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Test Bank

for

Beebe, Beebe, and Ivy

Communication
Principles for a Lifetime Portable Edition

prepared by

Sue L. Stewart
Texas State University, San Marcos

Boston New York San Francisco Mexico City Montreal Toronto London Madrid Munich Paris Hong Kong Singapore Tokyo Cape Town Sydney

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The contents, or parts thereof, may be reproduced with Communication: Principles for a Lifetime, Portable Edition, by Steven A. Beebe, Susan J. Beebe, and Diana K. Ivy, provided such reproductions bear copyright notice, but may not be reproduced in any form for any other purpose without written permission from the copyright owner. To obtain permission(s) to use the material from this work, please submit a written request to Allyn and Bacon, Permissions Department, 501 Boylston St., Suite 900, Boston, MA 02116 or fax your request to 617-671-2290. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-61152-2 ISBN-10: 0-205-61152-4 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08

Contents
Volume1: Chapter1.1: FoundationsofHumanCommunication....................................................1 Volume1: Chapter1.2: SelfAwarenessandCommunication ........................................................18 Volume1: Chapter1.3: UnderstandingVerbalMessages ...............................................................36 Volume1: Chapter1.4: UnderstandingNonverbalMessages ........................................................51 Volume1: Chapter1.5: ListeningandResponding ..........................................................................67 Volume1: Chapter1.6: AdaptingtoOthers:BridgingCultureandGenderDifferences............84 Volume2: Chapter2.1: UnderstandingInterpersonalCommunication......................................101 Volume2: Chapter2.2: EnhancingRelationships...........................................................................118 Volume3: Chapter3.1: UnderstandingGroupandTeamPerformance .....................................136 Volume3: Chapter3.2: EnhancingGroupandTeamPerformance .............................................151 Volume4: Chapter4.1: DevelopingYourPresentation .................................................................168 Volume4: Chapter4.2: OrganizingandOutliningYourPresentation........................................185 Volume4: Chapter4.3: PresentingYourSpeech.............................................................................202 Volume4: Chapter4.4: SpeakingtoInform ....................................................................................220 Volume4: Chapter4.5: SpeakingtoPersuade ................................................................................236

VOLUME1

Chapter1.1: FoundationsofHumanCommunication
1) Theprocessofactinguponinformationisthedefinitionof________. A) intrapersonalcommunication B) communication C) interpersonalcommunication D) humancommunication Answer: B
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2) Inthetextbook,theprimarydistinctionbetweenthedefinitionofcommunicationandhuman communicationinvolves________. A) actinguponinformation B) managingrelationships C) interactingsimultaneously D) makingsenseoutoftheworld Answer: D


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3) Dr.Johnsonpostsanannouncementonhercoursewebpagethatsheisadministeringanexam onThursday.OnThursday,sheissurprisedtofindthatoverhalfofherstudentsdidnot preparefortheexamordidnotstudythecorrectmaterial.Thismisunderstandingillustrates whataspectofcommunicationcompetence? A) Themessageshouldbeethical. B) Emotionsareexpressedunintentionally. C) Communicationisalinearprocess. D) Themessageshouldachieveitsintendedeffect. Answer: D


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4) Toavoidpotentialmisunderstandings,Davepreparesforapresentationtoagroupofbusiness peoplefromJapanbyresearchingJapaneseculture.Davespreparationdemonstrateswhichof thefollowing? A) other-orientedcommunication B) ethnocentriccommunication C) nonverbalcommunication D) interactivecommunication Answer: A


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5) Accordingtothetextbook,whichofthefollowingisacriteriafordeterminingcommunication competence? A) Themessageisgrammaticallycorrect. B) Themessageisfreefromtoomuchemotion. C) Themessageachievestheintendedeffect. D) Themessageiswell-received. Answer: C


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6) Andrewintentionallywithholdsinformationabouthiscarbeinginawreckwhen communicatingwithapotentialbuyer.Hemakesthesale.Andrewscommunicationis ________. A) competent B) unethical C) other-oriented D) ineffective Answer: B


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7) Anotherwordfordecodingis________. A) interpretation B) speaking Answer: A


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C) creating

D) noise

8) Ejikelistenstohisinstructorslecture.Hemakessenseoutofthelecturebytranslatingitinhis mind.Ejikewouldrepresentwhatpartofthecommunicationmodel? A) source B) receiver C) channel D) originator Answer: B


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9) Priortoclass,Ralitzareceivedaphonemessagealertinghertocallhomeimmediately.Asa resultofreceivingthismessage,Ralitzaisunabletofocusontheclassdiscussion.Which componentofthecommunicationprocessdoesthisdescribe? A) receiver B) feedback C) noise D) context Answer: C


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10) ImaginethatyouarelisteningtoaspeechaboutAIDSandHIV.Oneofthespeakersmain pointsdescribeswaystorespondtothedevastatingnewsthatyouorsomeoneinyourfamily isHIVNegative.Youareconfusedbythis,becauseyouknowthatHIVNegativemeansthat someoneisntinfectedwiththevirusthatleadstoAIDS.Whatishappeninginthissituation? A) Thespeakerobviouslyplagiarizedthespeech,becausehe/shedoesntknowthecorrect terms. B) Thechannelofthemessageisfaulty,orelsethecorrecttermwouldbesentandreceived. C) Thespeakersencodingandthelistenersdecodingareinterferingwithcommunication. D) Externalnoiseiskeepingthemessagefrombeingsentandreceivedaccurately. Answer: C
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11) Themodelofcommunicationreferredtoascommunicationasactionmaybesummarized withthephrase________. A) communicationtakesplacewhenmessagesaresentandreceived B) communicationtakesplacewhenmessagesareexchanged C) communicationtakesplacewhenmeaningsarecreatedandmaintained D) communicationtakesplacewhenhumanbeingsareaffectedbyeachother Answer: A


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12) Thetermsfeedbackandcontextareintroducedinwhichofthecommunicationmodels? A) communicationasaction B) communicationasinteraction C) communicationasreaction D) communicationastransaction Answer: B


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13) Whenpeoplecommunicate,theirthoughts,theirpastrelationship,andtheircommunication goalsareexamplesof________. A) verbalcommunication B) physicalcontext C) psychologicalcontext D) channel Answer: C


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14) OnthedayJanetwasscheduledtogiveherspeech,herclasswasrelocatedintoanauditorium. Janetcouldntquiteovercomethefeelingofisolationshefeltasshespoketohertwenty classmatesinaroomthatcouldseat500.Whichofthefollowingelementsismostresponsible forJanetsreaction? A) feedback B) context C) informationsource D) channel Answer: B
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15) MaddyisspeakingtoagroupabouthisexperiencesinIraq.Ashefinisheshispresentation, theaudiencebreaksintoapplause.Thisapplauserepresentsthe________elementof communication. A) context B) noise C) decoding D) feedback Answer: D


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16) JennyisspeakingtoMadinaaboutherideasforaspeech.WhileJennyisspeaking,Madina simultaneouslyshakesherheadandhasapuzzledlookonherface.Jennynoticesthis responseandstopsandexplainsherideasinanotherway.Thisexampleismostclosely relatedtowhichmodelofcommunication? B) communicationasfeedback A) communicationasaction C) communicationasinteraction D) communicationastransaction Answer: D
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17) GilbertomakesanegativecommentaboutKristensnewhaircut.Hequicklyrecantssaying, Imsorry,Kristen.YouknowIdidntmeanit.Unfortunately,Kristenstillfeelshurt.This exampledemonstratesthatcommunicationis________. A) inescapable B) intentional C) irreversible D) complicated Answer: C


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18) Thefactthatwecommunicatewithothersnonverballyevenwhenwemaynotintendtodoso demonstratesthatcommunicationis________. A) inescapable. B) irreversible. C) emphasizingcontent. D) emphasizingrelationships. Answer: A


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19) DeanBarnlundsuggestedthatwhenwecommunicatewithoneotherperson,thereareatleast sixotherpeopleinvolved.Thisstatementsuggeststhatcommunicationis________. A) relational B) complicated C) governedbyrules D) inescapable Answer: B


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20) TheaspectofcommunicationthatfocusesonWHATissaid,includingnewinformation,ideas, andsuggestedactions,isreferredtoas________. A) content B) relational C) intention D) implication E) context Answer: A


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21) TheaspectofcommunicationthatfocusesonHOWsomethingiscommunicated,andrefersto emotions,attitudes,andpower,isdescribingthe________. A) contentofthemessage B) contextofthemessage C) interactiondimension D) relationshipdimension Answer: D


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22) Allcommunicationinvolvesrulesthatdefineappropriatebehavior.Whatfactorsinfluence theserules? A) Thepeopleinvolved. B) Theplacementofthepeopleinvolved. C) Thecultureinwhichpeoplearecommunicating. D) Thelengthofthemessage. E) BothAandC Answer: E


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23) Chinhknowsthatwhenhevisitshisfriend,Rob,hemustalwayscallahead.Robhasnever directlytoldChinhtodothis.Thisexampleillustratesa/an________. A) explicitrule B) implicitrule C) contentrule D) relationalrule Answer: B


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24) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofintrapersonalcommunication? A) talkingtoafriendaboutbiologyclass B) tellingyouryourroommateaboutapersonalproblem C) mentallyreviewingwhatyouhavetodothatday D) orderingapizzaoverthephone Answer: C


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25) Sondraisconsciousofhertendencytobesoft-spokenandwithdrawnincommunication situations.Basedonthisexample,whatcharacteristicofacompetentcommunicatordoes Sondrahave? A) Sheeffectivelyinterpretsverbalmessages. B) Sheappropriatelyadaptshercommunication. C) Sheisawareofherowncommunication. D) Shelistensandrespondsthoughtfully. Answer: C


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26) Ourunspokenmessagesaresignificantbecause________. A) theyshouldfollowrules B) theyaretheprimarywaywecommunicatefeelingsandattitudes C) theyareeasytounderstand D) theyareeasytouseeffectively E) theyaretheprimarywaywecommunicatecontent Answer: B


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27) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofnonverbalcommunication? A) readinganessaysilently B) smilingatafriend C) sendingane-mail D) talkingonthephone Answer: B


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28) Whichofthefollowingstatementsisaccurateconcerninglistening? A) Psychologicalnoisehelpsmakeeffectivelisteningpossible. B) Listeningisprimarilyapassivetask. C) Listeningistheeasiestcommunicationskilltodevelop. D) Effectivelistenersareother-oriented. Answer: D


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29) KarasfriendstatesthatshedidnotunderstandwhatKarameantbyherpreviousstatement. Kararestateshermessagebygivinganexamplethatispersonallyrelevanttoherfriend. Karasbehaviorbestillustrateswhichoftheprinciplesofcommunication? A) Effectivelyusingandinterpretingnonverbalmessages. B) Appropriatelyadaptingyourmessagestoothers. C) Beingawareofyourcommunication. D) Effectivelyadaptingtothecontextofthecommunication. Answer: B


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30) Whichofthefollowingisanattributeofinterpersonalcommunication? A) Interpersonalcommunicationislinear. B) Interpersonalcommunicationisamonologue. C) Interpersonalinvolvesrespondingtopeoplesroles. D) Interpersonalcommunicationinvolvesmutualinfluence. Answer: D


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31) Whichofthefollowingcouldbestbedescribedasanexampleofimpersonalcommunication? A) Askingthetelleratthebanktocashacheck. B) DiscussingskydivingwithyourEnglishprofessorafterclass. C) Reviewingyournotesforyourhistoryexam. D) Talkingtoyourbestfriendaboutyourjobinterview. Answer: A


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32) Whichofthefollowingisincludedinthedefinitionofinterpersonalcommunicationas discussedinthetextbook? A) managingrelationships B) impersonal C) one-to-many D) commongoal Answer: A


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33) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofpresentational communication? A) aradiotalkshow B) OprahWinfreydeliversagraduationspeech. C) Afacultyawardscommitteemeetstoselectscholarshiprecipients. D) mutteringtoyourselfasyoustudyyourFrench Answer: B


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34) Yourtextdescribessmallgroupcommunicationasatransactionalprocessamongthreeto fifteenpeoplewho________. A) meetoften. B) workinthesamecontext. C) areinsyncwitheachother. D) shareacommonpurpose. Answer: D


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35) Theprimarydifferencebetweenateamandagroupis________. A) ateamismorehighlystructuredthanagroup B) ateaminvolvesmutualinfluence,whileagroupdoesnot C) ateaminvolvesface-to-facecommunication,whileagroupdoesnot D) ateamhasagoal,whileagroupdoesnot Answer: A


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36) Aristotlesdefinitionofrhetoricincludes________. A) theprocessofdiscoveringalltheavailablemeansofpersuasion B) theuseofgimmickstogetwhatyouwant C) anothertermforpubliccommunication D) theprocessoflearningaboutlanguageandsymbols Answer: A


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37) Whenyousendane-mailtoabusinessassociateyouareutilizing________communication. A) mass B) moderated C) presentational D) mediated E) printed Answer: D


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38) Accordingtothetextbook,acharacteristicofcompetentcommunicationistoachievea commonunderstandingofthemessage. Answer: TRUE


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39) Theother-orientedperspectiveisessentialforamessagetoachieveitsdesiredeffect. Answer: FALSE


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40) Someonewhoisdistractedbythethoughtofanupcomingexamandmissestheprofessors adviceonhowbesttostudyisexperiencingliteralnoise. Answer: FALSE


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41) Personnelmanagersciteoralcommunicationskillsasatopfactorinhelpinggraduating collegestudentsobtainemployment. Answer: TRUE


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42) Accordingtothetextbook,thekeyproblemwiththecommunicationasactionmodelof communicationisthatitoverlooksthevariouschannelsofcommunication. Answer: FALSE


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43) Thecommunicationastransactionmodelfailstotakeintoaccountthesimultaneousnature ofcommunication. Answer: FALSE


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44) Thehelicalmodelofcommunicationsuggeststhatcommunicationcanbereversed. Answer: FALSE


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45) Therelationshipaspectofcommunicationisusuallyexplicitinapersonsverbalmessages. Answer: FALSE


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46) Youcanunintentionallysendamessagetoothers. Answer: TRUE


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47) Anonverbalmessagemaycontradictapersonsverbalmessage. Answer: TRUE


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48) Adaptingtolistenersmeanstellingalistenerwhatheorshewantstohear. Answer: FALSE


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49) Accordingtoresearchcitedinthetextbook,communicationplaysaroleinmaintainingyour physicalandemotionalhealth. Answer: TRUE


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50) Therelationshipdimensionofamessagesofferscuesabouttheamountofpowerandcontrol thespeakerfeelstowardtheotherpersoninvolvedinthecommunication. Answer: TRUE


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51) Accordingtothetextbook,animportantaspectofasuccessfulgroupishavingasenseof belongingamongitsmembers. Answer: TRUE


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52) Bert,Ernie,andOscarareinaseriousdiscussionabouttheirhighwaytrashpickupcontract. Thisisanexampleofdyadiccommunication. Answer: FALSE


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53) Theprimarydifferencebetweengroupsandteamsisthatteamshaveacommonpurpose. Answer: FALSE


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54) Communicationthatissenttomanypeopleatthesametimeusingaradiodescribespublic communication. Answer: FALSE


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. Groupcommunication Impersonalcommunication Interpersonalcommunication Intrapersonalcommunication Masscommunication Mediatedcommunication Nonverbalcommunication Presentationalcommunication Relationaldimension

55) Theprocessofcreatingmeaningamongthreetofifteenpeoplewhoshareacommongoal. Answer: A


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56) Partofthemessagethatofferscuesabouttheemotionalattitudesofthespeaker. Answer: I


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57) Communicationthatoccurswhenaspeakeraddressesalargeaudienceinperson. Answer: H


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58) Theprocessofinteractingsimultaneouslywithanotherpersonandmutuallyinfluencingeach other,usuallyforthepurposeofmanagingrelationships. Answer: C


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59) Unspokencommunicationthatistheprimarymeansforconveyingfeelingsandattitudes. Answer: G


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60) Processofcommunicatingthatrespondstopeoplesrolesratherthanwhotheyareas individuals. Answer: B


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61) Communicationthatoccurswithinyourself. Answer: D


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62) Communicationthatiscarriedoutusingsomechannelotherthanfacetoface. Answer: F


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. Channel Context Decoding Encoding Feedback Message Noise Receiver Source

63) Responsetoamessage. Answer: E


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64) Aprocessoftranslatingideas,feelings,andthoughtsintoacode. Answer: D


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65) Encompassesthephysicalandpsychologicalenvironment. Answer: B


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66) Personwhodecodesamessageandattemptstomakesenseoutofwhatthesourcehas encoded. Answer: H


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67) Originatorofathoughtoremotionwhoputsitintoacodethatcanbeunderstoodbya receiver. Answer: I


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68) Interferencewiththeaccuratereceptionofthemessage. Answer: G


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69) Pathwaythroughwhichmessagesaresent. Answer: A


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70) Theprocessofinterpretingideas,feelings,andthoughtsthathavebeentranslatedintoacode. Answer: C


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71) Tobe________istoconsidertheneeds,motives,desires,andgoalsofourcommunication partnerswhilestillmaintainingourintegrity. Answer: other-oriented


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72) Afollowableprescriptionthatindicateswhatbehaviorisexpected,preferred,orprohibitedin aspecificsituationisa________. Answer: rule


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73) Thebeliefs,values,andmoralprinciplesbywhichwedeterminewhatisrightorwrongare calledour________. Answer: ethics


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74) Thewritten,spoken,andunspokenelementsofcommunicationtowhichweassignmeaning arecalled________. Answer: messages


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75) Thoughts,worries,andfeelingsthatdistractusfromthecommunicationprocessarecalled ________________. Answer: psychologicalnoise


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76) Thecommunicationasinteractionperspectiveaddedtwodimensionstothestudyof communicationthatwerenotapartofthecommunicationasactionmodel.Thosetwoare ________,whichisaresponsetoamessage,and________,whichisthecommunication environment. Answer: feedback;context


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77) Communicationthatoccurswithinyourselfisreferredtoas________communication. Answer: intrapersonal


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78) Theprocessofusingsymbolstoinfluenceorpersuadeothersis________. Answer: rhetoric


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79) Thepathwaythroughwhichmessagesaresentisthe________. Answer: channel


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80) ________communicationoccurswhenwetreatotherpeopleasobjects,orwhenwerespondto theirrolesratherthanwhotheyareasuniquepeople. Answer: impersonal


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81) Rulesthatarespecificallyspelledoutare________rules. Answer: explicit


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82) Discussthreeofthefourelementsofthedefinitionofsmallgroupcommunicationgiveninthe textbook. Answer: Asmallgroupshouldcontaintheseelements:(1)verbalandnonverbalmessage transactions(2)approximately3to15people(3)acommonpurposeorgoal(4)asense ofbelongingamonggroupmembers(5)theabilityofgroupmemberstoexertinfluence upononeanother.


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83) Explainandgiveanexampleofwhatismeantbythetermcontext. Answer: Contextistheenvironmentinwhichacommunicationinteractiontakesplace.Itmay eitherbeaphysicalenvironment,suchastheroomyouarein,ahistoricalenvironment, suchasyourpastrelationshipsandculture,orapsychologicalenvironment,which wouldbewhatisgoingoninthemindsofthecommunicators.


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84) Explaintheconceptthatmeaningisco-created. Answer: Accordingtothetextbook,allindividualsinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessshape howamessageisunderstoodbydrawingontheirownexperiencestomakesenseofthe message.Themeaningcomesfromtheheartsandmindsofboththesenderand receiverofthemessageratherthanjustoneortheother.


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85) Whatisthedefinitionofhumancommunicationasdiscussedinthetextbook? Answer: Humancommunicationisdefinedinthebookasmakingsenseoutoftheworldand sharingthatsensewithothersthroughverbalandnonverbalmessages.Wemakesense oftheworldconveyedtousthroughoursensesandattempttosharethatmeaningwith otherpeople.Humanbeingsusebothverbalandnonverbalmeanstosharetheir understandings.


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86) Explainthecriteriaforethicalcommunicationbydefiningethicsandexplainingsomesources forethicalviews. Answer: Becausecommunicationcanbeusedforeitherhonorableordishonorableobjectives,the authorsofthetextbookfeelthateffectivecommunicationshouldgobeyondbeing understoodandaccomplishingonesgoals.So,aneffectivemessageshouldalsobe ethical.Ethicsarethebeliefs,values,andmoralprinciplesbywhichwedeterminewhat isrightorwrong.Preceptsforethicalbehaviorarecommunicatedthroughphilosophy andreligionaswellasprofessionalcodesofethicalbehavior.
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87) Explainthebasicassumptionofthecommunicationastransactionmodel. Answer: Thismodellooksatcommunicationasthecreationofmeaning.Inadditiontothe componentsoftheearlierandsimplermodels,itassumesthatcommunicatorsinteract simultaneously,adaptingconstantlytoeachothersothatthemeaningforthe transactioniscreatedtogether.Thisisacontrasttotheearliermodels,whichassumed meaningistransferredfromonepersontoanother.


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88) Explainwhatconceptoffeedback.Whataresomepossiblesourcesforfeedback? Answer: Thecommunicationasinteractionmodeladdsthecomponentoffeedbackwhichisthe responsetothemessage.Withoutfeedback,communicationislesslikelytobeeffective. Feedbackcanbeintentional(averbalresponsesuchasaquestionorparaphraseor nonverbalresponsesuchasapplauseoraheadnod)orunintentional(suchasblushing orayawnorsigh).


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89) Whatthreecriteriashouldbeusedtojudgecommunicationcompetence? Answer: Themessageshouldbeunderstoodanditwasintended.Themessageshouldachieve theintendedeffectofthecommunicator.Themessageshouldbeethical.


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90) Listandexplainthethreereasonswhywestudycommunicationasoutlinedinthetext. Answer: Itisimportanttostudycommunicationinordertoimproveemployability.Infact,a surveyshowsthatpersonnelmanagersconsidercommunicationskillsthetopfactorin graduatingcollegestudentsobtainingemployment.Communicationcanalsohelp improveourrelationshipswhethertheybework-related,friendships,romantic,orwith familymembers.Goodcommunicationcanleadtostrong,lastingrelationship.Finally, communicationcanimprovephysicalandemotionalhealth.Thelackofclose relationshipscanleadtoillnessorevendeath.Goodcommunicationcanleadtostrong relationshipsthatcanhelpuscombatstress.
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91) Brieflylistandexplainthethreecommunicationcontextsdiscussedinthetext. Answer: Interpersonalcommunicationissimultaneouscommunicationwithanotherpersonin anattempttomutuallyinfluenceoneanotherinordertomanagerelationships. Small-groupcommunicationarewhencommunicationoccursbetweenagroupofthree tofifteenpeoplewhoshareacommonpurpose,feelasenseofbelonging,andexert influenceupononeanother.Presentationalcommunicationoccurswhenaspeaker addressesalargeaudienceinperson.


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92) Compareandcontrastthedefinitionsofcommunicationandhumancommunication.Givean exampleofeach. Answer: Accordingtothetext,communicationistheprocessofactinguponinformation.When youofferyourdogatreatandheorsheexcitedlyrespondswithawaggingtail,itcan besaidtheyareactingoninformation.Humancommunicationiscommunicationthat focusesonpeoplecommunicatingwithotherpeoplebymakingsenseoftheworld aroundthemandsharingthatunderstandingwithothers.


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93) Compareandcontrastthedifferencesbetweenimpersonalandinterpersonalcommunication. Answer: Interpersonalcommunicationisaparticulartypeofhumancommunicationthatfocuses onsimultaneousinteractionbetweenpeopleinrelationshipsinwhichtheyattempt mutuallyinfluenceoneanother,usuallyforthepurposeofmanagingtheirrelationship. Forexample,adiscussionbetweenbestfriendsaboutthestateoftheirfriendshipwould beaninterpersonalexchange.Impersonalcommunicationisthetypeofcommunication thatoccurswhenwetreatothersasobjectsorthatrespondsonlytotheroletheperson isplaying.Whenyouorderpizza,youarecommunicatingonaimpersonallevel.
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94) Compareandcontrastthethreemodelsofcommunicationpresentedinthetextbook: communicationasaction,communicationasinteraction,communicationastransaction. Explainthebasiccomponentsofeachmodelandidentifyhoweachmodelisdifferentand/or morerealisticthantheothermodels. Answer: Thecommunicationasactionmodeliscomprisedofasourceortheoriginatorofa thoughtoremotionwhoencodesamessagesandsendsittothereceiverviaachannel. Thismessagemayencounternoiseorinterferencewhichmaypreventclear understanding.Thereceiverdecodesthemessagebytryingtomakesenseoutofit. Interpretationofthemessagemaybeaffectedbyliteralorpsychologicalnoise.The communicationasactionmodelisflawedbecauseitviewscommunicationasalinear input/outputprocess.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthatthereceivermayormaynot understandthemessagethewaythesourceintended.Essentially,thesourcetransfers themessageintothereceiverwithoutregardforthereceiverslevelofunderstanding. Themodeldoesnotaccountforthecomplexityofthecommunicationprocess. Thecommunicationasinteractionmodelissimilartothecommunicationasaction model,butitaddsintheconceptsoffeedbackandcontext.Feedbackistheresponseto amessage.Contextisthephysicalandpsychologicalcommunicationenvironment. Unlikethecommunicationasactionmodel,thismodelallowsthereceivertorespondto messagetoensurethatmutualunderstandinghasoccurred.Whilethismodelappears totakeintoaccountallthefactorsincommunication,itfailstoacknowledgethefactthat communicationisasimultaneousprocesswithbothsendersandreceivers simultaneouslyencodinganddecodingmessagesratherthanastepbysteplinear process. Thecommunicationasatransactionmodelagaintakesintoaccountalltheconceptsof theprevioustwomodelsbutalsoacknowledgesthatweareconstantlyreactingtowhat ourcommunicationpartnerissaying.Inotherwords,wesendandreceivemessages simultaneously.Bothcommunicationpartnersworktogethertoclarifyandco-create meaning.Thisisthemostaccuratedescriptionofhumancommunication.
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95) Listanddiscussthecomponentsincludedinthedefinitionofhumancommunication. Answer: Communicationisaboutmakingsense,sharingsense,creatingmeaning,usingverbal andnonverbalmessages,andbeingotheroriented.Inmakingsense,weuseoursenses toidentifypatternsinwhatweexperienceandsharethisunderstandingwithothersby usingwords,art,music,clothing,orothermeans.Ratherthanjustsendingand receivingmessages,wecreatemeaningtogetherascommunicatingpartnersbasedon ourownexperiences,characteristicsofthemessage,thesituation,andourown perceptionsandbackgrounds.Wemayusesymbolssuchaswordstoconveyour messagesbutwealsorelyongestures,posture,vocalexpressions,toneofvoice, clothing,andartifactstoexpressfeelingsandattitudes,power,andinterest.Tobe effectivecommunicationmustalsoacknowledgetheperspectiveandneedsofothers (beingotheroriented).
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96) Inawell-developedessay,explainwhyitisusefultostudyinterpersonalcommunication.Use examplestakenfromthelifeofatypicalcollegestudenttoillustratethepointsyoumake. Answer: Studyinginterpersonalcommunicationmayhelpyouimproveyourrelationshipswith family,friends,andcolleagues,andimproveyourownphysicalandmentalhealth.The communicationofourfamilyhelpstoshapeourself-conceptandinfluenceshowwe interactwithothers.Ifourparentshavebeenpatientandsupportive,wewilllikely haveapositiveself-conceptandtreatotherswithpatienceandsupport.Outsideofour family,developingfriendshipsandlovingrelationshipswithothersisamajorsourceof satisfactionandhappinessfortheindividual.Friendsandloverscanhelpusweather stressfulsituationsandprovideguidanceintimesofdecision.Beingabletoestablish supportiveandcaringrelationshipswithothersisvitaltoouroverallwell-being.Even thoughwedonotalwayshaveachoiceinourprofessionalrelationships,wecanhelpto improvethoserelationshipstomakeourjobseasier.Effectiveinterpersonal communicationcanhelpusmanageconflict,improveproblemsolving,andgeneratea lessstressfulenvironment.Wealsoknowthatlonelinesscanhavedisastrouseffectsona personshealth.Peoplewhofeelaloneandalienatedaremorepronetostressrelated diseases,depression,andevendeath.Strongrelationshipswithcaringpartnerscan improveonesphysicalandmentalhealth.
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97) Explainandgiveexamplesofthe5characteristicsofcommunicationasdiscussedinthe textbook. Answer: (1)Communicationisinescapable.Forallpeople,communicationiseverywhereandwe cannotlivewithoutit.Fromthemessagesweneededforphysicalsurvivalwhenwe wereinfants,tosocialandprofessionalneedswehaveasadults,communicationis alwaysanessentialpartofanyhumanprocess.Evenifwedecidenottotalktoanyone, theymayjudgefromournonverbalexpressionwhatourmoodmightbe. (2)Communicationisirreversible.Youcannevertakebackareceivedmessage. Whetheryouapologizeforaninsultortrytoexplainawayaslipofthetongue,if anotherpersonhasattendedtowhatyouhavesaidordone,youcannotundoit.For example,ifyouhaveafightwithyourfriend,andoutofangermentionsomethingyou knowisasensitivearea,thenshewillnotforgetit. (3)Communicationiscomplicated.Ifitweresimplewewouldbebetteratitwithout havingtostudyandpracticeit.Thereisnotasimplelistofcommunicationhowto principlesthatcanguaranteeyouwillbeasuccessfulcommunicator.Thatisbecause therearesomanyvariablesinthecommunicationprocess.Noonemethodwillfitall situations. (4)Communicationemphasizesbothcontentandrelationshipinformation.Sometimes theunstatedmessageiswhatismostimportant.Whenwecommunicate,wedosoon twolevels.Thefirst,thecontentlevel,focusesonthenewinformationorideasthatthe communicatorwishestoshare.Itistheobvious,surfacelevelmeaning.Therelationship levelisusuallyimplied,andaddressesemotionalstatesandcontrolissues. (5)Communicationisgovernedbyrules.Communicationisnotjustarandomactivity, itisgovernedbyanumberofrules,mostofwhichareimplicit.Wedolearnafew explicitrules,suchasSaypleaseandthankyou.However,welearnmostrules throughthepositiveandnegativefeedbackwegetfromotherpeople,orfromobserving othersininteraction.
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98) Explainthefivefundamentalprinciplesofhumancommunicationoutlinedinyourtextand giveanexampleofeachprinciple. Answer: (1)Principleonedealswithbeingawareofyourcommunicationwithyourselfand others.Intrapersonalcommunicationorcommunicationwithselfimpactsour communicationwithothers.Competentcommunicatorsareawareoftheir communicationwithothersandwithself,andtheyareabletomonitortheirbehavior ratherthanreactingmindlessly.Forexample,Karaisawarethathertendencytouse animatedfacialexpressionsandgesturesisoftenoverwhelmingtosomepeople. (2)Principletwoencompassesbeingabletoeffectivelyuseandinterpretverbal messages.Verbalmessagesincludewordsthatformalanguage.Itisimportantthatas communicators,wecanusewordsthatcreateanaccuratemeaninginthemindsofour listeners,andthatwecanaccuratelyinterpretthewordsofothers.Thisresultsin sharedmeaning.Anexampleofverbalcommunicationincludeusingwordssuchas,I loveyou,toconveyamessagetoalistener. (3)Principlethreeiseffectivelyusingandinterpretingnonverbalmessages.Nonverbal communicationiscommunicationotherthanwrittenandspokenlanguage.Nonverbal communicationistheprimarywaywecommunicatefeelings,ismorebelievablethan verbalcommunication,andisoftendifficulttounderstandbecauseitiscontinuous.An exampleofnonverbalcommunicationwouldbemakingeyecontactwithsomeoneto conveyaninterestintalkingtohim/her. (4)Principlefourislisteningandrespondingthoughtfullytoothers.Thisprinciple takesintoaccountthatboththereceiverandthesourcebeartheresponsibilityfor communication.Listeningisanactiveprocessthatrequiresanother-oriented perspective.Anexampleofeffectivelisteningwouldbelisteningtoafriendtellyou aboutherproblemandattemptingtoseetheproblemfromherperspective. (5)Principlefiveisappropriatelyadaptingmessagestoothers.Adaptingdealswith tailoringyourcommunicationtoreachyourcommunicationgoalswhilemaintaining yourintegrityandhonesty.Itmeansthatyoumusttakeyouraudienceintoaccount. Forexample,inpresentingyourpositioninapersuasivepresentation,yourelatethe informationtoyouraudiencesexperiencesandbackground,butyoudonotprovide informationthatisfalsetopersuadeyouraudience.
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VOLUME1

Chapter1.2: SelfAwarenessandCommunication
1) Merielleisconsciousofthefactthatsheismentallyrehearsingwhatshewilltellherprofessor afterclass.Thisexampleillustrateswhichdimensionofself-awareness? A) materialself-awareness B) subjectiveself-awareness C) objectiveself-awareness D) symbolicself-awareness Answer: C
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2) Jennyseesherselfasacaringperson.Shecommunicatesthisperceptionofherselftoacareer counselor,therefore,thecounselorrecommendsthatsheenterthefieldofnursing.Jennys interactionwiththecounselordemonstrateswhatdimensionofJennysself-awareness? A) materialself-awareness B) subjectiveself-awareness C) objectiveself-awareness D) symbolicself-awareness Answer: D


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3) Whatdimensionofself-awarenessisuniquetohumansandonlyafewprimates? A) materialself-awareness B) subjectiveself-awareness C) objectiveself-awareness D) symbolicself-awareness Answer: C


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4) MariadoesnotfeelconfidentwithheracademicabilitiesinCalculusclass;however,shefeels ateasewithherabilitiesinherdrawingclass.Thisexampleillustrateswhichofthefollowing? A) self B) self-concept C) self-image D) self-fulfillingprophecy Answer: C


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5) Danielleconsistentlydescribesherselfasaconfident,outgoingwoman.Herdescription coincideswithwhichofthefollowingterms? A) self-concept B) self-image C) self-expectations D) self-fulfillingprophecy Answer: A


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6) BrianexpresseshisdislikeforChinesefood.Briansdislikedemonstrateswhichcomponentof self-concept? B) attitude C) value D) behavior A) belief Answer: B


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7) Jaclynthinkslifeexistsonotherplanets.Thisexampleillustrateswhichcomponentof self-concept? B) attitude C) value D) behavior A) belief Answer: A


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8) Athenathinksthatkillinganimalsforfoodismorallywrong.Athenasconvictionswouldbe whichofthefollowing? A) anattitude B) abelief C) avalue D) abehavior Answer: C


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9) Jasonspendshourseverydayworkingoutatthegym.Healsotakesgreatcareinkeepinghis sportscarwellmaintainedandspotless.AccordingtoJamestheoryoftheself,Jasonistaking careofhis________. A) materialself B) socialself C) spiritualself D) emotionalself Answer: A


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10) Whichofthefollowingstatementsmostaccuratelydescribesthesocialself? A) Youarerepresentedbythethingsyouown. B) Youarewhatyouhave. C) Youhavedifferentselvesinrelationtodifferentpeople. D) Youattempttoanswerforyourself,WhyamIhere? Answer: C


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11) Madelinecontemplateshowtheuniversewascreatedandherplaceinit.Madelineis exploringwhichcomponentofself? A) materialself B) socialself C) spiritualself D) emotionalself Answer: C


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12) AishanoticedatworkthatVincentandMichellekeptaskingheradviceonofficeprocedures. Soon,shebegantoseeherselfascompetentandknowledgeable.Whichofthefollowing statementsbestdescribesthemeansbywhichVincentandMichelleinfluencedAishas self-concept? A) communicationwithothers B) associationwithgroups C) rolesweassume D) self-labels Answer: A
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13) JosewasraisedinaCuban-Americancommunity.Althoughhehadmanycollegefriendsfrom otherco-cultures,heproudlymaintainedhisCubanrootsbysprinklinghisspeechwith Spanishphrases.Inaddition,heenjoyedsharingexamplesofculturalnormsfromhisfamily andneighborhoodinhiscommunicationclass.Theseexamplesshowwhichkindofinfluence onJosesself-concept? A) communicationwithothers B) associationwithgroups C) rolesweassume D) self-fulfillingprophecy Answer: B
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14) WhenMauryisaskedtodescribeherself,herfirstresponseisthatsheisanoverachiever.This describesher________. A) avowedidentity B) assumedrole C) ascribedidentity D) aspectofherspiritualself Answer: C


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15) AsEllenwasnearinggraduation,,shethoughtbackoverhercollegecareer.Althoughshehad wantedtobemoreinvolvedinextracurricularactivities,shehadfocusedmoreonherstudies andtendedtodescribeherselffirstasastudent.Whataspectoftheformationofselfconcept doesthisdescribe? A) assumedrole B) cyberselves C) avowedidentity D) associationwithgroups Answer: C
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16) Meganspendsalotoftimethinkingabouthergoalsforthefuture.Shelearnedfromherlast jobthatshewouldprefertoworkoutdoors.ShelearnedfrombeingintheStudentCouncilin highschoolthatshewouldprefertoworkalonethanwithmanypeople.Thissituation describesMeganusingwhichofthefollowingprocesses? A) self-reflexiveness B) self-comparison C) self-fulfillingprophecy D) self-consciousness Answer: A
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17) Priscillafeelsthatsheisunattractiveandunlovablefollowingabreak -upwithherboyfriend. Priortothisincident,Priscillahadahealthyviewofherworth.Priscillaexperienceda decreaseinwhichofthefollowing? A) self-reflexiveness B) self-concept C) self-esteem D) self-consciousness Answer: C
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18) Accordingtoresearch,onepowerfulsourceforsocialcomparisonthatmaycontributetoself esteemlossingirlsis________. A) selfanalysis B) communicationwithothers C) imagesinthemedia D) groups Answer: C


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19) Thestatement,ImnotintelligentbecausemyroommatemakesbettergradesthanIdo, illustrateswhichofthefollowing? A) selffulfillingprophecy B) socialcomparison C) self-expectations D) socialexpectations Answer: B


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20) Andrewhadplanstobemarriedbytheageof25,however,heturned30andwasstill unmarried.Heconcludedthathewasincapableofmaintainingahealthyrelationship. Andrewsself-esteemwasimpactedbywhichofthefollowing? A) genderdifferences B) socialcomparison C) self-expectations D) self-fulfillingprophecy Answer: C


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21) Timothywasnotdoingwellinhisalgebraclass.Inconsideringhowwellhecoulddoinclass, hebegantoaskotherstudentsabouttheiralgebragrades.Thisisanexampleof________. A) socialcomparison B) self-expectation C) self-consciousness D) self-fulfillingprophecy Answer: A


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22) Christaexperiencedextremeanxietyaboutthethoughtofgivingapresentationtoher classmates.Onthedayofthepresentation,sherepeatedinhermindstatementssuchas,You arewell-prepared.andYouhavevaluableinformationtosharewithyouraudience.What techniquewasChristausingtoboostherself-esteem? A) positiveself-talk B) visualization C) reframing D) losingyourbaggage Answer: A
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23) Larrygrewupinafamilywherehismotherandfatherwereconstantlyfightingandinsulting eachother.Theirdivorcewasespeciallymessyandmean.Thepoorqualityoftheir relationshipcausedLarrytoavoidcommitmentinalovingrelationshipformanyyears.Larry finallydecidesthathecannolongerallowhisfeelingsaboutloveandmarriagetobecolored byhisparentsfailures.Whichtechniqueforimprovingself-esteemdidLarryuse? A) developinghonestrelationships B) visualizing C) positivemessages D) losingyourbaggage Answer: D
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24) Aaronwasaskedtogiveaspeechtotheincomingfreshmenabouttheadvantagesofserving instudentgovernment.Hehadnevergivenaspeechbeforeandwasverynervous.Aspeech professorsuggestedthatinadditiontopracticing,hecouldpicturehimselfdeliveringthe speechsuccessfully,andreceivingfavorablefeedbackfromhisaudience.Whichmethoddid theprofessorrecommendtohelpAaronmanagehiscommunicationapprehension? A) visualization B) positiveself-talk C) reframing D) surroundinghimselfwithpositivepeople Answer: A
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25) Lakeshareceivedalowergradethansheexpectedonherfirsthistorypaper.Atfirstshewas upset,thensherealizedthatthepaperwasonly10%ofhertotalgradeforthatclass.Which methoddidsheuseinenhancingherself-esteem? A) visualization B) reframing C) self-fulfillingprophecy D) socialcomparison Answer: B


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26) PaulandPattyareabletotalktooneanothercandidlyaboutoneanothersfaultsand strengths.Theirself-esteemisimprovedbecauseofwhichofthefollowingfactors? A) Theyarereframingtheirexperiences. B) Theysurroundthemselveswithpositivepeople. C) Theyhavedevelopedanhonestrelationship. D) Theyengageinpositiveintrapersonalcommunication. Answer: C


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27) Ifyouwanttodevelopahealthyself-esteem,itisoftenhelpfultodowhichofthefollowing? A) compareyourselftoothers B) placealabelonyourselfbasedupononeincident C) mentallyrehearseallpossiblescenarios,positiveandnegative D) surroundyourselfwithpositivepeople Answer: D


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28) Theassessmentofyourworthorvalueasreflectedinyourperceptionsofsuchthingsasyour skills,abilities,appearanceandtalentsis________. A) selfesteem B) selfexpectations C) materialself D) ascribedidentity Answer: A


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29) Perceptioninvolves________. A) thearousalofoursenses B) makinggeneralizationsaboutpeople C) mentallyrehearsingfuturecommunicationevents D) lookingatexperiencesfromadifferentperspective Answer: A


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30) BarryisdrivingSuziehomefromaparty.BarrynoticesthatSuziehasherarmscrossedand sheislookingoutthewindowofthecarandmakingnoattempttocommunicatewithhim. BasedonSuziesnonverbalbehavior,Barryinfersthatsheisupsetwithhim.Barrysinference aboutSuziesbehaviorillustrateswhichstageoftheperceptualprocess? A) attendingandselectingstimuli B) interpretingandattributingmeaning C) respondingandexpressingunderstanding D) organizingstimuli Answer: B
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31) Thestageofperceptioninwhichweputinformationintopatternsiscalled________. A) attention B) reframing C) interpretation D) organization Answer: D


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32) Assumingapersonbelongstoaparticulargroupbecauseofhisorherclothingisanexample ofwhichofthefollowing? A) selection B) reframing C) closure D) attention Answer: C


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33) PatiswatchingTV,andhisroommatewalksinandtellsPatthathewishestotalktohim.Pat turnsofftheTVinordertofocusontheconversationwiththeroommate.Patsdecisionto focusontheroommateratherthanthetelevisionillustrateswhatstageoftheperceptual process? A) attentionandselection B) organization C) interpretation D) closure Answer: A
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34) ChrisandBryanarehavingaconversation.Afterawhile,Chrisstandsuptoleave,putsonhis coat,andmovestowardthedoor.Bryanseeshimmovingtowardthedoorbutcontinues talkingwithnosignsofwrappinguptheconversation.WhatproblemisBryanhavingwith hisperceptionofthesituation? A) attentionandselection B) organization C) closure D) interpretation Answer: D
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35) Whichofthefollowingstatementsismostaccurateconcerningstereotypes? A) Allstereotypesarenegative. B) Westereotypepeoplebecauseofournaturetosimplifyandcategorize. C) Peoplewhousestereotypesareusuallydoingsointentionally. D) Itisfairlyeasytoridourselvesofharmfulstereotypes. Answer: B


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36) Ageneralizationappliedtoapersonbecauseyouperceivehimorhertohaveattributes associatedwithaspecificgroupisanexampleof________. A) reframing B) self-fulfillingprophecy C) socialcomparison D) stereotyping Answer: D


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37) Robinsuspectedthatherroommate,Julie,wantedtobreakupwithherboyfriend.Ratherthan askingherspecifically,RobinpaidcloseattentiontohowJuliecomplainedabouthim,avoided hisphonecalls,andwaslategettingreadyfordateswithhim.WhatmethodwasRobinusing tocheckherperceptionofJuliesfeelings? A) directperceptionchecking B) indirectperceptionchecking C) socialcomparison D) self-fulfillingprophecy Answer: B
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38) Veronicanoticedthatherroommaterespondedwithshort,one -wordanswerstoher questions.Shesuspectedthatherroommatewasupsetwithher,butshedidntknowwhy.She askedher,Itseemslikeyouhavebeenavoidingmeallday.WhenIaskyouaquestion,youanswer withonlyafewwords.HaveIdonesomethingtomakeyoumadatme?Thisstatementisan exampleof________. A) directperceptionchecking B) indirectperceptionchecking C) socialcomparison D) self-fulfillingprophecy Answer: A
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39) Thepsychologicalandemotionalcharacteristicsofindividualsthatcausethemtobe masculine,feminine,orandrogynousis________. A) sex B) gender C) ethnicity D) culture Answer: B


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40) Whichofthefollowingstatementsismostaccurateconcerningdirectperceptionchecking? A) Itreliesonlyonobservationandlistening. B) Itcaninvolveaskingothersfortheirinterpretationofasituation. C) Itinvolvesaskingpeopletointerprettheirownactions. D) Itisprimarilyapassiveprocess. E) BothBandC Answer: E


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41) WhenMelindadescribesherselfasbeingastudent,sheisdiscussingherascribedidentity. Answer: FALSE


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42) Yourselfconceptisyourviewofyourselfinaparticularsituation. Answer: FALSE


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43) Consciouscompetenceiswhenweareawarethatweknoworcandosomething,butithasnot yetbecomeanintegratedhabit. Answer: TRUE


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44) Accordingtothetextbook,yourself-conceptvariesfromsituationtosituation,andactually changesonaregularbasis. Answer: FALSE


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45) Accordingtothetextbook,yourself-imageishowyouviewyourselfinaparticularsituation. Answer: TRUE


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46) Avalueisalearnedpredispositiontorespondtoaperson,object,orideainafavorableor unfavorableway. Answer: FALSE


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47) Ithinkhonestyandtruthareimportantinarelationship.Thisstatementisanexampleofan attitude. Answer: FALSE


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48) Keepingupwithothersinrelationtoourpossessionsreflectsourviewofoursocialself. Answer: FALSE


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49) WomeninAmericancultureexperiencemorenegativefeelingsabouttheirbodiesthanmen. Answer: TRUE


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50) AccordingtoWilliamJames,havingasocialselfmeansthatyoucommunicatedifferently withdifferentpeople. Answer: TRUE


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51) Yourspiritualselfisthepartofyouthatattemptstoanswer,WhyamIhere? Answer: TRUE


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52) Youhavebeendescribedbyyoursignificantotherasacontrolfreak.Thisdescriptionisan exampleofanavowedidentity. Answer: FALSE


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53) Thetermsexismorebroadandinclusivethanthetermgender. Answer: FALSE


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54) Self-reflexivenessisthehumanabilitytothinkaboutwhatweredoingwhileweredoingit. Answer: TRUE


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55) Whenwederiveoursenseofself-worthbycomparingourselvestoothers,weareusingsocial comparison. Answer: TRUE


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56) Mayabelievesshewillmakenewfriendsincollege,andherpredictionscometrue.Thisisan exampleofreframing. Answer: FALSE


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57) Visualizationhasbeenshownbyresearchtoreducespeakinganxiety. Answer: TRUE


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58) Ifyoumentallytrytosuppressastereotypicalthought,itishighlylikelythatthesethoughts willnotreappear. Answer: FALSE


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59) Theinterpretationstageofperceptioninvolvessuperimposingstructureandconsistencyon whatweobserve Answer: FALSE


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60) Closureistheprocessoffillinginmissinginformationbyimposingapatternorstructure. Answer: TRUE


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. Ascribedidentity Attitude Avowedidentity Beliefs Materialself Selfconcept Selfimage Socialself Spiritualself Value

61) Thewayapersonconsistentlydescribeshimself/herselftoothers. Answer: F


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62) Howyoudescribeyourselforidentityyouactout. Answer: C


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63) Learnedpredispositiontorespondtosomethingorsomeoneinafavorableorunfavorable way. Answer: B


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64) Theconceptofselfthatdevelopsthroughyourpersonalinteractionwithothersandthancan beuniquewitheachrelationship. Answer: H


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65) Thewaysinwhichyoustructureyourunderstandingofreality whatistrueandwhatis false. Answer: D


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66) Enduringconceptsofgoodandbad,rightandwrong. Answer: J


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67) Thewayyouviewyourselfinaparticularsituation. Answer: G


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68) Theelementsofselfreflectedinallourtangiblethings. Answer: E


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69) Yoursenseofwhoyouareinrelationshipwithotherforcesintheuniverse. Answer: I


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D E F. G. H. Reframing Selfconcept Self-esteem Selfexpectations Self-fulfillingprophecy Selfreflectiveness Self-talk Socialcomparison

70) Yoursubjectivedescriptionofwhoyouare,howyouseeyourselfasaperson. Answer: B


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71) Thehumanabilitytothinkaboutwhatyouaredoingwhileyouaredoingit. Answer: F


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72) Goalsyousetforyourself. Answer: D


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73) Wordreferringtoonesinnerspeech,includingcommunicationwiththeself. Answer: G


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74) Measuringyourabilitiesinrelationtootherpeoplearoundyou. Answer: H


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75) Theideathatpredictionsaboutyourfutureactionsarelikelytocometruebecauseyoubelieve theywillcometrue. Answer: E


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76) Processofredefiningeventsandexperiencesfromadifferentpointofview. Answer: A


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Matchthecorrectdefinitionwiththefollowingterms. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Gender Materialself Self Sex Socialself Spiritualself Subjectiveselfawareness Symbolicselfawareness

77) Considerswhoyouareinrelationshiptootherforcesintheuniverse Answer: F


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78) Thesumtotalofwhoapersonis. Answer: C


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79) Canbecharacterizedbythestatement,Youarewhatyouhave. Answer: B


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80) Changesdependingonwithwhomyouareinteracting. Answer: E


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81) Biologicalandphysiologicalcharacteristicsthatmakeapersonmaleorfemale. Answer: D


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82) Auniquehumanabilitytodevelopandcommunicatearepresentationofoneselftoothers. Answer: H


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83) Theabilitytodifferentiatetheselffromthesocialandphysicalenvironment. Answer: G


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84) AccordingtoWilliamJamesmodeloftheself,the________selfthepartofyourselfthatis definedthroughtheprocessofyourintrospectionsaboutyourvaluesandmoralstandards. Answer: spiritualself


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85) Amethodforreducinganxietyorboostingyoursenseofselfesteembymentallyimagining youareperformingaparticulartaskinacertainwayis________. Answer: visualization


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86) ________istheprocessofhandlinganegativeeventbyredefiningit,orlookingatitfroma differentpointofview. Answer: Reframing


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87) Your________identityisoneyoupersonallyassigntoyourselfandactout. Answer: avowed


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88) Theactivityinvolvedinperceptionwhenwechoosespecificstimuliinourenvironmentto focusonis________. Answer: selection


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89) Thestageofperceptioninwhichweconvertinformationintopatternsthataremore convenientandunderstandableiscalled________. Answer: organization


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90) Ageneralizationthatweapplytopersonsbecauseweperceivethemtohaveattributes commontoaparticulargroupiscalled________. Answer: stereotyping


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91) Lookingforcuesinnonverbalbehavior,listeningcarefullytothelanguageapersonisusing, andpayingcloseattentiontothetoneofvoiceofanotherpersonareexamplesof________ perceptionchecking. Answer: indirect


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92) Mandieffectivelyusespublicspeakingskillswithouthavingtoconcentrateheavilyonwhat sheisdoing.Mandiisfunctioningatalevelof________________onMaslowsframework. Answer: unconsciouscompetence


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93) Anevaluationofonesworthorvaluethatcanfluctuateisknownas________. Answer: self-esteem


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94) Asocialconstructionthatencompassesbiologicalsex,psychologicalcharacteristics,attitudes aboutthesexes,andsexualorientationisknowas________. Answer: gender


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95) Our________selfawarenessisourabilitytodifferentiateourselvesfromthesocialand physicalenvironment. Answer: subjective


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96) Brieflyexplainthefourlevelsofself-awarenessasdescribedbyAbrahamMaslow. Answer: Thefourlevelsofcompetencearebasedonwhetherornotwearecompetentinagiven situation,andourawarenessofthatcompetenceandwhatisrequiredtobecome competent.Leveloneisunconsciousincompetence,inwhichwearenotawareofour ownincompetence.Leveltwoisconsciousincompetence,inwhichweareincompetent, butweareawareofthatfact.Levelthreeisconsciouscompetence,inwhichweare awarewecandosomething,butwedonthavetheintegratedskillorhabit.Levelfour isunconsciouscompetence,inwhichskillsaresecondnature,sowecanusethem withoutconcentratingonthem.
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97) NameandexplainWilliamJamesthreecomponentsoftheself. Answer: Thethreecomponentsoftheselfarethematerialself,thesocialself,andthespiritual self.Thematerialselfisconcerningwithalloftheexternal,ortangiblebelongings.The socialselfconsistsofthatpartofyouthatoriginatesinthevariousinteractionsyouhave withpeopleyouknow.Youinteractdifferentlywithdifferentpeople,soyouhave multi-dimensionalselves.Yourspiritualselfisaresultofpersonalintrospectionon yourvaluesandmorals.Itasksthequestion,WhoamI?andconsidersyour relationshiptootherforcesintheuniverse.
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98) Howcanreframinghelpsomeoneimprovehisorherself -concept? Answer: Reframinginvolvesthere-interpretationofnegativecriticisminrealisticways.While notignoringthenegative,oneputsthecriticismintoperspectivebyrecognizingthat mistakeshappenbutdonotmakeupthesumtotalofwhoyouare.


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99) Defineself-talkandvisualization.Howaretheydifferentfromeachother? Answer: Self-talkisintrapersonalcommunicationwherethepersonspeakstohimorherselfin eitherapositiveornegativeway.Visualizationisatechniqueofimaginingyouare performingataskinacertainway.Itinvolvesimaginingyourselfinthesituationand actingeffectively.


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100) Explaintheconceptofmediatedsocialcomparison. Answer: Thisconceptisbasedonimagesofphysicalattractivenessprovidedbythemedia. Thesepervasiveandaccessibleimagescanaffectselfesteeminbothmenandwomenby reinforcingtheimageofwhatisconsideredtobephysicallyattractive.Sincethisimage isnexttoimpossibletoattain,thiscomparisoncanhaveanegativeeffectonmenand women.


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101) Whatisself-fulfillingprophecy,andhowisitrelatedtoself-esteem? Answer: Self-fulfillingprophecyisthetendencytomakeaprediction,andthenobserveit comingtruebecauseofyourstrongexpectations.Peoplewithhighself-esteemtendto makepositivepredictionsaboutthemselves.Peoplewithlowself-esteemtendtoexpect theworst.Thesepredictionsareoftenreinforced,producingapositiveornegativespiral ofself-esteemandprophecies.


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102) Explaintherolethatcommunicatingwithothersplaysindevelopingapersonsself -esteem. Answer: Abigpartofhowweseeourselvescomesfromthetypeofinteractionswehavewith otherpeople.Thisbeginsatbirth,withthenamesandnicknameswemaybegiven,and howthefamilycommunicateswithus.Thefeedbackwereceiveonouractionstellsus howwellwearedoing.Wemakeinferencesaboutourselvesbasedonhowotherpeople treatus.


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103) Explainthedifferencebetweenthetermssexandgenderasdescribedinthetextbook. Answer: Sexisabiologicaldesignationofbeingmaleorfemale.Genderisabroaderterm,which encompassesbiologicalsex(maleorfemale);thepsychologicalcharacteristicsof masculinity,femininity,andandrogyny;attitudesaboutsex;andsexualorientation.


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104) Describethedifferencesbetweendirectandindirectperceptionchecking. Answer: Indirectperceptioncheckinginvolvespassivelyseekinginformationsuchascarefully observingnonverbalcuesandlisteningcloselytoverbalmessages.Thisinformationis usedtoeitherconfirmorrefuteyourinterpretations.Directperceptionchecking,onthe otherhand,involvesaskingothersoraskingthepersonyouareobservingdirectly whetheryouinterpretationsofaperceptionarecorrect.


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105) Brieflyexplainthethreecomponentsofself-concept(attitudes,beliefs,andvalues). Answer: Anattitudeisalearnedfavorableorunfavorableresponsetoaperson,object,oridea. Abeliefdealswithwhatyouviewtobeeithertrueorfalse.Avalueisanenduring conceptofgoodandbad,rightandwrong.


