf kf;fs; %yk; Njh;T
nra;ag;gl;l Ml;rpahsh;fspdhy; ehl;il MSk; ey;y epiyf;F ,e;jpah
te;jJ. MdhYk; xU KOikahd Rje;jpu ,e;jpahit ek;khy; fhz
,aytpy;iy. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd; mbikahf ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jpahitAk;
mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; mtw;iw mfw;;wp ,e;jpahtpy; KOikahd
Rje;jpuj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; topKiwfisAk; ,f; fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

murpay;;thjpfSk; trjpgilj;jth;fSk;
kf;fshy; Njh;T nra;ag;gl;l murpay;thjpfs; jq;fis xU rpwe;j
jiytuhf Njh;T nra;j kf;fspd; tho;it vz;zpg; ghh;f;fhky; jq;fshy;
vt;tsT nghd;-nghUs;-epyk; Nrh;f;f KbANkh me;j mstpw;Fr; Nrh;j;Jj;
jq;fs; tho;it Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,jw;F cjhuzkhf
rpykhjq;fSf;F Kd; epfo;e;j kj;jpa murpd; ek;gpf;if thf;nfLg;gpy;
elg;G vjph;fl;rpahf nray;gLk; fl;rpj; jiyth;fs; MSq;fl;rpapdiug;
gzj;ijf; fhl;bj; jq;fs; fl;rpapd; trk; ,Of;f Kad;wij midtUk;
mwpNthk;.
,j;jifa murpay;thjpfspd; nray;gl;lhy; kf;fs; vt;thW KO
Rje;jpu czh;Tld; nray;gl KbAk;? vd;nwhUehs; ek; ehl;L murpaypy;
‘Neh;ik’ vd;Dk; xsp gpwf;fpwNjh md;Wjhd; ,e;jpah xUKOikahd
Rje;jpu ehlhfj; jpfOk;. md;Wjhd; ,e;jpah xspUk;. trjpgilj;jth;fSk;
vd;nwhUehs; ‘kdpjNeak;’ vd;w xU Gdpj thh;j;ijia kjpj;J
elf;fpd;wdNuh md;Nw xU KOikahd ,e;jpahitf; fhz ,aYk;.
,d> kj NtWghLfs;
NtWghLfs
,e;jpahit Ml;bg;gilf;Fk; typik tha;e;j fUtpfSs; xd;W
,dg;ghFghL MFk;. ek; ehl;by; ,e;J> K];ypk;;> fpwp];Jtk; Nghd;w
gy;NtW kjj;jpdh; tho;e;Jte;jhYk; xU kjj;jpdh; kw;nwhU kjj;jpdiuj;
jho;e;jtuhff; fUjpNa tho;fpd;wdh;. ,e;;epiyapdhy; xUtUf;nfhUth;
rNfhjuj;Jtk; ,y;yhky; jq;fSf;Fs; xUtiunahUth; mbj;Jf; nfhz;Lk;
xUth; kw;nwhUtiuj; Jd;GWj;jpAk; tho;fpd;wdh;. ‘ehk; ,e;jpah;’ vd;w
xw;Wik czh;T ekf;Fs; vd;W kyh;fpd;wNjh md;;Nw ehk; Rje;jpuj;ijr;
Rthrpg;Nghk;.

jPtputhjKk; tpisTfSk;
jPtputhjj;jpdhy; ek; ehL gyKiw ,d;dy;fisr; re;jpj;Js;sJ.
cjhuzk; 2008 [_iy khjk; ngq;f@hpy; vl;L ,lq;fspy; Fz;L
ntbj;jJ. ,jpy; gjpide;J Ngh; ,we;jdh;. ,UE}Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhh;
fhakile;jdh;. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; ,d;Wtiu
Fz;Lfs; ntbj;J tUfpd;wd.
,jw;F mbg;gilf; fhuzk; kjthjKk;> kf;fs; njhif mjpfhpg;Gk;>
Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lKNk vd;gJ kWf;f Kbahj cz;ikahFk;. ,ij
xopf;f gbg;gwpit cah;j;jp kf;fspd; Ntiytha;g;ig mjpfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
10
,t;thW nra;jhy; cs;ehl;Lj; jPtputhjj;ij Kw;wpYkhf xopf;f ,aYk;.
mJkl;Lky;y ntspehl;Lj; jPtputhjpfSf;F cjTk; cs;ehl;Lf;
iff;$ypfSk; kdk; khwpj; jha;ehl;Lf;F eyk;Nrh;g;gh;.
KbTiu
kf;fspd; gbg;gwpit cah;j;jp> ehl;Lf;Fs; Ntiy tha;gi
; g
mjpfhpj;J> ,e;jpah; xt;nthUtUk; ,dk;> kjk; NtWghL fUjhky;
rNfhjuj;Jtj;Jld; thOk;gbr; nra;jhy; xU KOikahd Rje;jpu
,e;jpahit ehk; fhzyhk;.

