TNG QUAN TM HIU MNG MANET

MC LC
Chng 1 : Gii thiu mng MANET Chng 2 : K thut v ng dng mng MANET 2.1 K thut mng MANET 2.1.1.M hnh phn lp mng OSI trong mng Ad hc 2.1.2.Chun Bluetooth 2.1.3.Chun IEEE 802.11 2.2 Nhng ng dng trong mng MANET 2.2.1.Trong qun s 2.2.2Trong mng cc b 2.2.3. Trong trng hp khn cp 2.2.4. Mch mng cm bin khng dy Chng 3 : Multicast trong MANET On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP ) Multicast Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (Multicast ADODV ) Fowarding group multicast protocol (FGMP) Chng 4 :nh tuyn trong mi trng MANET Cc nghi thc trong nh tuyn mng c nh Cc nghi thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET: 4.1 Proactive protocols 4.1.1.The destination Sequenced Distance vector (DSDV) 4.1.2.The Optimizrd Link State Routing (OLSR) 4.1.3.The Fisheye State Routing (FSR) 4.2.Reactive Protocols 4.2.1.The Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) 4.2.2.The Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) 4.3.Hybrid protocol: ZRP

1. GII THIU CHUNG:

Trong nhng nm gn y,vi s pht trin nhanh chng cc thit b di dng ( Laptop,personal digital assistant PDA,cc thit b k thut s cm tay.) to nn mt cuc cch mng mi trong ngnh din ton.Vi yu cu i hi mng mng tnh linh ng v c th kt ni mi lc,mi ni m khng b gii hn v kin trc h tng m mng my tnh truyn thng i hi ( nh trm thu pht gc,Access point,cc b nh tuyn),m hnh mng MANET c hnh thnh v pht trin ngy cang hon thin. Mng Mobile Ad Hoc Network l mt h thng nhng im mng khng dy trong nhng im mng (node ) c th di chuyn t do v t t chc thnh m hnh mng bt k v mang tnh nht thi,cho php ngi s dng c th cu thnh mt internetwok m khng i hi bt k c s h tng no v vn thng tin lin lc.

L mt mng li truyn d liu,mng MANET cng chu nh hng ca nhng kh khn ca mng khng dy truyn thng nh vn bng thng ng truyn,iu khin nng lng hay nng cao cht lng cng nh tc ng truyn. Bn cnh , vi bn cht l mt mng linh ng v hnh dng, cu hnh mng thay i lin tc ngu nhin v thiu cc c s h tng c nh lm ny sinh thm vn v tm ng, duy tr ng truyn trong qu trnh truyn ti d liu. Nhng c im chnh ca mng MANET bao gm: -Cu hnh mng thay i lin tc v bt k trong qu trnh truyn d liu -Do vic s dng knh truyn khng dy dn n s hn ch v dung lng v bng thng. -Hn ch v mt bo mt cc knh truyn. -Do bn cht l s lan truyn sng v tuyn nn chu nh hng ca s mt mt gi d liu ln, chu delay ln hn mng c nh. -Cc node mng trong mng Ad hoc s dng ngun nng lng ch yu l pin.V th tit kim nng lng l mt tiu chun quan trng trong vic thit k h thng. Mt c im quan trng khc ca mng Ad hoc l s c lp v cu trc v quyn u tin, cung cp mt tim nng ln cho ngi s dng. M hnh mng n gin nht c th to ra vi ch 2 nodes mng khong cch gn c s lan truyn sng m bo cho s truyn thng tin gia cc nodes.

2.K THUT MNG MANET V CC NG DNG: 2.1 K thut mng MANET: 2.1.1M hnh phn lp mng OSI trong mng Ad hc :
M hnh OSI-Open System Interconnection bn cht gm c 7 phn lp mng,c ISO a ra vo nm 1978 chun ha li cho d pht trin v cho php kh nng kt hp gia nhng dng sn phm khc nhau trong mt mng.7 phn lp bao gm : Application > Presentation > Session > Transport > Network > Data link > Physical

y ta tm thi khng quan tm nhiu n 3 phn lp u v tm thi xp chung chng li thnh mt phn lp chung l lp ng dng APPLICATION.Sau y ta s ln lt phn tch c im tng phn lp:
Lp ng dng APLLICATION :

Lp ng dng l lp gn gi vi ngi dng hn ht,n cung cp cc ng dng ca ngi dng.N khc cc lp khc ch khng cung cp dch v cho bt k lp no khc,thay v vy,n ch cung cp dch v cho cc ng dng nm bn ngoi m hnh OSI.Cc chng trnh ng dng nh cc chng trnh x l bng tnh,cc chng trnh x l vn bn ,cc chng trnh u cui.Lp ng dng thit lp tnh sn sng cho cci tc thng tin,ng b ho v thit lp tnh nht qun trn cc th tc khc phc li v kim sot tnh ton vn d liu c bit trong mng Ad hoc th lp ng dng cn chu trch nhim cho vic cung cp cc ng dng lin quan n v tr (location based services).

