You are on page 1of 175

2011

. 1

". "

MEDIAEVALIA

. I
2011
. 1

ISSN 1314-2755

ediaevalia
" ,
"

: .
: ,
: editorial@mediaevalia.eu

...................................................................................... 5
............................................................................................ 6
. ,

...................................................................... 6
.
III (1147-1149) I
(1189-1190).............................................................. 32
.
XI XII ......................... 62

..................................... 81
.......................................................................................... 88
. -
...................................................... 88
, ........................... 152
.
, XI - XII
................................................................................................... 152


MEDIAEVALIA

.
.

. ,
.
,
.
.


, ,
,
,
.
1.
I-II .

, , , ,

1

Davidson, L. K., Gitlitz, D. M. Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An


Encyclopedia. 2002, p. xvii; , . . ., 1998, . 4-5


, , ,
, .
III .,
IV .
, ,
.

. . ,

()
,
,
(V-VI .),
,

(VII

.)

(VIII-IX .),
IX .,
,
, , ,
X XI .2

Runciman, S. The Pilgrimages to Palestine before 1095. In: A History of the Crusades.,
vol. I (ed. Setton, K. M., Baldwin, M.W.). Wisconsin, 1969, p. 68-72; Runciman, S. A History
of the Crusades, vol. I, 1991, p. 38-43; Maraval, P. The Earliest Phase of Christian Pilgrimage in
the Near East (before the 7th Century), DOP, 56 (2002), p. 63-73
(http://www.doaks.org/DOP56/DP56ch05.pdf ); , . . ., 1998,
. 23-24; , . . ., 1996, . 67-85



3.

.
,

, , ,

,
4.

,
,
,
. Pax Christiana X .
XI .
, ,

-
- . ,
,

3

Runciman, S. The Pilgrimages to Palestine, p. 72-78; Runciman, S. A History of the


Crusades, p. 43-50; , . . ., 1999, . 10-11; , .
. ., 2005, . 28-29; , . .
., 1998, . 24-25
4

, . . ., . 25-29


.

.
, .

, .
,
,
, ,

.


XI . ,
,
- .
- ,
:

, -
: -
, , , .
: -
.[] e,
.
,
9


, , ,
....5

XI ., 700 (1026-1027 .)
10 000 (1064-1065 .)6. , ,
, , ,
7.
.

(. 1000 .)8,
(1034 .), -
, II (1026 .),
( 1000 . 1030 .),
/ (1035 .), III ,
(1002 ., 1035 . 1039
5

, . . , 1993, . 127-128, 131

,
1064-1065 . Runciman, S. The
Pilgrimages to Palestine, p.76 , . . ., . 28
7

30- XI .
(1033 .),
, , , , , , ,
, , .
50- 60- XI .,

1009 . - .
, , , ,
. . Riley-Smith, J. The First
Crusaders, 1095-1131. Cambridge, 2004, p. 30-31
8


1000 . . Runciman, S. A
History, p. 47

10


.)9, III (. 1039 .), (1051 .),
(1060 .) .
,

(1028 .), (1054 .),


, , (1064-1065 .),
- (1026-1027 .), - ,
-- 10. 1071 .
,
, 80- 90- XI .
11.
( 1085 .),
(1087-1089/1090 .) -
IV (1092 .) -
12.
1095 .,
,
1098 ., 13.
9

,
,
. , . . ., .136;
10

Runciman, S. The Pilgrimages to Palestine, p. 74-76; Runciman, S. A History, p. 4647, 49; , . . ., 2005, . 28-29; , .
- . ., 2002, . 25-26; , . . ., . 10-11
11

, , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
. . Riley-Smith, J. Ibidem, p. 31
12

Runciman, S. The Pilgrimages to Palestine, p. 78; , . , . 28;


, . -, . 26
13

Riley-Smith, J. The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Philadelphia, 1991, p. 2021; Tyerman. C. Gods war. A new history of the Crusades. London, 2006, p. 81

11



,
,

. XI .,
,
,
,
14,

, ,

, .


.
,

, , , ,
. ,
,
, ,
. ,
,
(
-
14


. .

12


. . )15.
,

16.

,
, . ,
,
. - ,
, ,
XI- 17.

. O 1002 .
III ,
- XI .,
-
.
,
, .
,
, .

15

, . -., . 29; Pilgrimage, In: The Crusades. An


Encyclopedia (ed. Murray, A.V.). 2006, pp. 960-961
16

, . . ., . 25

17

Geary, P. J. Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages, Princeton, 1978,
p. 69; Geary, P. J. Sacred Commodities: The Circulation of Medieval Relics. In: Commodities
and Culture (Arjun Appadurai, Editor). Cambridge, 1986, p. 169

13

.
( ),

.
:
,
,
.
.
...18. ,
,
, .19 ,
Saint-Sepulcre ( ) ,
1007 . ,
20.
21.
, 1035 .,
18

Chronica de Gestis consulum Andegavorum. (ed. Halphen, L. et Poupardin, R.),


Chroniques des comtes dAnjou et des seigneurs dAmboise. Paris, 1913, pp.50-51; Frolow, A.
La Reliquie de la Vraie Croix. Recherches sur le dveloppement d'un culte Paris, 1961, 186, p.
259; , .
. XI . : . ., 1999, . 949-950
19

Frolow, A. Ibidem.

20

Frolow, A. Ibidem., p. 260, 188; orris, C. The Sepulchre of Christ and the
Medieval West. From the Beginning to 1600. Oxford, 2005, p. 155; , .
., . 950;
21

14

Riley-Smith, J. The First Crusaders, p. 31


,
22.
1019 . , ,
San Liberatore della Maiella
-,
.
, -23. 20-
XI . ,
, ,
24. 1027 . ,
, ,
.
,
.
,
25. -
,
1033 . ,
. ,

22

, . . .

23

Frolow, A. Ibidem., p. 262, 195; 1019 .


,
. . orris, C. Ibidem., p. 148
24

Riley-Smith, J. Ibidem.

25

Frolow, A. Ibidem., p. 264, 200; Webb, D., Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in the Medieval
West.London, 1999, p. 25; orris, C. Ibidem., p. 146-147; Tyerman. C. Ibidem., p.70;
Jotischky, A. The Christians of Jerusalem, the Holy Sepulchre and the Origins of the First
Crusade, Crusades, vol. 7, 2008, p. 55

15


() ,
,
XII . ,
26. 30- XI .
, Ferte-Avrain,
,
27.
1035 .,
. . 1036 .

, -
28.
,

. ,
, ,
, . ,
, ,
,
.
70- 80- XI .
.

16

26

Ibidem.

27

Riley-Smith, J. Ibidem., p. 32

28

orris, C. Ibidem., p. 143, 146, 162; , . ., . 951


, ,

,
29.
.
- -
,
30.

. -
, ,
, ,
,
.
,
,
.


29

, . . ., 1998, . 442-452, 459-464

30

1054 . ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
. . Runciman, S. The Pilgrimages to
Palestine, p. 76, 78

17


.
, - furta sacra
( ).
- furtum sacrum
.
1087 .

