Topic 11 Periodicity Revision Notes 1)

Reactions of period 3 elements

Elements are Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl and Ar

a)

Reactions of Period 3 elements with water

Observations Effervescence Yellow flame Fine bubbles Slow reaction Redox Na from 0 to +1, oxidation H from +1 to 0, reduction Mg from 0 to +2, oxidation H from +1 to 0, reduction

Equation 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

Magnesium reacts rapidly with steam Mg(s) + H 2O(g) MgO(s) + H 2(g)

b)

Reactions of Period 3 elements with oxygen

Observations White solid produced Bright white flame White solid produced White solid produced Redox Na from 0 to +1, oxidation O from 0 to -2, reduction Mg from 0 to +2, oxidation O from 0 to -2, reduction Al from 0 to +3, oxidation O from 0 to -2, reduction Si from 0 to +4, oxidation O from 0 to -2, reduction P from 0 to +5, oxidation O from 0 to -2, reduction S from 0 to +4, oxidation O from 0 to -2, reduction

Equation 4Na(s) + O2(g) 2Na2O(s) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s) 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s) Si(s) + O2(g) SiO2(s) P4(s) + 5O2(g) P4O10(s) S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)

Blue flame Colourless, choking gas produced

2) a)

Reactions of Period 3 oxides Structure and bonding of oxides

Na2O, MgO are giant ionic high melting and boiling points due to strong attraction between ions, dont conduct electricity when solid as ions are not free to move, conduct when molten or dissolved in water as ions are then free to move Al2O3 is ionic with covalent character - high melting and boiling points due to strong attraction between ions, doesnt conduct electricity when solid as ions are not free to move, conducts when molten SiO2 is giant covalent very high melting and boiling points as there are many covalent bonds to break, doesnt conduct as there are no mobile charge carriers P4O10 and SO3 are simple covalent low melting and boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces, doesnt conduct as there are no mobile charge carriers

b)

Reactions with water

Observations Dissolves readily Sparingly soluble Al2O3 doesnt dissolve Lattice enthalpy is too high Notes Alkaline solution, pH 14 Oxide ions react with water Alkaline solution, pH 10 Oxide ions react with water Al2O3 is amphoteric

Equation Na2O(s) + H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) MgO(s) + H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(aq) Al2O3(s) + H2O(l) No reaction SiO2(s) + H2O(l) No reaction P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq) SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq) SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

Acidic solution, pH 0 Acidic solution, pH 3 Acidic solution, pH 0

Giant ionic oxides produce alkaline solutions Al2O3 and SiO2 are insoluble Simple covalent oxides produce acidic solutions The trend across the Period is from ionic to covalent oxides and from alkaline to acidic solutions

c)

Reactions with acids and bases

Alkaline oxides react with acids e.g. MgO + 2HCl MgCl 2 + H 2O

Acidic oxides react with bases e.g. P 4O 10+ 12NaOH 4Na 3PO 4 + 6H 2O SiO 2 + CaO CaSiO 3 (formation of slag in a blast furnace)