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106) Defineanddiscussself-concept.Explainthefourbasicmeansthroughwhichwedevelopour selfconcept. Answer: Self-conceptishowweconsistentlydescribeourselvestoothers;itisdeeplyrootedand slowtochange.Self-conceptisnotaone-dimensionalattribute,butis multi-dimensional.Thatis,wehavemanyselves.Oneofthemanyframeworksfor describingwhoyouareisWilliamJamesframeworkofthethreeselves:materialself, socialself,andspiritualself.Basicallytherearefourmeansthroughwhichwedevelop ourself-concept.Thefirstisthroughcommunicationwithothers.Otherpeoplegiveus feedbackaboutourselves,eitherbydirectlytellingussomethingorthroughreactionsto ourbehaviors.Becauseofthestrongimpactofothersonourselfconcept,peoplewho areraisedinaloving,supportiveenvironmentmayhaveahigherself -conceptthan peoplewhoareraisedinaharsh,over-criticalenvironment.Thesecondinfluenceon ourself-conceptisourassociationwithgroups.Welabelourselvesaccordingtothe groupswebelongto.WemayseeourselvesasaRepublican,aCatholic,aTexan,or identifywithanyothergroupwebelongto.Inaddition,ourpeergroupshaveastrong influenceonhowweseeourselves.Thethirdinfluenceonourself-conceptisour assumedroles.Therolesthatwehaveinsocietyinpartdeterminehowotherstreatus. Therefore,wecometoseeourselvesinlightofthatrole.Genderisarolethataffects howpeoplerespondtousfrombirth,thusourgenderrolebecomesapowerful contributortoourself-concept.Thefourthinfluenceonourself-conceptisour self-labels.Humansarecapableofthinkingaboutthemselves(self-reflexiveness),so thelabelsweusebecomepartofourself-concept.Inaddition,ourbeliefs,attitudes,and valuesbecomepartofourself-labels.
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107) JohnStewartdescribesfourcharacteristicsoftheselforonesidentity.Identifyanddiscuss thesefourcharacteristics Answer: AccordingtoStewart,identitiesaremultidimensionalandchanging.Whilesome aspectsofouridentitiessuchasgenderarestable,otherschangeduetocircumstances andourinteractionwithothers.Second,identityinvolvesresponsivenesstoothersand weconstructouridentitiesandcometoknowourselvesthroughinteractionand communicationwithothers.Third,bothpastandpresentrelationshipshavean influenceonouridentities.Theearlymessages(includingnicknames)andinteractions withourfamiliessignificantlyinfluenceourviewofselfasdothecurrentrelationships wehavewithfriends,coworkers,andsignificantothers.Finally,Stewartfoundthatwe havebothavowedidentities(thoseweassigntoourselvesandactout)andascribed identities(thoseassignedtousbyothers)whichwemaynotagree.Theseidentitiesare negotiatedthroughourinteractionwithothers.
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108) Feliciaisgoingtostartanewjobtomorrowasanassistanttothedean.Onherlastjobshehad abosswhofoundfaultwitheverythingthatshedid,co-workerswhobackstabbedeachother, andtheoverallatmospherewashostileandnegative.Inaddition,sheheardthatthelast personinhernewjobleftsuddenly,andnoonereallywouldtellherwhy.Now,Feliciais extremelynervousaboutstartingherjobtomorrow.Thetextbookdiscussessevenstrategies forenhancingonesselfesteem.ApplyatleastfourofthosestrategiestoFeliciassituationto showhowshemightimproveherconfidenceinhernewjob. Answer: Justasnegativeself-talkcanincreaseourapprehensionanddecreaseourmotivation, positiveself-talkcangiveusconfidencetofulfillourgoals.Felicianeedstotellherself shecandothejob,andthatshewashiredbecausesheiscompetent.Shecanextendthe self-talkbyusingvisualization.Shecanpictureherselfgettingreadyforworkinthe morning,lookinggood!Then,seeherselfenteringtheoffice,smilingconfidentlyand shakinghandswithhernewco-workers.Shecanpictureherselfthroughouttheday havingsuccessfulinteractionswitheveryone.Athirdmethodshemightuseis reframing,inwhichsheredefinesasituation.Forexample,shemightnotethatherlast bosswascriticalofallhisworkers,sohisharshcriticismdidnotmeanthatherjobwas inadequate.Shemightthinkthatthepersonwholeftthejobasdeansassistanthad personalproblems.Itprobablyhadnothingtodowiththedean.Afourthmethodisto develophonestrelationships.Sheneedstoseekafriendwhocangiveherrealistic feedbackaboutherskills.Thefifthmethodistosurroundyourselfwithpositive people.Feliciacandothisbyavoidingpeopleatworkwhoarecynicalandsitaround complaining,politelyengaginginsmalltalkwiththem,butnotparticipatingingripe sessions.Shecanalsoseekoutthepeopleatworkwhoarepositiveaboutthejob. Finally,Feliciacanloseherbaggage.Chalkupherexperiencesatherlastjobasa learningexperience,notasareflectiononwhosheisandwhatsheiscapableof.
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109) Danielisfilmingascriptthathehaswrittenforhisdirectingclass.Heaskedhisfriend,Fred, tohelpwiththecameraequipmentduringtheshoot.Duringthefilming,Danielgetsthe feelingthatFredistakingovertheproject.Danielfeelshurtbutwantstocontinuetowork withFredwithouthavinganymisunderstandings.Describeatleasttwoways,givingspecific examples,thatDanielcanusetoenhancehisperceptualaccuracyofFredsbehaviorinthis situation. Answer: First,Danielcouldsimplyincreasehisawareness bynotbeingconsumedbyhisown negativeemotionsandtakingthetimetofullylistenandbemoreverballyand nonverballyaware,sohecaninterpretFredsbehaviormoreaccurately.Forexample, Fredmayjustviewhisbehaviorasbeinghelpful.Danielmayalsobecomemoreaware ofhisowncommunication.PerhapsDanielisnotclearlycommunicatingFredsrolein theproject.Secondly,Danielshouldbecarefultoavoidstereotypes.Forexample,itmay betemptingforDanieltostereotypeFredasapushyandcontrollingindividual. Finally,Danielcouldcheckhisperceptionsbyeitherperforminganindirectordirect perceptioncheck.Inordertouseanindirectperceptioncheck,Danielsimplyneedsto carefullyobserveFredsbehavioranddetermineifhisperceptionofFredwantingto takeoverhisprojectistrue.Hecouldalsouseadirectperceptioncheckbyeither askinganotherpersonwhoknowsaboutthesituationoraskingFredhimself.IfDaniel asksFredhimself,DanielshoulddescribeFredsbehavior,offerhisinterpretationof Fredsbehavior,andaskwhetherornothisperceptioniscorrect.
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110) Derekisattendingalargeclassinanauditoriumsettingwithanenrollmentof400students. Thiscourseisimportanttohismajorfieldofstudyandhewantstodowell.Discusstheways Derekcanusetheperceptionprocesstoimprovehisperformanceinclass. Answer: Perceptionisthearousalofanyofoursenses,andDerekwillcertainlybeusinghis sensesasheattendsthelecturesinclass.Thefirststageintheperceptionprocessis attentionandselectioninwhichwenoticeandchoosetopayparticularattentionto certainsensationsinourenvironment.Forexample,whenDerekwalksinthe classroom,therearenumerousstimulitowhichhecanattendsuchasthespace,the musicbeingplayed,themultitudeofpeople,andtheinstructionsoftheteaching assistants.Derekchoosestoattendtotheteachingassistantsratherthanthestudents. HedoesthisbyfocusinghisgazeathisTAandtuningaboutpeopletalkingaround him.Nextisthestageoforganizationwhichinvolvesconvertinginformationinto understandablepatterns.Derekconvenientlyorganizesthelectureintoconceptsheis familiarwithandthosethatarenewtohim.Intheconceptshedoesntknow,hemakes notestoreviewlater.Finally,hemovestointerpretation.Inotherwords,heassigns meaningtowhathehasobserved.Derekinterpretsfromthelecturethathe understandsseveralpointswell,needstoreviewandrereadothersandcancombine severalconceptshehaslearnedinpreviouslectures.Thesestepswillhelpfocushis perceptionandimprovehisperformanceinclass.
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VOLUME1

Chapter1.3: UnderstandingVerbalMessages
1) Aword,sound,gesture,orvisualsignalthatrepresentsathought,concept,orobjectisa(n) ________. A) symbol B) meaning C) trigger D) action Answer: A
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2) ________isapersonsinterpretationofasymbol. A) Behavior B) Action Answer: C


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C) Meaning

D) Emotion

3) TheSapir-WhorfHypothesissuggestswhichofthefollowing? A) Languageandthoughtareexclusiveofoneanother. B) Thoughtisrootedinandcontrolledbylanguage. C) Languageisrootedinandcontrolledbythought. D) Languagedoesnotimpactourworldview. Answer: B


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4) JudonnaandCandicewereshoppingatthemall.Judonnaneededtogototheotherendofthe malltogetsomething.ShesaidtoCandice,Meetmeat2:00infrontofSears.Candice thoughtthatinfrontmeantoutsideinfrontoftheparkinglotentrance.Judonnathoughtthat infrontmeantinfrontoftheentranceontheinsideofthemall.JudonnaandCandicespent twohourswaitingforeachother.Whatlanguageproblemisreflectedinthissituation? A) allness B) polarization D) denotativemeaning C) bypassing Answer: C
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5) ________meaningconveysthecontentofwhatawordmeans,andthe________meaning containsthefeelingsbehindwords. A) Connotative;denotative B) Denotative;connotative C) Abstract;concrete D) Concrete;abstract Answer: B


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6) WhenCarolandMarciatalkedaboutgoinghomeforspringbreak,Carolthoughtof home-cookedmeals,freelaundry,andtimetospendwitholdfriends.Marciathoughtonlyof thebickeringandfussingbetweenherparents.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdescribes thissituation? A) CarolandMarciaarebypassingwhentheydiscusswheretheyaregoingtospendtheir vacations. B) CarolandMarciahavedifferentdenotationsforthewordhome. C) CarolandMarciahavedifferentconnotationsforthewordhome. D) CarolandMarciaarepolarizingthewordhome. Answer: C
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7) Whichofthefollowingwordsisthemostconcrete? A) sport B) activity C) competition Answer: D


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D) sailing

8) Whichofthefollowingwordsisthemostabstract? A) education B) collegedegree C) African-Americanliterature D) ToniMorrison Answer: A


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9) Themoreabstractaword,the________. A) easieritisforotherpeopletounderstandyou B) moredifficultitisforotherpeopletoagreewithyourmeaning C) clearerthemessage D) moreitcanbeexperiencedwithoneofyoursenses Answer: B


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10) BillwasvisitinghisfriendCarolsparentsinChicago.Theyofferedhimsometea;hewasvery thirsty,sohesaidhewouldlovesome.Hewasverysurprisedwhentheybroughthimacup ofhottea.InArkansaswherehewasfrom,thewordteaalwaysmeanticedtea.Ifyou wantedacupofhottea,youaskedforhottea.Whichofthefollowingcharacteristicsof languagebestdescribesthissituation? A) Wordshavedenotativeandconnotativemeanings. B) Wordsreflectabstractandconcretemeanings. C) Wordsareculture-bound. D) Wordsarepowerful. Answer: C
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11) SarahconfidesinElizabethsaying,Mr.Smithisinflexiblewhenitcomestocertainissues.I likeabosswhocanstandhisgroundandbefirminenforcingcompanypolicy.Elizabeth reportswhatSarahsaidtoMr.Smithsaying,Elizabethsaidthatyouwereinflexible.Mr. Smithisoffendedbythiscomment.Thisexamplebestillustrateswhichofthefollowing? A) Meaningsareculture-bound. B) Concretewordsarepreferabletoabstractwords. C) Meaningsarecontext-bound. D) Connotativemeaningsmaybemisunderstood. Answer: D
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12) Selectthephrasebelowthatusestheleastbiasedlanguage: A) Whengreetingyournewboss,besureandshakehishand. B) Duetothebraveryofthefireman,theyoungchildwasrescued. C) Mankindshouldcelebratethisinvention. D) ThelinguistsreceivedtheirtrainingatOxford. Answer: D


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13) PamandTerrywerediscussingtheircurrentrelationship.Pamdigressedfromthecurrent situationandbegantotalkaboutwhatTerryhaddoneinthepasttohurtherfeelings.This behaviorisreferredtoas________. B) bypassing C) allness D) gunnysacking A) bafflegab Answer: D


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14) ChrisandRyanarehavingahugeargument.ChrissaidtoRyan,Eitheryoulovemeoryou dont!Whichofthefollowingbarrierstoeffectivecommunicationdoesthisstatement represent? A) denotation B) polarization C) abstraction D) sexism Answer: B


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15) Whenwordsreflectunqualified,oftenuntruegeneralizationsthatdenyindividualdifferences amongpeople,theybecomethelanguagebarrierof________. B) polarization C) allness D) denotation A) bypassing Answer: C


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16) Biasinlanguagecanbedirectedagainst________. A) age B) class C) sexualorientation D) ability E) alloftheabove Answer: E


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17) Usingthetermshusbandandwiferatherthanpartnerdemonstrates________. A) heterosexistbias B) homophobiclanguage C) genericlanguage D) sexistlanguage. Answer: A


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18) Accordingtothetextbook,theproblemwithusingmanasagenericreferencetoallpeople,is it________. A) makeswomenseemtobethestandard B) maintainssexbasedperceptions C) ismoreawkward D) isnotaproblem Answer: B


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19) Accordingtothetextbook,whichofthefollowingisanacceptablewaytousepronounsin writingandspeaking? A) Whenreferringtobothgenders,replaceallheswithshes. B) Whenreferringtobothgenders,usebothpronounssheorheratherthanhe. C) Usethegenerichebecauseitreferstoallhumanbeings. D) Itdependsonthegenderofpeoplewithwhomyouarespeaking. Answer: B


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20) Usingthetermchairmanforbothmenandwomenwhoserveasthepresidingofficerata meetingwouldbeanexampleof________. A) genericlanguage B) sexistlanguage C) allness D) bypassing Answer: B


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21) Usinglanguagethatassumesthattheworldisheterosexualandthatsame -sexattractionsdo notapplyiscalled________. A) sexist B) racist C) heterosexist D) homophobic Answer: C


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22) Jackannouncesatthefraternitymeetingthattherewillbeadancenextweekend,and everyoneisinvitedtobringtheirgirlfriend.Thisisanexampleof________. A) sexistlanguage B) heterosexistlanguage C) homophobiclanguage D) genericlanguage Answer: B


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23) Fredtellsinappropriatejokesthatmakefunofpeoplewhoaregayorlesbian.Whattypeof languageisFredusing? A) heterosexistlanguage B) homophopiclanguage C) sexistlanguage D) genericlanguage Answer: B


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24) Ifwhatawordreferstocanbeexperiencedwithoursenses,itisdescribedas________. A) denotative B) connotative C) concrete D) abstract Answer: C


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25) ________isthepatternandarrangementofwordsinalanguage. A) Allness B) Syntax C) Grammar Answer: B


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D) Bypassing

26) Thetermfriendswithbenefitsreflectswhichattributeoflanguage? A) heterosexualbias B) powertocreateandlabelrelationships C) allness D) powertomakeorbreakandrelationships Answer: B


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27) FergisisangryabouttheresultsofherEnglishexam.Shetellsherroommate.Theprofessor gyppedmeoutofpointsontheessayquestion.Whichtypeofbiasisreflectedinthis statement? A) allness B) bypassing C) politicalcorrectness D) sexist Answer: A


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28) Bafflegabis________. A) reflectiveofsexualbias B) reflectiveofclassbias C) wordsusedinarepetitivepattern D) usingwordsasshorthandthatnoonecanunderstandbutyou Answer: D


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29) Whichofthefollowingwouldbelesslikelytobeconsideredaco-cultureintheUnitedStates? A) peoplewithdisabilities B) AsianAmericans C) gaysandlesbians D) U.S.citizens Answer: D


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30) Genericlanguageislanguagethat________. A) revealsbias B) usesgeneraltermsthatstandforallpersonsorthingswithinagivencategory C) reflectsuntruegeneralizations D) revealstheassumptionthatthewordisheterosexual Answer: B


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31) Thetextdiscussesconsiderationofthetermyouguysasagenericreference.Whatisthe problemwiththisterm? A) None.Itisanappropriatetermtouse. B) Itisnotgeneric,itcontainsthewordguys. C) Itiswidelyusedandnoonetakesoffense. D) Itwouldbegenericifyousubstitutedthewordgals. Answer: B


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32) Itisimportanttousenonsexist,inclusivelanguagebecause________. A) ithelpsyoubecomemoreotheroriented B) languagereflectsattitudes C) itdemonstratessensitivity D) Alloftheabovearecorrect. Answer: D


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33) Thetermmanuallaborreflectsa________bias. A) gender B) age Answer: C


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C) class

D) ability

34) Johnusesvocabularythatmostofhiscolleaguesdontunderstandinordertoappearmore intelligent.WhatJohnisdoingisanexampleof________. A) manipulation B) rigidity C) superiority D) detachment Answer: C


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35) Shenevermissesadayofchurch.Shesarealholyroller.Thisstatementillustrates ________. C) allness D) triggerwords A) polarization B) bypassing Answer: C


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36) Inresponsetothissonsrequest,Tomsaid,Idontcarewhatyouwant!YoulldowhatItell youtodobecauseIamyourfather!Howwouldyoumostaccuratelycategorizethis response? A) Itisbeingmanipulativeratherthangenuine. B) Itisbeingflexibleratherthanrigid. C) Itisbeingsuperiorratherthanequal. D) Itisfocusingontheproblem. Answer: C


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37) Whichofthefollowingwouldbeconsideredtobeasupportiveresponse? A) evaluation B) description C) rigidity Answer: B


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D) detachment

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38) BillieJois17andajuniorinhighschool.Shehasapproachedherparentsaboutchangingher curfewfrom11:30to1:00.Whenshebringsupthetopic,hermothersresponseis,OK.Lets sitdownandtalkaboutit.Whatarethereasonsyouthinkyourcurfewshouldbechanged? BillieJosmotheristreatingherwith A) detachment B) rigidity C) equality D) manipulation Answer: C
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39) Stewartisupsetwithhisroommateaboutthestateoftheirdirtyapartment.Whentheysit downtotalk,Stewartsays,ItupsetsmewhenIhavetopickupdirtyclothesbeforeIcan inviteanyoneovertotheapartment.Thisisanexampleof________. A) evaluatingothers B) empathizingwithothers C) controllingothers D) describingfeelings Answer: D


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40) Greghasjuststartedhisnewjobandisfeelingoverwhelmedwithprojectsthatarecoming dueinashorttime.HeistalkingwithJulia,hisfriendandco-worker.Juliarespondsby relatingthefrustrationandconfusionshefeltwhenshestartedthejobandofferstohelpGreg getbackontrackwithhisprojects.Thisisanexampleof________. A) control B) empathy C) manipulation D) apathy Answer: B
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41) TheSapir-WhorfHypothesismaintainsthatourthoughtsarerootedinandcontrolledby language. Answer: TRUE


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42) Agesturecanbeinterpretedasasymbol. Answer: TRUE


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43) Meaningsresideinwords. Answer: FALSE


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44) BypassingrarelyoccursbetweentwopeoplewhoarefluentinEnglish. Answer: FALSE


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45) Thedenotativemeaningofthewordhomecanbefoundinthedictionary. Answer: TRUE


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46) Thetextbookrecommendsminimizingtheuseofabstractwordswhenyouaretryingtoclarify amessage. Answer: TRUE


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47) Polarizationisthetendencytodescribesomethingintermsofthemiddleground. Answer: FALSE


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48) Allnessisthetendencytodescribeindividualsintermsoftheiruniquetraitsratherthantheir similaritiestoothersintheirgroups. Answer: FALSE


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49) Thecorrecttermtousewhenreferringtoanethnicorculturalgroupshouldbedeterminedby whatismostcommonlyused. Answer: FALSE


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50) Allnessisthetendencytodescribethingsinextremesasthoughnomiddlegroundexists. Answer: FALSE


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51) Accordingtothetextbook,usingwordssuchasfiremanandpostmantorepresentall peopleinthoseprofessionsmakewomenseeminvisible. Answer: TRUE


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52) Wordshavebothconnotativeanddenotativemeanings. Answer: TRUE


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53) Yourwordsandcorrespondingoutlookhavethepowertoaffectyourphysicalhealth. Answer: TRUE


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54) Abstractlanguageiseasiertounderstandthanconcretelanguage. Answer: FALSE


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55) ThecontextofthecommunicationisNOTimportantindeterminingthemeaning. Answer: FALSE


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56) Co-culturessometimesdevelopuniquelanguagesoftheirown. Answer: TRUE


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57) Languagecanbeusedasamethodtosupportsolidarityamonggroups. Answer: TRUE


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58) Polarizationisusingwordstodescribethingsintheextreme. Answer: TRUE


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59) OnewaytocommunicateflexibilityistoqualifyyourstatementswithphrasessuchasThisis justmyopinionbut... Answer: TRUE


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60) Beingflexiblemeanthatyouarewillingtoagreewithwhateveryourpartnerwants. Answer: FALSE


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. Abstractmeaning Bypassing Concretemeaning Connotativemeaning Denotativemeaning Exclusivelanguage Gunnysacking Heterosexistlanguage Homophobiclanguage

61) Relatedtobeingabletoexperienceareferentwithoneofthesenses. Answer: C


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62) Thesamewordsmeandifferentthingstodifferentpeople. Answer: B


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63) Relatedtoaninabilitytoexperienceareferentwithoneofthesenses. Answer: A


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64) Languagethatovertlydenigratespersonsofnon-heterosexualorientations. Answer: I


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65) Apersonalandsubjectivemeaningofaword. Answer: D


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66) Arestrictiveorliteralmeaningofaword. Answer: E


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67) Languagethatrevealsanassumptionthattheworldisheterosexual. Answer: H


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68) Languagethatassumesthatagivensubgroupinapopulationisinvisibleornonexistent. Answer: F


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Allness Culture Generic Gunnysacking Language Meaning Polarization Symbol

69) Generaltermsthatstandforallpersonsortermswithinacategory. Answer: C


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70) Languagethatreflectunqualifiedoruntruegeneralizationswithoutacknowledgingindividual variationswithinagroup. Answer: A


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71) Word,sound,gesture,orvisualsignalthatrepresentsaconcept,thought,objectorexpression. Answer: H


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72) Thetendencytodescribethingsintermsofextremes. Answer: G


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73) Alearnedsystemofknowledge,behavior,attitudes,beliefs,values,rules,andnormsshared byagroup. Answer: B


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74) Systemofsymbolssharedbyagroupofpeople. Answer: E


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75) Draggingupsomeonespastmistakesandlinkingthemtothecurrentsituation. Answer: D


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76) The________Hypothesissuggeststhatourlanguageandthoughtaresointerrelated,thathow wethinkisbasedinandcontrolledbythelanguagewespeak. Answer: Sapir-Whorf


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77) Onepersondescribesarrivingearlyas15minutesbeforeclassandanotherdescribesearly as5minutesbeforeclass.Thediscrepancyintheunderstandingofthewordearlyisknown as________. Answer: bypassing


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78) The________meaningisthelevelthatconveysfeelings,andispersonalandsubjectiverather thanliteral. Answer: connotative


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79) Whenwecanexperiencethereferentofawordthroughoursenses:i.e.,bytouching,tasting, hearing,smelling,orseeingit,thewordisdescribedasbeing________. Answer: concrete


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80) Whenwecannotexperiencethereferentofawordthroughoursenses;thatis,wecannot touchit,hearit,seeit,tasteit,orsmellit,thewordisdescribedasbeing________. Answer: abstract


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81) ________isthetendencytodescribethingsinextremesoroppositeswithoutanymiddle ground. Answer: Polarization


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82) Languagethatusesgeneraltermsthatstandforallpersonsorthingswithinagivencategoryis ________. Answer: generic


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83) Peoplewhodonotviewthemselvesintermsofstandardculturalconstructionsofmaleand femalearedescribedas________. Answer: transgendered


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84) A(n)________climateisoneinwhichpeopleexperiencetrust,caring,andacceptance,andis createdthroughtheuseofdescriptive,empathetic,and/orgenuinecommunication. Answer: supportive


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85) A(n)________climateisoneinwhichpeopleexperiencehostility,mistrust,andalackof acceptance,andiscreatedthroughcommunicationthatisevaluative,superior,and/orneutral. Answer: defensive


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86) Whenyoutrytoputyourselfinanotherpersonsshoesandexperiencewhathe/sheisfeeling, youareusing________. Answer: empathy


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87) Whenapersoninterpretsormakessenseofsymbols,heorsheiscreating________. Answer: meaning


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88) Brieflyexplainhowasensitivecommunicatormightavoidoffendingothersbyavoidingbias withhisorherlanguage. Answer: Beawarethatlanguagechanges.Avoidusingallnessstatementstorefertoindividuals. Usetermstorefertoethnicgroupsorothergroupsthatmembersofthosegroups prefer.Ifnecessary,askwhichtheyprefer.Avoidbiasedlanguagebaseduponsexual orientation,gender,age,class,orability.Avoidusinglanguagethatmakespartsof groups,suchaswomen,invisible.


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89) Whatisexclusivelanguage,andwhyisitconsideredaproblem? Answer: Exclusivelanguageislanguagethatdoesnotreflectallpeoplewhomightbemembers ofaparticulargroup.Traditionally,theuseofgenericpronounssuchashetorefer tobothgendersisanexample.Anotherexampleistheuseoftermssuchaspolicemen torefertoallpoliceofficers,whomaybeeithermenorwomen.Itisconsidereda problembecausewhenmostpeoplehearagenderspecificword,theypicturethat genderexclusively,thusrenderingothersinvisible.Inaddition,itmakestheuserseem insensitive.
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90) Giveanexplanationandanexampleofpolarization. Answer: Polarizationisthetendencytodescribethingsinextremes.Anexamplewouldbe, Eitheryousupportmycausewholeheartedly,oryouhatemyideas.


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91) Explainthedifferencesbetweenconcreteandabstractlanguage. Answer: Meaningsofwordscanbeplacedonacontinuumfromconcretetoabstract.Ifwecan experiencewhatthewordreferstowithoursenses,itisdescribedasconcrete.Ifwe cannotexperienceitwithoutsenses,itisdescribedasabstract.Abstracttermsaremore difficulttounderstandoragreeonameaning.Concretetermsaremoreclear.


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92) Brieflyexplaintheimportanceofstudyinglanguage. Answer: Wordsarepowerful.Peopleswordsimpactemotions,thoughts,actions,relationships, andculture.Studyinglanguagecanimproverelationshipsandenhanceyourinfluence. Also,youchooseyourlanguage.Makingeffectivewordschoicescanhelpyou communicatewhoyouaretoothersmoreclearly.


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93) Meaningsdontresideinthewordsthemselves,butinthewaysinwhichcommunicatorsuse thewords.Explainwhatthisstatementmeansandgiveanexampletoillustrateit. Answer: Wordsarejustsymbols.Peoplecreatethemeaningforwordsintheirminds.Words themselvesarenotguiltyformisunderstandings;peopleare.Forexample,astudent saysshewillbeearlyforagroupmeeting.Inhermind,earlymeansarrivinga minuteortwobeforethebeginningofthemeaning.Amisunderstandingoccurswhen theothermembersofthegrouparrive10minutesearly.Theyobviouslyinterpreted earlyintwodifferentways.
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94) Explainwhatempathyisandgiveanexampleofhowitcanbeused. Answer: Empathyistheabilitytoputyourselfinanotherpersonspositioninordertoactually feelorapproximatethefeelingsofothers.Anexampleofthiswouldbewhenyouseea friendwithasadlookonhis/herface.Youapproachherandaskwhattheproblemis. Shetellsyouthatherdogjustdied.Yourelateanexperienceinwhichyoufeltsimilar emotionsandoffertolistentohowshe/hefeels.


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95) Explainwaysinwhichyoucanpresentyourselfasanequalratherthansuperior. Answer: Youcanusethetermweratherthanyouinordertobuildasenseofworking togetherrathersettingyourselfapartfromothers.Avoidusinghighlytechnicalor complexvocabularyjusttoimpressothers.Alsoavoidoversimplificationoflanguage. Focusonusinglanguagethatisappropriatetothesituation.


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96) Explaintheconceptofgunnysacking. Answer: Gunnysackingisremindingpeopleofpastmistakesorissuesandlinkingthemtothe currentsituation.Ifitisusedasmethodtobringold,unrelatedissuesintoadiscussion (orargument),tcanresultinanegativesituationwherethepersonbecomesdefensive. Itmaybehelpfulifsupportivecommunicationisusedtodescribepastincidencesofthe samenegativetypeofbehaviorifitrevealsapatternthatneedstobeaddressed.


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97) Selectthreeofthefollowingcharacteristicsoflanguage.Inawell-supportedanswer,address (1)whatitmeans,and(2)whyitisimportantforaneffectivecommunicatortounderstand thatconcept.Asuperioranswerwillcontainillustrationsthatareoriginalandnotinthe textbook. Characteristics:(discuss3)(1)Wordsaresymbolswithmeanings.(2)Wordshavedenotative andconnotativemeanings(3)Wordsreflectconcreteandabstractmeanings.(4)Wordsare culturebound(5)Wordsarecontextbound. Answer: (1)Wordsaresymbolswithmeanings:symbolsstandforsomethingelse.Whenyouuse asymbol,youattachameaningtoit.Otherswhohearthesymbolattachameaningfor itaswell.Communicatorsshouldbeawareofthisbecausethisimpliesthepossibility thatpeoplewillnotusethesamemeanings,orbypasseachothersmeanings.(2) Denotativemeaningsareliteralmeaningsthatareusedbymostpeoplewhospeakthe language.Connotativemeaningsaremorepersonalandsubjective.Thisisanimportant distinctionbecauseourdenotativemeaningshelpuscommunicatemoreclearly,but sometimesbeingexplicitaboutourconnotativemeaningshelpsotherstoseeaspecial messagewearetryingtogetacross.Understandingthedifferencehelpsusadaptto others.(3)Wordsreflectabstractandconcretemeanings.Concretemeaningsaretiedto oursenses;abstractwordsarenot.Ifourpurposeistocommunicateclearly,themore concreteourlanguage,thebetterchancewehaveofsuccess.(4)Wordsare culture-bound.Welearnourwordsandtheusesofthosewordsfromthepeopleinour culture.Weshouldtakeculturalandco-culturaldifferencesintoaccountwithadapting toanotherperson.(5)Wordsarecontext-bound.Weattachameaningtoawordbased onthecontextinwhichitisused.Therefore,itisimportanttolookatthecontexttohelp us(understandthecommunicationofothers.Inaddition,itisimportanttoavoidtaking statementsoutoftheircontext.
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98) Inawell-developedessay,explainthefourwaysdiscussedinthetextbookthatwordshave power. Answer: (1)Wordshavethepowertocreateandlabelexperience.Howwelabelsomething affectshowothersandwereacttoit.Inaddition,thelabelhelpsuscommunicatethe experiencetoothers.(2)Wordshavethepowertoimpactthoughtsandactions.We makeemotionalassociationstolabels,andsometimesreacttoobjectsbyhowtheyare labeled.Thisiswhycompaniestakecareinlabelingtheirproducts,andwhydifferent groupsaresensitiveaboutlabelsthatothersusewhenreferringtothem.(3)Thepower toshapeandreflectculture.Languageshapeshowweviewtheworld wearemore likelytoattendtophenomenaforwhichwehavewords.Inaddition,cultureshave wordsforthingstheyfindimportant.(4)Thepowertomakeandbreakrelationships. Wordsareusedtogainfavorableresponsesfromothersandtogettoknowothers. Thus,theyareusedtocreaterelationships.Wordsusedinanegativefashioncan likewisedamageorendrelationships.
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99) AndreawastryingtotellherroommateChrisaboutthedifficultyshehasbeenhavinginher geographyclass.Chrisinterrupted,Believeme,Iveseenitbefore,andifyougoonwhining thewayyouareinsteadofworkingharderyouarenevergoingtopassthisclass!Rewritethis statementusingsupportivelanguageandexplainthelanguagethatmakesitbesupportive. Answer: Thereareavarietyofwaysthisresponsemayberewritten.Someofthepointsthat mightbemadeare:First,Chrisshowedsuperioritybyinterrupting,sayingBelieveme, andIveseenitbefore.Inaddition,Chrisshowedevaluationratherthandescription byblamingherownimpatienceonAndrea.Chrisshowedcontrolbysimplytelling Andreatoworkharder.Chrisshowedrigiditybytakingacertainattitude(youare never...).Amoresupportiveresponsewouldusedescription,Ifeelifyou...; equalityLetslookatwhatyoumightdo...;andflexibility,Sometimesifyou...
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100) Listthreewaysinwhichlanguagecanreflectbias.Describehowtoavoidusingthesetypesof biasinyourlanguage. Answer: (1)Biascanoccurinlanguagebaseduponrace,ethnicity,nationality,andreligion.A sensitivecommunicatoruseslanguagetorefertoanethnicorreligiousgroupthatis preferredbythatparticulargroup. (2)Biascanalsooccurinlanguagebasedupongenderandsexualorientation.A sensitivecommunicatoravoidssexistlanguagebyavoidingmasculinegenericpronouns andman-linkedtermsthatmakewomenseeminvisible.Avoidheteorsexistlanguage thatassumesthatallpeopleareheterosexual.Forexample,youcouldusetheterm partnerratherthanhusbandorwife.Also,eliminateallhomophobiclanguage whichdirectlyinsultsgaysandlesbians. (3)Biascanalsooccurbaseduponage,class,andability.Agebiascanbeeliminatedby avoidinglanguagethatcallsattentiontosomeonesage.Also,becarefuloflanguage thatstereotypesanddenigratestheelderly.Becarefulofglorifyingyouth.Becarefulof usinglanguagethatmakesdistinctionsbetweenclassesofpeoplesuchaswhitecollar andbluecollar.Becarefulofusinglanguagethatcallsundueattentiontosomeones ability.Also,avoidusingwordswithnegativeconnotationsinreferencetosomeones abilitysuchascripple,retard,ordumbbutratherusetermsthatfocusonthe personratherthanthehandicap(personswithdisabilitiesratherthandisablesperson).
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101) ExplainwhattheSapir-WhorfHypothesisisandgiveanexamplenotfoundinthetextbookto illustrateit. Answer: TheSapir-WhorfHypothesisassertsthatpeoplesthoughtsarestronglyinfluencedby language.Ifaworddoesnotexistforaparticularideainthatculturethenapersonhas nowaytoconceptualizethatidea.Forexample,iftheworddatingdoesnotexistina particularculturethenindividualsinthatculturewouldnotbelikelytodatebefore marriage.Therefore,arrangedmarriagesinthatparticularculturewouldseemmuch moreacceptable.
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VOLUME1

Chapter1.4: UnderstandingNonverbalMessages
1) Nonverbalcommunicationmaybestbedefinedas________. A) communicationthatisspoken B) communicationotherthanwrittenorspokenlanguage C) communicationwithyourbody D) communicationwithyourvoice Answer: B
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2) AsLibbyenteredthelibrary,herfriendsawherandraisedherfingerperpendiculartoherlips toindicatetoLibbythatsheneededtoremainquiet.Whatfunctionwasthisbehaviorserving? A) reinforcing B) complementing C) substituting D) contradicting Answer: C


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3) Apersonwithahighhandshakeindexmaybeperceivedtobe________. A) trustworthy B) compassionate C) controlling Answer: D


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D) extroverted

4) AccordingtoMehrabiansresearch,themostsignificantsourceofemotionalmeaninginour communicationis________. A) ourvoice B) ourwords C) ourface D) ourposture Answer: C


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5) AccordingtoMehrabian,nonverbalcommunicationconveys________percentofthe emotionalmeaningofourmessages. A) 55 B) 38 C) 93 D) 14 Answer: C


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6) Thereasonwesaythatnonverbalcommunicationismorebelievablethanverbal communicationisthat________. A) verbalcommunicationisaconsciousactivity,muchofournonverbalisnot B) nonverbalcommunicationismostlyunderourconsciouscontrol C) verbalcommunicationismoreambiguousthannonverbalcommunication D) nonverbalcommunicationislessobviousthanverbalcommunication Answer: A


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7) Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofnonverbalcommunicationinrelationships? A) Nonverbalcommunicationbecomeslessimportantthelongeracoupleistogether. B) Peoplearemorelikelytoexpressdislikeusingverbalcuesthannonverbalcues. C) Nonverbalcuesoftensignalchangesinthelevelofsatisfactionwitharelationship. D) Asintimacyincreases,theuseofnonverbalcuesdecreases. Answer: C


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8) WhentheserveraskedEstellahowmanysugarsshewantedinhertea,Estellasilentlyheldup twofingers.Thisisexampleofwhichfunctionofnonverbalbehaviors? A) tocontradict B) torepeat C) tosubstitute D) toregulate Answer: C


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9) Kevinwantedhisgrandmothertoknowhowmuchheappreciatedhermonetarygiftforhis birthday.Hegaveherabighug,andsaidwithenthusiasm,ThanksGram Ireallycanuse this!Kevinsvoiceandhugareexamplesofwhichfunctionofnonverbalbehavior? A) torepeat B) tocomplement C) tosubstitute D) toregulate Answer: B


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10) Karlasays,Imlistening,whilestaringintentlyathercomputerscreenratherthanlookingat theclientinheroffice.WhatfunctionisKarlasnonverbalcommunicationserving? A) torepeat B) tocomplement C) tosubstitute D) tocontradict Answer: D


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11) DoyouknowhowmanybooksIreadlastweek?Five!Shawnasaid,holdingupfivefingers. Thisisexampleofwhichofthefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication? A) tosubstitute B) tocomplement C) toregulate D) torepeat Answer: D


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12) Accordingtotheexpectancyviolationmodel,whichofthefollowingwillNOTinfluenceour responsetoamessage? A) thestatusofthecommunicator B) thecredibilityofthecommunicator C) theattractivenessofthecommunicator D) theaggressivenessofthecommunicator Answer: D


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13) Whichofthefollowingnonverbalcueswouldbeconsideredtobeuniversal? A) shakingyourheadbackandforthtoindicateno B) lookingsomeoneintheeyetoindicatehonesty C) raisingyoureyebrowswhenmeetingsomeone D) givingathumbsuptoindicateapproval Answer: C


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14) Amandasitsintheseatrightnexttoanotherpersoninamovietheaterfullofemptyseats.The otherpersongetsupandmovestoanotherrow.Accordingtotheexpectancyviolations model,theotherpersonrespondedtoAmandasbehaviorby________. A) reciprocatingherbehavior B) compensatingforherbehavior C) adjustinghis/herexpectations D) convergingwithherbehavior Answer: B


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15) AccordingtoBurgoonsexpectancyviolationsmodel,apersonseenasattractive,credible,and ofhighstatus,isviewedaswhattypeofcommunicator? A) competent B) rewarding C) trustworthy D) immediate Answer: B


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16) Astrategyforcheckingtheaccuracyofyourinterpretationofanotherpersonsnonverbal behavioriscalled________. A) perceptionchecking B) emotionalexpression C) regulation D) adaptors Answer: A


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17) Whichofthefollowingstatementsaccuratelyexpressesthedifferencesbetweenverbaland nonverbalbehavior? A) Verbalbehavioriscontinuous;nonverbalisdiscrete. B) Verbalbehaviorislessambiguous;nonverbalismoreambiguous. C) Verbalbehaviorisefficientatcommunicatingemotions;nonverbalisnotefficientat communicatingemotions. D) Nonverbalbehaviorhassimilargrammarandpatternstoverbalcommunication. Answer: B


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18) Thestatement,Nonverbalcommunicationisnon-linguisticmeansthat________. A) nonverbalmessagesflowfromonesituationtothenext,unlikeverbalmessages B) nonverbalmessagesvarywidelyacrossculturalgroups C) nonverbalmessagesmaybeinterpretedinavarietyofways D) nonverbalmessagesdonotconformtothepatternsoflanguage Answer: D


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19) Kinesicsisageneraltermfor________. A) humanmovement,gestures,andtheuseofspace B) gestures,theuseofspace,andposture C) humanmovement,gestures,andposture D) gestures,posture,andadaptors Answer: C


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20) Displaysofculturesuchasclothing,jewelry,andmakeup,arecalled________. A) artifacts B) gestures C) illustrators D) vocalics Answer: A


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21) WhenKeriwantedBentostoptalking,sheavertedhereyesandturnedherback.The functionofthisbehaviorwasto________. A) displayemotion B) regulateinteraction C) adapt D) illustrate Answer: B


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22) TheUniversityofTexasfansshowthepinkiefingerandtheindexfingertorepresentthesign, Hookemhorns,areferencetotheirmascot.Thisisanexampleofa(n)________. A) affectdisplay B) regulator C) adaptor D) emblem Answer: D


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23) AfterAeshagotoffthephoneherfacelookedlikeithadfallentwoinches.Shelookeddown, andwalkedtoherroomslowly.Jonnasaidtoher,Whathappened?InreadingAeshasfacial expressions,JonnawasusingAeshas________. A) affectdisplays B) regulators C) adaptors D) emblems Answer: A


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24) Nonverbalmessagesthatcontroltheinteractionofflowofcommunicationbetweentwoor moreindividualsarecalled________. A) emblems B) regulators C) adaptors D) affectdisplays Answer: B


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25) Kimwasconstantlytwirlingherhairasshewastalkingtoherteacher.Whichtypeof nonverbalcueshowedKimsnervousness? A) emblems B) regulators C) adaptors D) substitutes Answer: C


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26) Thestageofquasi-courtshipbehaviorinwhichwecombourhairorstraightenourtieiscalled ________. A) courtshipreadiness B) preening C) positionalcues D) appealstoinvitation Answer: B


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27) BillshowshisattractionforMaureenbyglancinginherdirection,standingupstraight,and suckinginhisstomach.Whatstageofquasi-courtshipbehaviorisBilldisplaying? A) courtshipreadiness B) preening C) positionalcues D) appealstoinvitation Answer: A


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28) LeahmovesclosertoGeorgeandlooksdirectlyathim.Shedisplayingwhatstageof quasi-courtshipbehavior? A) courtshipreadiness B) preening C) positionalcues D) appealstoinvitation Answer: D


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29) Inwhichofthefollowinginstancesarepeopleinthisculturemostlikelytolookdirectlyat theirconversationalpartner? A) whenyouarephysicallyclose B) whenyouarediscussingintimatetopics C) whenyouaretalkingratherthanlistening D) whenyouaretryingtodominateyourpartner Answer: D


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30) Thestudyoftouchiscalled________. A) proxemics B) artifact Answer: C


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C) haptics

D) kinesics

31) Ourpersonalguidelinesandstandardsforappropriatetouchareour________. A) hapticguidelines B) backchannelcues C) territory D) touchethic Answer: D


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32) Whichofthefollowingstatementsaccuratelyreflectsresearchontouchcitedinthetextbook? A) Recentresearchshowsthatinfantsdontneedasmuchtouchaswasoncethought. B) Recentresearchshowsthatwomenandmenoftenhavedifferentmeaningsfortouch. C) Recentresearchshowsthatpeoplearetouchingeachothermorenowthan25yearsago. D) Recentresearchshowsthatgenderdifferencesinamountoftouchhaveincreased. Answer: B


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33) Communicatingyourthoughtsandemotionswithyourvoice(asidefromthewordsthatyou use)isreferredtoas________. A) paralanguage B) gesturing C) kinesics D) affectdisplays Answer: A


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34) Usingphrasessuchas,Iseeanduh-huhwhileanotherpersonistalkingareexamplesof ________. A) paralanguage B) affectdisplays D) kinesics C) backchannelcues Answer: C


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35) Janetdiscussedherperformancereviewwithhernewsupervisor,Mrs.Abrams.Astheywere talking,Janetsatinachairabout8feetawayfromhersupervisor,whowasbehindherdesk. WhichspatialzonewasJanetusing? A) intimatespace B) personalspace C) socialspace D) publicspace Answer: C


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36) Theaccurateinterpretationofnonverbalcuesshouldbeguidedby________. A) thewordspeoplesay B) culturalbackgrounds C) dominance D) territory Answer: B


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37) WhenAllenenteredtheclassroom,hesawthathehadafewminutestospare,sohesethis bagdownonhisfavoriteseatandwenttothefoyertogetasoftdrink.Allenwasusinghisbag asa(n)________. A) initializer B) affectdisplay C) territorialmarker D) statussymbol Answer: C


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38) Nonverbalbehaviorthatcommunicateslikingandengendersfeelingsofpleasureiscalled ________. A) territorialmarker B) immediacy C) emblems D) affectdisplays Answer: B


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39) Mehrabiansframeworkforinterpretingnonverbalcommunicationincludes________. A) immediacy,arousal,dominance B) territory,space,gestures C) gestures,vocalics,kinesics D) power,affection,inclusion Answer: A


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40) AllofthefollowingareimmediacycuesthatindicatelikingandinterestEXCEPT A) facetofaceorientation. B) dominance. C) eyecontact. D) openposture. Answer: B


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41) AccordingtoresearchbyAlbertMehrabian,mostofouremotionalinformationis communicatedwithourgestures. Answer: FALSE


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42) Apersonmaynotintendfortheirnonverbalbehaviortohaveanymeaningatall. Answer: TRUE


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43) Nonverbalcuesregisteronoursensesfromavarietyofsourcesatthesametime Answer: TRUE


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44) Verbalcommunicationismorebelievablethannonverbalcommunication. Answer: FALSE


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45) Nonverbalcuesthatcomplementarethosethattaketheplaceofaverbalmessage. Answer: FALSE


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46) SharonpointedtotheStudentUnionasshewasexplainingtoTimwhereitwas.Sharonwas pointingtoregulatetheconversation. Answer: FALSE


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47) Usingonesvoicetoaddintensitytoaparticularwordisanexampleofusinganonverbal accentcue. Answer: TRUE


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48) Generallyspeaking,gesturesthatarefriendlyinoneculturewillbefriendlyinanother. Answer: FALSE


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49) Perceptioncheckingisatoolthatcanhelpusinterpretotherpeoplesbehaviormorecorrectly. Answer: TRUE


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50) Nonverbalbehaviorsusuallyarediscrete,withadefinitebeginningandend. Answer: FALSE


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51) Themoreintimatetherelationship,themoreweunderstandthenonverbalcuesofour partner. Answer: TRUE


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52) AccordingtoBurgoon,wewillattempttointerpretandrespondtoapersonsnonverbal behaviorbasedontherelationshipwehavewiththem. Answer: TRUE


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53) Avertingoureyesinordertoavoidcommunicatingwithsomeoneisanexampleofusing regulators. Answer: TRUE


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54) Ifacollegestudentthinksaprofessorisattractive,heorshewillgivethemamorepositive evaluationscore. Answer: TRUE


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55) AccordingtoresearchbyEdwardHall,theintimatespace isusedonlybetweenloversand parentsandchildren. Answer: FALSE


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56) Thestudyofhowpeopleusespaceandobjectstocommunicateownershipiscalledkinesics. Answer: FALSE


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57) Territorialmarkersaresometimesusedtoshowwhereourownspaceendsandanothers begins. Answer: TRUE


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58) Artifactscannotbeusedasadisplayofculture. Answer: FALSE


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59) Mutualeyecontact,smiling,andleaningforwardareallexamplesofimmediacybehaviors. Answer: TRUE


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60) Mehrabiansmodelofnonverbalbehaviorincludestheareasofimmediacy,attraction,and inclusion. Answer: FALSE


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61) Youaremorelikelytomakeeyecontactwithyourpartnerwhenyouarediscussingintimate topics. Answer: FALSE


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62) Yourfacetendstorevealtheintensityoftheemotionyouarefeeling. Answer: FALSE


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63) Peoplearemorelikelytocorrectanonverbalruleviolationbyusingverbalcommunication. Answer: FALSE


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64) Positivesilenceiswhenyoudonthaveanythingnicetosay. Answer: FALSE


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65) Thespecificspacethatyouandotherschoosedependsonyourculturalbackground. Answer: TRUE


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. Adaptors Affectdisplays Arousal Dominance Emblems Illustrators Immediacy Regulators Territory

66) Nonverbalbehaviorsthatcommunicateemotions,primarilythroughtheface. Answer: B


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67) Nonverbalbehaviorsthathelpsatisfyapersonalneedorrespondtotheimmediatesituation. Answer: A


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68) Nonverbalbehaviorsthatcommunicatelikingthrougheyecontact,forwardlean,touch,and anopenbodyorientation. Answer: G


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69) Nonverbalbehaviorsthathaveaspecific,generallyunderstoodmeaninginacultureandmay substituteforaword. Answer: E


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70) Nonverbalbehaviorsthathelptocontroltheinteractionsbetweenpeople. Answer: H


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71) Nonverbalbehaviorsrelatedtothedegreetowhichapersonisinterestedandexcited. Answer: C


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72) Nonverbalbehaviorsthataccompanyaverbalmessageandeithercomplement,contradict,or accentit. Answer: F


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73) Nonverbaldimensionthatiscommunicatedthroughrelaxedpostureandgreaterpersonal space. Answer: D


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Artifacts Backchannelcues Haptics Kinesics Proxemics Territoriality Touchethic

74) Thestudyofhowhumansusespaceandobjectstocommunicateoccupancy. Answer: F


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75) Clothingandotherappearanceobjectsweuseincommunicatingwithothers. Answer: A


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76) Personalguidelinesforappropriateandinappropriatephysicalcontact. Answer: G


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77) Thestudyofhowtouchaffectscommunication. Answer: C


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78) Thevocalcuesthatsignalwhenwewanttotalkandwhenwedont. Answer: B


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79) Thestudyofhumangestures,posture,andbodymovements. Answer: D


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80) Thestudyofhowcloseorfarawayfrompeopleandobjectswepositionourselves. Answer: E


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81) Wesaythatnonverbalcommunicationis________,becauseouractionsmayhavemorethan oneinterpretation,andbecausetheexactmeaningofanonverbalmessagemayonlybeknown bythepersondisplayingit. Answer: ambiguous


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82) Becausenonverbalmessagesregisteronoursensesfromavarietyofsources,wesaythat nonverbalcommunicationis________. Answer: multichanneled


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83) SayingAh....Umtoindicatethatwewanttospeakisknowasa________________. Answer: back-channelcue


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84) Nonverbalcuesthatcommunicateemotionsarecalled________________. Answer: affectdisplays


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85) ________arenonverbal,nervousbehaviorsthatrespondtoaneed,suchastappingonespen andscratchingonesarm. Answer: Adaptors


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86) Thepitch,rate,andvolumeofonesspeechareallpartofthenonverbalbehaviorcalled ________. Answer: paralanguageorvocalics


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87) Howlongittakessomeonetorespondtoastatementorquestioniscalleda(n)________ ________. Answer: responselatency


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88) ________________arethethingsandactionsthatshowthatyouhaveclaimedoccupancyor ownershipofaspace. Answer: Territorialmarkers


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89) Burgoonsmodelthatsuggestsweresponddifferentlytopeoplewhobreaknonverbalrules baseduponourinterpersonalrelationshipswiththemisthe________________model. Answer: expectancyviolations


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90) ThedimensionofMehrabiansframeworkofnonverbalcommunicationthatcommunicatesthe balanceofpowerinarelationshipis________. Answer: dominance


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91) ThezonethatHalldefinedaspublicspacebeginsat________feet. Answer: 12


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92) Thetextbookexplainsfourreasonswhystudyingnonverbalcommunicationisimportant. Whatarethey? Answer: First,nonverbalcommunicationistheprimarywayinwhichwecommunicatefeelings andattitudestowardsothers.Second,nonverbalmessagesareusuallymorebelievable thanverbalmessages.Third,nonverbalcommunicationplaysamajorroleinthe initiation,development,andterminationofourinterpersonalrelationships.Finally, nonverbalworkswithverbalmessagesinthefollowingways:substitute,complement, contradict,repeat,regulate,oraccentverbalmessages.
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93) Explainwhyperceptioncheckingcanbeusedtohelponebecomeabettercommunicator. Answer: Perceptioncheckinghelpsyoutestyourperceptionsoftheotherperson,thusenabling youtomoreaccuratelyinterprettheirintentions.


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94) Whatdoeskinesicsstudy? Answer: Kinesicsisthestudyofhumanmovement,posture,andgesture.


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95) Identifyandexplaintwoofthefourstagesofquasi-courtshipbehavior. Answer: Courtshipreadinessoccurswhenweareattractedtosomeone.Wetrytoadjustour imagebysuckinginourstomach,standingstraighter,andtensingourmuscles. Preeningbehaviorsoccurwhenwebegintomanipulateourappearanceby straighteningourclothes,smoothingourhair,anddouble-checkingourappearance. Positionalcuesoccurwhenweadjustourpostureandorientationsoastobenoticed. Webegintomovecloser,leanintotheotherperson,smilingandmakingeyecontact. Appealstoinvitationaresignalsthatcommunicateouravailabilitybycloseproximity, exposedskin,openbodyposture,andeyecontact.
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96) Explaintwowaysthephysicalenvironmentisimportanttothestudyofnonverbalbehavior. Answer: First,wemakechoicesabouttheenvironmentinwhichyoulive.Thesechoicesreveal somethingaboutyou.Howyoudecorateit,whattypesofartifactsyouinclude,how neatormessyitistellsotherssomethingaboutyou.Second,theimmediatephysical environmenthasanimpactonyouremotionalreactionsandhowyoureactinthat environment.Anenvironmentmaybecomfortable,oruncomfortableinmanyways. Theformalityorinformalityofitmayaffectyou.Thecolors,furniture,andarrangement ofspaceallaffecthowweinteractwithothersinthatenvironment.
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97) ExplainandgiveexamplesofthethreedimensionsthatMehrabianfoundweusetoaccurately interpretnonverbalbehaviors. Answer: Eventhoughournonverbalbehaviorvariesaccordingtosuchthingsasourcultureand thecontext,thereMehrabianbelievestherearethreedimensionsthatprovidea frameworkforinterpretingnonverbalbehavior.Firstisimmediacy,whichisa combinationofnonverbalbehaviorsthattakentogethergiveasensethattheother personlikesyou.Theseconddimensionisarousal,whichshowstheamountof stimulationorinterestininteractingwithyou.Theface,voice,andmovement communicatethisdimension.Thethirddimensionisdominance,whichincludes behaviorsthatcommunicatethebalanceofpowerbetweenpeople.Dominancemaybe communicatedthroughtheuseofspace,bodyposture,andartifacts.
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98) Explainwhatthetextbookmeansbythenon-linguisticnatureofnonverbalcommunication. Answer: Unlikeverbalcommunicationthathasalargenumberofrulesforeveryelement grammar,wordchoices,sentencestructure,anddefinitedefinitionsnonverbal communicationisverycomplexanddosnotconformtothepatternsofalanguage.


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99) Explaintheconceptoftouchethic. Answer: Eachofushasapersonaltouchethicthatrepresentsourownguidelinesorstandards forwhatweconsidertobeappropriateandinappropriatetouch.Thisisinfluencedby ourearlyexperiencesinourfamily


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100) Explainwhynonverbalmessagesaremorebelievablethanverbal. Answer: Verbalcommunicationisaconsciousactivity.Whilesomenonverbalcommunicationis conscious,alotofitissubconscious.Thuswedonothavecompleteconsciouscontrol overournonverbalcommunication.Therefore,itismucheasiertocontrolyourwords thanyournonverbalresponses.


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101) Describeatleastthreeofthesixfunctionsofnonverbalmessages. Answer: Nonverbalmessagescansubstitute ortaketheplaceofaverbalmessagelikenodding yourheadratherthansayingyes.Theycanalsocomplement,clarify,orextendthe meaningoftheverbalinformation.Inotherwords,whileyouaretalking(verbal)your faceandbodyarecommunicatingnonverbaltoenhancethemeaningofwhatyoure saying.Theycanalsocontradictwhatyouaresaying.Forexample,youcouldsay yourehappybuthaveafrownonyourface.Theycan regulatetheflowof conversation.Thisletsyourconversationalpartnersknowwhenyouwanttospeakand whenyouwouldrathernotspeak.Nonverbalcuescanalso repeatwhatiscontainedin theverbalportionofthemessage.Finally,theycan accentorreinforceaverbalmessage. Apersonmightdothistoaddemphasistothemessage.
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102) Explainhowhumansconveyterritoriality. Answer: Territorialityisthestudyofspaceandobjectsandhowpeopleusethemtoconvey occupancyorownership.Peopleuseterritorialmarkerssuchasplacingyourthingsina particularareaorusinglocks.Peoplealsocreatebarrierssuchasfencesandwallsto communicatetheownershipofaspace.


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103) Listanddiscussthefourreasonsforstudyingnonverbalcommunication. Answer: First,nonverbalmessagescommunicatefeelingsandattitudes.Ifweonlylistento words,nothowtheyaresaid,thenwewillmissagreatdealofthemessage.Research showsthatmostofouremotionalinformationiscommunicatedthroughthefaceand voice.Second,nonverbalmessagesaremorebelievablethanverbalmessages.Thisis becauseourverbalmessagesareconsciousandundermoreofourcontrol,whereas nonverbalmessages,althoughtheymaybeconscious,arelessamatterofchoice. Nonverbalmessagesarealsocriticaltosuccessfulrelationships.Webeginmakinginitial impressionsofotherpeoplewithinthefirstfewminutesofmeetingthem.Asour relationshipsdeepen,welearntointerpretthenonverbalbehaviorsoftheotherperson moreaccurately.Nonverbalcuesalsosignalchangesintherelationship.Finally, nonverbalmessagesservevariousfunctionsforverbalmessages,includingsubstituting, complementing,contradicting,repeating,regulating,oraccenting.
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104) WhatdoeachofthefourzonesofpersonalspaceidentifiedbyHallcommunicateabout interpersonalrelationships? Answer: Allowingsomeoneintoyourintimatezonesuggeststhatyouhaveordesireanintimate relationshipwiththeotherperson.Ifthisisnotthecase,wewillfeeluncomfortableand illatease.Thepersonalzoneisreservedforpeoplewithwhomwehaveaclose,yetnot intimaterelationship,friends,family,andsomeacquaintances.Those,whomwedonot knowwell,suchasacquaintances,willprobablybekeptatagreaterdistancethan familyandfriends.Socialspacereflectsamoreformalorprofessionalrelationship. Publicspacereflectsrelativelyimpersonalrelationships.
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105) Inawell-supportedessay,discussthesuggestionsmadeinthetextbookforinterpreting nonverbalcuesmoreaccurately.Developyourpointswithspecificexamples. Answer: First,youshouldbeawareofallofthenonverbalelementsofcommunication.Pay attentiontothoseelementsinadditiontothewordsapersonuses.Second,bewillingto setasideyourownagendasandneedsmomentarilytopayattentiontowhattheother personmaybetryingtocommunicate.Payattentiontotheculturalbackgroundsof othersyouarecommunicatingwith.Sometimesevendifferentareasofthecountryor statewillmakeadifferenceincommunicationrules.Finally,lookforcuesof immediacy,arousal,anddominance.
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106) Marcelastartedworkingforanewcompany.Atherpreviousworkplace,peoplewereformal anddistantintheircommunication.Therefore,Marcelawassurprisedtofindthatherboss, whomMarcelathoughttobeacompetentindividual,oftenpulledupachairclosetoherdesk whenshewasexplainingcompanyprocedures.AlthoughthisviolatedMarcelasideaofhow peoplecommunicateintheworkplace,itdidnotseemtobotherherandinfactshebeganto useacloserdistancewhencommunicatingwithherboss.ExplainwhatMarcelaexperienced usingBurgoonsexpectancyviolationsmodel. Answer: Marcelahadexpectationsofappropriatenonverbalbehavioratwork.Sheexpected peopletomaintainalesspersonaldistancewhencommunicating.However,herboss violatedthisexpectation.Marcelafoundherbosstobearewardingindividual becauseshehadhigherstatusintheworkplaceandwasacredibleindividual.Because herbosswasarewardingratherthananon -rewardingindividual,shereciprocated thebehaviorwithoutforminganegativeimpressionofherbossratherthancorrecting thebehavior.
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107) Explainandgiveanexampleofatleastfivenonverbalcodes. Answer: Thecodesofnonverbalinformationincludeappearance,bodymovement,gestures,and posture(kinesics),eyecontact,facialexpressions,touch,vocalics,anduseofthe physicalenvironment.Appearancedealswithbodysizeandshape,skincolor, hairstyle,andclothing.Anexampleofappearancewouldbewearingcertaintypesof clothing(artifacts)suchasacowboyhatandbootstoindicatethatyouworkedona ranch.Kinesicsisthestudyofmovement,gestures,andposture.Anexampleofthis wouldbeusinggestures(illustrators)toaccentwhatyouaresayingorthegeneralway apersoncarrieshimselforherselfthatcouldindicateconfidence. Eyecontactdeals withhowoftenwelookatourconversationalpartner,anditconveystrustworthiness andsincerity.Forexample,ifyouaretrulyinterestedinwhatsomeoneissayingyou arelikelytoincreaseeyecontact.Facialexpressionsareanothernonverbalcodethat dealwiththeemotionsandreactionsonpeoplesface.Apersonsjawmightdropin surprise.Touchorhapticsisthemostpowerfulformofnonverbalcommunication. Youmightgivesomeoneahugtoconveyclosenessoraffection.Vocalicsdealswiththe nonverbalaspectsofvoicesuchasrate,pitch,volumeanduseofsilence.Forexample,a personmightspeeduptheirrateofdeliverytoconveyexcitement. Territorialitydeals withhowhumansusespace.Forexample,apersonmightputhis/herbooksonadesk toindicatethatshe/heintendstositthere.Also,peopleusespaceorproxemicsto communicatewithothers.Forexample,youmightonlyletyourintimatepartnerand closefamilymembersenteryourintimatespaceofzerotooneandahalffeet. Environmentalsocommunicatesalotaboutwhoweareasindividuals.Forexample, someonesofficemaybeextremelymessyindicatingthathe/sheisextremelybusy and/ordisorganized.
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108) Whatisresponselatency?Howmightitbeinterpreted? Answer: Responselatencyistheamountoftimeittakessomeonetoformulatearesponsetoa statementorquestioninaconversation.Thissilencemaymeanthatyouarethinkingor thatyoudonotwishtoengageinconversation.Itmayalsobeasignofrespector status,oranindicationofangerordiscomfort.Youmayalsobesocomfortablewith yourconversationalpartnerthatconversationisnotnecessary(positivesilence). Responselatencyhasalsobeenstudiedasapossibleindicatorofdeception.


