Seminar

Vat lieu bao b sinh hoc

VAT LIEU BAO B SINH HOC

M AU Theo thng k s b ca B Ti nguyn Mi trng, trung bnh 1 ngy, 1 ngi tiu dng phi s dng t nht mt chic ti nilon. Thi gian phn hu nhng chic nylon ny l khong 50 nm s nh hng khng nh n mi trng. Nha nhit do phi mt t 10 ti 30 nm, thm ch l mt th k, mi c th phn hu. Nu mang t, chng s gy nhim khng kh. Trong khi , chn lp s rt tn t v nh hng ti ngun nc ngm. Hot ng ti ch cn u t thit b my mc t tin, hiu qu kinh t thp. Ch ring nm 1996, th gii s dng 150 triu tn nha nhit do. Chnh v nhng l do trn m nhiu nc trn th gii bt u nghin cu polymer t phn hu k t nhng nm 1980 s dng trong nng, lm nghip, ch bin thc phm (bao ti ng thc phm) v y t (mng mng ph vt bng v polymer gn xng). Nm 1980 trn th gii mi ch c 7-12 sng ch trong ngnh ny. Tuy nhin, con s tng ln 1.500 trong 10 thng u nm 2003. Hin M thay th 30% nha nhit do bng polymer t phn hu. Ngi My s dung 190lbs nha moi nam, trong o khoang 60lbs th c dung e ong goi va se c bo i ngay sau khi bao b c m. Nhieu vat lieu plastic se c bo trong ni o rac va la ni ma chung ton tai hang nhieu the k o. S phat trien dan so lien quan en van e rac thai va nhu cau phat trien cac vat lieu co tnh chong tot hn, dan en viec ra i cac cong ty nghien cu va che tao ra cac vat lieu polyme phoi tron t nguon nong nghiep. Chung ta tin tng rang vat lieu polyme sinh hoc se co tiem nang ln trong th trng ong goi thc pham trong 10 nam ti. S co mat cua no gop phan lam giam i s phu thuoc vao dau mo nc ngoai va chung ta se giai quyet c van e moi trng do bao b plastic gay ra. Trong nhng nam gan ay, cac quoc gia co nhng ao luat nh: cac c s san xuat phai co trach nhiem vi cac san pham do mnh lam ra giai oan cuoi vong i ton tai cua no, chnh sach giao van e quan ly chat thai cho cac nha san xuat, gii han lng bao b ong goi thc pham, khuyen khch cac to chc chnh quyen s dung vat lieu sinh hoc. Nhng chnh sach nay giup cho viec tao ra moi trng phat trien cho polyme sinh hoc.

I.

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Vat lieu bao b sinh hoc

II. GII THIEU CHUNG Polyme c xem nh la xanh th phai thoa man 2 yeu to: Mot la chung phai c tao ra t nhng nguon nguyen lieu co the tai tao, lam oi mi lai c nh: cay trongHai la chung phai tr thanh phan bon khi b phan huy. Hai ieu kien nay th khong phu thuoc vao nhau. Co 2 loai polyme: t nhien va tong hp. Polyme t nhien c tao ra t cac nguon co the hoi phuc lai c : tinh bot, xenlulo va polyme tong hp th da vao cac che pham cua cong nghiep dau mo. Bao b sinh hoc la san pham t nguyen lieu t nhien, co the la polymer c tach trc tiep t sinh vat (dang 1) hay polymer tong hp t cac monomer co nguon goc sinh hoc (dang 2), hay cac hp chat hu c thien nhien c bienoi(dang3). t i importn food packaging? Bao b t vat lieu sinh hoc phai ap ng c cac tieu chuan nh: tnh chong cham (nc, kh, anh sang, mui), ac tnh quang hoc (trong suot,), tnh co gian, co the ong dau hoac in an de dang, khang nhiet va hoa chat, tnh on nh cung nh than thien vi moi trng va co gia ca canh tranh. Hn na, bao b phai phu hp vi quy nh ve bao b thc pham, tng tac gia bao b va thc pham phai am bao chat lng va an toan thc pham. What are the merit of biobased and biodegradable packaging materials?
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Vat lieu sinh hoc co the t phan huy trong thien nhien, v vay khong anh hng en moi trng. Nh khong s dung cac hoa chat tong hp, bao b t sinh hoc se an toan hn oi vi thc pham va sc khoe cua con ngi.