, a ,
. ,
, .

.

,
. ,

,
1082 ., ,
,

1085 .
,
,
. , ,

,
, . ,
18


,
. ,


, IX .
. . -

31.
translatio- ,
, furtum sacrum .
32.
,

.
.
, ,
.
.
,
, ,
.
. ,
.
,
,
31

Geary, P. J. Furta Sacra. p. 115-127

32

Ibidem., p. 118-123

19


. ,
,
, .
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
, , ,
,

.
9 1087 .,
. ,
. ,
Societas Sancti Nicolai
1105 . ,
, 1089 . II
33.
,

, 7-8
- .
33

20

Ibidem., p. 121, 123-124


, , II
,
,
, 34.

. . 1098 . II
,

35. .

,


200 .
,


. , ,
,
,

34

Foulcher de Chartres, Collection de des memoires relatifs a lhistoire de France.


Histoire des Croisades par Foulcher de Chartres. Histoire de la Croisade de Louis VII par Odon
de Deuil. (ed. Guizot, M.). Paris., 1825, p.19; Duncalf, F. The First Crusade: Clermont to
Constantinople, In: A History of the Crusades., vol. I (ed. Setton, K. M., Baldwin, M.W.).
Wisconsin, 1969, p. 277
35

Lea Cate, J. The Crusade of 1101, In: A History of the Crusades., vol. I (ed. Setton, K.
M., Baldwin, M.W.). Wisconsin, 1969, p. 344

21


36. - 1090 .

,
37.
, 500- ,
I ,
.

.

,
,
-
38.
, .

,

36

Shepard, J. How St James the Persian's Head was Brought to Cormery: A Relic
Collector around the Time of the First Crusade, In: Zwischen Polis, Provinz und Peripherie:
Beitrge zur byzantinischen Geschichte und Kultur. (ed. Lars M. Hoffmann, L.M., Monchizadeh,
A.), Mainzer Verffentlichungen zur Byzantinistik 7, Wiesbaden: Harassowitz, 2005, p. 287-335.
37

. 1090 . ,
,
,
. ,
. ,
, , ex familia imperatoris.
. Haskins, C. H. A Canterbury Monk at Constantinople, c. 1090. The English Historical
Review, Vol. 25, No. 98, 1910, pp. 293-295
38

22

Tyerman. C. Gods war., p. 82


. .
,

.
,
, .

, () ,
. ,
, 39.
.
. ,
.
,
,
. 19 1103 .
,
,
,
. .
. ,
, , :
,
(....), ,
39

,
.

23


,
, , (....)
, ,
. , ,
. , ,
,
, , .
, .
. (), ,
; . , . , ;

, ; ,
28 .
, ,
,
18 .
, ,
. , ,
, .
, . ,
, . , .
. , ,
, ( )
,
, , , .

24


,
, 40.
,
,
. ,
.
80- 90- XI .,

( )
,
, - -
, ,

,
. , -

I ,
1091 .
( , ) 1095/6 1105 .
,

. ,

40

Shepard, J. Ibidem., p. 305-308

25


41,
, ,
,
,

,
,
.

,

,
.
42

,
. ,
, ,

, .
,
41

Joranson, . The Problem of the Spurious Letter of Emperor Alexius to the Count of
Flanders. The American Historical Review, Vol. 55, No. 4, 1950, pp. 811-832
.
42

500
-, ,
1090-1091 ., .

26



,
-
, :
, ,
, (...)
-
,

(...) ,
.
? ? ? ?
(...),
, ,
,

(...) , - ,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
- , : ,
; , ; ,
; , ;
, ;
, ; -
, ; ,
27


; , ;
;
. ;
, ,
, . , ,
, ,
. ,
, ;
, ,
, (...) ? ,
, .
,
(...) ,
, ,
, ; ,
. 43.


,
, 44.

43

Alexij I Comneni ad Robertum Flandrensem epistola, Exuviae sacrae


Constantinopolitanae. (Ed. Riant, P.), Genevae, 1878, vol. II, p. 203-210; Joranson, . Ibidem.,
pp. 812-815; . Payne, R. The Crusades. 1998, p. 28-29; , .
, ., 2005, . 12-14; , . . ., . 34-35
44


, ,
,
.

28


,

,
,
.
,

,
,
,

,
,
.
,



. ,

,

- ,
, -
1098 .,
.

29


.


,
.



,
45.
,
.
,

,

. ,

46.
45


. -
Moissac ,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
. . Riley-Smith, J. The First Crusaders, p. 32
46

, . - , . 24;


- (XII .),

30


1093/4 . .
Jotischky, A. The Christians of Jerusalem, the Holy Sepulchre and the Origins of the First
Crusade, Crusades, vol. 7, 2008, p. 52

31



III (1147-1149)
I (1189-1190)

VII (1137-1180)

III (1138-1152)
, ,
, 1.

2, . ,
, , -
, , ,
, 3.


.

1

nostrum regem et Alemannum esse unum solem, quoniam unius fidei lumine
coruscabant, et hunc lucere dimidium et dimidii circuli radios abscondisse, quando, rege fervor
solito tenente cursum, Alemanni retrocedebant - Odo of Deuil. De Profectione Ludovici VII in
Orientem. tr. V.G.Berry, New York, 1948, p.84-85.
2

Historia Rerum in Partibus transmarinis Gestarum edita a venerabili Willermo Tyrensi


archiepiscopo RHC, Hist. Occ., t.I, II partie, Paris, 1844, lib. XVI, cap. XXIII ,
.
3

, ,
- Ex Roberti de Monte.
Chronica MGH, SS, VI, s. 497.
Chronicon Mauriniacensis - RHGF, XII, p. 88.

32



4. , ,
,

.
1145 . , , VII
,

.

.
III (1145-1153),
,
expeditio sacra5. ,
,
6.

, ,
7,

Constable, G. The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries. In: Constable, G.


Crusaders and crusading in the twelfth century, Ashgate, 2008, p. 281. -
ibidem, p.
229.
5

Caspar, E. Die Kreuzzugsbullen Eugens III Neues Archiv, 45, 1924, s. 285-300
Quantum praedecessores 1
1145, 1 1146.
6

Willermus Tyrensis, lib. XVI, cap. XVIII.

31 1146 . VII .

33


8. ,

9,
, ,
,
.
1146 .
10,
,
.
,
11.
,
, .
, II (1088-1099) 1095 .

Ottonis et Rahewini. Gesta Friderici I imperatoris. MGH, SS, rer.Germ., XLVI, lib. I,
cap. XL. - Ottonis de Sancto Blasio.
Chronica MGH, SS, rer.Germ., XLVII, s. 3.
9

Ottonis et Rahewini, lib. I, cap. XXXVIII.

10

1146 - Ottonis et Rahewini, lib. I, cap. XXXIX.