Lp vn chuyn TRANSPORT:

Lp vn chuyn phn on d liu t h thng truyn v ti thit d liu vo mt lung d liu ti host nhn.Lp vn chuyn c gng cung cp mt dch v vn chuyn d liu,to nn mt di ngn cch bo v cc

lp trn trnh cc chi tit hin thc vn chuyn bn di.c bit cc vn nh lm th no vn chuyn gia 2 lp host tht s tin cy l trch nhim lin quan n lp vn chuyn .Trong vic cung cp dch v truyn thng,lp vn chuyn thit lp,duy tr v kt thc mt cch tt p cc mch o.Trong vic cung cp cc dch v tin cy ,s pht hin li,khc phc li cng nh iu khin lung thng tin u c d dng trit . Trong mi trng MANET,s di chuyn cc node s lm cho gu ht cc gi nhn u khng theo ng th t do s tr ca gi ACK.i vi mng MANET c mi trng tnh th s mt mt gi ch yu do li trong knh truyn khng dy.S truyn li l rt hn ch v tiu tn nng lng .V th khi thit k mt lp vn chuyn hiu qu cho MANET,nhng vn sau cn c quan tm. Kch thc ca s phi c iu chnh sao cho khng ch ph hp vi li knh truyn v tr u cui,m cn phi ph hp vi s di chuyn c ng gia cc nodes. Nh cp trn,trong mng Ad hoc n nh th mt mt gi l do li ca knh truyn v do tr u cui. Thi gian Time-out dng ch khong thi gian giao thc phi ch trc khi gi li phi c tnh ton sao cho ph hp vi s c ng ca mng .R rng nu khong thi gian ny gim xung s lm tng s ln gi li v nu tng time-out ln th s gim s lng gi vo a vo mng. Ngun gc ca vic iu khin tc nghn l da trn s tr ca qu trnh xc nhn.iu ny ko chc chn l tt i vi mng Ad hoc v tr y l do li knh truyn,kt ni b hng (do cc node di chuyn) v s ng lp MAC m nguyn nhn khng ch do lu thng ca mng m cn do ln (s lng node) ca mng. Cc nghin cu v giao thc lp vn chuyn dnh cho MANET tp trung cho vic pht trin c ch phn hi sao cho gip lp vn chuyn nhn bit c s c ng ca mng,iu chnh thi gian time-out v kch thc ca s cho ph hp v thc hin iu khin tc nghn da vo nhiu thng tin trn mng hn.Chng hn khi mt phin c bt u,lp vn chuyn gi s rng tuyn tuyn sn sang cho mt khong thi gian.Khi tuyn c thay i,lp vn chuyn s c thng bo.Sau vic truyn d liu s c tm ngng cho n khi c tuyn mi c thit lp.
Lp mng NETWORK: i vi lp mng th nhim v quan trng

nht ca n l nh tuyn.Nhng kh khn gp phi ca mng Ad hoc trong vn nh tuyn bao gm: - Node trong MANET thng thng gm cc thit b cm tay v laptop vi lng ti nguyn hn ch - Node trong MANET thng di chuyn lin tc.V th p ng vi cu hnh mng thay i lin tc,giao thc nh tuyn ca mng Ad hoc phi tm c v thay th tht nhanh cho giao tuyn c b h.Tuyn mi

tm c cng nhanh th cng quyt nh tnh hiu qu ca giao thc nh tuyn

Lp lin kt d liu DATA LINK:

- c CISCO chia lm 2 lp con LLC ( Logical link control ) v MAC ( Media Acess Control ). Lp MAC chu trch nhim qun l vic truy xut knh truyn , v LLC th lin quan n vic duy tr kt ni ,ng frame d liu , ng b , pht hin li , kh nng phc hi v iu khin lung thng tin - C 2 k thut dng xy dng nn mng Ad hoc : IEEE 802.11 (chun mng cc b khng dy WLAN) v cng ngh Bluetooth (Chun mng cc b c nhn WPAN ).Bluetooth v IEEE 802.11 l c trng ca 2 phng php a truy cp mng : truy cp ngu nhin v truy cp theo kiu token ( node no nhn c token mi c php truyn d liu ).Do tnh mm do vn c ca cch truy cp ngu nhin (cc node c di chuyn khng gii hn ) nn y ban IEEE K.11 quyt nh thng qua cch truy cp ngu nhin, da trn CSMA cho mng WLAN.Ni cch khc truy cp kiu token thch hp hn i vi mi trng mng i hi v QoS ( Quality of service ) Trong mng c c s h tng c node iu khin trung tm cho mi cell,thng l access point.Access point c kt ni vi mng c dy. Tt c lu lng u i qua Access point ny ngay c khi mt thit b d liu cho thit b cho thit b ch thc thuc cng mt cell.Cc cell k cn s dng tn s khc nhau trnh nhiu v tng dung lng cell.Tt c cc cell link lin kt vi nhau lp LLC Trong mng Ad hoc,mi thit b nm trong cng mt cell hay Independent Basic Service Set ( IBSS ) ,do cc thit b c th giao tip trc tip vi cc thit b 802.11 trong cng mt cell m khng cn bt c s can thip no ca node iu khin trung tm.802.11 gip mng Ad hoc tit kim cng sut.iu ny rt quan trng i vi mng Ad hoc Giao thc multicast trong mng c dy bao gm 2 giao thc : -Shortest path multicast tree -Core-based trees multicast protocol Thng thng c 2 tiu chun mng Ad Hoc phi p ng: -Chun 802.11 chun cho mng WLANS -Chun k thut Bluetooth dnh cho short-range wireless communication

2.1.2.Chun IEEE 802.11:

IEEE 802.11 c thit lp nm 1978 bi Institude of Electrical and Electronic Engineers ( IEEE ).IEEE 802.11 l chun truyn d liu s khng dy bng tn 2.4 Ghz IMS.C 3 cng ngh khc nhau c s dng xy dng lp vt l l : tia hng ngoi,frequency hopping spread spectrum ( FHSS ), Direct sequence spread spectrum ( DSSS ).Cng ngh ph bin nht hin nay l DSSS,s dng cng ngh c th cung cp tc trn 11 Mbps bng tn 2.4 Ghz,v trong tng lai c th trn 54 Mbps bng tn 5 Ghz. Phng thc truy cp c bn ca 802.11 MAC l Carrier Sense Multiple Acess with Collision Aviodance ( CSMA/CA ). Chun 802.11 c th s dng cho c mng WLAN c c s h tng v c mng Ad hoc LAN. Giao thc 802.11 cung cp 2 tin ch: -BSS( Basic Set Service): kt ni cc thit b khng dy u cui vi AP (Acess protocol) -IBSS(Independence Basic Set Service);phng thc kt ni theo kiu Ad hoc cc thit b u cui m khng cn kin trc h tng v AP 36 Cc chun 802.11 thng dng:
Thng dng : 802.11a,802.11b,802.11g Bo mt : 802.11i ang pht trin: 802.11n Cc chun khc cng h nh c-g,h,j ang c ci tin v m rng,sa li 802.11b c p dng rng ri u tin,k l 802.11a,802.11g Chun 802.11b v 802.11g pht bng tn 2.4GHz,do c th b nh hng bi Microwave,cordeless telephone v Bluetooth,v cc thit b khc dung cng band tn Chun 802.11a pht bng tn 5Ghz nn ko b nh hng bi cc thit b hot ng bng tn 2.4GHz

Cc thng s k thut ca chun 802.11 v Bluetooth.

2.1.3.Chun Bluetooth:
Bluetooth l chun truyn d liu s khng dy hot ng bng tn 2.4Ghz ISM, vi khong cch truyn ngn gia cc laptop, cellphone, hay cc thit b khc. Bluetooth s dng k thut nhy tn s (frequency hopping) truyn dn d liu, tc truyn dn 1600 hop trn mt giy. Thi gian gia hai hop gi l slot, mi slot s dng cc tn s khc nhau. Mi hop chn ngu nhin 1 trong s 79 tn s. mt s quc gia, bng thng sn c l 80MHz v th mi hop chim bng tn 1 MHz. Bluetooth pht tn hiu rt b, ch 1mW, cong sut pht ca cc cellphone ch 3W, v th khong cch truyn dn trong Bluetooth tm 10m. Cng ngh Bluetooth c cu trc thnh mng ad hoc piconet, vi hai hay nhiu thit b m khng cn bt c mt c s h tng no c. Trong mt piconet gm c mt thit b master v nhiu thit b slave. Mt thit b slave c th thuc nhiu piconet, nhng master ch thuc mt piconet.Khi cc piconet chng trp ln nhau s to nn Scatternet. Cng ngh Bluetooth da trn chi ph thp, khong cch truyn dn ngn, cho pho truyn dn thoi v d liu trong mi trng tnh v di ng, tc symbol ca Bluetooth l 1Mb/s. Bluetooth kt hp chuyn mch v chuyn mch gi. C hai lin kt vt l c nh ngha trong Bluetooth: The Synchronous Connection-Oriented Link (SCO). The Asynchronous Connetionless Link (ACK).

Cu trc piconet Kin trc Bluetooth:

Cu trc Scatternet

Kin trc Bluetooth c chia lm bn nghi thc li: -Baseband and Link control (BLC). -Link Manager Protocol (LMP). -Logical Link Control and Adaption Protocol (L2CAP). -Service Discovery Control (SDP). Trong , BLC cung cp mt kt ni vt l gia cc piconet. C hai kiu lien kt vt l c nh ngha trong Bluetooth: Asynchronous Connectionless

(ACL), Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO). Trong mode ACL, vic thng tin nhanh hn SCO bi v thit b ch pht v nhn d liu ti bt k thi im ch i vi cc gi d liu, cn mode SCO thit b c th nhn v pht d liu ti cng mt thi im i vi cc gi audio hoc d liu. LMP thit lp mt lien kt vt l v qun l m ha v xc thc. LMP cng duy tr trng thi kt ni ca cc thit b trong piconet. L2CAP hot ng nghi thc lp cao hn BLC. N cung cp cc dch v d liu. L2CAP ch nh ngha ACL ch khng h tr SCO.

2.2 Nhng ng dng trong mng MANET: 2.2.1.Trong qun s:

Qun s l ng lc chnh pht trin mng Ad hoc. Do mng ad hoc khng i hi s iu khin t trung tm cng nh tn ti mt c s h tng sng c nn n rt hon ho cho cc ng dng qun s. Trn chin trng, binh lnh c th lien lc vi nhau bt k lc no v bt k ni u.

2.2.2Trong m,ng cc b:
C l y l mng m chng ta c th gp c d dng trong cc hi ngh hoc trong lp hc, khi cc node mun kt ni vi nhau truyn v nhn d liu. Vn cn c m bo y l cht lng truyn QoS.