(Fwpg;G: ,f;fl;Liu jkpo;j;Jiw elj;Jk; ‘nghd;nghd;khiyg;nghOJ’

ghOJ epfo;r;rp
rhh;ghf mwptpj;j fl;Liug;Nghl;bapy; ,uz;lhk; ghprpidg; ngw;Ws;sJ.))

jkpopy; fzpjk; gapYq;fs;

j. fz;zd;> jkpo; tphpTiuahsh;
1 = xd;W -One
10 = gj;J -Ten
100 = E}W -Hundred
1,000 = Mapuk; -Thouand
10,000 = gj;jhapuk; -Ten Thousand
1,00,000 = E}whapuk; -Hundred Thousand
10,00,000 = gj;JE}whapuk; - One Million
1,00,00,000 = Nfhb -Ten Million
10,00,00,000 = mw;Gjk; -Hundred Million
1,00,00,00,000 = epfu;Gjk; - One Billion
10,00,00,00,000 = Fk;gk; -Ten Billion
1,00,00,00,00,000 = fzk; -Hundred Billion
10,00,00,00,00,000 = fw;gk; -One Trillion
1,00,00,00,00,00,000 = epfw;gk; -Ten Trillion
10,00,00,00,00,00,000 = gJkk; -Hundred Trillion
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = rq;fk; -One Zillion
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = nty;yk; -Ten Zillion
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = md;dpak; -Hundred Zillion
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = mu;j;jk; - ,jidf;Fwpf;f Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrhy; ,y;iy
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = guhu;j;jk; - ,jidf;Fwpf;f Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrhy;
,y;iy
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = G+upak; - ,jidf;Fwpf;f Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrhy; ,y;iy
1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = Kf;Nfhb-,jidf;Fwpf;f Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrhy; ,y;iy
10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000=k`hAfk;-,jidf;Fwpf;f Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrhy; ,y;iy

11
 THE TEVARAM CONTRIBUTION TO SAIVISM AND INDIAN MUSIC
PONNIAH JEYAALAKI ARUNAGIRINATHAN

“The Tevaram Contribution to Saivism & Indian Music” vd;w

E}ypd; Mrphpah; “Ponniah Jeyaalaki Arunagirinathan” Mthh;. ,th; London
‘Tower Hamlets’ fy;Y}hpapd; ,irj;Jiwapy; tphpTiuahsuhfg;
gzpahw;Wfpwhh;. gy;NtW ,ir epWtdq;fspy; ,irf; fy;tpiag;
Nghjpj;Js;shh;. ,yz;ld; gy;fiyf;fofk; ‘SOAS’ - ,y; Tutor Mfg;
gzpahw;wpaJk;> Nkw;F ,yz;ld; THE ORIENTAL FINE ARTS ACADEMY -
,y;> Njrpak; kw;Wk; gd;dhl;;lstpy; eilngw;w Njh;TfSf;Fj; jiyikj;
Njh;thsuhfg; (Chief Examiner) gzpahw;wpaJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
‘rq;fPj uj;dh’> ‘rq;fPj tpj;thd;’ Kjypa gl;laq;fisg;
ngw;Ws;sJk; ,tuJ rpwg;ghFk;. ,yz;ld; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;> ‘FIRST
CLASS HONOUR’ vDk; rpwg;igg; ngw;wth;.

E}ypd; mikg;Gk; rpwg;Gk;

,e;E}y;> 144 gf;fq;fspy; ehd;F ,ay;fshf

mike;Js;sJ. ,ay;-1 SAIVISAM AND INDIAN MUSIC, ,ay; -2
NAYANMAR AND TIRUMURAI, ,ay; -3 TIRUMURAI’S IMPACT ON SAIVISM
AND INDIAN MUSIC, ,ay; -4 PRESENT AND FUTURE STATES OF TEVARAM.

E}ypd; rpwg;Gf;fs;

o Dr.John.R.Marr, Indoloist, Retired Tamil Professor, School of Oriental and

African studies, University of London mth;fs; ,e;E}ypw;F mzpe;Jiu
12
 toq;fpAs;shh;. mth;> “Excellent study The Tirumurai (Tevaram)
Contribution to Saivism and Indian Music” vd;W ,e;E}ypd; rpwg;gpid
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.

o ,e;E}ypd; (Introduction) mwpKfk; ,uz;L tpjkhf vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1.General Introduction 2) Introduction to the Study. ,g;gFjp
GJikahdjhf miktJld;> E}yhrphpahpd; Ez;zpa gFg;gha;Tr;
rpe;jidj;jpwidf; fhl;LtjhfTk; mikfpwJ

o ,e;E}y; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;ilAk;> jkpo; ,yf;fpar; rpwg;igAk;

cyfj;jpw;Nf czh;j;Jk; Nehf;Fld; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid>

“There are scholars who produced much work in English about Indian
themes nut most of them are based on Aryan Culture influences and fewer
scholars have concerned themselves with Dravidian Culture. There are
remarkable writings about Dravidian Culture, in Tamil and other Indian
Languages, but very few were published in English. Under this circumstance
I would like to introduce my piece of work as an introductory work by a
devotee of Tamil Saivism and Carnatic music.”
vDk; Mrphpahpd; $w;W czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.

