cng h iu hnh 1. V sao ch n win ME mi c h iu hnh u tin tch ri MS_DOS?

Tr li: Nhng th h h iu hnh ca MS trc win ME phn boot vo h iu hnh u do MS_DOS qun l, cn sau win ME th phn do win qun l Do autoexec.bat v config.sys ko cn c khi ng bi io.sys khi boot na,v cng khng cn du nhc dos khi khi ng na.Thm vo ,cc ng dng cn nn DOS thc s khng cn chy c na.Ngoi ra,win.com cng khng cn c khi ng na m io.sys gi thng n vmm32.vxd. 2. Pht biu v tin cy cao ca hh.Gii thch v sao hh phi c tin cy cao; mun t c phi lm th no? V d? Tng t vi: tnh an ton, tnh tng qut theo thi gian, tnh hiu qu Tr li: tin cy cao: Mi hot ng, mi thng bo ca hh phi chun xc tuyt i.Ch khi no chc chn ng th hh mi cung cp thng tin cho ngi s dng. -Mun t c tin cy cao th hh phi c gng lp li cc thao tc thc hin nhiu ln.Nu khng c th mi a ra cc thng bo -VD: khi truy nhp a, nu gp li truy nhp th hh phi c gng lp li thao tc nhiu ln.Nu khng c mi a ra cc thng bo li. Tnh an ton: hh phi m bo sao cho d liu v cc chng trnh khng b thay i ngoi mun trong mi trng hp v mi ch hot ng. - m bo yu t an ton, cc h iu hnh cn cung cp cc c ch bo v d liu v bo v cc ti nguyn s dng Chung, trnh c s vi phm do v tnh hoc c ca ngi s dng v cc chng trnh Tnh tng qut theo thi gian: hh phi k tha cc u im, khc phc cc nhc im ca phin bn trc v kh nng thch nghi vi nhng thay i trong tng lai. - t c: Khi nng cp h iu hnh th cc thao tc, thng bo khng c thay i ; hoc nu c thay i th cn hn ch v phi c hng dn c th khi chuyn i t phin bn ny sang phin bn khc. Tnh hiu qu: Cc ti nguyn ca h thng phi c khai thc 1 cch trit sao cho ngay c khi ti nguyn hn ch vn c th gii quyt c nhng yu cu phc tp. - t c phi duy tr hot ng ng b ha trong ton h thng, khng c nhng thit b chn tr hon hot ng ca h thng. 3. V sao hh phi l h thng m.Cc nguyn l no trong xy dng hh p ng c nhu cu trn. Tr li:

HH phi c tnh m c th d dng nng cp ci thin h thng hay HH phi l h thng m. - tin cy cao, n nh (mi thng bo ca HH phi chnh xc ) - an ton cao (d liu khng b xa hoc b thay i ngoi mun) -Hiu qu s dng cao (khai thc trit tim nng ca my tnh). -Tng qut theo thi gian.(c tnh tha k, c kh nng thch nghi vi nhng thay i c th xy trong tng lai) -Thun tin, d s dng. *Nguyn l xy dng 1 h thng m: da vo 2 nguyn tc c bn: -Nguyn tc Mun: + H thng c xy dng t nhng mun c lp v tn ti b quy tc lin kt chng thnh h thng c t chc. +Cc mun quan h vi nhau thng qua cc d liu vo ra,cc i s. +Quan h phn cp ca m un c xc lp khi chng lin kt vi nhau gii quyt nhng vn phc tp. -Nguyn tc sinh: M un khi sinh HH 4. V sao HH phi tch hp nhiu hnh thi giao tip. Trong WINDOWS, LINUX, UNIX mun c giao tip dng lnh phi thc hin ntn? Tr li: HH phi tch hp nhiu hnh thi giao tip v: +Do yu cu ca ngi dng cng nh trnh ca ngi dng.(VD: end user: dng ICON, ngi qun tr h thng: dng command line, ...) +Mi hnh thi giao tip u c u v nhc im ring. -Mun c giao tip dng lnh + Trong WINDOWS: 98 + ME: Start -> run -> nhp command 2000+ XP: Start -> run -> nhp cmd +Trong UNIX v LINUX chn termial 5. V sao phi iu tin trnh,cc yu cu cho iu ? .Phn tch tnh t ch ca tin trnh qua cc gii php iu Tr li : u tin ta hiu th no l on gng: - Mt ti nguyn hu hn v kh nng phc v nhng trong 1 khong thi gian no c nhiu tin trnh yu cu n th trong khong thi gian ny ti nguyn c gi l ti nguyn gng. -Mt tin trnh khng mt tng qut c th chia lm 2 on: on gng v on cn li. on gng l on s dng ti nguyn gng.Vy phi iu tin trnh v cn : -m bo cc tin trnh qua on gng 1 cch hp l nht.