2.2.3. Trong trng hp khn cp:

Do c tnh khng cn c s h tng c nh cng nh s qung tr nn mng Ad hoc cng rt ph hp trong cc tnh hung m h tng mng b ph hy hoc khng sn c do mt nguyn nhn no . Mc ch ca vic thit lp MANET trong tnh hung ny l gip cho cc thit b di ng c th lien lc c vi nhau v s dng cc dch v mng vn d rt quan trng trong cng tc cu h.

2.2.4. Mch mng cm bin khng dy:

Nhng nghin cu gn y tp trung vo nhng mng gm cc thit b cm bin. Wireless sensor network s dng cc sensor thu thp thng tin v truyn ti mt b phn x l trung tm. Khi mt cm bin c t th v tr ca n lun c nh. Cng ngh ny rt hu ch vi nhng mi trng m chng ta khng th cung cp mt mng c c s h tng. chng hn nh l trong mi trng nhim x ha hc, thay v phi gi n mt i cu h khn cp th ch vic lp t cc sensor to thnh mt mng ad hoc.

3.MULTICAST PROTOCOL TRONG MANET:

Trong mi trng mang tnh linh ng cao nh MANET,m hnh giao thc multicast truyn thng cho mng c dy khng cn p ng c yu cu .Bi v cc node di chuyn linh ng v m hnh mng thay i lin tc khng xc nh trc c phn tip theo y xin c trnh by mt vi phng thc multicast trong mng MANET:

3.1.On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP )

Trong ODMRP ,cc node thnh vin ca mng li v thng tin ng truyn gia cc node c thit lp v update lin tc. V d trong hnh 2.4a,ngun S mun gi thng tin cho cc node khc trong mng nhng khng c ng lin kt trc tip,lc ny S s gi 1 gi thong tin c tn JOIN_DATA n ton b cc node trong mng.Gi thng tin ny s c pht nh k lien tc cp nht thong tin ng truyn gia cc node.Khi 1 node trung gian nhn gi thng tin JOIN_DATA,n s thm vo thng ip source ID v lu vo ni lu tr thng ip ( message cache ) ng thi tip tc pht cho cc node ln cn gi thng tin trn. Khi mt node nhn JOIN_DATA,n s to v pht JOIN_TABLE n cc node ln cn.Nu 1 node nhn c JOIN_TABLE,vic kim tra li ID s c tin hnh.Nu l cng ID ,c FG_FLAG ( Forwarding group flag ) c set v node ny c nhn l mt phn ng truyn.Bng cch ny mi node s lan truyn JOIN_TABLE n khi tr li v ngun pht S thng qua con ng c chn ngn nht.Hnh 2.4b m t phng thc gi thng tin c gi tr v S.Khi nhn JOIN_TABLE ,mi node phi to ra multicast table ca chnh n truyn tip cho cc gi tin tip theo.V d khi B nhn JOIN_TABLE ca R2,n s nhn R2 nh im nhy tip theo.V phng thc lan truyn cui cng c m t nh trong hnh 2.4c .Ton b cc bc nh ng t source n receiver v thit lp mng li nh trn gi l forwarding Group

Sau khi forwarding group c thit lp v ng truyn c xc nh ,ngun S c th gi cc gi thng tin n cc receiver thng qua cc tuyn nh sn .Khi c thng tin cn truyn i ,ngun S s pht nh k gi JOIN_DATA lin tc refresh forwarding group v cc tuyn .Khi nhn thng tin,mt node s pht tip gi thng tin cho gi tip theo nu c FG_FLAG vn cn c set .Th tc ny gip gim thiu vic gi thng tin khng cn thit v vic gi gi hang v theo ng c.

3.2.Multicast Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (Multicast ADODV )

Giao thc nh ng MAODV pht trin multicast routes on demand s dng c ch broadcast routes discovery.Mt node mng s pht i thng ip RREQ (route request ) khi mun tham gia vo mt multicast group hoc khi c thng ip mun gi vo multicast group nhng khng nh c ng n group .Hnh 2.5a m t s truyn RREQ t host S(c biu din bi cc mi tn ).Ch c nhng thnh vin ca multicast group mi c th nhn c RREQ.Khi 1 node nhn c thng ip RREQ ca mt multicast group m n khng phi thnh vin hay khi nhn c RREQ nhng node ny khng thit lp tuyn n multicast group c,n s pht li thng ip cho cc node k cn.

Khi RREQ c pht qua mng,pointer s c cc node set up thit lp tuyn tr ngc v route tables.Khi node nhn RREQ s update tuyn trong route table. tham gia vo RREQ,mt entry s c gn thm vo multicast route table,entry ny s khng c kch hot cho n khi c chn nm trong multicast tree.

3.3.Fowarding group multicast protocol (FGMP)

Trong mng li mang tnh linh ng cao nh m hnh MANET, giao thc multicast da trn kt ni upstream v downstream khng mang tnh hiu qu cao v vic to ra v duy tr trng thi kt ni upstream v downstream trong mng li khng dy l mt vic ht sc kh khn. Trong FGMP, giao thc khng duy tr kt ni m duy tr mt nhm cc node (Forwarding group FG) tham gia vo vic phn tn gi thng tin. Cc node trong FG lun sng sng tham gia vo vic pht tn gi d liu.V vy khi nhn c gi d liu, cc node trong FG s tip tc pht tn n cc node k cn. Mi node trong mng u nhn c gi thng tin nhng ch nhng node trong FG mi c th tip tc truyn gi thng tin trn.