o “md;Gk; rptKk; ,uz;nld;gh; mwptpyhh;:

md;Ng rptkhtJ ahUk; mwpfpyhh;
md;Ng rptkhtJ ahUk; mwpe;j gpd;
md;Ng rptkha; mkh;e;jpUe;jhNu” vDk; jpU%yh; thf;fpy; md;gpw;F
Kjd;ik jug;gl;L ‘md;Ng rptk;’ vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;
jpU%yhpd; ,t;thf;fpy; rptj;jpw;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,Ug;gjhf ,e;E}y;
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,jid>
“Tirumular also identifies civam with love. He states: “anpe civam” which
means “ Siva is Love”. In this way one can say that saivism is based on
the ideas of love and auspiciousness”. (p.15)
vd;Dk; thpfs; czh;j;Jk;. ,t;thwhd fUj;Jf;fshy; ,e;E}y;
irtj;jpd; ngUik NgRk; E}y; vd;gijAk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

o ,e;jpa ,irapd; gy;NtW rpwg;Gf;fis vLj;jpak;Gk; ,e;E}y; ,irAk;

kjKk; tsh;e;J te;Js;s Nfhzq;fisAk; Rl;Lfpd;wJ.

o jkpo;> jkpo;g;gz;ghL> rkak;> ,ir> tuyhW vDk; gy;NtW Jiwrhh;

Mh;tyh;fSk;> mwpQh;fSk; gbj;Jg; gad;ngw Ntz;ba E}yhf
,e;E}y; mikfpd;wJ.

o ,e;E}ypd; tpiy : £ 15.

E}y; ntspaPL

Ratnam Foundation, 179, Norval Road, North Wembley, MIDDX HAO 3SX, UK.

- j. fz;zd;> jkpo; tphpTiuahsh;

13
 Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs;;
v];. R[hjh
,sq;fiy ,uz;lhkhz;L caph;j; njhopy;El;gtpay;

fdTfisr; Rkf;f Ntz;ba fz;fs; - ,d;W

flikfisr; Rkf;fpd;wd.
jk;kth; tho;tpy; xspNaw;wj;
jk;;ikj; jhNk jphpahf;fpf;
fUFk; gpQ;Rg; G+f;fs;.
tho;T ,Ul;lbg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l
,f; fWg;Gg; G+f;fSf;fhd
rptg;G tpbay; kyh;tJ vg;NghJ?

kpfg; nghpa kyh;

rp. epj;ah
,sq;fiy Kjyhkhz;L fzpjtpay;

cyfj;jpNyNa kpfg; nghpa kyh; “uhgps;]pah Mh;dhy;L” MFk;. ,k;

kyh; ,e;NjhNd~pah ehl;by; Rkj;jpuh jPtpy; cs;sJ. 1918Mk; Mz;L
];lhk; Nghh;uhgps;]; vd;gth; jdJ kidtp kw;Wk; lhf;lh; Mh;dhy;L
vd;gtUld; Rkj;jpuh jPtpd; kj;jpa gFjpia Muha;e;J tUk; nghOJ xU
nghpa kyhpidf; fz;ldh;. Uhk;gpd;]_k; mh;dhy;Lk; Nrh;e;J ghh;j;jjhy; ,k;
kyUf;F “uhgps;]pah Mh;dhy;L” vd;w ngahpl;ldh;.
,k; kyh; xl;Lz;zptifj; jhtu ,dj;jpy; Njhd;wpajhFk;. ,J gpw
jhtuq;fspd; jz;LfspYk; Nth;fspYk; xl;bf;nfhz;L tsh;fpd;wJ.
,jw;nfd;W jdpahd jz;Nlh ,iyNah ,y;iy. ,jdhy; jdpahfg;
G+kpapypUe;J jz;zPh; cg;Gr;rj;Jf;fs; Kjypaitfisg; ngw ,ayhJ.
mJkl;Lky;y gpw jhtuq;fisg; Nghy xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; topahf
khTg;nghUl;fisj; jahhpj;Jf;nfhs;s ,ayhJ. ,iy> nrb> nfhb vDk;
cWg;Gf;fs; vitAk; ,y;yh ,k; kyhpid mJ G+f;Fk; fhyj;jpy; kl;LNk
milahsk; fhz ,aYk;.

ekJ Njrk;
,uh. jpNd~; Fkhh;
,sq;fiy ,uz;lhkhz;L fzpdp mwptpay; ‘m
m’ gphpT

Nkilg; Ngr;R fhj;NjhL Nghr;R.

thq;fpa Xl;L tq;fpapy; fzf;F.
thf;FWjp cz;L; thf;fpy; cWjpapy;iy.
fhR ,Ue;jhy; fl;rpfs; Njhd;Wk;.
fl;rpapy; Nru fhR Ntz;Lk;.
gjtpapd; Nghl;bapy; ghtq;fs; epahak;.
ghtq;fs; jPh;e;jpl gjtpfs; Ntz;Lk;.