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VOLUME1

Chapter1.5: ListeningandResponding
1) Americansspendapproximately90%oftheirdaycommunicating,andofthat90%what percentofthetimedotheyspendlistening? A) 15% B) 25% C) 35% D) 45% Answer: D
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2) Hearingis________. A) howwemakesenseoutofwhatweprocessthroughauditorychannels B) acomplexprocessofselectingstimulifromtheenvironment C) asynonymtolistening D) thephysiologicalprocessofdecodingsounds Answer: D


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3) Listeninginvolvesthefollowingprocesses: A) awareness,rejecting,decoding,remembering,reacting B) selecting,attending,understanding,remembering,responding C) selecting,acknowledging,comprehending D) attending,sorting,interpreting,filtering,rehearsing Answer: B


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4) Whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelydepictstherelationshipbetweenhearingand listening? A) Hearingandlisteningarethesamething. B) Listeningisaphysiologicalprocess;hearingisaconceptualactivity. C) Hearingisautomatic;listeningrequiresconsciouseffort. D) Listeningandhearingarebothpassiveactivities. Answer: C


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5) Thestageoflisteninginwhichwefilterthroughthemyriadofnoisesinourenvironmentis ________. A) selecting B) attending C) understanding D) responding Answer: A


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6) Thestageoflisteninginwhichwemaintainasustainedfocusonaparticularsoundor messageis________. A) selecting B) recalling C) decoding D) attending Answer: D


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7) AsJuansatinhisbiologylab,thelabinstructorwasdroningonaboutthetechniquesof vivisection.Juankeptthinkingabouttheconcerthewasplanningtoattendontheweekend. WhichofthefollowingstagesoflisteningisJuanhavingthemosttroublewith? A) selecting B) attending C) remembering D) responding Answer: B


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8) Karlfeltlostinhisastrophysicsclass.Althoughhewrotedowneverythinghisinstructorsaid, theterminologywastotallynewtohim.Noneoftheconceptsrelatedtoanythinghehadever experiencedbefore.Inaddition,muchoftheinstructionwasbasedonequationsandsymbols thathedidntrecognize.WhichlisteningstageisKarlhavingtroublewith? A) selecting B) attending C) understanding D) responding Answer: C


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9) Whichstageoflisteninginvolvesmakingsenseoutofwhatyouhearbyrelatingittoyourpast experiencesandknowledge? A) selecting B) attending C) understanding D) responding Answer: C


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10) Robwasattendinganorientationprogramathisnewjob.Hehadlotstodoinhisnew positionandwantedtheorientationtobebriefandtothepointsohecouldgetbacktowork. Howwouldyoudescribehislisteningstyle? A) peopleoriented B) actionoriented C) contentoriented D) timeoriented Answer: D


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11) Lindalistenstoherfriendintentlyashegivesherdirectionstoherhousesoshecanattenda surprisepartyforafriend.Shewritesdowneverydetailofwhathesays.Onceshearrivesat hishouse,shenolongeremployssuchdetailedlistening.Shecansitbackandenjoythe conversation.Lindawasabletochangeherwayoflisteningbecauseshewasabletodowhich ofthefollowing? A) mentallysummarizethemessage B) identifyherlisteninggoal C) linkmessagedetailswiththemajorideaofthemessage D) practicebylisteningtodifficultmaterial Answer: B
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12) Kerireallyenjoystalkingwithpeople,learningaboutthem,andsharingpersonalinformation. HowwouldyoudescribeKerislisteningstyle? A) timeoriented B) contentoriented C) peopleoriented D) actionoriented Answer: C


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13) Joshuacalledhisuncletogetinstructionsfordrivingtotheairport.Itwasimportanttohimto knowwhichhighwaystotake,whichterminaltogoto,andwheretopark.Joshuaslistening goalwasto________. A) enjoy B) learn C) evaluate D) empathize Answer: B


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14) Donwasworkingonhisnewjob.Whenaskinghisnewbossforinformation,henoticedhis bossanswerstendedtorambleonandthismadeDonsecondguesswhathisbosswassaying. ThisfrustratedDonwhenallhewantedwasinformation.Donslisteningstylewouldbe describedas________. B) actionoriented A) timeoriented C) peopleoriented D) contentoriented Answer: B
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15) Whichofthefollowingareincludedinlisteningtoevaluate? A) separatefactsandinferences B) identifypertinentinformationwewanttoremember C) takedownnotesoneverythingthespeakersays D) trytoputyourselfinthespeakersshoes Answer: A


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16) MichaelisthinkingaboutwhathewantstotellAmandaaboutwhathappenedathisnewjob ratherthanlisteningtothestorysheistelling.Thisisanexampleofwhichofthefollowing barrierstolistening? A) self-focus B) emotionalnoise C) criticism D) processingrate Answer: A


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17) Whichofthefollowingisausefulstrategyforcombattingself-focus? A) Attendonlytomessagesthatyouwillfindinteresting. B) Focusonyouragendainthelisteningsituation. C) Concentrateandstayfocusedonthemessage. D) Listenintentlywithoutgivingfeedback. Answer: C


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18) Whichofthefollowingisarecommendedstrategyfordealingwithemotionalnoise? A) Focusprimarilyonthespeakersemotions. B) Avoidexpressingyouremotions. C) Useself-talktomanageyouremotions. D) Immediatelyrespondtothelistenerwithyourownemotionalresponse. Answer: C


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19) Maxisattemptingtolistentohisfriendonthephonewhilewatchingabaseballgameon television.Thisexampleillustrateswhichoftheinformationprocessingbarrierstolistening? A) receiverapprehension B) shiftingattention C) processingrate D) informationoverload Answer: B


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20) Ourabilitytoprocessinformationisat________wordsperminutewhiletherateatwhich informationisspokenis________wordsperminute. A) 200-400;150 B) 600-800;125 C) 600-800;400 D) 400-600;200 Answer: B


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21) Karenexpressestoherhusbandthatsheisfrustratedbyhislackofhelpwithhousehold chores.However,hedoesnotseemtobelisteningbecausehehasjustreturnedfromwork andisexhausted.Thisisanexampleofwhattypeofbarrier? A) information B) information-processingbarrier C) contextbarrier D) attentionbarrier Answer: C


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22) Whichofthefollowingisincludedintheskillsneededtolistenwithempathy? A) listenprimarilyforthecontent B) takeverythoroughnotes C) offeradvice D) trytofeelwhattheotherpersonisfeeling Answer: D


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23) Yourroommatehasjustreturnedfromgivingherspeech.Sheisvisiblyupsetandbeginsto criticizetheinstructorasanincompetentoldfuddy-dud.Yousitpatientlywhileshecontinues hertiradeagainsttheinstructorscriticismofherperformance.Whensheisdone,yousay,It mustbereallyfrustratingtohavesomethingyouworkedsohardonevaluatedsoharshly. Thisresponseindicatesyouarelisteningforwhatpurpose? A) enjoyment B) learning C) evaluation D) empathy Answer: D
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24) Teriwasmeetingwithhernewsupervisortoreviewthedutiesinvolvedinhernewposition. AsTerilistened,shewasfeelingfearfulthatshewouldoverlookorforgetsomethingshe heardatthemeeting.Whatshouldshedotoimproveherlisteningskills? A) Nothing,thisisjustreceiverapprehension. B) Becomeinvolvedbymentallyrepeatinginformation. C) Askhersupervisortospeakmoreslowly. D) Movetheconversationtoadifferenttimeofday. Answer: B


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25) Onhiswaytoclass,Isaacoverheardhisprofessorinthehallwaydiscussingthoseradical Biblethumperswithafellowprofessor.Isaacfeltapersonalstingandjustcouldntgetthe soundofthatphraseoutofhismind.Later,whileintheprofessorsclass,hefoundthathewas takingpoornotesandreallydidntunderstandthelectureforthatday.Whichofthefollowing bestdescribesthecauseofIsaacsfailuretolisteninclass? A) self-focus B) emotionalnoise C) informationoverload D) environmentalnoise Answer: B
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26) Accordingtothetextbook,criticismcanbeabarriertolisteningunlessyou________. A) acceptallthespeakersaysratherthanformingjudgmentsabouthimorher. B) areconsciousofwhenthespeakersdistractingmannerismsorappearanceaffectyour listening. C) formargumentsagainstthespeakerspointsasyouarelistening. D) simplytuneoutspeakersthatareboringorcontroversial. Answer: B


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27) Informationprocessingratecanbeabarriertolisteningbecause________. A) peoplearenormallycapableofprocessinginformationfasterthanmostspeakersspeak B) peoplearehardlyevercapableofprocessinginformationasfastasmostspeakersspeak C) thereissuchawidevarietyofprocessingabilitiesamongpeoplethatnomatterhowfast orslowyouspeak,itwillnotbeappropriate D) recentresearchshowsthatthereislittleconnectionbetweenspeakerrateandlistening effectiveness Answer: A


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28) Inregardtothebarrierofinformationprocessingrates,thetextbooksuggeststhatyou ________ A) usetheextratimeinlisteningtosummarizepointsthespeakerhasmade B) usetheextratimeinlisteningtoformcounterargumentsagainstthespeaker C) compensateforfasttalkersbytakingnotesandaskingquestions D) trainyourselftolistenmoreefficientlybyselectingaboutone-seventhoftheinformation thatisgiven Answer: A


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29) Thetextbookrecommendswhichofthefollowingindealingwithinformationoverload? A) Useinformationtriage,thatis,filterthroughtheinformationandattendtowhatis mosturgent. B) Becomeactivelyinvolvedbyaskingquestions. C) Focusonthespeakersvisualaids,usuallyvitalinformationissummarizedinthevisual aids. D) Writedowneverythingthespeakerissaying,soyoucanreviewitlater. Answer: A


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30) AsKarensatintheclassroom,shecouldbarelyheartheprofessoroverthehumofthehuge ceilingfans.Whichbarriertolisteningdoesthisdescribe? A) self-focus B) emotionalnoise C) processingrate D) externalnoise Answer: D


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31) Intheirmodelforimprovinglistening,thetextbookauthorssuggestStop,Look,andListen. Thestep,Stoprefersto________. A) stoptalking B) stopbeingself-focused C) stopmovingaround D) stopprocessing Answer: B


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32) Clarissawasbusythinkingofthethingssheneededtopackforhertriptotheshorethe followingday.Herfriend,Beth,calledhertotellheraboutaminorcaraccidentshehad earlierthatday.Clarissastoppedthinkingaboutherpackinglistandfocusedonwhat happenedtoBeth.Clarissawasusingwhatlisteningtechnique? A) identifyingherlisteninggoal B) listeningtoevaluate C) summarizingthemessage D) decentering Answer: D
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33) Steppingawayfromyourownthoughtsandattemptingtoexperiencethethoughtsofothersis referredtoas________. A) informationprocessing B) posturing C) decentering D) awareness Answer: C


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34) Whichlisteningskillinvolvespayingattentiontononverbalmessagessuchasthepersons postureandbodymovement? A) stop B) look C) listen D) respond Answer: B


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35) Robertocomesrunningintothehousevisiblyagitated.BetweenRobertossobs,hisdadpicks outbike,sledgehammer,Miguel,andhate.Aftersomecoaxing,Robertotellshisdad thatMiguelwaskickedoutofthegamebecausehewasntplayingfairandlatercameback withasledgehammerandhithisbike.Fathersays,Youmusthavereallybeenmadwhenhe broketherulesandalittlebitafraidwhenhehityourbikewiththesledgehammer.Roberto replies,UhHuh.WhichskillforrespondingwithempathyisRobertosfatherusing? A) askquestionsaboutthesituation B) reflectcontentandfeelingsbyparaphrasing C) selectcontentthatisimportant D) evaluatetheemotionsofthemessage Answer: B
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36) DavidseesJoeandsays,HeyJoe.Ijustdontknowwhattodo.Ivegotatermpaperin Johnsonsclass,agroupprojectinmarketing,mybosswantsmetoworkovertimethisweek, andnowMaryisaftermetogovisitherparentsovertheweekend.Whichofthefollowing wouldbeanappropriateparaphraseofcontenttoDavidsstatement? A) Well,obviously,youvegottodecideonyourpriorities. B) So,whatareyougoingtodo? C) Marywantsyoutomeetherparents? D) Yousoundlikeyouhavealotofdemandsonyourtime,Dave. Answer: D
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37) Juliowastalkingtohisnewbossandnoticedthatasshelistened,shewasmakingeyecontact withhimandnotingtherelationshipsbetweensomeofthedutiesshewascovering.Julio attributedthisbehaviorto________. A) differenceinprocessingrate B) emotionalnoise C) shiftingattentionbetweenpeople D) differencesinlisteningstylesbetweenmenandwomen Answer: D


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38) Whenthepurposeoffeedbackistoteach,itismostimportanttobe________. A) descriptive B) active C) timely D) brief Answer: C


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39) Whenparaphrasingemotions,youshoulddowhichofthefollowing? A) Repeatexactlywhatyourpartnerhassaid. B) Addyourowncommentarytowhattheotherpersonsaid. C) Keepinmindyouownagenda. D) Useyourownwords. Answer: D


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40) Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofactivelisteners? A) Theyareengagedinlisteningwiththeirmindsandtheirhearts. B) Theyareconstantlythinkingofanappropriateresponse. C) Theydomostofthetalking. D) Theoffernonverbalfeedback. Answer: A


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41) Melanierespondstoherfriendbysaying,Youreopinionsarecompletelyoffbase.You obviouslyhavenounderstandingoftheissues.Melaniescommentsviolatewhichofthe followingtipsforrespondingeffectivelyandappropriately? A) Melanieisnotbeingdescriptive. B) Melanieisnotofferingtimelyadvice. C) Melanieisnotbeingbrief. D) Melaniesfeedbackisnotspecific. Answer: A


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42) KarenistellingherfriendMelanieabouttherecentlayoffsatherofficeandherconcernabout whatwillhappenifsalesdontimprove.MelanierespondsbyaskingKarenifsheisscared abouttheprospectoflosingherjob.Thisresponsewas________. A) inappropriatebecauseitaskedforpersonalinformation B) anappropriatemethodforcheckinghowKarenfelt C) agoodwaytoclarifyKarensconclusions D) beingmoredescriptiveofKarensexperiences Answer: B


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43) Peoplespendmoretimespeakingthanlistening. Answer: FALSE


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44) Listeningisthephysiologicalprocessofdecodingsounds. Answer: FALSE


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45) Theselectingactivityinthelisteningprocessisamatterofsortingthroughallthesoundsthat reachyourears. Answer: TRUE


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46) Attendingtoamessagemeanstomaintainabrieffocusonapartofaparticularmessage. Answer: FALSE


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47) Humorcanbeaneffectivewayofholdingourattention. Answer: TRUE


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48) Attendingoccurswhenwerelatewhatwehearorseetoourknowledge. Answer: FALSE


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49) Respondingtomessagesisconsideredtobepartofthelisteningprocess. Answer: TRUE


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50) Attendingiswhenwesortthroughvarioussoundscompetingforourattention. Answer: FALSE


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51) Contentorientedlistenerslikebrief,shortmessages. Answer: FALSE


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52) Womenarebetteratshiftingattentionbetweensimultaneousmessagesthanmen. Answer: TRUE


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53) Itisimportanttoknowyourlisteningstyle. Answer: TRUE


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54) Abouttheonlytimeweuselisteningtolearniswhenwetakealectureclass. Answer: FALSE


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55) Listeningtoevaluateincludesassessingthevalidityandreliabilityoftheinformationone hears. Answer: TRUE


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56) Listeningskillscanbeimprovedbylisteningtodifficultmaterial. Answer: TRUE


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57) Studiesshowthatmostpeoplehavethecapacitytolistenfourtotentimesfasterthantherate atwhichmostpeoplespeak. Answer: TRUE


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58) Receiverapprehensionisbeingfearfulofthemisinterpretationsthatyourlistenerwillmake whentheydecodeyourmessage. Answer: FALSE


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59) Observingnonverbalbehaviorsisanimportantpartoflistening. Answer: TRUE


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60) Thebestlistenersarethosewhocancombinethemaleandfemaleapproachtolistening. Answer: TRUE


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61) Askingappropriatequestionsisoneofthemethodsgivenforlisteningwithempathy. Answer: TRUE


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62) Paraphrasingmeansrepeatingbacktotheotherpersonexactlywhattheysaidwordforword. Answer: FALSE


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63) Overusingparaphrasingcanirritateothers. Answer: TRUE


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Attending Hearing Listening Responding Remembering Secondguessing Selecting Understanding

64) Recallinginformationintheshortandlongterm. Answer: E


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65) Focusingonaparticularmessage. Answer: A


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66) Involvesreceiving,constructingmeaning,andrespondingtoverbalandnonverbalmessages. Answer: C


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67) Thephysiologicalprocessofdecodingsounds. Answer: B


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68) Directeyecontactandheadnodstoletyourpartnerknowyouarepayingattention. Answer: D


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69) Sortingthroughinformationintheenvironment. Answer: G


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70) Interpretinginformationbyrelatingittoyourpastexperiences. Answer: H


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. Barrieroftimeandplace Criticism Emotionalnoise Externalnoise Informationoverload Processingrate Receiverapprehension Selffocus Shiftingattention

71) Thiscancauseabarrierbecausewecanunderstandfasterthanpeopletalk. Answer: F


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72) Focusingonaspeakersdeliveryratherthanthecontentoftheirmessage. Answer: B


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73) Fatigueandfrustrationcausedbyattemptingtoattendtomultiplemessagessimultaneously. Answer: E


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74) Uneasinessaboutbeingabletoadequatelyunderstandandrememberamessage. Answer: G


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75) Strongresponsestoawordorconceptthatcangetinthewayofaccuratelydecoding information. Answer: C


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76) Focusingonyourownneedsandagendasratherthanonwhatthespeakerissaying. Answer: H


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77) Notbeingawareandconsideringthelocationwhereaconversationtakesplace. Answer: A


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78) Difficultyinlisteningbecauseyoutrytomultitask. Answer: I


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79) Thefiveactivitiesoflisteninginclude________inwhichwesortthroughinformationthatis availableinourimmediateenvironment. Answer: Selecting


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80) Thefiveactivitiesoflisteninginclude________inwhichwefocusonaspecificmessage, dependinguponourimmediateneeds,ourinterests,orothersourcefactorssuchasvividness. Answer: Attending


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81) Thefiveactivitiesoflisteninginclude________inwhichweinterpretinformationbyrelating ittoourpastexperiences. Answer: Understanding


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82) Thefiveactivitiesoflisteninginclude________inwhichwegiveverbalornonverbalfeedback tothespeaker. Answer: Responding


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83) Thefiveactivitiesoflisteninginclude________inwhichweretaininformationeitherinour short-termorlong-termmemories. Answer: Remembering


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84) Benisafraidthathewillmisunderstandwhatotherssaytohim.Heexperiences________ ________. Answer: receiverapprehension


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85) Questioningtheassumptionsunderlyingamessagedescribes________________. Answer: secondguessing


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86) ________orientedlistenersprefertofocusonemotionsandfeelings. Answer: People


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87) Listeninginordertoconnectwiththeotherpersonsemotionsiscalledlisteningto________. Answer: empathize


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88) Thetextbookdiscussesasimplelisteningmodelwiththreesteps.Thefirst,________,meansto focusonothersratherthanyourself.Thesecond,________,meanstopayattentiontothe nonverbalmessagesoftheotherperson.Thethird,________,meanstounderstandboththe detailsandthemajorideasofthespeaker. Answer: stop;look;listen


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89) Respondingmentally,verbally,andnonverballyisaspeakersmessageisknownas________ ________. Answer: activelistening


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90) Whenyouchecktheaccuracyofyourunderstandingofyourpartnersmessagebyofferinga summaryinyourownwords,youare________. Answer: paraphrasing


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91) Listandbrieflydefinethefiveactivitiesoflisteningasdiscussedinthetextbook. Answer: Selectingissortingthroughtheavailableinformationintheenvironment.Attendingis focusingonaspecificmessage,whetherforashorttimeoralongerduration. Understandingisinterpretingormakingsenseofthemessageyouhavereceived,which includesrelatingittowhatyoualreadyknow.Rememberinginformationisrecalling informationeitherwithshort-termorlong-memory,andishowwedeterminewhether ornotamessagewasunderstood.Respondinginvolvescommunicatingwiththeother persontoletthemknowyouunderstandtheirmessage,andmaybeeitherverbalor nonverbal.
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92) Whatisthedifferencebetweenlisteningandhearing? Answer: Hearingisanautomatic,physiologicalprocessthatrequireslittleconsciouseffortonthe partofthereceiver.Hearingsomethingdoesnotmeanyouhavelistenedtoit.Listening isamoreactiveprocessthatinvolvesconsciouseffortandisanessentialskillinthe communicationprocessthatincludesselecting,attending,understanding,remembering, andresponding.


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93) Whatarethefourcategoriesoflisteninggoals?Giveanexampleofeach. Answer: (1)Listeningtoenjoy:listeningtoacomedian,enjoyingaplayoramovie,talkingwith friendsforfun.(2)Listeningtolearn:takingnotesinalecture,listeningtodirections, listeningtolearnanewskill.(3)Listeningtoevaluate:beingacriticallistenerlearning todistinguishbetweenfactandinference,andjudgethereliabilityandvalidityof information.Examplesincludelisteningtoasalespitch,andlisteningtoapersuasive speech.(4)Listeningtoempathize.Listeningtoafriendorco -workerwhohasa problem.
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94) Summarizethreedifferencesbetweenthelisteningstylesofmenandwomenasdiscussedin thetextbook. Answer: Althoughbroadgeneralizationscanbemisused,researchhasfoundafewgeneral differencesbetweenhowmenandwomenapproachlistening.Mentendtolistenfor patterns,tendtolistenforthebigpicture,directtheirlisteningeffortstowardagoal, listentosolveaproblem,focusonthebottomline,andseethepurposeoflisteningasto receivefacts.Womentendtobemoreempathicandsubjective,lookforrelationships amongpiecesofinformation,andrelymoreuponmeaningcommunicatedthrough nonverbalbehavior.Theylistentoestablishpersonalrelationships;theycanfocuson morethanonethingatatimeandtendtoshiftbetweencompetingmessages.
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95) Brieflyexplainthethreetypesofself-barrierstolistening. Answer: Threeself-barriersdiscussedinthetextbookareself-focus,emotionalnoise,and criticism.Eachinvolvesattendingmoretopersonalconcernsthattothespeakers contentoremotions.First,self-focus,occurswhenwethinkmoreaboutourown agendasorissuesthanthespeakers.Wemayplantherestofourday,orworryabout whetherornotweleftourcarwindowsrolleddown.Second,emotionalnoise,refersto ourstrongtriggerresponsetoperhapssomethingthatwassaidordonetowhichwe aresensitive.Ouremotionalreactiongetsinthewayofourcognitiveabilitytolisten. Third,criticism,iswhenwearedistractedbythespeakersappearanceormannerisms attheexpenseofhis/hercontent.
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96) Discussatleastthreeantidotesforself-focussuggestedinyourtextbook. Answer: Becomeawareoftheproblembynotingwhenyouaredriftingoffratherthanpaying attentiontothespeaker.Concentrateonthemessageevenifyoufeelthatitisboring. Relatewhatthespeakeristalkingabouttoyourowninterests.Becomeactively involvedinthecommunicationprocessbytakingnotes,givingfeedback,andwriting downwordsandphrasesyoudontunderstand.


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97) Identifyandbrieflyexplainthefourlisteningstyles. Answer: Peopleorientedlistenersprefertofocusonemotionsandfeelingscommunicatedeither verballyornonverballybyothers.Actionorientedlistenersprefermessagestobe communicatedinawellorganized,brief,anderrorfreemanner,Theywanttogetto thepointandmaybemoreskeptical,secondguessingtheassumptionsunderlyinga message.Contentorientedlistenersarecomfortablewithcomplexanddetailed informationandarelikelytoseeamessagewithoutfactsandevidenceasbeingless important.Timeorientedlistenerslikebrief,shortmessages.
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98) Whatarethefourguidelinesforrespondingwithempathy? Answer: Understandyourpartnersfeelings,askappropriatequestions,paraphrasecontent, paraphrasefeelings,


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99) Howdoesourinformationprocessingrateaffectourabilitytolisten? Answer: Processingrateisthedifferencebetweentheratewhichsomeonespeaks(125wordsper minute)andtherateatwhichpeoplecanlisten(600to800wordsperminute).Inother words,alistenerhastimetofocusonhisorherownthoughtsratherthanthespeaker. Toovercomethisproblem,alistenershouldusetheextratimetomentallysummarize whatthespeakerissaying.


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100) Describefourstrategiestoimprovetheeffectivenessandappropriatenessofyourresponses. Answer: Youshouldbedescriptiveratherthanevaluative.Inotherwords,describeyour reactionstothemessageratherthanjudgingthemessage.Youshouldalsobetimely. Dontwaittoolongtoprovidearesponse.Also,bebriefordonotoffermore informationthanisnecessary.Finally,giveusefulinformationratherthanirrelevant information.


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101) Explainthedifferencebetweenexternalnoiseandemotionalnoise. Answer: Externalnoiseisacontextbarrierthatmaybecausedbysights,sounds,taste,smell,or touch.Emotionalnoiseisaselfbarrieroccurringwhenemotionalarousalfromwords, phrases,ordifferencesinculturalbackgroundinterfereswithcommunication effectiveness.


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102) Usethefivestepsofthelisteningprocesstodescribehowyoulistentoalecture. Answer: Answersmaydiffer,buttheyshouldallemploythefivestepsofthelisteningprocessto explainwhathappensastheylistentoalecture.Whatfollowsisanexample.AsIlisten toaclasslecture,Imustselectthesounds,words,andnonverbalbehaviorsthatare competingformyattention.SinceIknowthematerialtheprofessorisaddressingis somethingIneedtoknow,fortheexamiffornootherreason,I attendtowhatthe teacherissayingandblockoutcompetingordistractingsoundsfromelsewhere.Ifthe teacherspeakswell,heorshewillhelpmetolistenbyusinghumororconnectingideas toconcreteorrealthings.AsIlisten,Iwillseektounderstandwhattheprofessoris sayingbytryingtorelatewhatIheartowhatIalreadyknow.Byconnectingtheideas andconceptsdiscussedbytheteacher,Iwilltrytoremembertheinformationby pushingitintolong-termmemory,butmostlikelyIwilllosemostofitinshort-term memory.ThatsonereasonItakenotes,soIcanreviewthematerialagainlater.AsItry tounderstandandlisten,Iwillrespondtotheteacherbyuseofeyecontact,facial expressionsthatcommunicateconfusionorboredom,askingquestions,ormaking comments
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103) Identifyandexplainthethreestepsoftheprocessforimprovingyourlistening. Answer: Thethreestepsforimprovinglisteningarestop,look,andlisten.Tostopmeansto becomeawareofandminimizetheeffectofinternalandexternaldistractionsthat interferewithlistening.Theuseofself-talkcanhelpusshiftourfocusfromourselvesto theother.Wecantalktoourselvesinanefforttodeliberatelytuneoutdistractingor competingmessages.Tolookmeanstobecomeawareofboththespeakersandyour ownnonverbalbehavior.Payattentiontothespeakersnonverbalbehaviorandassess itsimpactonyourunderstandingofthemessage.Payattentiontoyourownnonverbal behaviorandwhatitmaycommunicateaboutyourinterestinthespeaker.Whenyou listensearchfortheessenceofthespeakersthoughts.Makesureyouunderstandyour goalsinlisteningandmentallysummarizeyourunderstandingofthemessage.Weave yourunderstandingofdetailsintoacomprehensiveunderstandingofthespeakers message.
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104) Yoursister,Monica,istellingyouaboutherthreeroommates.Itseemsnoneofthemwill followthescheduletheyagreedonforcleaningthekitchenandthebathrooms.Monicahas justabouthadenough--shereturnedfromaweekendawayonlytofindthelivingroomfull ofemptypizzaboxesandbeercans.IjustdontthinkIcanlivelikethisanymore.Icant affordtofindanotherplace,butImsoupsetIcantfocusontheresearchpaperthatsduenext week,shecomplains.Usingtheskillsofempatheticlistening,discussthefourtechniquesand giveanexampleofeachthatwouldbeanappropriateresponsetoMonica.Inaddition,explain theexpectedconsequencesfromusingthistypeoflisteningwithyoursister. Answer: Thefirststepoflisteningwithempathyistounderstandyourpartnersfeelings.This involvesdecenteringyourself,sothatyouarefocusedontheotherpersonandtheir feelingsratherthanonyourownfeelingsorthoughts.Ifyouhaveexperiencedexactly thesamesituation,youmightrememberthefrustrationsyoufelt.Atanyrate,tohelp youaccomplishthis,putasidewhatyouweredoingandgiveheryourfullattention. Thenexttechniqueistoaskquestions.Youmightbeseekingclarification,more information,orcheckingtoseeifyourinterpretationisclear.YoumightaskMonica, Didtheytellyouabouttheirplansforaparty?Didtheyapologizeandsaythey wouldcleanitup?Inaddition,youcanuseparaphrasing.Paraphrasingforcontentis puttingintoyourownwordstheinformationyoureceived.Yousaidthatyoucame backafterbeinggoneforonlyaweekend?Also,youmayparaphraseforfeelings.You soundreallyattheendofyourropeandangry.Usingthesetechniquesallowsyouto clarifyanyinformationyoumighthavemisunderstood,understandherfeelings,allow hertoclarifyherfeelings,communicatetoherthatyouareenoughtolisten,andhelp herworkthroughhersituation.
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105) Describeeachofthefourinformationprocessingbarriersandgiveanexampleofeachone. Answer: Processingratedealswiththefactthatwecanprocessinformationmuchfasterthan peoplecanspeak.Thiscausesaproblembecausewehavealotofmentalfreetimeto exploreourownthoughtsratherthanconcentratingonthemessageofthespeaker.An exampleofthiswouldbewhenyoulistentoalecture,yourmindmaywanderandyou begintothinkaboutyourplansforthedayratherthanthematerialinthelecture. Informationoverloaddealswiththefactthatoursocietyisbecomingmore technologicallyadvancedandtheamountofinformationthatwehavetodealwithis overwhelming.Toomuchinformationcandullourattention.Atthispoint, informationtriagecanhelpusdeterminewhatisimportant. Receiverapprehension dealswithbeingfearfulofmisunderstandingamessagefromothers.Peoplesuffer psychologicallybecausetheyarefearfulofincomingmessages.Forexample,Sallyhas nevertakenanupperlevelmathclassbefore,therefore,sheexperiencesalotofanxiety inherCalculusclass.Asaresult,sheisunabletoconcentrateandlistentothe professorslecture.Therearemanydifferentmessagescompetingforyourattention. Forexample,youcouldbetryingtotalktoafriendonyourhomephone,surfthe Internetforacurrentnewsreport,andansweryourcellphoneallatthesametime,thus causingyoutoshiftyourattention.
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106) Explainandgiveanexampleofeachofthethreeself-barrierstolistening. Answer: First,peoplecanbecomeself-focused bypayingmoreattentiontotheirowninternal thoughtsthanthemessageofthespeaker.Anexampleofthiswouldbethinkingabout yourownproblemsratherthanfocusingonmessageyourfriendistryingtosendto you.Emotionalnoiseoccurswhenaword,aconceptoridea,ortheemotionalstateof thespeakercauseemotionalarousalwhichcanbeadistractionforthelistener.The listenermaybetemptedtofocusmoreonhisorheremotionsortheemotionsofthe speakerratherthanthemessageathand.Forexample,Mariaisstronglyagainst drinkingalcohol,therefore,whensheheardthatPatwasgivingaspeechonthebenefits ofalcoholsheimmediatelyfocusedonherownemotionsandtunedoutwhatPathadto say.Criticismdealswithmakinghastyjudgmentsaboutthespeakerand/orhisorher message.Forexample,Bobnoticedthathisprofessorwaswearingsocksthatdidnot match.Hebecamesofocusedonthemismatchedsocksthathecouldntremembera wordthathisprofessorsaid.
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107) Discussthefourdifferentlisteningstyles.Whatisthesignificanceofknowingyourown listeningstyle? Answer: Peopleorientedlisteners prefertofocusonemotionsandfeelingscommunicatedeither verballyornonverballybyothers.Actionorientedlistenersprefermessagestobe communicatedinawellorganized,brief,anderrorfreemanner.Theywanttogettothe pointandmaybemoreskeptical,secondguessingtheassumptionsunderlyinga message.Contentorientedlistenersarecomfortablewithcomplexanddetailed informationandarelikelytoseeamessagewithoutfactsandevidenceasbeingless important.Timeorientedlistenerslikebrief,shortmessages.Theyaretypicallybusy peoplewhogaugetheirsuccessbywhattheyaccomplish. Knowingyourownlisteningstylecanhelpyouadaptandadjustyourstyletoothers.
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VOLUME1

Chapter1.6: AdaptingtoOthers:BridgingCulture andGenderDifferences


1) Theintegrationof________and________contributestoaworldwide,interconnectedbusiness environment. A) economicsandtravel B) economicsandtechnology C) technologythemedia D) economicsandculture Answer: B
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2) Alearnedsystemofknowledge,behavior,attitudesandnormssharedbyagroupofpeopleis a(n)________. A) smallgroup B) organization C) culture D) globalization Answer: C


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3) Aculturalgroupwithinalargercultureisreferredtoasa________. C) semi-culture A) trans-culture B) bi-culture Answer: D


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D) co-culture

4) LarryvisitsaRussiancompanytopresentabusinessproposal.Hisinteractionwiththisgroup wouldbeconsideredanexampleof________. A) cultureshock B) culturalresources C) worldview D) interculturalcommunication Answer: D


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5) Theperceptionssharedbyagroupofpeopleabouttheirkeybeliefsandissuesistheir ________. A) culturalcontext B) masculineculture C) worldview D) individualisticculture Answer: C


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6) Thesenseofconfusion,anxiety,stress,orlossexperiencedwhenencounteringaculture differentfromonesownisreferredtoas________. A) interculturalcommunication B) cultureshock C) transculturalanxiety D) lowself-esteem Answer: B


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7) Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueconcerningculturalcontext? A) Itprimarilyinvolvescommunicationthroughlanguage. B) Itinvolvesverbalcuesonly. C) Itiscommunicatedprimarilythroughenvironmentandnonverbalcues. D) Itisaboutglobalization. Answer: C


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8) Whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofahigh-contextculture? A) Littleemphasisisplacedonnonverbalcuesinthecommunicationprocess. B) Knowledgeisanimportantcommodity C) Informationtendstobesegmentedandcompartmentalized. D) Unspokencuesarearichinformationsource Answer: D


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9) Whichofthefollowingcultureswouldbeconsideredalow-contextculture? A) UnitedStates B) Japan C) Mexico D) Iraq Answer: A


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10) PeoplefromtheUnitedStatesoftenthinkthatindividualchoiceandachievementisimportant. Thiswouldbeanexampleof________. A) culturalcontext B) aculturalvalue C) cultureshock D) aco-culture Answer: B


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11) AccordingtoHofstedesresearch,whichofthefollowingisatypicalvalueofamasculine culture? A) caringforthelessfortunate B) traditionalrolesformenandwomen C) buildingrelationshipsismoreimportantthanthetask D) beingsensitivetowardothers Answer: B


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12) AccordingtoHofstedesresearch,whichofthefollowingisatypicalvalueofafeminine culture? A) traditionalrolesformenandwomenarevalued B) personalhighachievement C) assertiveness D) enhancingtheoverallqualityoflife Answer: D


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13) Whichofthethefollowingisacharacteristicofaculturethathasagreatertolerancefor uncertainty? A) Peopleliketoknowwhatwillhappennext. B) Rigidrulesforbehaviorareenforced. C) Elaboratecodesofconductareenforced. D) Peoplehaverelaxed,informalexpectationsforothers. Answer: D


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14) AccordingtoHofstedesresearch,whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofaculturethathas ahighlevelofuncertaintyavoidance? A) Peoplehaverelaxed,informalexpectationsofothers. B) Ambiguityisvalued. C) Elaboratecodesofconductareenforced. D) Peopledontmindnotknowingwhatisgoingtohappennext. Answer: C


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15) Whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofaculturethatvaluesadecentralizedapproachto power? A) Leadershipissharedbymanypeople. B) Mostofthedecisionsaremadebyoneortwopeople. C) Thereareclearlinesofauthorityinwhoreportstowhom. D) Itisassumedthatsomepeoplehavemorepowerandinfluencethanothers. Answer: A


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16) Whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofaculturethatvaluesacentralizedapproachto power? A) Thereareclearlinesofauthorityinwhoreportstowhom. B) Leadershipisspreadoutamonganumberofpeople. C) Powerandinfluencearesharedbymanypeople. D) Decisionsaremadebyconsensus. Answer: A


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17) Whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofacollectivistculture? A) Individualsonlyfeelresponsiblefortakingcareofthemselvesandtheirimmediate families. B) Ahighvalueisplacedonindividualachievements. C) Individualsexpectagreatdealofloyaltyandsupportfromothersinthegroup. D) Teamworkisdifficulttoputintoplace. Answer: C


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18) Whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofanindividualistculture? A) Groupachievementisrewardedmorethanindividualachievement. B) Individualsfeelresponsiblefortakingcareofthemselvesandtheirimmediatefamilies. C) Individualsexpectagreatdealofloyaltyandsupportfromothersinagroup. D) Teamcollaborationismoreimportantthanindividualeffort. Answer: B


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19) Whichofthefollowingstatementscorrectlyreflectsthetextbooksdefinitionofgender? A) Itisbasedupongeneticsonly. B) Itsapersonssex. C) Itisapsychologicallybasedperception. D) Socialexperienceshavelittleinfluenceupongender. Answer: C


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20) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofhowparentsreinforcesex-basedexpectationsfor boys? A) Boysreceivemoreattentionwhentheyfall. B) Boysaretaughttoexploregreaterdistances. C) Boysareencouragedtoexpresstheiremotions. D) Boysareheldmoregently. Answer: B


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21) Whichwouldbeanappropriatewaytorespondtoresearchsuggestingthatthereare differencesbetweenthewaymenandwomencommunicate? A) Worktoconformtothewayyoursexisexpectedtocommunicate. B) Disregardthedifferencesbecausemenandwomenareessentiallythesame. C) Usetheinformationtoadaptyourcommunicationbaseduponthesituation. D) Assumethateveryoneofthesamesexwillcommunicateinthesameway. Answer: C


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22) Aninstrumentalorientationmaybeparaphrasedas________. A) Oneforallandallforone B) Meagainsttheworld C) Dountoothersasyouwouldhavethemdountoyou D) Thenailthatsticksupgetshammereddown Answer: B


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23) Anexpressiveorientationemphasizes________. A) fosteringharmoniousrelationships C) individuality Answer: A


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B) personalsuccessatallcosts D) gettingthetaskaccomplished

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24) Theinstrumentalorientationisdescribedasa/an________approachwhiletheexpressive orientationisdescribedasa/an________approach. A) androgynous;ethnic B) ethnic;masculine C) feminine;masculine D) masculine;feminine Answer: D


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25) Researchdiscussedinthetextbookongendersuggeststhatmentakeamorecontent orientationapproachtocommunication.Thismeansthatthey________. A) valuecommunicationasawaytobuildfriendships B) havebiggervocabulariesthanwomen C) talklongerandmoreassertivelythanwomen D) viewcommunicationasameansofinformationexchange Answer: D


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26) Therelationaldimensionofcommunication________. A) primarilyinvolvestheverbalmessage B) isthewhatofthecommunicationmessage C) involvesthetoneofvoiceandfacialexpressions D) isprimarilyusedtoreportinformation Answer: C


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27) Theattitudethatonesownculturalvaluesaresuperiortoothersiscalled________. A) interculturalreactions B) ethnocentrism C) individualism D) globaldifferences Answer: B


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28) Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueconcerningfindingsimilarities? A) Anaccuratewaytoassesssimilaritiesistofocusonappearanceandclothing. B) Itisimportanttounderstandapersonsbackgroundandculturalvalues. C) Findingsimilaritiescannotenhancecommunication. D) Oncewefindsimilarities,wecanassumetheotherpersonwillhavesimilarviewson mostissues. Answer: B


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29) Stereotypingis________. A) thebeliefthatonesownculturalvaluesaresuperiortothoseofothers B) ajudgmentofsomeonebasedonanassumptionthatyoualreadyknowrelevantfactsor informationaboutthem C) anemotionalreactionsimilartothereactionbeingexperiencedbytheotherperson D) toplaceapersonorgroupintoaninflexible,allencompassingcategory Answer: D


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30) DonaldBrownfoundthatpeopleinallculturessharealistofuniversalbehaviors.Whichof thefollowingisNOTincludedinthatlist? A) Beliefsaboutdeath B) Adivisionoflaborbysex C) Valuesomedegreeofconflict D) Haverulesforetiquette Answer: C


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31) KawtarvisitedItalyforasummerstudentexchangeprogram.Whenshearrived,shehad troublecommunicatingwithherhostfamilybecausesheknewverylittleItalian.Whatbarrier tocommunicationdidKawtarface? A) assumingsuperiority B) usingdifferentcommunicationcodes C) stereotyping D) havingdifferentculturalframeworks Answer: B


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32) Tobecomecompetentatatask,youneedthreethings.Whatarethese? A) flexibility,motivation,andskill B) motivation,skill,andpractice C) knowledge,motivation,andflexibility D) knowledge,motivation,andskill Answer: D


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33) Stephaniefeltuncomfortablewhenshegaveherfirstspeechinclass.Shewastheonly African-Americaninherclass;alltheotherstudentswerewhite.Shehadbeenraisedina neighborhoodinSt.LouisthatwaspredominantlyAfrican-American,andshewas accustomedtofrequentaudienceresponsesthatmeantinvolvementwithandsupportofthe speaker.Whenherclassmatessattherepassivelywithoutsayingawordandmakingfew facialexpressions,shefelttheywerebored,perhapsevenhostile.Beforehersecondspeech, shecontinuallytoldherself,Theydontmeantoberudeordisinterested,theyjusthave differentculturalrulesforappropriatebehaviorduringaspeech.Thishelpedherfeelmore confidentduringherspeech.Stephaniewasusingwhichmethodofadaptingtotheaudience? B) self-talk C) empathizing D) visualization A) bafflegabs Answer: B
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34) Socialdecenteringisthe________. A) processofmentallyverbalizingmessagesthathelpapersonbecomemoremindful B) cognitiveprocessthroughwhichwetakeintoconsiderationanotherpersonsthoughts, values,background,andperspectives C) emotionalreactionthatissimilartothereactionbeingexperiencedbyothers D) focusingononeselfinthemidstofasocialsituation Answer: B


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35) Astrategyforbecomingother-orientedinwhichyoufeeltheemotionalreactiontheother personisexperiencingis________. A) ethnocentricism B) adaptation C) sympathy D) empathy Answer: D


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36) Theoppositeofbeingother-orientedistobe________. A) individualistic B) egocentric C) assertive Answer: B


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D) adaptive

37) Whichofthefollowingmostclearlydescribesthedifferencebetweenempathyandsympathy? A) Inempathyyouacknowledgefeelings;insympathyyoudont. B) Inempathy,youfeelsorry;insympathyyoudont. C) Inempathy,youexperienceasimilaremotionalreaction;withsympathyyoudont. D) Therearenodifferences- empathyandsympathyarethesamething. Answer: C


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38) GregsnewjobrequiredthathemakeasalespresentationinKorea.Whenhearrived,hewas stressedduetothedifferencesinlanguage,customs,andfood.Howwouldyoubestdescribe whatGregwasfeeling? A) globalization B) cultureshock C) differenceinworldviews D) exposuretoco-cultures Answer: B


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39) AccordingtoHofstede,everycultureestablishesvaluesrelatingto________. A) individualismvscollectivism B) distributionofpower C) ethnocentrisicm D) communicationdimensions E) BothAandB Answer: E


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40) Whichofthefollowingisdescribedinthetextasabarriertoadaptingtoothers? A) assumingdifferences B) identifyingdifferences C) seekinginformation D) assumingsimilarities E) BothAandD Answer: E


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41) Becausesomeoneisfromanotherculture,youprobablydonthaveanythingincommonwith them. Answer: FALSE


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42) Aworldviewisaperceptionsharedbyacultureaboutkeybeliefsandissues. Answer: TRUE


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43) Acultureinwhichpeoplederivemuchinformationfromnonverbalandenvironmentalcuesis describedasaco-culture. Answer: FALSE


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44) Inahigh-contextculture,themeaningisconstructedmoreonsubtleinformationsuchasfacial expressionsandsilencethanonthewordsthatareused. Answer: TRUE


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45) Inalowcontextculture,languageandthemeaningofwordsisnotasimportantassubtle contextualcuessuchasfacialexpressionsandvoice. Answer: FALSE


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46) Masculineculturesvaluenon-traditionalsexrolesformenandwomen. Answer: FALSE


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47) Feminineculturesvaluesuchthingsasbeingsensitivetowardeachotheroverbeing competitive. Answer: TRUE


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48) Cultureswithhighuncertaintyavoidancescorestendtoestablishrigidcodesofconduct. Answer: TRUE


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49) Culturesthattendtohaveequaldistributionofauthorityandcontrolhaveadecentralized approachtopower. Answer: TRUE


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50) Themoreskilledyoubecomeatspeakinganotherlanguage,thebetteryouwillunderstandthe traditionsandcustomsoftheculturewhereitisspoken. Answer: TRUE


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51) Socialdecenteringisanemotionalprocess. Answer: FALSE


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52) Sympathyisanacknowledgementthatsomeoneisfeelingacertainemotion. Answer: TRUE


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53) Therearemoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhowmenandwomencommunicate. Answer: TRUE


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54) Attendingmoretohowsomethingissaidratherthanwhatissaidwouldbefocusingonthe contentdimensionofthemessage. Answer: FALSE


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55) Anexpressiveorientationtowardcommunicationvaluesassertivenessandaction. Answer: FALSE


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56) Stereotypingisthejudgementofothersbasedontheassumptionthatwealreadyknowallwe needtoknow. Answer: FALSE


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57) Stereotypinghelpsusconsidertheuniquenessofothers. Answer: FALSE


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58) Nonverbalcuesarepartofcommunicationcodes. Answer: TRUE


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59) Nonverbalbehaviorshaveacommoninterpretationthatdonotdependonculture. Answer: FALSE


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60) Anandrogynouscommunicationstyleexhibitsbothmasculineandfemininecharacteristics. Answer: TRUE


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Co-culture Culture Cultureshock Globalization High-contextculture Interculturalcommunication Low-contextculture Worldview

61) Culturesthatassignmostofthemeaningbasedonnonverbalcuesandtheenvironment,and lessofthemeaningonthewordsinamessage. Answer: E


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62) Alearnedsystemofknowledge,behavior,attitudes,beliefs,valuesandnormsthatisshared byagroupofpeople. Answer: B


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63) Feelingsofstressandanxietyapersonexperienceswhenencounteringaculturedifferentfrom hisorherown. Answer: C


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64) Agroupthatexistswithinalargerculturalcontext. Answer: A


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65) Interactionbetweenoramongpeoplewhohavedifferentculturaltraditions Answer: F


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66) Perceptionssharedbyagroupaboutkeybeliefsandissues.suchasdeath,God,andthe meaningoflife. Answer: H


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67) Culturesthatassignmostofthemeaninginaninteractiontothewords;relativelylittle meaningisassignedtothenonverbalbehaviorsandenvironment. Answer: G


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. Adaptation Androgynous Egocentric Empathy Ethnocentricism Mindful Self-talk Socialdecentering Stereotyping Sympathy

68) Exhibitingbothmasculineandfemininecharacteristics. Answer: B


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69) Theprocessofmentallyverbalizingmessagesthathelpsapersonbecomemoreawareofhow heorsheisprocessinginformationandreactingtolifesituations. Answer: G


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70) Theprocessofacknowledgingthatsomeonemaybefeelingacertainemotion;tobesorryfora person. Answer: J


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71) Thecognitiveprocessinwhichwetakeintoaccountanotherpersonsthoughts,values, background,andperspectives. Answer: H


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72) Believingthatyourculturaltraditionsandassumptionsaresuperiortoothers. Answer: E


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73) Theprocessofdevelopinganemotionalreactionthatissimilartothereactionbeing experiencedbyanotherperson. Answer: D


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74) Adjustingyourcommunicationbehaviorinaccordancetowhatsomeoneelsedoes. Answer: A


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75) Beingfocusedoneonesselfandonesselfimportance. Answer: C


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76) Placingapersonorgroupintoaninflexible,allencompassingcategory. Answer: I


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77) Aculturethatvaluesteamworkoverindividualaccomplishmentwouldbeknownasa(n) ________culture. Answer: collectivistic


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78) Aculturethatvaluespersonalaccomplishmentwouldbeknowasa(n)________culture. Answer: individualistic


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79) ________contextculturesarethosethatemphasizenonverbalcuesandtheimmediate environmentoverwordswheninterpretingmessages. Answer: High


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80) Informationaboutamessagethatiscommunicatedthroughnonverbalandenvironmental cuesdescribesthe________context. Answer: cultural


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81) Culturesthatvaluehavingpowerinthehandsofasmallernumberofpeoplearedescribedas ________. Answer: centralized


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82) ________culturesarethosethatvaluerelationships,caringforthelessfortunate,anddonot valuetraditionalmaleandfemaleroles. Answer: Feminine


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83) ________isthecognitiveprocessinwhichwetakeintoaccountanotherpersonsthoughts, values,background,andperspectives. Answer: Social-decentering


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84) Being________istobeconsciouslyawareofwhatyouaredoingandhowyouare communicatingwithothers. Answer: mindful


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85) ________istheprocessofdevelopinganemotionalreactionthatissimilartothereactionbeing experiencedbyanotherperson. Answer: Empathy


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86) Amasculineapproachtocommunicationthatinvolvesassertivenessandactionisdescribedas a(n)________orientation. Answer: instrumental


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87) Definecultureshockandgiveanexample. Answer: Cultureshockisthefeelingofapprehensionandanxietyonefeelswithinteractingwith orinaculturethathasdifferentvaluesfromonesown.Examplesmayvaryandmay havetodowithlanguage,traditions,food,nonverbals,etc.


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88) Brieflyexplainatleasttwodifferencesbetweenamasculineandafeminineculture. Answer: Masculineculturesvaluegettingthingsdone,achievement,heroism,materialwealth, andtraditionalsexroles.Feminineculturesvaluenurturing,takingcareoftheless fortunate,andseekingpeaceandharmonywithothers.Feminineculturesdonotvalue traditionalsexrolesformenandwomen.


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89) Explaintheconceptofworldviewandofferoneexampleofyourown. Answer: Worldviewistheperceptionsharedbyacultureorgroupofpeopleaboutkeybeliefs andissuessuchasdeath,God,andthemeaningoflife.Yourworldviewwillinfluence yourinteractionwithothers.Itisdescribedasthelensthroughwhichyouviewthe world.Examplesmayincludebeliefinlifeafterdeath,thebeliefornonbeliefinagod, etc.


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90) Whatisglobalization?Howisitaffectingourabilitytocommunicate? Answer: Globalizationistheintegrationofeconomicsandtechnologythatiscontributingtoa worldwide,interconnectedbusinessenvironment.Globalizationchangesthewaywe workandcommunicatebecausewehavethecapabilitytocommunicatewithothers fromallaroundtheworldratherthanbeinglimitedbygeography.Thiswillputusin directcontactwithotherswhoseculturalbackgroundisdifferentfromourown. Adaptingtootherculturesisbecomingmorevitaltosuccessfulbusinessventures.


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91) Brieflyexplaintwocharacteristicsofanindividualisticculture. Answer: Inanindividualistculture,theindividualisconsideredmoreimportantthanthegroup. Oneassumesresponsibilityforself,andperhapsforonesimmediatefamily,butnot muchforotherextendedgroups.Individualachievementisrewardedovergroup achievement,implyingthatcompetitionwithinthegroupbecomesameansof motivation.Becauseofthis,teamworkinanindividualistculturemaytakeagreatdeal oftrainingandefforttobesuccessful.


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92) Explaintheconceptsofinstrumentalorientationandexpressiveorientation.Howiseach relatedtoculturalvalues? Answer: Instrumentalorientationreferstoageneraloutlookthatassertivenessandactionare important,andavalueofmeagainsttheworld.Intermsofcommunication,an instrumentalorientationincludestheuseofcommunicationasatooltoaccomplish somethingorsolveaproblem.Genderresearchindicatesthatmalesinourcultureare socializedtotakeaninstrumentalorientation.Anexpressiveorientationemphasizes connectionswithothersandestablishingrelationships.Communicationisseenasaway tobuildrelationshipsratherthanasatool;hence,communicationisagoalwithinitself ratherthansimplyameanstoanend.Genderresearchindicatesthatinthisculture, femalesaresocializedinanexpressiveorientation.
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93) Whataretwowaysyoucanseekinformationaboutanotherculture? Answer: Whencommunicatingwithapersonfromanotherculture,youcanobservecloselyby watchingforimpliedmessagesaboutvalues,norms,roles,andrulesabouthis/her culture.Youcanalsoresearchanotherculturebystudyinghistory,art,geographyand otheraspectsofculture.Youcanalsostudythelanguageofthatgroup.Althoughyou obtainresearchaboutaculture,becarefulofmakingstereotypicaljudgmentsabout individualsbaseduponyourresearch.


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94) Explainwhylisteningandaskingquestionsisvaluableforadaptingtopeoplefromdifferent cultures. Answer: Whenweencounterpeoplefromdifferentcultures,wemayexperienceanxietyfrom uncertainty.Askingthoughtfulquestionsandtakingthetimetolistentotheresponse willhelpyoudevelopagreaterunderstandingofhowthepersonwillbehaveand confirmtheaccuracyofyourexpectationsandassumptions.Askingquestionsand listeningwillhelpreducethelevelofuncertainty.


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95) Defineselftalk.Howcanithelpyoucopewithcultureshock? Answer: Selftalkisinterspeech(communicationwithyourself)thathelpsyoubecomemore mindfulabouthowyouareprocessinginformationandrelatingtolifesituations.For example,whenyouencounteraculturethatisdifferentfromyourown(cultureshock), mentallyverbalizingmessagestohelpyoudealwiththestresshelpsyoumaintainyour composureandcommunicatemoreappropriatelyandeffectively.


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96) Whatismeantbysocialdecentering? Answer: Socialdecenteringisacognitiveprocessbywhichweattempttoputourselvesintothe shoesofanotherperson.Thepurposeofthisistohelpusadapttoothersby understandingtheirmotivationsfortheiractionsandreactions.Itisimportant,because withoutit,ourcommunicationbehaviorswillbeself-centeredandaimedonlyatwhat wewishforourselves.


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97) Explaintheconceptofethicallyadaptingyourcommunicationtoothers. Answer: Ethicalcommunicationisresponsible,honest,andfair.Itenhanceshumandignityand isnotcoercive,butfindswaystomeetthegoalsofallinvolved.Itdoesnotmean abandoningyourownprinciplesbutadaptingyourcommunicationsoitisappropriate andsensitivetotheneedsofothers.


