Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 1

Organism Characteri Reservoir/ Virulence Clinical Diagnosis

stics Transmission Factors (VF)/
Findings
(T)/
Pathogenesis
Predisposing (TX)
Factors (PF)
Staph G+ NF: VF: PYOGENIC (abscess): blood agar
aureus
nasal mucosa, protein A, skin infections (+otits
externa),
cocci skin surface mannitol-
receptors (eg. sepsis, salt agar
teichoic acid),
endocarditis,
β T: hands, microcapsule,
hemolytic sneezing, osteomyelitis,
PG layer
ham/canned
arthritis,
meat, custard 2
catalase + pastries, potato post-surgical wound
salad infections,
TX: pneumonia,
coagulase
+ PF: surgery, enterotoxin, abscess in any organ
break in skin, TSST,
foreign body exfoliatin,
salt (eg. tampons, TOXIGENIC
tolerant sutures), leukocidins (superantigen):
neutropenia, food poisoning (1-8
(α toxin,
IV drug abuse, hrs),
mannitol P-V
fermenter CGD leukocidin), toxic shock syndrome,

1 enzymes scalded skin syndrome

3 4

the most common

cause of skin
infections, food
poisoning,
osteomyelitis, 2nd for
otits externa
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 2

Staph G+ NF: VF: endocarditis (within 2 produce β

epidermidis months of surgery, lactamase
skin, glycocalyx
after→ S. viridans)
cocci mucous
arthritis,
membranes
osteomyelitis,
catalase +
sepsis in neonates,
PF: prosthetic
heart valves peritonitis in renal
coagulase and joints, failure
– intravenous
catheters

novobiocin
sensitive nosocomial

Staph G+ urinary tract infections

saprophytic (especially in sexually
community
s active young women)
acquired
cocci

2nd to E. coli in
catalase + causing community
acquired UTI

coagulase
–

novobiocin
resistant

Strep G+ NF: Antigens: PYOGENIC:

pyogenes
human throat, phrayngitis,

cocci skin M Protein impetigo,

(SPAM) Invasive

catalase – T: Strep. necrotizing fasciitis,

Pyogenes
respiratory cellulitis,
Antibody to M
droplets,
Prtn,
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 3

group A direct contact erysipelas,

C sepsis, puerperal fever

Carbohydrate,
β
hemolytic polysaccharid
TOXIGENIC:
(clear e capsule
zone) scarlet fever,
16
toxic shock
bacitracin
sensitive
IMMUNE-MEDIATED
(non-suppurative):
Enzymes: rheumatic fever,
hyaluronidase, acute
streptokinse, glomerulonephritis

DNase 19

17

TX:

erythrogenic
toxin,

pyrogenic
2nd most common
toxin A,
cause of skin infections
exotoxin B, after S. aureus

streptolysin O,

streptolysin S

18

Strep G+ Colonization: neonatal septicemia

agalactiae
human vagina

cocci meningitis (in 1st

month)
PF:

catalase – prolonged (>18

 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 4

hrs) rupture of 24
membranes in
group B
women who are
colonized with
this bacteria,
β
the most common
hemolytic <37 wk
cause of neonatal
gestation,
(clear sepsis and
children of
zone) neonatalmeningitis, E.
mothers
coli is 2nd
lacking
antibody to
bacitracin group B strep.,
resistant S. pneumonia: adult
diabetes meningitis

hydrolyze
hippurate T:

newborns
infected during
cAMP test birth
+

Strep G+ Colonization: VF: pneumonia quelling

pneumonia reaction +
human polysac. (with bloody rusty
e (test for
respiratory capsule, sputum)
cocci swelling of
tract (no
(pneumoco lipoteichoic jelly-like sputum in capsule)
lacent- animal)
ccus) acid, Klebsiella,
shaped
diplococci pneumolysin, 26
blood agar
T:
IgA protease
respiratory
catalase – 25 otitis media in children,
droplets
sinusitis in children,
polysac. meningitis in adults
PF:
capsulate
CASMIR
d
Circulatory Strep. pneumoniae is
problems the most common
α- cause of:
Alcoholism
hemolytic pneumonia,
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 5