-Khng xy ra ng . -m bo thng lng giao thng l ln nht. Cc yu cu cho ng b: -Ti 1 thi im khng c qu 1 tin trnh trong on gng. -Khng c tin trnh no trong on gng 1 khong thi gian lu v hn -Cc k thut iu c chia lm 2 mc : +Mc s cp: Do ngi dng iu (Ngi dng vit ra ) +Mc cao cp: H thng t ng iu khng cn ngi dng quan tm. *Tnh iu ca tin trnh qua cc gii php iu -K thut kha trong ( n hiu) +K thut iu n gin nhng phc tp gii thut s tng cao khi c nhiu tin trnh cng vo on gng. +D xy ra xung t.(Do s ng thi l khng ng b. Vd khi quan st khng thy du hiu vo on gng ca tin trnh khc, cc tin xung t) trnh ng thi bt du hiu ca mnh ln khc phc: Ngi ta ngh l tng thi gian ch i ch ng ca c tin trnh u on gng. +Trong trng hp tin trnh qun "m kha" (qun xa du hiu ca mnh) th ti nguyn gng s b kha. +K thut ny khng ph hp trong trng hp cc tin trnh c tc thc hin chnh lch nhau qu ln. -K thut "Test and Set" (TS) + phc tp khng tng nhiu trong trng hp c nhiu tin trnh cng tham gia vo on "gng". +Hiu qu ca iu ch ph thuc vo th tc TS. +Khng ph hp i vi cc tin trnh c thi gian thc hin ngn. -K thut "Semaphore" + phc tp gii thut khng tng ng k c trong trng hp c nhiu tin trnh tham gia vo on "gng". +Hiu qu iu ph thuc 2 th tc P,V +Cc lnh do ngi lp trnh vit trong chng trnh. Do ,nu sai th t th h thng c th ri vo b tc.(thit lp sai : V trc P sau, ton V) -K thut iu cao cp +Trong thnh phn ca monitor(iu phi chnh) h thng c cc mun iu . +S dng 2 th tc P,V: vi khi iu khin thit b UCB(Unit control block) c xem l thng tin u vo ca mun ny. +Bn cnh n cn c c ch tng tc vi ngi iu hnh trong qu trnh iu phi. 6. Khi kh nng b tc nh nhng thit hi ln dng loi no khi kn b tc

ln thit hi ng k dng loi no ? Tr li : * Khi kh nng b tc nh nhng thit hi ln dng k thut d bo phng trnh a.Nguyn tc: Khi c 1 tin trnh xin ti nguyn gng th HH phi xem xt n thi im pha trc (ca ti nguyn gng). Nu sut n thi im ny b tc khng c kh nng xy ra th HH mi cp pht ti nguyn gng cho tin trnh. Nu n 1 thi im no kh nng b tc xut hinth HH phi a ra gip php hp l. b.Bin php: p dng gii thut c tn: "Ngi qun c ngn hng Ty" Bc1: Thu thp thng tin v ti nguyn gng thi im ny +Tng s kh nng phc v ang c +Tng s kh nng phc v tin trnh yu cu + Tng s kh nng phc v p ng +Tng s kh nng phc v cn li p ng tip Bc2 : Lp li bc ny khi i=1 cho n n - Xem xt kh nng kt thc ca tin trnh. - Xt kh nng thu hi, cn i vi mc cung cu ti nguyn "gng". Nu khng b vi phm th chuyn sang thi im k tip. Ngc li xy ra mt cn bng th phi a ra gii php an ton cho h thng. *Kh nng b tc ln thit hi khng ng k dng k thut phng nga a.Nguyn tc: Tm nguyn nhn pht sinh b tc v tc ng n nguyn nhn . b.Bin php c th: -Lm gim mc gng ca ti nguyn gng: C 2 cch: +B xung thit b vo trong h thng: tn km v kinh t. +Phn lung: S dng k thut SPOOLIN : M phng cc ch vo ra o trc tuyn.(Simulate Prepheral Out/Input Online) -T chc dng xp hng cho cc tin trnh ng thi phi c mun qun l dng xp hng . -Trong h thng phi c thnh phn lm nhim v thu hi cp pht li ti nguyn gng. -Nguyn nhn ch i vng trn l do s phn phi bnh qun v ti nguyn. +Cch1(Cc oan) Ch cp ti nguyn gng cho 1 tin trnh duy nht khi c ngun ti nguyn yu cu ca n. Lm gim h s song song ca ton h thng +Cch 2: Phn mc ti nguyn gng.Tin trnh mun xin ti nguyn mc cao th phi tr li ti nguyn mc thp. 7. Trnh by chin lc kt hp qun l b nh lc kho st b nh