Mt v d FGMP V d trong hnh trn m t mt multicast group vi 2 sender v 2 receiver. Bn node ny chu trch nhim pht tn gi thng tin multicast.

4. NH TUYN TRONG MANET Cc nghi thc trong nh tuyn mng c nh

Nghi thc nh tuyn trong mng c nh hot ng da trn bng nh tuyn,bng nh tuyn c chc nng lu tr ng i c th c n ch. bng nh tuyn phn nh c cu hnh tht s ca mng,cc node s lin tc cp nht bng dnh tuyn v tnh ton li ng i n ch.Hai nghi thc nh tuyn c dung cho mng c nh l Distance Vector (DV) v Link State (LS) Distance Vector (DV):mi node s gi n node k cn ton b bng nh tuyn ca n.N s gi mt cch tun hon hoc bt c khi no nhn thy s thay i cu hnh mng. Link State (LS):i vi DV cc node s khng bit c cu hnh mng,nhng vi LS,mi node s lu gi cu hnh mng.Cc node s tip nhn trng thi ca cc link n cc node k cn v phn tn n n ton b cc node trong mng bng Link State Packets (LSPs).Vic ny c lm mt cch tun hon hoc bt c khi no c s thay i trng thi cc Link.Khi cc node nhn c LSPs,n s cp nht v trng thi cc link trn ton b mng.Da vo thng tin ny,cc node s chy gii thut tm ng ngn nht v xc nh con ng ti u

Cc nghi thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET:

Mc d 2 gii thut trn u chng t hiu qu i vi mng c nh nhng n mt thi gian rt lu hi t v cn tiu tn nhiu ti nguyn tm ra nhng tuyn ng m c th khng bao gi phi dung n.iu ny hon ton khng ph hp vi m hnh mng c cu hnh mng thng xuyn thay i nh mng MANET.Do nghi thc nh tuyn trong MANET phi c thit k sao cho ph hp vi cu hnh thng xuyn thay i ca mng,tit kim nng lng v bng thng. Vn nh tuyn trong MANET bao gm 2 vn : - Tm tuyn t ngun n ch - Duy tr tuyn trong khi vic truyn d kiu cn ang hot ng Cc nghi thc nh tuyn trong MANET c th chia lm hai loi: Proactive: cc tuyn c thit lp khi cc node tham gia vo mng Reactive: Cc tuyn ch c tm khi cn gi d liu. Hybrid: Kt hp c hai nghi thc trn

4.1 Proactive protocols

Trong nghi thc proactive cc node s duy tr bng ng i n mi node ch trong mng,v mc ch ny nn cc node s nh k trao i thng tin v ng i.Ti mi thi im ng i n tt c cc ch u sn sang s dng v th tr khi bt u gi d liu l rt b.Vic duy tr ng i n tt c cc node thng xuyn c cp nht ngay c khi chng khng c s dng,dn n vic lng ph bng thng v ngun ti nguyn vn hn ch trong mng Ad hoc.Vic

mng Ad hoc c cu hnh mng thay i lin tc,d dng nghi thc proactive s mt nhiu thi gian cho vic xc nh bng ng i ti cc node v nhiu khi bng ng i to ra khng t hiu qu cu hnh mng thay i lin tc.V th nghi thc proactive ch ph hp vi mng c s di ng cc node l rt b.Cc c ch chnh trong giao thc ny l: -Tng s lng thng tin cu hnh mng lu tr trong mi node (gip gim s vng lp v tng mc hi t ca giao thc) -S thay i lin tc ca kch thc tuyn -Optimize flooding -Kt ni lp DV v LS

4.1.1.The destination Sequenced Distance vector (DSDV)

Giao thc DSDV l mt bng thut ton nh tuyn da trn c ch nh tuyn c in Bellman-Ford c ci tin trnh vn lp vng. Mi node trong mng thu thp thng tin nh tuyn t cc node ln cn v tnh ng i ngn nht n cc node trong mng. Sau khi to ra bng nh tuyn mi, n s qung b bng nh tuyn ny n cc node ln cn. trnh vn lp vng v phn bit vi cc tuyn c, mi node s duy tr mt s tun t c gn bi node ch.

4.1.2.The Optimizrd Link State Routing (OLSR)

OLSR l giao thc ci tin giao thc LS truyn thng.Trong LS cc node s flood message n tt c cc node.iu ny s lm lng ph bng thng v nng lng ca mng. tng ni bt ca OLSR l s dng cc Multipoint relay nodes (MPR) gi thng ip n cc node trong ton mng mt cch hiu qu nht bng cch gim cc gi thng tin gi chng nhiu ln trong mt khu vc.Mi node i chn mt cch bt k mt s node trong s cc node nm cch node mt bc nhy, gi l b cc node MPR(i).Cc node nm trong MPR(i) c tnh cht: Mi node nm trong hai hop i xng k cn ca I phi c link i xng v pha MPR(i).Hay ni cch khc, tp hp ton b cc node cch cc node trong MPR(i) mt bc nhy bao gm ton b cc node cch i hai bc nhy. Phng thc dng MPR cho php flood thng ip mt cch tht s hiu qu: khi node i mun flood thng ip n ton mng, node node i ch phi gi thng ip n tp cc node nm trong MPR(i),sau cc node ny s ln lt gi thng ip n cc node nm trong MPR ca n. Multipoint Relay selector set (MPR selector set) ca mt node j bao gm cc node ln cn chn j lm MPR.Mi node s gi nh k thng ip n MPR selector set mt thng ip iu khin c bit gi l Topology control (TC). Bng cch s dng TC, mt node s thng bo cho ton mng bit n tin n cc node trong MPR selector set.Thng ip TC bao gm mt chui s,tng ln khi MPR selector set thay i. Nhm tng kh nng phn ng vi s thay i ca cu hnh mng,khi c s thay i trong MPR selector set, khong thi gian gia hai ln gi TC lin tip s c