14
 Jauj;jpd; Rit
g. rutzd;;> jkpo; tphpTiuahsh;
tphpTiuahsh;

rpe;JTf;F kUjhzp kPJ thridf;fhjy;. miuj;j kUjhzpapd;

thridAk;> Fsph;r;rpAk;> iftpuy;fspy; G+rpagpd; Vw;gLk; Fsph;r;rpAk;>
fha;e;jgpd;dh; ifiaf; fOtpaTld; kpd;Dk; MuQ;R epwKk; mtisj;
jpf;FKf;fhlr; nra;JtpLk;.
tPl;bd; nfhy;iyg; Gwj;jpy;> mk;khtpd; cauj;jpw;F ,izahff;
ftpo;j;jp itj;j G~;thzk;Nghy ,Uf;fpwJ kUjhzpr; nrb. rpe;JTf;F
mJ kUjhzpkuk;. khjj;jpw;F ,uz;LKiw> mk;khTld; rpe;J kUjhzp
,iyfisg; gwpf;fr; nry;ths;. Nky;Nehf;fpj; jpkpwp tsUk; fpisfis
mk;kh vf;fp vf;fp tisj;J> ,iyfisg; G+f;fisf; nfha;tJNghyf;
nfha;thh;. jd; Ke;jhizia Kd;gf;fkhf ,Oj;J – kbj;J> tapw;NwhL
mizj;Jr; nrWfp xU rpwpa ig Nghy cUthf;fpapUf;Fk; kbg;igf;Fs;
mtw;iwj; jpzpj;Jr; Nrfhpg;ghh;. jiuapy; tpOk; ,iyfisr; rpe;J jd;
rpWQ;nrk;nkd;tpuy;fshy; ft;tpg;gpbj;J mtw;iwj; jd; jha;kbNrh;g;ghs;.
mJkl;Lky;y mk;khtpd; ,Lg;Gf;Ff; fPo; jiuiag; ghh;jN
; jh> tPl;bd; Rw;Wr;
Rtiu Nehf;fpNah tsh;e;J tUfpw fpisfspypUe;J rpe;J ,iyfisg;
gpLq;Fths;. mk;khtpd; kbg;ig epiwe;jTld; ,e;j ,iyf;nfha;jy;
ngUk;gzp jw;fhypfkhf epiwTngWk;.

rpe;JTf;Fg; ghy;f;nfhOf;fl;il kPJ Ritf;fhjy;. gspq;Fg; ge;JNghy>

ghypy; kpjf;Fk; nkd;ikahd Nfhypf;Fz;Lfs; Nghy mit rpwpa
fpz;zj;jpy; Ko;fpAk; Kfpo;j;Jk; fplf;Fk;. mtw;wpd; RitAk; kzKk;
rpe;Jitf; fpwq;fbf;Fk;.

mk;kh vg;nghOjhtJ khiyNeuq;fspy; ghy;f;nfhOf;fl;il nra;thh;.

mJTk;> Foe;ijfs; gs;spia tpl;L tPl;bw;F EioAk;NghNj>
ghy;f;nfhOf;fl;ilapd; kzk; mth;fisg; gutrg;gLj;jNtz;Lk; vd;w
Nehf;fj;NjhL> mk;kh kpfr;rhpahf Neuj;ijf; fzf;fpl;Lr; nra;thh;.
ghy;f;nfhOf;fl;iliag; gq;fpLtjpy; xU rpwhh;f;fytuk; epfo;e;JtpLk;.
vg;NghJk; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; ghy;f;nfhOf;fl;ilfisj;
jdjhf;fpf;nfhz;L tpOq;FtJ rpe;Jjhd;.

rpe;JTk; mtsJ cld;gpwe;j rNfhjud; re;jpuDk; xNu gs;spapy;jhd;

gapy;fpd;wdh;. rpe;Jittplr; re;jpud; gbg;gpy; ,uz;L tFg;GfSk;
cauj;jpy; vl;L ,d;RfSk;; $Ljy;. ,itkl;LNk re;jpuDf;Fr; rpe;Jitg;
gs;spf;Fg; ghJfhg;ghf mioj;Jr; nrd;W> tug; NghJkhd jFjpfshf
,Ue;jd. rpe;JTf;Fj; jd; mz;zdpd; jpwikfs; kPJ kpFe;j
ek;gpf;ifAz;L. ‘nja;tj;jhy; MfhnjdpDk; jd; mz;zdhy; MFk;’ vd;W
fUJgts;. jdJ mjpjpwikfisg; gpwUf;Ff; fhl;l epidf;Fk;Nghnjy;yhk;
re;jpuDf;Fr; rpe;J Njitg;gl;lhs;. jd;id Ntbf;ifg;ghh;j;J tpae;J
ifjl;bg; ghuhl;Lk; xU rpwe;j ghh;itahsuhfNt rpe;Jitf; fUjpdhd;.
kw;wgb> gpw rkaq;fspy; re;jpud; rpj;Jitg; gw;wp epidg;gNjapy;iy.
kUjhzpg; gwpf;Fk;nghOJ re;jpud; jd; mk;khTf;F vl;lhj fpisfspy;
,Ue;J ,iyfisg; gwpj;Jj; jd; jPuj;ijj; jq;iff;Ff; fhl;l epidg;ghd;.
tPl;bd; Rw;Wr; Rthpd; Nky; ghjk; Cd;wp mk;khtpd; vr;rhpf;iffisg;
15
Gwf;fzpj;J cauj;jpy; cs;s fpisf;Fj; jd; iftpuy;fis mDg;Gthd;.
mtd; if jhOk; xt;Nthh; KiwAk; rpy kUjhzp ,iyfs; jiuNehf;fp
cjpUk;. rpe;J jd; mz;zid Cf;fg;gLj;j mtid Nehf;fp kfpo;r;rp xyp
vOg;Gths;.