, ,
,
- Sancti Bernardi abbatis Clarae-Vallensis, Opera Omnia, PL, CLXXXII, ep. 365.
11

Ottonis et Rahewini, lib. I, cap. XLIII. Phillips, J. The Second Crusade. Extending the
Frontiers of Christendom. New Haven and London, 2007, p. 69
. Menache, S. The Communication Challenge of the early
Crusades 1099-1187. In: Autour de la Premire Croisade, ed. M. Balard, Byzantina
Sorboniensia, 14, Paris, 1996, p. 299-300
.

34


12, ,
.
in quo est utique salus vestra13.

,
, ,
.

.
, , , 14.
,
, ,
.
15.

1145 .16
,
II,
,
, .
12

Roberti Monachi. Historia Iherosolimitana - RHC, Hist. Occ., t.III, Paris, 1866, lib. I,

13

Ottonis et Rahewini, lib. I, cap. XLIII.

14

Sancti Bernardi abbatis, CLXXXII, ep. 363.

cap. I.

15

Ottonis et Rahewini, lib. I, cap. XLIII.


II , - Willermus Tyrensis, lib. I,
cap. XV I , 3:58-59.
16

Ottonis et Rahewini, lib. I, cap. XXXVI.

35


.
- , ,
, ,
17.
18
. ,
, .
,
,
19.

, ,
, .
,
, , ,

17

Sancti Bernardi abbatis, CLXXXII, lib. II, cap. I.

18

Vita Bernardi - RHGF, XIV, p. 378.

19

Ottonis et Rahewini, lib. I, cap. XL; Annales Palidenses. MGH, SS, XVI, s. 82; Ex
Brevi Chronico ecclesiae S.Dionysii ad Cyclos Paschales. RHGF, XII , p. 215-216.
, ,
, ,
, Suger. Vie de Louis le Gros et Histoire du Roi
Louis VII. Paris, 1887, p. 159. ,
, , -
- Ex Radulfi Nigri et Radulfi Coggeshalensis chronicis MGH, SS, XXVII, s. 218;
Hiestand, R. The Papacy and the Second Crusade. In: The Second Crusade: Scope and
Consequences, eds. Phillips, J. and M. Hoch, Manchester, 2001, p. 38 ,

.

36


20.
, ,
, 21. -
,
22.

,
,
,
.
.
, , ,
, ,
23.
-
20

Helmoldi presbyteri. Chronica Slavorum MGH, SS, XXI, lib. I, LIX.


, 1147 - Chronique
Latine de Guillaume de Nangis, par H. Geraud, t. I, Paris, 1843, p. 39.
21

Annales Magdeburgenses. MGH, SS, XVI, s. 188; Chronicon Clarevallensis. RHGF, XII, p. 311; Ex Roberti de Monte, s. 497.
22

Guillaume de Nangis, p. 38.


1147,
, ,
,

, [ ],
, - Annales Brunwilarenses. MGH, SS, XVI, s. 727.
,
, - Annales Pegavienses. MGH, SS, XVI, s.
258.
23

Annales Herbipolenses. MGH, SS, XVI, s. 3-4.

37


,
24
.
, ,

.
1147 ., 25.
,
.

, .

,


26.
I (1152-1190)
II (1215/1220-1250), ,
.

24

Gerhohi praepositi Reichersbergenses. De investigatione Antichristi liber I MGH,


Libelli de lite, III, s. 374-375.
, ,
- .
25
26

Ottonis et Rahewini, lib. I, cap. XLIII.

Alexander, P. The Medieval Legend of the Last Roman Emperor and its messianic
Origin. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 41, 1978, p. 1-15; Hampe, K.
Deutsche Kaisergeschichte in der Zeit der Salier und Staufer, Leipzig, 1909, s. 107.

38



. XII
27.
,

.

1125 . II (1125-1138), 1138 .
III 1152 .
I .

,
,
. ,


, ,
, 28. -
,
29.
27

Barraclough, G. The Origins of Modern Germany, Oxford, 1946, p. 127-164.

28

Wibaldi Epistolae. MGH, Diplomatum regum et imperatorum Germaniae, IX, ep.


184 ( = Wibaldi Epistolae Monumenta Corbeiensia, ed. Ph. Jaffe, Berolini, 1864, ep. 33);
Willermus Tyrensis, lib. XVI, cap. XIX, ,
,
, ,
.
29

Berry, V. The Second Crusade. In: A History of the Crusades, ed. K. Setton, vol. 1,
1969, p. 476.

39


, ,
.
, ,
30,
.
,
, 31,
,
32.
, iter
Hierosolymitanum.

, ,
.
, ,
33,
, ,
II.

, 24 1146 .
, ,
30

Gesta Eugenii III Papae - RHGF, XV, p. 425.

31

Wibaldi Epistolae Monumenta Corbeiensia, ed. Ph. Jaffe, Berolini, 1864, ep. 42.

32

1147 - Phillips, J. Op.cit., p. 129-131.

33

III ,
I , - Heer, Fr. Il Sacro Romano Impero.
Roma, 2001, p. 88.

40


, 34.


,
,
.

,
. , ,
,
35
, VII,
36.
, ,
, 37,
, , ,
38.
,
,

34

Historia Welforum Weingartensis MGH, SS, XXI, s. 468 ,


, .
35

Phillips, J. Op.cit., p. 101.

36

Waas, A. Geschichte der Kreuzzuege, Erftstadt, 2005, I band, s. 168.

37

Sicardus Cremoniensis Episcopus. Chronicon PL, CCXIII, p. 511


1147, .
38

Radulfi Nigri. Chronicon, ed. R. Anstruther, London, 1851, p. 90.

41



. ,
,
39. ,
,

.

,
.

40,

(1143-1180)41,

.


. ,

39

Constable, G. The Place of the Crusader in Medieval Society In: Constable, G.


Crusaders and crusading in the twelfth century, Ashgate, 2008, p. 157.
40

, , .
41

Lamma, P. Comneni e
Staufer. Richerche sui rapport fra Bisanzio e loccidente nel secolo XII, vol.1, Roma, 1955, 4383; Stephenson, P. Byzantiums Balkan Frontier. Cambridge, 2000, 211-238; Magdalino, P. The
Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143-1180. Cambridge, 1993, 41-66.

42


, 42.

43, ,
,

44. ,
45,
46.
,
,
, ,
, ,

47.
,
, ,
.
, ,

42

, . .
- , 16, 1959, 29-51; , ..
- Byzantinoslavica, 24, 1963, 4-31.
43

Kinnamos, J. Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus. tr. Charles M. Brand, New York,
1976, lib. I, 13.
44

Ibidem, lib. I, 12.

45

Ibidem, lib. I, 14; Ottonis et Rahewini, lib. I, cap. XLVII; Odo of Deuil, p. 49.

46

Kinnamos, J., lib. I, 14.

47

Ibidem, lib. I, 15.

43


, , 48.
, ,
, ,
49.

,
, .

,
, 50.
.
,

48

Ibidem, lib. I, 16.