(green aSplenia adult meningitis,

zone,
Measles otitis media in children,
caused by
infection
pneumoly sinusitis in children
sin) Influenza
pneumonia in
infection
alcoholics
Respiratory
optochin
problems
sensitive
S. agalactiae:
nenonatal meningitis
bile
soluble
Also:

purulent bronchitis,

corneal ulcer (purulent

discharge in
conjunctivitis),

pericarditis, sepsis

Strep G+ N F: infective endocarditis blood agar

viridians (oral route):
human
oropharynx fever, heart murmur,
S. sanguis catalase –
anemia, embolic
S. mutans
events, malaise ,
PF: fatigue , anorexia,
α- night sweats & weight
hemolytic damaged heart loss
valves,
(green urological instrument
zone) dental surgery, route: S. faecalis
poor oral
hygiene
optochin after 2 months of
resistant dextran: surgery, before→ S.
S. mutans: leads to epidermitidis
dental caries
bile dental plaque
insoluble dental caries
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 6

Enetrococc G+ NF: UTI:

us faecalis
human colon dysuria (painful
urination),
catalase –
burning urine,
R:
↑fear of urination,
group D urethra,
fever,
female genital
tract discharge of ulcer
γ-
hemolytic
(no
PF: Also:
hemolysis)
GI or urinary endocarditis (urological
tract surgery, instrument route):
growth in during medical
indwelling
6.5% NaCl procedures on GI or U
urinary
or bile, pH tract: E. faecalis→
catheters,
9, 45˚C blood stream→
urinary tract previously damaged
instruments, heart valves→
endocarditis

oral route: S. viridans

mostly
nosocomial
can cause intra-
abdominal and pelvic
infection with S.bovis
S. bovis G+ NF: endocarditis:

human colon especially in patients

with colonic carcinoma
Catalase-

group D PF:

carcinoma of
colon
γ-
hemolytic
(no
hemolysis)
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 7

no growth
in 6.5%
NaCl
Neisseria G- Colonization: VF: meningitis, chocolate
meningitidi agar
human polysac. (the most common
s
nasopharyngeal capsule, cause between the (37˚C, 5%
oxidase +
area ages of 2 & 18) CO₂)
IgA protease,

LPS
kidney
T: meningococcemia
bean 32
(Waterhouse-
shaped respiratory
Friderichsen syndrome)
diplococci droplets
33

capsulate 13 different
d serotypes
(polysac.
capsule):
maltose eg. A, B, Y, W-
fermenter 135
Neisseria G– R: VF: gonorrhea: Thayer-
gonorrheae Martin
human genital pili,
medium
tract
(gonococcu oxidase + LOS, Male:
(chocolate
s) (sensitive to
IgA urethritis, agar
dehydration
containing
coffee/kid and cool proctitis, antibiotics
ney bean conditions)
Other VF’s: epididymitis )
shaped
diplococci OPA
T:
POR Female:
sexual contact,
pili RMP cervicitis,
Infection of
newborns FBP salpingitis,
glucose during birth LIP PID
fermenter
→ sterility & ectopic
-dissemination pregnancy
also possible → 37
septic arthritis
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 8

Newborn:

(2-5 days onset)

purulent conjunctivitis
(opthalmia
neonatorum),

→ blindness

Dissemination:

the most common

cause of septic arthritis
in sexually active
adults
Moraxella G– NF: otitis media,
catarrhalis
upper bronchitis,
respiratory
diplococci bronchopneumonia
tract
(elderly with COPD-
chronic obstructive
close pulmonary disease)
relative of
Neisseria
Bacillus G+ R: VF: anthrax: blood
anthracis agar,
spores in: capsule cutaneous (95%),

square- soil, (D-glutamase, pulmonary (4%),

ended rod not polysac.) mediastin
animal skin, GI (1%)
al
animal 48 widening
spore products (eg. TX: in x-ray
formation wool, hair),
exotixins:
contaminated
edema factor,
meat
aerobe
lethal factor,
not communicable
protective person-to-person (ie.
T:
capsulate antigen through respiratory
d skin, droplets)
mucous
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 9

nonmotile membrane, 47

respiratory
tract

Bacillus G+ R: TX: emetic (1-6 hrs)

cereus
rice, enterotoxins: -fried rice

rod other grains emetic type, -S. aureus type

diarrheal type -vomiting

spore PF: -abdominal pain

formation
Reheated fried
rice (Chinese
diarrheal (18 hrs)
restaurants),
aerobic
-meats, sauces
Held warm (not
hot) for long -E. coli/ Clostridial
motile periods type