gim n nh nht.Hn na khi mt node khng tm c MPR selector set, n s khng th gi bt k thng ip TC no c.Tuy nhin,khi MPR selector set khng cha node no, mt thng ip empty TC vn c lin tc gi nh k cp nht thng tin mi nht ca thng ip TC.Thng tin nhn c t thng ip TC dng xy dng cu hnh mng v bng nh tuyn. Vy mt node chy OLSR s p ng ba dng cu trc thng tin sau: -Neighbor sensing information base. -Topology information base. -Routing table. Sau y l v d vic truyn thng tin trong OLSR :

4.1.3.The Fisheye State Routing (FSR)

Fisheye State protocol (FSR protocol) l mt giao thc proactive da tn k thut Fisheye,c pht trin nhm gim kch thc gi thng tin. im khc bit trong FSR bao gm: 1. Truyn cc gi LSPs n cc node k cn bng flooding 2. a ra khi nim phm vi vng ca mng vi chnh xc khc nhau trong thng tin nh tuyn. FSR cng tng t nh LS, mi node lu gi cu hnh mng, bng nh tuyn, danh sch cc node k cn. Khng flood nhng thng tin tuyn ng n ton mng nh giao thc Link-state, trong FSR link-state, gi thng tin c ch trao i vi node k cn, trong khi chui s c dng ch nhng thay i thng tin, nh trong DSDV. Thng ip update tuyn bao gm chui cp s <a ch ch n,danh sch cc node k cn>. thc hin k thut Fisheye, FSR gii thiu k thut phm vi vng. Phm vi vng ca mt node i c nh ngha nh cc node nm cch i mt khong h bc nhy.

Thng tin v tuyn ng i c cp nht vi tc khc nhau, vng cng nh tn s pht cng cao.iu ny gip gim s lng v kch thc thng ip.FSR duy tr khong cch v cht lng thng tin ca cc node ln cn vi c im khong cch cng xa,chi tit nhn c cng t.

4.2.Reactive Protocols
Mt cch khc tip cn vn nh tuyn trong mi trng MANET l nh tuyn theo yu cu (on demand). Cch tip cn ny c c trng bi quy c v bng nh tuyn ti cc node, v vy ko theo vn cp nht bng nh tuyn theo s thay i ca cu hnh mng. Giao thc nh tuyn On-demand s tnh ton ng i trc khi pht tn hiu. Cc thng tin v ng i ch xc nh khi c nhu cu. Khi tuyn ng tnh ton mi c a vo s dng.iu ny trnh gy qu ti trn ng truyn mng do khng phi trao i thng tin v nhng tuyn ng khng cn thit. Tuy nhien, giao thc ny c nhc im so vi proactive l tr d liu s tng ln bi v phi c mt thi gian ch i cho vic thit lp cc tuyn ng theo yu cu.Khi cc nghi thc reactive gi cc thng tin tm ng, chng khng hon ton ti u trong vic s dng bng thng (gi thng tin qua li gia cc node nhiu, gi thng tin hi m v ng i).Tuy nhin cch lm ny li chng t hiu qu khi cu hnh mng thay i thng xuyn. V th, reactive rt ph hp vi mng c s di ng cao nh MANET. Giao thc reactive c c trng bi vic tun th ln lt 3 th tc sau: -Tm ng. -Duy tr tuyn ng tm c. -Xa kt ni. D liu c truyn i thng qua hai k thut chnh:

-Soucre routing -Hop by hop Th tc tm ng da trn c s Hi-Tr li. Thng ip Hi s c gi n ch v thng ip Tr li s c phn hi. Thng ip tm ng ch c pht khi cn truyn d liu nhng cha tm c ng n ch. V l do tm ng, cc node trong mng i hi mt routing state, trong d lu tr cc tuyn ng tm c trong qu trnh tm ng. Thng tin nh tuyn c duy tr bi mt nghi thc ring cho n khi khng cn c s dng hoc hon ton b xa b.

4.2.1.The Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

DSR forward cc gi d liu s dng k thut source routing.Ngha l node ngun bit ton b tuyn i t ngun n ch.S dng b nh nh tuyn (route cache) lu tr ton b ng i n ch. Source routing c nhng c im sau Giao thc DSR bao gm 2 k thut chnh: Tm ng v Duy tr ng. Trong k thut Tm ng, gi s ngun S pht thng ip yu cu tuyn ng Route request (RREQ) nh tuyn n im D. K thut tm ng da trn vic gi RREQ n ton mng, bao gm cc phn sau: a ch ngi gi (sender address), a ch ch n (target address), mt thng s nhn bit thng ip yu cu, v b phn ghi nhn tuyn ng i (route record). Khi nhn c tng ip RREQ, mt node cn phi: -Gi thng ip tr li RREP v ngun S nu tuyn ng n ch c lu tr trong cache -Thi hi gi thng tin, nu nhn. -Thm a ch ID vo route record v pht gi thng tin n cc node ln cn Khi nhn RREQ, node ch s tr li cng vi mt thng ip RREP. RREP cha ng tuyn c lu trong RREQ.V th gi RREP s di chuyn theo chiu ngc li t ch n ngun. Khi node ngun nhn c RREP n s t tuyn c lu trong RREP.