Hnh anh t huy cua cai ly bang vat lieu sinh hoc qua 1, 15, 30 va 50 ngay. MOT SO LOAI VAT LIEU Hien nay, vat lieu bao b sinh hoc chu yeu t polymer sinh hoc chang han nh : tinh bot, cellulose, protein, pullulan, gelatin va cac monomer tu chat hu c len men. Vat lieu t tinh bot : ay la nguon nguyen lieu phong phu, co san va re tien. Tinh bot co 2 thanh phan la Amilose va Amilopectin. Trong t nhien tinh bot co nhieu ngu coc, mot so loai cu va mot so loai au. Hat tinh bot co the c ket hp vi plastic truyen thong, ac biet ket hp vi polyolefins. Khi o plastic se c phan huy bi vi sinh vat, vi sinh vat se s dung tinh bot, lam tang o xop tao khoang trong lam mat tnh nguyen ven cua mang plastic.
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Co 3 loai polyme phoi tron: poly(hydroxylalkanoates) (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), thermoplastic tinh bot (TPS). Ba loai nay ang c quan tam trong nhng nam gan ay. PLA c san xuat t s len men tinh bot (chu yeu la tinh bot bap). Loai polyme nay tieu ton t nang lng hn plastic. Mac du nhng polyme nay rat than thien vi moi trng, nhng van cha s dung rong rai do chi ph san xuat con cao. Polyme TPS la polyme 100% t tinh bot a co cho ng tren th trng. No co u iem la: chi ph nang lng, gia ca thap hn so vi plastic truyen thong. Mac du co nhieu u iem nhng van con nhieu rao can khien chung cha c s dung rong rai: s hoai nghi cua ngi tieu dung, chi ph nguyen lieu, chi ph ky thuat. e vt qua nhng rao can o chung ta phai co nhng chnh sach nh sau: a ra nhng nghien cu m rong ve viec ong goi bao b co bo sung kh quyen. Tiep tuc nham vao cac mat hang cac ca hang tap hoa, cac san pham trai cay, rau, san pham snack cho tre em va thc pham cho vat nuoi trong nha. Tm kiem s ong tnh ung ho cua cac to chc co quan tam en van e moi trng nh: cac trng ai hoc, cao ang, ong thi tm kiem cac to chc nao cung quan tam en van e nay e co the giup lan nhau. Nhan manh vao s tien ch bi v con rat nhieu ngi khong quan tam en moi trng va s tien ch cua no. 1.Vat lieu PLA: Nhng vat lieu ong goi bang plastic vng chac, sach c s dung phai thoa man cac ieu kien: khong at tien, nhe, sach, khong tham kh, khong tham nc va dau. Ngi ta san xuat PLA da vao nguon nguyen lieu t tinh bot bap. Bap c xay va can. Sau o se c ng hoa thanh cac dextrin. Cac dextrin nay se c chuyen thanh acid lactic qua qua trnh len men. Va roi se c co ac, luc nay 2 phan t lactic se ket hp lai thanh cau truc vong goi la lactid. Hp chat lactid nay se c lam sach qua qua trnh chng cat. Sau do chung se c trung hp tao chuoi polyme mach dai. e co nhieu loai th ta co the thay oi phan t lng va o trong. Bang cach them vao nhieu chat bo sung ta se co vat lieu PLA.

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Hnh 9: Qui trnh san xuat vat lieu PLA Sau o, vat lieu nay c ban cho cac cong ty va no se c gia cong them e cho ra san pham cuoi cung. Sau mot thi gian s dung th PLA se b huy i hoac c tai che lai. Mac du co nhieu ch li oi vi moi trng nhng van co nhieu kha canh ky thuat can giai quyet. V du: tinh bot rat de tng tac vi nc nen nhieu thuoc tnh cua PLA th phu thuoc rat nhieu vao o am. ieu nay co ngha la PLA se khong c s dung trong th trng chai, lo. Mac khac PLA chu c nhiet o toi a la khoang 1140 F. Neu vt qua nhiet o nay th PLA se tan chay ra. 2.Vat lieu PHA : Poly(hydroxylalkanoates) hay PHA la mot vat lieu polyme khac co nhieu ha hen. Polyme nay ang c nghien cu e thay the cho bao b plastic. Cac nha sinh hoc a biet en s ton tai cua PHA t nam 1925 trong te bao vi khuan. Nhieu loai PHA a c tong hp t cac nguon cacbon, vi sinh vat hu c khac nhau va co qua qua trnh gia cong. Co 2 pp e tong hp nen PHA : - Phng phap len men gom : trong cac cay trong nh bap, roi thu hoach, tach chiet glucose t cay trong sau o len men ng trong nhng te bao cha PHA, ra va xoay ao te bao e giai phong PHA sau cung la co ac va phi kho trong khuon. - Qua trnh tong hp da vao s phat trien PHA trong te bao cay trong la mot ky thuat ma ang c theo uoi. Qua trnh nay th giong vi qua trnh a mo ta tren nhng bo qua giai oan len men. Ngi ta s dung mot lng ln dung moi e trch ly nha t cay trong. Sau o phai tm cach loai dung moi i. Do o rat ton kem nang lng.