fhiyapy; gwpj;j kUjhzp ,iyfis mk;kh miuj;J xU rpul;ilapy;

vLj;Jitj;jpUe;jhh;. ,utpy; mjid vLj;Jte;J ,UtUf;Fk; if
tpuy;fspYk; fhy; tpuy;fspYk; G+rp mo$l;l epidj;jhh;. ,d;W re;jpud;
rw;W Kd;djhfNt J}q;fptpl;lhd;. rpe;J tof;fk;Nghy tpopj;jpUe;jhs;.
kUjhzpapd; kzk; miwapy; Rod;wJ. rpe;Jtpd; gpQ;Rf; fuj;ijg;
gw;wpf;nfhz;L> mjpy; rpNyl; Fr;rpNghy nkype;jpUe;j tpuy;fspy; mk;kh
jhdwpe;j tbtq;fspy; kUjhzpiag; G+rpdhh;. rpe;JTf;F vy;iyaw;w
kfpo;r;rp. mk;kh> kUjhzpiar; rpd;dQ;rpW njhg;gpfshfr; nra;J re;jpudpd;
fhy; tpuy;fSf;F kl;Lk; itj;jhh;.

fhiyapy;> re;jpud; tpopj;J ntFNeuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; rpe;J tpopj;jhs;.

mtsJ iftpuy;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W neUq;fp. cs;sq;ifNahL xl;bagb
,Ue;jd. kUjhzp ntbg;gpy; MuQ;Rj;; jlq;fs; fz;rpkpl;bf;
nfhz;bUe;jd. rpe;J vOe;jJk; jd; if moiff; fhz;gjw;fhff; ifiaf;
fOtr; nrd;whs;. ghj;jpuk; fOTk; ,lj;jpy;> mtistpl miuab
cauKs;s gpj;jis mz;lh ePh;j;jOk;gp ,Uf;fpwJ. mjd; Nkw;gug;gpy; xU
rpwpa fg; vg;NghJk; kpje;jgb ,Uf;Fk;. vspjpy; ePh; vLj;Jg; gad;gLj;Jk;
tpjj;jpy; mk;kh mjid vg;NghJk; epiwj;Nj itj;jpUg;ghh;. mz;lhit
thuk; xU Kiw mk;kh Gspf;fiury; nfhz;L Nja;j;Jf; fOTthh;.
mjdhy;> mJ vg;NghJk; kpd;dpagbNa ,Uf;Fk;. mJ ePh; jUk; ml;ra
ghj;jpuk;. mjpy; ePh; vLf;fr; rpe;JTf;F vl;lhJ. re;jpud;jhd; cjTthd;.

rpe;J mz;zid mioj;jhs;. re;jpud; mz;lhTf;Fs; ifiatpl;Lr;

rpwpa fg;igg; gpbj;J ePh; vLj;Jj; je;jhd;. rpe;J> jd; ,uz;L iffisAk;
curpj; Nja;j;Jf; fOtpdhs;. MuQ;R tz;zk; kpd;dpkpd;dpg; gpwe;jJ.

“mz;zh! ghU. ghU kUjhzpf; fyU.”

“rpe;J mz;zh ifapy xl;l itg;gh.”
“khl;Nld;. Ngh. xdf;Fj;jhd; fhy;y ,Uf;Fy;y.”
“eP juNyd;dh eh ifahy Njr;rp mopr;RLNtd;.”
“mk;kh! ghUq;f. mz;z V kUjhzpia mopf;f tuhz;.”

vd;W $wpf;nfhz;Nl jdJ ,uz;L iffisAk; jdJ fTDf;Fs; xspj;Jf;

nfhz;L mk;khtplk; Xbdhs;.

“mk;kh! eh ];$Yf;Fg; Ngh khl;Nld;.”