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98) Explainandgiveexamplesfortwoofthefivebarrierstoeffectiveintercultural communication. Answer: Assumingsuperiority:Ethnocentrismisabeliefthatourownculture,itsvaluesand assumptions,aresuperiortoanotherculture.Thismayleadtonegativeinterpretations ofanotherculturestraditionsandleadtothecommunicationofsuperiority.IfIwereto traveltoaLatincountry,Imightfindtheireasygoingapproachunacceptableandan indicationoflaziness.Thisattitudecouldinhibitcommunicationandcreateanegative orhostileatmosphere. Assumingsimilarity:Differentcommunicationcodesmayresultinconfusiondueto simplynotknowingthesymbolsandtheirmeanings.Evenifyoucantranslatethe language,theuseormeaningofthetermsorconceptsmayvary.InEngland,theword bootisatermusedtorefertothetrunkofacar.AnAmericanmightbeconfusedif askedtoputsomethingintheboot. Assumingdifferences:Itcanbejustasdetrimentaltoassumesomeoneisdifferent fromyouasitisthatweareallalike.Researchhasindicatedthattherearemany similaritiesthatallculturessharesuchasbeliefsaboutdeath,divisionoflaborbysex, childhoodfearofstrangers,experienceofcertainemotionssuchasenvy,pain,jealousy, shame,andpride,etc.Communicationeffectivenessisdiminishedwhenweassumewe aredifferentineveryway. Stereotypingandprejudicearebasedoninaccurateandnegativeimpressionsthatwe haveofothersthatdonotallowforindividualorculturaldifferences.Theytendtobe allencompassingcategoriesappliedtomembersofagroup.Astereotypethatidentifies Africansasignorantandbackwardpeoplecouldseriouslyimpaireconomicor humanitarianinteractions.Assumingsimilaritycanimpactinterculturalcommunication byidentifyingsimilaritiesinbeliefsandbehaviorthatarenotthere.Whilehuman beingshavecertainsimilarities,culturaldifferencescangeneratewidediscrepanciesin howpeopleunderstandtheworldandact.Americanstendtoplacegreatemphasison timeliness,otherculturesdonot.Assumingthatsomeoneadoptsthesameapproachto timelinessmayresultinconsiderablefrustrationandillwill. Differentcommunicationcodesmaycausemisunderstandingduetothedifferences andinterpretationinlanguagesandnonverbalbehaviors.
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99) Discussindetailthetwomethodsintheprocessofbecomingother-oriented.Inyour discussion,includestepsforaccomplishingeachone. Answer: Beingother-orientedmeansseeingtheworldfromtheotherpersonsviewpoint,oras theoldclichegoes,walkingamileintheirshoes.Thetwomethodstoaccomplishthis aresocialdecenteringandempathizing.Socialdecenteringisacognitiveactivity, focusingmoreonthethoughts,values,andbackgroundoftheotherperson.Whatare theirreasonsfordoingwhattheydo?Stepstodoingthisincludeconsideringyourown pastexperiencesthatmightbesimilar,comparingtheirpresentbehaviortowhatthey mayhavedoneinthepast,andunderstandinghowmostpeoplemightbehavein similarsituations.Thislaststepincludesunderstandingculturalorco -culturalnorms forbehaviorsinagivensituation. Thesecondmethodisshowingempathy,whichisexperiencingthesamefeelingasthe otherperson.Stepsforexperiencingempathyincludestop,look,andlisten.(stop focusingonyourself,lookfornonverbalresponses,andask)Inaddition,imaginehow youwouldfeel,andparaphrasethethoughtsandfeelingsoftheotherperson.
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100) Discussthedifferencebetweenempathyandsympathyandgiveanexampleofeachterm. Answer: Empathyisfeelingtheemotionalreactionthattheotherpersonisexperiencing.Youdo thisbyassessinghowyoufeltinasimilarsituationandimaginehowtheotherperson feelsinthissituation.Forexample,youmayobservethatyourbestfriendlooksupset, andyouaskherwhatiswrong.YoulearnthatshefailedaCalculusexam.Yourecalla timewhenyoudidpoorlyonanEnglishcompositionandrecalltheemotionsyoufelt. Then,youimaginehowyouwouldfeelifyouwereinherposition.Youaskquestions togainmoreinformationandparaphrasewhathappenedaswellasheremotions. Then,youlistenandobserveherresponse.Sympathymeansthatyouacknowledgethe emotionsoftheotherpersonandbecompassionatetowardtheotherperson.In contrasttoempathy,sympathydoesnotinvolveexperiencingtheemotionalreactionof theotherperson.Forexample,yourfriendsauntdies,soyoucallheronthephoneto expresstoherthatyouaresorryaboutherloss.
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101) KamalaplanstoleaveNepalandstudyatauniversityintheUnitedStates.Explainhow Kamalacouldusethethreestrategiesinthetextbooktoadapttootherswhoaredifferentfrom herintheUnitedStates. Answer: First,Kamalacouldseekinformation.IfsheknowspeoplefromtheUnitedStates,she couldobserveinteractionstolearnvalues,norms,roles,andrules.Ifshedoesnotknow anyonedirectly,perhapsshecouldcontactapenpalfromtheUnitedStatesto correspondwithaboutthecultureintheUnitedStatesandonAmericancollege campuses.ShecouldalsoreadbooksaboutAmericanculture,surfthewebtofind informationaboutcultureandtheuniversity,andtakeacoursetopolishherskillsin English. Kamalacouldalsolistenandaskquestions.OnceshearrivesintheUnitedStates,she mustbeopentocommunicatingwithothers.Shemustaskthoughtfulquestionsthat willhelpherunderstandculturalnormsanduniversitylife.Then,shemusttaketimeto listencarefullytotheresponsesgiventoreduceheruncertainty. Kamalamustalsorealizethatallherquestionswillbenotbeansweredimmediately. Shemusttolerateambiguity.AlthoughU.S.culturetendstobeexplicit,shewillstill havetobepatient. Kamalamustalsobemindfulandrealizethateveryoneisnotjustlikeher.For example,shenoticesthatAmericansaremuchmorevocalintheirinteractionsinthan studentsinNepal.Sherealizesthatwhilethisbehaviorwouldbeconsideredrudein Nepal,thisbehaviorisvaluedintheUnitedStates Also,Kamalacanbecomeother-orientedbyfocusingonothersratherthanbeing egocentric.Shecandevelopdeeperinterpersonalrelationshipsbysociallydecentering andseeinghowothersviewtheworldandempathizingwithothers.
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VOLUME2

Chapter2.1: UnderstandingInterpersonal Communication


1) Accordingtothetextbook,adefinitionofinterpersonalcommunicationthatdefinesitasany face-to-faceinteractionbetweentwopeopleisomittingthenotionof________. A) message B) meaning C) quality D) nonverbal Answer: C
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2) MarshaandKarenhavebeenfriendssincegradeschool.Theybothdeeplyvalueone anothersopinions,andtheybothplayanimportantroleinoneanotherslife.Thisexample bestillustrateswhataspectofinterpersonalcommunication? A) quality B) simultaneouscommunication C) mutualinfluence D) helpsmanagerelationships Answer: C


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3) MattieandNancyfirstmeteachotheronthejob.Sincetheysaweachothereverydayand workedtogether,theybecamefiends.Thissituationbestdescribesarelationshipof________. A) choice B) circumstance C) time D) socialdistance Answer: B


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4) KirkhaddevelopedanonlinerelationshipwithKara.Accordingtoourtext,howmightthis relationshipbedifferentthanafacetofacerelationship? A) Itismoreconvenient. B) Thereisalackofemphasisonphysicalattraction. C) Thereisincreasedcompatibility. D) Theeaseofdailycommunication. Answer: B


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5) Accordingtothetextbook,relationshipsthataremostlikelytolastareestablishedbetween peoplewhoare________. A) similarindispositionsandpreferences B) dissimilarindispositionsandpreferences C) attractedbecausetheyredifferent D) complementarytous Answer: A


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6) Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueconcerningphysicalandsexualattraction? A) Peoplegenerallyaresexuallyattractedtoeveryonethattheyfindphysicallyattractive. B) Peoplecanbephysicallyattractedtosomeonethattheydonotfindsexuallyattractive. C) Astandardidealforphysicalandsexualattractionexists. D) Physicalandsexualattractionarethesamething. Answer: B


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7) SandratellsRhonda,IfinditinterestingthatallmyboyfriendshavebeensomeoneImetat workorsomeonewholivednextdoortome.Itmakesbreakupsverymessy.IwishIcould expandmydatingpool.ThefactthatSandradatespeopleshemeetsatworkornextdoor neighborscanbeexplainedbywhichofthefollowingaspectsofinterpersonalattraction? A) matchinghypothesis B) similarity C) complementarity D) proximity Answer: D


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8) MariaisfrustratedinherrelationshipwithAndrebecausehealwaysdecideswheretheyare goingtogoeat,whatmovietheywillwatch,andwhosecartheywilltakewhentheygoouton adate.ThisexampleillustratesthatAndrehashigh________needs. A) inclusion B) affection C) control D) security Answer: A


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9) Milliealwayswanttoreceiveahugfromeveryone,butshealsolikestogivepeoplehugsand giveencouragementandcompliments.Whatinterpersonalneeddoesthisillustrate? A) inclusion B) control C) security D) affection Answer: D


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10) Nedisalwayshavingdinnerpartiesathishome.Heinviteseveryoneheknowsfromwork andchurchtohishome.Nedprobablyhasahighneedto________. A) controlothers B) beaffectionatetowardothers C) includeothers D) makepeoplefeelsecure Answer: C


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11) Accordingtothedefinitiongiveninthetextbook,whichofthefollowingsituationswouldbe classifiedasinterpersonalcommunication? A) Theusheratthetheatrelooksatyourticketsthenpointstothecenteraisle. B) Youandyourroommatearediscussingamovieyoujustwatched. C) Youcalltheweatherlinetofindouttheforecast. D) Youpresentyourprojecttoyourhistoryclass. Answer: B


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12) GracehadjustmetJohnandshesensedthattherewasrealpotentialfordevelopinga relationshipwithhim.Thisbestdescribes________. A) attraction B) shortterminitialattraction C) longtermmaintenanceattraction D) similarity Answer: B


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13) TylerandAnissametonline.Theironlinediscussionsquicklybegantocoververypersonal topicsandtheyengagedinahighlevelofselfdisclosure.Thisisdescribedasa/an________. A) complementarityrelationship B) longtermmaintenanceattraction C) immediacy D) inverteddevelopmentalsequence Answer: B


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14) Thetendencytoseekoutindividualswhorepresentthesamelevelofphysicalattractiveness asourselvesisexplainedas________. A) proximity B) inclusion C) matchinghypothesis D) arelationshipofchoice Answer: C


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15) Whendorelationshipsofcircumstanceoccur? A) whenwecommunicateinterpersonallywithanother B) whenweintentionallyseekouttherelationship C) whenthelivesoftwopeopleoverlapinsomeway D) whentheotherpersonisnotpresent Answer: C


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16) TashaandMarcushavebeenhappilymarriedfortenyears.TashaadmiresthewayMarcus tacklesatask,andhiscommitmenttoseeitthrough.MarcusadmiresthewayTashaisableto seethehumorinanysituation,andherabilitytomakeotherpeoplefeelatease.Thisofthe followingtermsbestdescribestheirfeelings? A) short-terminitialattraction B) long-termmaintenanceattraction C) exploration D) proximity Answer: B
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17) Theideaofcomplementarityisthat________. A) weareattractedtopeoplewhoareoppositefromourselvesoncertainqualitiesand needs B) weareattractedtopeoplewhopayusalotofcompliments C) weareattractedtopeoplewhohavesimilarvaluestoourown D) weareattractedtopeoplewhoareaboutasphysicallyattractiveasweconsider ourselvestobe Answer: A


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18) WillSchutzidentifiedthreeinterpersonalneedsthatmotivateustoformandmaintain relationshipswithothers.Thoseneedsare________. A) emotional,physical,andspiritual B) verbal,nonverbal,andcognitive C) inclusion,control,andaffection D) personality,attitude,andextroversion Answer: C


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19) Whichofthefollowingstatementswouldbethebestresponsetoacomplimentabouta presentationthatyoujustgave? A) Mypresentationwasgreatwasntit.Ispentthelastmonthworkingonit B) Ididntreallyrehearse.Idontthinkitwasanygood. C) Itwasuptopar,butyourswasmuchbetter. D) Thankyou. Answer: D


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20) Acommunicationstrategyofreducingouruncertaintybyobservingothersandobserving situationsisdescribinga/an________strategy. A) passive B) active C) interactive D) transactive Answer: A


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21) Nonverbalandverbalcuesthatindicatelikingarereferredtoas________. A) immediacy B) complementarity C) proximitycues D) inclusioncues Answer: A


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22) Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestreflectsverbalimmediacy? A) IreallyenjoyedthemovieIsawlastweek. B) Thepointyoumadeinthemeetingwasrightontarget,Janet. C) IamsorelievedIdidntdropmynotecardsduringmyspeech! D) DidyouseethelookonMr.GrantsfacewhenSharonaskedthatquestion? Answer: B


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23) Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthefocusofuncertaintyreductiontheory? A) howwecommunicateourattractiontootherpeople B) howweformoursenseofself-worthinourrelationships C) howwedeterminethevalueofourinterpersonalrelationshipstoourlives D) howweattempttogetinformationaboutotherpeopleinordertounderstandthem better Answer: D


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24) TimhadbeenwatchingPatallsemesterinclass,althoughtheyhadneverreallytalked.Atfirst hethoughtthatPatwasaboutasinterestingasapieceoftoast,butasthesemesterprogressed hecouldtellfromPatscommentsthatPathadaverydry,bitingsenseofhumor.Hebeganto thinkthatPatmightbeaninterestingpersontobefriendswith.Whatinformationreduction strategyisTimusing? A) passive B) active C) interactive D) strategic Answer: A
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25) AllofthefollowingaretruestatementsaboutselfdisclosureEXCEPT A) selfdisclosureinvolvesrisk. B) whatishighselfdisclosureforonepersonmaybelowselfdisclosureforanotherperson. C) selfdisclosureishighestinthedevelopmentalstagesofarelationship. D) mostpeoplehavethesameexpectationsaboutselfdisclosure. Answer: D


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26) Darinsawhiscousin,Malika,talkingtoagirlhehadbeeninterestedin.Later,heasked Malikaifthegirlwasinvolvedinarelationshipwithanyone.WhattypeofstrategywasDarin usingtogatherinformationaboutthegirl? A) passive B) active C) interactive D) strategic Answer: B


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27) Theirfirstnightintheresidencehall,Karlinvitedhisnewroommatetogototheunionto shootsomepoolandeatapizza.WhatstrategywasKarlusingtogatherinformationabouthis roommate? A) passive B) active C) interactive D) strategic Answer: C


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28) Karlasfriend,Jessica,alwayshadtohavethelastword.IfKarlacomplainedaboutadifficult test,Jessicawouldsay,Thatsnothing,youshouldseethetestsDr.Browngives.IfKarlais excitedaboutatripsheisgoingtotake,Jessicawouldsay,Oh,Ivebeentherelotsoftimes. Jessicacouldbedescribedashaving________. A) conversationalnarcissism B) other-orientation C) complementarity D) immediacy Answer: A
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29) Onemethodthetextsuggeststoavoidbeingaconversationalboreisto________. A) havesomegreatstoriestotellaboutyourself B) justsmilealot;youdontreallyneedtosayanything C) keepagoodrepertoireofjokesandstoriestokeeptheotherpersonlaughing D) Showinterestandconcernbyaskinggreatquestions Answer: D


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30) TheJohariwindowisamodelthatdemonstratesthatselfdisclosure A) staysrelativelyconsistentformostpeopleinmostrelationships B) changesfromrelationshiptorelationship,butstaysthesameforthedurationofthat relationship C) differsfrompersontopersonforeachrelationship,andchangesduringthestagesof relationship D) AandBaretrue,butnotC Answer: C


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31) Accordingtothetextbook,thenormativeamountofemotionalexpressionshownby Americansis________. A) morethanmostothercultures B) lessthanmostothercultures C) aboutthesameasmostothercultures D) behaviorfallsinthemiddleofmostothercultures Answer: D


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32) IntheJohariwindow,informationthatyouknowandyouhavedisclosedtootherpeople representswhichquadrant? D) unknown A) open B) hidden C) blind Answer: A


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33) IntheJohariwindow,theunknownquadrant_______. A) ishypothetical,butisprobablynonexistentformostpeople B) isfairlylargeforpeoplewhoareintrospective C) representsthatpartofyourselfthatothersareawareofbutyouarenot D) representsinformationaboutyourselfthatyouhaveyettodiscover Answer: D


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34) Acommonpatterninthiscultureisforonepersonsself-disclosuretobefollowedbyasimilar self-disclosurefromtheotherperson.Thisisthecharacteristicofself-disclosureknownas ________. A) reciprocity B) appropriateness C) assessment D) reflexivity Answer: A


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35) EileenandRobertostudytogetherfortheircommunicationclass.Theyfindthemselves discussingawidevarietyoftopics,buthavekepttheirpersonaldisclosuresminimalandthe interactionsuperficial.Thisrelationshipwouldbecharacterizedashaving________. A) depthbutlittlebreadth B) breadthbutlittledepth C) neithermuchbreadthnordepth D) depthandbreadth Answer: B


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36) Accordingtothetext,mensfriendshipswithothermenarebasedon________. A) selfdisclosure B) proximity C) sharedactivities D) compatibility Answer: C


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37) AltmanandTaylorsmodelofsocialpenetrationillustrates________. A) howpeoplereduceuncertaintyabouteachotherintheearlystagesofarelationship B) howpeoplemakeuseofverbalandnonverbalcommunicationtoformimpressionsof theother C) howmuchandwhatkindofinformationwerevealinvariousstagesofarelationship D) howmenandwomencommunicatedifferentlyinfriendshiprelationships Answer: C


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38) Accordingtothetextbook,asthelevelofintimacyinarelationshipincreasestheamountof selfdisclosure________. A) alsoincreases B) decreases C) staysthesame D) dependsontherelationship Answer: B


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39) AccordingtoAltmanandTaylorsmodelofselfdisclosure,communicationbetweenpartners attheintimatelevelis________. B) deepbutnotbroad A) broadbutnotdeep C) neitherbroadnordeep D) bothbroadanddeep Answer: D


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40) WhichofthefollowingwillNOTinfluencetheamountofemotionswearelikelytodisplay? A) ourculture B) ourfamily C) ourgender D) ourrelationships E) thetimeofday Answer: E


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41) Thetextbookrecommendsthatthebestdefinitionofinterpersonalcommunicationissimply face-to-faceinteractionbetweentwopeople. Answer: FALSE


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42) Thenotionofqualityofourcommunicationimpliesthatwetreattheotherpersonasa uniquehumanbeingratherthanasarole. Answer: TRUE


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43) Itisrareforalongtermrelationshiptobemaintainedsolelyonthebasisofwhatyouinitially foundattractiveintheotherperson. Answer: TRUE


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44) Youmaybephysicallyattractedtosomeonebutnotbesexuallyattractedtothem. Answer: TRUE


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45) Wearelesslikelytobeattractedtopeoplewhoarefarawayfromusphysicallyand geographically. Answer: TRUE


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46) Interpersonalcommunicationisusedtonegotiatethenatureofarelationship. Answer: TRUE


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47) Theinfluenceofproximityisminimizedinonlinerelationships. Answer: TRUE


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48) Researchcitedinthetextbookfoundthatwithdatingpartnersandcollegeroommates, similarityintheemotionaldimensionsoftherelationshipweremoreimportantthanother dimensionsofattraction. Answer: TRUE


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49) Accordingtothetextbook,notionsofphysicalattractivenessareuniversalacrosscultures. Answer: FALSE


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50) Ifyouhaveahighneedforcontrol,youwillbecompatiblewithsomeonewhohasthesame need. Answer: FALSE


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51) Anaffectionneedisoneinwhichweneedtoincludeothersinouractivities,orbeincludedin theirs. Answer: FALSE


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52) Accordingtouncertaintyreductiontheory,oneofthemainreasonswecommunicatewith othersistoreduceourambiguousfeelingsaboutthem. Answer: TRUE


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53) Inopeningaconversationwithsomeoneyoudontknow,thetextbookrecommendsthatyou lookforsomethingyoumighthaveincommonwiththatperson. Answer: TRUE


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54) Askinggreatquestionsisoneofthetechniquesrecommendedbythetextbookforhaving conversations. Answer: TRUE


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55) Reciprocityinself-disclosureisthetendencytorevealonlysuperficialinformationin relationshipsthatarenotintimate. Answer: FALSE


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56) Ingeneral,asthelevelofintimacyinarelationshipincreases,theamountofdisclosuretends toincrease. Answer: FALSE


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57) Researchcitedinthetextfoundthattheprimarymethodusedbymentobuildfriendshipsis bydisclosingintimateinformation. Answer: FALSE


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58) Conversationalnarcissismcanbeapersonalitytraitoratemporarystyle. Answer: TRUE


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59) TheunknownquadrantintheJohariwindowrepresentsinformationthatothersknowabout usthatwedonotknow. Answer: FALSE


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60) Whenweselfdisclose,wemakeourselvesvulnerableandforfeitcontrolofinformation. Answer: TRUE


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Appropriateness Breadth Depth Immediacy Johariwindow Reciprocity Selfdisclosure Socialpenetrationmodel

61) Varietyoftopicsorinformationthatyoucoulddiscloseaboutyourself. Answer: B


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62) Weshareinformationaboutourselvesandexpectotherstodothesame. Answer: F


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63) Whenyoudiscussyourmostpersonalinformation,youachievethisinyourself -disclosure. Answer: C


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64) Knowingtheirrighttimeinrelationshipstosharecertaininformation. Answer: A


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65) Voluntarilyprovidingpreviouslyunknowninformationaboutourselvestoothers. Answer: G


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66) Modelthatdealswithwhatweknowaboutourselvesandothersperceptionsofus. Answer: E


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67) Modelsthatdemonstrateshowmuchandwhatkindofinformationweprovide. Answer: H


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. Affection Control Complementarity Inclusion Intimacy Longtermmaintenanceattraction Matchinghypothesis Proximity Shortterminitialattraction Similarity

68) Theneedtobelovedandacceptedbyothers;theneedtogiveloveandacceptancetoothers. Answer: A


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69) Thelikelihoodofbeingattractedtopeoplewhoarephysicallycloseratherthantothosewho arefartheraway. Answer: H


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70) Atendencytoseekoutindividualswhorepresentthesamelevelofphysicalattractivenessas oneself. Answer: G


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71) Theneedtomakedecisionsandtakeresponsibility;orthelevelofwillingnesstoacceptothers decision-making. Answer: B


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72) Adegreeofpotentialfordevelopinganinterpersonalrelationshipwithsomeone. Answer: I


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73) Theneedtoinvolveothersinonesactivities;or,theneedforotherstoinvolveone. Answer: D


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74) Thetendencytobeattractedtopersonswithabilities,interest,andneedsthatdifferfromones own,butthatbalanceorroundoutonesown. Answer: C


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75) Aleveloflikingorpositivefeelingthatmotivatesonetomaintainorescalatearelationship. Answer: F


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76) Havingsimilarcharacteristics,values,attitudes,interests,personalitieswithanotherperson. Answer: J


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77) Arelationshipthatformssituationally,simplybecauseoneslifeoverlapswithanotherin somewayisarelationshipof________. Answer: circumstance


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78) The________quadrantintheJohariWindowrepresentsinformationthatisknownbyselfbut isnotrevealedtoothers. Answer: hidden


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79) IntheJohariWindow,informationthatisknownbyselfandothersisrepresentedbythe ________quadrant. Answer: open


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80) AltmanandTaylorsmodellooksatthe________ofinformation,whichreferstohowmany differentissuesarediscussedbytwopeople.Inaddition,themodellooksatthe________of information,whichlooksatthelevelofintimacyrepresentedbythatinformation. Answer: breadth;depth


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81) Arelationshipthatissoughtoutandintentionallydevelopedisarelationshipof________. Answer: choice


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82) A________________attractionisaleveloflikingorpositivefeelingthatmotivatesoneto maintainorescalatearelationship. Answer: long-termmaintenance


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83) The________________isthetendencytoseekoutindividualswhorepresentthesamelevelof physicalattractionasourselves. Answer: matchinghypothesis


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84) Thetendencytobeattractedtopersonswithabilities,interests,andneedsthatdifferfrom onesown,butthatbalanceorroundoutonesown,iscalled________. Answer: complementarity


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85) ________istheneedtoinvolveothersinonesactivitiesortobeinvolvedintheactivitiesof others. Answer: Inclusion


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86) Perceptioncheckingandgettinginformationfromthirdpartiesdescribesthe________strategy ofuncertaintyreduction. Answer: active


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87) ________________theorystudiesthedrivinghumanmotivationtoincreasepredictabilityby reducingtheunknowninonescircumstances. Answer: Uncertaintyreduction


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88) Asarelationshipbecomesmoreintimate,theamountofselfdisclosure________. Answer: decreases


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89) Thecommunicationstylereflectedinthebeliefthatoneisthecenteroftheuniverseis ________________. Answer: conversationalnarcissism


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90) Indefininginterpersonalcommunication,thetextbooksaysthatinterpersonalcommunication mustinvolvequality.Whatismeantbythewordquality? Answer: Aqualityinteractionisoneinwhichpeopletreateachotherasuniquehumanbeings, ratherthanassimplysomeonewhofulfillsarole.


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91) Whatisthedifferencebetweenarelationshipofcircumstanceandarelationshipofchoice? Giveafewexamplesofeach. Answer: Relationshipsofcircumstanceareunintentionalandareformedsimplybecausesome partofourlifeoverlapswithapartofanothers.Often,theteachers,coworkers,and classmatesapersonmeetsaretheproductofcircumstance.Relationshipsofchoiceare oneswedeliberatelyseekout.Ourfriends,spouses,andevencounselorsfallwithinthis category.


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92) Whatisinterpersonalattraction? Answer: Interpersonalattractionisthedegreetowhichonedesirestoformandpossibly maintainaninterpersonalrelationshipwithanotherperson.Itincludespositiveregard forthatperson;feelingsofattractionchangeduringdifferentstagesofarelationship.


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93) Whatis/arethedifference(s)betweenshort-terminitialattractionandlong-termmaintenance attraction? Answer: Short-terminitialattractionisthedegreetowhichwesenseapotentialfordevelopinga personalrelationship.Long-termmaintenanceattractionreferstotheleveloflikingor positivefeelingthatmotivatesustomaintainorescalatearelationship.Itisrareforus tomaintainarelationshipsolelyonthebasisofwhatweinitiallyfoundattractiveabout aperson.


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94) Explainuncertaintyreductiontheory.Howmightwegoaboutreducingouruncertainty? Answer: Uncertaintyreductiontheoryisbasedupontheassumptionthatpeopleuse communicationtoreduceuncertaintyaboutotherpeople.Wearemotivatedtodothis inordertobeabletopredictandexplaintheotherpersonsbehaviorsunderspecific circumstances.Wecanreduceouruncertaintythroughpassivestrategiesofawareness andobservation,activestrategiesthatinvolveperceptioncheckingorgetting informationfromathirdparty,orinteractivemethodswherewegodirectlytothe sourcetoreduceouruncertainty.
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95) Explaintheimpactofuncertaintyinonlinerelationships.Howdoesitinfluencethestrategies weuse?Whatarethepotentialdrawbacks? Answer: Inanonlinesituation,wegenerallyuseinteractivestrategiestoreduceuncertainty.In thissituation,sendingandEmailorstartinganonlineconversationtendstoinduceless uncertaintythanafacetofaceconversation.Onlineexchangesusuallyhappenin private,withlesspotentialforembarrassmentandlessemphasisonphysical appearance.Thedrawbacksaretheuncertaintythatonemayhaveaboutbeing deceivedinanonlineenvironment.
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96) Marvinhastroubleengagingpeoplehedoesntknowinconversation.Oncehehasgottenpast theinitialintroduction,hesatalossforwords.DescribeforMarvinthetwomethods recommendedinthetextbook. Answer: Firstistheuseofthegreatquestion.Gettoknowapersonbyaskingquestionsthatwill helpthatpersonopenupandtellyouabouthimorherself.Itisimportanttolisten carefully,andwordyourquestionsbaseduponwhattheiranswersare.Asyouare doingthis,lookforareasofcommoninterests.Ifyoudoofferinformationofyourown, suchasanopinion,drawthemintotheconversationbyaskingDoyouagree?Second, istheuseofgivingandreceivingcompliments.Onescholarreferredtocomplimentsas thesociallubricant,meaningthatcomplimentscreateapositiveatmosphere,making wayformorecomfortablecommunication.Complimentsshouldbeingoodtaste,of course;donotgooverboardsothatyouwillbeperceivedasaflatterer,andbecareful withappearancekindsofcomplimentsthatmightbetakenassexual-harassment.
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97) ListandbrieflydescribeeachofthequadrantsinTheJohariWindow. Answer: Theopenquadrantiswhatisknowntoselfandwhatisknowntoothers.Thehidden quadrantisinformationyouknowaboutyourself,butitsnotknowntoothers.The unknownquadrantisnotknowntoselforothers.Theblindquadrantrepresentswhat isnotknowntoselfbutisknowntoothers.


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98) Brieflydescribeandexplainthesocialpenetrationmodel. Answer: Thesocialpenetrationmodelisauniquewayofdescribingeachindividualrelationship wemayhavebyexaminingthebreadthanddepthofinformationthatisdisclosedin eachinterpersonalrelationship.Thebreadthofinformationrepresentsthewiderange oftopicsyoucoulddiscussaboutyourself.Whileyoumayhavealotofbreadth, intimacyisnotachievedwithoutdepth.Depthhastodowithdiscussingtopicsona moredeeplypersonallevel.Eachrelationshipmaybedescribedinvariouslevelsof breadthanddepthdependingontheamountofselfdisclosureandareasthatare discussed.
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99) Whyshouldweassesstherisksofself-disclosure? Answer: Whilerelationshipscanbedeepenedthroughself-disclosure,wemustassessrisks becausewemakeourselvesvulnerableeverytimewedisclose.Notonlydowelose controlofinformationaboutourselves,wecouldpotentiallyoffendsomeone,signala deeperlevelofintimacythanwasintended,orevendamagearelationshipby disclosingatthewrongtime.Itisimportanttoassessarelationshiptofindoutwhat yourpartneriscomfortablewithdiscussingataparticulartime.


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100) Inawell-supportedessay,discussthethreeuniqueattributesofinterpersonalcommunication asdefinedinthetextbook. Answer: First,interpersonalcommunicationinvolvesquality,whichmeansthatpeopletreat eachotherasuniquehumanbeingsratherthanasimpersonalroles.Anexamplewould belisteningandobservingtheotherpersoncarefully,andrespondingtoanyemotional messagesorwhattheirparticularexperiencemightbe.Forexample,askingaclerkina store,Busyday,today?andlisteningtotheanswerratherthanjustconductinga transaction. Second,interpersonalcommunicationinvolvesmutualinfluence,whichmeansthat eachpersonintheinteractionisaffected.Forexample,ifafriendistellingyouabouta problem,andyouarelisteningintently,eventhoughyourfriendmightbedoingthe talking,youareaffectedbyhisorherproblem.Inturn,yourlisteningaffectshisorher emotionalandperceptualresponsetoyou.Ifbothpeoplearenotawareofthe interaction,itwillnotbeinterpersonal. Third,interpersonalcommunicationhelpsmanagerelationships.Weuse communicationtoinitiateandmaintainrelationships.Forexample,atearlierstagesin therelationship,welimitourconversationtosuperficialtopics.Aswegettoknoweach otherbetter,wemaydiscussmoreintimatetopics,whichhelpsarelationshipgrow.We mayalsousedirectmessagestodiscussthenatureoftherelationship.
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101) Inawell-developedessay,explaintheelementsofinterpersonalattraction.Includea discussionoffactorsthataffectattraction. Answer: Attractionisthedegreetowhichyoudesiretoformandpossiblymaintainan interpersonalrelationshipwithanotherperson.Itconsistsfirstofshort-terminitial attraction,whichisthedegreetowhichyousenseapotentialfordevelopingan interpersonalrelationship.Later,youmayhavealong-termmaintenanceattraction, thetypethatsustainsrelationshipslikeaclosefriendshiporintimaterelationship. Physicalattractionactsasafiltertolimitthepossibilitiesforrelationships.Weuse physicalattractiontomakeaninitialassessmentofthedesirabilityofpursuinga relationship.Wetendtoseekoutotherswhoaresomewhatsimilartousphysically. Proximityisanessentialelementthathelpsdeterminetowhomwewillbeattracted. Wearesimplymorelikelytocomeintocontactwithpeoplewhoarephysicallyclose. Thisproximityalsoincreasesthelikelihoodofcommunication.Theabilitytoexchange informationincreasesourabilitytomakeaninformedchoice.Thisdoesnotmeanthat peoplewhoarephysicallydistantcannotinitiateanddeveloprelationships,butitis moredifficultandtakesmoretimeandenergytoaccomplish.TheInternethashelped inthisareatoopenusuptopeoplewhoarefaraway. Similarityinattitudes,values,beliefs,andbehaviorsisalsoafactorinattraction.We tendtolikepeoplewhoarelikeus.Whiledifferencesmayaddspicetoarelationship, similaritiesaretherealfoundationoflong-termrelationships.Similaritymayalsoaffect proximityinasmuchaswearemorelikelytocomeintocontactwithpeoplewhoshare similarinterestsandactivities. Complementaryneedsaffectsattractionthroughourassessmentofhowwelltheother cansatisfyourneeds.Whenpeoplehavecomplementaryneedsitincreasesthe likelihoodthatbothwillhavehisorherneedsmet.Infact,weseekoutpeoplewhocan satisfyourneeds.
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102) Melanierananadsearchingforapotentialroommatetosplittherentonatwobedroom house.Stephanieanswersthead,andMelaniesuggeststhattheygoouttoeatlunchtoassess theircompatibilityasroommates.Atlunch,conversationstartsofflight,discussingwhere theygrewup,etc.Then,Stephanieabruptlychangesthetopicoftheconversationand disclosesatimewhenshewassexuallyassaulted.MelanieissurprisedthatStephanieis disclosingsuchintimatedetailssincetheyhavejustmet.FollowingStephanies self-disclosure,thereisanawkwardsilence,andthenMelaniechangesthesubject.Melanieis doubtfulthattheywillgetalongasroommates.Discusswhathappenedinthisincidentin termsofreciprocity,appropriateness,andriskofself-disclosure. Answer: Sincetheyhadjustmet,Stephanieshouldhaveassessedwhatwouldbeappropriate andinappropriatetodisclose.Intheearlystagesofarelationship,wearetryingto reduceouruncertaintyaboutothersbyfindingareaswehaveincommon.Inthisstate, selfdisclosureisusuallynotatadeeplevel.Melanieprobablythoughtthedetailsof Stephaniessexualassaultwereinappropriateatthisstageoftheirrelationship. Stephanieshouldbeawarethatasrelationshipsprogressandtrustdevelops self-disclosurecandeepen,butitcanbedamagingearlyinarelationship.Stephanie alsotookarisktomakeherselfvulnerable.Ifshehadassessedtherisks,shemayhave decidedthatthedisclosurewasnotworththerisk.ShedidnotreallyknowMelanie andthatleveloftrusthadnotbeenestablished.
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103) Discussthedifferencesbetweenmensandwomensfriendshipsintermsofself -disclosure andlevelsofintimacy.Giveexamplesassupport. Answer: Mensfriendshipsgenerallyformthroughsharedexperiences.Womensfriendships formmorethroughinterpersonalcommunication,especiallyself-disclosure.However, womensfriendshipsarenotmoreintimatethanmensfriendshipsjustbecausethey formbasedoncommunication.Forexample,menthathavefoughttogetherinawar havesomeofthedeepestfriendships.Measuringtheofrelationshipsbythedepthof interpersonalcommunicationthathasbeensharedistomeasurerelationalintimacy withafeminineyardstick.
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104) Explainthemodelofsocialpenetrationintermsofhowacouplewouldinitiateanddeepena relationship. Answer: Thesocialpenetrationmodeldealswithbreadthwhichistheamountofinformation discussedanddepthwhichisthelevelofintimacyoftheinformationdisclosed.The socialpenetrationmodelisrepresentedbyconcentriccircles.Thecircumferenceofthe circlerepresentsthebreadthandthedepthisrepresentedbyhowdeepthewedgegoes intothecircle.Whenpeoplemeettheyprobablydiscussonlyafewtopicsvery superficiallysuchasexchangingnamesandplaceswheretheyarefrom.Asthe relationshipprogresses,breadthwillincreaseaswellasdepth.Eventually conversationswillturnfromhobbiesandsportstomorecoreissuessuchasvalues, importanceoffamily,etc.Self-disclosureallowstheonepersontopenetratethelayers oftheotherperson,sothathe/shecanknowtheotherpersononamoreintimatelevel.
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VOLUME2

Chapter2.2: EnhancingRelationships
1) Accordingtothetextbook,atwhichstageinlifedorelationshipswithourpeersbecomethe mostimportantsocialinfluenceinourlives? A) childhood B) adolescence C) adulthood D) senioradults Answer: B
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2) Researchhasfoundthatmostadultstendtohaveonaverage________bestfriends. A) 10to20 B) 4to6 C) 1to2 D) 3to4 Answer: C


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3) Childrenwhogrowupinapluralisticfamilyenvironment________. A) areencouragedtodevelopandexpressopinionsabouttheworldwithoutnegative consequences. B) havebeenraisedbystepparents. C) experiencemoreconflict. D) tendtoperceivethemselvesasskilledcommunicators. E) BothAandDaretrue Answer: E


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4) AccordingtoSatir,whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofahealthyfamily? A) Theykeepfeelingsofangertothemselves. B) Theytreatpeopledifferentlyaccordingtotheirage. C) Theyarecarefulnottoviolateoneanotherspersonalspace. D) Theyestablishflexiblerulesthatcanbechanged. Answer: D


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5) Whichofthefollowingisthemosthighlyvaluedwhenconsideringhiringsomeoneforajob? A) presentationalspeakingskills B) interpersonalcommunicationskills C) gradepointaverage D) degree Answer: B


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6) ResearcherHerbertMintzbergfoundthatchiefexecutiveofficersspendalmost________ percentoftheirdaycommunicatingorallywithothers. A) 25 B) 40 C) 60 D) 80 Answer: D


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7) Larahasjuststartedanewjobandisfeelingsomewhatanxious.Shecanreduceher uncertaintybywhichpassivemethod? A) perceptioncheckingwithhercolleagues B) observinghersurroundingsandhowpeopleinteractonthejob C) askinghercoworkersforinformation D) askinghersupervisorforinformation Answer: B


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8) SamirnoticesAnnainhispublicspeakingclassandasksamutualfriendabouther.This examplewouldcharacterizewhichstageinrelationalescalation? A) pre-interactionawarenessstage B) intimacystage C) initiationstage D) explorationstage Answer: A


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9) DanandDonnabeginself-disclosinginformationabouttheirdreamsforthefuture,values, andreligiousbeliefs,buttheystillspendalimitedamountoftimewithoneanother.Theyare movingintowhichstageofrelationalescalation? A) initiation B) exploration C) intensification D) interactionawareness Answer: B


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10) PabloandNakaraareexchanginginformationabouthometowns,highschools,theweather, TVshows,andpeopletheyknow.Inwhichstageofrelationalescalationaretheymostlikely tobe? A) individualization B) intensification C) exploration D) initiation Answer: D


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11) Therelationshipstageinwhichyoubegintospendmoretimetogether,begindependingupon eachotherforself-confirmation,andincreasethevarietyofactivitiesyouparticipatein togetheristhe________stage. A) initiation B) intensification C) exploration D) intimacy Answer: B


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12) LeslieandPathavereachedastageintheirrelationshipinwhichtheyunderstandoneanother tothepointthattheycanalmostfinishoneanotherssentences,openlydiscussanyissue,and arerecognizedamongfriendsandfamilymembersasacommittedcouple.Thiswouldbean exampleofwhatstageinrelationalescalation? A) exploration B) intensification C) initiation D) intimacy Answer: D
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13) Josecringedashethoughtaboutgoinghomeafterwork.Lately,heandCassandraspend everyminutetogetherfighting.Heusedtothinkthewaysheplayedwithherfoodwascute; nowhefindsitannoying.Whatstageofrelationalde-escalationareJoseandCassandra facing? A) individualizationstage B) stagnationstage C) turmoilstage D) separationstage Answer: C
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14) MariaandAndrehavebeenmarriedforfiveyears,butlatelytheyhardlytalkunlessits necessary.Theyusedtotaketimeoutoftheirbusyschedulestogoondatesorjusttalk.It oftenfeelsliketheyrejustgoingthroughthemotions.Whatstageofrelationalde-escalation doesthisexampleillustrate? A) turmoilstage B) stagnationstage C) individualizationstage D) de-intensificationstage Answer: B
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15) Acoupleexperiencessignificantlylessinteractionandbeginstonololongerdependasmuch ononeanotherforsupport.Theyalsobegintoquestionwhethertheirrelationshiphasa future.Thisillustrateswhichstageinrelationalde-escalation? A) individualizationstage B) de-intensificationstage C) separationstage D) turmoilstage Answer: B


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16) Inwhichrelationshipstagedoesgravedressingoccur? A) post-interactionstage B) de-intensificationstage C) stagnationstage D) separationstage Answer: A


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17) Whatdoesresearchshowabouthowpeopleprefertoendrelationships? A) Mostbreakupsarebilateral(donebybothparties). B) Mostpeopleusedirectbreakupstrategies. C) Mostpeoplepreferindirectbreakupstrategies. D) Indirectbreakupstrategiesarethemostinterpersonallycommunicative. Answer: C


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18) Accordingtothedefinitionofinterpersonalconflictgiveninthetextbook,theintensityofa conflictrelatestotheintensityofthe________. A) self-disclosure B) personalitydifferences C) emotionalexpression D) unmetneeds Answer: D


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19) Conflictis________. A) aninevitablepartofarelationship B) somethingthatcanbeavoidedifacouplegetsalongwell C) alwaysharmfultoarelationship D) asignofanunhealthyrelationship Answer: A


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20) Aconflictthathelpsbuildnewinsightsandestablishesnewpatternsinarelationshipisa(n) ________. A) destructiveconflict B) constructiveconflict C) mutualconflict D) intermittentconflict Answer: B


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21) Whichofthefollowingisthemostnotablecontributingfactortoadestructiveconflict? A) poorverbalcommunicationskills B) lackofsimilarvalues C) lackofflexibility D) issuesconcerningmoney Answer: C


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22) WhichofthefollowingisarecommendationofWilmotandHockeronhowtobuilda constructiveconflict? A) Holdyourpositiononanissuefirmly. B) Trytoprotectyourselfagainstconflict. C) Bewillingtoloseifitmeansmakingtheotherpersonhappy. D) Focusontherelationshipratherthantheindividual. Answer: D


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23) Theabilitytoinfluenceanotherinthedirectionwedesireis________. A) interpersonalconflict B) emotionalexpression C) self-disclosure D) interpersonalpower Answer: D


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24) Arelationshipinwhichonepartnerwillinglyandcontinuouslycedesthepowertotheotheris a________relationship. A) complementary B) symmetrical C) parallel D) unilateral Answer: A


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25) PeterandPaulhavediscussionsthattypicallysoundlikethis:Wheredowegofordinner?I dontknow,wherewouldyouliketogo?Idontcare,youdecide.Anythingyoulikeisfine withme.etc.Basedonthisexampletheirrelationshipwouldbecharacterizedasbeing ________. A) complementary B) symmetrical C) parallel D) unilateral Answer: B
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26) SandraandJenniferhavebeenroommatesforseveralyearsandbothlovetoentertain.When theywanttoplanaspecialeveningforfriends,Sandraplansthemenu,visitsseveralgourmet markets,andspendstheafternoonhappilypreparinganexquisitefeast.Jennifer,ontheother hand,takescareoftheinvitations,cleanstheapartment,andselectstheentertainmentforthe evening.Inregardtoentertaining,thisrelationshipwouldbecharacterizedasbeing________. A) complementary B) symmetrical C) parallel D) unilateral Answer: C
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27) Assertivecommunicationiswhenwe________. A) letouropinionsandconcernsbeknownwhiletakingthelistenersintoaccount B) letouropinionsandconcernsbeknownatallcosts,withoutregardtothelisteners C) assumethatourownopiniondoesnotneedtobeexpresseddirectly D) hintatourconcerns,butdontpushtheissue Answer: A


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28) KarlaandDavidarehavingaconflictoverwhoshouldwashthedishes.KarlasaystoDavid, Yourejustlikeyourbrother.Yourelazyanddontcareaboutanyoneexceptforyourself. Yourentirefamilyisworthless!Thisisanexampleofwhichofthefollowing? A) assertivecommunication B) aggressivecommunication C) passivecommunication D) argumentativecommunication Answer: B


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29) Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueconcerningverbalaggression? A) Menaremorelikelytouseverbalaggressionthanwomen. B) Only10percentofcouplesuseverbalaggression. C) Alinkexistsbetweenverbalaggressionandphysicalaggressionorabuse. D) Verbalaggressionisrarelyharmfultoarelationship. Answer: C


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30) Justinsgirlfriend,Malika,isangrywithhimforspendingsomuchtimewithhisfriends. Whenshetriedtodiscussitwithhim,hechangedthesubjectandbegantalkingabouthisnew boss.WhatconflictstrategydidJustinuse? A) placating B) distracting C) computing D) confrontational Answer: B


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31) Placating,distracting,andcomputingresponsesaretypesofwhatconflictstyle? A) nonconfrontational B) confrontational C) cooperative D) constructive Answer: A


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32) Peoplewhouseblameasastrategyforwinningaconflictareusingwhichconflictstyle? A) nonconfrontational B) constructive C) cooperative D) confrontational Answer: D


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33) Acooperativeapproachtoconflictisoneinwhichwe________. A) focusonwinning B) keeptherelationshipsmoothbyplacatingtheotherperson C) viewconflictasasetofproblemstobesolved D) changethetopictokeeptheatmospherepleasant Answer: C


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34) Expressingourfeelingsinanemotionaloutburstinresponsetoaconflictcould________. A) makeusfeelbetterforthemoment B) helpusmovethenegotiationsalong C) mayexacerbatethesituation D) helpsusmanagetheconflict. E) BothAandC Answer: E


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35) Inordertomanageyouremotionsinaconflictsituation,itwouldbehelpfultodowhichofthe following? A) Immediatelyconfronttheotherperson,sotheangerdoesntfester. B) Dontpreparewhatyouwillsay,soyourmessagewillbegenuine. C) Useself-talktocalmyouremotions. D) Standovertheotherpersontocommunicatethatyoureincontrol. Answer: C


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36) WhichofthefollowingisanappropriateexampleofowningyourfeelingsbyusinganI message? A) YoumakemesoangrywhenyouassumeIdontunderstandanything! B) Ifeelunappreciatedwhenyoudonotrespondtomyquestions. C) Youreajerk!Everyonesaysso. D) Thisdiscussionisgivingmeaheadache! Answer: B


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37) Inmanagingyouremotions,allofthefollowingguidelinesarehelpfulEXCEPT A) selectinganacceptabletimeandplace. B) monitoringyournonverbalbehavior. C) usingselftalk. D) discussingonlydisadvantagesofpossiblesolutions. Answer: D


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38) Thesuggestionthatyouresistsolutionstomanagetheconflictuntilbothyouandtheother personfullyunderstandtheproblemandeachothersgoalsispartof________. A) managingtheemotions B) managingthegoal(s) C) managingtheproblem D) managingtheconflictstyle Answer: C


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39) JustinhadaproblemwithhisroommateslatenighthabitofwatchingTVwhenJustinwas tryingtosleep.Indiscussingtheproblem,Justintoldhisroommatethathecouldeitherstop watchingTVlateatnightorhecouldmoveout.HowwouldyoudescribeJustinsconflict managementstyle? A) nonconfrontational B) confrontational C) passive D) cooperative E) upfront Answer: B
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40) Olgaisdiscussingherworkschedulewithhersupervisor.Sheisnothappywithher assignmentandtellshersupervisor,Youassignthebesttrainingdatestothepeopleinyour workgroup.BasedonOlgascomment,whatdoesthetextrecommendsoshecouldbemore effectiveatmanagingthisconflict? A) checkherunderstandingofthesupervisorsmessage B) ownherstatementsbyusingdescriptivelanguage C) useselftalk D) discusstheprosandconsofthesolution. Answer: B
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41) AccordingtoVirginiaSatir,oneofthecharacteristicsofahealthyfamilyisthatthefamilys linkstosocietyareopen. Answer: TRUE


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42) Friendshipsoftenalternatebetweenperiodsofdevelopmentanddeterioration. Answer: TRUE


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43) Apluralisticfamilyenvironmentfostersopencommunicationanddevelopmentofopinions. Answer: TRUE


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44) Whenpartnersdefinetheirliveslessasacoupleandmoreasindividuals,theyareinthe stagnationstageofrelationalde-escalation. Answer: FALSE


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45) Theimportanceofthepost-interactionstageisinthelastingimpacttherelationshiphason onesself. Answer: TRUE


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46) Aggressivecommunicationisanattackonissuesratherthantheperson. Answer: FALSE


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47) Adestructiveconflictisoneinwhichcombatantsviewtheirdifferencesfromalose -lose perspective. Answer: FALSE


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48) Inacomplementaryrelationship,powercontinuallyshiftsfromonepersontotheother, dependinguponwhichpartnerhasthemostexpertiseorinterestinasituation. Answer: FALSE


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49) Ifbothpeopleinarelationshipattempttoassumecontrolofthatrelationship,itwouldbe consideredasymmetricalrelationship. Answer: TRUE


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50) Anassertivemessagetakesyourlistenersfeelingsandrightsintoaccountaswellasyourown. Answer: TRUE


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51) Accordingtothetextbook,aggressivemessagesfrequentlyaccomplishwhatthespeaker intended. Answer: FALSE


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52) Managingconflictmeanspreventingitfromoccurring. Answer: FALSE


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53) Peoplewhoconsistentlyexhibitanonconfrontationalstyleinrespondingtoconflictduring problemsolvingdiscussionsareperceivedtobeincompetent. Answer: TRUE


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54) Peoplewhohaveawin-loseapproachtoconflict,andalwaysseektowin,havea confrontationalstyleofconflictmanagement. Answer: TRUE


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55) Separatingthepeoplefromtheproblemisonetypeofnonconfrontationalstrategy. Answer: FALSE


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56) Itisimportanttoknowyourconflictmanagementstyleevenifyourstyleisdifferentfromthe otherpeopleinvolvedintheconflict. Answer: TRUE


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57) UsingIstatementstendstoresultindefensivenessonthepartofotherpeople. Answer: FALSE


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58) Oneoftheimportantstepstomanagingyourgoalsistofindwhereyourgoalsandthoseof theotherpersonsoverlap. Answer: TRUE


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59) Mostworkingpeoplesaythatrelationshipswithcolleaguesmakethemostdifferencebetween theirjobsatisfactionanddissatisfaction. Answer: TRUE


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60) Gravedressingdescribesthestoryweoffertoothersastowhyarelationshipended. Answer: TRUE


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61) Thelackofcommunicationmovespeoplethroughthestagesofrelationshipde -escalation. Answer: TRUE


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62) Collectivisticculturesassumethatconflictsignalsalackofselfdiscipline. Answer: TRUE


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. De-intensificationstage Explorationstage Individualizationstage Initiationstage Intensificationstage Intimacystage Post-interactionstage Pre-interactionawarenessstage Separationstage Stagnation Turmoilstage

63) Partnersprovideprimaryconfirmationofeachothersself-concept;characterizedbyhighly personalizedandsynchronizedverbalandnonverbalcommunication;formalcommitments maybemade. Answer: F


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64) Partnersbegintosharemorein-depthinformationastheygettoknoweachother.Thereis minimalphysicalcontactandtimespenttogetherislimited. Answer: B


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65) Partnersagreetominimizeoreliminatefurtherinterpersonalinteraction;theydivideproperty, resources,andfriends. Answer: I


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66) Beingawareofonesattractionfortheotherperson;observingthempassively. Answer: H


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67) Increasedconflict,tensecommunicationclimate. Answer: K


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68) Thefirstactualcontactwiththeotherperson;characterizedbylotsofquestionsandsearchfor commonalities. Answer: D


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69) Theprocessofcomingtogripswithlosingtherelationshipanddetermininghowonewill thinkofthenatureofthatrelationshipanditsimpactonself. Answer: G


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70) Partnersbegintodependuponeachotherforself-confirmation;theybegintosharemore activities,andphysicalcontactisincreased. Answer: E


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71) Partnersbegintodefinetheirlivesmoreasindividualsandlessasacouple. Answer: C


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72) Partnersexperiencedecreasedinteractions;physicalandemotionaldistanceincreases;thereis lessdependenceontheotherforself-confirmation;theymaydiscusstheirdissatisfactionwith therelationship. Answer: A


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. Aggressivecommunication Assertivecommunication Complementaryrelationships Confrontationalstyle Constructiveconflict Cooperativestyle Destructiveconflict Non-confrontationalstyle Parallelrelationships Symmetricalrelationships

73) Includesplacating,distracting,andcomputing. Answer: H


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74) Controlshiftsbetweenpartnersdependinguponeachpersonsexpertise. Answer: I


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75) Anapproachthatseesconflictasasetofproblemstobesolved. Answer: F


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76) Conflictthatfeaturesalackofcooperationindealingwithdifferences. Answer: G


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77) Onepersonwillinglyandcontinuouslygivesallthepowerintherelationshiptotheother partner. Answer: C


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78) Conflictmanagementstylethatusesblame. Answer: D


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79) Eachpersonhassimilarcontrolbehaviors;eitherbothtrytotakecontrolorbothtryto relinquishcontrol. Answer: J


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80) Conflictstrategiesthathelpbuildnewpatternsandinsightsinarelationship. Answer: E


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81) Communicationthattakesthelistenersfeelingsintoaccount. Answer: B


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82) Ina________relationship,onepersonwillinglyandcontinuouslycedespowertotheother person. Answer: complementary


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83) Ina________relationship,bothpartnersexhibitsimilarcontrolbehavior;eitherbothtryto assumecontrol,orbothtrytorelinquishcontrol. Answer: symmetrical


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84) Ina________relationship,controlshiftsbetweenpartners;eachassumescontrolwhenheor shehasthemostexpertiseorcapabilities. Answer: parallel


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85) Whenastruggleoccursbetweentwopeopleduetounmetneeds,thisiscalleda(n)________ ________. Answer: interpersonalconflict


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86) Duringaconflictoverhowhouseholdtasksshouldbedivided,MarthaandIsaacwereableto generatecreativesolutionswhichactuallyimprovedtheircommunication.Thiswouldbe characteristicof________conflict. Answer: constructive


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87) ________conflictischaracterizedbyalackofflexibilityandmaydodamagetoarelationship. Answer: Destructive


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88) Theabilitytogetanothertodowhatonewantsisknownas________________. Answer: interpersonalpower


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89) Deloresofteninsultsothersandusesprofanityinordertogetwhatshewants.Sheuses ________communication. Answer: aggressive


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90) Thestageofarelationshipwhenpartnerstakeeachotherforgrantedandphysicalcontactand communicationdeclineis________. Answer: stagnation


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91) Whenaparticipantinaconflictusesastylethatviewstheconflictasasetofproblemstobe solved,ratherthanacompetition,he/sheisusinga________style. Answer: cooperative


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92) Whenaparticipantinaconflictusesdistracting,placating,computing,orwithdrawinghe/she isusinga(n)________style. Answer: nonconfrontational


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93) Identifyandbrieflydescribeeachofthestagesofrelationalescalation. Answer: Inthepre-interactionstageyouobserveapersonortalktoothersabouttheperson withouthavingdirectinteraction.Intheinitiationstage,participantsaskoneanother questionstodeterminewhattheyhaveincommon.Intheexplorationstage,partners willdisclosemorein-depthinformationaboutthemselves,butphysicalcontactand timespenttogetherisstilllimited.Intheintensificationstage,partnerswillbeginto dependononeanotherforself-confirmation,andtheywillbegintospendagreatdeal moretimetogether,haveamoreintimatephysicaldistance,andpersonalizetheir language.Intheintimacystagepartnersprovidetheprimaryconfirmationof self-concept,communicationishighlypersonalizedandsynchronized,andtheremay beaformaldeclarationoftheircommitmentsuchasawedding.
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94) Explainhowthefiveprinciplesofcommunicationcanbeusedtoenhancefriendships. Answer: Principle1dealswithawarenessandwemustbeginfriendshipsbybeingawareofour owninterests,sowecanseekoutotherswhosharethesesamelikesanddislikes.Next, principle2and3relatetoverbalandnonverbalcommunication,andwemustuse extensiveverbalcommunicationasourrelationshipsdeepen.Also,nonverbal immediacycuescommunicateourlikingofothers.Principle4(listeningand responding)isimportanttofriendshipsbecausewemustbewillingtolistentowhat otherssay,observewhattheydo,andprovideempathicresponsesoradvicedepending onthesituation.Finally,weneedtolearntoadaptourcommunicationbyextending certainaspectsofourselvesdependingonthecontextofthesituationandthefriend withwhomweareinteracting.
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95) Whatisinterpersonalpower?Howmightthesepowerdynamicsplayoutinaromantic relationship Answer: Interpersonalpoweristheabilitytoinfluenceanotherinthedirectiononedesires: gettinganotherpersontodowhatyouwantthemtodo.Inromanticrelationships, thesepowerdynamicscanresultinrelationshipsthatarecomplementary(onepartner willinglyandcontinuouslycededpowertotheother),symmetrical(partnershave similarcontrolbehaviorsandeithercompetetodominateorrelinquishcontrol),or parallel(partnersallowpowertoshiftfromonetotheotherdependingonthetypeof interactionorsituation).
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96) Distinguishbetweennonconfrontational,confrontational,cooperativestylesofconflict management. Answer: Inthenonconfrontationalstyle,participantsmanageconflictbybackingofforavoiding conflictaltogether.Theydothisbyplacating,distracting,computing,withdrawing,or givingintotheotherperson.Apersonwhohasaconfrontationalstyleofconflict managementwantstodominateothersinordertoachievehis/herobjectives.This meansthatapersonwithaconfrontationalstylewilloftenapproachconflictasa win-losesituationandwilloftenblameothersratherthantakingresponsibilityfora conflict.Acooperativeapproachinvolvesviewingaconflictasasetofproblemstobe solvedratherthanacompetition.Usingacooperativestyle,itispossibletoachievea win-winsolution.
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97) Whattechniquesareinvolvedinthecooperativestyleofmanagingconflict? Answer: Thecooperativestylefostersawin-winclimatebyusingthetechniquesofseparating thepeoplefromtheproblem,focusingonsharedinterests,generatingmanyoptionsto solvetheproblem,andbasingdecisionsonobjectivecriteria.