-watery diarrhea
Affect:

GI tract may cause:

eye infections

2nd most common

cause of food poisoning
after S. aureus
Clostridium G+ R: TX: tetanus: difficult to
tetani culture
soil Tetanospasmi -spastic paralysis
n (exotoxin):
rod -locked jaw (trismus)
-blocks
(tennis PF: -violent muscle
inhibitory
racket/dru spasms
wound, mediators (eg.
m stick
glycine, GABA, -grimace(risus
shaped) skin breakage, glutamic acid) sardonicus)
skin-popping,
-increased reflexes
spore infected mother
-respiratory failure
formation may infect the
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 10

newborn →death

anaerobic

poor blood neonatal tetanus:

supply in the
-enter through
necrotic tissue
contaminated
helps its growth
umbilicus or
circumcision wound

Clostridium G+ R: TX: Adult (2-3 hours): not

botulinum cultured,
soil, -preformed in wound botulism:
can mouse
rod dust -toxins produced at
protection
-labile (ie. the side of the wound
tests
inactivated by
-weakness, dizziness,
spore T: heating)
blurry vision, flaccid
formation
canned/vacuum paralysis
packed food
-blocks
without
anaerobic release of Ach
sterilization, Infant (2-3 days):

green beans, Infant botulism

(honey):
peppers,
-toxins produced in the
mushrooms,
gut
smoked fish,
-diplopia,
drug abuse
-dysphagia,
skin-popping ,
-respiratory muscle
honey for
failure,
infants
-flaccid paralysis
Clostridium G+ R: TX: wound infections: blood
perfringes agar:
soil lecithinase -pain,
double
rod (α-toxin): -edema, zone of
hemolysis
NF: -gas -cellulitis,
production
spore colon, vagina -crepitation (gas
formation -cell presence) egg-yolk
membrane agar:
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 11

anaerobic T: damage also: lecithinase

presence
war wounds, → hemolysis hemolysis, jaundice,
automobile/mot
blood-tinged exudates
or accidents,
→shock & death
septic
abortions,

Food Poisoning (8-16

hours):
food
contamination watery (non-
inflammatory)
diarrhea, little vomiting
PF:

reheated food,
3rd most common
especially meat
cause of food poisoning
dishes
after S. aureus and B.
cereus
Clostridium G+ R: TX: pseudomembranous ELISA
difficile colitis tests
human colon exotoxin A
(presence of yellow-
rod exotoxin B
white plaques on
T: colonic mucosa),

spore fecal-oral route (add glucose

formation to G protein
bloody/nonbloody
involved in
diarrhea
PF: actin filament
anaerobic polymerizatio (the most common
antibiotics, n→ nosocomial cause of
chemotherapy depolymerizat diarrhea)
ion of actin→
death of
especially enterocyte)
nosocomial
Listeria G+ R: TX: sepsis (granulomatosis blood agar
monocytog infantiseptica),
animals, listerolysin O:
enes
rod plants, -similar to
streptolysin O acute meningitis (after
soil
1-4 weeks),
-degrades
arranged
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 12

in V or L T: cell
shapes membranes
unpasteurized gastroenteritis:
milk,
-watery diarrhea,
tumbling contaminated actin rockets: fever, headache,
motility vegetables, abdominal pain, little
cell to cell
vomiting
animal contact movement
-caused by
facultative
contaminated dairy
intracellul
Cold Growth: products &
ar parasite
undercooked meats
cheese,
cabbage
cold
sepsis & meningitis in
growth
immunosuppressed,
PF:
abortion,
placenta/delive
loves
ry, premature delivery
lysosomes
renal
transplant,
the most common
β
↓ cell mediated cause of sepsis and
hemolytic
immunity meningitis in renal
(narrow transplant patients and
clear adults with cancer
zone)