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Mot u iem cua PHA so vi PLA la kha nang t phan huy cua no rat la cao va de tong hp. Khi c at vao moi trng sinh vat t nhien th no se t phan huy thanh CO2 va nc. ieu nay giup no co nhieu ng dung trong cuoc song. 3.Vat lieu TPS : Vat lieu bang tinh bot co cha chat deo chu nhiet (Thermoplastic Starches ) Thermoplastic Starches a co nhieu bc phat trien trong nganh cong nghiep polyme sinh hoc. Nhng polyme nay c tao ra t tinh bot bap, lua m, khoai tay. Thermoplastic Starches (TPS) khac PLA va PHA la chung khong qua giai oan len men. e co nhng thuoc tnh giong nh plastic, TPS c tron vi cac vat lieu tong hp khac. Tinh bot lien ket vi cac polyme tong hp khac, vi ham lng tinh bot co the ln hn 50% se tao nen cac loai plastic ma ap ng dung nhu cau th trng. EAA (copolyme la ethylen-acrylic acid): c nghien cu t nam 1977. Nhc iem cua loai plastic nay la nhay cam vi s thay oi cua moi trng, de b rach trt va khong c phan huy 1 cach hoan toan bi vi sinh vat. Starch/vinyl alcohol copolymers : tuy vao ieu kien gia cong, loai tinh bot va thanh phan cua copolmers se tao nen nhieu loai plastic vi hnh dang va hoat tnh khac nhau. Plastic cha tinh bot co ty le AM/AP ln hn 20/80, se khong hoa tan ngay ca trong nc soi. Con plastic cha tinh bot co ty le AM/AP nho hn 20/80 th se c hoa tan tng phan. Ty le tinh bot c phan ra bi vi sinh vat trong nhng vat lieu nay ty le nghch vi ham lng cua AM/phc vinyl alcohol. iem han che cua nhng vat lieu nay la gion va nhay cam vi o am. C che cua s phan huy : Thanh phan t nhien : du c che chan bi cau truc mang nhng van b phan huy bi enzyme ngoai bao cua vi sinh vat. Thanh phan tong hp c phan huy do s hap phu be mat cua vi sinh vat, tao be mat trong cho s thuy phan cac thanh phan t nhien. Aliphatic polyesters : tinh bot cung co the c cau truc lai vi s hien dien cua cac polymer k nc nh cac polyester beo. Polyester beo co iem tan chay thap kho tao thanh vat lieu nhiet deo va thoi tao hnh. Khi tron tinh bot vi polyester beo se cai thien c nhc iem nay. Mot so polyester beo thch hp la poly--caprolactone va cac copolymer cua no, hoac cac polymer tao thanh t phan ng cua cac glycol nh 1,4 butandiol vi mot so acid: succinic, sebacic, adipic, azelaic, decanoic, brassillic. S ket hp nay se tang thuoc tnh c, giam s nhay cam vi nc va tang kha nang phan huy.
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a co nhng nghien cu thay the bao b plastic t cac che pham dau mo sang dang bao b plastic t bap. Ngun nguyn liu bp c th tha mn c nhu cu ln ca bao b plastic. Vt liu lm t ngun nguyn liu ny hn ch vic gy nhim mi trng do khi phn hy n khng to ra cc hp cht gy c. Viec thay the au tien c tien hanh vao ngay 1 thang 11 nam 2005, 114 trieu thung cha bang plastic c s dung hang nam cho cac ai ly ban le rau qua , dau tay, thao dc . Hieu qua kinh te the hien ro ret.