“Vz;b?”
“gpuz;]; vy;yhk; vd;Ndhl kUjhzpa mopr;RLthq;f. eh ];$Yf;Fg; Ngh
khl;Nld;.”
“mjy;yhk; mopf;f khl;lhq;f. mopr;rh mz;zhf;fpl;l nrhy;Y.”
“eh Ngh khl;Nld;.”
“eP rkj;jh Nghapl;L te;jhj;jhd; mk;kh cdf;Fg; ghy;fn
; fhOf;fl;il
nrQ;RjUNtd;.”
16
 “ ,g;gah?”
“,y;y rha;e;juk;”
“ne[khth?”
“ Mkh.”
“mz;zhf;F Ntz;lhk; vdf;F kl;Le;jhd;;.”
“rhp nfsk;G.”
gs;spf;$lk; Kbe;jJk; re;jpuDk; rpe;JTk; muf;fg;guf;f tPl;bw;Fs;
Eioe;jhh;fs;. ghy;f;nfhOf;fl;ilapd; kzk; thrypypUe;Nj mth;fis
tuNtw;wJ. mk;khit mioj;jgbNa mLg;gbf;Fs; Eioe;jhh;fs;. ,uz;L
rpwpa fpz;zq;fspy; ghy;f;nfhOf;fl;ilfis mk;kh epiwj;jhh;.
“mk;kh vdf;Fj;jhd; nkhjy;y. mk;kh vdf;Fj;jhd;”
“mk;kh ,e;jf; fpz;zk; vdf;F. nkhjy;y vdf;F.”
“ahUf;Fk; ,y;y. ahU nkhjy;y ifaf; fhyf; fOtpl;L bu];r
khj;jpl;L
th;uhq;fNsh mtq;fSf;Fj;jhd;.”
“ bu]; khj;j khl;Nlhk;. ifia kl;Le;jhd; fOTNthk;”
“rhp thq;f”
kjpaj;jpypUe;J mth;fs; tPl;bd; nfhs;isg;Gwj;jpy; rpnkz;l; jsk;
mikg;gjw;fhff; nfhj;jdhh; Ntiyfs; ele;Jnfhz;bUe;jd. mg;gh kjpak;
kl;Lk; mYtyfj;jpw;F tpLg;G vLj;jpUe;jhh;. gzpahsh;fs; me;j
mz;lhtpypUe;J ePh; vLj;Jg; gad;gLj;jpajhy; mz;lhtpy; ePhpd; msT
ghjpjhd; ,Ue;jJ. mjpy; kpje;j rpwpa fg;gpy; ePnuLj;j xU rpj;jhs;
fg;igf; nfhs;isg;Gwj;jpNyNa itj;Jtpl;lhh;. ghy;nfhOf;fl;il jahhpg;gpy;
mk;kh mz;lhit epiwf;f kwe;Jtpl;lhh;.
re;jpud; Kd;dhy; Xl rpe;J gpd;njhlh;e;J Xbdhs;. re;jpud;
mz;lhTf;Fs; ifiatpl;Lj; Johtpdhd;. rpwpa fg; mfg;gltpy;iy. ePUk;
vl;ltpy;iy. rpj;J mtrug;gLj;jpdhs;. re;jpud; vf;fp vf;fpj; Njbdhd;.
ifafg;glhj ePiuAk; fg;igAk; ifg;gw;wptpl re;jpud; Jbj;jhd;.

xU fzj;jpy; re;jpud; mz;lhTf;Fs; jiyfPohff; ftpo;e;J tpOe;jhd;.

ePh;g; nghq;fpj; njhpj;J rpe;Jtpd; kUjhzpf; fuq;fis eidj;jJ. ‘mz;zd;
vg;gbAk; rpwpa fg;igj; Njb ePh; vLj;Jf; iffOtpf;nfhz;L
ghy;nfhOf;fl;il rhg;gpl tUthd;’ vdr; rpe;JTf;Fj; njhpAk;. rpe;J
mLg;gbf;Fr; nrd;whs;. ,uz;L rpwpa fpz;zq;fs; epiwa
ghy;nfhOf;fl;ilfs; ,Ue;jd. mz;zd; tutpy;iy. tuNtapy;iy. rpe;J
nghWikapoe;jhs;.

ePnuLf;f te;j rpj;jhs; mz;lhTf;FNky; ePl;bf;nfhz;bUe;j mirtw;w

,uz;L fhy;fisf; fz;lhh;. gjwpagbNa> mf; fhy;fisg; gw;wpr; re;jpuid
ntspNa vLj;jhh;. rpj;jhspd; mywy; vy;NyhiuAk; mq;Ff; $l;baJ.
mk;khTk; mg;ghTk; re;jpudpd; kUjhzp G+rpa fhy;tpuy;fisg;
gw;wpagbNa mOJnfhz;bUe;jNghJ> rpe;J jdJ fpz;zj;jpy; ,Ue;j
ghy;nfhOf;fl;ilfis tpOq;fptpl;Lj; jd; mz;zd; gq;fhd mLj;j
fpz;zj;jpypUe;Jk; ghy;nfhOf;fl;ilfis vLj;Jr; Ritj;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jhs;.

17
 ngUQ;rpfuk; gw;wpa rpWFwpg;G
rp. epj;ah
,sq;fiy Kjyhkhz;
Kjyhkhz;L fzpjtpay
cyfpy; kpfg;nghpa kiy kTz;l; vtnu];l; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;
vtnu];l; rpfukhFk;. ,jpy; %d;W rhpTfs; cs;sd vd;W 1922Mk; Mz;L
gphpl;ld; ehL fz;Lgpbj;jJ.

mjd; ehd;fhtJ rhpit Neg;ghs; fz;Lgpbj;jJ. me;j ehd;fhtJ

rhpT Neg;ghs; ehl;by;jhd; cs;sJ. mr; rhptpy; Vwpdhy; vtnu];bd;
cr;rpia vspjpy; vl;btplyhk;.

1924 ,Uth; vtnu];bd; cr;rpia mila Kaw;rpnra;jhh;fs;.

mth;fs; 7,723mb cauk; tiu kiyNawpdhh;fs;.

1926,y; NtnwU ,Uth; vtnu];bd; cr;rpia mila

Kaw;rpnra;jhh;fs;. mth;fs; 8,534mb cauk; tiu kiyNawpdhh;fs;.
Mdhy;> vtnu];bd; cauNkh 28,176 mbfshFk;.

1953,y; vl;nkzl;; `pyhhpAk; (epA+rpyhe;J) nld;rpq;Fk; (lhh;[pypq;)

vtnu];bd; cr;rpia Kjd;Kjypy;; vl;bdh;;.

n~h;gh mg;gh vd;w Neg;ghsp Rkhh; 13 Mz;Lfspy; 12 Kiw

vtnu];bd; cr;rpiaj; njhl;Ls;shh;. vtnu];l; rpfuj;jpy; Vwpa ,e;jpag;
ngz;kzp gr;Nre;jphp ghy; Mth;.