Corynebact G+ R: TX: diphtheria: volutin

eria granules
human upper diphtheria -inflammation of
diphtheriae stain
respiratory toxin: throat
rod metachro
tract
(beaded -inhibits -thick, grey mat-ically
appearanc protein pseudomembrane (bull
e) synthesis by neck)
T:
ADP- blood agar
-can lead to:
air-borne ribosylation of
aerobic droplets EF-2 -tracheal/ tracheal
(elongation extension→ airway potassium
factor) obstruction tellurite
non-motile PF: agar
this toxin is -myocarditis→
skin lesion, also present in arrhythmia
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 13

V or L poor skin Pseudomonas -recurrent laryngeal

shapes hygiene nerve palsy

Actinomyce G+ NF: hard, non- actinomycosis:

s israelii tender
gingival
swelling
crevices
rod (long drains pus cervicofaical (lumpy
branching (oral cavity), through sinus jaw):
filaments) tracts
female genital -dental trauma, poor
tract oral hygiene

anaerobe

PF: pelvic form:

sulfur upper body -intrauterine

granules lesions/trauma contraceptive device
(hard, (especially face (IUCD)
yellow & neck),
coloured)
intrauterine
thoracic:
device
retention for a -aspiration (removal)
long period of with contagious spread
time

abdominal:
non-
communicable -surgery or bowel
trauma
Nocardia G+ R: nocaridiosis
asteroides (pulmonary infections):
soil,

rod (thin dust

branching bronchopulmonary:
filaments)
-cough
T:
-fever
airborne,
aerobic
-dyspnea
trauma
-begins as pulmonary
weakly infection and may
acid-fast non- spread as abscess/
communicable sinus tracts
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 14

-immunocompromized
: may spread to brain,
skin, kidneys

cutaneous/subcutaneo
us:

-cellulitis

-granuloma

-ulcer

-swelling

-starts with trauma

Mycobacter acid-fast R: -no toxin TB: Lowenstei
ium production n- Jensen
(mycolic human lungs -any part of the body
tuberculosis medium
acids) could be affected
except teeth
-causes
T:
infection of -transmission through Auramin-
rod
respiratory macrophages lymphatics→ Rhodamin
droplets and other RE- lymphadenopathy e stain
cells (matty palpation)
aerobic

VF: tuberculin
-exported low grade fever (no test
facultative lipid content, repetitive chill),
intracellul protein→
phosphatides, night sweat,
ar prevents
cord factor, fusion of weight loss,
sulfatides, phagosome
typical and lysosome cough with
mycobact PPD hemoptysis,
eria
73 other signs depending
on the organ involved
(ie. pneumonia-like
slow symptoms if the lungs
growth PF:
are involved)
poverty,

UV HIV infection,
also:
sensitive
IV drug abuse
scrofula
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 15

pathogeni
c for
guinea
pigs
Mycobacter atypical T: lung disease
ium mycobact
soil,
kansasii eria
water

non-
pathogeni
c guinea
Mycobacter pigs
ium T: swimming-pool
marinum granuloma (fish-tank
photochro water
granuloma):
mogens (fresh/salt),
(yellow- -granulomatous,
swimming pool,
orange ulcerating lesion in the
aquarium,
pigments skin
when
exposed PF:
to light)
scuba divers,

skin abrasion

Mycobacter atypical T: infection of scrofula:

ium mycobact draining
Oropharynx -granulomatous
scrofulaceu eria lymph nodes
cervical lymphadenitis
m
-usually in children
non-
pathogeni
c guinea
pigs

scototochr
omogens
(pigments
in dark)
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 16

Mycobacter atypical T: chronic pulmonary

ium mycobact diseases
soil,
avium eria
water
Mycobacter MAI:
ium non-
intracellular the most common
pathogeni PF:
e bacterial infection in
c guinea
AIDS, AIDS patients
pigs
MAI cancer,

nonchrom immuno-
ogens compromized

(no
pigments)
Mycobacter atypical T: rarely occurring
ium mycobact infection:
soil,
fortuitum eria
skin, soft tissue
water
infections
Mycobacter
ium non-
chelonei pathogeni PF:
c guinea
pigs immune-
compromised,

prosthetic heart
rapid valves and
growth joints
Mycobacter acid-fast R: leprosy:
ium
human mucosal
leprae
membrane,
rod tuberculoid: +
skin, lepromine
-fewer lesions
test
superficial
obligate -macular (flat)
nerves
intracellul
-nerve enlargement
ar
(claw hand)
T:

slow nasal discharge -

lepromatous:
growth from untreated lepromine
leprosy -numerous lesions test
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 17

optimal patients -nodular

growth at
-loss of eyebrows
cool
temperatu -destruction of nasal
re (30˚C) sputum