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98) Brieflyexplainthedifferencesintheroleoffriendshipsatfourstagesinlife:childhood, adolescence,adulthood,andoldage. Answer: Inchildhood,friendshipsareoftenbasedonmeetingonesneedsandmomentarytime spenttogetherdoingactivities.Thesefriendshipsaresuperficialandself -centered.In adolescence,friendshiptakesonamoreimportantrole,asfriendsbecomemore intimateandhavemoresocialinfluenceonourbehavior.Inadulthood,ourfriendsmay beamongourmostvaluedrelationships;manytimesourclosestfriendsarealsoour co-workers.Inoldage,wemakefewernewfriends,butthefriendswehavebecome evenmoreimportanttous,especiallyasweretirefromwork.
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99) Whatarethecharacteristicsanddifferencesbetweenconstructiveanddestructiveconflicts? Answer: Constructiveconflictischaracterizedbycooperationindealingwithdifferences.By airingdifferences,partnersgainnewinsightsandcreaterelationaladjustmentsthat establishnewandsatisfyingpatternsofbehavior.Destructiveconflictischaracterized bythelackofflexibilityandawin-loseperspectivethatinhibitsoptionsformanaging differences.Inadestructiveconflictoneorbothofthepartnersisdissatisfiedwiththe outcome.Adestructiveconflicttearsarelationshipapartwithouttryingtoputitback togetheragain
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100) Identifythefourconflictmanagementskillsthatareofferedasawaytohelpgeneratea cooperativeapproachtoconflict. Answer: manageemotions,manageinformation,managegoals,andmanagetheproblem


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101) Explaineachofthefivestagesofrelationalde-escalation.Givespecificexamplestoillustrate eachofthestagesusingBelindaandMattwhohavebeenmarriedfor5years,buttheir relationshiphasbeguntocrumble. Answer: Thefirststageinvolvesturmoilorstagnation.Ifthecoupleexperiencesturmoil,they begintoengageinconflict.Whentherelationshipstagnates,thecouplebeginstotake oneanotherforgranted,andtheymaygothroughthemotionsofanintimate relationshipwithoutthecommitmentorjoy.Forexample,BelindaandMatts relationshipbeginstofallapartastensionincreases.Theyhardlyevercommunicate andwhentheydo,itseemsliketheyrealwaysfighting.Theylivetogether,butit doesntseemlikeeitherofthemistrulyinvestedintherelationship,buttheyare definitelynotreadytocallitquits. Next,inthede-intensificationstageacouplemayexperiencelessinteraction,increased physical,psychological,andemotionaldistance,andnolongerdependononeanother forself-confirmation.Theymightalsodiscusstheirdissatisfactionwithinthe relationship.Forexample,BelindaandMattsrelationshipcontinuestoworsen.They rarelytalkandnolongertakejoyinoneanotherssuccessesorprovidecomfortforone another.BelindaandMattincreasinglyturntofriendsforsupportandtalkabouttheir dissatisfactionintherelationshiptofriendsandfamilymembers.Belindafinally confrontsMattandaskshimifheseesthemarriagecontinuing. Nextistheindividualizationstage.Inthisstage,couplesbegintomovefromweand ustoyouandme.Physicalintimacyisverylowornonexistentandnonverbal distanceincreases.BelindaandMattdecidethattheirmarriagedoesnothaveafuture. Theynolongerattendgatheringstogether,andMattnowsleepsonthecouchwhilehe looksforanotherplacetolive. Intheseparationstage,theindividualstakeintentionalstepstoeliminatefurther interpersonalcommunication.InMattandBelindascase,Mattmovesoutofthehouse andthedivorceisfinalized.Iftheydomeet,theirinteractionsarestrained. Finally,inthepost-interactionstageindividualsengageingravedressingorcreate publicstatementsexplainingwhytheybrokeup.Individualscometogripswithlosing therelationshipandbeginre-buildingasenseofself-worth.Thisstageisimportant becauserelationships,evenfailedones,haveapowerfulimpactonhowweview ourselves.MattandBelindabegintoexplaintoco-workers,friends,andfamilywhy theirrelationshipfailed.Belindabeginsgettinginvolvedinmoreactivitiesinher churchandmakesnewfriendstohelpovercomefeelingsoflonelinessandlow self-esteem.
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102) Identifythedifferencesbetweenassertiveandaggressivecommunication.Writeanassertive responseandanaggressiveresponse,andtothefollowingsituation.Yourdescriptionmaybe includebothverbalornonverbalresponses. Youwereinarushonyourwaytowork,butyouwantedtostopbyalocaldepartmentstore andpickupsomesocksthatwereonsale.Youquicklyselectedyourpurchase,andmadeyour waytowardtheregister.Twowomenbehindthecounterwerehavingagreattimetalking, obviouslynotaboutbusiness,andwereignoringyourpresence. Answer: Assertivemessagesaremessagesthatexpressonesopinionsorgoalswithoutstepping onthetoesoftheotherpersonthatis,withouttakingadvantageofthemorignoring theirneedsandgoals.Aggressivemessagesaremessagesdesignedtogetwhatyou want,regardlessoftheotherpersonsfeelingsorconcerns. Responsesmayvary.TheassertivemessagewillincludeIstatementsthatare descriptive.Iwouldliketopayformysocks.Aggressivemessageswillincludeyou language.Ifyouwouldquityakking,Icouldgetoutofhereandgettowork.
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103) Explainhowyoumightusetheconflictmanagementskillsofmanagingemotions, information,goals,andproblemsinthefollowingsituation. Youandyourroommateagreedonascheduleandresponsibilitiesforchores.Atfirst,allwent well.Thengradually,weekafterweek,oneexcuseafteranother,yourroommatebegantofail tofollowthrough.Atfirstitwasnobigdeal;adishhere,asockthere.Butnowyourroommate hasleftdishesinthesinkforthreedaysandhasnttakenoutthetrashinaweek.The bathroomisamess,theshowerespecially.Thelaststrawwasthelargeblueberrystaininthe middleofthelivingroomfloor.Youcanttakeitanymore,youarefurious.Youveletitslide longenoughanddecidetoletherknowhowyoufeel. Answer: Thefirstthingtodoistomanageyouremotions.Youdontwanttoconfrontyour roommatewhenyourethisworkedup.Leavetheapartment,takeawalk,andcool down.Spendalittletimetalkingtoyourself.Maybesomethingisgoingonyoudont knowabout.Whenyourroommatecomeshomeindicatethattherearesomethingsyou wanttotalkaboutandaskaboutaconvenienttimetogettogether.Oncethemeetingis arranged,givesomethoughttowhatyouwanttosayandhowyouwanttosayit.What doyouwanttoaccomplish?Youmightwanttotalkwithanotherfriendtohelpclarify theissues.Ifthereisnooneelsetotalkwith,writesomeofyourideasdowntohelp clarifytheissues.Whenyoudotalkwiththeotherperson,keepyouremotionsunder control.Ifyoufeelyourselfgettingangryandtense,deliberatelyrelaxortakeabreak. Speakinacalmandnaturalmanner.Whateveryoudo,avoidpersonalattacks, name-calling,andthreats.Dontdredgeupgrievancesfromlongago,butkeepfocused ontheissuesathand. Whenyoubegintotalkwithyourroommatedescribewhatisbotheringyouasclearly asyoucan.Startatthebeginningandmovetothepresent.Makesureyourroommate understandswhatitisthatisbotheringyou.BesuretouseIstatements,listen carefully,andcheckyourperceptionsoften.Whenyourroommateistalkingroommate istalking,givehimorheryourfullattentionanddoyourbesttounderstandhisorher position.Useparaphrasingthatreflectscontentandfeelingstomakesureyou understandandrespondappropriately.Youmayhaveclarifiedyourgoalsearlier,but asyoutalkandlisten,yourgoalsmaychange.Besuretoclarifynotonlyyourown goalsbutalsothoseofyourroommate,andtrytodiscoveranysharedgoalsyoumight 133

have.Asyoudiscoversharedgoalsyoubuildthebasisforapossiblesolutiontothe conflict. Ifyouhaveclarifiedbothyourgoalsandyourroommates,andhaveidentifiedsome sharedgoals,youhavebeguntheprocessofdefiningtheproblem.Onceyouhavea senseofwhattheproblemis,youcanbegintoanalyzethesymptoms,effects,and obstaclesthataffectyourabilitytoresolvetheconflict.Youmaydiscoverother problemsthatliebelowthesurfaceandneedtobeaddressed.Onceyouhaveagood graspoftheproblem,workwithyourroommatetogenerateobjectivecriteriatohelp evaluateandchooseasolution.Thengenerateasmanypossiblewaystosolvethe problemasthetwoofyoupossiblycan.Brainstormingmightbeausefultechnique. Onceyouhavegeneratedanumberofpossibilities,checkthemagainstyourcriteriaand pickthealternativeoralternativesthatbestmeetyourgoals.
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104) Whatismeantbyacooperativestyleofconflictmanagement?Explainthefourtechniques discussedinthetextasforusingacooperativestyle. Answer: Acooperativestyleofconflictmanagementisoneinwhichyouviewconflictsasa mutualproblemthatneedstobeworkedout,ratherthanasawin -losesituation.The followingtechniquesarerecommended:First,separatethepeoplefromtheproblem. Thinkofthedisagreementasabouttheissueratherthanasajudgmentoftheother personscharacterorabilities.Second,focusonsharedinterests.Whatdobothpeople want?Whatdoyoubothagreeonneedstohappen?Wheredowealreadyagree?Third, Generatemanyoptionstosolvetheproblem.Thismaybeaccomplishedthrougha techniquesuchasbrainstorming.Fourth,baseyourdecisionsonobjectivecriteria.What arestandards,suchascosts,timing,etc.thatyoucanagreeupon?
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105) Explainandgiveanexampletoillustrateeachofthefiveresponsesthattypifythe non-confrontationalstyle. Answer: Placatinginvolvesattemptingnottorocktheboatbygettingangryanddisagreeing withothers.Peopledothisinordertoavoidthreatstotheirself-worth.Forexample, AmandaisafraidthatherrelationshipwithWilliamwillendifshedisagreeswithhim, sosheoftengoesalongwithwhathewantsratherthanmaintainingherpositionon issues.Distractinginvolveschangingthesubjectinordertoavoidconflict.For example,everytimeMarthabringsupatouchysubjectherroommate,Megan, immediatelybeginstalkingaboutsomethinglighterandeffectivelyavoidstheconflict. Othersusecomputingorremovingthemselvesfromtheconflictbyremainingcooland aloof.Forexample,Fredrarelyownshisemotionsinaconflict.Heoftentalksabouta situationinthirdperson.Somepeoplesimplywithdrawfromaconflicteither physicallyorpsychologically.Darrenthinksthathiswifeisconstantlynaggingathim. Whenaconflictbegins,heoftenleavesthehousetogoplaygolforsimplyturnsonthe television.Othersgiveinduringaconflictsituation.Forexample,Garretdoesntlike seafood,buthequicklyagreestogoeatseafoodwithhisgirlfriendtoavoidaconflict.
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106) Explaintheinfluencethatculturemayhaveonmanagingconflict.Discussatleastthree assumptionsaboutconflictthatareheldbycollectivisticcultures. Answer: Membersfromdifferentculturalbackgroundshavedifferentviewsofconflictand differentwaysofdealingwithandmanagingconflict.Basicculturalvaluesare importanttorecognizewhenyouareinvolvedinaninterculturalconflict. Collectivisiticculturesemphasizegroupratherthanindividualachievementwhile individualisticculturesplacemorevalueonindividualaccomplishment.Collectivistic culturesseeconflictasdysfunctionalandthinkitshouldbehandledconfidentlyand discreetly.Itisseenasalackofselfdisciplineandemotionalmaturity.Itisdamaging toselfrespectandrelationalharmonyandshouldbeavoidedasmuchaspossible.It doesprovideatestinggroundforskillfulnegotiationandfacesavingandisalways concernedwithrelationalaswellassubstantitiveissues.Allprocessesandoutcomes shouldbewin-win.
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VOLUME3

Chapter3.1: UnderstandingGroup andTeamPerformance


1) Whichofthefollowinglistscontainselementsofthedefinitionofasmallgroupgiveninthe textbook? A) sharingacommonpurpose,2to15people,face-to-faceinteraction B) membersexertinfluenceonothersinthegroup,4to8people,formalleader C) 3to15people,sharingacommonpurpose,membersfeelasenseofbelonging D) formalleader,3to15people,membersfeelasenseofbelonging Answer: C
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2) Whichofthefollowingdescribesthedifferencebetweenateamandagroup? A) Teamsaremorehighlystructuredandorganizedthangroups. B) Teamsusuallyarecreatedbyanoutsideorganization,groupsarenot. C) Teamshaveadesignatedleader;groupsdonot. D) Noneoftheabovegroupsandteamsareessentiallythesamething. Answer: A


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3) Johnisamemberofteamatwork.Hewillingjumpsinanddoesthework;heisasenior memberoftheteam,andheisabletoquicklyanalyzetheproblemandmakeasounddecision. However,Johnoftenfocusesonwhatheneedstodoasanindividualteammemberandis oftennotawareofothersneeds.Heneedstodevelopwhichcharacteristicofaneffectiveteam member? A) experience B) problem-solvingability C) supportiveness D) actionoriented Answer: C
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4) Whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofaprimarygroup? A) Itexiststofulfillanagendaorgoal. B) Membershavespecificallyassignedduties. C) Itisdesignedtosolveaclearlydefinedproblem. D) Itmeetstheneedofassociatingwithothers. Answer: D


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5) WhichofthefollowingisNOTacharacteristicofaneffectivegrouporteammember? A) experience B) openness C) limitedbackground D) feelingofeffectiveness E) beingoptimisticinbadtimes Answer: C


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6) Jubair,Jeremiah,Cindy,Sean,andRussmeetonceaweektopreparefortheircommunication class.Thisisanexampleofa(n)________. A) primarygroup B) studygroup C) therapygroup D) focusgroup Answer: B


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7) AtBettysWeightWatchersmeeting,thegroupfrequentlydiscussesthechallengeofstaying awayfromvendingmachines,passingupdoughnutsatwork,anddealingwiththestressof theholidays.Whattypeofgroupisdescribedhere? A) primarygroup B) studygroup C) therapygroup D) focusgroup Answer: C


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8) Jeanineisinchargeofagroupatheruniversitythatisresponsibleforfindingreasonsthat freshmendonotwanttoliveinthecollegedorms.Whattypeofgroupisthis? A) primarygroup B) studygroup C) problem-solvinggroup D) focusgroup Answer: D


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9) Theadmissionsofficeoncampuswasconcernedaboutthehighpercentageoffreshmenwho wereoptingtomoveoutoftheresidencehallsattheendofthefallsemester.Theydecidedto bringtogetherrandomgroupsofstudents,andhaveeachgroupdiscusstheresidencehalls. Whattypeofgroupsarethestudentsparticipatingin? A) studygroups B) problem-solvinggroups C) therapygroups D) focusgroups Answer: D


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10) Steveandhisfriendsareforeignfilmbuffs.Everyweekend,theydrivetothenearestcityand attendwhatisshowingatoneofthefineartstheaters.Thisgroupisanexampleofa________. A) studygroup B) socialgroup C) focusgroup D) therapygroup Answer: B


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11) SarahobservesthatsheusuallykeepshertheatergrouphappyandthatherfriendMaureen offersthegroupencouragement.ThepatternsofcommunicationobservedbySarahwouldbe describesas________roles. A) task B) social C) individual D) flexible Answer: B


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12) Mikalaoftentakestheminutesofthemeetings;Garyoftenasksotherstocontributenewideas; Kerioffersprosandconsaboutthesuggestedsolutions.Allofthesewouldbeexamplesof ________. A) individualroles B) proceduralroles C) socialroles D) taskroles Answer: D


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13) ClarathinksCarlosideafororganizationaloutreachisimpracticalandcannotbeimplemented effectively.Thediscussionbecomesheatedandthingsseemtobegettingoutofcontrol,so Chadsuggeststhatthegrouptakeabreaktorethinktheissue.Chadisfulfillingwhichtypeof grouprole? A) individualrole B) taskrole D) proceduralrole C) socialrole Answer: C
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14) Acampusorganizationplanninggroupisbrainstormingpossiblethemesfortheir homecomingfloat.Theideasareflowingfreely,whenKatieentersthegrouplate.Without regardforthegroupsbrainstormingsession,shebeginsdiscussingherrecentbreak -upwith herboyfriend.Katieisplayingwhichtypeofgrouprole? A) individualrole B) taskrole C) socialrole D) proceduralrole Answer: A
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15) Rolesinagroup________. A) arebasedononespersonality,sotheytendtobethesamefromgrouptogroup B) areusuallyassignedbythegroupleader C) arebaseduponverbalbehavior,butnotnonverbalbehavior D) aredynamicbecauseweadjustourbehaviorbylisteningandrespondingtoothers Answer: D


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16) Whichofthefollowinglistscontainsonlytaskroles? A) informationseeker,elaborator,gatekeeper B) coordinator,energizer,dominator C) help-seeker,opinionseeker,recorder D) initiator,opiniongiver,orientor Answer: D


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17) Zoritaisanexcellentgroupmember.Atmeetings,shealwayssharesherresearchwithother groupmembers.Whichtask-orientedroledoesZoritaplay,fromthisdescription? A) theinitiatorrole B) theinformation-seekerrole C) theinformation-giverrole D) theopinion-giverrole Answer: C


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18) Gretchendecidestojoinastudygroup.Sheattendsthegroupforthefirsttimeandarrives about10minutesearlyforthemeeting.Sheissurprisedtoseethatnoothergroupmembers havearrived.Infact,nooneshowupuntiltenminutespastthepostedstarttime.Gretchen realizesthatarrivinglateisdeemedappropriatebehaviorbythegroup.Thiswouldbean exampleofagroup________. A) norm B) role C) status D) power Answer: A
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19) Tomwasamemberofthefive-membercommitteeforevaluatingstudentcomplaints.When Tomraisedaquestion,othermembersabruptlychangedthetopic.SeveraltimesTommade suggestionsfornewprocedures,buthisideasweresummarilydismissed.Inaddition,others inthegrouptendedtointerrupthisstatementswithideasoftheirown.Tomprobablyhas ________. A) emergentleadership B) lowstatus C) highstatus D) blockingbehaviors Answer: B
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20) Theabilitytoinfluencethebehaviorofothersisreferredtoas________. A) status B) socialroles C) power Answer: C


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D) taskroles

21) Ifapersoniselectedorappointed,theyhave________power. A) legitimate B) referent C) expert Answer: A


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D) coercive

22) Whatis/aretheimportanceofteamgroundrules? A) Theyspelloutbehaviorthatisexpectedofgroupmembers. B) Theycanhelpmanageuncertainty. C) Theyhelptheteamrunmoresmoothly. D) A,B,andCareallcorrect Answer: D


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23) Jasonlooksuptoandrespectshisroommate,Al.JasonadmiresthewayAlisabletomake friendseasily,andisalsosuccessfulinhisschoolwork.Becauseofthisadmiration,Alhasa greatdealofinfluenceonJasonsdecisions.Basedonthisinformation,whattypeofpower doesAlinthisrelationship? A) legitimate B) referent C) expert D) reward Answer: B
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24) AlthoughAliwasquietandspokeuprarelyinhisclassprojectgroup,thegroupknewhewas apre-medmajorandrespectedhisacademicsuccess.Whenthegroupdecidedtousethetopic ofgeneticresearchfortheirproject,theylistenedcarefullytoAlisideasonappropriate sources.Giventhesecircumstances,whattypeofpowerdoesAlihaveinhisgroup? A) coercive B) referent C) expert D) reward Answer: C
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25) Teacherswhousebonuspointstogetstudentstoattendpublicspeechesoutsideofclassare makinguseofwhattypeofpower? A) referent B) coercive C) expert D) reward Answer: D


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26) Teacherswholowergradesbecauseofunexcusedabsencesareusingwhattypeofpower? A) referent B) coercive C) expert D) reward Answer: B


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27) Paulaisamemberofagroupinwhichthememberstrulylikeoneanotherandfeelasenseof loyaltytothegroup.Thisisanexampleofgroup________. A) goals B) ethic C) cohesiveness D) power Answer: C


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28) Whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofagroupwithlowcohesiveness? A) Theystressindividualaccomplishmentmorethangroupaccomplishment. B) Everyoneinthegroupisencouragedtoparticipate. C) Theymaintainandestablishgrouptraditions. D) Theysetgoalsandestablishguidelines. Answer: A


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29) Whichofthefollowingcorrectlydepictstherelationshipbetweengroupcohesivenessand groupproductivity? A) Ascohesivenessincreases,productivityincreases. B) Ascohesivenessincreases,productivitydecreases. C) Therelationshipbetweenproductivityandcohesivenessiscurvilinear. D) Therelationshipbetweenproductivityandcohesivenessislinear. Answer: C


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30) Anall-channelnetworkisoneinwhich________. A) groupsusechatroomsfortheirmeetings B) allmembersmakecommentstothehighstatusmembers,butrarelytolowstatus members C) thenormsofthegroupincluderaisingoneshandwhenonewantstomakeacomment oraskaquestion D) oneinwhicheveryonetalkstoeveryoneelseandnocliquesorsubgroupsemerge Answer: D


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31) Whichcommunicationnetworkischaracterizedbymemberscommunicatingmessages hierarchicallyfromonepersontoanother? A) wheelnetwork B) all-channelnetwork C) chainnetwork D) primarynetwork Answer: C


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32) Whengroupbecomesfamiliarwithothergroupmembersandthegrouptask,thisisknownas the________phaseofgroupdevelopment. A) orientation B) conflict C) emergence D) reinforcement Answer: A


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33) WhenJennifersteacherdividedherclassintogroups,Jenniferendedupinagroupwithfour otherpeoplewhowereallstrangerstoeachother.Atfirst,theytookturnsintroducing themselvesandtellingtheotherstheirmajors.Althoughthediscussionwaspleasant,itwas somewhatstrainedanduncomfortable.Jenniferwonderedwhointhegroupwouldbe motivatedtowork,andwhowouldbeaslacker.Thisgroupismostlikelyexperiencing ________. A) primarytension B) secondarytension C) highcohesiveness D) communicationbreakdown Answer: A
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34) AfterJennifersgroupinhercommunicationclasshadmettwice,theyfinallybegantoget seriousaboutselectingatopicfortheirproject.Severalofthegroupmemberswantedtodoa projectontheparkingsituationoncampus,becausetheythoughtitwouldbeeasyto understand.Tyler,whowasinthestudentgovernment,wantedtodoaprojectontheuseof studentfees,becausehehadworkedonthatalreadyandhadalotofinformation.Eachperson inthegrouphadafavoritetopic,andnoonewantedtoconsidertheothertopics.Mostofthe discussionrevolvedaroundtryingtopersuadetheotherstochooseagiventopic.Whichphase isthisgroupexperiencing? A) orientation B) conflict C) emergence D) reinforcement Answer: B
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35) Jennifersprojectgroupinhercommunicationclassselectedthetopicofimprovingservicesfor non-traditionalstudentsoncampus.Eachmemberinthegrouphadvolunteeredtotalktoa differentmemberoftheuniversitystaff,andseveralmembershadvolunteeredtosearchthe Internetforwhatothersschoolsmightbedoing.Ricardohadvolunteeredtobemoderator, andwasefficientatrunningthegroupmeetings.Ontheirfifthmeeting,membersofthegroup sharedinformationtheyhadgathered.Whatphaseisthisgroupexperiencing? A) orientation B) conflict C) emergence D) reinforcement Answer: C
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36) Jennifersprojectgroupinhercommunicationclasswasfinishingupthefinaltouchesontheir presentation.TheydecidedtomeetatToddshouseforpizza,andthendoamockrunthrough ofthepresentation.Astheywereworking,therewassomeapprehensionabouttheirgrades, butoveralltheyfeltthegroupwassuccessfulandtheyhopedtheywouldbeinthesame groupsforthenextproject.Whatphaseisthisgroupexperiencing? A) orientation B) conflict C) emergence D) reinforcement Answer: D
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37) Mauriwasworkingwithaverydiversegroupathernewjob.Astheytriedtoidentifyand definetheirgoal,tempersflaredandemotionsweretense.Whatisrecommendedtomange thisconflict? A) paraphrasing B) takingabreak C) continuetodiscusstheproblem D) engageinethicalpersuasion Answer: B


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38) Allgroupsareteams,butnotallteamsaregroups. Answer: FALSE


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39) Foracollectionofpeopletobeconsideredagroup,individualsshouldhaveasenseof belongingtothegroup. Answer: TRUE


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40) Oneoftheprimarydifferencesbetweenateamandagroupisthatteamsaremorelikelythan groupstodevelopexplicitrulesforhowthetasksshouldbeaccomplished. Answer: TRUE


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41) Inprimarygroups,thecommunicationthatoccursisusuallyinformal. Answer: TRUE


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42) Therapygroupsaregroupsthatexistinordertotreatproblemsthatmembershave. Answer: TRUE


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43) Afocusgroupisagroupthatmeetstoresolveanissueorovercomeanunsatisfactory situation. Answer: FALSE


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44) Rolesarestandardsthatdeterminewhatisappropriateandinappropriatebehaviorinagroup. Answer: FALSE


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45) Theroleyouassumeinagroupmaydependonwhoelseisinthegroup. Answer: TRUE


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46) Taskrolesareroleswhichdirectlyaffectgroupclimatebyresolvingconflictandimprovingthe flowofcommunication. Answer: FALSE


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47) Themosteffectivegroupwillbalancetheirconcernsbyspendingabout80%ofthetimeon taskroles,andabout20%ofthetimeonsocialroles. Answer: FALSE


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48) Onewaythatgroupnormsmaybedeterminedisbyobservingthereactionsofmemberswhen someonebreaksanorm. Answer: TRUE


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49) Agroupmemberwithhighstatusgenerallytalksmorethanalowstatusmember. Answer: TRUE


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50) Accordingtothetextbook,statusandpowerareessentiallythesamething. Answer: FALSE


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51) Accordingtoresearchcitedinthetextbook,groupswithclear-cutpowerdifferencesamong theirmembersusuallyhavebetteroutcomesthangroupswithequalpowerdistribution. Answer: FALSE


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52) Ateacherorasupervisorisanexampleofapersonwhohaslegitimatepower. Answer: TRUE


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53) Tiffanylooksuptoheroldersister,andoftenasksheradviceonpersonalmatters.Thisisan exampleofreferentpower. Answer: TRUE


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54) Generallyspeaking,themorecohesiveagroup,themoreproductivetheywillbe. Answer: FALSE


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55) Accordingtothetextbook,onceagroupdeviatehasbeenidentified,groupmemberstendto ignorethatpersonanddonotcommunicatewithhimorher. Answer: FALSE


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56) Cohesivegroupsmayhaveinsidejokesandphraseswithuniquemeaningstothegroup. Answer: TRUE


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57) Thechainpatternofgroupinteractioniswhenapersonreceivesmostoftheircommunication fromacentralperson. Answer: FALSE


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58) Intheorientationphaseofgroupinteraction,secondarytensioniscommon. Answer: FALSE


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Focusgroups Primarygroups Problemsolvinggroups Socialgroups Studygroups Therapygroups Virtualgroups

59) Thisgroupisacollectionofindividualswhoarebroughttogetherbyaresearchertodiscuss issues,suchastoevaluateanewproduct,ortoassesstheeffectivenessofadvertising. Answer: A


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60) Thisgroupmeetstohelpeachotherlearninformation,suchastoprepareforatestordiscuss issuesinclass. Answer: E


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61) Thisgroupprovidestreatmenttoitsmembersforaproblemtheymayhave. Answer: F


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62) Thisgroupexiststofulfillthebasichumanneedofassociatingwithothers. Answer: B


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63) Thisgroupmeetsfortheexperienceofenjoymentincommunicatingwithothers,perhapsdue tocommoninterestssuchastravelingorsharedactivities. Answer: D


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64) Thisgroupmeetsinordertomakedecisionsorresolveissues. Answer: C


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65) Groupswhosemembersareconnectedviaanelectronicchannel. Answer: G


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. Coercivepower Cohesiveness Clique Expertpower Individualrole Legitimatepower Referentpower Rewardpower Socialrole Status Taskrole

66) Thispersonhasinfluenceoveranothersbehaviorduetobeinglikedandadmired. Answer: G


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67) Thisisapatternofbehaviorsthatfocusesonhelpingthegroupmanageitsrelationshipsand itsclimate. Answer: I


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68) Smallercohesivegroupwithinagroup Answer: C


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69) Degreeofattractiongroupmembersfeeltowardoneanotherandthegroup. Answer: B


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70) Thispersonhasinfluencebaseduponhisorherabilitytogivetheotherssomethingthey desiretohave. Answer: H


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71) Thisisapatternofbehaviorthatdirectlyhelpsthegroupachieveitsgoalandaccomplishthe work. Answer: K


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72) Thisapatternofbehaviorthatfocusesattentionononesselfratherthanonthegroup. Answer: E


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73) Thisisinfluencethatonepersonhasduetothepositionheorshehasintheorganization. Answer: F


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74) Thisisinfluencethatonepersonhasoveranotherduetotheabilitytoremoverewardsordo somethingthatisundesirabletotheother. Answer: A


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75) Anindividualsimportanceandprestige. Answer: J


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76) Examplesof________rolesaregivingandseekinginformationinordertohelpagroupmove towarditsgoals. Answer: task


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77) Someexamplesof________rolesaregatekeeping,harmonizing,andcompromisinginorderto improvethegroupsclimate. Answer: social


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78) Ablocker,arecognitionseeker,andaself-confessor,allofwhichimpedethegroupsprogress towarditsgoals,areexamplesof________roles. Answer: individual


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79) ________________isthefeelingofapprehensionthatoccursduringtheearlymeetingsofa group.Itiscommonforgroupsmemberstofeeluneasyduetotheuncertaintyanddiscomfort ofmeetingforthefirsttime. Answer: primarytension


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80) Asgroupmembersbecomemorecomfortableaboutexpressingtheiropinions,theymaybegin toexperiencedisagreementsoverleadershiportaskissues.Thisconflictiscalled________ ________. Answer: secondarytension


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81) Thefirstphaseofgroupinteraction,inwhichmembersexperiencesocialuneaseandare carefulnottoexpressstrongopinions,iscalledthe________phase. Answer: orientation


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82) The________phaseofgroupinteractionisoneinwhichmembersbegintoexpresstheir opinions,andfeelfreetodisagreewithoneanotheroverissuesorleadership. Answer: conflict


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83) The________phaseofgroupinteractionisoneinwhichdecisionsbegintobemade,thegroup movesforward,andconflictsaresolvedthroughestablishedrolesandnorms. Answer: emergence


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84) Asmallercohesivegroupwithinalargergroupisknownasa________. Answer: clique


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85) ________isthedegreeofattractionmembersfeeltowardoneanotherandthegroup. Answer: cohesiveness


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86) Agroupmemberwhoholdsanopinion,attitude,orbeliefthatisdifferentfromthatofother groupmembersdescribesagroup________. Answer: deviate


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87) Whenpeoplereceivemessagesfromonepersonatatime,theyareutilizingthe________ communicationinteractionpattern. Answer: chain


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88) Whatarethecharacteristicsofasmallgroup? Answer: Asmallgrouphas3to15people,membersshareacommonpurpose,feelasenseof belongingtothegroup,andexertinfluenceovereachother.


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89) Whatistheprimarydifferencebetweenateamandagroup? Answer: Ateamismorestructuredandorganizedthanagroup;althoughmanyofthe characteristicsarethesame,inateamthenormsaremoreexplicit,therolesarebetter defined,andthegoalsmaybemoreclearlyspelledout.


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90) Whataretaskroles? Answer: Taskrolesarethosebehaviorsthathelpagroupmovetowardaccomplishingitsgoals.


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91) Whataresocialroles? Answer: Socialrolesarethosebehaviorsthatimproverelationshipsinthegroupandcontribute toapositivegroupclimate.


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92) Whatareindividualroles? Answer: Thesearerolesthatdonothelpthegroup;theyfocusattentiononindividual accomplishmentsratherthanthegroup.


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93) Explainthedifferencebetweenaruleandanorm. Answer: Rulesareexplicitprescriptionsforappropriatebehaviorinthegroup.Theyareusually communicatedclearlytogroupmemberseitherverballyorinwrittenform.Normsare generalstandardsofappropriateorinappropriatebehavior,buttheyarenotasexplicit asrules.Theyarenotwrittendownorverbalized.Theyarebaseduponwhatpeople haveexperiencedinothergroups.


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94) Brieflyexplainwhatcommunicationinteractionpatternsare,andgiveexamplesoftwotypes discussedinthetextbook. Answer: Communicationinteractionpatternsareconsistentpatternsofwhotalkstowhomina group.Commonpatternsincludetheall-channelnetwork,inwhicheverypersontalks toeveryotherperson,achain,inwhichmembersconveymessagesbytalkingonlyto onememberatatime,andawheel,inwhichmessagesaresentthroughonecentral person.


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95) Brieflydescribeprimaryandsecondarytension. Answer: Primarytensionisthesocialdiscomfortthatpeoplefeelearlyinthestagesofagroup.It isduetouncertaintyaboutthegroupmembersandthegroupsgoals.Secondary tensionisconflictthatemergesduetodisagreementsoverissuesorgroupleadership.


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96) Brieflyexplaintwoassumptionsaboutgroupsthatwouldbedifferentbetweenindividualistic culturesandcollectivisticcultures. Answer: Generally,individualisticculturesplacevalueonindividuality.Thisvalueproduces severalassumptionsaboutgroupwork:bestdecisionsaremadebyindividuals, planningshouldbedonebytheleaders,individualeffortshouldberewarded, individualsshouldworkprimarilyforthemselves,healthycompetitionbetweengroup membersisencouraged,meetingsexisttoshareinformation,individualsaccomplish morethangroups,theprimepurposeofmeetingsistoadvanceyourownideas,and groupmeetingsareoftenperceivedasawasteoftime.Collectivistculturesvalue groupsoverindividualmembers.Therefore,groupassumptionsinclude:themost effectivedecisionsaremadebyteams;planningisbestdonebytheentiregroup;groups shouldberewarded,notindividuals;individualsshouldworkfortheteam,notfor themselves;teamworkismoreimportantthancompetition;meetingsareformaking groupdecisions;yougetmoreaccomplishedinagroupthanindividually;theprime purposeofmeetingsistoachieveaconsensus;groupmeetingsarethebestwayto achieveagoal.
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97) Yourtextbookdiscussesfivebasesofpower.Nameandexplaineachofthefive,andgive examplesofhowasupervisorinaprofessionalsettingmightmakeuseofeachtypeofpower. Answer: (1)Legitimatepowerisdefinedasinfluencethatisconferredupononebyan organizationorgroup,eitherthroughelectionorappointment.Supervisorshave legitimatepowerbecausetheorganizationtheyworkforputstheminthatposition; employeeswillprobablyassumethatthesupervisorwillhaveacertainamountof qualification(expertpower)duetothatassignment. (2)Referentpowerisinfluencethatonehaswhenotherpeoplelikeorrespecthimor her.Supervisorswhoarelikedbytheiremployeesfortheirpersonalconcern,orwho areadmiredfortheirprofessionalism,maybesaidtohavereferentpower. (3)Expertpowerisinfluenceonehaswhenothersperceivethatheorshehasspecific knowledgeorinformationaboutagiventopicarea.Asupervisorwhoisorganized, clear,andisabletoanswerquestionsconcerningthejoborprojectmayhaveexpert power. (4)Rewardpoweristheabilitytoinfluencebehaviorbyhavingtheabilitytoprovide somethingtheotherpersonvalues,ortoremovesomethingundesirable.Asupervisor mayusetheofferoftimeofforchoiceassignmentsasrewardpower. (5)Coercivepoweristheabilitytoinfluencebehaviorthroughdoingsomethingthe otherpersonfindsundesirable,orbyremovingareward.Asupervisormayhavethe abilitytodecreasepay,fireyouformajob,ordenyyoutimeoff.
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98) Explaintherelationshipofcohesivenesstogroupoutput.Inyourdiscussionaddressthe impactoflow,moderate,andhighcohesivenessontheoutputofagroup.Discussatleast threewaysofenhancinggroupcohesiveness. Answer: Thereisacurvilinearrelationshipbetweencohesivenessinagroupandthegroups output.Thismeansthatamoderateamountofcohesivenessisprobablytheoptimal amountforproducingqualityoutput.Inalowcohesivegroup,membersarenot attractedtothegrouporitsmembers.Becauseofthis,theywillusuallybeless motivatedtoworktheirhardestinagroup.Inamoderatelycohesivegroup,members areattractedtothegroupanditsmembers,sotheyenjoyspendingtimeinthegroup. Thiswillleadtomoretimespentonthegrouptask.Inaddition,memberswillfeel comfortableenoughtomanagetheirconflictproductively.Inahighlycohesivegroup, membersmayfeelsomuchattractiontothegroupthatthegroupitselfbecomesmore importantthanthetask.Becausethegrouphasagreatdealofpowerovermembers,in somecases,membersarehesitanttodisagree,orthegroupmaydevelopnormsthat interferewiththegroupsprogressonthegoals.Toenhancegroupcohesiveness,the textbooksuggeststhefollowing:refertothegroupasweinsteadofI;reinforcegood attendanceatgroupmeetings;establishandmaintaingrouptraditions;setclear short-termandlong-termgoals;encourageeveryoneinthegrouptoparticipateinthe grouptask;celebrategroupsuccesses;stressteamworkandcollaboration.
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99) DescribeFishersmodelofgroupinteractionphases.Listeachofthestages,anddiscusswhat typesofbehaviorsarecommonineach.Illustratewithspecificexamplestakenfromagroup youhavebeenapartof. Answer: Orientationphase:thegrouphasnotyetdevelopedparticularnormsandroles; communicationisnervous,polite,andtentative.Groupmembersfeeluncertaintyabout eachotherandthegroup(primarytension).Conflictphase:thegroupmembersare comfortableenoughtoexpressdisagreementsaboutimportantissuesand/orleadership inthegroup.Therefore,conflictincreasesnoticeablyascommunicationisprimarily persuasive.(secondarytension)Emergence:thegrouphasbeguntofinallymakesome decisions;rolesandnormsarebeginningtoemerge.Conflictmayoccur,butishandled throughproceduresthegroupmayhaveestablished.Reinforcement:bynowthegroup isawareofthedirectionthegrouphastaken.Asuccessfulgroupmaycelebrate;agroup thatwasnotassuccessfulashopedmayspendtimerationalizingwhy.
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100) Whatarenorms?Whatpurposedotheyserveforgroupmembers?Howcanyourecognize normswhenyouenteragroup? Answer: Normsarethestandardsthatdeterminewhatisappropriateandinappropriate behaviorinagroup. Normshelpgroupmembersunderstandwhatbehaviorisappropriatesotheycanfitin andworkwellwiththeirgroup.Forexample,howdoesthegroupdealwithlateness, language,dress,orhowmembersareaddressed?Normscanbeproductiveor unproductiveandshouldbemonitoredsotheydonotkeepthegroupfromoperating effectively. Youcanrecognizenormsbyobservingagrouptoseehowmembersinteract.Itisalso possibletorecognizenormswhentheyarebroken.Theresponsetoamemberwho violatesanormwillcorrespondinseveritywiththeimportanceofthenorm.
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101) Explainthedifferencebetweenstatusandpower.Giveanexampletoillustrate. Answer: Statusreferstowhetherornotapersonisperceivedtobeimportantbyothergroup members.Forexample,Lauracomesfromawealthyfamilyandherfatherisan importantpoliticianinherstate.Therefore,sheisperceivedtobeimportantorhave highstatusbyothermembersofthestudentsenate.Power,ontheotherhand,deals withtheabilitytoinfluenceothersbehavior.Oftenpowerandstatusgotogether,but sometimesapersoncanhavestatusbutnotactuallybeabletohavestronginfluencein thegroup.Onstudentgovernment,Lauratalksalot,butisunabletoinfluenceother membersbecausesheisinterpersonallyaloof.Othermembersdonthaveastrong likingforLaura,therefore,theyoftendontfollowherproposals.
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VOLUME3

Chapter3.2: EnhancingGroupandTeamPerformance
1) Thefunctionalapproachtogroupcommunication________. A) attemptstodescribetypesofbehaviorsthatleadtobetterqualitysolutions B) definesstagesofgroupinteractionthatoccurindecision-makinggroups C) describesthepersonalitytraitsofeffectiveleadersandgroupmembers D) attemptstodefinethestructureofvarioustypesofworkgroups Answer: A
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2) AccordingtoHirokawa,whichofthefollowingisaquestionthatavigilantthinkershould consider? A) Whatgoaldoesthegroupwanttoachieve? B) Howcanconflictbeminimizedinthegroup? C) HowcanIachievemyagenda? D) Howcanweavoidgroupthink? Answer: A


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3) Jakescommunicationteacherhadjustassignedgroupsforaproblem -solvingdiscussion project.Afterbrieflyintroducingthemselves,Jakesgroupquicklybegantalkingoverthetopic theywouldselect.Charisesuggested,Letsjustdiscussalcoholabuseoncampus;thereislots ofinformationavailable,andweallknowsomeoneitappliesto.Jeremypipedin,Yes,lets do.Whywastetimehagglingovertopics?Letsjustgetonwithit.Jakereplied,Whydont weholdoffdecidinguntilwethinkofsomeadditionaltopics.Thatway,wellhaveseveralto choosefromandwecancomparethem.WhichfunctionisJakesuggestingforhisgroup? A) identifyacleargoal B) gatheranduseinformationeffectively C) developoptions D) developaresultsdrivenstructure Answer: C
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4) Koreshsgroupwasconsideringhowtoapproachthegeneraltopicofmethlabsintheirpanel discussion.Somewantedtodiscusstheproblemonanationalscale,butKoreshwantedto limitthetopictowhatwashappeningwithinthelocalareaonly.Theyhadbeenarguingthis forsometime,andgroupmembersweregettingfrustrated.Finally,Samsuggestedthatthey useachalkboard,andmakeawrittenlistoftheprosandconsofeachoption.Theydidthis, anditbecameclearthatthebestchoicewouldbetolimitthetopictothelocalarea.Which functiondidSamsuggestforhisgroup? A) identifyacleargoal B) gatheranduseinformationeffectively C) developsensitivitytowardothers D) evaluateideas Answer: D
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5) James,Matt,Karla,andAnnhaveformedaresearchgrouptostudyacommunicationtheory. Theyeachareresponsibleforcontributingfivearticlestothegroup.Theymeetinthelibrary andidentifytwentyarticlesthatdealwiththeirtheory.Theydivideupthearticles,andthey scheduleameetinginwhichtheywillgiveareporttotheothergroupmembersovertheirfive articles.Thisgroupisusingwhichfunctioneffectively? A) identifyaclear,elevatinggoal B) gatheranduseinformationeffectively C) developoptions D) evaluateideas Answer: B
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6) James,Matt,Karla,andAnnmeettodiscusshowtheywillputtogethertheirclass presentationonacommunicationtheory.Annexpressesconcernbecausefeelsthe presentationisnotequallydistributedamongstgroupmembers.Jamesquicklydismissesher concernwithoutfurtherdiscussion.Jameswouldbeadvisedtorememberwhichofthe followingfunctionsofeffectivegroupmembers? A) identifyaclear,elevatinggoal B) developoptions C) developsensitivitytowardothers D) gatheranduseinformationeffectively Answer: C
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7) Whichofthefollowingproblemsisanexampleofastructuredproblem? A) howtocombatstudentapathyoncampus B) establishingcriteriafordistributionofstudentfees C) whichclassroomwillholdthelargestnumberofstudents D) howtoencouragestudentstodointernships Answer: C


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8) FrancesandTrinnyareworkingonasalespresentationforaclient.Anhourfromnow,they willbeholdingameetingwiththeclienttoreviewtheirideas.Theydecidetopulltheirsales teamtogethertoworkonaplan.Isthisaneffectivewaytoapproachthetask? A) Yes,themoreheadsworkingontheproblemthebetter. B) No,theycanjustconsultanexpert. C) Yes,thegroupwillofferavarietyofviewpoints. D) No,thereislimitedtime. Answer: D


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9) Theuniversitycouncilfacestheproblemofhowtotrimbackthebudgetoftheuniversitydue torecentcutbacks.Mostofthepeopleonthenewlyelectedcouncilhavehadlittleexperience withdealingwithbudgetproblems,therefore,theyfaceagreatdealofuncertainty.Whichof thefollowingwouldbeanappropriatewaytoapproachthisproblem? A) offerthreesolutionsandletthegroupselectamongthem B) useanunstructuredgroupformatduringthemeetings C) provideastructureforthegrouptohelpthemmanagetheiruncertainty D) allowthegrouptobeasspontaneousaspossibletoensurecreativeideageneration Answer: C


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10) Whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofinteraction,asopposedtostructureinagroup? A) Thereismuchtalkandparticipationfromthegroupmembers. B) Onepersonmaydominatethediscussion. C) Awell-organizedagendakeepsthemeetingonatightschedule. D) Theleadermanagesthemeetingefficiently. Answer: A


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11) Thereflectivethinkingmodelrefersto________. A) anexercisetobuildteamrelationships B) astructuretohelpgroupssolveproblemseffectively C) arecommendedmethodforwritingresearchpapers D) amethoddesignedtohelpgroupmembersthinkcreatively Answer: B


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12) Atechniquethatcanbeusedto identify theproblemis________. A) theforcefieldanalysistechnique B) theJournalistsSixQuestions C) theNominalGrouptechnique D) aTchart Answer: B


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13) Ifgroupmembersexaminethecauses,effects,andhistoryrelatedtoissuesofimportanceto thegroup,thegroupisconducting________. A) solutiongeneration B) problemdefinition C) problemanalysis D) solutionanalysis Answer: C


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14) Whenagroupestablishesstandardsorgoalsforevaluatingpossiblesolutions,theyare developingtheir________. A) problemdefinitions B) criteria C) relationships D) solutions Answer: B


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15) Toenhancegroupcreativity,itisimportantto_______. A) makesureeveryoneunderstandstheproblem B) promoteaclimateoffreedom C) conductaforcefieldanalysis D) limittheamountoftime E) bothAandB Answer: E


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16) Intheforcefieldanalysistechnique,adrivingforceisonewhich________. A) increasesthechancesofaccomplishingagoal B) isanobstacletoaccomplishingagoal C) encouragesgroupmemberstoparticipateintheevaluationprocess D) becomesablockingbehaviorinthegroupinteraction Answer: A


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17) Whichofthefollowingwouldbearestrainingforcefortheproblemofsavingmoneyfor college? A) interestratesearnyoumoneyeffortlessly B) youweretaughtthehabitofsavingasachild C) havingmoneyputintosavingsbeforeyougetyourpaycheck D) youownanoldcarthatconstantlyneedsexpensiverepairs Answer: D


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18) Sumitsgroupbeginsbrainstormingideas.BeckystatesanideaandSumitsays,Ithinkthats thebestideaIveheardyet.Basedonthisexample,whatshouldSumitkeepinmindwhile brainstorming? A) Itisimportanttoofferconstructivecriticismratherthanpraise. B) Generationofideasandevaluationofideasshouldbeseparate. C) Praiseonlytheideasthatyouthinkcouldbefeasiblesolutions. D) Nonverbalfeedbackismoreeffectivethanverbalfeedback. Answer: B


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19) Nominalgrouptechniqueincludes________. A) silentbrainstormingbyindividualsfollowedbysharingideaswiththegroup B) groupmembersshoutoutideasoffthecuffasquicklyaspossible C) searchingtheInternetforwhathasbeendoneinthepast D) interviewingexpertsonthetopictogaintheirinsightsonpastsolutions Answer: A


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20) Tomasdecidestouseelectronicbrainstormingwithhisgroup.Onereasonthisisagoodidea is________. A) everyoneinhisgrouphascomputers B) therearestatusdifferencesbetweengroupmembers C) memberscanevaluateideasastheyareposted D) itiseasiertomoderateanelectronicgroup Answer: B


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21) Whichofthefollowingistrueofconsensus? A) Thedecisionisdeterminedbymajorityvote. B) 100percentofthegroupvotedfortheproposal. C) Allgroupmemberscansupportthegroupsdecision. D) Themajorityofthegroupmemberscansupportthedecision. Answer: C


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22) Themajoradvantageofadecisionreachedbyconsensusisthat________. A) ittakestimetodevelop B) itisaquick,efficientwaytoarriveatadecision C) groupsarealwaysabletocomeupwithaconsensus D) becausegroupmembershavearoleinit,theywillsupportit Answer: D


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23) Whichofthefollowingisdiscussedasacauseofgroupthink? A) ThegrouphasassignedaDevilsadvocate. B) Thegroupisusingelectronicbrainstorming. C) Thegroupfeelsapatheticaboutthetask. D) Theleaderiskeepingthegroupfocusedonthegoal. Answer: C


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24) Whichofthefollowingisatechniquethatcanbeusedtohelpagroupreachaconsensus? A) agreewithothersinordertoavoidconflict B) emphasizeareasofdisagreement C) listenmainlytotheexpertsinthegroup D) keepthegrouporientedtowarditsgoal Answer: D


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25) Groupthinkoccurswhen________. A) groupmembersspendtoomuchtimearguing B) groupmembersappeartoagree,butreallyjustwanttoavoidconflict C) themembersofthegrouparetoodifferentfromeachothertocometoaconsensus D) aneffectiveconsensushasbeenreached Answer: B


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26) Whichofthefollowingisrecommendedasawaytocombatgroupthink? A) Dontbeafraidtochallengecommentsmadebyhighstatusmembers. B) Usesomeoneoutsidethegrouptoevaluateyourdecisions. C) Assignsomeonetobeadevilsadvocate. D) Alloftheabovearerecommended. Answer: D


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27) Whichofthefollowingcanbevaluableinevaluatingtheprosandconsofsolutionsthathave beengenerated? A) Tchart B) JournalistsSixQuestions C) forcefieldanalysis D) DeweysReflectiveThinkingModel Answer: A


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28) Whichapproachtoleadershipassumesthatleadersareborn,notmade? A) traitapproach B) functionalapproach C) stylesapproach D) situationalapproach Answer: A


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29) Gloriapridesherselfonherleadershipcapabilities.Inpreparationforgroupmeetings,Gloria makessurethegroupisawareofameetingsagenda,determinestimesandplacesfor meetings,andgetsusefulinformationtomembersinadvanceofmeetings.Shealsotakesnotes ofwhatgoesonatmeetings.IsGloriaactingappropriatelyasgroupleader? A) No,shesdoingtoomuchwhensheshouldlearntofarmouttheworktogroup members. B) Yes,shesexhibitingseveralexcellentleadershipskillsthatareappropriatetoherrole. C) No,shereallyshouldntberesponsiblefordeterminingtimesandplacesofmeetings. D) Yes,butwhatGloriasdoingshouldbeexpectedofallgroupmembers,notjusttheleader Answer: B
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30) TheinstructorassignedJantobethegroupsleader,butshehasbecomeadictatoringroup meetings.Sherarelyletsothergroupmembersoffersuggestionsandalwayscontrolshow muchgetsaccomplished.WhatsthetermforJansleadershipstyle? A) democratic B) laissezfaire C) authoritarian D) participative Answer: C


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31) Whenmightitbeappropriatetoutilizeanauthoritativeleadershipsstylewithyourgroup? A) whenyouneedinputfromallgroupmembers B) whenthereisaneedforaquick,importantdecision C) whenyouhavemorethanfifteenpeopleinthegroup D) whenyouhaveanagenda Answer: B


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32) Aleaderwhoguidesandfacilitatesdiscussionratherthandominatingitdemonstrateswhich styleofleadership? A) democratic B) authoritarian C) passive D) laissez-faire Answer: A


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33) Zackwaselectedbyhisgrouptobetheleader.Duringthegroupmeetings,hedidnot recommendanyproceduresfordiscussingdecisions,hedidnotvolunteeranyinformation, andheonlydidwhathewasaskedtodospecifically.WhatleadershipstylewasZackusing? A) democratic B) laissezfaire C) authoritarian D) participative Answer: B


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34) Thematurityofgroupmembersplaysanimportantroleinwhichapproachtoleadership? A) traitapproach B) functionalapproach C) styleapproach D) situationalapproach Answer: D


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35) Atransformationalleaderinfluencesthegroupby________. A) providingastructuretohelpthegroupaccomplishcriticalthinking B) givingthegroupanewvisionorenergizingitsculture C) usingdemocraticleadershipstyle D) understandingtheleadershipstylethatisappropriateforthegivensituation Answer: B


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36) Herbdetestedgoingtohisgroupmeetingsbecausetheyweredisorganizedandgenerallya wasteoftime.Whatsimpledevicewouldhelpthisgroup? A) aclearproblemtosolve B) ameetingagenda C) acleardefinitionofgroupmemberroles D) someproblemsolving Answer: B


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37) Thetypesofgoalsdiscussedatmostmeetingsinclude________. A) givinginformation,managingconflict,solvingaproblem B) researchingatopic,takingaction,managingconflict C) givinginformation,discussinginformation,takingaction D) discussinginformation,managingconflict,solvingaproblem Answer: C


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38) Steptwoindevelopingameetingagendainvolves________. A) determiningmeetinggoals B) organizingtheagenda C) researchingactionitems D) identifyingwhatneedstobediscussed Answer: D


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39) Whichofthefollowingisaneffectivestrategyfororganizingameetingagenda? A) puttheleastimportantitemsatthebeginningofthemeeting B) startwithannouncements C) makeyourfirstagendaitemsomethingthatwillinvolveactivelyinvolvegroupmembers D) placeyourmostimportantitemlast Answer: C


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40) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofametadiscussioncomment? A) Ithinktheideatobringinalocalbandisanexcellentone. B) Imnotclearonthecriteria.Canwereviewitagainbeforeproceeding? C) Whatsforlunch? D) DoesanyoneknowthelateststatisticonaverageACTscoresforincomingfreshmen? Answer: B


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41) MariannasaystoSuzie,Suzie,youvedonesomeresearchonhonorsprogramsinother departments.Whathaveyoufoundoutthatmightworkinourdepartment?Bysayingthis, Mariannaisusingher________skills. A) transformationalleadership B) brainstorming C) gatekeeping D) problem-solving Answer: C


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42) Whichofthefollowingstatementswouldbethebestwaytobringthegroupbackontrack? A) Tom,Ithinkyourcommentwasirrelevant. B) Youneedtofocusonthetaskathand. C) YourenotlisteningtowhatIhavetosay. D) Ithinkweneedtospendtimediscussingthenextitemontheagenda. Answer: A


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43) Oneoftheadvantagesofworkingingroupsisthatgroupstypicallysolveaproblemmore quicklythanindividualscandoalone. Answer: FALSE


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44) Afunctionalapproachtogroupcommunicationstudiesthetypesofbehaviorsthatleadto betterqualitydecisions. Answer: TRUE


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45) JohnDeweysreflectivethinkingmodelwouldbeanexampleofaprescriptiveapproachto groupdecision-making. Answer: TRUE


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46) Aresultsdrivenstructureforgroupworkmeansthegroupshouldidentifyagoal. Answer: FALSE


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47) Toomuchstructureinagroupmeetingcanstifleinteractionfromlowstatusgroupmembers. Answer: TRUE


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48) Forcefieldanalysisisaneffectivetillforidentifyingtheproblem. Answer: FALSE


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49) Identifyinganddefiningtheproblemincludesadiscussionofwhoisharmedbytheproblem, andwhentheharmfuleffectsoccur. Answer: TRUE


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50) Itisusuallybettertospendtimediscussingwhichsolutionsyoupreferbeforeyouanalyzea problem. Answer: FALSE


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51) ItisNOTimportanttoconsidertheculturalinfluencesonthegroupwhenchoosinga leadershipstyle. Answer: FALSE


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52) Thesolutionshouldbeacceptabletothedeanisanexampleofcriteriaforasuccessful decision. Answer: TRUE


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53) Groupsthatuseelectronicbrainstormingcomeupwithmoreideasthangroupsmeeting face-to-face. Answer: TRUE


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54) Afterconductingaforce-fieldanalysis,thegroupshouldstrivetominimizethedrivingforces andmaximizetherestrainingforces. Answer: FALSE


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55) Thekeytobrainstormingistopraiseeachsuggestionasitismadetoencouragemembersto keepparticipating. Answer: FALSE


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56) Thenominalgrouptechniqueisthesamethingassilentbrainstorming. Answer: TRUE


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57) Consensusisreachedwhenamajorityofthegroupvotesinfavorofaproposal. Answer: FALSE


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58) Agroupwhohighlyadmirestheirleaderislesslikelytoengageingroupthinkthanagroup withanunpopularleader. Answer: FALSE


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59) Processfunctionsareleaderbehaviorsthathelpmaintainapositivegroupclimate. Answer: TRUE


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60) Atransformationalleaderprovidesthegroupwithanewvision. Answer: TRUE


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61) Structuring,scheduling,andhavinganagendaareimportantinapolychronicculture. Answer: FALSE


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62) Oneofthefunctionsofagatekeeperistoencouragequietpeopleinthegrouptospeakupand discouragelong-windedones. Answer: TRUE


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63) Itisagoodideatoputtheleastimportantitemfirstontheagenda. Answer: FALSE


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Matchthefollowingtermswiththeircorrectdefinitions. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. Authoritarianleader Democraticleader Functionalapproach Laissezfaireleader Situationalapproach Stylesapproach Taskfunctions Traitapproach Transformationalleader

64) Theleadershipstylethatisrecommendedisbasedupontaskbehaviors,relationship behaviors,andmaturityofgroupmembers. Answer: E


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65) Thisleaderishandsoff,lettinggroupmembersprovidethestructureandprocess;only providesinformationorhelpwhenasked. Answer: D


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66) Leadershipconsistsofthosetaskandprocessbehaviorsthathelpagroupachieveitsgoals effectively. Answer: C


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67) Effectiveleadersarethosewhoarebornwithintelligence,aregoodcommunicators,andhave goodsocialskills. Answer: H


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68) Thisleaderworkstodevelopaconsensusdecisionratherthantellingpeoplewhattodoor think. Answer: B


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69) Thisleaderinfluencesothersbygivingordersandcontrollingothers. Answer: A


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70) Thisapproachtoleadershipsuggeststhatleadersutilizeoneofthreeapproaches. Answer: F


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Matchthetermswiththecorrectdefinitions. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. Agenda Brainstorming Consensus Forcefieldanalysis Gatekeeping Groupthink Metadiscussion Nominalgrouptechnique Tchart

71) Ideasarewrittendownsilentlybyindividualsthensharedface-to-face. Answer: H


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72) Discussionaboutthegroupsdiscussion. Answer: G


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73) Usedtoanalyzeanissuebyfindingdrivingforcesandrestrainingforcesthatincreaseor decreasetheprobablyofaneventoccurring. Answer: D


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74) Atechniqueusedtogenerateideasinwhichoff-the-wallideasareencouraged,and evaluatingideasisdiscourageduntilalonglistofideasisgenerated. Answer: B


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75) Thefailureofagrouptoadequatelycriticizeandidea,ortoagreetooquicklyinforminga consensus. Answer: F


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76) Adecisionthatisbaseduponinteraction,inwhichallmembersagreetosupport. Answer: C


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77) Amethodusedtolisttheprosandconsofpossiblesolutions. Answer: I


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78) Techniqueusedtoencouragequietmemberstoparticipateorlimitlong-windedmembers. Answer: E


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79) The________approachtoleadershipattemptstoidentifykeycommunicationbehaviorsthat helpagrouparriveataqualitydecision. Answer: functional


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80) Theforcefieldanalysistechniqueseekstoanalyzeaproblembydeterminingthe________ forces,whichareforcesthatenhancemovementtowardthegoal,and________forces,which areforcesthatinhibitmovementtowardthegoal. Answer: driving;restraining


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81) ________________________isatechniquefordevelopingideasinwhichmemberssilently writedowntheirideas,thendiscussthemface-to-face. Answer: Nominalgrouptechnique


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82) ________isanagreementarrivedatbyagroupthroughinteractioninwhichallmembersof thegroupagreetosupportthedecision. Answer: Consensus


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83) ________isthegeneration,application,combination,andextensionofideas. Answer: Creativity


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84) ________isafaultysenseofagreementthatoccurswhenmembersofthegroupfailtocriticize anidea. Answer: Groupthink


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85) Aleaderwholeadsbyshapingthevisionofagroupbasedupondeveloptrustthroughquality interpersonalrelationshipswithgroupmembersisa________leader. Answer: transformational


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86) ThestepsoftheReflectiveThinkingModelinclude:(1)________and________theproblem,(2) ________theproblem,(3)________________solutions,(4)________thebestsolutions,and(5) ________________. Answer: identify,define;analyze;generatecreative;select;takeaction


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87) Agroupsfocusonthetask,theagenda,andbeingorganizedwouldbeknownas________. Answer: structure


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88) Thegiveandtakeofdiscussioninagroupisknownas________. Answer: interaction


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89) Thestandardsusedtoevaluatepossiblesolutionsare________. Answer: criteria


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90) Thenumberofpeoplewhomustbepresentatameetinginordertoconductbusinessisa/an ________. Answer: quorum


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91) Whatarethree(offour)advantagesmentionedinthetextbookforworkingingroups? Answer: (1) Groupscomeupwithmorecreativesolutionstoproblemsthanapersonworking alone. (2) Workingwithgroupsimprovesthecomprehensionoftheideaspresented. (3) Groupandteammembersaremoresatisfiedwiththeconclusionsand recommendationsiftheyparticipatedinthediscussions. (4) Groupshavemoreavailableinformationbytappingtheexperiencesofgroup members.
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92) Whatarestructureandinteractioninagroup,andwhydoesthetextbooksaygroupsneeda balanceofthem? Answer: Structureistheorganizationofagroup,accomplishedbyhavingandorganizingawell developedagendathatoutlinesyourmeetinggoalsandidentifieswhatneedstobe discussedtoachievethegoals.Interactionisthegiveandtakediscussion,with participationfromthegroupmembersandattentiontorelationships.Interationis managedthroughmetadiscussion,usingeffectivegatekeepingskills,helpingthegroup tobesensitivetoandawareoftime,andusingprescriptivestrategiestomanage interaction.Itisimportantthatagroupachieveabalancebetweenthetwo,although theexactpercentageofeachwillvarywiththesituation.Toomuchstructureandyou losethemainadvantagesofagroup;twomuchinteractionandtoolittlestructureand youmaynevermoveforwardtowardthegroupgoal.
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93) Whatarethefivestepsofthereflectivethinkingprocess? Answer: (1)Identifyanddefinetheproblem,(2)Analyzetheproblem,(3)Generatecreative solutions,(4)Selectthebestsolution,(5)Testandimplementthesolution


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94) Listandexplainthesixreasonsgroupsandteamsmakestupiddecisions. Answer: (1) Groupshavenocommongoal.Theydonotbeginwiththeendinmindanddonot haveacollectivevisionfortheirmission. (2) Analysisparalysis.Talkisvaluedmorethanaction.Membersoveranalyze unimportantdetails. (3) Jumpingtosolutions.Groupmembersproposesolutionsbeforethefactsare knownandtheproblemhasbeenanalyzed. (4) Groupthink.Groupmembersagreetooquickly.Ideasarenotquestionedor challenged. (5) Topichopping.Thereisalackofanagendaormeetingstructure.Discussionisnot focusedonthegoal. (6) Killerinch.Peopleagreeonmajorpointsbutargueoverminordetails.
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95) Identifyandexplaintheeightstepsusedinbrainstorming.Whichstepisthemostimportant, andwhy? Answer: (1)Selectaproblemthatneedstobesolved.(2)Discussthehistory,causes,and backgroundoftheproblemsothegroupunderstandswhatoptionsareneeded.(3)Tell thegrouptodevelopacreativemindset(setasidejudgmentsandcriticismswhen peopleofferideas,stressquantityofideas,avoidcriticizingideas,tryandcomeupwith oneormorewildideas,andpiggybackoffsomeoneelsesideas).(4)Start brainstorming.givethegroupatimelimit.(5)Toreducethepossibilityofevaluationof ideas,considerusingaperiodofsilentbrainstormingbeforesharingideas.(6)Record ideasontheboardorflipchart.(7)Keepremindingthegroupnottoevaluateideasof otherswhentheyarefirstexpressed.(8)Evaluatetheideasafterallideashavebeen presented. Themostimportantstepistosetasidejudgmentsuntilthebrainstormingsessionis completed.Evaluations,evenpraise,caninhibitcreativitybecausepeoplebeginto self-censortheirideasforfearofbeingcriticized.
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96) Brieflydefinethedifferencebetweenauthoritarian,democratic,andlaissez-faireleadership styles. Answer: Authoritarianleadersdominatethegroup;theyprovidethestructure,makethe decisions,andstaydetachedfromparticipationunlessmakingdecisions.Democratic leadersdiscusspolicydecisionswithgroupmembers,decisionsaremadebyconsensus, andtheleaderismoreafacilitatorthanadirectiveleader.Alaissezfaireleaderishands off,onlyprovidingstructureorinformationwhenaskedtodoso.