,e;jpa kjpg;gpy; xUegh; vtnu];l; rpfuj;ijj; njhl MFk; nryT

&. 40 yl;rkhFk;. nryittpl> Neg;ghs murplkpUe;J mDkjpngWtJ
fbdk;. mDkjpNfhhp fhj;jpUg;Nghhpd; vz;zpf;if Rkhh; 2>000 MFk;.
,d;Wtiu Rkhh; 1200 egh;fs; vtnu];bd; cr;rpiaj; njhl;Ls;sdh;.

$Ljy; jfty;fSf;F : http://www.sramakrishnan.com/deep_story.asp?id=96&page=3

“tUtha; mwpe;J toq;fy; ,dpNj

xUth;gq;(F) Mfhj Cf;fk; ,dpNj
ngUtifj;(J) MapDk; ngl;lit nra;ahh;
jphp(G) ,d;wp tho;jy; ,dpJ” (,.eh. : 22)
18
 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; nra;jpj;jhs;

fl;Liu: eh. gukrptk;> jkpo; tphpTiuahsh;

jfty; njhlh;G rhjdq;fs; ,y;yhj mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; rPo;f;if
xypahYk;> giwabj;Jk;> kzp Xir vOg;gpAk;> GifnaOg;gpAk;>
jPak;Gfis thdj;jpy; nrYj;jpAk; jq;fs; nra;jpfisg; gwpkhwpf;
nfhz;ldh;.
fhyk; Kd;Ndw Kd;Ndw fy;tpAk; mf;fhyj;NjhL ,ize;J
Kd;NdwpaJ. ,jd; tpisthf> xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,dkf;fs; kl;LNk mwpAk;
tifapy; ,Ue;j goikahd nra;jpj; njhlh;G Kiwfis xopj;Jk;> Gjpa
Kiwfisf; ifahz;l ngUik N[k;]; mf];l]; `pf;fpiar; rhUk;.
,th; 1780Mk; Mz;L rdthp 29 Mk; ehs; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
nra;jpj;jhs; (The Bengal Gazatte or Culcutta General Advertiser) vd;w ngahpy;
ntspapl;L ,e;jpa ,jopaYf;F tpj;jpl;lhh;.
‘,e;jpa ,jopaypd; je;ij’ vd;W Gfog;gLfpd;w ,th; ,jo;
njhlq;fpaJ gw;wp> “nra;jpj;jhis mr;rpLtjpy; vdf;Fj; jdpNkhfk;
,y;iy; vdf;Fg; gapw;rpAk; ,y;iy. ,Ue;jhYk; vd; Md;khtpw;Fk;
mwptpw;Fk; tpLjiyia thq;f> ,e;jg; gzpapy; vd; cliy
mbikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy; kfpo;r;rpailfpNwd;” vd mwptpj;jhh;.
`pf;fpapd; ‘tq;fhs nf[l;’ 12”*8” mstpy; ,uz;L jhs;fisf;
nfhz;l Mq;fpy thu ,johf ntspte;jJ. ,jd; cs;slf;fkhf
,q;fpyhe;J ,jo;fspy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;l nra;jpfs;> tpsk;guq;fs;>
fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa Nky;kl;l nts;is mYtyh;fspd;
jdptho;;f;if gw;wpa ufrpar; nra;jpfs; Mfpad mike;jd.
`pf;fpapd; jhf;FjYf;Fk; vs;sp eifahlYf;Fk; jiyik
MSeuhf ,Ue;j thud; N`];bq;Rk; mtuJ JiztpahUk;> ];tPlidr;
Nrh;e;j ghjphpahh; [hd; rf;fhhpah fph;dz;lh MfpNahUk; cs;shapdh;.
,Jjhd; mtiuj; njhy;iyf;F cs;shf;fpaJ.
`pf;fpia xLf;f epidj;j muR> jiyik MSehpd; kidtp kPJ
Fw;wk; rhl;baijf; fhuzk; fhl;bg; nghJ mQ;ryfj;jpd; %yk; mtuJ
,jio mDg;Gtijj; jil nra;jJ. fph;dz;lh;> `pf;fp jd;id mtJ}whf
vOjp jd;khdj;ij ,of;fr; nra;jjhf tof;Fj; njhlh;e;jjhy; `pf;fpf;F
ehd;F khj rpiw jz;lidNahL &.100 mguhjKk; tpjpj;jJ. `pf;fp
,j;jz;lidf;nfy;yhk; mQ;rhJ njhlh;e;J mth;fisj; jhf;fp vOjpdhh;.
,jd; tpisthf nts;is muR mtiug; gpizj;njhifahf
&.80>000 fl;Lk;gb jPh;g;gspj;jJ. mtuhy; fl;l ,ayhjjhy; ePjpkd;wk;
`pf;fpiar; rpiwapypl;lJ. tof;if tprhhpj;j ePjpkd;wk; `pf;fpf;F Xuhz;L