, William of Newburg. History, tr. J. Stevenson In: The Church Historians of England, vol.IV,
part II, London, 1861, lib. I, ch. XX.
, ,
, ,
. , , ,
- Odo of Deuil, p. 101.
49

Ibidem. ,
,
. , ,
, , .
,
Jeffreys, El. and M. Jeffreys. The Wild Beast from the West:
immediate Literary reactions in Byzantium to the Second Crusade. In: The Crusades from the
Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World. ed. Laiou. A.E. And R.P.Mottahedeh,
Washington D.C., 2001, pp. 101-116. ,

- Choniates, N. O City of Byzantium, tr. H. Magoulias, Detroit,
1984, 61-71.
50

44

Willermus Tyrensis, lib. XVI, cap. XXI.


,
, -
51.
,
,
II,
1147 ., .
,
52,


,
53.
, 54.

,
55. 56,
51

Annales Herbipolenses, s. 4.
- Richard of Holy Trinity. Itinerary of Richard I and
others to the Holy Land, Cambridge, Ontario, 2001, lib. I, ch. XXI.
52

Ottonis et Rahewini, lib. I, cap. XLVI.

53

Ibidem, lib. I, cap. LXII. ,


ibidem, lib. I, cap. LXIII.
54

Annales Palidenses, s. 82-83.



, .
55

Wibaldi Epistolae MGH, Diplomatum regum et imperatorum Germaniae, IX, ep. 194
( = Wibaldi Epistolae Monumenta Corbeiensia, ed. Ph. Jaffe, Berolini, 1864, ep. 48).
56

Wibaldi Epistolae, ep. 195.

45


,
,
. ,
,
, .
,
57.

, .

58.
, .
59, 60 61

. -
62. ,
,
57

III
, - Gesta Eugenii, p. 425.
58

Annales Pegavienses, s. 258.

59

Gerhohi praepositi Reichersbergenses, s. 375-376.

60

Annales Rodenses. MGH, SS, XVI, s. 719-720


, -
, .
Historia pontificalis
- Ex Historia pontificalis. MGH, SS, XX, s.
521.
61
62

Willermus Tyrensis, lib. XVI, cap. XX-XXIII.

. Annales Magdeburgenses, s. 188, ,


, .

46


63. ,
.
,
. ,
64,
, ,

65.
, ,
,

66.
, ,
, -
,
. , ,
,
-,

63

Odo of Deuil, p. 99.

64

Gerhohi praepositi Reichersbergenses, s. 376-378.


e Magni presbyteri annales Reicherspergenses MGH, SS, XVII,
s. 462-464.
65

Willermus Tyrensis, lib. XVII, cap. VI-VII.

66

Wibaldi Epistolae, ep. 197.


Sigeberti Gemblacensis. Chronica Continuatio
praemonstratensis. MGH, SS, VI, s. 454.
, ,
- Willermus Tyrensis, lib. XVII, cap. VIII.

47

67.

,
.
, ,
II ,

68.

. (
Divina dispensatione II 11 1147 .)
. ,

, II
,
69.

, - ,

67

Constable, G. The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries In: Constable, G.


Crusaders and crusading in the twelfth century, Ashgate, 2008, p. 229-231.
68

Ottonis et Rahewini, lib. I, cap. XLII; Helmoldi presbyteri, lib. I, LIX-LXVI


,
; Annales Ianuenses. MGH, SS, XVIII, s. 36-50
- ;
Annales Magdeburgenses, s. 188-190 ,
; Sigeberti Gemblacensis, s. 454
, ,
.
69

48

Epistolae Eugenii III Papae PL, CLXXX, ep. CLXVI.


, 70.

1147 . , 71.

.
,
,
- , 72,
,
sacrum imperium
.
Historia de expeditione Friderici imperatoris,
,
73,
70

Ibidem, ep. CCXIV.


Vicentii Pragensis Annales. MGH, SS, XVII, s. 663, ,
,
, .
71

Sancti Bernardi abbatis, CLXXXII, ep. 467 ep. 468.


Divina dispensatione (II) - Constable, G. The Second
Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries Constable, G. Crusaders and crusading in the twelfth
century, Ashgate, 2008, p. 270-272.
- Phillips, J. Op.cit., p. 134.
72

Phillips, J. Papacy, Empire and the Second Crusade In: The Second Crusade: scope and
consequences, eds. Phillips, J. and M. Hoch, Manchester, 2001, p. 15-31.
.
VII
- Odo of Deuil, p. 13.
73

Historia de expedition Friderici imperatoris (Ansbertus)- Chroust, A. Quellen zur


Geschichte des Kreuzzugs Friedrichs I, Berlin, 1928 = MGH, SS, rer.Germ. N.S., V, s. 2-5.

49


,
74.
,
,

,
, .
(senex gloriosus)
.

75.

, ,

, , ,
76.
, ,
, .
, 77,
VIII (1187),

.
74

Ibidem, s. 5.

75

Ibidem, s. 5-6.

76

Richard of Holy Trinity, lib I, cap. XVIII.

77

Riezler, S.O. Der Kreuzzug Kaiser Friedrichs I. Forschungen zur Deutschen


Geschichte, 10, 1870, s. 8-9. Eickhoff, Ek. Friedrich Barbarossa im Orient. Tuebingen, 1977, s.
11 , .

50



,
78. ,
1145-1146,
, ,
,
.
, ,
, .

,
79.
,
,
, .

,
-
, 1147-1149,
.

78

Ansbertus, s. 6-10.

79

Ibidem, s. 10-13. , , ,
, 1146, ,
- ,
- Gesta abbatum Lobbiensium. MGH, SS, XXI, s. 329, Bernhardi, W.
Konrad III, t. 2, Leipzig, 1883, s. 522, n. 44,
.

51



.
27 1188 .

,
80.
,
81, ,
,
82.
80

Ansbertus, s. 14.
,
- Ottonis de Sancto Blasio, s. 44-45.
81

1187 ,
, II
II 21 1188 . Giraldus Cambrensis. Expugnatio Hibernica. In: The Historical works of Giraldus Cambrensis, ed.Th. Wright, London, 1894, p. 299-301;
Ambroise. The Crusade of Richard Lion-Heart. tr.Merton, Jerome Hubert, New York, 1941, p.
33-36; Richard of Holy Trinity, lib I, cap. XVII; William of Newburg, lib. III, cap. XXIII.
Annales Marbacenses. MGH, SS, rer.Germ., IX, s. 58 ,
1187
, .
27 1187
, .
. , 2005, . 235. Benedict of Peterborough. The Chronicle of the
Reigns of Henry II and Richard I. ed. William Stubbs, vol.2, London, 1867, p. 58
. Rogeri
de Wendover. Chronica sive Flores Historiarum. ed. H.O.Coxe, vol.II, Londini, 1841, p. 426-427
.
Gisleberti Chronicon Hanoniense. MGH, SS, rer.Germ., XXIX, s. 179-184,
- Ex chronico Alberici Trium-Fontium Monachi RHGF, XVIII, p. 749.
82

, ,
- - Mayer, H.E.
Geschichte der Kreuzzuege. Stuttgart, 1968, s. 130. ,
,
, II

52

,

,
.