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97) Brieflyexplainthethreestepsforbuildinganagenda. Answer: First,determineyourmeetinggoals,whichmayincludegivinginformation,discussing information,ortakingaction.Ifthegoalsarenotclear,themeetingwillnotaccomplish anything.Second,identifywhatneedstobediscussedinordertoachievethegoal.Does informationneedtobeprovided?Whatissuesshouldbefocusedon?Third,Organize theagenda.Forproblemsolving,refertothereflectivethinkingmethodtostructurethe discussion.Forinformation,discussion,andactionitems,subheadscanbeusedto organize.Considertheplacementofthemostimportantorcontroversialitemsso maximumgroupenergyandattentionisgained.
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98) Whatisconsensus?Identifyandexplainthreestrategiesthatgroupmemberscanuseto achieveaconsensus. Answer: Consensusisagreementamongallmembersofagrouporteamtosupportanidea, proposal,orsolution.Threestrategiesthatcanbeusedtohelpsgroupreacha consensusincludethefollowing.First,begoaloriented.Effectivegroupmemberswill keepthegrouporientedtowardtheirgoal.Second,listen.Theywilllisteneffectivelyto oneanotherbyclarifyingmisunderstandingandgivingthespeakereyecontact.Third, groupsshouldhavehonestdialogueanddiscussionsinwhicheveryoneparticipates anddifferencesofopinionaresought.
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99) Explainthedifferencebetweentaskandprocessfunctions. Answer: Taskfunctionsincludebehaviorsthathelpthegroupgetworkdone,suchasmaking recordsofgroupmeetings.Theprocessfunctiondealswithfosteringharmonious relationshipsamonggroupmembersratherthansimplygettingthejobdone.


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100) Brieflyexplaintheconceptoftransformationalleadership. Answer: Transformationalleadershipismoreofaphilosophythanasetofprescriptionsofwhat todo.Atransformationalleaderinfluencesagroupbybuildingasharedvisionforthe group,challengingexistingwaysofthinking,andbeingasystemsthinker.Thisisdone throughbuildingtrustthroughinterpersonalrelationships.


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101) Youareanupperclassmanworkingwithafacultymemberinyourmajordiscipline.Youand thefacultymemberhavebeendiscussinghowtohelpfreshmensucceedintheirclasses.One ofthepiecesofinformationthatyourprofessorkeepsbringingupisthatstudentsshould spendatleastthreehoursstudyingoutsideofclassforeachhourtheyspendinclass.This amountstoninehoursaweekforatypicalthree-hourcourse.Tothatend,youdecideto constructaforce-fieldanalysisonthatideatoseehowyoumighthelpfreshmenimprove. Constructaforce-fieldanalysisonthetopicdescribedinthestory.Onceyouhaveconstructed theanalysis,writeabriefstatementexplainingwhatstrategiesyoumighttaketohelp motivatestudentstostudymore. Answer: Theanswerswillvary;however,thestudentshoulddivideresponsesintodrivingforces andrestrainingforces.Thedrivingforcesshouldbethoseitemsthatwouldencouragea studenttostudyninehoursaweekforeachclass.Examplesofdrivingforcesmightbe improvedgrades,increasedscholarships,betteremploymentopportunitiesaftercollege, studyhoursinGreekorganizations.Restrainingforcesshouldbeissuesthatwould inhibitastudentfromstudyingninehours.(Thislistiscertainlygoingtobelonger!) Possiblerestrainersmightbeworkingtoomanyhours,takingtoomanycourses,lackof aplacetostudy.Thelastpartoftheanswershouldexplainthatthenextstepafter generatingthelistwouldbetofindwaystoincreaseorenhancethedrivingforces,and findwaystoovercometherestrainingforces.
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102) Reginaisabiologistassignedtoagroupdesignedtodiscussthepreservationofwildlifeinthe regionsnationalpark.Reginawantstobeaneffectiveteammember.Usingtheseven functionsofeffectiveteammembersfoundinthetextbook,givespecificexamplesofwhat Reginacandotobeaneffectivememberofthisteam. Answer: First,Reginacouldidentifyandimplementkeyfunctionssohergroupwillachieve successfulresults,specificallymakingsurethegroupmembersareusingvigilant thinkingtechniquesbyclarifyingthegoalthegroupwishestoachieve,identifyingif somethingneedstobechangedinordertoreachthegoal,consideringtheoptionsthe grouphasforreachingthegoal,andlookingatthepositiveandnegativeimplicationsof theoptions.Next,sheshouldensurethatthegroupidentifiesaclear,elevatinggoalthat isrealisticbutstillchallengingforthegroup.Third,Reginacouldhelpthegroup developaresultsdrivenstructurethatisorganizedaroundthestepsthegroupneedsto taketomeetitsgoal.Fourth,sheshouldbeabletogatheranduseinformation effectively.Informationshouldbegathered,shared,andaccurateconclusionsshouldbe drawnfromtheinformation.Fifth,shecanhelphergrouptobegindeveloping multiplecreativeoptions.Reginamightsuggestbrainstormingpossiblesolutionstothe problem.Whenthegroupgetsstuck,shemightsuggesttakingabreakandmeetingat alatertimetobringafreshperspectivetotheissue.Oncethegrouphasnarrowed downpossiblesolutions,Reginacouldsuggestthattheybeginthenextstepof evaluatingidesbydiscussingtheprosandconsofeachone.Finally,Reginamust developasensitivitytoothersinthegroup.Shecouldaffirmothersresearchandideas abouttheproblem.Shecouldalsoconveythatsheisinterestedinwhatothersare sayingbylisteningandbeingnonverballyresponsive.
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103) Whatisthereflectivethinkingmethod?Identifythestepsusedinthemethodandthe techniquesthatcanbeusefulineachstep. Answer: Thereflectivethinkingmethodisawayofstructuringproblemsolvingtomanage uncertaintyandtoensurethatkeyfunctionsareaccomplishedduringgroupdiscussion. Thestepsinvolvedare(1)toidentifyanddefinetheproblem.Techniquesforthisstep includephrasingtheproblemasapolicyquestionandusingtheJournalistsSix Questionstohelpdefinetheissues.(2)Analyzetheproblemtobreakitdowninto smallerpieces.Techniquesincludetheuseofforcefieldanalysistoidentifydrivingand restrainingforces,andthedevelopmentofclearcriteriatohelpintheevaluationof solutions.(3)Generatecreativesolutionsbyusingbrainstorming,silentbrainstorming, orelectronicbrainstorming.(4)Selectthebestsolutionbyusingranking,ratings, majorityvoteorexpertdecision.Reachconsensusbyremainingfocusedonthegoal, listening,andpromotingopenandhonestdialoguethatrequiresinputfromall members.(5)Takeactionbydevelopingaclearactionplanandutilizingawrittenlistof whoshoulddowhat.
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104) Compareandcontrasttrait,functional,styles,situational,andtransformationalgroup leadershipandgiveanexampleofeach. Answer: Thetraitapproachtoleadershipsaysthatpeoplearebornwithcertaintraitsorcultivate traitsthatwillmakethemeffectiveasaleader.Traitssuchasintelligence,confidence, andenthusiasmareafewofthetraitsthateffectiveleadersoftenpossess.However, havingthesetraitsalonedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeonewillbeaneffective leader.Asopposedtolookingacertaintraits,thefunctionalapproachidentifiestask andprocessfunctionsthatwillmakeleaderseffective.Inotherwords,aleadermaybe intelligentandenthusiastic,butheorshemustalsobeabletohelpthegroupgetwork done,aswellashelpthegroupmaintainafriendlyclimate.Itsnotjustabouthavinga certainpersonality;itsalsoaboutwhatyoudo.Likethefunctionalapproach,the styles approachidentifiesbehaviorsthatleadersexhibit.Specifically,itlooksatleadersstyles ofinteractingwithothers,categorizingthemasauthoritarian,democratic,orlaissez faire.Unlikethefunctionalapproach,itdoesnotprescribewhateffectiveleadersdoor identifythemosteffectivestyle.Thesituationalapproachstatesthatthemosteffective styledependsonthesituationandthetypeofgroupthattheleaderisdealingwithat thetime.Aleaderisnotstuckwithonestylelikeapersonalitytrait,butheorshe shouldbeabletoadapthis/herleadershipstyletofitthesituation.Likethestyles approach,thesituationalapproachrecommendsthatleadersadapttheirstylesbased uponthegroupsneeds.Likethefunctionalapproach,itexaminesthegroupstaskand relationshipbehaviors.However,italsoexaminesthegroupsmaturitylevel.Based uponanassessmentofthegroupstaskandmaturitylevel,thesituationalapproach prescribeshowdirectivetheleadershouldbewiththegroup. Unlikethefunctionalapproach,theideabehindtransformationalleadershipislessofa prescriptionandmoreofaphilosophy.Itcombinesideasfromboththesituationaland stylesapproach.Thetransformationalleaderisbothademocraticandsituationalleader. Heorshedevelopsrelationshipswithpeopleinthegroupinordertobuildtrust,and paintsapictureofasharedvisiontoenergizeandmotivatethegrouptowarditsgoal. Atransformationalleadermustcertainlyalsodisplaythecharacteristicsdescribedinthe traitsapproach,bewillingtofollowthroughontaskandprocessfunctions,and effectivelyassesstheneedsofgroupmemberslikethestylesandsituational approaches.
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VOLUME4

Chapter4.1: DevelopingYourPresentation
1) Whichofthefollowingstatementsillustratesadifferencebetweenpublicspeakingand writing? A) Inpublicspeaking,youusemoreformallanguagethaninwriting. B) Inwritingyoumustcarefullydocumentyoursources;inpublicspeakingitisnot necessary. C) Inwriting,redundancyisnotdesirable;inpublicspeaking,redundancyisnecessary. D) Inwriting,organizationisnecessary;inpublicspeaking,organizationisnotvery important. Answer: C
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2) Accordingtothetextbook,themostcentralelementinallaspectsofpreparingyourspeechis ________. A) yoursupportingmaterial B) consideringyouraudience C) becomingconfidentintheprocess D) selectingyourtopic Answer: B


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3) Yolandawaslookingforwardtogivingherinformativespeechbecauseshelikedher topic--herhometown.However,whenshegavethespeechtheaudienceseemed disinterested;shecouldntunderstandwhyshegotsuchnegativeaudiencefeedback.Given thisinformationaboutthesituation,whatwasYolandasmistake? A) Sheviolatedseveralethicalprinciplesofpublicspeaking. B) Shedidnthaveenoughresearchandstatisticsinthespeechtomakeitinteresting. C) Sheconfusedtherolesofspeakerandlistener. D) Shewasspeaker-centeredratherthanaudience-centeredinhertopicselection Answer: D


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4) Whenfacedwiththeprospectspeakinganxietyitisimportanttoremember________. A) thatarushofadrenalineisahindrance B) thatitisanuncommonreaction C) theaudienceperceivesthatyouarelessnervousthanyoumayfeel D) onlyunpreparedspeakersexperienceanxiety Answer: C


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5) Graceknewherspeech--backwardsandforwards.Sherehearseditoverandoveragain, timingittomakesureshedidntrunoverthetimelimit.Whensheactuallydeliveredthe speech,shefoundherselfmuchlessnervousandmuchmoreconfidentthansheexpectedto be.Whichguidelinefordevelopingconfidenceprovidedinyourtextapplieshere? A) recreatethespeechenvironmentwhenyourehearse B) beprepared C) knowyouraudience D) actcalmtofeelcalm Answer: B


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6) Mandywasreallynervousbeforeherspeech,butshejustkeptconcentratingonhow importantshebelievedhermessagetobe.Shefeltveryconvictedinhermessage,andthat convictionfinallyhelpedherdispelhernervousnessbeforethepresentation.Whichtipabout developingconfidenceinpublicspeakingdoesthisexamplereflect? A) focusonyourmessageratherthanyourfear B) seekspeakingopportunities C) visualizeyoursuccess D) knowyourintroductionandconclusion Answer: A


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7) Carmenisfeelinganxiousaboutherupcomingpresentation.Herinstructorhassuggested thatshepracticesomegeneralrelaxationtechniquesinadditiontovisualizingherselfcalmly preparinganddeliveringherpresentation.WhattechniqueisCarmenusingtomanageher speakeranxiety? A) skillstraining B) cognitiverestructuring C) systematicdesensitization D) meditation Answer: C


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8) Melindavisitsthecommunicationlabandwatchesavideotapeofasuccessfulpresentation severaltimes.Shebecomesveryfamiliarwiththetape.Finally,shepicturesherselfasthe speakeronthetape.Shecanseeherselfgivingasuccessfulpresentation.Whattechniqueis Melindausingtoovercomeheranxiety? A) cognitiverestructuring B) systematicdesensitization D) performancevisualization C) positivethoughpatterns Answer: D


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9) Bradyismakingapresentationtohisfreshmanspeechclass.SincehewasinAPclasses duringhishighschoolcareer,hedevelopsthecentralideaforhispresentationaroundhis experience:TakingAPclassesinhighschoolcanhelpprepareyouforcollege.Inchoosing thiscentralidea,Bradyhasnot________. A) consideredtheoccasion. B) narrowedhistopic. C) conductedanenvironmentalanalysis. D) consideredhisaudience. E) reducedhisideatoasingletopic. Answer: D
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10) Inthepreviousquestion,Bradyscentralideais________. A) appropriatebecausehisaudiencewillbeinterestedindoingwellincollege. B) appropriatebecausesomeofhisaudiencewillhavetakenAPclasses. C) inappropriatebecausetakingAPclassesisnolongerpossibleforcollegestudents. D) inappropriatebecausetheaudiencealreadyknowstheinformation. Answer: C


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11) Inpreparationforherspeech,Mattieaskedherclassmatesquestionsabouthowtheywould respondtohertopic,visualizedherclassmatesresponsesassherehearsed,andtriedto developapresentationthatwasclearandunderstandabletoherclassmates.Asshegaveher presentation,shefoundherselfthinkingaboutherclassmatesandhowtoadapthermessage toconnectwiththem.Shealmostcompletelyforgotherownanxiety.Thisexamplebest illustrateswhichtechniquesformanagingspeakinganxiety? A) focusingonyouraudience B) focusonyourmessage C) usecreativerehearsaltechniques D) usementalrestructuring Answer: A
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12) Reypresentedaninformativespeechonearthquakes.Hedescribedthestructuralcausesof earthquakes,howtheydevelop,whichareasoftheeartharepronetoquakes,howquakesare measured,thedamagetheydo,andwhattodowhenonehits.Thespeechbecamedry,the audiencesattentiondeclined,andReysspeechexceededthetimelimitbythreeminutes. Fromthisdescription,whatwasReysmistake? A) poortopicselection B) lackofappropriateresearch C) incoherentorganization D) failingtonarrowhistopic Answer: D
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13) Aninformativespeechhasbeenassigned,soJamalstartstoworryaboutwhathecanpossibly presenttohisclass.Thatnighthetakesoutablanksheetofpaperandjuststartswritingdown everypossibleideaforaspeechtopicthathecanthinkof.WhatisJamaldoing? A) experiencinginformationoverload B) engaginginsilentbrainstorming C) findinglogicaldivisionsinhisthinking D) usingacategoricalapproachtotopicselection Answer: B


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14) Melvinhasbeeninvitedtospeakatcareerdayforhissonseighthgradeclass.Melvinisa computerprogrammerwhosejobinvolvesdevelopingfinancialplanningsoftware.Rather thantalkabouthisproducts,hedecidedtofocushistalkoncomputerprogramminginthe developmentofcomputergames.Thepresentationwasasuccess.WhattechniquedidMelvin usethathelpedhisspeechbesuccessful? A) consideryourinterestsandexperiences B) considercurrentevents C) consideryouraudience D) considerlogicaldivisionsinthinking Answer: C
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15) Marcusdecidesthathewantstogiveapersuasivepresentationonthetopicofblooddonation, however,hehasneverdonatedbloodhimselfanddoesntplantoparticipatedinupcoming blooddrives.Marcusshouldhavepaidcloserattentiontowhataspectoftopicselection? A) consideryouraudience B) considertheoccasion D) considercurrentevents C) consideryourexperiencesandinterests Answer: C


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16) Kareemwasaskedtomakeapresentationtohisfraternityonthehistoryoftheirnational organization.Histhreemainpointscoveredthefounders,theoriginalcharter,andtheorigin ofsomeofthetraditions.Thegeneralpurposeofthisspeechwasmostlikely________. A) toinform B) topersuade C) toentertain D) todemonstrate Answer: A


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17) Natewasaskedtogiveanafter-dinnerspeechattheawardsbanquetfortherugbyteam.He decidedtotakealightapproachtothesport,andentitledhisspeech,Rugby,Rugby,HowDo ILoveThee?orThreeWaystoBreakYourLegs.Thegeneralpurposeofthisspeechismost likely________. A) toinform B) topersuade C) todemonstrate D) toentertain Answer: D
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18) Whichofthefollowingisanappropriateexampleofaspecificpurposeforaspeechto persuade? A) Attheendofmyspeech,theaudiencewillbeabletolistthestepsofagolfswing. B) Attheendofmyspeech,theaudiencewillbeabletoexplainthethreestepsinmaking brownies. C) Attheendofmyspeech,theaudiencewillunderstandtheprocessofnuclearfusion. D) Attheendofmyspeech,theaudiencewillbelievethatthehandicappedneedbetter accessoncampus. Answer: D
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19) Asaresultofmypresentation,myaudiencewillrecycletheirnewspapersandaluminum products.Thisisanexampleofa________. A) specificpurposestatement B) centralidea C) generalpurposestatement D) thesisstatement Answer: A


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20) Whichofthefollowingwouldbeanappropriatecentralideaforapresentation? A) Swimmingandhotairballooningaretwoenjoyablerecreationalactivities. B) Whatishotairballooning? C) Swimmingisanenjoyablerecreationalactivitythatprovidesimportanthealthbenefits forcollegestudents. D) Asaresultofmypresentation,myaudiencewillbeabletolistthehealthbenefits associatedwithswimming. Answer: C


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21) Saraisgivingaspeechtohersociologyclass.HercentralideaisWhyareconsumersdrawn totheviolenceinvideogames?Whatistheproblemwiththiscentralidea? A) Thecentralideashouldreflectasingletopic. B) Thecentralideashouldbeacompletedeclarativesentence. C) Thecentralideashouldusespecificlanguage. D) Thecentralideashouldbeaudiencecentered. Answer: B


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22) Carmelitawasplanningherspeechwiththecentralidea,Softdrinksarentbad.Inusingthis centralidea,Carmelitafailedto________. A) considerheraudience B) chooseasingletopic C) writeadeclarativesentence D) usedirect,specificlanguage Answer: D


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23) Darcigaveaspeechwiththecentralidea,C.S.Lewiswritingswereinfluencedbythe readinghedidthroughouthislife.HermainpointswereAsachild,C.S.Lewisenjoyed bookswithanimalcharacters.Asanadolescent,C.S.LewisenjoyedbooksonNorse mythology.Asanadult,C.S.LewisstudiedMedievalLiterature.Themainpointsfollow whattypeofsequence? A) chronological B) reasons C) logical D) spatial Answer: A
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24) Marciaisgeneratingmainideasforherspeechonfilmgenres.Shenaturallythinksofgenres suchashorror,westerns,andromanticcomedies.Sheisusingwhichtipforthegenerationof mainideas? A) Thinkoflogicaldivisions. B) Thinkaboutreasonswhythecentralideaistrue. C) Breakthecentralideadownintoachronologicalsequence. D) Usedirect,specificlanguage. Answer: A


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25) Karlisresearchingaspeechoneuthanasia.Heknowsthattherearesomeexcellentjournal articlesonthesubject,buthisuniversityssmalllibrarydoesntcarrythejournalsinwhichthe articlesappear.Karlhasonlyafewdaysuntilhemustgivethespeech;whatshouldhedo? A) Karlshoulduseinterlibraryloantoseeifhecanlocatetheneededjournalarticles. B) Karlwaitedtoolatetostarthisresearch,sohellhavetousesomethingelseinsteadofthe journalarticles. C) KarlshouldsubstituteWebsiteinformationforthejournalarticles,becausematerial fromtheWebismoreaccurateandcurrentthanpublishedjournalarticles. D) Karlshoulduseafull-textdatabase,likeLexis/Nexis,toattempttolocatecompletetexts ofthejournalarticles. Answer: D
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26) DanwasusingAltaVistaonthewebtofindsourcesonthehistoryofLatinAmericandance. Whenhetypedinthatphrase,heendedupwithalistof10,000finds.WhatdidDanfailtodo? A) HeshouldhavelimitedhishitsbyusingaBooleansearch. B) Heshouldnothaveusedthewordhistoryinhissearch. C) Heshouldhavestartedinthelibraryratherthanontheweb. D) Heshouldhaveusedadifferentsearchengine. Answer: A


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27) MaxwasusingtheInternettofindsourcesonparasailing.Hefoundseveralinteresting articles,butnoneofthemcontainedadate,author,orpublishingorganization.Whatshould Maxdo? A) Ifthearticlehasinterestinginformationthatisapplicabletohisspeech,useitanyway. B) Disregardthosesourcesandcontinuelookingformoresourcesthataredocumented. C) Createanauthoranddatethatseemsreasonable. D) Printthewebpageoutandattachittohisspeechdocuments. Answer: B


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28) AdrianusedprimarilyWebsourcesforhisinformativespeechaboutguncontrol.However, hisover-relianceontheWebsitesponsoredbytheNationalRifleAssociationcausedhis speechtobeslantedinonedirection,ratherthanpresentingmultiplesidesoftheissue.Which ofthefollowingstatementsbestexplainsthissituation? A) AdrianforgotthetextsadviceaboutconsideringtheaccountabilityofaWebsitebefore relyingtooheavilyonitinaspeech. B) AdrianforgotthetextsadviceaboutdeterminingtheobjectivityofaWebsitebefore relyingtooheavilyonitinaspeech. C) Adrianshouldhavefoundmoreaccurateandcurrentinformation,sothathedidntrely ontheNRAWebsitealone. D) AdrianshouldhavemixedWebsourcesandtraditionallibraryresources,topreventbias fromemerginginhisspeech. Answer: B
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29) Oneofthedrawbacksmentionedinthetextbookofusingbooksassourcesis________. A) theyareheavytocarryaround B) theinformationisnotusuallyasreliableasarticlesinjournals C) becauseittakesalongertimetopublishabook,theinformationinthemmaybedated D) theinformationisnotasreliableasawebsite Answer: C


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30) JanawouldliketofindarticlesforherspeechinjournalssuchastheHarvardBusinessReview andManagementQuarterly.Whereisthebestplaceforhertostartlookingforpossiblearticles onhertopic? A) hardcopyorCDRomperiodicalindices B) thecardcatalogue C) asearchengineontheWorldWideWeb D) governmentdocuments Answer: A


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31) Toddfoundacitationtojournalarticlethatheiscertainwillhelphiminhisspeech;however, hislibrarydoesnotcarrythatparticularjournal.HowshouldToddgoaboutfindingthe article? A) Callseverallargerlibrariesaroundthecountrytoseeiftheyhaveit. B) UsetheInterlibraryLoanserviceinhislibrary. C) Giveupandfindadifferentsource. D) Seeifhecanfindthejournalinabookstore. Answer: B


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32) Ahypotheticalillustration________. A) willgenerallytendtolessenthespeakerscredibility B) shouldbepresentedasthoughitweretrue C) isacceptableifthespeakermakesitclearitisnotarealillustration D) usuallyborestheaudience,soshouldnotbeused Answer: C


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33) Theprimaryadvantageofillustrationsis________. A) theyoffersolidproofofthepointyouwanttomake B) audiencesenjoylisteningtostories,soyourspeechismoreinteresting C) youcanjustmakeupstoriesifyoucantfindothermaterials D) theyaretheprimarymeansofbuildingspeakercredibility Answer: B


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34) Descriptionsandexplanations________. A) shouldbeusedasmuchaspossibleinthespeech B) tellastorythatyouraudiencewillfinditeasytorelateto C) arebestwhendrawnoutandlengthy D) arebestwhenusedsparinglyandkeptbriefandconcrete Answer: D


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35) Whatformofsupportingmaterialisbeingusedinthefollowingquestion?Ifmanystates profitfromtheinstitutionofalottery,whycantourhomestatedothesame? A) anextendedanalogy B) afigurativeanalogy C) aliteralanalogy D) anoperationaldefinition Answer: C


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36) Whichofthefollowingisanimportantguidelinefortheuseofstatisticsinaspeech? A) Usereliable,currentsourcesforyourstatistics. B) Interpretastatisticinordertoproveapointinyourspeech. C) Useasmanystatisticsasyoucanfindbecausetheyenhancecredibility. D) Reportastatisticdowntothelastdecimalpoint,tobethoroughandaccurate. Answer: A


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37) Sourcesshouldbecitedinyourspeech________. A) iftheyarefromvisualsyoucreated B) ifthefactiswidelyavailableinothersources C) ifyouusedirectquotesorparaphrasedinformation D) ifyouareusingananalogy Answer: C


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38) InherspeechaboutracisminAmerica,Selenausedthefollowing:JustlikeMartinLuther Kingsaidthreedecadesago,Ihaveadream;IhaveadreamtodayIalsohaveadreamthat racismwillendinmylifetime,whatformofsupportingmaterialwassheusing? A) aliteraryquotationfromMartinLutherKingsfamousspeech B) aliteraryanalogy,becauseSelenacomparedracismtodaywithracismthreedecadesago C) expertstatistics,becauseMartinLutherKingwasanexpertonracism D) abriefillustrationaboutracismnow,versusthreedecadesago Answer: A


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39) Frankisspeakingtoagroupwhohasaverydifferentculturalbackgroundthanhis.What recommendationsshouldFrankusewhenplanninghisspeechsoitwillbeadaptedtohis audience? A) Frankshouldlimithisuseofexamplesforthisaudience. B) FrankshouldNOTusevisualaidstohelpillustratehistalk. C) Frankshouldlimithisuseofillustrations. D) Frankshouldaskfortipsandstrategiesfromreliableaudiencemembersbefore preparinghispresentation. Answer: D
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40) Whencitinganauthorinyourpresentation,youshouldbecertaintodoallofthefollowing EXCEPT A) makesureanyauthorityyouciteisactuallyanauthorityonthesubject. B) makesureyouciteauthoritieswhoshareyourbiases. C) makesureyouexplaindissentingpointsofview. D) makesureyouciteauthoritiesaccurately. Answer: B


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41) Beingaudience-centeredmeansthatyoushouldnotgiveaspeechthatyouraudiencewould disagreewith. Answer: FALSE


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42) Researchshowsthatifyoufeelnervous,theaudiencecanusuallyspotnervousgesturesora shakyvoice. Answer: FALSE


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43) Mostpublicspeakersbecomeprogressivelymorecomfortablewhentheyspeak. Answer: TRUE


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44) Ifyouexperiencespeakinganxiety,itisagoodideatopracticegivingpublicpresentations. Answer: TRUE


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45) Thepurposeofaspeechinwhichyouseektochangetheattitudesofyouraudiencetoward theuseofgeneticallyalteredcropswouldbetoinform. Answer: FALSE


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46) Itisappropriatetobeginthegeneralpurposeofyourspeechwiththephrase,Attheendof mypresentation,theaudiencewill... Answer: FALSE


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47) Acentralideashouldbewritteninadeclarativesentenceandreflectasingletopic. Answer: TRUE


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48) Agoodcentralideausesabstractlanguage. Answer: FALSE


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49) Thepeopleyouknowcanbegoodsourcesofsupportingmaterial. Answer: TRUE


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50) Everythingyouincludeinyourpresentationshouldsupportyourcentralidea. Answer: TRUE


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51) Itisagoodideatousemanydefinitionsinyourspeech. Answer: FALSE


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52) Thespecificpurposeofyourpresentationisneverstatedinthepresentationitself. Answer: FALSE


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53) Illustrationsaregoodtouseassupportingmaterialbecausetheytellastorythatgetsthe audiencesattention. Answer: TRUE


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54) Illustrationscanbejustashortwordorphrase. Answer: TRUE


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55) Adefinitionbyclassificationisoneinwhichyouplaceawordinageneralcategory,then differentiateitfromotheritemsinthecategory. Answer: TRUE


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56) Anoperationaldefinitionisoneinwhichyoucomparethewordtootherthingsthatare similartoit. Answer: FALSE


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57) Thehumanmindislikeafilingcabinet,isanexampleofaliteralanalogy. Answer: FALSE


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58) Comparingthetraitsofahousecattothetraitsofaleopardisaliteralanalogy. Answer: TRUE


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59) Whenusingstatisticsinaspeech,itisimportanttogivetheaudiencetheentirenumber,rather thanroundingitoff. Answer: FALSE


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60) Theprimarypurposeoflaytestimonyistostirtheaudiencesemotionsbyhelpingthem identifywiththeaverageperson. Answer: TRUE


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Booleansearch Callnumber Cardcatalogue Directory Hyperlink Periodical Periodicalindex Searchengine

61) AWebsearchthatletsyouenclosephrasesinparenthesissothatyousearchislimitedtothe specificwordsorterms. Answer: A


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62) Ahighlightedwordorgraphiconawebpagethatwilldirectyoutoaspecificsite. Answer: E


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63) Thenumericalcodebywhichbooksareorganizedinalibrary. Answer: B


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64) Apopularmagazineorprofessionaljournal. Answer: F


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65) AnInternetsitethatofferstheuserevermorespecificcategoriesthroughwhichtosearchthe web. Answer: D


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66) Afileofinformationaboutthebooksinalibrary,maybeanindex -cardfileoracomputerized system. Answer: C


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67) Alistingofbibliographicaldataforarticlespublishedinagroupofmagazinesand/orjournals duringagiventimeperiod. Answer: G


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. Classification Description Figurativeanalogy Hypotheticalillustration Illustration Literalanalogy Operationaldefinition Oralcitation Statistic

68) Astatementthatprovidesawordpictureofsomething. Answer: B


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69) Astatementthatshowshowatermworksorwhatitdoes. Answer: G


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70) Astoryoranecdotethatprovidesanexampleofanidea,issue,orproblemthespeakeris discussing. Answer: E


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71) Adefinitionconstructedbyfirstplacingaterminthegeneralclasstowhichitbelongsand thendifferentiatingitfromallothermembersofthatclass. Answer: A


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72) Acomparisonbetweentwoseeminglydissimilarthingsthatsharesomecommonfeatureon whichthecomparisondepends. Answer: C


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73) Anexamplethatmightrealisticallyhappen,buthasnotreallyoccurred. Answer: D


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74) Acomparisonoftwosimilarthings. Answer: F


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75) Thespokenpresentationofinformationaboutasource,suchastheauthor,title,and publicationdate. Answer: H


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76) Aplateletisatiny,colorlessbloodcellisanexampleofa(n)________definition. Answer: classification


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77) Laserbeamsaidsurgeonsbycuttingordestroyingdiseasedtissue,shrinkingtumors,burning offtissue,orsealingbloodvessels.Thisstatementisanexampleofa(n)________definition. Answer: operational


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78) KarlisresearchingforapresentationonWWII.Hevisitsaretirementhometovisitwith peoplewhowereadultsduringthattimeperiod.Hisinterviewsubjectsarearichsourcefor ________testimony. Answer: lay


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79) Thebroadreasonforgivingapresentationisthe________purposeofthespeech. Answer: general


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80) Whatthelistenersshouldknoworbeabletodoattheendofyourspeechisthe________ purpose. Answer: specific


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81) ________________isatechniqueusedtogeneratecreativeideas.Itisonerecommendedway tohelpyoufindatopicforyourpresentation. Answer: Silentbrainstorming


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82) Popularmagazinesandprofessionaljournalsareexamplesof________. Answer: periodicals


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83) Astatementthatmakesclearhowsomethingisdoneorwhyitexistsinitspresentofpastform isa/an________. Answer: explanation


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84) ________is/arenumeraldatathatsummarizesexamples. Answer: Statistics


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85) Whenaspeakermentionstheauthor,dateofpublication,andtitleofasourceinthespeech, thespeakerisgivinga(n)________________. Answer: oralcitation


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86) Acomparisonbetweentwothingsthatarebynaturedissimilar,butsharesomeessential commonfeatureisa(n)________analogy. Answer: figurative


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87) Brieflydiscussthreewaysthatpublicspeakingdiffersfromwrittencommunication. Answer: Publicspeakingusesmoreinformallanguagethanwrittencommunication;youuse shorterwordsandpersonalpronouns.Second,publicspeakingcannotrelyupon bibliographiesorreferencepagestoprovidebibliographicinformationonthesources. Publicspeakersmuststatethesourceinthetextofthespeech.Third,becausethe audienceforaspeechislistening,notreading,thespeakermustbeveryclear,anduse repetition.Informationthatisimportant,suchasthemainpoints,shouldberepeated severaltimestohelptheaudienceunderstandandremember.Itisalsoimportanttouse oralorganizationalcuesthathelptheaudiencefollowalong.
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88) Whatdoesitmeantobeanaudience-centeredpresentationspeaker? Answer: Beingaudience-centeredmeanstokeeptheaudienceinmindatallstagesofthespeech preparationprocess.Whenselectingatopic,narrowingitdown,selectingsupporting material,etc.theaudiencemustbetakenintoaccount.Inaddition,being audience-centeredmeanstokeepthediversityofanaudienceinmind.Thatmeans beingawareofculturalinformationthatmightnotbecomprehensible,andbeing sensitivetostereotypesortermsthatmightbeoffensivetotheaudience.


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89) Listthequestionsthatyoushouldkeepinmindwhenselectingatopic. Answer: Whoistheaudience?Whatistheoccasion?Whataremyinterestsandexperiences?


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90) Ifyouarestumpedandcannotthinkofanideaforapresentationthetextrecommendsthree approaches.Listandbrieflyexplaineachofthese. Answer: (1)Usesilentbrainstorming.Takethreeminutesandlistasmanytopicsasyoucan thinkof,withoutevaluation.Then,gobackandconsiderwhichofthepossibletopics lookpromising.(2)Scanwebdirectoriesandwebpages.Lookundergeneral categoriestoseemorespecifictopics.(3)Youcanlistenandreadfortopicideas.You canreadthenewspaper,listentothenightlynews,listentofriends,listentotopicsin yourclasses,etc.
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91) Listatleastfiveoftherecommendedmethodsfordealingwithspeakinganxiety. Answer: (1)knowhowtoprepareaspeech,(2)beprepared,(3)focusonyouraudience,(4)focus onyourmessage,(5)giveyourselfamentalpeptalk,(6)usedeepbreathingtechniques. (7)takeadvantageofopportunitiestospeak,(8)getprofessionalhelpifyouneedit


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92) Explainthethreetypesofgeneralpurposesforpresentations.Howaretheydifferent? Answer: Toinformistodefine,describe,orexplainaperson,thing,place,orconcept.To persuadeistochangeorreinforceaudiencemembersideasorconvictions,ortourge themtodosomething.Toentertainistoamuseanaudience.


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93) Pathadtogiveaninformativespeechforhispublicspeakingclass.Hewroteashiscentral idea,Women-youcantlivewiththem,youcantlivewithoutthem,whounderstandsthem? Explainwhatiswrongwiththiscentralidea. Answer: Mostlikelythistopicdoesnottaketheaudienceintoaccount,asitisderogatoryto women.Secondly,itiswrittenasaquestion,andacentralideamustbewrittenasa declarativesentencethatparaphrasesonesingleidea.Thispossiblyhasmorethanone idea.


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94) Explaintheuseoforalcitations. Answer: Anoralcitationiswhataspeakershoulddowhenheorsheusesinformationtaken fromasource,unlessthatinformationisawidelyknownfact.Astatistic,directquote, orparaphrasefromasourceshouldbecitedbygivingtheauthor,dateofpublication, andtitle.


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95) Onceyouhavedecidedonyourcentralidea,howcansubdivideitintomainideas.Listthe threequestionstoask. Answer: (1)Doesthecentralideahavelogicaldivisions?(2)Canyouthinkofseveralreasonsthe centralideaistrue?(3)Canyousupportthecentralideawithaseriesofstepsora chronologicalsequence?


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96) Listtheninecomponentsoftheaudience-centeredpublicspeakingmodel. Answer: 1)selectandnarrowtopic(2)identifypurpose(3)developcentralidea(4.)generate mainideas(5)gathersupportingmaterial(6)organizepresentation(7)rehearse presentation(8)deliverpresentation(9)considertheaudienceateverystage


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97) Forthefollowingmainpoints,writeaspecificpurposestatement,acentralidea,andgive examplesofthreetypesofappropriatesupportingmaterialforthetopic. I. Low-carbohydratedietsarenotwellbalanced. II. Low-carbohydratedietshavenotbeenproventobeeffective. III. Low-carbohydratedietsarenotwellbalanced. Answer: Specificpurpose:attheendofmyspeech,myaudienceshouldbelievethat low-carbohydratedietsareharmful.Centralidea:Low -carbohydratedietsareharmful toyourhealth.Supportingmaterialmightincludestatisticsonsuchthingsashowmany peopleareusingthediet,orhowmuchmoneyisspentyearlyonthediets.Ifstatistics canbefoundonhowmanypeopleloseweight,howmuch,andhowlongtheykeepit off,theywouldbeeffective.Inordertomakethespeechmoreinterestingtothe audience,thespeakermightfindillustrationsthatmightconsistofpeoplewhohave storiesaboutthediet,ormaybeahypotheticalillustrationofapersontryingtostayon thediet.Experttestimonyofmedicaldoctorsormedicalresearchersmightbeeffective tomaketheargumentsbelievable.Laytestimonymighthelpmaketheargumentsclear oridentifiablefortheaudience.
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98) Attheendofmyspeechtheaudiencewillknowmoreabouttelevision.Explainwhatis wrongwiththisspecificpurpose,andthestepsoneshouldtaketowriteamoreappropriate purpose,andrewritethespecificpurposecorrectly. Answer: Thetopichasnotbeennarroweddown.Thespeakershouldmakealistofsubtopicson thegeneraltopicoftelevision,then,baseduponhis/herowninterestsandtheinterest andknowledgeoftheaudience,narrowdowntoasub-topic.Forexample,amore appropriatetopicmightbeTheimpactoftheInternetontelevision,orThe representationofLatinosontelevision.Then,thespecificpurposemightbewritten:At theendofmyspeechtheaudiencewillbeabletolistthreenewprogramsthatfeature Latinoactors.
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99) ListandexplainthesixcriteriaforevaluatingaWebsource. Answer: TheWebsourcemustbe(1)Accountable:whichmeanstheWebpageshouldinclude informationonwhowroteit,whosponsorsit,thedate,etc.(2)Accurate:theWebpage shoulddocumentitsfactswithcitations,justasaprintedsourceshoulddo.Ideally,the sourceuseshyperlinksthatallowthereadertovisittheoriginalsources.Inaddition,the Websiteshouldbefreeofmechanicalerrors;sloppinessinthatareacanindicate sloppinessincontent.(3)Objective:isthepurposeofthesponsortosupportanissue? Whatarethebiasesoftheauthor?Doesheorshestandtogainfromtakingaslanted position?(4)Dated:theWebsiteshouldincludeadateofwhenitwaspostedand updated.Asinothersources,recentdataisusuallypreferable.(5)Usability:TheWeb siteshouldnotcontainsomanycomplicatedgraphicsthatyoucannotdownloaditor useitefficiently.(6)Sensitivitytodiversity:freeofbiasagainsteithergender,any ethnic,racial,orsexualpreferencesubgroup,andagainstpeoplewithdisabilities.
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100) Definestatistics.Explainwhentheyshouldbeusedinapresentationandtheguidelinesfor usingthemeffectively. Answer: Statisticsarenumericalreportingoffacts.Theyshouldbeusedtosupportargumentsor tomakeapoint;theyaddbelievabilitytothespeaker.Whenusingstatistics,roundoff largenumbers(thishelpslisteners),usevisualaidstohelptheaudiencecomprehend them,andciteyoursources(author,title,date).


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101) Differentiatebetweenliteralandfigurativeanalogies,giveanexampleofeach,andexplainthe recommendationsforusingthem. Answer: Afigurativeanalogyisacomparisonbetweentwoseeminglydissimilarthings.For exampleyoucouldsay,Mymotherslovewashedovermelikeawave.Aliteral analogyisthecomparisonoftwosimilarthings.Forexampleyoucouldcomparean appletoapear.Whenusinganalogiesitisimportanttoremembertocomparetwovery similarthingswhenusingaliteralanalogy.Also,makethesimilaritybetweenthetwo objectsveryclearwhenusingafigurativeanalogy.
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VOLUME4

Chapter4.2: OrganizingandOutliningYourPresentation
1) Whattypeoforganizationalpatternisreflectedinthesemainpoints? I. Asayoungchild,J.R.R.Tolkienandhisyoungcousinsinventedalanguagecalled Nebosh. II. Asacollegestudent,J.R.R.TolkieninventedseverallanguagesinfluencedbyWelshand Finnish. III. Bythetimehepublishedtheworksoffictionforwhichheisfamous,J.R.R.Tolkienhad inventedanumberofElvishlanguages. A) chronological B) spatial C) topical D) problem-solution Answer: A
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2) Ifyouwanttoinformanaudienceaboutthreeequallyriskybehaviorsrelatedtocontracting HIV,whichorganizationalpatternwouldworkbest? A) spatial B) topical C) chronological D) problem-solution Answer: B


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3) Janineorganizedherthreestatisticsonorgantransplantsaccordingtotheirsignificance.She savedherclincherpointabouthoweasyitistoindicateyourwillingnesstodonateby signingthebackofyourdriverslicenseforthelastpointbeforeherconclusion.What organizationalprincipledidJaninedemonstrateinthisspeech? A) complexity B) specificity C) primacy D) recency Answer: D


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4) Maxinedevelopsaspeechinwhichhermainideasincludethefollowing: I. Fuelemissionsfromcarsresultsinpollution. II. Drivingalternativefuelvehicleswillhelpdecreasethepollution. WhattypeoforganizationalpatternisMaxineusing? A) topical B) chronological C) spatial D) problem-solution Answer: D
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5) J.P.wantstodevelopapresentationaboutthefivebasesofinterpersonalpower(legitimate, reward,coercive,expert,andreferent).Histopicwouldbebestsuitedforwhattypeof organizationalpattern? A) topical B) spatial C) chronological D) cause-and-effect Answer: A


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6) Nicolewasplanningaspeechadvocatingthepositionthatallstudentsberequiredtotaketwo yearsofaforeignlanguagepriortograduation.Shewasfairlycertainthatmostofthepeople inherclasswereagainstherposition.Shefeltthatthestrongestargumentshehadforthis audiencewasthevalueofthisskillwhenseekingemployment.Shedecidedtopresentthat argumentasherfirstmainpoint.WhatprincipleisNicoleusing? A) recency B) complexity C) primacy D) specificity Answer: C
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7) StephenwasplanningaspeechontheenvironmentalimpactoftheeruptionofMt.St.Helens. Heplannedtoorganizehisspeechbystartingattheareaimmediatelyaroundthecone,move toadiscussionoftheareasdirectlyeastofthemountain,thenmovecounterclockwisetothe northandwestofthemountain.Whattypeoforganizationalpatternwasheusing? A) chronological B) spatial C) topical D) cause-and-effect Answer: B


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8) Lavernemakestheclaiminherpersuasivespeechthatunregulatedcarsinmajorurbanareas contributetothedepletionoftheozonelayer,anddepletionoftheozonelayercontributesto globalwarming.Whichtypeoforganizationalpatternisreflectedinthisexample? A) cause-and-effect B) topical C) problem-solution D) spatial Answer: A


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9) ChriswantstogiveaspeechonthelifeofHarryTruman.Hewantshismainpointstodiscuss Trumanschildhood,hiscollegeyears,andhisadultyears.Whattypeoforganizational patternisChrisusing? A) topical B) chronological C) cause-effect D) problem-solution Answer: B


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10) Foryourpersuasivespeechonassistedsuicide,youdecidetofirstprovideahypothetical exampleofaterminallyillpatientwhorequestedassistancewithbringingabouthisown death,thentotalkaboutthecurrentstateofthelawscoveringassistedsuicide.Which organizationalstrategydoesthisplanreflect? A) complexity B) specificity C) primacy D) softtohardevidence Answer: D
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11) Inhisspeechonvaryingexplanationsofhowtheearthcameintoexistence,Eduardobegins withopinions,movestoinferences,andusesscientificfactsinsupportofhislastpoint.What principleofsupportingmaterialorganizationisEduardoreflectinginhisspeech? A) primacy-recency B) softtohardevidence C) complexity D) thespecificityprinciple Answer: B


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12) InDarylsspeechonfootball,hetellstheaudienceintheintroductionthatheisgoingto discussthehistoryofthesport,someoftherules,andthebenefitsofplayingfootballon cardiovascularfitness.WhattypeofsignpostisDaryldemonstrating? A) atransition B) aninitialpreview C) aninternalsummary D) anfinalsummary E) anexternalsummary Answer: B
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13) Adriannasays,Next,wewilldiscussthestepstobecomecertifiedandremaincertifiedin CPR:enrollinthecourse,attendthecourse,andkeepyourcertificationuptodatebytaking thecourseagain.Thisisanexampleofa(n)________. A) initialpreview B) internalpreview C) internalsummary D) finalsummary Answer: B


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14) AsJeromereachedhisthirdandfinalpointofhisspeech,hepauseddramaticallyandmoved aboutthreefeettowardhisleftbeforecontinuing.ThisexampledescribesJeromeusinga/an ________. A) nonverbaltransition B) verbaltransition C) internalpreview D) finalsummary Answer: A


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15) Afterdoingasurveyofhisclass,RyandecidedhisdiscussionofTeslasdeathraydevice wouldbedifficultforhisaudiencetofollow.Oneofthewaysheadaptedtothiswasto paraphraseandrepeatvitalinformationattheendofeachmainpoint.WhatdevicewasRyan usinginhisspeech? A) internalsummary B) transition C) preview D) finalsummary Answer: A
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16) Inaspeech,Rebeccasaid:Thus,youshouldnowunderstandthethreemost-recommended methodsforenhancingyourabilitytorecallpeoplesnames:therepetitionmethod,the word-associationmethod,andthevisualimagerymethod.Ihopethatyouwillputthese methodsintopracticeandthatyouwillremembermynamethenexttimeyouseemeinthe hall.Thankyou.WhatdeviceisRebeccamakinguseofinherspeech? A) atransition B) apreviewstatement C) aninternalsummary D) afinalsummary Answer: D
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17) Beforemovingtoyournextpointinyourpresentationyousay,Wehavediscussedwhat sleepdeprivationisandwhyitcanbeaproblemforcollegestudents.Thisisanexampleof a(n)________. A) internalpreview B) internalsummary C) initialpreview D) finalsummary Answer: B


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18) Wordsorphrasessuchasnext,finally,inconclusion,first,second,inadditionare referredtoas________. A) internalsummaries B) internalpreviews C) verbaltransitions D) nonverbaltransitions Answer: C


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19) Youhavegainedyouraudiencesattention,introducedyourspeechtopic,previewedyour mainpoints,andgivenyouraudienceareasontolistentoyourspeech.Nextyoutransition intoyourfirstpoint.Whathaveyouleftoutofthisspeechintroduction? A) Nothing;youhaveincludedallofthenecessaryelementsofaneffectiveintroduction. B) Youhaveoverlookedthepreviewstatement. C) Youhavenotincludedtheproofofyourcredibility. D) Youhavenotincludedyourspecificpurpose. Answer: C


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20) InTedsspeechonsurfing,heistryingtodecidewhetherornottotelltheaudienceinhis introductionthathehasbeenasurfersincehewasjustakid.Hewondersifthiswillhelpor hurthiscredibility.Whattextbookadviceapplieshere? A) Tedshouldavoiddescribinghisexperiencewiththetopicbecausehewillappeartobea know-it-allandwillsoundcondescendingtohisaudience. B) Tedshouldgiveabrief,credibility-buildingexplanationofhisexperiencewiththetopic. C) Tedshouldgiveafullexplanationofhisexperiencewiththetopic,includingwhenhe startedsurfing,howmanyyearshessurfed,howoftenhesurfs,etc. D) Forthesakeofsuspense,Tedshouldwaituntilhisconclusiontodescribehissurfing experience. Answer: B
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21) Aspeechintroductionthatbeginswith,Didyouknowthatalightbulbhasbeeninvented thatwilllasttentimesaslongastheonesweusetoday,butthegovernmentwontletitbe marketedtothepublic?isemployingadeviceknownasa/an________. A) startlingstatement B) referencetoahistoricalevent C) personalreference D) illustration Answer: A


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22) Thestatement,TodayIamgoingtoexplaintoyouthereasonswhystretchingyourmusclesis importantduringexercise,howtostretch,andwhattoavoidwhenyoustretch.isanexample ofa/an________. A) finalsummary B) startlingintroductorydevice C) specificpurposestatement D) initialpreview Answer: D


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23) Deniceisspeakingaboutgrowingupinasingleparentfamily.Shebeginsherpresentationby tellingheraudienceaboutherfeelingswhenshewasleftoutoftheFather -DaughterBanquet andhowhermomplannedaspecialoccasionforthetwooftheminstead.Thisisanexample ofusinga________. A) referencetotheoccasion B) referencetosomethingpersonal C) rhetoricalquestion D) startlingstatement Answer: B
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24) Meghasjustfinishedcoveringherlastmainpointinherpresentation.Shetransitionsintoher conclusionbyusingareferencebacktoherintroductorystoryandthenshethanksthe audienceforlistening.Doesthisdescribeanappropriateconclusion? A) Yes;Megcreatedasmoothbridgebetweenherspeechbodyandtheconclusion. B) No;Megforgottoaddasummaryofherpointsbeforeconcluding. C) No;aspeakershouldneverthankanaudienceforlistening. D) Yes;Megprovidedclosurebytyingtheintroductionandconclusiontogether. Answer: B