trong PC Tr li : 1. 1 trang hay n v cp pht b nh(paragraph(16bytes)). 2. 1 thi im xc nh th nh 413(0,413)lu s lng b nh cha s dng. 3. qun l cc on b nh ngi ta s dng thnh phn c tn l MMU(Memory manager Unit). Thnh phn ny qun l b nh da trnc s s dng cc khi MCB(Memory Control Block). Mi khi c kch thc bng 1 phn on c s dng qun l 1 on b nh. 4. Byte u tin nhn bit on b nh cui cng c s dng. + Nu l cui cng cha k t Z. + Nu khng phi ch k t nh M. 5. 2 bytes k tip tr n a ch vng b nh on m 6. 2 bytes xc nh kch thc on m. 7. Nh vy nu bit MCB1 th c th kho st ton b b nh. -Khi np 1 chng trnh vo b nh HDDH lun to 1 khi tin t PSP ( Program Status Prefix) gm 266 bytes xc nh cc thng tin v mi trng cho on m. Trong byte 2C v 2D ca khi ny s tr n 1 vng nh vng nh ny cha xu k t kt thc l k t '\0' . Xu ny l tn chng trnh np vo on b nh trn. 8. Yu cu vi bi ton lp lch cc k thut gii quyt Tr li : -Nguyn tc chung ca vic lp lch: T chc dng xp hng cho cc tin trnh , sau xc lp 1 chnh sch phc v cho dng xp hng . a.Chin lc n trc phc v trc(First Come,First Service) -u tin ngoi: Mi tin trnh trong h thng c gn mt mc u tin ngoi bi ngi qun tr h thng. -Khi n xp hng : +Cng u tin ngoi n trc th xp trc. +Khc u tin ngoi th u tin ngoi cao hn xp trc. -Phc v theo th t xp hng. -u im: +n gin,d vit chng trnh qun l. +C ch n th t u tin phc v tin trnh. -Nhc im: suy gim h s song song ca +Trng ti h thng phn b khng u h thng. b.SJN/SJF(Shortest Job Next/ Shortest Job First)

- tin cc tin trnh c thi gian phc v ngn hn. -Mc ch :Sm gii ta dng xp hng. -Nhc im: Ngi lp trnh phi khai bo thi gian d kin ca chng iu ny kh vi chng trnh chy ln u. trnh mnh thc hin c.SRT(Shortest Remain Time) -u tin cc tin trnh sp kt thc. -Mc ch: Sm thu hi li ti nguyn. d.Round Robin(RR) -Phc v vng trn. -CPU lun phin phc v cc tin trnh trong 1 khong thi gian nh nhau v kh nh(10 n 100 micro giy) 9. Trnh by c ch qun l dch v trong HDH(ngt) -Cng c qun l tin trnh l Ngt(Interrupt). -Qun l ngt: Da vo cc du hiu ngt ,s hiu ngt v bng ngt. Khi c du hiu ngt pht sinh:H iu hnh pht hin c trng ca du tra bng tm ra a ch ca chng trnh hiu , tm ra s hiu ngt con ngt.>Chuyn iu khin n chng trnh con ngt. Ta c quy trnh 5 bc: B1 :Lu c trng ca ngt(Xc nh chng trnh con ngt) B2 :Lu trng thi ca tin trnh b ngt. B3 :Gi CTC ngt B4 :Thc hin CTC ngt ny. B5 : Phc hi li tin trnh b ngt v thc hin tip. HH ko trc tip x l ngt m thng qua CTC ngt 10. Nguyn l c bn trong qun l vo ra ca HDH .C ch t chc thc hin -Phn cp qun l gia CPU v ngoi vi (trung ng vi a phng) +CPU ch thc hin vo ra mc logic +Ngoi vi thc hin vo ra mc vt l +Khi cn thc hin vo ra CPU to ra ngt yu cu bng cch a ra li gi ngt (ngt mm) +Thc hin vo ra xong ngoi vi pht sinh ngt bo co(ngt cng) -Nhim v : +Gi m lnh iu khin n thit b +Tip nhn cc yu cu ngt t thit b +Pht hin v x l cc li trong vo ra (ng truyn hong, thit b cha sn sng...) +Ti u thi gian trao i gia thit b ngoi vi vi h thng - thc hin vo ra , HH xy dng 2 h thng con:

+H thng qun l tp +H thng qun l thit b. 11. Cc gii php ti u trong vo ra a.Mc tiu: Gim thi gian trao i gia thit b ngoi vi vi h thng. b.Bin php: *Kt khi d liu: -Gom kt nhiu bn ghi logic thnh 1 bn ghi vt l sao cho ph hp vi kin trc vt l ca thit b. -Phng thc chung: vic kt khi c th tin hnh mc ngi dng hoc HH, ai kt khi th ngi phi phn r khi. -C 5 phng php kt khi: (1)Dng F(Fixed): mi bn ghi vt l c 1 bn ghi logic, di bn ghi ko thay i. (2)Dng FB(Fixed Block) mt khi nhiu bn ghi di ging nhau. u vo mi bn ghi c 1 (3)Dng V(Variant) bn ghi c di thay i trng ghi li di. (4)Dng VB(Variant Block) u mi khi c 1 trng ghi di khi. (5)Dng U(Undefined) Bn ghi c di khng xc nh->cui bn ghi lun c k hiu kt thc. *K thut vng m: (Buffer) -Khi nim:Vng m l vng b nh lin tc b nh trong hoc trn a t, c dng lm ni trung chuyn thng tin gia CPU vi ngoi vi. S -Vai tr ca vng m: +H tr phn cp qun l gia CPU vi ngoi vi +Tng h s hot ng song song ca cc thit b +ng b ha gia truyn v x l thng tin: c 2 tnh hung cn ng b ha c th xy ra: Tc truyn tin chm, CPU phi i ch cn buffer Tc truyn tin nhanh, phc tp, CPU ko p ng kp cn buffer +Trong vng m c cc loi phng m: Vo, Ra, X l. Ngoi ra cn c Spool (1 loi phng m c bit) Chi tit: -Qun l vng m vo: Nguyn tc: Khi gp lnh nhp tin, HH quan st b m, nu cn thng tin th a vo x l ngay (thit b ko phi lm vic), ngc li pht sinh ngt yu cu (ngt mm), thit b thc hin vo ra xong -> pht sinh ngt bo co(ngt cng) -Qun l vng m ra: Nguyn tc: khi a thng tin ra ngoi, HH quan st b m, nu cn ch,

t tip thng tin vo b m, nu ht ch th pht sinh ngt yu cu thit b gii phng b m, sau mi t tip thng tin vo b m -Spool: C 3 dng xp hng: +Dng xp hng vo. +Dng xp hng ch +Dng xp hng ra. Mi dng xp hng c 2 thnh phn: +Dng xp hng cc khi iu khin +Dng xp hng ni lu tr d liu +Spool cng l mt loi vng m c bit dng t chc cc dng xp hng trong h thng.V bn cht th n l nhng vng b nh lin tc, thng trn a t. N c phc v bi chng trnh iu phi cng vic v theo nguyn tc lp lch. Cc phng php truy nhp: -Ty thuc vo c trng vt l ca thit b, HH l chn phng php iu khin truy nhp thch hp nhm ti u ha thi gian vo ra. -T mc ch ta c 5 phng php: +QSAM (Queue Sequential Access Method) :p dng cho mi thit b Ghi tun t, c tun t B xung vo cui tp (phi chp sang tp mi v b sung tp mi) Sa 1 phn t (phi chp sang tp mi v sa tp mi) +QISAM (Queue Index Sequential Access Method): Dng cho thit b t tnh nh bng t a t.... - Nguyn tc truy nhp: Mi phn t ca 1 b d liu c nhiu thuc tnh. Khi truy nhp s theo 1 kha no (kha c th l 1 hay nhiu thuc tnh). truy cp nhanh vi 1 kha ngi ta thng xy dng 1 tp (tp Index hay tp ch dn) gm 2 trng (kha, v tr lu tr). Tm bit v tr lu tr. Truy nhp kim trn kha theo phng php nh phn n v tr lu tr . +BSAM (Basic Sequential Access Method): p dng cho thit b t tnh c s dng phng m khi truy nhp - i vi cc tp m ra c. Ngay t khi gp lnh m tp th d liu trn tp c lm y cng m. +BDAM (Basic Direct Access Method) :Ch p dng cho a t v trng t Ghi ngu nhin c ngu nhin Khng phi sai chp sang tp th 2.Tt c cc php ton ch thc hin trn 1 tp +BPAM (Basic Partition Access Method) : Truy nhp song song, ch p dng cho a t v trng t.