. ,

.
83.

. 1157 .
sacrum imperium84 - divina res publica,
.
1165 . .

- Hampe, K.
Op.cit., s. 169.
83

Richard of Holy Trinity, , lib I, cap. XVIII; Rogeri de Wendover, p. 428-432.


, ,
defensor - Chronicon Magni Presbyteri.
MGH, SS, XVII, s. 515.
- Eickhoff, Ek. Op.cit., s. 24.
84

Toepfer, B., E. Engel. Vom staufischen Imperium zum Hausmachtkoenigtum. Weimar,


1976, s. 188; Eickhoff, Ek. Op.cit., s. 13-14.

53


, - 85.

I

86.

, iustitia,
, regnum sacerdotium
.
, .

87. -
88,
,

89. Historia peregrinorum,

85

McGrade, M. O rex mundi triumphator: Hohenstaufen Politics in a Sequence for


Saint Charlemagne. Early Music History, 17, 1998, p. 184.
86

Heer, Fr. Op.cit., p. 89-100; Engels, O. Die Staufer. 8. Aufl., Stuttgart Berlin Koeln,
2005, s. 81.
87

Alexander, P., Art.cit., p. 7; Heer, Fr., Op.cit., p. 102.

88

, .. : . : :
, . .. , , 2001, . 25-26
. Barraclough, G., Op.cit., p. 170171.
89

54

Engels, O., Op.cit. , s. 77.


-
, 90.

91.

- ,
, ,

92.

,
-93. ,
, , ,
94.
90

Historia peregrinorum. - Chroust, A. Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzugs


Friedrichs I, Berlin, 1928 = MGH, SS, rer.Germ. N.S., V, s. 116.
91

Leyser, K. Frederick Barbarossa, Henry II


and the hand of St James. English Historical Review, 90, 1975, p. 482-483.
Johnson, E.N. The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI. In: A History of the
Crusades, ed. K. Setton, vol.2, 1969, p. 88 ,

.
92

Riezler, S.O., Art.cit., s. 4.

93

Tyermann, Chr. Were there any crusades in the twelfth century? English Historical
Review, 110, 1995, p. 572-576

.
94

Historia peregrinorum
- Historia peregrinorum, s. 122.
, 1188 generalem expeditionem
- Chronicon Magni Presbyteri, s. 509.
, , ,
, - Annales Colonienses Maximi.
MGH, SS, XVII, s. 793. Hugonis Chronici Continuatio Weingartensis.
MGH, SS, XXI, s. 475-476. Annales Marbacenses, s. 58-59 ,
.

55



.
95 96 .

,
.
, ,
, II (11851195). ,

.

,
97. ,

, 98. ,

95

Richard of Holy Trinity, lib I, cap. XIX.


- Arnoldi abbatis Lubecensis. Chronica.
MGH, SS, XXI, s. 170.
96

William of Newburg, lib. III, cap. XXVII; Ansbertus, s. 22-24; Annales Colonienses
Maximi, s. 796. Annales Marbacenses, s. 59-60 Ex Radulfi de Diceto. Ymaginibus
historiarum. MGH, SS, XXVII, s. 277
,
,
, .
97

Historia peregrinorum, s. 149



.
98

56

Ansbertus, s. 31 s. 40. Historia peregrinorum, s. 135


99. ,

,
100.

. ,
, ,
I .
,
, 101.
-
. ,
, -
. ,
.
, ,
, 102. ,

,

99

Ansbertus, s. 34.

100

ibidem, s. 39-43. . Brand, Ch.M. The Byzantines


and Saladin, 1185-1192: Opponents of the Third Crusade. Speculum, 37, 1962, p. 167-181
Chronicon Magni Presbyteri, s. 511; William of Newburg, lib. IV, ch. XIII.
101

Angelov, D. Domestic opposition to Byzantiums alliance with Saladin: Niketas


Choniates and his Epiphany oration of 1190. Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 30, 2006,
pp. 49-68.
102

Choniates, 416

57


,
103.
104 , ,
, .

,
.
,
, ,
-. ,
, ,
.
, , ,
,
.105

,
, , ,

.
103

Magdalino, P. Aspects of Twelfth-Century Byzantine Kaiserkritik. Speculum, 58,


1983, pp. 326-346.
104

. Eickhoff, Ek., Op.cit., s. 58-83; Zimmert, K. Der


deutsch-byzantinische Konflikt von Juli 1189 bis Februar 1190. Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 12,
1903, s. 42-77; Brand, Ch. M. Byzantium confronts the West 1180-1204. Cambridge,
Massachusetts, 1968, pp. 176-188.
105

Ansbertus, s. 48-50; Historia peregrinorum, s. 144; Chronicon Magni Presbyteri,


s. 509-510. ,
- Annales Colonienses Maximi, s. 797.

58


, , .
, , , ,

106. ,
, ,

, , .
. . ,
, 107.
,
, . ,
108.

, 109.

110.
111.

106

Ansbertus, s. 54-68.
,
.
107

Chronicon Magni Presbyteri, s. 513-514.

108

Historia peregrinorum, s. 162-163.

109

Arnoldi abbatis, s. 170.

110

Dupront, A. Du Sacr. Croisades et plerinages. Images et languages. Paris, 1987, p.

289-291.
111

McGrade, M., Art.cit., p. 211.

59


.
112.
. ,
.
,
.
, , ,
113.
I
.
,
1190-1191.
,
, . ,
,
. ,
,

, , 114. ,
112

Carozzi, Cl. Apocalypse et salut dans le christianisme ancient et medieval. Paris,


1996, p. 112-116. Magdalino, P. The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143-1180. Cambridge, 1993, p. 47. ,
. Stuckey, J. Charlemagne as a Crusader? Memory, Propaganda, and
the many uses of Charlemagnes legendary expedition to Spain. In: The Legend of
Charlemagne in the Middle Ages. Power, Faith and Crusade, eds. Gabriele, M. and J. Stuckey,
New York, 2008, p. 137-152.

60

113

Galent-Fasseur, V. Lpope des Plerins. Paris, 1997, p. 27-51.

114

Benedict of Peterborough, p. 151-155.


115.
, ,
. ,
, regnum
theutonicorum, , ,
116.
,
, ,

.
,
, .
, ,
.

.
VI (1190-1197) II
,
.
1227-1228 II .

,
.

115

Roger of Hoveden. Annals. tr. H.T.Riley, vol.II, London, 1853, p. 177-180.

116

Ibidem, p. 183-184.

61



XI XII .



XI XV .

2010, .

, ,
XI XII .
, ,
, ,
,1
.