-paraesthesia

(abnormal sensation)

-leonine facies

(ridges & furrows)

Pseudomon G– R: LPS: in normal people: MacConke
as y’s/ EMB
water exotoxin A: loose stool,
aeruginosa agar
rod -tissue folliculitis,
necrosis
T: eye ulcers
(especially
aerobic water aerosols, liver)

raw vegetables, -inhibits burnt patients:

protein
oxidase + flowers synthesis by skin infections,
ADP- ecthyma gangrenosum
ribosylation of (black necrotic centre,
nonferme PF: EF-2 erythematous-red-
nter (elongation
nosocomial, margin),
factor)
extensive eschar,
pyocyanin burns, -this toxin is
also present in cellulitis (blue-green
-blue chronic C. diphtheria pus),
colour in respiratory
septicemia (also in
pus disease (cystic
AIDS pt’s)
fibrosis), pyocyanin:
catheterized, -damages cilia
pyoverdin
and mucosal in catheterized
(fluorescei immunosuppre
cells of patients:
n) sed,
respiratory UTI
-yellow- anesthesia tract
green injections/CSF
colour sampling,
in cystic fibrosis
swimmers, elastase, patients:
protease:
odour: gym goers, recurrent pneumonias,
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 18

grape-like/ contact lenses -help in septicemia

invasion
corn
nacho -histotoxic
after CSF sampling/
anesthesia injection:
meningitis

swimmers:

otitis externa (most

common casue),

neck down (hot tub)

follicles

gym shoes:

osteochondritis

contact lens users:

corneal infections

sepsis caused by P.
aeruginosa has >50%
mortality rate
Campyloba G– R: TX: inflammatory diarrhea: blood agar
cter
cattle, sheep, enterotoxin: >10 stools/day
jejuni
cat, dog,
rod -destruction -bloody
(curved: intestinal tract of mucosal
-abdominal pain
comma/S of humans surfaces of
shaped) colon -malaise
→ blood and -fever
T:
pus in stool
polar -lasts 3-5 days
fecal-oral route
flagella

most common cause of

PF:
microaero- inflammatory diarrhea,
cephalic improperly
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 19

cooked chicken, 2nd most common is

salmonella
grows well raw eggs,
at 40˚C
poultry
products, predisposes to Guillain-
Barré syndrome:
motile meat,
-autoimmune disease
milk
-demyelination
oxidase +

urease -
Helicobacte G– R: attachment to ammonia breath blood agar
r mucosa
human
pylori
stomach → urease
rod gastritis,
(curved) → ammonia
peptic ulcers,
formation
T:
severe upper
+
polar fecal-oral route, abdominal pain
inflammation
flagella
oral-oral →damage to
(communicable mucosa
helicobacter infection:
),
microaero- ↓ predisposing factor for
cephalic clustered gastric cancer
this damage
families
predisposes to
peptic ulcer
grows well and gastritis
at 37˚C

ammonia
oxidase + helps
bacterium
survive by
urease + neutralizing
acid

Legionella G– R: LPS Legionnaire’s disease charcoal-

pneumophil (weakly) yeast agar
water: (atypical pneumonia)
a
with:
-air
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 20

rod conditioners -confusion iron &

(pleomorp cystein
-water coolers -non-bloody diarrhea
hic) required
-rivers -proteinuria

-streams -hematuria

-cough

PF: -resolves in 7-10 days

Renal
transplant
hyponatremia (↓Na)
Alcoholic

Cancer
Pontiac fever:
Old age
-flu (fever, soar throat)
Smoker
-no pneumonia
AIDS

T:

aerosol from
contaminated
A/C

non-
communicable

Bordetella G– R: hemagglutinin pertussis (whooping Bordet-

pertussis (FHA) cough): Gengou
humans
medium
rod -10 years after
vaccination, TX: catarrhal stage (1-2
humans serve weeks)
pertussin
encapsula as reservoirs
ted (adenylate
cyclase), paroxysmal stage (2-4
T: weeks)

respiratory
tracheal
droplets
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 21

cytotoxin convalescence (>3

weeks)