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Vat lieu bioplastic t bap

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Manp PropaFresh PFAM vi kha nang chong ong sng cong ty Innovia Films

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Rosy prospect: consumers have shown support towards biopackaging

Bioplastic bags for carrots are used at Albert Heijn supermarkets in the Netherlands

Code: 145/8 Cap. 500 cc. 11,3 cm. - hgt. 5,8 cm. Colour: Orange transparent, Clear Transparent Pcs. per box: 400

Code: 145/7 Cap. 400 cc. 11,3 cm. - hgt. 5,8 cm. Colour: Red transparent, Clear Transparent Pcs. per box: 400

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Code: 145/6 Cap. 300 cc. 10,5 cm. - hgt. 5,5 cm. Colour: Yellow transparent, Clear Transparent Pcs. per box: 400

Code: 145/5 Cap. 210 cc. 10,6 cm. hgt. 4,8 cm. Colour: Trasparent orange Items per carton: 400

Code: 145/4 Code: 145/3 Cap. 170 cc. 9,8 cm. hgt. 4,5 cm. Cap. 130 cc. 9 cm. hgt. 4,2 cm. Colour: Trasparent red Colour: Trasparent green Items per carton: 500 Items per carton: 600

Code: 145/2 Code: 145/1 Cap. 100 cc. 8,3 cm. hgt. 4 cm. Cap. 80 cc. 7,8 cm. hgt. 3,5 cm. Colour: Trasparent cyna Colour: Trasparent yellow Items per carton: 600 Items per carton: 600

3. Vat lieu t Cellulose : Cellulose la nguon nguyen lieu phong phu, khong hoa tan trong nc va hau het dung moi hu c. Cellophane (giay bong knh) la mot trong nhng dang pho bien cua bao b t Cellulose , c s dung cho nhieu loai thc pham bi tnh chong tham dau , kha nang ngan can s tan cong cua vi khuan va tnh trong suot cua
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no. Cellophane thng c phu mot lp ngoai vi nitro cellulose hay la acrylate e tang kha nang chong tham, mac du lp phu nay th khong c phan huy bi lp vi sinh vat. Chng ta c th bao gi bnh m bng cellophan-mt loi vt liu phn hy sinh hc dng bao gi thc phm, loi vt liu ny c gi c cnh tranh vi plastic thng thng, mt u im khc l n c th phn hy nhanh sau khi s dng, thm ch c th n c Ngoai ra Cellulose acetate c ket hp vi tinh bot e tao nen plastic de phan huy bi vi sinh vat . Cellulose cung ket hp vi Chitosan tao mang co kha nang tham kh va tham nc cao.

ng cong phan huy cua plastic sinh hoc Figure 1. Degradation curve of a compostable plastic tested in two separate sample runs according to EN 13432, compared with a reference cellulose material

Vat lieu bao b t cellulose : s dung e bao quan mot so loai rau qua de b h hong nh: dau tay, ao, chuoi, nam,

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Vat lieu t Chitin va Chitosan: Chitin c tong hp chu yeu bi con trung, tom cua va nam si, la mot loai composit ben vng tao bo khung ngoai bao ve cho chung. Chitin khi kh nhom acetyl se tao thanh Chitosan. Chitin va Chitosan la hai loai polymer co ac tnh c phu hp e tao dang mang va dang si Chitin Ten hoa hoc: Poly-N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine or :[(1-4)]-2-Acetamido-2deoxy--D-glucan CT phan t: (C8H13NO5) n

San pham nay la mot polysaccharide cao phan t chiet tach t tom va cua bien. Chitosan Ten hoa hoc: Poly-(1-4)-2-Amino-2-deoxy--D-Glucan CT phan t: (C6H11O4N) n

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The material Mater-Bi Mater-Bi c san xuat bi Novamont, mot cong ty nghien cu cua Y a cho thay kha nang thay the plastic t nguyen lieu dau mo. Mater-Bi la polymer sinh hoc c phan huy hoan toan au tien c nghien cu:

.Mot so loai vat lieu khac: Mot cong ty Anh a phat trien 1 loai dung dch mi, co tnh thc tien va an toan oi vi moi trng, giai quyet van e moi trng do hang trieu tan rac thai bang plastic gay ra. Ho tuyen bo rang viec cat t lien ket cacbon trong nha gop phan lam giam phan t lng, thay oi thuoc tnh dan en viec chung co the phan huy nhanh chong.

