SCHAUM’S OUTLINE = Bipalte) SMe tir) to]:]8 47) SERIES ELECTRIC CIRCUITS by JOSEPH A. EDMINISTER including 350 solved problems Anvanoo sNinsiiang wavwos @ YUISINIWG] « SLINDAID DJIMLIAIWwz NEW YORK _DIVISION OF PHYsics & PRESTON Botvrecang non SCHAUM’S OUTLINE OF THEORY AND PROBLEMS or ELECTRIC CIRCUITS by JOSEPH A. EDMINISTER, M.S.E. Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering The University of Akron SCHAUM PUBLISHING CO. 257 Park Avenue South, New York 10010Copymcnr © 1965, By Tue SCHAUM PUBLISHING COMPANY All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in ‘any form without written permission from the publishers, PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAPreface ‘This book is designed for use as a supplement to all current standard texts or as a textbook for a first course in circuit analysis. Emphasis is placed on the basic laws, theorems and techniques which are common to the various approaches found in other texts. The subject matter is divided into chapters covering duly-recognized areas of ‘theory and study. Each chapter begins with statements of pertinent definitions, principles and theorems together with illustrative and other descriptive material. This is followed by graded sets of solved and supplementary problems. The solved problems serve to illustrate and amplify the theory, present methods of analysis, pro- vide practical examples, and bring into sharp focus those fine points which enable the student to apply the basic principles correctly and confidently. The large number of supplementary problems serve as a complete review of the material of each chapter. Topies covered include fundamental circuit responses, analysis of waveforms, the complex number system, phasor notation, series and parallel circuits, power and power factor correction, and resonance phenomena. Considerable use of matrices and de- terminants is made in the treatment of mesh current and node voltage methods of analysis. Matrix methods are also employed in the development of wye-delta transfor- mations and network theorems such as superposition and reciprocity. Mutually coupled circuits are very carefully explained. Polyphase circuits of all types are covered, with ‘emphasis on the one-line equivalent circuit which has important applications. The trigonometric and exponential Fourier series are treated simultaneously, and the coeffi- cients of one are frequently converted to coefficients of the other to show their rela- tionship. Direct and alternating current transients are treated using classical differential equations so that this topic can precede the phasor notation of Chapter 5, and this is recommended for those whose proficiency in mathematics will permit this arrangement. The Laplace transform method is introduced and applied to many of the same problems treated in Chapter 16 by differential equations. This permits a con- venient comparison of the two methods and emphasizes the strong points of the Laplace method. I wish to avail myself of this opportunity to express my gratitude to the staff of the ‘Schaum Publishing Company, especially to Mr. Nicola Miracapillo, for their valuable suggestions and helpful cooperation. Thanks and more are due my wife, Nina, for her unfailing assistance and encouragement in this endeavor. JosEPH A. EDMINISTER ‘The University of Akron August 21, 1965CONTENTS Pane Chapter J DEFINITIONS AND CIRCUIT PARAMETERS 1 Mechanieal units, Coulomb's law. Potential difference. Current. | Power. Energy. Resistor, inductor, capacitor. Resistance. Inductance. Capacitance. Kirehhofs laws. chapter. 2 | AVERAGE AND EFFECTIVE VALUES 16 Waveforms. Average value. Root mean square or effective value, RMS value for several sine and cosine terms, Form factor. chapter’ 3 SINUSOIDAL CURRENT AND VOLTAGE : bay Introduction. Sinusoidal currents. Sinusoidal voltages. Impedance. Phase angle. Series and parallel circuits. chapter. 4 COMPLEX NUMBERS 35 Real numbers. Imaginary numbers. Complex numbers. Other forms of com plex numbers. Conjugate of a complex number. Sum and difference of complex numbers. Multiplication of complex numbers. Division of complex humbers. Roots of complex numbers. Logarithm of a complex number. Use fof ‘side rule with complex numbers. Operations with the extended sine tangent scale. Chapter. 5 COMPLEX IMPEDANCE AND PHASOR NOTATION. .... 43 Introduction. Complex impedance. Phasor notation Chapter 6 SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS 54 Introduction. Series ci Parallel circuits, “Two-branch parallel circuit, ‘Admittance. ZY conversion. chapter. 7 POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION... 68 Introduction. Power in the sinusoidal steady state. Average power. Apparent power. Reactive power. Power triangle. Complex power. Power factor correction. Chapter. 8 | SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE . 81 Introduction. Series resonance. Parallel resonance, pure RLC circuit. Parallel resonance, two-branch circuit. Quality factor. Locus diagrams. Current locus diagrams. Chapter. 9 MESH CURRENT NETWORK ANALYSIS 9 Introduction. Mesh currents. Choice of mesh currents, Number of mesh currents required. Mesh equations by inspection. Matrices. Addition matrices. Multiplication of matrices. Inversion. Determinant of a squai matrix. Minors and cofactors, Value of a determinant. Properties of de- tarminants, Solution of linear equations by determinants. Cramer's rule. Matrix methods and circuit analysis. Driving point impedance. Transfer impedance.Chapter 10 CONTENTS NODE VOLTAGE NETWORK ANALYSIS 5 Introduction. Node voltages. Number of node voltage equations. Nodal ‘equations by inspection. Driving point admittance. Transfer admittance. Page 124 Chapter u THEVENIN’S AND NORTON’S THEOREMS ..............- Introduction. ‘Thevenin’s theorem. Norton's theorem. Thevenin and Norton ‘equivalent eireuits. 139 ‘Chapter pr NETWORK THEOREMS Introduction. Y-a transformation. Superposition theorem. Reciprocity theorem. Compensation theorem. Maximum power transfer theorems. 155 Chapter 13 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE ee Introduction, Self-induetance. Mutual inductance. Coupling coefficient. Analysis of coupled eireuits. Natural current, Dot rule for coupled coils Conductively coupled equivalent circuits Ww Chapter 14 POLYPHASE SYSTEMS . Introduction. Two-phase system. Three-phage system. Threephase system voltages, Balanced three-phase Toads. One-line equivalent circuit for balanced Toads. Unbalanced delta-connected load, Unbalanced four-wire, wye-connected load. Unbalanced three-wire, wye-connected load. Displacement neutral method, unbalanced three-wire wye load. Power in balaneed three-phase loa: Wattmeters and four-wire wye loads. Two-wattmeter method. Two-wattmeter ‘method applied to balanced loads. 195 (Chapter 15 FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS... Introduction. Trigonometrie Fourier series, Exponential Fourier series. Waveform symmetry. Line spectrum. Waveform synthesis. Effective value and power. Applications in eireuit analysis. 218 Chapter 16 CIRCUIT TRANSIENTS: Introduction. Direct eurrent transients. RL transient. RC tr transient charge basis. RLC transient. Alternating current transients. Sinusoidal transient, RC sinusoidal transient, RLC sinusoidal tran ‘Twormesh transients chapter 17 TRANSIENTS BY THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD... 265 Introduction. ‘The Laplace transform. Applications to circuit analysis, Ex pansion methods. Tnitial value theorem. Final value theorem, s domain cireuits, 286 INDEXChapter 1 Definitions and Circuit Parameters MECHANICAL UNITS ‘The rationalized MKS system of units is used in electrical engineering. In this system the fundamental mechanical units are the meter (m) of length, the kilogram (kg) of mass, and the second (sec) of time. The corresponding derived force unit, the newton (nt), is that unbalanced force which will produce an acceleration of 1 m/sec? in a mass of 1 kg. Force (newtons) = mass (kilograms) x acceleration (m/sec*) It follows that the mks unit of work and energy is the newton-meter, called the joule, and the unit of power is the joule/see or watt. (1newton-meter = 1 joule, 1 joule/sec = 1 watt) COULOMB'S LAW ‘The force F between two point charges q and 9° varies directly as the magnitude of each charge and inversely as the square of the distance r between them. = ee r= where k is a (dimensional) proportionality constant which depends on the units used for charge, distance and force. F is given in newtons if q and q’ are in coulombs, r in meters, as k = 9x 10°nt-m*/cou - mis a 12 eoul?/nt-m?, If we now define k aaa then F = 7— ie where «, = = 85 x 10-* coul’/nt-m*. When the surrounding medium is not a vacuum, forces caused by charges induced in the medium reduce the resultant force between free charges immersed in the medium. ‘The net force is now given by F = 4%. For air « is only slightly larger than «, and for most purposes is taken equal to «,. For other materials « is given by c= Ky where K is a dimensionless constant called the dielectric constant or specific inductive capacity of the material between the charges, «= Ke, is called the permittivity of the material, and «, the permittivity of free space. For a vacuum, K=1 and «= «, ‘The unit of charge, the coulomb, may be defined as the quantity of charge which, when placed 1 meter from an equal and similar charge in vacuum, repels it with a force of 9x 10° newtons. Convenient submultiples of the coulomb are 1 ne = 1 mierocoulomb = 10-* coulomb 1 jue = 1 mieromicrocoulomb = 10-! coulomb ‘The charge carried by an electron (~e) or by a proton (+e) is e = 1.602 x 10-* coulomb. 1