98

E. coli: ADP
ribosylation is
by Gs protein

Gi protein in
B. pertussis
Francisella G– R: tularemia (endemic in
tularensis the US):
wild animals:

rod rabbits,
(pleomorp tick bite:
deer,
hic)
ulceroglandular type:
rodents
-fever
facultative
-ulcer at bite site
intracellul T:
ar -regional lymph node
tick bite,
enlargement
aerosols
(rabbit-
skinning), skinning rabbits:

ingestion pneumonia
(contaminated
water, infected
meat) ingestion:

typhoidal tularemia
non-
communicable
Brucella G– R: localization in brucellosis (undulant
reiculoendoth fever):
goats,
melitensis elial system
(goats) rod sheep,
-lymph nodes
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 22

cattle, -liver acute (cepticemia):

abortus
zoonotic pigs -spleen
(cattle)
-bone marrow chronic (in older
suis people):
(pig) T:

unpasteurized
dairy products 102
(goat milk),

direct contact
to animals,

slaughterhouse
workers

Escherichia G– NF: TX: UTI: blood agar

coli
colon, K the most common
polysaccharid cause of UTI is E. coli,
rod vagina, EMB
e (capsule), S. saprophyticus is 2nd
(motile) (green)
urethra
O antigen (cell
wall)
neonatal sepsis &
facultative MacConke
PF (UTI): -serologic meningitis:
anaerobe y’s agar
typing,
strinctures, 2nd most common (pink)
stones, H antigen cause after S.
lactose abnormal urine (flagella) agalactiae
fermenter flow,

indwelling
Enterotoxigenic (ETEC):
urinary
glucose
catheters TX: -traveler’s diarrhea
fermenter
(watery)
heat labile
toxin, -diarrhea in <3 years
PF (watery
oxidase – old
diarrhea): heat stable
toxin
poor
nitrates to sanitization of E. coli: ADP Enteropathogenic
nitrites water, ribosylation is (EPEC):
reduction by Gs protein,
fruits/ -2nd most common
vegetables Gi protein in cause of infantile
contaminated B. pertussis diarrhea after rotavirus
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 23

with human
feces
Enteroinvasive (EIEC):

-actin (Jet trails)

-bloody/ watery
diarrhea
verotoxin:
PF (bloody
diarrhea):
Enterohemorrhagic
104
undercooked (EHEC):
hamburgers,
-bloody diarrhea
raw milk,
-hemolytic uremic
fallen apples syndrome
(apple juice)
-hemorrhagic colitis

-no fever (present in

shigellosis)

Enteroaggressive
(EaggEC):

-persistent diarrhea

-vomiting

105

Shigella G– R: TX: dysentery: blood agar

human colon O antigen (cell -fever (>101˚F)

disenteriae
wall)
(severe) rod (no animals) -lower abdominal pain EMB/
-serologic MacConke
sonnei -tenesmus (spasms of
typing y’s agar
(common) urogenital region)
facultative T:
-colourles
anaerobe -first watery, then
fecal-oral route s colonies
invasion of bloody diarrhea
the cells of
-shallow ulcers
glucose distal ileum
fingers and colon
fermenter
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 24

food shigellosis:

oxidase – feces -the most severe form

of diarrhea (10-15
flies
episodes/day)
nitrates to
nitrites
communicable
reduction
-low quantity
needed to
cause an
infection
Klebsiella G– R: TX: pneumonia: blood agar

human colon, K -abscess

polysaccharid
rod upper -thick, bloody, jelly-like EMB/
e (capsule)
respiratory sputum MacConke
tract -antiphagocyt y’s agar
large ic
-pink
capsule UTI:
colonies
T:
-nosocomial
O antigen (cell
from own flora (catheters)
facultative wall)
in low
anaerobe
immunity, -serologic
typing septicemia:
respiratory
lactose droplets, -in
fermenter immunocompromized
catheters LPS:
(nosocomial)
-fever
glucose
-inflammation
fermenter
PF:
-shock
diabetes,
oxidase –
alcoholism,

old age,
nitrates to
chronic
nitrites
respiratory
reduction
disease
Salmonella G– R: TX: typhoid fever/ enteric blood agar
fever
humans (no K
typhi
 Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 25