V d vic lan truyn RREQ trong DSR.

V d phn hi thng tin RREP trong DSR.

4.2.2.The Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV)

Cng tng t nh DSR,khi mt node cn tuyn ng n node no , n s qung b thng bo RREQ tm ng. Mi node nhn c RREQ s lu li tuyn ng i t node ny tr v node ngun, m gi RREP c th c truyn theo chiu ngc li t ch v ngun. Mt tuyn c th c xc nh khi RREQ n c node c ng i n ch hoc chnh l node ch. Ngoi cc thng bo RREQ, RREP th AODV cn c thng bo Hello. y l mt dng thng bo c bit ca RREP. Mi node qung b thng bo Hello n cc node k cn mt cch nh k thng bo s tn ti ca n. Thng bo ny cn lit k tt c cc node m n bit l c tn ti, v th mi node s bit c s tn ti, v th mi node s bit c s tn ti ca cc node trong mng. Khi mt link trong mng c pht hin b h, mt thng bo RREP c truyn i bo vi cc node khc v link hng ny, thng bo ny cng ni ln rng

mt tuyn c s dng link ny khng th i n ch. Mi node trong mng duy tr mt bng nh tuyn bao gm cc thng tin sau: -a ch IP ch -Kch thc ca Host -S tun t ch n (Destination Sequence Number) -a ch IP ca hop k tip. -Thi gian sng (thi gian ht hn ca mt tuyn). -S hop i t ngun n ch. -Giao tip mng (Network interface). -C trng thi ca tuyn (tch cc,hay khng tch cc) Nghi thc AODV s dng s tun t ch (DSN) trnh vn nh tuyn lp vng v counting to infinity.DSN c to ra bi node ch v c gi cng vi thng tin nh tuyn v node ch.Mi node s tng SN cua 3 n khi gi i mt RREQ.Khi node ch nhn c RREQ th trc khi n gi RREP n s cp nht SN cho n bng cch ly MAX (SN ca n v ca gi RREQ cng 1) v gi v node ngun RREP.Trong qu trnh tm ng,node ngun hay node trung gian c th nhn c nhiu RREP ca cng mt node ch.Trong trng hp ny node s la chn ng no c SN ln nht. i vi nhng tuyn c cng s Sn th node s chn tuyn c s hop nh nht AODV cng s dng cc chui s tun t nh trong DSDV loi b tuyn ng c cng nh trnh vn lp vng, trong khi th tc tm ng li tun theo DSR. S khc nhau chnh yu ca AODV v DSR l vic thng tin tuyn ng tm c c lu tr trrong cc node ch khng gn km trong gi thng tin. Gi s node S mun gi gi thng tin n node D m cha c thng tin nh tuyn trong bng nh tuyn. C ch tm ng cng da trn vic gi gi thng tin RREQ n cc node nh trong DSR. Khi mt node gi thng ip yu cu,

V d v vic lan truyn RREQ trong AODV v vic thit lp tuyn ng t ch

n ngun.

V d v vic thit lp tuyn ng gi gi thng tin.

Qu trnh tm ng:
Khi mt node mun gi d liu n mt node no , trc tin n kim tra bng bng nh tuyn ca n xem c mt tuyn hp l n ch hay khng.Nu khng n s thc hin qu trnh tm ng t ngun n ch.Node ngun s pht qung b n cc node k cn. Gi thng bo RREQ bao gm a ch IP ca node ch, s SN mi nht m n bit c, a ch ID v s SN ca chnh n, s hop m c c gn bt u l 0. Mi node cn c RREQ ID (t ng tng ln 1khi gi i 1 RREQ) c ghi vo trong RREQ phn bit cc RREQ pht ra cng mt ngun. Khi node k cn nhn c RREQ,trc tin n s tng hop count trong RREQ ln 1, v lu hai tuyn vo bng nh tuyn ca n, mt i ngc v pha node ngun, mt i v pha node k cn m n nhn RREQ. Cc node trung gian cng c th s dng tuyn i ngc gi RREP nu n nhn c RREP. Sauk hi to tuyn i ngc ny, node s gi RREP v node ngun nu n l node ch hoc n c mt tuyn mi i n ch. Nu node khng c tuyn mi, th n ch vic tip tc qung b n RREQ n cc node k cn ca n. Mt gi RREP cha c ch IP ca node ch , DSN , a ch IP ca node ngun , hop count n ch (nu n l node ch, hop count bng 0, nu khng n s c gi tr bng vi gi tr hop count tng ng vi node ch trong bng nh tuyn), thi gian sng ca RREP. Node nhn c RREP trc tin s tng gi tr hop count ln 1 v to 2 tuyn lu thng trong bng nh tuyn: mt tuyn i v node ch, mt tuyn i v node trung gian gi RREP cho n.Nhng ng ny c dung trong qu trnh truyn d liu t ngun n ch. Node s tip tc truyn RREP ny i tip n

cc node ch khc theo hng ngc li bit trc (khi node nhn c RREQ). Cho n khi node ngun nhn c RREP. Nu node ngun nhn c nhiu gi RREP th n s chn tuyn no c DSN ln nht.