, .. VII XI., 21, 1954,


177 179; . Morgan, C. H ,The Byzantine Pottery, Corinth 11 (Cambridge, Mass., 1942);
Davidson, G. R., A Medieval Glass Factory at Corinth, American Journal of Archaeology 44
(1940), pp. 297327; Harvey, A., Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire 9001200
(Cambridge,1989);Hendy, M. F., Coinage and Money in the Byzantine Empire (10811261)
Washington, D.C., 1969; Kazhdan, A. and Talbot, A.-M. (eds.), The Oxford Dictionary of
Byzantium, Oxford, 1986; Laiou, A. E. (editor-in-chief), The Economic History of Byzantium
from the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, vol.I, Washington, D.C., 2002; Lefort, J.,
Morrisson, C. and Sodini, J.-P. (eds.), LesVillages dans lempire byzantin (IVeXVe
si`ecle),Paris, 2005; McDonald, W. A., Coulson, W. E. and Rosser, J., Excavations at Nichoria
in Southern Greece ,Minneapolis, 1983.; Metcalf, D. M., Coinage in South-Eastern Europe 820
1396 ,London, 1979; Papanikola-Bakirtzi, D. (ed.), Byzantine Glazed Ceramics: The Art of
Sgraffito, Athens, 1999., . ja.
, 1996.; Ahrweiler, H. Recherches sur ladministration de lempire byzantin aux IXe
Xie siecles, BCH, 84, 1960, Athens and Paris.; Ducellier, A. Observations sur quelques
monuments de lAlbanie., Revue Archeologique, 1965, 153-207. ; Ducellier, A. La faccade
maritime de lAlbanie au Moyen Age. Durazzo et Valona du XIe au XVe siecles, Thessaloniki,
1981. ; , .

62


,
-
.
,

,
.
,
XI .,
,
.
, ,
,
.

(XI .)2, 3 Mezzogiorno (.
) 4, . 5
Monte Cassino (XII )6.
VII XVIII.- , 18, 1967,
.89-146.
2

Gauffredo Malaterra. De rebus gestis rogerii siciliae et calabriae comitis et roberti


guiscardi ducis fratris eius, ed. Ernesto Pontieri, Rome, 1927.
3

Angold, M. Knowledge of Byzantine History in the West: the Norman Historians


(Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries), Anglo Norman Studies XXV, Boydell Press, 2002, 19 35.
4

Guillermus Apuliensis, Gesta Roberti Wiscardi, ed. M Mathieu, Palermo, 1961.

, . III, .201 204.

, . IV, .136.

63


II (1130 1154) - .7
, ,
(1096-1099),

,
, ,

. , ,
,
.
,
, .
,
Ferdinand Chalandon8,

R. B. Yewdale9, Graham Loud10, A. G.

Savvides11, J. J. C. Norwich .12


, -,
,
7

Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000), Corpus of Early Arabic Sources
for West Africa, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press, pp. 104131.
Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi'khtiraq al-afaq Tabula
Rogeriana ( ).
8

F. Chalandon, Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile, 2 vols., Picard,


Paris, 1907; idem, Essai sur le Rgne d'Alexis Ier Comnne, 1081-1118, Picard, Paris, 1900.
9

R.B. Yewdale, Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch, Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1970

10

Loud G.A., The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest,
Longman, London, 2000.
11

Savvides, A.G.C. Byzantino-Normannica. The Norman Capture of Italy and the First
Two Norman Invasions in Byzantium, Leuven, 2007.
12

1967.

64

Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016-1130. Longmans: London,


XI ., . ,
13,
.
, 1074 .
(. Spalatum), (.
Tragurium), (. Diadora), (. , . Zara vecchia
14) (. Tinin)15. ,
(1059 1075) ,
16.

. ,
("Domenico Selvo")17(1071 1084),
, ,
dux . II (976-1025)
998 . : "dominus noster Dominicus Silviusdux et imperialis
prothophendius",
,
13

proedros

18

. Storia della Repubblica Veneziana scritta da Andrea Navagero, RIS XXIII;

14

Klai, N., I. Petricioli, Zadar u srednjem vijeku do 1409., Prolost Zadra - knjiga II,
Filozofski fakultet Zadar, 1976, . 181
15

,. .
( IX 70 XI .)..,2006, .186 203.
.
16

Storia della Repubblica Veneziana scritta da Andrea Navagiero, RIS XXIII, col. 961.

17

Ibidem...., col.961

18

, . .197

65


, ,
,
. ,
XI ,
.


.19
(1081-1085.),
(1096 1099.),
1184-1185.
,
,
,
. , Via Egnatia
hodos, ( Via Appia) 20

19

. Bennett, M., Norman Naval Activity


in the Mediterranean, 1060-1108, Anglo-Norman Studies, 15 (1992), 41-58.; Chalandon, F.,
Essai sur le rgne d'Alexis Ier Comnne, 1081-1118, Picard, Paris, 1900; Charanis, P., The
Byzantine Empire in the Eleventh Century, A History of the Crusades, ed. K.M. Setton, M.A.
Baldwin, Philadelphia, 1956, vol. I, 177-219; Loud, G.A, Byzantine Italy and the Normans,
Proceedings of the XVIII Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, ed. J.D. Howard-Johnston,
Amsterdam, 1988, 215-33; McQueen, W.B., Relations between the Normans and Byzantium,
1071-1112, Byzantion, 56 (1986), 427-69; Savvides, A. Byzantino-Normannica. The Norman
Capture of Italy and the First Two Norman Invasions in Byzantium, Uitgeverij Peeters en
Departement Oosterse Studies, Leuven, 2007.; Stephenson, P., Byzantium's Balkan frontier: a
political study of the northern Balkans, 900-1204, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
20

Oikonomides, N. The Medieval Via Egnatia. The Via Egnatia under Ottoman Rule,
1380 1699.Rethymnon, 1996, 9-16

66


21,

. II, ,
, - ,
(. Dyachium; . ), (.,
),
. XII . ,
,
, (. ) ,
(. ) , .
.
, .
1161 ., Via Egnatia
.22
Via Egnatia
.23
(Avalone)24
(Dyracio)25,
: Qui quum tempus ad transfretandum exspectasset opportunum, VII
idus Octobris naves ingressi Bulgariam navigaverunt , et Avalonis portui
applicuerunt ,
21

, . . , 3-4, ,
1997, .27 36.
22

,. .103 106.

23

, . .... .27 36.

24

III..76. . . .

25

....60. . . .

67


,.... ( . .) ....
26. ,
, , ,
27.

, ,
. , .
, 150
28.
, . ,
,
,
.

vallem Andrinopolis ( . ), (. ), ,
(. . ) . Bardarum,
, :
castella, castra, urbes, civitates, locus, oppidium, villa, cives,
urbani, castellani, habitatores.

, , ( ),
(), ( ), ( .
), (Makedoniam) . .
, ,

68

26

Ibidem.

27

Gauffredo Malaterra. De rebus gestis ....113

28

, . .... .27 36.


. ......
... .29
30 haereticorum
castrum, .
villa in villam, castello in castellum civitate
in civitatem, .. , , .

.
. - civitatem Susa, . , civitatem Sarra,
Gesta Francorum urbem.
-urbem.
(),
. , .

..., ,
, 31.