ng dng: c ch RAID: tc dng sao lu nhanh, phc hi thng tin an ton. Chia d liu phn hoch Tin hnh truy nhp song song Mt s cu hi : Cu 1 : Khi no c li Too many files opened ? Nguyn nhn, cch khc phc ? Tr li : li xut hin khi c qu nhiu truy nhp vo h thng tp ng thi. HDH quy nh s tp truy nhp ng thi. Mi HDH khc nhau th s tp khc nhau. Quy nh ny c ghi trong file config.sis (i vi winXP l config.nt) vi lnh files = -Khc phc : 2 cch : + ng cc tp khng cn thit + Sa tp config.sis Cu 2 : Ti sao cp lnh ng m tp li l cp lnh P,V ? Tr li : - Khi m mt tp, HDH s cp pht mt khi FCB phc v cho vic truy nhp tp. V khng gian lu tr khi FCB ny, n c hnh thnh ngay t khi np HDH (c khai bo trong file config.sis, dng FCBs=...) - Ta thy, v nguyn tc cc khi FCB ny cng ging nh ti nguyn gng (ti nguyn c hu hn kh nng phc v nhng trong mt khong thi gian no c nhiu tin trnh yu cu, c th l cc tin trnh m tp tin mi, yu cu cp pht khi FCB). Khi c qu nhiu tp tin m ng thi, s xut hin li too many files opened - Phi c gii php iu cc tin trnh qua on gng ny. HDH s dng k thut Semaphore gii quyt iu ny. V vy cp lnh ng m tp l cp lnh P, V. Cu 3 : Virus ? C ch tn ti, n mnh v ph hoi ? Phn bit Spyware vi virus ? Tr li : Virus l nhng chng trnh hay on m c thit k t nhn bn v sao chp chnh n vo nhng i tng ly nhim khc. -C ch tn ti : T nhn bn -C ch n mnh : T ng tr thnh cc file c thuc tnh n v tt tnh nng hin cc file n ca h thng -C ch ph hoi : Sao chp chnh n vo cc i tng ly nhim khc ph hy hoc chim quyn iu khin i tng . Phn bit Spyware vi Virus : -Ging : +Xut pht t nhng mc ch khng tt +C c ch ly nhim +Ph hoi s n nh ca my tnh

-Khc : +Spyware thng l phn mm chuyn thu thp thng tin trn my nn nhn (mc ch thng mi). C ch quan trng l n mnh v thu thp thng tin t bn phm, mn hnh... + Virus l on m vi mc ch ch yu l ph hoi, lm hng h thng. Xa d liu v thay i cu trc ca chng trnh. Cu 4 : Gii thch hin tng khi in ti liu th mt phn ng k bng b m hoc mt phn ca nh b mt. -H iu hnh Windows s dng mt c ch spool thc phc v cho vic in n. Khi in mt ti liu, u tin trnh ng dng gi tm d liu vo a cng. Mc nh, Windows s to ra tp tin spool trong folder windows/spool/printers. File spool ny l vng trn a m windows s dng lu tr cc printing jobs khi chng c thc hin in. C ch spool gip windows c th tr quyn iu khin ngay lp tc cho chng trnh khi ti liu c in. -Hin tng trn xy ra l do : File nh m bn c gng in i hi qu nhiu b nh. Cho nn khi vo folder spool th file hoc nh khng c a vo ht, dn n khi in b m mt phn -Cch x l : +Tt tt c cc ng dng khc m bn ang s dng +Tt tt c cc ti liu khc tr ti liu m bn ang mun in +Tt tt c cc chng trnh ang m v khi ng li my +Xem th bn c dung lng a cn thit hay khng. Nu thiu th c th s dng cc cng c nh disk defragment hoc disk cleanup gii phng a. Cu 5 :Tin trnh l g ? Cc trng thi v mi quan h gia cc trng thi ca 1 tin trnh ? Tr li : chng trnh thc thi to ra tin trnh. Tin trnh bao gm : M lnh, Con tr lnh, Stack, Cc thanh ghi , Data ... Cc trng thi ca 1 tin trnh : New : mi to ra. Ready : sn sng hot ng. Running : hot ng. Watting (Blocked) : b kha. Terminated : kt thc. Mi quan h gia cc trng thi : 1 : Lp lch. 2 : Cp CPU v ti nguyn 3 : i I/O hoc s kin ca tin trnh. 4 : p ng I/O hoc s kin ca tin trnh 5 : Interrupt hoc s kin ca h thng. 6 : Hon tt hot ng.