Duy tr tuyn trong AODV:

Trong MANET, nhng link ca cc ng tch cc c th hng bt k lc no do tnh c th ca cc node di ng, v th giao thc AODV phi c cch thng bo cho cc node khc (c s dng link ny cho vic truyn d liu) bit rng link ny b hng. Mt ng c xem nh l tch cc trong AODV khi m n s dng truyn d liu trong khong thi gian gn vi thi im m ta xt. Mi mt link c hai node, ta gi node no gn node ngun hn l upstream v node kia l downstream. Khi mt link hng c pht hin th node upstream s lm mt hiu lc ca cc ng tch cc m s dng node downstream lm node k tip trong bng nh tuyn ca n. Sau to ra mt gi RRER cha mt danh sch cc node khng th n c v s SN tng ng vi node ch cng thm 1. Mi routing entry trong bng nh tuyn ca node c lu danh sch ca cc node m node ny gi gi RREP (gi l precursor list).Nu danh sch ny khng rng (ngha l tn ti t nht mt node) th RERR s c gi broacast n cc node gn vi node ngun.Khi mt node nhn c RERR n s kim tra xem th node m gi RERR cho n c phi l node k tip trong bng nh tuyn i n node ch c lit k trong RERR. Nu phi th n s lm mt hiu lc nhng ng lin quan trong bng nh tuyn ca n bng cch set gi tr khong cch (distance value) thnh infinity v cp nht gi tr DSN bng cch copy DSN tng ng trong RERR v n tip tc gi i RERR. Bng cch ny th RERR s c truyn v node ch. Sau khi node ngun nhn c RERR th n s b i ng c v tin hnh qu trnh tm ng nu cn thit.

Tuyn ht hn v xa tuyn:
Bn cht ca AODV l on-demand, tuy nhin trong bng nh tuyn ca n cng s c rt nhiu ng khng cn c s dng trong khong thi gian di. V th, i vi nhng ng m khng c s dng trong khong thi gian ACTIVE_ROUTE_TIMEOUT th node s lm mt hiu lc tuyn ny bng cch tng DSN v set hop count thnh infinity.Lc ny th entry ny vn cn nm trong bng nh tuyn ny, tuy nhien6no1 s b xa i sau khong thi gian DELETE_PERIOD. S d ta phi tri qua hai giai on TIME OUT v DELETE l v ta mun gi li DSN ca tuyn cng lu cng tt. Trong trng hp chng ta xa entry ny m khng qua giai on DELET_PERIOD th ta s mt thng tin v DSN v khi ta tm ng mi ta phi s dng DSN l 0.

Tuy nhin ti sao ta vn phi xa entry ny nu nh ta cn quan tm n DSN? Bi v gii php ny l khng ph hp vi mng rt c ng nn node c th trng thy rt nhiu node trong khong thi gian ngn. Ngoi ra nhng node khi khi ng li cng khng c lu gi bt k SN no. 4.3.Hybrid protocol: ZRP ZRP l giao thc kt hp ca cch nh tuyn kt hp cc u im ca cc giao thc Proactive v Reactive. S khc bit ca nghi thc ny l vic a ra khi nim vng (Zone). Zone Z(k,n) cho node n vi bn knh k c nh ngha l vng ln cn node n sao cho khng cch node n qu k hop. Z(k,n)={i|H(n,i)<k} Trong H(I,j) l s hop gia node i v j, n l node trung tm ca vng nh tuyn.Node b, vi H(n,b)=k, gi l bin ca node n,k thng nh hn so vi ng knh ca mng v ta c th ti u cc gi tr khc nhau ca k ty thuc vo mc di ng v lu lng ca mng.

V d mt Zone trong ZPR. Cu trc ca nghi thc ny c th chia lm 4 phn chnh: -The IntrAzone Routing protocol (IARP) -The IntErzone Routing Protocol (IERP) -The Bordercast Protocol (BRP) -A layer-2 Neighbor Discovery/ Maintenance Protocol

(NDP)

IARP cung cp nhng tuyn thng tin n cc node nm bn trong zone. IARP c th da trn c s mt giao thc proactive bt k nhng khc bit ch tuyn ng cp nht mi nht c lan truyn trong khong cch khng ln hn k hops. IARP dng NDP cp nht thng tin v cc node ln cn Vi cc node nm cch node ngun mt khong k>k, ZPR s dng IERP tnh ton mt tuyn ng lin vng (interzone

path) mi khi c yu cu. Nghi thc ny da trn nghi thc reactive (DSR,AODV). Khi mt node cn ng i n node nm ngoi vng Z(k,n) ca n s brocast RREQ n nhng node bin ca n.Khi cc node bin ny s kim tra bng nh tuyn ca n xem c tn ti mt tuyn ng n node ch hay khng, nu c,n s gi RREP v node ngun, ngc li s tip tc broadcast RREQ.Qu trnh ny c lp li cho n khi mt tuyn ng n ch c tm ra