rod animals) polysaccharid ( S . typhi/ S. EMB/

(motile) e (capsule) paratyphi): MacConke
y’s agar
-rose spots
T:
-colourles
facultative O antigen (cell -constipation
fecal-oral route s colonies
anaerobe wall)
from human -gallbladder
carriers -serologic inflammation
typing
produce (gall bladder) -Vi antigen:
H2S
enteritidis multiplication in
typhimuriu H antigen Payer’s patches→
PF:
m (flagella) spread to phagocytes
glucose
choleraesui ↓ stomach acid of liver, gall bladder, &
fermenter
s spleen → leading to widal test
Vi antigen bacteremia
(typoid)
oxidase – -constipation followed
R: by diarrhea

enteric tracts of
nitrates to
humans,
nitrites -invasion of
chickens,
reduction epithelium of
turtles enterocolitis
SI & LI
/gastroenteritis
(enteric fever)
(6-8 hours):
T:
-inflammation
raw chicken,
egg -loose bloody stool

-2nd most common

cause of inflammatory
diarrhea, after
PF: Campylobacter

sickle cell
anemia

septicemia:

-in very young/ elderly

PF:

sickle cell
anemia
osteomyelitis/ arthritis:
Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 26

-followed by
pneumonia, meningitis

-the most common

cause of osteomyelitis
in patients with sickle
cell disease

PF:
metastatic abscess:
aortic
aneurysms, -abscess away from
infarcts primary origin

Aerobes: Negging Pests Must Breath

Nocardia

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Mycobacterium TB

Bacillus

Anaerobes: A - B – C

Actinomyces

Bacteroides

Clostridium

Capsulated: Some Bacteria Have An Effective Paste Surrounding Membrane Yielding

Pseudo Fort, Bypassing Killing

Strep. pneumonia

Bordetella, Bacteroides

H. influenza

Anthracis (Bacillus)

E. coli
Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 27

Pasteurella

Salmonella

Meningitidis (Neisseria)

Yersinia

Pseudomonas

Francisella

Brucella

Klebsiella

Pneumonia (most common causes):

Type Organism
Most common (bloody-rusty sputum) S. pneumonia
Thick, bloody, jelly-like sputum Klebsiella
In alcoholics S. pneumonia
In cystic fibrosis patients (recurrent) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Atypical pneumonia (Legionnaire’s Legionella pneumophilia
disease)
After rabbit-skinning Francisella tularensis
Sequel to osteomyelitis non-typhoid Salmonella
Pyogenic infection S. aureus

Meningitis (most common causes):

Type Organism
Neonatal S. agalactiae
E. coli
Adult S. pneumoniae
Between ages 2 & 18 Neisseria meningitidis
In renal transplant & cancer patients Listeria monocytogenes
After CSF sampling/ anesthesia injection Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Sequel to osteomyelitis non-typhoid Salmonella

Gastroenteritis:

Transmission Vomiting Diarrhea Organism

Most Common: more than watery S. aureus
custard pastries, potato diarrhea
salad after 1-8
hours
Azhar Gangat (ASUMS) 28

2nd Most Common: after 1-6 watery B. cereus

reheated fried rice/ hours after 18 hours
Chinese restaurant
Most Common Nosocomial bloody/ non- Clostridium difficile
bloody
Unpasteurized, little watery Listeria
contaminated dairy monocytogenes
products, undercooked
meats
Most Common bloody Campylobacter
Inflammatory: jejuni
cattle, sheep, dogs
or
improperly cooked
chicken, raw eggs, poultry
products, meat, milk
2nd Most Common bloody Salmonella
Inflammatory: after 6-8 hours
from humans
or
raw chicken, egg

A/C, water cooler non-bloody Legionella

contamination pneumophila
with atypical pneumonia
Traveler’s Diarrhea: watery E. coli
poor sanitization of water, (Enterotoxigenic)
contaminated fruits &
vegetables
2nd Most Common cause watery E. coli
of Infantile diarrhea after (Enteropathogenic)
rotavirus
watery/ bloody E. coli
(Enteroinvasive)

Undercooked hamburgers/ bloody E. coli

fallen apples (juice) (Enterohemorrhagi
c)

vomiting persistent E. coli

(Enteroaggressive)
Most Severe Form first watery, Shigella
with fever & tenesmus then bloody
(dysentery)