, , . ,
32.
, ,
Via
Egnatia. ,
29

III..75

30

31

, .
. . . .
, 2005, . 318 326.
32

, .
. ., 2, , 1997, . 49-58.

69


32 ,
, , () , 8 ,
.33 ,
, , -

.
,
, .

: polis (), kastron, phrourion
: polisma, polihnion. . horopolis (
)34. asti , ochyroma, eryma, acropolis
.
Par excellence, polis civitas. ,
.
, : O quanta civitas nobilis et
decora!35. O quanta civitas! quam
nobilis! quam iocunda!36. ,
metropolis,
37.

33

, . . , 2-3, , 1999,

.1-5.
34

, .. X XI. , 1977,
.110 127.

70

35

III..75

36

....80

37

,. . 96

,
, , , ,
polis. ,
XI

kastron.
, , , , , ,
urbes, civitates, II
kastra38.
kastra, castra39,
castellum.

incastellamento,
, .
opus gallicum ,
XI .,
.

. . ,
. , ,
.

38

, .
( ). : Civitas Divino Humana:
. , 2004, .239 253.
39

Singularis castra, .
; , .
(.III VII.).. , 2002., .76

71


XI . ,
, .. castra .40

.
. II ,
. 6 ,
XI , 41.
.
,
.
, , 42.
,
,
, ,
.43

. 5000 (millia
militum) 60 000 (millia peditum)
40

, . . :
. , 2007, . 131 - 159
41

, .,.. . , 1974,

. 107
42
43

Guillermus Apuliensis......c.4 - 5

1204.
, , ,
, , , .
.. Monte
Cassino
(Mannus Dei).

72


.44
, (extra
muros) .
.
, .
dux: , ,
,
. (dux) ,
, , , ,
, ,
.
....
, :
dux illius loci; dux illius civitatis.45
, XI-XII .,
(cardo decumanus),
,

. ()
,

(suburbia) () .
,

,
. ..
44

III..76

45

, . . . 49-58.

73


( )
, .
,
XXI . ,
, , . XI ,

(,

,
. .
,

, , ,
, , ,
.

46, ,
.

XIXII . .
,
. ,
, .
. ,
,
, .
.
46

Ciggaar, K.Western Travellers to Constantinopole. The West and Byzantium, 962


1204, Brill, Leiden -New York - Koln, 1996, 30 33.

74


80- XI .
1147 .,
, .
.
,
.
, 904 .
,
.
XII . .
, 47
, .
XI-XII .,

, 48. , ,
, , (1153)
, , .49 Gesta Francorum
, 50,
, . urbem
Thessalonicam, 51

47

Terminus technicus

48

, .. i
. ., 37, 1976, 30 44.
49

, . XII
. , 1960, .35
50

III....26

51

...74

75


, . Duratium (. ,
), , ,
52. XII .
, 53.
Via
Egnatia, ,
Castellum autem Hereticorum ibi erat munitissimum, abunde bonis
omnibus refertum54, (castellum)
, , .
, 55.
, , , .
XI-XII .
, , .
, .
56. (urbem Thessalonicam)
,
.
(1147),
.
,
regium ergasterium.

76

52

..76

53

Chronque, ed. L.Delisle, vol. 2, Rouen, 87.

54

III..87 - 88

55

..91

56

, ., ..... 177 179.


,
, , , ,
, .57

,

.58

, XI-XII .,
,
59.

. ,
()
.
, , ,

. ,

.
.
(duobus corpalalatiis),
. .

57

Laiou, E.A., C. Morrisson. The Byzantine Economy. Cambridge, 2007, 90 165.

58

Vryonis, S. The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia


Minor and the Process of Islamization from Eleventh through Fifteen Centuries, London, 1971.
, . . .
59

, ..,.. XI XII. .
Faber, ., 2001, .66 - 67

77


(mercatum). Gesta Francorum ,
,
()
.
, ,
: ,
, , . 60
, .
.
..... ,
(peregrinos), .61
, :
(infelix imperator)
, (corpulasium . .), ,
. (civitates),

, .
, .
( . .), , ...
62 -
- ,
.
60

, ,
.

78

61

III.. 26

62

.. 15 - 17

,
- ,
, .
: .
.....
( . . .) ....
,
.
( . .
.) ,
. .
.63
,

.
,

.64 ,
.
- 65. ,

,

63

.. 85 - 89

64

, . ( ). ,
3-4, , 2003, .16-23.
65

, . . , 1, , 2001, .1-10.

79


, ,
.
, XII- , ,
,
, , ,
,
. ,
, , .
,
modus vivendi
.66

66

80

IV (1202 1204).





,
, XII- ,
,
. ,
,
,
, . ,
-e ;
, .
, ,
. ,
,
.
, 1147 .,
, VII,
.
I (1143-1180)
.
,
, 1159 .
1165 . , ,
.
,

81


.
-, ,
.
,
, .
: , ,
,
, (..
), a , 4
(.. ). , ,
,
,
, . ,
25 . ,
, ()
.
.
, ,
, , ,
.
, ,
, ,
.

- ,
, ,
82

.
.
. ,
, ,
. , ,
.

. ,
,
.

, , . -
,
.

, .
, ,
, 20 . .
,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
.
, ,


,
83


. -
-
,
.
,
.
, ,
. , ,
, ,
,
.
, .

,

.
, ( ) . , ,
, .
,
,


. ,
,
VII, , ,

, ,
84


- , .
, ,
, . ,
, ,
,
. ,
-, ,
, .
,
, , ,
,
.
( . , 9- ), VII
,
, ,
, ,
( ) ,
.
, ,

. ,

,
, - .
, , ,
, .

, ,
, , ,
85


, , ,
. ,
, , .

,
,

,
( , 1151 . ,
,
e ), (
) ,
.
VII.
, ,
. ,

, ,
,
.
, ,
,
, : ,
, , ;
;
, .

86


, - ,
,
, , ,
, ,
. ,
,
,

:
Odon De Deuil HISTOIRE DE LA CROISADE DE LOUIS
VII, (www.remacle.org ; Collection de memoires relatifs a lHistoire De France,
par M. Guizot, A Paris, 1824.)
Benjamin Of Tudela The Itinerary of Rabi Benjamin of Tudela,
translated and edited by A. Asher, London and Berlin, 1840.
Ciggaar, Krijna Western Travellers to Constantinople. The West and
Bizantium, 962-1204, Brill, Leiden (The Netherlands), 1996.

87


(Guillaume Adam; Guillelmus Adae) - De modo
Sarracenos extirpandi (1317 .)1
,
,
V .,
. ,
,
, , .
, .
,
, V, 1310 .
.
, , ,
, - , . 1 1318
.
, religiosus . ,
. 1 1318 .

.
,
.
1 rhc Arm 2, pp. 521-555, Guillelmus Adae (Guillaume Adam), De Modo Sarracenos
extirpandi (pp. 521-555), (ed. Ch. Kohler).