Mt bc t ph mi khi cc nh khoa hc pht trin bao b bioplastic tt hn : c kh nng phn hy nhit thp n 330F, hay n gin n c th

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phn hy di ma, cc vi sinh vt trong t. Bioplastic phn hy cho ra CO2 v H2O. Plastic t tinh bt c to ra bng cch p n, thi kh v c thnh khun. So snh vi plastic t du m th gi c bioplastic r hn khong 32cent/pound. Cc loi bao b ny thng dng bao gi cc thc phm kh nh socola, ko , bnh. Bng cch phi trn gia protein t bp v cc acid bo ngi ta c th to ra mt loi resin bng cch p n thnh mng phn hy sinh hc c u chung hn plastic.Vt liu ny khi t chy cho ra cc cht khng gy c hi. Cc loi mng ny thng dng bao gi cc dng thc phm ng lnh, cc loi bnh, thc n nhanh Cc plastic n c lm t tinh bt v protein, sau khi s dng c th nghin nh ra lm thc n cho gia sc bi thnh phn dinh dng cha trong n kh cao. Plastic t khoai ty : Cc ph phm trong ngnh ch bin khoai ty c th c tn dng lm plastic. Tinh bt t cc ph phm ny c vi khun thy phn thnh ng glucose, sau ln men nh vi khun latic cho ra sn phm l acid latic, sy kh v nghin thnh bt dng to ra mt dng PLA plastic bng k thut p n. Bao b nha t phn hy Mng polymer t phn hu C th ni y l sn phm u tin thuc loi ny ca ngnh sn xut vt liu polymer Vit Nam. u im chnh ca n l khng gy nhim mi trng ging nh mng v ti ng bng nha nhit do (PE, PP, PVC) hin nay. Vt liu chnh dng trong sn xut mng polymer t phn hu l nha LDPE (low density polyetylen - polyetylen t trng thp) v tinh bt sn. Ban u, nhm nghin cu cho LDPE, tinh bt sn v mt s cht ph gia i qua my trn vt liu cc u nhit thch hp. Tip n, vt liu c n p trn my n trc vt c 3 vng iu khin nhit khc nhau. Sau khi c b sung cht tr tng hp v cht phn tn, nha ht i qua my chm ht to ht compound. Cht tr tng hp ng vai tr quyt nh v kh nng phn phi trn v s ng u ca vt liu. Cui cng, ht compound i qua my p phun to vt liu nh hnh hoc qua thit b thi mng thi thnh mng mng. C th to ra cc mng c dy khc nhau theo yu cu ca ngi s dng. Nhm nghin cu ph vt liu mi ny trn cc lung lc ti Nng trng Thanh H, Ho Bnh. Kt qu cho thy, n c tc dng gi m, dinh dng cho t, chng xi mn v dit c di. Sau 4 thng, ton b mng polymer phn hu 100%. Hin h ang m rng ng dng cho mi nng trng lc, bng, ng v thuc l trn ton quc. Tin s Phm Th Trinh, Ph Vin trng Vin Ho hc cng nghip, cho bit: "Nhu cu s dng mng polymer t phn hu trong nng, lm nghip v thc phm l rt ln. Chng ti mong nhn c s h tr ca cc c quan hu quan sn xut hng lot, tin ti ch to bao gi thay th bao b nha nhit do hin nay
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What M

is

biobased

and

biodegradable

packaging?

Nhng bnh lam t vat lieu phan huy bi vi sinh vat, co the trong trc tiep vao at, khong ngan can re khi cay phat trien, khi no v ra, re co the phat rien vung at xung quanh.

echanical BAN LUAN

Properties

Tng lai cua polyme sinh hoc : Van e than thien vi moi trng ngay cang c coi trong nhng ac tnh vat lieu va va gia ca van la nhng yeu to quan trong. Hau het polymer sinh hoc co ac tnh c gan giong polymer truyen thong, nhng ac tnh nay (o co gian an hoi ) tuy thuoc vao nguyen lieu tho va phng phap gia cong. Ngay nay, gia cua nhieu loai vat lieu sinh hoc co the gan nh bang hoac vt hn mot chut so vi PET va PA, ngoai tr PHAs, co gia gap 10 lan plastic truyen thong. Tuy nhien, do lng san pham nay t hn, anh hng en van e gia ca , neu san xuat vi so lng ln th gia cua chung se thap hn. Cac nghien cu khoa hoc a tm ra mot lng ln cac vat lieu sinh hoc thch hp cho bao b thc pham nhng viec ng dung chung van con nhieu han che. Chung ta khong mong thay the hoan toan vat lieu truyen thong bang vat lieu sinh hoc trong mot thi ngan, tuy nhien, o that s la vat lieu cua tng lai, khi ma nhng ac tnh va gia ca cua chung tng ng vi vat lieu truyen thong

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