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25) Intheopeningtoherspeechabouteatingdisorders,Sheilatoldthestoryofherfriendwho almostdiedofanorexia.Inherconclusion,sheremindedheraudienceofwhatallherfriend wentthroughandexplainedthatherfriendwascurrentlydoingwellinherbattleagainstthe disease.WhatstrategydidSheilause? A) Sheprovidedclosuretoherpresentation. B) Shereferredtotheoccasion. C) Sheissuedachallengetoheraudience. D) Sheurgedheraudiencetotakeaction. Answer: A
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26) Inhisspeechaboutregisteringtovote,Danexplainsthenewlegislationthatallowsvoter registrationtocoincidewithdriverslicenserenewal.Heconcludesthespeechbystatingthat anypersonwhoisnotregisteredshouldgobyseverallocationsthathehaslistedonthe chalkboardandregisterintimeforthenextelection.Finally,Danreiterates,Everyoneplease registertovote;itsyourrightandyourdutyasacitizen.Whataspectofeffectiveconclusions hasDanused? A) Apersonalreferencetohisownexperience B) Achallengetotheaudience C) Anappealtomotivatetheaudiencetorespond D) Aneffectivesummaryofmainpointsinaspeech Answer: C
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27) Averbalornonverbalsignalthatindicatesyouaremovingfromoneideatothenextisknown asa________. A) preview B) summary C) signpost D) deliverycue Answer: C


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28) Adeliveryoutline________. A) isessentiallythesamethingasapreparationoutline B) shouldcontainkeywordsanddeliveryreminders C) shouldbewrittenincompletesentenceform D) shouldcontainapurposestatement Answer: B


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29) WhataspectofstandardoutliningprocedureisNOTCORRECTinthefollowingexample? TheIronmanTriathalonincludesthreecompetitiveevents. 1. Competitorsmustswimfivemiles. 2. Competitorsbicyclefor101miles. 3. Competitorsrunforover26miles. 2. IronmancompetitionsareheldinmanydifferentlocationsintheU.S. 1. CompetitionsareheldinAtlanta. 2. TwocompetitionsareinNewYorkCity. 3. HonoluluhostsacompetitioninNovember. A) Theuseofstandardnumberingandlettering. B) Theuseofatleasttwosubdivisions. C) Theuseofcompletesentences. D) Theuseoflogicaldivisionsofanidea. Answer: A
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30) Howdothethreesubpointsinthefollowingoutlineviolatestandardoutliningform? A. Thecurrentstatusofourbloodsupplycreatesableakpicture. 1. Thereisaseriousdeletionofbloodbanksupplies. 2. Potentialdonorshavequitdonatingblood. 3. Contaminatedblood. A) Thesubpointsintheoutlinearenotallgrammaticallyparallel. B) Thesubpointsintheoutlinedonotfollowcorrectindentationstandards. C) Thesubpointsintheoutlinearenotlogicallydivided. D) OnlyRomannumeralsshouldappearinoutlines,notArabicnumbers. Answer: A
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31) EveryIshouldhaveaII,andeveryAshouldhaveaB,isrelatedtotheprincipleofoutlining concernedwith________. A) makingheadingsparallel B) subdivisions C) standardnumbering D) usingcorrectindentation Answer: B


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32) Yourdeliveryoutlineshould________. A) usecompletesentences B) includeanabbreviatedformouryourintroductionandconclusion C) notincludeyoursources D) includeyourpurposestatement. Answer: B


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33) Itisrecommendedthatyoutransferyourdeliveryoutlinetonotecardsbecause________. A) itwillhelpyoubecomemorefamiliarwiththeinformation B) notecardswillnotrustlelikepaperincaseyouarenervous C) notecardsareeasiertoorganize D) notecardscancontainremindersaboutdelivery E) Alloftheabovearereasons. Answer: E


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34) ForherpresentationtotheBoardofDirectors,Juanitadecidesthatshewillspeakfroman outlinethatincludesherpurposestatement,anabbreviatedintroductionandconclusion, supportingmaterialandsignposts.Accordingtothetextbook,isthisadvisable? A) No,becauseincludingsupportingmaterialcanbeoverwhelming. B) No,becausenosignpostsareincludedinthisoutline. C) Yes,becausealltheinformationsheneedsisincluded. D) No,becauseadeliveryoutlineshouldnothaveapurposestatement. Answer: D


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35) Fredhasalwaysbeenanervouspublicspeaker,butthistimehesgoingtoprepareanoutline thatwillreallyhelphimcalmhisnervesandbuildhisconfidence.Whenheprepareshis deliveryoutline,heshouldincludeallthefollowingEXCEPT A) writingouthisentireintroductionandconclusion. B) theuseofsinglewordsandshortphrases. C) hissupportingmaterialandsignposts. D) theuseofastandardoutlineform. Answer: A


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36) ReminderssuchasLouder,Gesture,Slowdown,writtenonthedeliveryoutlineina differentcolorofinkareknownas________. A) signposts B) deliverycues C) nonverbaltransitions D) deliveryprocedures Answer: B


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37) Whatisthedifferencebetweenapreparationoutlineandadeliveryoutline? A) Preparationoutlinesincludesources;deliveryoutlinesdonot. B) Preparationoutlinesincludesignposts;deliveryoutlinesdonot. C) Preparationoutlinesarelessdetailedthandeliveryoutlines. D) Preparationoutlinesincludeyourspecificpurpose;deliveryoutlinesdonot. Answer: D


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38) Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueconcerningdeliveryoutlines? A) Youmaywriteoutyourfirstsentencewordforwordtomakeyoufeelmorecomfortable. B) Donotincludeyourcentralidea. C) Includeyourpurposestatement. D) Writeyouroutlineoutexactlyasyouwillsayitsoyouwontgetlost. Answer: A


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39) WhichguidelineisNOTtrueforusingnotecardssuccessfully? A) Youshouldplanyournotecardsaccordingtologicalblocksofmaterial. B) Youshouldnumberyournotecards. C) Yournotecardscanincludedeliverycues. D) Youshouldwriteoutyourentireintroductionandconclusion. E) Youshouldwriteonlyononesideofyournotecards. Answer: D


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40) Whatisrecommendedforprovidingclosureinyourconclusion? A) usingverbalsignposts B) pausing C) slowingyourspeechrate D) BothAandB E) A,B,andC Answer: E


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41) Whenyouorganizeaspeechbyexplainingthestepsofaprocessintermsofwhatoccursfirst, second,third,andsoon,youareusingachronologicalorganizationalpattern. Answer: TRUE


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42) Ifyourmainpointsdiscusssomethingthatneedstobechanged,thenoffersaplanfor changingit,theyareorganizedwithatopicalpatternoforganization. Answer: FALSE


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43) Organizingyourpointsbyputtingthemostimportantonefirstisusingtheprincipleof primacy. Answer: TRUE


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44) Ifyouarespeakingtoahostileaudienceandyoubeginwithamainpointthatyouknowwill besomethingtheywillagreewith,youaremakinguseoftheprimacyprinciple. Answer: TRUE


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45) Whenyousupportamainpointbybeginningwiththecomplexideasandmovingtothemore simpleones,youareusingthecomplexityprinciple. Answer: FALSE


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46) Describingthepartsofagolfclubfromtoptobottomisanexampleofaspatialpatternof arrangement. Answer: TRUE


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47) Aspeakerwhodiscussestheconsequencesofbingedrinking,thenthecontributingfactors,is usingaproblem-solutionpatternoforganization. Answer: FALSE


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48) Adeliveryoutlineusescompletesentencesthroughouttheoutline. Answer: FALSE


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49) Theideathatyouhavesavedyourbestpointtobeusedasyourlastpointillustratesthe theoryofprimacy. Answer: FALSE


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50) Bothyourgeneralandspecificpurposecanbeusedasguidesforyourchoiceofan organizationalpatternforyourpresentation. Answer: TRUE


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51) Aninitialpreviewisusuallygivenintheintroduction. Answer: TRUE


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52) Usingbothaninternalpreviewandaninternalsummaryisprobablytooredundantformost audiencesandshouldonlybeusedinverylongspeeches. Answer: FALSE


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53) PhraseslikeInaddition,Inotherwords,andInsummaryareexamplesofverbal transitions. Answer: TRUE


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54) Ifyouhaveusedinternalsummariesinyourspeech,itisnotagoodideatoalsouseafinal summary. Answer: FALSE


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55) Thetextbookrecommendswritingtheintroductionofyourspeechbeforeyoubeginwriting thebody. Answer: FALSE


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56) Accordingtotherulesofsubdivision,ifyouhaveanAonanoutline,thenyouneedaB. Answer: TRUE


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57) Astartlingstatisticcanbeagoodwaytogaintheaudiencesattentioninyourintroduction. Answer: TRUE


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58) Theveryfirstthingyoushoulddoinyourspeechisgivetheinitialpreview. Answer: FALSE


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59) Donotreferbacktotheintroductioninyourconclusion;thatonlyborestheaudience. Answer: FALSE


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60) Directquotescanbecompletelywrittenoutonadeliveryoutline. Answer: TRUE


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Cause-effect Chronological Complexity Primacy Problem-solution Recency Spatial Topical

61) Arrangingideasfromthesimpletothemorecomplex. Answer: C


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62) Ideasarearrangedaccordingtoalogicalornaturalorder,accordingtothespeakers discretion. Answer: H


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63) Ideasarearrangedbyfirstdiscussingthingsthatareunsatisfactory,thenbyofferingaplanto correctthem. Answer: E


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64) Ideasarearrangedfollowingatimesequence. Answer: B


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65) Ideasarearrangedfromtoptobottom,lefttoright,orsomesimilarpatternbasedonlocation. Answer: G


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66) Ideasarearrangedbytalkingaboutthesituationandtheresultingevents. Answer: A


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. Closure Hardevidence Preview Primacy Recency Signpost Softevidence Summary TopicalOrganization

67) Startingwithyourmostconvincingorleastcontroversialidea. Answer: D


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68) Arrangingideasfromtheleasttothemostimportant. Answer: E


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69) Arecapofwhathasbeensaid. Answer: H


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70) Averbalornonverbalsignalthatthespeakerismovingfromoneideatothenext. Answer: F


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71) Factualexamplesandstatistics. Answer: B


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72) Afeelingofcompletion,accomplishedwiththeendingofaspeech. Answer: A


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73) Arrangingideasfromthestrongestorleastcontroversialtotheweakest,ormostcontroversial. Answer: D


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74) Supportingmaterialsuchashypotheticalillustrations,inferences,andopinions. Answer: G


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75) Astatementofwhatistocome. Answer: C


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76) Whenyouselectandorganizethemainpointsofspeechaccordingtothesequenceofeventsin whichtheyoccur,youareusinga(n)________organizationpattern. Answer: chronological


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77) Whenyouarrangeyourideasfromtheleasttothemostimportant,youareusingtheprinciple of________. Answer: recency


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78) Garyplannedtodiscussthemedievalweaponsbydescribingthreetypesofswordsused duringthatperiod.Ifhediscusseseachtypeofswordasamainpoint,hewouldbeusinga(n) ________organizationalpattern. Answer: topical


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79) Themethodofarrangingideasfromthestrongestorleastcontroversialtotheweakestormost controversialutilizestheprincipleof________. Answer: primacy


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80) Developingapointbymovingfromthesimplestideastothemostcomplicatedideasutilizes theprincipleof________. Answer: complexity


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81) The________organizationalpatternusesmainpointsthatarediscussedinorderasthey appearbylocationorposition. Answer: spatial


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82) Aspeechthatdiscussesthelowpercentageofvotersturningoutforthepastlocalelectionand thenmovesontosuggestthepossibilityofInternetvotingisusingtheorganizationalpattern of________. Answer: problem-solution


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83) AhypotheticalstoryillustratingwhatlifewaslikeduringtheGreatDepressionwouldbean exampleof________evidence. Answer: soft


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84) AstatisticillustratingtheprevalenceofthespreadofSevereAcuteRespiratorySyndromeisan exampleof________evidence. Answer: hard


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85) Wordssuchaslouder,slowdownwrittenonyournotecardsareknownas________. Answer: deliverycues


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86) Brieflydefinethethreeorganizationalpatternsforinformativepresentations. Answer: Achronologicalpatternisoneinwhichthemainpointsfollowatimesequence.The mainpointsareorganizedfromwhatoccursfirst,towhatoccursnext,etc.The topical organizationpatternfollowsalogicalorcategoricaldivision;thatis,thetopicfallsinto naturalcategoriesthatdonotfollowatimeorspatialsequence.Thespatial organizationpatternfollowsageographicalspace,suchastoptobottom,northto south,etc.
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87) Brieflyexplainthecauseandeffectandproblemandsolutionorganizationpatterns. Answer: Thecauseandeffectorganizationalpatterndiscussesthesituationanditscausesorthe situationanditseffects.Theproblemandsolutionorganizationpatterndiscussesthe problemthendiscusseshowtheproblemcanbesolved.


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88) Givethreerecommendationsforgainingtheaudiencesattention. Answer: Answerswillvary.Theanswerscouldbeanyofthefollowing.Usinganillustration (hypotheticaloractual),posingarhetoricalquestion,citingastartlingfactorstatistic, usingaquoteorahumorousstory,referencetoahistoricalevent,usingananalogy, referringtoapersonalexperience,referringtoanoccasion,orreferringtosomething saidbytheprecedingspeaker.


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89) Whatistheprincipleofrecency?Howmightitbeusedeffectively? Answer: Therecencyprincipleiswhenthespeakerusesthestrongestargumentlast,withthe ideathatheorshewillleavetheaudiencewiththemostimportantideastothinkabout.


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90) Whatistheprincipleofprimacy?Whenmightitbeusedeffectively? Answer: Theprimacyprincipleiswhenthespeakerdecidestopresentthebestargumentsfirst. Thismightbedoneifheorshebelievestheaudiencewillbeunfriendlyorhostiletohis orherproposition,andwantstodevelopcommongroundwiththeaudiencebefore bringingupideastheywillbesuretodisagreewith.


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91) Explaintheprincipleofspecificity. Answer: Specificityisamethodoforganizingsupportingmaterialinwhichyougroupyour supportinoneoftwoways.Eitheryougroupyourspecificinformationandofferit first,followedbyyourgeneralexplanationormakeageneralexplanationfirstand followitupwithspecificillustrations.


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92) Whatshouldanintroductionaccomplish? Answer: Anintroductionshouldgainattention,introducethetopic,givetheaudienceareasonto listen,establishyourcredibility,andpreviewyourmainideas.


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93) Whatshouldaconclusionaccomplish? Answer: Aconclusionsshouldsummarizethespeech,re-emphasizeamainideainamemorable way,motivatetheaudiencetorespond,andprovideclosure.


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94) Brieflyexplainthenotionofcredibilityasitappliestopublicspeaking. Answer: Credibilityishowbelievableanaudienceperceivesaspeakertobe.Itcanbeenhanced byaspeakerwhoisorganized,wellprepared,andwhomentionspersonalexpertisein thespeech,especiallyintheintroduction.


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95) Listfourofthefivesuggestionsthetextgivesforwritingyourdeliveryoutline. Answer: Usesinglewordsorshortphraseswheneverpossible.Includeyourintroductionand conclusioninabbreviatedform.Includesupportingmaterialandsignposts.Donot includeyourpurposestatement.Usestandardoutlineformat.


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96) Youhavebeenaskedtogiveaspeechdescribingyourcollegecampus.Writemainpoints (eitherphrasesorfullsentences)forbothatopicalandaspatialorganizationalpattern. Answer: Answerswillvary.Thetopicaloutlinemightincludeplacesoncampus(Thelibrary,the union,theadministrationbuilding)orpointsbasedonfunctionssuchasclasses,student life,research,andsportsfacilities.Thespatialoutlinemightexplainthecampusfrom northtosouth,orbyenteringinthemainentrance(oranyparticularentrance)and movingclockwiseorcounterclockwise.)


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97) Explainthestandardoutlineformatandcreateanexample.Whatadvantagesdoesitofferthe speaker? Answer: AstandardoutlineusesstandardnumberingthatusesRomanandArabicnumeralsand upperandlowercasenumbersfollowedbyperiods.Forexample,thefirstpointisa RomannumeralI.,followedbysubdivisionsofA.,B.,C.,etc.Thesesubdivisionscanbe furtherdividedusingArabicnumeralsof1.,2.,and3.,withtheirsubpointsindicatedby lowercaselettersofa.,b.,c.,etc.Anappropriateoutlinewouldlooklikethis: Firstmainidea A. FirstsubdivisionofI. B. SecondsubdivisionofI. 1. FirstsubdivisionofB. 2. SecondsubdivisionofB. II. Secondmainidea Eachpointshouldhaveatleasttwosubdivisions(notone).Allpointsshouldbe grammaticallyparallel. Theadvantageitoffersthespeakeristoshowtherelationshipamongvariousideas, subpoints,andsupportingmaterialintheirpresentation.
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98) Discussmethodsaspeakercanusetoassisthisorherlistenersbypresentingtheinformation inthespeechinaclear,organizedmanner. Answer: First,themainpointscanbeorganizedbyusingafamiliarpattern,suchas chronological,spatial,ortopical.Mostaudiencesfindthesepatternsfamiliarandeasyto understand.Second,thespeakercanmakeuseofpreviews,summaries,andsignposts. Thesehelpthelistenerunderstandthroughrepetitionandclearlypointtothe relationshipsamongthedifferentpartsofthespeech.Theuseofpreviewsand summariesalsohelpssimplifycomplexideas.
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99) Whatarethedifferencesbetweenapreparationoutlineandadeliveryoutline?Discussspecific itemsthatshouldbeincludedonboth. Answer: Apreparationoutlineservesthepurposetohelpthespeakerworkthroughexactly whatheorsheplanstoaccomplish,andhow.Inaddition,thepreparationoutline allowsthestudenttotestthespeechforcompleteness,unity,coherence,andoverall effectiveness.Inaclassroomsituation,thisalsoservesthepurposeoflettingthe instructorbetterunderstandwhatthestudentplanstodo.Thepreparationoutline shouldincludesupportingmaterial,standardoutliningformat(indentation,correctuse ofnumbering,logicalsubdivisions,etc.)Thepurposeandthecentralideashouldbe writtenatthetopoftheoutline.Thepreparationoutlinemightalsobeusedtoinitially practicethespeech. Adeliveryoutlineistheonethespeakerwillbeusingduringthespeech;itshouldbe usedformostofthepracticesessions.Thepurposeistoenhancethespeakersdelivery byprovidingenoughinformationtoserveasamemorycue,butnotsomuchtobe distractingduringthespeech.Itshouldnotincludethespecificpurposeorcentralidea butshouldincludeanabbreviatedformoftheintroductionandconclusion.Keywords shouldbeusedratherthancompletesentences.Supportingmaterialandsignposts shouldbeincluded.Promptsordeliverycuesmayalsobeincluded.
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100) GiventhetopicofobesityintheUnitedStates,developproblem-solutionandacauseand effectoutlineswhichlistyourmainpoints. Answer: Answerswillvary. Problem-and-Solution I. ThefirstpartoftheproblemisthatAmericansconsumealargeamountoffatty foodswhichleadstoobesity. II. Secondly,obesitycausesdisease. III. Inordertosolvetheseproblemspeopleshouldconsumeawell -balanceddietand exercise. Cause-and-Effect I. Peopleareeatingunhealthyfoods. II. Peoplefailtofollowaregularexerciseregimen. III. Thislackofactivityandunhealthydietleadstoobesitywhichhasmany consequences.
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101) Analyzethefollowingintroduction.Discussthestrongpointsanddrawbacksofthe introductionaswritten.Rewritetheintroductiontomakeitmoreeffective. I. HiImSuzieandwillbediscussingtheeffectsofT.V.violenceonchildren. II. Someday,manyofyouwillhavechildren,andmanyofyouhaveyoungersiblings,sothis topicwillhaveadirectimpactonchildrenweknowandlove. III. Ireallydontknowmuchaboutthistopic,butIthoughitwouldbeinterestingtodiscuss. IV. Wewilldiscusstheproblemswithtelevisionviolenceandsolutionstothisevergrowing problem. Answer: Thestrongpointsarethatshetriestorelatethetopictoheraudienceandpreviewsthe problemandsolutionformat.ThedrawbacksarethatSuzieforgottoincludean attentiongettingdevice.Next,shealsodidnotcreateasenseofcredibilitywithher thirdstatement.Answerswillvaryintherewritingoftheintroduction.
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102) Howmightculturehaveaninfluenceonthewayyouorganizeyourpresentation? Answer: WhilemostU.S.audienceswillbefamiliarandcomfortablewithalinearanddirect organizationalpattern,thiswillnotbetrueforpeopleofallcultures.Aspeakermustbe awareandsensitivetootherorganizationalpatternsthatmaybefamiliartoaudiences ofothercultures.Thesemayincludeamorecircuitousrouteofillustrationsorparables orapatternofmovingfrombasicprinciplestofactsandillustrationsthataregradually relatedtoamainpoint.Bybeingawareofthesedifferences,aspeakerhastheabilityto adapttodiverseaudiencesandappreciatespeakersfromothercultureswhomayutilize adifferentorganizationalpattern.
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VOLUME4

Chapter4.3: PresentingYourSpeech
1) Whichmethodofdeliveryisaspeakerusingwhenheorshewritesouttheirspeechwordfor wordanddeliversitfromthattext? A) manuscriptspeaking B) memorizedspeaking C) extemporaneousspeaking D) impromptuspeaking Answer: A
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2) Whichofthefollowingsuggestionsaremadeforusingmanuscriptspeeches? A) Usemanuscriptspeakingwhenyoudonthavemuchopportunitytoprepare. B) Usemanuscriptspeakingwhenyouhavetospeakonasensitive,critical,orcontroversial issue. C) Usemanuscriptspeakingwhenyouwanttodeliveraspeechinformally. D) Usemanuscriptspeakingwhenyouhavelittlepriorspeakingexperience. Answer: B


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3) Afewminutesremainintheclassperiod.Theteacherassignsastudenttostandbeforethe classandgiveabriefspeechoneffectivestudyhabits.Whatmethodofdeliveryisusedinthis situation? A) memorizedspeaking B) extemporaneousspeaking C) manuscriptspeaking D) impromptuspeaking Answer: D


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4) Accordingtothetextbook,thedeliverystylethatisappropriatetomostcircumstancesis ________. A) manuscriptspeaking B) memorizedspeaking C) extemporaneousspeaking D) impromptuspeaking Answer: C


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5) Kamalaiswell-preparedforherpresentation.Asshepresentsherfirstpoint,shenoticesthe confusedlooksfromheraudiencemembers.Sheclarifiestheconfusingconceptandquickly adaptstomeetheraudiencesneeds.Sheismostlikelyusingwhattypeofdeliverymethod? A) manuscript B) memorized C) impromptu D) extemporaneous Answer: D


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6) Craigsteachersuggeststhatheusethewordbaritonesaxophoneratherthanmusical instrumentinhisspeech.WhichprincipleofeffectiveverbaldeliveryisCraigsteacher pointingouttoCraig? A) usespecific,concretewords B) useunbiasedwords C) usevividwords D) usecorrectwords Answer: A


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7) Insteadofsimplysaying,Thedogsleptonthechair,Emilysaid,Thelethargicdachshund snoozedcontentedlyontheoverstuffedarmchair.Thisbestillustrateswhatprincipleof effectiveverbaldelivery? A) useunbiasedwords B) usevividwords C) usesimplewords D) usecorrectwords Answer: B


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8) Whichofthefollowingistrueofeffectiveverbaldelivery? A) Vivid,complexstatementsarebestforcommunicatingaccuracyandpower. B) Themoregeneralyourwords,thebettereveryonewillbeabletounderstand. C) Simplewordscancommunicateaccuracyandpower. D) Usethethesaurustofindwords,soyouwillsoundwell-educated. Answer: C


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9) Tomspersuasivepresentationadvocatedincreasingpenaltiesforjuvenileoffenders.Inhis conclusion,Tomscalltoactionforhisaudiencewas,Ifyouthinkweshouldhavestiffer penaltiesforjuvenileoffenders,thenwriteyourcongressman.Whichguidelinedoesthis disregard? A) Thelanguageistoodramaticandislikelytoinciteanegativeemotionalresponsein listeners. B) Usingthetermcongressmanasagenericforallpersonsincongressisabiased,sexist practice. C) Thelanguageisntvividenoughtoarousetheattentionofanaudience,nortomovethem toaction. D) Thelanguageisntvivid,norisitsimpleenoughforanaudiencetounderstand. Answer: B
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10) InhisspeechBobsaid,Sheandmewenttothemovies.WhatcouldBobsgrammaticalerror communicatetohisaudience? A) Bobisunabletocraftvivid,engaginglanguage. B) Bobonlyknowshowtousesimplewords. C) Bobmayappeartobelackingcredibility. D) Bobappearsnottocareabouthisaudience. Answer: C


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11) Inaspeechaboutpreparingoneselfforthedeathofalovedone,Ambermaderepeated referencetothemarchingofFatherTime.Shehopedtocreateasenseofdramaforher audience,whileatthesametimegettingthemtoseriouslyconsiderherpoints.Whatfigureof speechdidAmberuseinherpresentation? A) personification B) simile C) hyperbole D) alliteration Answer: A
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12) Whatfigureofspeechisreflectedinthestatement,Familyloyaltyistheverylifeblood,the verybackboneofoursociety? A) metaphor B) hyperbole C) alliteration D) simile Answer: A


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13) Rev.JesseJacksonsays,Wemustrelateinsteadofdebate;wemustinspireinsteadofretire; andwemustrepairinsteadofdespair.Rev.Jacksonisusingallofthefollowingstylistic devisesEXCEPT A) repetition. B) antithesis. C) parallelism. D) simile. Answer: D


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14) Thestylisticdevicesofomission,inversion,andsuspensionaremethodsusedto________. A) achieveasenseofdramainaspeech B) bemoreabstractinlanguageusage C) createcadenceinlanguagerhythm D) avoidtheuseofbiasedlanguage Answer: A


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15) Toaddasortofpoetictouchtohisspeechoninspirationalteachers,Ralphdescribedhis favoritehighschoolteacherasaninspirationunequaled,ageniusunrivaled,anda comedianunbridled.Whatstylistic,dramaticdevicedidRalphemploy? A) omission B) inversion C) suspension D) antithesis Answer: B


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16) Acommercialforaninternationalairlineusesupbeatmusicandvividimagesofexotic animalsandbeautifulscenery.Italsoincludesthefollowingstatement,Thishome,thisland, thisAfrica.Whichelementofdramaticlanguageiseffectivelyemployed? A) repetition B) inversion C) omission D) antithesis Answer: A


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17) Thestatement,Nowisthetimefordetermination,decisiveness,anddedicationemploys whatlinguisticdevice? A) antithesis B) alliteration C) repetition D) parallelism Answer: B


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18) Icecreamisasweetindulgence,butithasbitterconsequences,isanexampleof________. A) inversion B) asimile C) repetition D) antithesis Answer: D


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19) Parallelism,antithesis,andrepetitioncanallbeusedtocreate________inapresentation. A) drama B) cadence C) vividdescription D) discourseconsistency Answer: B


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20) AllthefollowingarerecommendationsontheuseofgesturesEXCEPT A) youshouldvaryyourgestures. B) withculturallydiverseaudience,usefewergestures. C) whenspeakingtoalargeaudience,useboldandmoredramaticgestures. D) useasmanygesturesaspossiblesolongastheyarenaturalandnotforced. E) yourgesturesshouldbedefinite. Answer: D


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21) Whichofthefollowingisarecommendationforeyecontact? A) Lookprimarilytothecenteroftheroom. B) Memorizeyourspeech,soyoucanmaintaineyecontact. C) Establisheyecontactbeforeyousayanything. D) Lookpastyourlistenersifyouarenervous. Answer: C


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22) Whatcriteriadoesthetextofferforusingmovementduringyourpresentation? A) Movearoundasmuchaspossible. B) Nomovementisbetterthanrandom,distractingmovement. C) MostAmericanaudiencesexpectacertainamountofdistance,sostaybackbythe lectern. D) Spontaneous,unmotivatedmovementisrecommended Answer: B


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23) Whichofthefollowingisarecommendationforyourposturewhengivingapresentation? A) Itsappropriatetoslouchslightlyifyouregivinganinformalpresentation. B) Ifyouaregoingtositduringapresentation,sitinachairthatdoesnotelevateyouabove youraudience. C) Itsacceptabletoleanonthelectern. D) Avoidsittingduringapresentation. Answer: D


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24) Whichofthefollowingisarecommendationforimprovingyourvolume? A) Increaseratherthanloweringyourvolumetoemphasizeanimportantidea. B) Findyouroptimalvolumefortheroom,andbeconsistentwithit. C) Avoidusingamicrophone;itcanmakeyourvoicesoundunnatural. D) Importantideascanbeemphasizedbyeitherturningyourvolumeupordown. Answer: D


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25) Changingthepitchofyourvoicetohelpcommunicatethemeaningofyourwordsiscalled ________. A) gestures B) rate C) inflection D) articulation E) rehearsal Answer: C


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26) Inusingastationarymicrophone,thetextbookrecommendsthatyou________. A) standasstillaspossiblesoyourvoicewillbepickedupbythemicrophone B) keepyourmouthaboutthesamedistancefromthemikeatalltimes C) movearoundasmuchasyouneedto;themicrophonewillpickupyourvoice D) practicebeforeyouspeakwiththetypeofmicrophoneyouwilluse E) BothBandDareappropriaterecommendations. Answer: E


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27) Aspeechstylecommontoanethnicgrouporageographicregionisknownasa(n)________. A) language B) accent C) dialect D) lingo Answer: C


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28) Whatdoesyourtextbookrecommendregardingvocalrate? A) Maintainaconstant,steadyratethroughoutyoupresentation. B) Speakatarateof200to250wordsperminute. C) Varyyourratetoaddinterestandemphasizekeyideas. D) Speakingslowlyispreferabletospeakingtoofast. Answer: C


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29) TomaswasaskedtospeaktohislocalRotaryClub.Fromwhathecouldlearnabouttheclub, themembershipwasmadeupofprofessionalswhoattendedontheirlunchhourinbetween otherbusinessappointments.WhenTomaswenttospeak,heworehisfavoritesweaterand somejeans.Whatadvicedoesyourtextofferwhendecidingifthiswasappropriate? A) Alwaysdressasformallyaspossible. B) Neverdressmoreformallythantheaudienceisdressed. C) Yourdressshouldconformtotheaudiencesexpectationsfortheoccasion. D) Wearwhatyouaremostcomfortablewearing. Answer: C
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30) ReginasdemonstrationspeechtopicwasThreeWaystoImproveAmateurPhotography.In thisspeech,Reginashoweda35mmcamera,usedachartwithanenlargeddiagramofthe maincomponentsofthecamera,andthenshowed4 6photographssomegoodandsome witherrorstotheaudience.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesReginas useofvisualaidsinthisspeech? A) Reginaselectedandhandledallofhervisualaidsexpertlyinthisspeech. B) Reginashouldnothavebroughtthecamera;thediagramwassufficient. C) Reginashowedgoodaudienceandenvironmentalanalysisinheruseofvisualaids. D) Reginashouldhaveenlargedthephotographssotheaudiencecouldclearlyseethem. Answer: D
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31) Patriciashowedavideoclipfromapopularmovietoherclassof24studentsatthebeginning ofherfiveminutepresentation.Thecliplastedapproximatelyaminuteandahalfandwas shownonatelevision.Wasthisagoodidea? A) Yes;videocreatesaudienceinterestinyourpresentation. B) No;sheprobablyneededtoprojectitonalargescreentoaccommodatepeoplesittingon thebackrow. C) No;videooftenbreakstheflowofapresentation. D) No;theclipwasprobablytoolonginproportiontothelengthofherpresentation. Answer: D
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32) Shawnaplannedtodemonstratethetwo-stepforoneofherinformativespeechesandneeded apartnertomakethedemonstrationbesuccessful.Whichimportantguidelineshouldshe considerwhenusingpeopleasvisualaids? A) Otherpeopleshouldnotbeusedwhenyouaregivingaspeech. B) Itwillbemoreeffectivetohaveapartner. C) Ifshewantstouseapartnersheshouldhavethemrehearsewithheraheadoftime. D) Theotherpersonwillhelptakesomeoftheattentionoffher,thusdecreasingher apprehension. Answer: C
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33) Onherwaytopublicspeakingclass,Delaneydecidedtoaddonelastvisualaidtoherspeech. Wasthisagoodidea,accordingtoyourtextbook? A) Yes;themorecreativethevisualaids,thebetterthespeechwillbe. B) Yes,ifDelaneywerecertainthatthevisualaidwouldmakeadifference. C) No,becauseDelaneydidnthaveachancetorehearsewiththenewaid. D) No,becausetheextravisualaidwouldmakeDelaneysspeechrunovertime. Answer: C


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34) Howardtapedpicturesofrainbowsallaroundtheroom,asvisualaidsforhisspeech.He neverreferredtothepictures,butsimplycreatedanatmosphereforhispresentation.Wasthis aneffectiveuseofvisualaids,accordingtotextbookguidelines? A) Yes;thepicturescreatedthekindofmoodthespeakerwanted. B) Yes,butonlybecausetheywerelargeenoughfortheaudiencetosee. C) No;becauseyoushouldexplainyourvisualaids,notjustshowthem. D) No,becausethereweretoomanyofthemtocreateanykindofeffect. Answer: C


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35) Inapersuasivespeechonloweringtuition,Alvarowantedtodiscussthevarioussourcesfor theuniversitysoperationbudgetsuchastuition,stateaid,federalaid,privatedonations,and endowments.Inordertopresenttheinformationasapercentageofoverallincome,whichof thefollowingvisualaidsshouldhechoose? B) apiegraph C) abargraph D) aflipchart A) alinegraph Answer: B
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36) Inapersuasivespeechonloweringtuition,Alvarowantedtocomparethetuitionpaidby studentsatvariousstateuniversitiesinhisstate.Inordertopresenttheinformationclearly, whichofthefollowingvisualaidsshouldhechoose? A) alinegraph B) apiegraph C) abargraph D) aflipchart Answer: C


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37) Inaspeechonthecharacteristicsofadiamond,Kelleyusedaneaselandaseriesoflarge photographsattachedtoafoamboardtoillustrateherpoints.Whenshebeganherspeech,she hadthetoppictureturnedover,sotheaudiencecouldnotseeit.Asshediscussedeach characteristic,sheuncoveredthephotographappropriatetoit.Whichguidelineforusing visualaidswassheusing? A) Keepyourvisualaidssimpleandtothepoint. B) Timeyourvisualstocontrolyouraudiencesattention. C) Polishyourvisualaids. D) Usetechnologythoughtfully. Answer: B
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38) Delindusthoughtthathewouldbedramaticandimpresshispublicspeakingclasswithhis speechonairpollution.Hedecidedtousemiceinaclosedjartoillustratehowairpollutionis slowlykillinghumanbeings.Butduringthespeech,henoticedthataudienceattentionwason thejarofmice,ratherthanonhimasthespeaker.WhatguidelinedidDelindusignore,with regardtousingvisualaids? A) Useanimalswithcautionasvisualaidsinaspeech. B) Donotusedangerousorillegalvisualaids. C) Timeyourvisualaidstocontrolyouraudiencesattention. D) RememberMurphysLaw. Answer: A
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39) Bernadettewasgivingaspeechonhybridcars.Shedecidedtousethesmall,colorbrochures shehadfromthecardealerforherpresentationbecausetheyhadexcellentpicturesofthe vehicles.Whatproblemmightthispresent? A) None.Shecanpracticewithhervisualaidsjustasshewouldusetheminthespeech. B) None.Thisisaneffectivemethodofshowingthepictures. C) Sheshouldusethembecausetheyareprofessionallyprepared. D) Peopleintheaudiencewillbedistractedbypassingthebrochuresaround. Answer: D


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40) Accordingtothetextbook,theextemporaneousstyleofspeakingistheappropriatestylefor mostsituationstoday. Answer: TRUE


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41) Whenusingtheextemporaneousstyle,thetextbookrecommendsthatyoupracticeyour speechenoughtimessothatyoucandeliveryitfluently. Answer: TRUE


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42) Thewordreggaeismoreconcretethanthewordmusic. Answer: TRUE


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43) Beforethehurricane,therushofpeopleleavingNewOrleansforBatonRougewasasmighty asthestormsurgethatwasapproachingwiththewind.Thissentenceisanexampleof personification. Answer: FALSE


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44) Omissionisadramaticdeviceinwhichthespeakerleavesoutawordorphrasetheaudience expectstohear. Answer: TRUE


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45) Parallelismisadramaticdeviceinwhichtwosentencesorphrasescontrastwitheachother. Answer: FALSE


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46) Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsinaphraseorsentencedescribestheuseofalliteration. Answer: TRUE


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47) Accordingtoyourtextbook,itisbetterforaspeakertousenomovementthantouserandom, distractingmovement. Answer: TRUE


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48) ItisNOTappropriatetousemovementandgestureswhendeliveringamemorizedor manuscriptspeech. Answer: FALSE


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49) Thetextbookdoesnotrecommendpracticingyourspeechwithavideocamera,asthistendsto makethespeakeroverlyself-conscious. Answer: FALSE


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50) Thelavalieremicrophonerequiresaspeakertopaycarefulattentiontowhereheorshestands. Answer: FALSE


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51) Theterminflection.isdefinedasspeechstylecommontoanethnicgrouporgeographic region. Answer: FALSE


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52) Mostspeakersaveragebetween180and250wordsperminute. Answer: FALSE


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53) Whenusingadrawingasavisualaid,donotusetoomuchdetail,asitwouldbecome distractingtotheaudience. Answer: TRUE


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54) Abargraphisaneffectivewaytorepresenthowasetofdataisdividedproportionately. Answer: FALSE


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55) Alinegraphisavisualaidthatisusedtoshowtrendsoveraperiodoftime. Answer: TRUE


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56) Asageneralrule,addingnumerousPowerPointslidesmakesapresentationmoreinteractive. Answer: FALSE


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57) Usecomputergeneratedgraphicswheneverpossibletoimpressyouraudience. Answer: FALSE


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58) Whenyouhaveanobjectthatistoosmalltobeseen,passitaroundtheaudiencesotheycan haveacloserlook. Answer: FALSE


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59) Itisusuallybesttoarrangeallyourvisualaidsinfullviewoftheaudiencebeforeyoubegin yourspeech. Answer: FALSE


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Matchthesetermstothedefinitionsgivenbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. Antithesis Cadence Drama Inversion Metaphor Omission Personification Simile Suspension

60) Adramaticdeviceinwhichthespeakerleavesoutawordtheaudienceexpectstohear. Answer: F


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61) Anovertcomparisonbetweentwothingsthatusesthewordlike oras. Answer: H


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62) Withholdingakeywordorphraseuntiltheendofthesentence. Answer: I


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63) Reversingthenormalwordorderofaphraseorsentence. Answer: D


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64) Theattributionofhumanqualitiestoinanimatethingsorideas. Answer: G


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65) Animpliedcomparisonbetweentwothings. Answer: E


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66) Therhythmofspeech. Answer: B


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67) Suspensecreatedbyphrasingsomethinginawaythatdiffersfromthewaytheaudience expects. Answer: C


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Matchthesetermsorconceptswiththeircorrectdefinitions. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. Alliteration Antithesis Articulation Concretewords Correctwords Parallelism Repetition Unbiasedlanguage Vividlanguage

68) Atwopartparallelstructureinwhichthesecondpartcontrastsinmeaningwiththefirst. Answer: B


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69) Usingthesamegrammaticalstructurefortwoormoreclausesorsentences. Answer: F


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70) Theprocessofproducingspeechsoundsdistinctlyandclearly. Answer: C


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71) Therepetitionofinitialconsonantsinaphraseorasentence. Answer: A


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72) Emphasizingakeywordorphrasebyusingitmorethanonce. Answer: G


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73) Usingcolorfulwords Answer: I


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74) Describesanaction,object,orcharacteristicinthemostspecificwaypossible. Answer: D


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75) Awordthatdoesnotstereotypeordiscriminateagainstasexual,racial,cultural,orreligious group. Answer: H


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76) ________speakingisadeliverystyleinwhichthespeakerreadsfromawrittentext. Answer: Manuscript


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77) ________speakingisadeliverystyleinwhichthespeakerusesanoutlineandhasrehearsed thepresentationsothatitcanbedeliveredinafluentmanner. Answer: Extemporaneous


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78) ________speakingisadeliverystyleinwhichthespeakerhaslittleornotimetoprepare,and simplyspeaksoffthecuff. Answer: Impromptu


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79) Animpliedcomparisonbetweentwothingsisa(n)________. Answer: metaphor


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80) Anovertcomparisonbetweentwothingsthatusesthewordlike orasis a(n)________. Answer: simile


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81) ________isafigurativedeviceinwhichaspeakerattributeshumanqualitiestoinanimate ideasorthings Answer: Personification


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82) Movementsofthehandsandarmsareknownas________. Answer: gestures


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83) Theabilitytovaryyourpitchisknownas________. Answer: inflection


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84) Aspeechstylecommontoanethnicgrouporgeographicalareaisa________. Answer: dialect


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85) Avisualaidthatgivesapictorialrepresentationoftrendsoveraperiodoftime,suchasthe relationshipbetweentwosetsofdata,isa(n)________. Answer: bargraph


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86) Whatiscadence?Discussthefourwayssuggestedbyyourtextforcreatingcadenceinyour presentation. Answer: Cadenceistherhythmoflanguage.Stylisticdevicesthatproducecadencehelpthe presentationbememorableforthelisteners.Thetextrecommendsusing parallelism whichoccurswhentwoormorephraseshavethesamegrammaticalpattern; antithesis whichiswhentwosimilarsentencestructurescontrastwitheachother;repetition whichemphasizesakeywordorphrasebyusingitmorethanonce;and alliteration whichistherepetitionofaninitialconsonantsoundseveraltimesinaphraseor sentence.
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87) Whatismanuscriptspeaking?Whenshoulditbeused,andwhatarethreesuggestionsfor usingitwell? Answer: Manuscriptspeakingisreadingaspeechfromapreparedtext.Itshouldbeusedwhen thespeakerisinasituationthatrequirescarefulwordingofthespeech,suchaspolitical situationsrequiringsensitivityandtactfulness,oraformalsituationthatrequiresmore eloquence.Suggestionsforgivingmanuscriptspeechesinclude (1) typeyourspeechinshortphrasesontheupper2/3ofthepaper, (2) improveyoureyecontactbytakinginanentiresentenceatatime, (3) donotreadthemanuscripttooquickly.Useaslashmark(/)orsomeothersymbol toremindyoutopauseinstrategicplaces. (4) varytherhythm,inflection,andpaceofyourdeliverysothatthepresentationdoes notsoundread (5) andusegesturesandmovementtoaddnonverbalinterestandemphasis.
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88) Whatismemorizedspeaking?Whenshoulditbeused,andwhatarethreesuggestionsfor usingitwell? Answer: Memorizedspeakingiswhenthespeakerwritesoutthepresentation,thencommitsitto memory.Itshouldbeusedwhenexactwordingisrequired,whenthespeakerhastime tocommitittomemory,andifexacttimelimitsarenecessary.Suggestionsincludenot todeliveryourspeechtoorapidly,avoidrepetitiouspatternsinyourvoice;practice vocalvarietythroughtheuseofrecordings,andusegesturesandmovementtoadd interestandemphasis.
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89) Whatisimpromptuspeaking?Whenshoulditbeused,andwhatarethreesuggestionsfor usingitwell? Answer: Impromptuspeakingiswhenthespeakerdoesnothavemuchadvancepreparation, andmustspeakoffthecuff.Suggestionsincludetoconsideryouraudiencesinterests, expectations,andknowledge;bebrief(onetothreeminutes);organize-usean introduction,body,andconclusion;drawuponyourownpersonalknowledgeand experience;usegesturesandmovement;andbeawareofthepotentialimpactofyour communication.
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90) Whatisextemporaneousspeaking?Whenshoulditbeused,andwhatarethreesuggestions forusingitwell? Answer: Extemporaneousspeakingisthedeliveryofapreparedspeechfromafewnotesina deliveryoutline.Thespeechitself,althoughpreparedandrehearsed,willbeworded slightlydifferenteachtime.Toprepare,itisrecommendedthatthespeakerusea full-contentoutlinewhenbeginningtorehearse,thenmovetoadeliveryoutlinebased onfewernotesasyourehearse.Donottrytomemorizethespeechwordforwordbut continuetovarythewayyoupresent.Asyoudeliveryourspeech,adapttoyour audience;andmakeuseofgesturesandmovementsthatarisenaturallyfromwhatyou aresaying.
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91) Explaintheconceptofusingwordswellaspartofeffectiveverbaldelivery. Answer: Youwanttocarefullychoosewords,phrases,andsentencesthataccuratelyand effectivelycommunicateyourmessageinamemorableanddistinctivestyle.Themost effectivewordsarespecificandconcrete(wordsthatrefertoanobjectoractioninthe mostspecificwaypossible),unbiased(wordsthatdonotoffendanygroupandcreate goodwill,oravoidoffendingyouraudience),andvivid(wordsthataddcolorand interesttoyourspeech).Wordsshouldalsobesimpleandunderstandableand certainly,correctwordsshouldbeusedtodemonstrateaspeakerspreparationand credibility.
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92) Explaintheeffectiveuseofthethreecomponentsofphysicaldelivery. Answer: Thethreecomponentsaregestures,movement,andposture. Gesturesarehandandarmmovementsusedduringspeaking.Gesturesshouldbe conversationalandnaturalyetdefinite.Itisimportantthatyourgesturesbevaried,not overdone,andappropriatefortheaudienceandsituation. Movement(thechangeoflocationduringapresentation)shouldbepurposefuland consistentwiththeverbalportionofyourmessage.Speakerscanadapttothephysical surroundingstogetclosertotheiraudienceandshouldalsoadapttothecultural expectationsofaudiencemembers. Posture,orthespeakersstance,isalsoimportantbecauseitmayreflectonyour credibility.Speakersshouldavoidslouching,shiftsinweight,ordroopingtheirheads. Inaninformalpresentation,itmaybeappropriatetoperchontheedgeofadeskor stoolbutnottositorlean.Yourpostureshouldreflectyourinterestandattentionto youraudienceandyourpresentation.
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93) Whatrecommendationsdoesyourtextbookmakefortheeffectiveuseofeyecontactbya speaker? Answer: Inthisculture,eyecontactisencouraged.Studieshaveshownthatspeakerswhouse directeyecontacthavemorecredibility,andlistenerslearnmorefromthem.Itis suggestedthatyouestablisheyecontactwithyouraudiencebeforeyousayanything, maintaineyecontactduringyouropeningsentence,andestablisheyecontactwith peoplethroughoutyouraudience,notjustinsomeareas.Donotlookovertheheadsof theaudienceanddonotbreakeyecontactwithyouraudiencebyturningawaywhen usingvisualaids.
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94) Listfiveoftheeightguidelinesfor using presentationaidseffectively. Answer: (1)rehearsewithyourpresentationaids(2)maintaineyecontactwithyouraudience, notyourpresentationaids(3)explainyourpresentationaids(4)timeyourpresentation aidstocoincidewithyourdiscussionofthem(5)donotpassaroundsmallobjects, pictures,oritems(6)usehandoutseffectively(7)usesmallchildrenandanimalswith caution(8)usetechnologytoenhanceyourpresentationnotforitsownsake.
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95) Explaintheimportancethatfacialexpressioncanhaveinyourdelivery. Answer: Facialexpressionistheuseofthefacialmusclestocommunicate.Itplaysakeyrolein expressingyourthoughts,moods,andattitudes.Yourfacialexpressionswillsetthe toneforyourpresentation,evenbeforeyoubegintospeak.Theyshouldbeappropriate foryourmessage.Facialexpressionscanbeenhancedbyrehearsingyourspeechin frontofamirrororbyvideotapingyourrehearsal.Evaluatewhetherornotyourfaceis reflectingtheemotionaltoneofyourideas.


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96) Inawell-developedessay,nameanddefinethefourdeliverystylesrecommendedbythe textbook.Whatfactorsshouldbetakenintoaccountwhenaspeakerconsiderswhichstyleto use? Answer: (1)Themanuscriptspeechisaspeechthatisreadfromatext.Mostpeoplearenot skilledatthistypeofdeliveryandsounddullandmonotonous,soitshouldonlybe usedwhennecessary.Thebiggestreasonforusingamanuscriptspeechisthatitallows forplanningofexactwording.Thisissometimesdesirableinaveryformalsituation,or whenthesituationistenseorsensitive,andthespeakercannotaffordtoerr.(2) Memorizeddeliveryissimilartomanuscript,exceptthespeechiscommittedto memory.Itshouldonlybeusedifthespeakerhasplentyoftimetocommitthespeech tomemory.Italsoallowsforexactwording,andhastheaddedbenefitthateyecontact, gestures,andmovementmaybeenhanced.(3)Extemporaneousdeliveryiswhenthe speakerusesonlybriefnotes,preferablyinadeliveryoutline,fordeliveringthespeech. Itshouldbeusedundermostcircumstances;thedeliveryismorenaturalandis preferredbymostaudiences.Italsoallowsthespeakertoadapttotheaudience,(4) Impromptuspeakingisspeakingoffthecuffandisusedwhenaspeakerhaslimited timetoprepare.Itrequiresafocusontheaudienceandtheabilitytoorganizeabrief (onetothreeminute)presentationthatdrawsheavilyonthespeakersexperienceand knowledge.
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97) Yourfriend,Vincent,asksforyouradviceonpolishinghisspeech.Hehasresearchedand organizedhisspeechwell,andpracticeditenoughtofeelcomfortabledeliveringit,butfeels heneedshelpwithhislanguagechoicestomakeitmoreinterestingandmemorable.What advicemightyougivehimconcerningfigurativelanguage,drama,andcadence?Explainat leastonedeviceineachofthosecategories. Answer: Figurativelanguagecreatesinterestbecauseitdeviatesfromtheordinary,expected meaningsofwords.Tousefigurativelanguage,usemetaphors,similes,or personification.Ametaphorisanindirectcomparison.Asimileisacomparisonusing likeoras.Personificationisgivinganobjectorideathecharacteristicsofaperson. Dramacreatesinterestinaspeechthroughcreatingsuspensebywordingthingsinan unexpectedway.Dramamaybecreatedthroughomission,inversion,orsuspension. Omissionisleavingoutawordorphrasethattheaudienceexpectstohear.Inversionis reversingthewordorderofasentenceorphrase,andsuspensioniswithholdingakey wordorphraseuntiltheendofthesentence.Cadenceistherhythmofthespeechthatis createdthroughverbaldevices.Cadencemaybecreatedthroughparallelism,antithesis, repetition,oralliteration.Parallelismiswhenthegrammaticalstructureofseveral phrasesorsentencesisconsistent.Antithesisisatwo-partparallelstructureinwhich thesecondpartcontrastsinmeaningwiththefirst.Repetitionisemphasizingakey wordorphrasebyusingitmorethanonce.Alliterationisrepeatingtheinitialsoundof severalwordsthatareincloseproximitytoeachother.
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98) Inaspeechaboutdevelopingeffectivestudyhabits,yourclassmateGeorgehasconsidered usingvisualaidstoenhancehisaudiencesretentionofhisinformation.Thusfarhehas selected(1)achartsummarizingbasicstepsofcreatinganappropriatestudyenvironment;(2) avideoofastudygroupworkingonpreparationforanexamand(3)abook.Inawell developedessay,identifytheguidelinesforusingeachtypeofvisualaidhehasselected. Answer: Answerswillvary.Possibleanswersincludegeneralguidelinesforvisualaids: (1) selecttherightvisualaid, (2) makeyourvisualaidseasytosee, (3) keepyourvisualaidssimple, (4) polishyourvisualaids, (5) rehearsewithyourvisualaids, (6) maintaineyecontactwithyouraudience,notyourvisualaids, (7) explainyourvisualaids, (8) timeyourvisualaidstocoincidewithyourdiscussionofthem, (9) donotpassitemsthroughtheaudience, (10) usehandoutseffectively, (11) andusetechnologythoughtfully. Thegoalistogetamorespecificanswerfortheparticulartypesofaidsselected. Thestepscouldeasilybeoutlinedonachart.Thechartshouldbelargeenoughtobe seenbytheentireaudience.Itcouldbetransferredtoanoverheadorinsertedintoa PowerPointslide.Itshouldbesimpleandshouldbeclearlytypedorlettered. Thevideomightbeusefultoexplainaconceptorgettheattentionoftheaudience.It shouldbeshownonascreenthatislargeenoughtobeeasilyseenbytheentire audienceandheshouldonlyusebriefclipsorexcerpts.Itshouldcomplementrather thantakeoverhispresentation. Thebookmaynotwork.Hemayuseitasaproporholdituptoshowifheisusingit asareference.Passingitamongtheaudiencememberswillbedistracting.
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99) Afterwatchingavideotapeofherspeech,Marisaconcludesthathervocaldeliveryis monotoneanddifficulttounderstand.Usingthefouraspectsofvocaldeliveryinyourtext, giveMarisaadviceonhowshemightimprovehervocaldelivery. Answer: First,Marisamightexaminethevolume ofhervoice.Wassheloudenoughtobeheard onthebackrow?Shemightalsoconsidersofteningorincreasingtheloudnessofher voicetoemphasizeimportantmomentsinherspeech.Next,sheshouldexamineher pitch,whichisthehighnessorlownessofyourvoice.Shemightaskwhetherornotshe changedherpitchatdifferentmomentsinherspeech,suchaswhensheaskeda question.Shemightpracticeexaggeratingherchangeinpitchandthentoningitdown fortheactualpresentation.Shealsoneedstoexamineherrate.Wasittoofastortoo slow?Didherratevary?Ifherratewastoofast,shemightconsideraddinginpauses toslowitdown.Shealsoneedstolookather articulationorenunciationofsounds. Wereherwordscrispanddistinctorweretheymumbledandslurred?Didshe mispronounceanywords.Shecouldslowdownandpracticesayingwordsclearlyand crisplyandthenspeeduponceshegetsthehangofit.Shecouldrecordhervoice severaltimes,listeningtoandevaluatingtheseareas.Shecanmarkhernotecardsfor hernextspeechwithdeliverycuesthatwillremindhertoincorporatetheseideas.
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100) Marcusdeliversapresentation,buthefailstouseanygestures.Youhavebeenaskedtocoach himinordertoimprovethisarea.WhatsuggestionswouldyougivetoMarcus? Answer: First,Marcuscouldsimplyfocusonhiseverydayconversation.Doeshegesture?Ifhe doesnt,hecanbegintopracticeusinggesturesineverydayconversation.Ifhedoes,he shouldsimplystartthinkingofhispresentationasaconversation.Infocusingonhis messages,hisgestureswillnaturallyflowoutofit.Ashebeginstogesture,heneedsto doitwithpurposeandconfidence.Thegesturesneedtobebigenoughtobeseen. However,theyshouldnotbesobigthattheybecomeadistraction.Next,heshouldbe carefulofusingthesamegestureoverandoveragain.Heshouldpracticeusing differentkindsofgesturesthatclearlycoincidewithwhatheissaying.Finally,he shouldconsiderhisaudience,theformalityofthespeakingsituation,andthe culture-basedexpectationsofhisaudiencesohecandecideonthemostappropriate gesturesforhisspecificaudience.
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VOLUME4

Chapter4.4: SpeakingtoInform
1) SatoshigaveaspeechexplainingthreetypesofJapanesewriting.Thisisexampleofaspeech to________. A) inspire B) persuade C) entertain D) inform Answer: D
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2) Aspeechtoinformisoneinwhich________. A) allofthesupportingmaterialconsistsofdescriptionandillustrations B) youenhancetheaudiencesknowledgeandunderstanding C) visualaidsaretheprimarymeansofcommunication D) yourprimarypurposeittoamuseyouraudience Answer: B


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3) Apresentationabout________wouldbeaspeechaboutaprocedure. A) typesofsurfboards B) howtoperformasearchontheInternet C) threedifferentbreedsofdogs D) featuresonadigitalcamera Answer: B


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4) Aspeechthatdescribeshowsomethingworks,oraprocessofhowaparticularoutcomeis produced,isaspeechabouta/an________. A) idea B) procedure C) object D) event Answer: B


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5) Whenteachingaprocess,itishelpfultofollowtheacronymT -E-A-C-H,whichstandsforthe following________. A) train,explain,administer,cooperate,help B) teach,example,apply,communicate,hear C) tell,example,apply,coach,help D) tell,explain,attribute,coach,hear Answer: C


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6) Tiffanypresentedaninformativespeechonthecognitivetheoryofstimulation.Whattypeof informativespeechwasthis? A) aspeechaboutanidea B) aspeechaboutaprocedure C) aspeechaboutanobject D) aspeechaboutanevent Answer: A


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7) Oneofthemethodsusedtomakeyourpresentationinterestingisto________. A) buildinredundancy B) reinforcekeyideasnonverbally C) paceyourinformationflow D) useattentioncatchingsupportingmaterial Answer: D


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8) MasayukigaveaspeechonwaysthehighcontextvaluesarereflectedintheJapaneseculture. Histhreemainpointswerethelanguage,thegift-givingcustoms,andthevisualarts.Which patterndidheusetoorganizehisspeech? A) topical B) spatial C) chronological D) complexity Answer: A


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9) Aneffectivemethodforhelpingyouraudiencerelatenewinformationtooldisto________. A) useanalysis B) useanalogies C) usevividlanguage D) pacetheflowofinformation Answer: B


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10) Eachofthefollowingisrecommendedasamethodtomakeyourpresentationinteresting EXCEPT A) usinganactionpackedstory. B) usingeventsandissuesimportanttoyouraudience. C) buildinredundancy. D) presentingaclashofideas. Answer: C


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11) Descriptionsthatappealtoyoursensesare________. A) rhetoricalstatements B) presentationaids C) wordpictures D) metaphors Answer: C


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12) Mattywasbeginningherpresentationbytellingafunnystoryaboutatimeshehad embarrassedherself.Byusingthisapproach,Mattywasusing________. A) vividlanguagetodescribetheevent B) achronologicalorganizationofhertopic C) adultlearningprinciples D) humorbymakingherselfthebuttofthejoke Answer: D