19
rpiwjz;lidAk; ,UE}W &gha; mguhjKk; tpjpj;jJ. vd;whYk; rpiwapy;
,Ue;J nfhz;Nl Jzpr;rNyhL ,jio elj;jpdhh;.
`pf;fp jdJ nry;tnky;yhk; ,oe;J tWikapy; thl Ntz;ba
epiy te;j NghJk; mth; tise;J nfhLf;ftpy;iy. ,jopayhsh; vg;gb
tPuj;NjhLk;> jPuj;NjhLk;> Rje;jpu czh;NthLk; nray;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gjw;F
,yf;fpakhfj; jpfo;e;jhh;.
Kjy; ,e;jpag; gj;jphpifNa Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf tplhKaw;rpNahL
NghuhbaJ. ,g;Nghuhl;lNk ,e;jpag; gj;jphpifahsh;fs; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg;
NghuhLthh;fnsd;w kuig Vw;gLj;jpaJ vdyhk;.
ek;gpf;if
if
g. rutzd;;> jkpo; tphpTiuahsh;
tphpTiuahsh;
FU jd; rp~;ah;fs; Gil#o khiyNeu eilia Kbj;Jtpl;L
Mrpukj;ij Nehf;fp ele;Jnfhz;bUe;jhh;. rhiy tistpy; jpUk;gp
Mrpukj;ij neUq;Fk;NghJ ,Us; ftpaj;njhlq;fpaJ. FU jd;
rp~;ah;fis Nehf;fp> “,g;NghJ cq;fsJ jpwikia ehd; Nrhjpf;f
tpUk;GfpNwd;” vd;W $wpdhh;. rp~;ah;fs; FUit tzq;fpj; jk; rk;kjj;ijj;
njhptpj;jdh;.
FU jd;dplkpUe;j rhtpf;nfhj;jpid xU rp~;ahplk; nfhLj;jhh;. me;jr;
rhtpf;nfhj;jpy; ehd;F rhtpfs; ,Ue;jd. mit midj;Jk;
xNukhjphpahdit – kpf EZf;fkhd xU rpW tisitj; jtpu. FU jk;
rp~;ah;fsplk;> “ekJ Mrpukj;jpYs;s ehd;F G+l;Lf;fisAk; xt;nthU
Kaw;rpapy; jpwe;JtplNtz;Lk;. jtWk; gl;rj;jpy; mth;fs; vd;idtpl;L
ePq;fptplNtz;Lk;. ,J ,Uspy;jhd; epfoNtz;Lk;. ehd;F G+l;Lf;fSk;
jpwf;fg;gl;l gpd;dh;jhd; tpsf;Ffis Vw;wNtz;Lk;” vd;W $wpdhh;.
vg;NghJNk FUjhd; Mrpukj;jpd; midj;Jg; G+l;Lf;fisAk; jpwg;ghh; -
G+l;Lthh;. Mjyhy; rp~;ah;fSf;F ,J xU rthy;jhd;.
rhtpf;nfhj;ij itj;jpUe;j rp~;adpd; if eLq;fpaJ. fjtpid Nehf;fp
ele;jhd;. mtDf;Fj; jhk; jpwg;Nghk; vd;w ek;gpf;if JspAk; ,y;iy.
rhtpf;nfhj;ijf; FUtplk; jpUg;gpf;nfhLj;Jtpl;L tpyfpepd;whd;.
rhtpf;nfhj;J mLj;j rp~;ahplk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. mtd; Kjy;
G+l;Lf;Fs; rhtpia Eioj;J ntFNeuk; File;Jnfhz;bUe;jhd;. FU
mtdplk;> “rp~;ah eP G+l;ilj; jpwf;fhtpl;lhYk; guthapy;iy. rhtpia
tisj;JtplhNj” vd;whh;.
rhtpf;nfhj;J kw;nwhU rp~;ahplk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. mtd; jaq;fpdhd;.
FU> “cd;dhy; KbAk; nry;” vd;whh;. “vd;idtpl Jwtpy; %j;j
rp~;ah;fshNyNa ,aytpy;iy. vd;dhy; vg;gb ,aYk;” vd;W $wpr;
rhtpf;nfhj;ijf; FUtplk; jpUg;gpf;nfhLj;jhd;.
rhtpf;nfhj;J ,sk; rp~;ahplk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. mtd; FUtpd;
fl;lisia kl;Lk; kdj;jpy; epWj;jpf;nfhz;L fjtpid neUq;fpdhd;.
xt;nthU G+l;ilAk; xt;nthU Kaw;rpapy; jpwe;jgbNa Mrpukj;jpw;Fs;
Eioe;Jnfhz;bUe;jhd;. FU mtidg; gpd;njhlh;e;jhh;.
kw;w %d;W rp~;ah;fSk; Mrpukj;jpw;F ntspapy; ep;dw ; dh;. mth;fs;
xUNghJk; ,dp ,e;j Mrpukj;jpw;Fs; Eioa KbahJ. Mrpukj;jpd;
midj;J tpsf;FfSk; Vw;wg;gl;ld> ek;gp;f;ifnfhz;l Xh; ,sk; rp~;adhy;.

,e;j ,jopy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ePjpf; fUj;Jf;fs; midj;Jk; G+jQ; Nre;jdhh; ,aw;wpa

,dpait ehw;gJ vd;w E}ypypUe;J vLj;jhsg;ngw;Ws;sd. – Mrphpah;.

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