Cu 6 : V sao phi qun l tin trnh ? Mc tiu ca qun l tin trnh ? Tr li : Phi qun l tin trnh v : - Trong h thng lun tn ti nhiu lung tin trnh - Mt khc trong h thng c nhng ti nguyn hu hn kh nng phc v nhng trong mt khong thi gian no c nhiu tin trnh mun s dng ti nguyn . -> dn n xung t, b tc xy ra, giao thng trong my b nh tr -> treo my V vy cn qun l tin trnh Nhim v ca qun l tin trnh : -To lp, hy b tin trnh -Tm dng, ti kch hot tin trnh -To c ch thng tin lin lc gia cc tin trnh -To c ch ng b ha gia cc tin trnh Mc tiu : -Hn ch ti a xung t v b tc xy ra, a ra gii php nu xy ra cc tnh hung -Tn dng ti a kh nng ca CPU (bi ton lp lch) Cu 7 : Th no l li gi h thng (System Call) ? Phn bit Shell v System call ? - Li gi h thng l li gi t HDH n mt chng trnh to mi trng giao tip gia chng trnh v HDH hoc gi n mt chng trnh con ngt qun l tin trnh, Chng trnh dng li gi h thng yu cu dch v ca HDH. - Phn bit : o Shell : To mi trng giao tip gia ngi s dng vi HDH o System Call : To mi trng giao tip gia chng trnh v HDH . Cu 15: Trnh by ngn gn khi nim "lp lch di hn" , "lp lch ngn hn", "lp lch trung hn". 1/ Lp lch di hn: iu phi CPU o, lm vic vi dng xp hng chng trnh i vo b nh trong (xc nh qu trnh no c chp nhn vo h thng). i vi mi qu trnh thc hin mt ln (bao gm pht sinh/ hon thin). Gm m un iu phi chnh v monitor 2/ Lp lch ngn hn: iu phi CPU thc, xc nh qu trnh no c thc thi tip theo. Thc hin nhiu ln cho mt qu trnh.

Gm M un iu phi v lp lch 3/ Lp lch trung hn: Lp lch xc nh qu trnh no c a vo (swap in), a ra (swap out) khi b nh chnh Ch i: qu trnh c nhu cu ti nguyn mi v ch khi m nhu cu c p ng th mi tip tc thc hin. - Khng c phn phi li : Khng c b sung thm ti nguyn v khng thc hin vic phn phi li ti nguyn cho cc qu trnh. - S ch i vng trn : cc qu trnh ch i vng trn ln nhau. Cu 10: Trnh by khi nim tch khi, kt khi trong iu khin d liu. Trnh by khi nim b tc v iu kin ny sinh b tc. 1/ Khi nim: B tc l hin tng khi mt nhm cc qu trnh b kt khi mt cch lu di. 2/ iu kin ny sinh: B tc khi xy ra ng thi 4 iu kin sau: - Loi tr vic dng chung (chim gi v ch i): cc qu trnh khng chia s dng ng thi m c nhu cu s dng c lp ti nguyn h thng, khng nhng cho cc qu trnh khc v ng thi yu cu thm ti nguyn mi. - Ch i: qu trnh c nhu cu ti nguyn mi v ch khi m nhu cu c p ng th mi tip tc thc hin. - Khng c phn phi li : Khng c b sung thm ti nguyn v khng thc hin vic phn phi li ti nguyn cho cc qu trnh. - S ch i vng trn : cc qu trnh ch i vng trn ln nhau - Nu vai tr ca cc trm lp (repeater station) trong vic truyn dn tn hiu s.