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13) KellyreallypridedhimselfonhisknowledgeofBritishroyalhistory.Hehadthreemain pointsinhisinformativespeech,hisfirstbeingtheancientlineageofQueenElizabeth.Bythe timehegotthroughhisfirstpoint,fourminutesofhissix-minutetimeallotmentforthe speechhadbeenused.WhatwasKellyserrorinthissituation? A) notrelatingnewinformationtoold B) notreinforcinghiskeyideasverbally C) notreinforcinghiskeyideasnonverbally D) notpacingtheflowofhisinformation Answer: D
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14) MelissaknewthatmostofheraudienceknewverylittleaboutcreatingaPowerPoint presentation,sosherelatedherpresentationtowhatheraudiencealreadyknewaboutusing wordprocessingprograms,andtheprinciplestheyhadlearnedaboutcreatingvisualaids. Whattechniqueissheusingtomakeherpresentationclear? A) paceyourinformationflow B) relatenewinformationtooldinformation C) relatetoyouraudiencesinterests D) useattention-catchingsupportingmaterial Answer: B
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15) Learningtoskiislikelearningtodriveacar.Atfirst,everymotionseemsawkwardand self-conscious.Soon,however,themovementsbecomehabitandyoubegintonavigatethe slopeswithunconsciousease.Thisstatementisanexampleofwhichinformativedevice? A) wordpicture B) analogy C) redundancy D) humor Answer: B


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16) Whichofthefollowingisrecommendedbythetextbookwhenusinganinterpreter? A) Audiencesinmostculturesenjoyhumor,sopreparesomehumorousstories. B) Thespeechwillnottakelongerwithaninterpreter. C) Donotattempttogivestatisticsordetaileddata. D) Eventhoughaninterpreterisneeded,youshouldnotassumethatnooneintheaudience willspeakyourlanguage. Answer: D


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17) StewartwaspresentinginformationaboutthenewestinMP3players.Indescribingthe features,hecoveredthenewestandmosttechnicalaspectsofthenewplayers.What challengesmightStewartfaceinmakingsurehisaudienceunderstandstheinformation? A) Keepinghisideassimple. B) Makinghisexamplesvivid. C) Includingenoughtechnicalterminology. D) Includingenoughtechnicalexamples. Answer: A


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18) Belingwasaskedtomakeapresentationtoagroupofpoliceofficers.Forhertopic,Beling decidedtoexplainsometechniquestohelpmanagejobstress.WhattacticisBelingusingto makethepresentationinteresting? A) usingeffectivesupportingmaterials B) buildinginredundancy C) reinforcingkeyideasverballyandnonverbally D) presentinginformationthatrelatestolisteners Answer: D


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19) Courtneybeginsherpresentationtoagroupofcollegestudentsbysaying,Howwouldyou liketolearnatechniquethatwillcutyourstudytimeby50%?WhatstrategyisCourtney usingtomakeherpresentationmoreinteresting? A) usingattention-catchingsupportingmaterial B) establishingamotiveforheraudiencetolisten C) usingwordpictures D) creatinginterestingpresentationaids Answer: B


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20) Kiradescribessittingbythefireonacoldwinterday,Thewoodpoppedasthefireroared. WhattypeofwordpictureisKirausing? A) describingwhatlistenerswouldhear B) describingwhatlistenerswouldsmell C) describingwhatanobjectwouldfeellike D) describinganemotion Answer: A


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21) Whenhewasgivinghisspeech,Kevinreferredtootherstudentsintheclassbynameand sharedcommentstheyhadmadetohimpersonallyabouthistopic.WhatstrategyisKevin using? A) referringtoissuesandeventsclosetotheaudience B) usingredundancy C) usingwordpictures D) reinforcingthemeaningnonverbally Answer: A


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22) Barbiewasspeakingtoheraudienceabouttimemanagement.Aspartofherpresentation,she relatesthemidtermexamsthatstudentsaretakingtotheprinciplessheiscoveringinher presentation.Whichprincipleissheusingformakingherpresentationmemorable? A) usingmovementtoactoutpartofthestoryyouaretelling B) makingsureideasaresimpleandwelldefined C) connectinglifeexperiencewithnewinformation D) usingahumorousexample Answer: C


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23) TomgaveaspeechonOldDrum,ahistoricalstatueofadoginthelocaltownsquare.What strategyisTomusinginhisselectionoftopics? A) buildinginredundancy B) establishingamotiveforlistening C) presentinginformationthatrelatestohislistenersinterests D) reinforcingkeyideasverballyandnonverbally Answer: C


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24) WalkingthroughBatonRougeinAugustislikehavingasteamywashclothdrapedoveryour face.Thisstatementisanexampleofa(n)________. A) wordpicture B) humor C) redundancy D) presentationaid Answer: A


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25) Awordpicturehelpsmakeyourmessagemorevividandinterestingby________. A) usingconcretewords B) usingwordsthatthelistenerisfamiliarwith C) usingwordsthatappealtothesensesofsight,smell,taste,touch,orsound D) usingwordsthatrhyme Answer: C


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26) Whatdoesthetextbooksayabouttheuseofhumorinaspeech? A) Audienceshavecometoexpecthumor,soitshouldbeusedineveryspeech. B) Fictitiousstoriesareusuallybetterformakingahumorouspointthanapersonalone. C) Usingyourselfthebuttofthejokewillloweryourcredibility. D) Cartoonsandquotationsaregoodwaystointroducehumorintoyourspeech Answer: D


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27) Markheardagreatjokeaboutacomputernetworkadministrator.Hedecidedtouseitinhis speechonfinancialaidasawaytogettheaudiencewarmedup.Whenhegavehis introduction,henoticedthathisaudiencelookedsomewhatconfusedwhenhepreviewedhis mainpoints.WhattipforusinghumordidMarkfailtofollow? A) Usehumortomakeapoint. B) Makeyourselfthebuttofthejoke. C) Usecartoonsorquotes,butnotstories. D) Usehumorinthebody,butnottheintroduction. Answer: A
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28) Davidisinformingtheaudienceaboutanimpendingtuitionhike.Intheintroductionhetells theaudience,Thisaffectsallofusinthisroom;itaffectsourattitudesaboutschool,our pocketbooks,andourstresslevels.Thisstatementwasdesignedto________. A) indicatehowthetopicrelatestotheaudience B) buildredundancyintothespeechattheonset C) pacetheinformationflow D) reinforcekeyideasnonverbally Answer: A


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29) Tellthemwhatyouaregoingtotellthem,tellthem,andtellthemwhatyoutoldthemisone waytodescribetheinformativetechniqueof________. A) reinforcingkeyideasnonverbally B) buildingredundancyintothespeech C) motivatingtheaudiencetolisten D) relatingtotheinterestsoftheaudience Answer: B


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30) AndersspokeonthemountainrangesinNewMexico.Inhisintroductionhepreviewedhis mainpoints.Ashegottoeachmainpointheusedaninternalpreviewandaninternal summary.Attheendofhisspeech,hesummarizedhismainpoints.Whichstrategyfor makingyourspeechmemorabledidAndersuse? A) motivatingtheaudiencetolisten B) relatingtheinformationtotheaudience C) reinforcingideasnonverbally D) buildingredundancyintothespeech Answer: D
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31) Whatdoesthetextbooksuggestaboutbuildinginredundancyinpresentations? A) Itcouldpotentiallyboreyouraudiencebecausetheyvehearditbefore. B) Ireallyisntnecessaryforspeakerstorepeatthemselves. C) Itgivestheaudienceachancetocatchapointagainiftheyhappentomissit. D) Itshouldonlyincludepreviews. Answer: C


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32) Margariteisgivingapresentationonlisteningskillstoagroupofpeoplewhoworkforalarge corporation.Sheplansapresentationthatrevolvesaroundactivitiesthattheycanparticipate inandrelatestheseactivitiestosituationstheyencountereverydayatwork.Margariteis usingwhichofthefollowingtomakeherpresentationmemorable? B) usingadultlearningprinciples A) buildinginredundancy C) reinforcingkeyideasverbally D) reinforcingkeyideasnonverbally Answer: B
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33) Adaptingyourpresentationtoyouraudiencesin-basketrelatestowhichofthefollowing? A) buildinginredundancy B) usingadultlearningprinciples C) reinforcingkeyideasverbally D) reinforcingkeyideasnonverbally Answer: B


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34) Enriquesaid,Listencarefully,thisisthemostconvincingreasonwhylifeislikelytoexiston otherplanets.Heisusingwhichofthefollowingtechniquestomakehispresentation memorable? A) simplifyingideas B) buildinginredundancy C) usingadultlearningprinciples D) reinforcingkeyideasverbally Answer: D


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35) WhenKikoreviewedthemainpointsinherinformativespeech,shesloweddownherrateof speech,decreasedhervolume,madesuretoarticulateeachwordclearly,andpausedbetween eachpoint.WhattechniqueofmakinganinformativespeechmemorabledidKikoeffectively employ? A) establishingamotivefortheaudiencetolisten B) buildingredundancyintothespeech C) reinforcingkeyideasnonverbally D) pacingtheflowofinformation Answer: C
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36) Whengivingapresentationtoadults,itisimportantto________. A) useabstractinformation B) allowthemtobepassivelearners C) relatetheirlifeexperiencestowhattheywillbelearning D) usehumorsotheywillbeamused Answer: C


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37) Youcanreinforcekeyideasnonverballyby________. A) gesturingtoemphasizekeyphrases B) usingaphraselikeanotherimportantpointis... C) establishingamotiveforyouraudiencetolisten D) usinganinterpreter Answer: A


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38) Whenusingathesaurus,itisimportanttomakesureyou________. A) knowhowtospell B) understandthealternativewordwell C) haveusedthealternativewordalreadyinyourpresentation D) havethewordinyouractivevocabulary. Answer: B


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39) Whenchoosinganorganizationalpatternforyourpresentation,itisimportanttoconsiderthe ________. A) topicyouhavechosen B) typeofpresentationyouaremaking C) typesofsupportyouareusing D) makeupofyouraudience Answer: B


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40) Lauraspresentationcoveredthenewestmodelsinhybridcars.Aspartofherpresentation, shehadinsertedpicturesofthenewmodelsintoherPowerPointpresentation.Bydoingthis, Laurahadusedpresentationaidsto________. A) organizehermaterial B) increasetheaudiencesretention C) usehumor D) makeuseofadultlearningprinciples Answer: B


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41) Johnmadeapresentationatworkinwhichheexplainedhowtohandlecustomercomplaints. Thiswouldbeanexampleofaninformativespeech. Answer: TRUE


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42) Althoughspeakingtoinformisanancientskill,incurrenttimeswetendtohaveonlyspeeches topersuadeortoentertain. Answer: FALSE


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43) Aspeechthatisaboutanythingyoucanseeortouchisaspeechaboutanobject. Answer: TRUE


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44) Aproblem-solutionorganizationalpatternisacommonpatternforaninformativespeech. Answer: FALSE


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45) Aspeechonhowcoffeebeansareprocessedisanexampleofaspeechonaprocedure. Answer: TRUE


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46) Accordingtothetextbook,mostpresentationsaboutproceduresbeginwiththewordwhat. Answer: FALSE


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47) Ingivinganinformativespeechaboutaperson,thetextbookrecommendsincludingasmany detailsofthepersonslifeaspossible. Answer: FALSE


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48) Adultaudiencesprefertoknowhowthenewinformationisrelevanttotheirbusylives. Answer: TRUE


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49) Ifyouuseahumorousquotationfromothers,itisnecessarytociteyoursource. Answer: TRUE


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50) Paceyourinformationflowmeanstospreadthedetailsoutinyourspeech,ratherthan presentingalargenumberofsignificantdetailsallatonce. Answer: TRUE


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51) Peoplelearnnewinformationbyassociatingittowhattheyalreadyknow. Answer: TRUE


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52) Ananalogyhelpsclarifyinformationfortheaudiencebycomparingthenewinformationto somethingtheyalreadyunderstand. Answer: TRUE


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53) Accordingtoresearchcitedinthetextbook,adultlearnersprefertobeactivelyinvolvedinthe learningprocess. Answer: TRUE


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54) Awordpictureisadescriptionthathelpstheaudienceimaginethesight,sound,taste,smell, ortouchofwhatyouaretalkingabout. Answer: TRUE


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55) Accordingtothetextbook,makingyourselfthebuttofajokeisnotaneffectiveuseofhumor. Answer: FALSE


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56) Landygaveaspeechonmakingnewfriends.Shebeganbyasking,Wouldyouliketohave twonewfriendsbytheendofthesemester?Thisisanexampleofrelatingnewinformationto old. Answer: FALSE


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57) Repeatingyourmainpointsthreetimesthroughoutyourspeechistootriteandrepetitiousfor mostaudiences. Answer: FALSE


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58) Pausingjustbeforeyoumakeanimportantpointinyourspeechisanexampleofreinforcing yourkeyideasverbally. Answer: FALSE


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59) Adultlearnersprefertodealwithmoreabstractideasthathaveindirectrelevancetotheir lives. Answer: FALSE


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Matchthetypeofinformativespeechtothespecificpurposesgiveninthefollowingquestions. A. B. C. D. E. Speechaboutanobject Speechaboutaprocedure Speechaboutpeople Speechaboutanevent Speechaboutanidea

60) Attheendofmyspeech,theaudienceshouldbeabletodescribethreepossiblecausesofthe crashofTWAFlight800. Answer: D


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61) Attheendofmyspeech,theaudienceshouldbeabletoexplainfivestepstoartificially inseminatingcows. Answer: B


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62) Attheendofmyspeech,theaudienceshouldbeabletodescribethreewaysthatmosquesare differentfromchurches. Answer: A


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63) Attheendofmyspeech,theaudienceshouldbeableexplainthreeeventsthataffectedthe writingsofMarkTwain. Answer: C


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64) Attheendofmyspeech,theaudienceshouldbeabletodescribethreetheoriesofthenatureof creativity. Answer: E


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Matchtheinformativespeechstrategiestotheexamplesdescribedbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. Buildinredundancy Presentinformationthatrelatestothelistenersinterests Reinforcekeyideasnonverbally Reinforcekeyideasverbally Relatenewinformationtoold Simplifyideas Useadultlearningprinciples Useeffectiveattention-catchingsupportingmaterial Usehumor Useinterestingpresentationaids Usewordpictures

65) Johncreatescolorfuloverheadswithdiagramsofanairplanewing. Answer: J


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66) Simplifyingideas Answer: A


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67) Useattentioncatchingsupportingmaterial Answer: B


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68) Usehumor Answer: B


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69) Useadultlearningprinciples Answer: C


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70) Usewordpictures Answer: B


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71) Relatenewinformationtoold Answer: A


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72) Buildinredundancy Answer: C


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73) Jaredpreviewshismainpointsinhisintroduction,usesinternalpreviewsandsummaries,and usesafinalsummaryinhisconclusion. Answer: A


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74) Kristaleansforward,staresdirectlyattheaudience,andaudiblywhispersapointshewantsto make. Answer: D


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75) AnthonyusesphrasessuchasIhavefoundthisisthemostimportantfactorinselectinga laptopcomputer. Answer: C


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76) Stanarelateshangglidingtowhatpeoplealreadyknowaboutflyingkites. Answer: E


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77) Georgediscussesonlythemostbasicconceptsabouttheearthscrust;heknowstoomuch scientificinformationmayoverwhelmhisaudience. Answer: F


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78) Kenusesananalogytoestablishthebigpictureforhisaudience. Answer: H


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79) Dawntalkstoherclassmatesabouttuitionincreasesontheircampus. Answer: B


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80) Michaelrelatesconflictsolvingproceduresthatcanbequicklyimplementedinhisaudiences workplace;heisaimingfortheirin-basket. Answer: G


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81) EmmavividlydescribeswhatHawaiismells,looks,soundsandfeelslike. Answer: K


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82) Thegeneralpurposeforaspeechinwhichyouexplain,teach,orenhancetheknowledgeor understandingofothersisaspeechto________. Answer: inform


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83) A(n)________isacomparisonbetweentwothingsinordertohelpthelistenersrelateanew ideatosomethingthatisfamiliartothem. Answer: analogy


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84) ________arepeoplewhohavealearningstylewhopreferpractical,usefulinformationthatis relevanttotheirbusylives;theyseekinformationthatcanconnectwiththeirlifeexperiences. Answer: Adultlearners


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85) A(n)________isthevividuseofwordstodescribeasituationthatinviteslistenerstodraw upontheirsenses. Answer: wordpicture


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86) Aspeechabouta(n)________isonethatisaboutsomethingtangibleoranythingthatyoucan seeortouch. Answer: object


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87) Aspeechabouta(n)________isaspeechabouthowsomethingworks,orhowaprocess producesparticularoutcomes. Answer: procedure


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88) Aspeechabouta(n)________isoneaboutanabstractconcept,theory,orprinciple. Answer: idea


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89) Aspeechabouta(n)________isoneaboutaparticularoccurrence. Answer: event


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90) Torepeatimportantideasseveraltimesinthespeech,especiallythroughpreviewsand summaries,istoreinforceyourideasthrough________. Answer: redundancy


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91) Whenyouaddpausestoemphasizeapoint,youarereinforcingideas________. Answer: nonverbally


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92) Brieflyexplainthepurposeofspeechtoinform.Giveexamplesofatleast3specificsituations (otherthanstudentspeechesinaspeechclass)inwhichinformativespeakingiscommonly used. Answer: Aspeechtoinformisonethatexplains,instructs,orteaches.Itgivestheaudience knowledgeorunderstanding.Speechestoinformarecommonlyusedbyteachersinthe classroomwhentheylecture,onthejobwhenasupervisortrainsanewemployee,orin sportswhenacoachshowsplayershowtodoaparticularskillorimprovetheir technique.
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93) Whatarethethreesuggestionsformakingyourinformativespeechclear?Brieflyexplaineach. Answer: (1)Usesimpleideasratherthancomplexones.Limitnewideastoafew,donttryto givetoomuchcomplexinformation.Followalogicalpatternofexplanationtohelpthe listenerunderstand.(2)Paceyourinformationflow.Spreadnewinformationout.Dont coveranumberofsignificantpointsinashortperiodoftime.(3)Relatenew informationtoold.Welearnbyassociatingwhatwealreadyknowtothenew information.Thinkaboutwhatyouraudiencesknowledgeofyourtopicis,anduse analogiestointroducenewideas.
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94) Discussanyfourofthesixsuggestionsgiveninthetextbookformakingyourspeech interesting.Brieflyexplaineach. Answer: (1)Presentinformationthatrelatestoyouraudiencesinterests.Presentinformationthat thathasacloserelationshiptoyouraudience.Alsoknowingwhyyouareinterestedin thetopichelpsyoutounderstandwhytheymaybeinterested.(2)Use attention-catchingsupportingmaterial.Giveexamplesandanalogiesthatgivethebig picture.(4)Establishamotiveforyouraudiencetolistentoyou.(4)Usewordswell.Use vividlanguage,suchaswordpictures,tohelptheaudienceimagineyourtopic.(5) Createinterestingpresentationaids.Usethebestvisualaidsforaccomplishingyour specificpurpose.Moderntechnologyhasgivenusmanymorechoicesforvisualaids. (6)Usehumorwiselybyusingittomakeapoint,makingyourselfthebuttofthejoke, usinghumorousquotations,andusingcartoons.
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95) Whatareanalogies?Whatisthevalueofusingtheminyourspeech? Answer: Ananalogyisacomparisonoftwothings,oneofwhichissomethingalreadyknown thelistenerandtheotherissomethingthatisnew.Ininformativespeeches,analogies areagoodwaytorelatenewinformationtotheaudience,bycomparingittosomething alreadyfamiliar.


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96) Explaintheconceptandimportanceofusingwordpictures. Answer: Awordpictureisaphrasethatvividlydescribessomethingbyreferringtothesight, sound,smell,touch,ortastesoftheaudience.Thisgetstheaudiencemoreinvolvedand interestedbyhelpingthemimaginewhatyouarediscussing.


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97) Explaintheimportanceofredundancyinapublicspeakingsituation,andwhataspeakercan dotobuildinredundancy. Answer: Becauselistenersdonothavetheopportunitytoturnbackthepagesofyourspeech,the speakershoulduseredundancy,orrepetitionofkeyideas.Thishelpsmakethespeech memorable,becausewearemorelikelytoremembersomethingifwehearitthreetimes thanifwehearitonlyonce.Redundancymaybeaccomplishedbytellingthemwhat youaregoingtotellthem,tellthem,andtellthemwhatyoutoldthem.


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98) Thetextbookgivesfoursuggestionsfortheuseofhumorinaspeech.Brieflydiscussthreeof them. Answer: (1)Usehumortomakeapoint.Yourhumorshouldbedirectlyrelatedtoyourspecific purpose.Theconnectionshouldbecleartotheaudience.(2)Makeyourselfthebuttof thejoke.Thisisthebestwaytoavoidoffendingaudiencemembers.(3)Usequotes: quotes,proverbs,orsayingsthatarehumoroussinceyoudidntwriteityourself,you cangiveamoreobjectiveappraisalofthehumorandthesensitivity.(4)Usecartoons a goodwaytobeginaspeech.
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99) Whatarethreeofthefivepreferencesofadultlearners?Brieflyexplainhowthesepreferences couldbetakenintoaccountbyapublicspeaker. Answer: (1)tobegiveninformationtheycanuseimmediately(2)tobeactivelyinvolvedinthe learningprocess(3)toconnecttheirlifeexperienceswiththenewinformationtheylearn (4)toknowhowthenewinformationisrelevanttotheirbusylives(5)toreceive informationthatisrelevanttotheirneeds.Thispointstotheimportanceofaudience adaptation:discovertheirneedswhileresearchingyourspeech.Relatethespeechtothe interestsoftheaudience,useeffectivesupportingmaterial,usewordswell,andcreate interestingvisualaids.Relatetotheaudiencesinbasketbydiscussingtopicsthatare relevantandmeaningfultoyouraudience.
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100) Brieflyexplainthethreewaysyoucanreinforceideasnonverbally. Answer: (1)Youcanusegesturestoemphasizekeypoints.(2)Pausescanbeusedbeforeorafter keypoints.(3)Movingjustbeforeakeypointcanaddemphasis.


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101) Describewaysthatyoucanmotivateyouraudiencetolistentoyou. Answer: Youcanaskarhetoricalquestionthatstimulatestheaudiencesinterest.Youmayalso useananecdote,startingstatistic,oranotherattention-grabbingdevice.Basically,tell youraudiencehowtheinformationcanbeofvaluetothem.


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102) Whengivingapresentationaboutpeople,whattwoorganizationalpatternscouldyou possiblyuseandwhy? Answer: Youcoulduseachronologicaloratopicalpattern.Youcouldusea chronological patternandtalkaboutapersonslifebaseduponatimeline,oryoucouldusea topical patterntodiscussspecificthemesorexperiencesfromapersonslife.


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103) Giveexamplesofspeechtopicsthatcorrespondtothesefivetypesofinformativespeeches.(1) speechesaboutobjects;(2)speechesaboutprocedures;(3)speechesaboutpeople;(4)speeches aboutevents;and(5)speechesaboutideas. Answer: Answerswillvaryonthisquestion.Anobjectshouldbeatangibleitemthatcanbe touchedorseen.Aprocedureshouldexplainaprocess.Apersonshouldbeahuman being.Aneventshouldbeaparticularoccurrence,andanideashouldbeanabstract concept,suchasatheoryorphilosophy.


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104) Darinisspeakingtoinformhisaudienceaboutcaralarms.Describeonewayhecould reinforcehiskeyideasverbally,thentwowayshecouldusetoreinforceideasnonverbally. Answer: Toreinforceverbally,usewordstolettheaudienceknowwhatisimportant.Themost importantthingtoconsiderinpurchasingacaralarmis...Donotoverusethis.To reinforcetheideasnonverbally,usegestures,pauses,andmovementtoindicate transitionstoimportantordifferentpointsinthespeech.


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105) Itiscriticaltothesuccessofaninformativespeechthattheaudiencerememberthespeakers information.Yourtextbooksuggestsfourwaysthataspeakercanworktoenhanceaudience retention.Inawell-developedessay,discusshoweachcanmakeaninformativespeechmore memorable.Selectexamplesfromspeechesyouhaveheardinclass(whetheragoodexample ofthetechniqueorafailuretousethetechnique)toillustrateyouranswer. Answer: (1)Useadultlearningprinciplestoprovideinformationlistenerscanuseimmediately, involvethemactivelyintheprocess,connecttheirlifeexperienceswiththenew information,andprovideandexplaintherelevancyoftheinformation.(2)Buildin redundancy.Tellthemwhatyouregoingtotellthem,tellthem,tellthemwhatyouve toldthem.Theuseofpreviewsandsummarieshelpsaccomplishthis.(3)Reinforcekey ideasverbally.Usephrasessuchasthekeyideaorthemostimportantideais...(4) Reinforceideasnonverbally:usegestures,pauses,vocalinflections,andmovementto emphasizemajorideas.
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106) ThetextsuggeststhatyouusetheT-E-A-C-Hmodelwhenteachingpeoplehowtodo something(procedure).Chooseaskillandexplainhowyouwouldusethemodeltoteachitto youraudience. Answer: Answerswillvary.TheT-E-A-C-Hmodelincludesthefollowingsteps: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.


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Telldescribewhatyouwantyouraudiencetoknow. Exampleshowyouraudienceanexampleofhowtoperformtheskill. ApplyGiveyouraudienceanopportunitytoperformtheskillthemselves. CoachEncouragethembyprovidingpositivereinforcement. HelpCorrecttheirmistakes.


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107) Describetheimportanceofrelatinginformationinapresentationtotheinterestofyour audience.Giveexamplesofthreestrategiesyoucanusetorelatetoyourlistenersinterests. Answer: Exampleswillvary. Itisimportanttorelatetoyourlistenersinterestbecauseyouwantyouraudienceto listenandbeinterestedintheinformationyouareoffering.Iftheyareinterestedand arelistening,itismorelikelytheywillalsorememberyourinformation. Strategiesinclude: (1)Useactivityandmovement.Listenersaremorelikelytolistentosomeonewhotells anactionpackedstorythatislivelyandfullofmovement.(2)Discussissuesandevents closetoanaudience.Inotherwords,relatetowhatisgoingoninyourlistenerslives. Also,usespecificaudiencemembersnames.(3)Createconflictinyourpresentation. Peoplearemoreinterestedinhearingaboutopposingforcessuchaspittinggood againstevil.(4)Thinkaboutwhyyouareinterestedandestablishcommonbondswith theaudience.
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VOLUME4

Chapter4.5: SpeakingtoPersuade
1) Theprocessofchangingorreinforcingattitudes,beliefs,values,orbehavioristheprocessof ________. A) informing B) entertaining C) persuading D) refuting Answer: C
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2) Theprimarydifferencebetweenapersuasivespeechandaninformativespeechisthata persuasivespeech________. A) doesnotneedtobeaswellorganizedasaninformativespeechneedstobe B) needsmoredetailedandvariedsupportingmaterialthananinformativespeechneeds C) isdeliveredfromamanuscript,aninformativespeechextemporaneously D) askstheaudiencetomakeanexplicitchoice;aninformativespeechoffersinformation abouttheoptions Answer: D


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3) Frazierislisteningtoapersuasivespeechonassistedsuicide.Withthenewinformation presentedinthespeech,heislearningmoreabouttheproblemandbeginstoquestionhisown opinion.WhatisthebesttermforwhatFrazierisexperiencing? A) valueserosion B) cognitivedissonance C) predeterminedmotivation D) credibilitydeterioration Answer: B


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4) Creatingasenseofdiscomfortbypointingoutinconsistencies,thenofferingawaytoreduce thatdiscomfort,isapersuasivestrategycalled________. A) valueserosion B) motivatingwithpositiveappeals C) cognitivedissonance D) inductivereasoning Answer: C


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5) WhenAarontriestopersuadehisaudiencetoinstallasmokedetectorintheirapartment,heis appealingtohislistenersneedsfor________. A) self-actualization B) physiologicalneeds C) socialneeds D) safety Answer: D


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6) Oneofyourclassmatesarguesinhispersuasivespeech,Whatstarvingpeopleneedfirstis foodandcleanwaternotcounselingaboutthesadstateoftheirgovernments,notadvice aboutwaystoattractnewindustry,andnotpityoverthelossoftheirself -esteem.What principleofpersuasivespeakingisthisclassmembereffectivelyusing? A) cognitivedissonanceandnegativemotivation B) presentingmoreadvantagesthandisadvantages C) basicneedsmustbesatisfiedbeforehigher-levelonesareconsidered D) creatinggradual,ratherthansudden,changeinlisteners Answer: C
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7) Inherpersuasivespeech,MarthaspokeabouttheallegedespionagebytheChinese,andthe possibletheftofU.S.nucleararmamentsecrets.Shegottheaudiencetothinkaboutthe possibilitythatChinacouldonedayriseupandusehigh -technuclearweaponsagainstthe UnitedStatesShechallengedthemtomonitorSenatehearingsontheproblemandtoget involvedbywritingore-mailingtheircongresspersons.WhatformofmotivationdidMartha successfullyemployinherspeech? A) anappealtopatriotism B) anappealtobasicself-esteemandself-actualizationneeds C) apositivevisualization D) afearappeal Answer: D
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8) Inherpersuasivespeech,Beatricesaysthefollowing:So,byusingthesesimplesteps,youwill savetime,money,andenergy.Whatformofpersuasiveappealisthis? A) positivemotivation B) negativeorguilt-basedemotion C) cognitivedissonance D) anappealtotheaudiencesself-esteemneeds Answer: A


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9) Attheendofmyspeech,theaudiencewillpreferdrinkingwatertodrinkingsodaisan exampleofaspeechthattargetsa(n)________. C) attitude D) behavior A) value B) belief Answer: C


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10) Attheendofmyspeech,theaudiencewillacknowledgethatvolcanoescontributemoreto globalwarmingthanmotorvehiclesisexampleaspeechthattargetsa(n)________. C) attitude D) behavior A) value B) belief Answer: B


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11) Apropositionisbasicallya________. A) centralidea C) syllogism Answer: A


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B) specificpurpose D) supportingillustration

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12) Imeldawantstopersuadeheraudiencethatdrivinghybridvehiclesisaneffectivemethodof conservingfuel.Yourecognizethisasapropositionof________. D) value A) fact B) attitude C) behavior Answer: A


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13) ThestatementTheadministrationshouldcreateamechanismthatwouldpreventabsences fromschool-sponsoredactivitiesfromhurtingstudentsgradesisapropositionof________. A) fact B) policy C) value D) attitude Answer: B


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14) Fastfoodrestaurantsshouldberequiredtoprovidenutritionalinformationaboutitemson theirmenuisapropositionof________. A) value B) fact C) policy D) belief Answer: C


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15) Credibilityistheaudiencesperceptionofaspeakers________. A) competence,trust,andpathos B) trust,competence,andethos C) competence,trust,dynamism D) trust,dynamism,andlogos Answer: C


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16) WhenRamonespokeabouttheneedforregularhealthcheck-ups,heprovideclear,accurate informationandwassoknowledgeablethateveryonerespondedquitepositivelytohis speech.WhataspectsofspeakercredibilitydidRamonedemonstrate? A) competence B) trustworthiness C) dynamism D) initialcredibility Answer: A


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17) Adaptingyourmessagetoyouraudience,establishingcommonground,andusinggood evidenceareallwaysofdeveloping________. A) initialcredibility B) derivedcredibility C) terminalcredibility D) vicariouscredibility Answer: B


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18) WhenstudentsarrivedforthespeechbyJoeClark,theyhadalreadyseenpostersaround campuswithhispictureandthementionofamovieabouthim,LeanonMe,whichmanyhad evenseen.Inhisspeechofintroduction,thestudentbodypresidentcomplimentedClarks achievementsandcommenteduponhisawardsandrecognition.Thepublicityandthe introductionenhancedMr.Clarks________credibility. A) initial B) derived C) terminal D) vicarious Answer: A
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19) Theprocessofdrawingaconclusionfromevidenceis________. A) proof B) evidence C) credibility Answer: D


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D) reasoning

20) JessicaarguedthatinEurope,teenagersareallowedtodrink,andalcoholabuseamong teenagersislowerthanintheUnitedStates,therefore,loweringthedrinkingagewould decreasealcoholabuseamongteenagersintheUnitedStates.Thisiswhattypeofreasoning? A) non-sequitur B) deductive C) analogy D) bandwagon Answer: C


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21) Allministersarehonestpeople;Rev.Thompsonisaminister;therefore,Rev.Thompsonisan honestmanisanexampleof________. A) inductivereasoning B) asyllogism C) aformofcausalreasoning D) afallacyknownasadhominem Answer: B


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22) Reasoningfromageneralstatementtoaspecificconclusionisknownas________. A) inductivereasoning B) deductivereasoning C) toulminsmodel D) causalreasoning Answer: B


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23) Inyourspeechtoagroupofhighschoolstudents,youexplainhowyouhaveseenpeopledo stupidthingsatpartiesasaresultofdrinking,youveseenhowdrunkenpeopleput themselvesatrisk,andyouveheardofpeoplesreputationsbeingruinedbecauseof alcohol-relatedincidents.Becauseofwhatyouveseen,youwanttourgeyourlistenersto avoiddrinkinginsocialsituationssotheywillnotsuffertheconsequencessimilartothoseyou discussed.Whatformofreasoninghaveyouusedinthisspeech? A) deductive B) inductive C) causal D) syllogistic Answer: C
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24) Inaspeechtotheneighborhoodwatchgroup,Mr.Simmonsmadethefollowingstatement:If youseesomeonerunningfullsteamdownthesidewalk,youcansafelyassumethatheorshe hascommittedsometypeofcrimeinthatneighborhood.Somemembersoftheaudience recognizedthisstatementasanexampleof________. A) acausalfallacy B) redherring C) deductivereasoning D) abandwagonfallacy Answer: A
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25) WhenJuddsaid,Therightsofstudentsarebeingviolatedonothercollegecampusesandit willhappenonourcampus.Everyoneseesit...everyoneknowsit.Yourecognizedthisas a/an________. A) reasoningfallacyknownasaredherring B) appealtoamisplacedauthority C) bandwagonfallacy D) appealtomisplacedauthority Answer: C


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26) Theaisarguingagainstthebondproposalthatwouldraisemoneytobuildabikelaneonthe mainavenuecomingintotheUniversity.Shedismissestheopposingargument,describing thegroupthatproposedthebondsasliberaldogooders.Bymakingthisclaim,sheisasking theaudiencetobelieveherbasedonwhichtypeofreasoningfallacy? A) redherring B) adhominem C) appealtomisplacedauthority D) nonsequitur Answer: B
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27) TomusedtheInternettochecktheshowtimeforalocalmoviehewantedtosee.Whenhe arrivedatthetheateratthetimeshownonline,hefoundhewaslateforthestartofthemovie. Afterwards,TomtoldhisfriendnottousetheInternetbecauseitwasanunreliablesourceof information.Thisisanexampleofareasoningfallacyof________. A) nonsequitur B) redherring C) causal D) either-or E) hastygeneralization Answer: E
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28) Kevinarguesthatsmokingmarijuanamustnotbeharmfulbecauseeveryonedoesit.Heis usingwhatsortoflogicalfallacy? A) causalfallacy B) bandwagonfallacy C) either-orfallacy D) hastygeneralization Answer: B


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29) AclassmateasksCarolineaboutevidencethatseemedquestionableinherpersuasivespeech. Carolineevadestheissuebyquicklybringingupanirrelevantfactaboutanotherpointinher speech.Whatsortoflogicalfallacydoesthisillustrate? A) nonsequitur B) appealtomisplacedauthority C) redherring D) causalfallacy Answer: C


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30) Martyspersuasivespeechwasaboutguncontrolandschoolviolence.Hemadethestatement, Weeithergetridofthegunsinoursocietyorwegetreadyformoreschoolviolence,like whathappenedinKentucky,Arkansas,andColorado.Thiskindofargumentrepresentsa/an ________. B) adhominemfallacy A) bandwagonfallacy C) appealtomisplacedauthority D) either-orfallacy Answer: D
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31) Assumingthatsomeoneisanexpertonatopicjustbecauseheorsheisacelebrityisan exampleof________. A) appealtomisplacedauthority B) bandwagonfallacy C) either-orfallacy D) nonsequitur Answer: A


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32) Peopleshouldnotlettheiranimalsoutsidewhenitisafullmoonisanexampleofwhichof thefollowinglogicalfallacies? A) hastygeneralization B) nonsequitur C) posthoc D) adhominem Answer: B


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33) InhispersuasivespeechabouttheMarines,Halreferredtothefew,theproud,thebrave. HealsoshowedapictureofaMarineonthebattlefieldraisingaflag.Whatpersuasive strategyisHalusing? A) positiveimagery B) appealtoemotions C) fearappeals D) appealtologic Answer: B


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34) Inhisspeechabouttheriseinterroristattacksthroughouttheworld,Hankshowedenlarged picturesofthebombedoutsubwayinLondonandtheruinsoftheTwinTowersinNewYork City.Fromthisdescriptionofhisspeech,whichpersuasivespeakingstrategydidHank effectivelyemploy? A) Heusednonverbalbehaviortosolidifyhisreasoningandevokeaudienceemotions. B) Heusedconcreteexamplesthatappealedtoaudiencemembersreasoningandlogic. C) Heresortedtologicalfallaciestoeffectivelyarousethepassionsofhisaudience. D) Heusedstrongvisualimagestoevoketheemotionsofhisaudience. Answer: D
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35) Themotivatedsequenceisamodifiedversionofwhatorganizationalpattern? A) problemandsolution B) causeandeffect C) refutation D) topical Answer: A


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36) SarahidentifiescommonargumentsastowhyBigfootdoesnotexistandsystematicallyargues againsteachoftheseobjections.Whatorganizationalpatternissheusing? A) causeandeffect B) problemandsolution C) motivatedsequence D) refutation Answer: D


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37) Inthemotivatedsequencepattern,whichofthefollowingisthebestexampleoftheneedstep? A) Studentsneedtovoteinthestateprimaries. B) Only32%ofcollegeagedstudentsvoteinmostprimaries. C) Ifyouvote,yourvoicewillbeheard! D) Justdoit! Answer: B


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38) Visualizationisastepthatisincludedinthe________organizationalpattern. A) causeandeffect B) motivatedsequence C) refutation D) problemandsolution Answer: B


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39) Inhisspeech,Warniepaintedapicturefortheaudienceofthegrimfuturethatwilloccurifthe currentrateofchildabusecontinues.Thisisanexampleof________. A) asatisfactionstep B) apositivevisualization C) anegativevisualization D) aneedstep Answer: C


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40) Inaspeechaboutimprovedpublicsafety,Stewiecalledforhisaudiencetosignapetitionto supportcurrentlegislationthathefeltwouldimprovethesituation.Whattypeofaudienceis bestsuitedforthiskindofappeal? A) theuninformedaudience B) theneutralorapatheticaudience C) thereceptiveaudience D) theunreceptiveorhostileaudience Answer: C


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41) Basedonheraudienceanalysis,Kawtarknewthatsheneededtohookheraudiencewithan especiallyrousingintroduction.Sheisprobablyfacinga(n)________audience. A) receptive B) unreceptive C) neutral D) hostile Answer: C


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42) Whichofthefollowingisarecommendedstrategyforanunreceptiveaudience? A) provideaclearobjective B) tellyouraudiencewhatyouwantthemtodo C) acknowledgeopposingpointsofview D) saveyourstrongestargumentforlast Answer: C


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43) AccordingtoMaslowshierarchy,basicphysiologicalneedsmustsatisfiedbeforewetendto others. Answer: TRUE


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44) TheideaunderlyingMaslowshierarchyofneedsisthattheneedsatthetopofthepyramid mustbesatisfiedbeforeonecanconcentrateontheneedsatthebottomofthepyramid. Answer: FALSE


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45) Forfearappealstobeeffective,thespeakerneedstoconvincetheaudiencethatthethreatis real. Answer: TRUE


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46) Ahealthclubadshowingsleek,well-tonedbodiesonanexercisemachinesisattemptingto motivatewithpositiveappeals. Answer: TRUE


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47) Anattitudeisapredispositiontorespondfavorablyorunfavorablytosomething. Answer: TRUE


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48) Generallyspeaking,attitudesareeasiertochangethanvalues. Answer: TRUE


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49) Maineisthemostbeautifulstateinthecountryisanexampleofapropositionofpolicy. Answer: FALSE


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50) Drinkingtoomuchcaffeineisharmfultoyourhealthisapropositionofpolicy. Answer: FALSE


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51) Inductivereasoningarguesfromspecificexamplestoreachageneralconclusion. Answer: TRUE


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52) Aristotlestermforcredibilitywasethos. Answer: TRUE


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53) Lettingtheaudienceknowaboutyourpersonalexperienceswithyourtopicisagoodwayto developyourcredibility. Answer: TRUE


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54) Theperceptiontheaudiencehasofyouafteryouhaveconcludedyourspeech,answeredany questions,andlefttheareaisyourderivedcredibility. Answer: FALSE


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55) Credibilityistheaudiencesperceptionofthespeakerscompetence,trustworthiness,and dynamism. Answer: TRUE


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56) Largecompaniesshouldnotbeallowedtomergetogetherbecauseeveryoneknowsthatitis badfortheconsumerisanexampleofanadhominemattack. Answer: FALSE


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57) Accordingtothetextbook,usingemotionalappealsexclusively,withoutofferingevidenceor reasoning,violatesstandardsofethicalpublicspeaking. Answer: TRUE


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58) Whenyouareaddressingareceptiveaudience,beindirectinstatingyourobjective. Answer: FALSE


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59) Inthemotivatedsequence,thesatisfactionstepdealswiththeidentificationofasolution. Answer: TRUE


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60) Increasingtheintensityofafearappealdecreasesitseffectiveness. Answer: FALSE


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61) Dynamismisspecificallydeterminedbytheorganizationofyourpresentation. Answer: FALSE


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62) Youraudiencesperceptionofyourcredibilityafteryouhavefinishedisknownasterminal credibility. Answer: TRUE


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Matchthefollowingpersuasivestrategiestothedefinitionslistedbelowinthequestionsbelow. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Causeandeffect Motivatedsequence Problemandsolution Proof Propositionoffact Propositionofpolicy Propositionofvalue Refutation

63) Organizationinwhichyouanswerobjectionsyourlistenersmayhavetoyourposition. Answer: H


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64) Aclaimastowhethersomethingistrueorfalse,orwhetheritdidordidnothappen. Answer: E


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65) Afive-stepplanfororganizingapersuasivespeech:attention,need,satisfaction,visualization, action. Answer: B


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66) Anexampleofthispatternwouldbethenegativeconsequencesofbudgetcutbacksandaplan toresolvethecrisis. Answer: C


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67) Aclaimthatcallsforthelistenerstojudgetheworthorimportanceofsomething. Answer: G


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68) Aclaimadvocatingaspecificactionorchangeinaprocedureorbehavior. Answer: F


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69) Organizationthatdiscussesasituationandwhatcontributestoit,thenwhattheconsequences are. Answer: A


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Matchthefollowingfallaciesinreasoningtothedefinitionsgivenbelowinthefollowingquestions. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. Adhominem Appealtomisplacedauthority Bandwagonfallacy Causalfallacy Either-orfallacy Hastygeneralization Nonsequitur Redherring Refutation

70) Reachingaconclusionwithouthavingadequateevidencetosupportit. Answer: F


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71) Oneideaorconclusionthatdoesnotlogicallyfollowthepreviousideaorconclusion. Answer: G


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72) Makingafaultyconnectionbetweentwoevents,sayingthatoneistheconsequenceofthe other. Answer: D


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73) Usingirrelevantfactsorinformationtodistractsomeonefromtheissueunderdiscussion. Answer: H


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74) Attackingirrelevantpersonalcharacteristicsofsomeone,ratherthanaddressingtheideaitself. Answer: A


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75) Oversimplifyinganissueashavingonlytwochoices. Answer: E


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76) Usingsomeonewithoutappropriatecredentialsorexpertisetoendorseanideaoraproduct. Answer: B


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77) Suggestingthatbecauseeveryoneelsebelievessomethingordoessomething,itmustbevalid, accurate,oreffective. Answer: C


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78) ________________isthesenseofdisorganizationorimbalancethatpromptsapersonto changewhennewinformationconflictswithpreviouslyorganizedthoughtpatterns. Answer: Cognitivedissonance


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79) Apropositionadvocatingthatsomethingshouldbechangedisapropositionof________. Answer: policy


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80) A(n)________isalearneddispositiontorespondfavorablyorunfavorablytosomething. Answer: attitude


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81) A(n)________isthesenseofwhatistrueorfalse. Answer: belief


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82) A(n)________isanenduringconceptionofrightorwrong,goodorbad. Answer: value


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83) ________isthefactorinapersonscredibilitythatreferstohisorherbeingperceivedas believableandhonest. Answer: Trustworthiness


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84) Aristotleswordformovingtheaudienceusingemotionalappealsisknownas________. Answer: pathos


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85) Theimpressionofaspeakersbelievabilitybeforethespeakerbeginstospeakishisorher ________. Answer: initialcredibility


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86) ________credibilityistheimpressionofaspeakersbelievabilitybasedonwhatthespeaker saysanddoesduringthespeech. Answer: Derived


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87) ________credibilityistheimpressionofaspeakersbelievabilityafterthespeechhasbeen concluded. Answer: Terminal


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88) Whatiscognitivedissonance?Howmightaspeakermakeuseofitinapersuasivespeech? Answer: Cognitivedissonanceisafeelingofdiscomfortapersonexperienceswhenheorshe perceivestherenewinformationthatconflictswiththeirpreviouslyorganizedthought patterns.Thisfeelingofimbalancemaypromptachangeintheirattitudes,beliefs, values,orbehavior.Aspeakermaymakeuseofthisbypointingoutsuch inconsistencies,forexample,bypointingoutthatoneswishforgoodhealthis inconsistentwithoneslifestyle.Thepersuaderthenoffersapalatablewaytoreduce thatinconsistency,intheformofasolutionstep.
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89) BrieflydiscusshowaspeakermightapplyMaslowsHierarchyofNeedstoapersuasive speechongettingstudentstovolunteerforacharity.Discussatleasttwospecificwaysit mightbeused. Answer: First,thespeakermustdeterminewhichneedsonthehierarchyarerelevanttothe topic,andwhichneedsonthehierarchyareimportanttohisorheraudience.Ifitcanbe assumedthatthelowerneeds(physiologicalandsafety)aregenerallymet,thenthe speakermaylooktoahigherneed,suchassocialorself -actualization.Then,the speakerdetermineshowhisorherpropositioncanfulfillthatneed.Forthetopicof charity,anappealtoasafetyneedmightemphasizethefuturepossibilitythatthe studentorhisorherfamilymightsomedayneedtheservicesofthatparticularcharity. Thiscouldbeaccomplishedbypointingtoothersimilarpeoplewhohaveneededitin thepast.Anadditionalappealmightbetoonesself-esteemneed,whichmightuse positivevisualizationtohelpthestudentfeelgoodabouthimorherselfthrough volunteering.
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90) Brieflyexplainthreeofthefourstrategiesforusingfearappealseffectivelyinaspeech. Answer: First,thefearappealismosteffectiveifthespeakershowsitspotentialforaffectingthe lovedonesoftheaudience,asopposedtopersonalimpact.Second,thefearappealis mosteffectiveiftheaudiencehasrespectforthespeaker:thisimpliesattentionoughtto bepaidtoonescredibility.Third,thefearappealismosteffectiveiftheaudience believesthethreatisreal;hencethespeakerneedstodemonstratethelikelihoodofthe threattakingplace,perhapsbydescribingillustrationsofrealpeoplebeingaffectedby it.Fourth,increasingtheintensityofthefearappealincreasesthelikelihoodthefear appealwillbeeffective,particularlyifthelistenercantaketheactionrecommendedby thatspeaker.
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91) Brieflydiscussthedifferencebetweenanattitude,value,andabelief.Giveanexampleofeach. Whyarethesedifferencesimportanttoaspeaker? Answer: Anattitudeisapredispositiontoactinafavorableorunfavorablewaytoward something.Forexample,onemighthaveafavorableattitudetowardrecycling.Abelief isthedegreetowhichwethinksomethingistrueorfalse:forexample,thebeliefthat recyclingisaneffectivemethodofprotectingtheenvironment..Avalueisanenduring conceptofrightorwrong,orgoodorbad.Forexample,onemayhavethevaluethat eachindividualshouldenjoytheofprivacy. Knowledgeofthenatureofattitudes,beliefs,andvaluesisimportantbecausetheyvary intheirpermanence.Attitudeschangefairlyeasily,beliefslessso,andvaluesare enduringandnotlikelytochange.Aspeakershouldtakethisintoaccountwhen planninghisorherproposition.Ifheorshewishestoaffecttothevaluesofthe audience,forinstance,thenonlyamodestchangewouldberealistic.Likewise,ifthe speakercansurmisethevaluesoftheaudience,heorshemightbeabletolinkthe propositiontotheirvalues.
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92) Brieflyexplaininductivereasoning.Whyistheuseofstatisticsanexampleofinductive reasoning? Answer: Inductivereasoningismovingfromthespecifictothegeneral.Thatis,thespeakerlooks atanumberofspecificcases,andthendrawsaconclusionbasedonageneralizationof thosecases.Statisticsisanexampleofinductivereasoningbecausestatisticsisa summaryofalargenumberofspecificinstances.


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93) Brieflyexplaintheconceptofasyllogism.Whattypeofreasoningdoesthisrepresent? Answer: Asyllogismisathreepartargumentthatconsistsofamajorpremise,aminorpremise, andaconclusion.Usingdeductivereasoning,theeffectiveuseofasyllogismwillallow youtomovetocertainconclusion.Forthistobepossible,boththemajorpremiseand theminorpremisemustbevalidandtrue.


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94) Whatisreasoningbyanalogy,andwhatshouldthespeakerconsiderwhenusinganargument fromanalogy? Answer: Reasoningbyanalogyisoneinwhichthespeakerdemonstrateshowanunfamiliar thing,idea,orsituationissimilartosomethingtheaudiencealreadyunderstandsby drawingaconclusionbetweentwothingsorsituations.Thesethingsmustsharesome essentialcommonfeatureforthereasoningbyanalogytobesound.


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95) Brieflyexplainwhattherefutationorganizationalpatternisandgiveanexampleofit. Answer: Refutationisanorganizationalstrategybywhichyouidentifyobjectionsandthen refuteeachoftheseobjectionswithargumentsandevidence.Thisisaneffective organizationalmethodifyouknowyourlistenersprimaryobjectionstoyour proposition.Sincetheaudiencewillprobablythinkoftheseobjectionsanyway,itis effectivetorecognizethemandsupportyourargumentwithcrediblefactsandstatistics ratherthantheuseofanemotionalappeal. Exampleswillvarydependingontheaudienceandtopic.
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96) Definecausalreasoningandgiveanexample. Answer: Causalreasoningiswhenyourelatetwoormoreeventsinsuchawayastoconclude thatoneormoreoftheeventscausedtheothers.Exampleswillvary.


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97) Differentiatebetweenthethreetypesofpropositions(fact,value,policy). Answer: Apropositionoffactdealswithclaimsastowhethersomethingistrueorfalse,known orunknown.Apropositionofvaluecallsforajudgementofworthorvalue.A propositionofpolicyadvocatesaspecificactionorchangeofpolicy,procedure,or behavior.


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98) Inawell-definedessay,explainwhataspeakercandotoenhanceinitialcredibility,derived credibility,andterminalcredibility. Answer: Alltypesofcredibilityrequirethoughtfulplanning.Forinitialcredibility,thespeaker shouldbemindfulofhisorherdressanddemeanorpriortothespeech.Havenotesand visualaidspreparedandreadytosetupbeforeenteringtheroominviewofthe audience.Provideasummaryofyourcredentialstobeusedinyourintroduction. Nervouslyrunningaroundtryingtoadjustvariousitemswilldiminishonesinitial credibility,whereasacalm,confidentappearancewillenhanceit.Whenwalkingtothe lectern,lookpoisedandconfident,pausebeforebeginning,andlookattheaudience directlywhilebeginningyourspeech. Derivedcredibilityiscreatedduringthecourseofthespeech,andisadirectresultof preparation,creatingcommongroundwiththeaudience,andpractice.Makinguseof thenotionsofcompetence,trustworthiness,anddynamismwillenhanceonesderived credibility.Forexample,forcompetencethespeakermightmentionpersonal experience,presentthespeechinanorganizedfashion,andusecrediblesources.For trustworthiness,thespeakerneedstobesincere,andfordynamism,thespeakerneeds toshowenthusiasmforthetopic. Terminalcredibilityisbaseduponthespeakersabilitytoprepareaconclusionand deliveritwell,maintaineyecontactwiththeaudience,andbepreparedtoanswer questions.
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99) Yourtextbookprovidessomeexcellentstrategiestoadaptyourmessagetoappealtothe positionofyouraudience.Inathorough,detailedessay,firstidentifythethreetypesof audiences.Explaintwostrategiesthatarerecommendedtoenhancepersuasionforeachtype ofaudience. Answer: Areceptiveaudienceisonethatisalreadybasicallyinagreementwiththespeaker.The speakershouldidentifywiththeaudienceandemphasizecommoninterests.The speakershouldbeveryclearabouthisorherobjectives,andaskforanimmediateshow ofsupport.Astheaudienceisalreadyreceptivetowardyourtopic,youcanutilize emotionalappealstomovethemtoaction. Aneutralaudienceisonethatislargelyindifferenttothetopic.Aspeakercanhook theaudiencewithanengagingintroduction,refertobeliefsandconcernsthatare importanttotheaudience,andshowhowthetopicaffectstheaudienceandthepeople theycareabout.Itisimportantthatthespeakerberealisticaboutwhatcanbe accomplishedwithaneutralaudience.Gettingthemtotakeactiononsomethingthey areinitiallyblaseaboutisprobablyunrealistic. Anunreceptiveaudienceisonethatisindisagreementwiththespeakersproposition. Inordernottoprompttheaudiencetotune-outthespeaker,thespeakershouldnot explicitlystatehisorherpurposeuntilacommongroundhasbeenachieved.The speakershouldusetheprimacyprinciple,presentingthestrongestargumentfirst.The speakershouldacknowledgeopposingpointsofview,andthenrefutethemoroffer additionalinformation.Otherwise,theaudiencewillbeconstantlythinking,Yeah,but whatabout...?Finally,thespeakershouldberealisticabouthisorhergoals.Expecting amajorshiftinattitudesisunrealistic.Gettingtheaudiencetoconsideronespositionas areasonableonemightbeahugesuccess.
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100) Selectoneofthetopicsgivenbelowforthisquestion.Usingthetopic,developan organizationalplanusingthemotivatedsequence.Includeandexplaineachstepinthe sequence. Topics: 1. Audiencemembersshouldvolunteertobeabonemarrowdonor; 2. TheBoardofRegentsshouldvotetolowerthetuitionatthisuniversity; 3. Audiencemembersshouldmakeacommitmenttoexerciseatleastthirtyminuteseach day. Answer: Answerswillvary.Thestepsofthemotivatedsequenceare:(1)Attention:inthisstep, thespeakergetstheaudiencesattentionthroughuseofinterestingmaterial,byusing anappropriateattentiongettingdeviceasinanyspeech.Anexamplewouldbetellinga personalstoryabouthowoneimprovedonesownhealthandappearancethroughan exerciseprogram.(2)Need.Thisstepinvolvesdemonstratingthatanundesirable situationexists.Inthisstep,thespeakermustuseevidencetosupporttheexistenceofa need,andperhapscreatecognitivedissonanceintheaudience.Anexamplemightbe pointingtothesusceptibilityoftheaudiencememberstocatchingcolds;theinabilityto handlestress,theworn-outfeeling,andperhapsalessthanperfectbodyshapeas examplesofproblemscausedbylackofexercise.(3)Satisfaction:inthisstep,the speakerprovidesasolution,orawaytosatisfytheneedthatwasdemonstratedinthe needstep.Demonstratehowthesolutionsatisfiestheneed.Thespeakermightoutlinea simpleplanforexercisingthatwouldbeappropriateforhisorheraudience.(4) Visualization:inthisstep,thespeakerdescribesthefuturefortheaudience.Apositive visualizationisoneinwhichthespeakerdescribeswhatwillhappeniftheaudience followsthesolution(Whenyouarefiftyyouwillbeasactiveasyouarenow).A negativevisualizationisoneinwhichthespeakerdescribeswhatwillhappenifthe audiencedoesnotfollowthesolution.(Whenyouarefiftyyoumightbetoooutof shapetoenjoyahike,orworse,youmighthavedevelopedhighbloodpressureand highcholesterol.)(5)Action:here,thespeakeroffersspecificbehavioralstepsforthe audiencetofollow.(Themulti-purposeroomisfreetostudentsandoffersavarietyof typesofexercises.Therecreationdepartmentsponsorsanumberofintramuralevents. Theyare....)
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101) Thereareeightlogicalfallacieslistedinyourtext.Identify,defineandgiveanexampleofsix oftheeight. Answer: Exampleswillvary. (1)Causalfallacyismakingafaultycauseandeffectconnectionbetweentwothingsor events.(2)Bandwagonfallacysuggeststhatbecauseeveryoneelseisdoingsomething, youshouldtoo.(3)Eitherorfallacyoversimplifiesanissuebyofferingonlytwo choices.(4)Hastygeneralizationiswhenyoureachaconclusionwithoutadequate supportingevidence.(5)Personalattackoradhominemisattackingthepersonrather thantheissuesathand.(6)Redherringisusingirrelevantfactstodistractsomeonefor theissue.(7)Appealtomisplacedauthorityisusingsomeonewithouttheappropriate credentialsorexpertisetoendorseanideaorproduct.(8)Nonsequituriswhentheidea orconclusiondoesnotlogicallyfollowthepreviousideaorconclusion.
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102) Explainandgiveexamplesofthethreewaystomakeemotionalappealsinapersuasive presentation. Answer: Exampleswillvary. Useanemotionarousingverbalmessage.Youcanuseemotionaltriggerwords, patrioticslogans,etc.Second,youcanuseconcreteillustrationsanddescriptions.These storiesordescriptionsofeventscanhaveastrongemotionalimpact.Nonverbal messagescanalsoappealtoaudiencesemotions.Thesemayincludevisualaidssuchas emotionalphotographsorvideoimages.Thesecanarousebothpositiveandnegative emotions.
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