88


,
,
.
1322 .
6 1322 .
, (. ),
1324 .,
(), . . ,
,
. , 1341 .,
1341 .
.
De modo Sarracenos extirpandi, 1317 .,
, 1314 1316 .
,
.
, Directorium ad
passagium faciendum ( )
, 1332 .,
, ,
.

89


:
, ,
2,
, ,
3.
,
, , ,
-, , ,
,
, ,
, , .
4 ,
, ,
, , ,
, . ,
, .

. ,
,
, , ,
,
2

, V .

, V (1305-1314),
1346 .
4

, , 31:15, ,

,
587 . . .

90


. - , ,

. ,
. ,
.
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
,

.
,
. ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
91


,
, - ,
- .
, , , ,
, ,
,
,

,
, ,
.
, -
,
,
, .
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
.
, ,
5 .
5

V . ,
.

92


, ,
, ,
6,
.

, , -
. ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
,
. , ,
, , , , ,

, , .. ,
, , ,
. ,
, , ,
, ,


,
, .
6

.. () .

93


, , ,
,
,
.

, ,
, ,
,
,
. ,
,
, , , , 7,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
,
,
, , , .
,
7

.. , ,
. .

94


, - , ,
,
, , .
, ,
,

,
. ,
, .
, ,
- ,

. , ,
, , ,
. , ,
, ,
,
.
,
, , ,
,
40 000.
, ,
.
,
. , ,
, , ,
95


, ,
, .

,
.
, ,
,
.
, , ,
,
.
, , ,
, ,
- . , ,
,
-
. - -
- - -
. ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
.
, , ,
, ,
,
,
96


. ,
- , , ,
, 8, ,
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
.
, , , ,
, .
,
. ,
.

, , ,
. ,

, ,
, - -.
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
8

,
, V .

97


-, ,
, , .
, , ,
, , ,
.

. ,
,
, ,
, .
, 10 000 ,
, .

, ,
.
, ,
9, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, -,
.

(1310-1314),
.

98


, 10
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
, []
. ,
,
.
, ,

.
,
: , , , 6
, , ,
, ,
, . ,
, .
, ,
. ,
, , ,
- ,
. ,
. ,
, , ,
10

Alexandrini .

99


, ,
. ,
, , -
, .
-

.
,
.
,
.
11. [.
], , [.
], . ,
, , ,
, ,
, , , ,
, .
, , ,
,

. ,
,
.
, .
, ,
11

100

Officium Robarie.


,
.
,
, ,
. ,
- ,
.

,
,
,
,
,
.
35 12 ,
, ,
. ,
,
, ,
, ,

. .

12

.. . , .

101


,
. , ,
, ,
[] ,

, , .
. ,
, ,
, ,
, , .
, , ,
, ,
.
,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, ,
, .
,
, .
102

13
, .
, ,
.
, ,
.
, , ,
, 14 ,
, .
, , , ,
. ,
, , , .
,

, .
, ,
15 [], ,
- , .
14 000 , ,
, . ,
, ,
13

(1282-1328).

14

, , .

.
15

Hostis antiquus

103


. , ,
, ,
. ,
,
, , .
,
. ,
,
. ,
- ,
.
- , ,
.

. ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
, . ,

,
,
. , ,
, ,
,
, . ,
104


,
, ,
, . ,
, ,
, ,
,
- - , , , , ,
,
: !
, ,


. ,
.
V

, , .
- , . ,
[]16. ,
[]17. ,

16

.. .

17

.. .

105


18. 19
20 , -
, -
.
21 ,


. ,
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
, , 22..
, , ,
18

, (1269-1301),
(1287-1307).
19

(1313-1341).

20

, 1310-1340,
.
21

(1316-1335) (1304-1316),
, .
22

106

.. , . .


, . ,
,
, .
.
,
, ,

,
.
, .. ,
,
, ,
,
. , ,
,
.
,
.
, ,

, ,
23, 24,
23

,
1307 1314 . ,
, 1314 .,
.

107


. ,
,
, . , ,
,
,
. , ,
1000 100
, , ,

, ,
. .
,
, .
, -,
, exennia, ,
, ,
,
, .
, , , exennia
, ,
, ,
,
, , ,
, , , ,
24

108

(. 1235-1307), , .


.
, ,
, ,

, , ,
,
. ,
,
,
, , , ,

. , . ,
, , ,
, ,
,
,
.
,
, .
,
.
,
- , - .
,
- 12 ,
, , ,
.
109


,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, . , ,
, 18 ,

, ,
, ,
, .
, ,
, ,
,
. , , ,
,
, , .
, ,
,
25, ,
, ,
,
.
, , ,
, ,
,
25

110

.. - .


, , , ,
,
, . ,
, , ,
, , ,
26.
,
,
,
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, .
, , .
, ,
. , ,
. ,
, .
,
26

, , .

111


, ,
, .
- . ,
, , ,

, ,
, , , . ,
V, ,
, , ,
, .
.
, ,
, ,
, , .
, , ,
, ,
. ,
, , ,
, , ,
,
,
,
. - ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
,
112


, .
,
,
, , ,
,
. , ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
,
.
,
, , .

-
, .
,
,
,
, ,
, , , ,
, . ,
.
- ,
113


,
-
,
.
, ,
, , . ,
, , 50 000
200 000 ,
.
, , ,
, , .. , 27.
, 28. -
,
. ,
, .
, ,
, . ,
, , .. ,

,
, - ,
, ,

27

.. ..
, .
28

V ,
V .

114


, , .29
, ,
. , , . 30
, , ,
- ,
, , ,
, . ,
31 .
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
,
.
, , ,
,
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
29

, 1258 .
, .
30

1249-1254 .,
V .
31

115


, ,
, , .
, , , ,
, ,
, -

, , .
, ,

, ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
, .
, ,
,
. , ,
, , ,
,
, , ,
? ,
,
, ,
, .
.
116


, , ,
, , ,
. .
,

- ,

. , , ,
, - , ,
.
, , ,
, .
,
,

,
,
. ,
, ,
,
, ,
, .


, , ,
- ,
- - , , ,
117


. ,
,
, , ,
,

. -
, -
- , ,

, ,
, .
, 32 -,
, , ,
.
33,
-, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, , -
. , ,
, ,
,

. 180 -,

118

32

V ., .

33

.. .


. , -, ,
. , Caput []34,
, - -
, , , ,
. ,
,
,
.
. ,
,
, ,
. ,
, -, , ,
.
.
, ,
. , ,
.
, , ,
.35
, ,

.
. ,
34

. - .

35

, . .

119


, .
, ,

36. ,
. ,
, , - ,
, 8 10 ,
- , ,

, . ,
, , ,
, . , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
-, - .
, , , ,
, ,
, , ,
-,
13 . ,
, .
, ,
,
.
36

120

(), .


,
, , - - ,
.
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
,
50 .
, , -
, ,
, ,
, .
, .
,

- , , .
, , , -
. ,
, , , ,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
. ,
,
, , , , ,
, ,
121


, .
, ,
.
- -
.
, ,
. , -
. ,
,
, , ,
, , - ,
- , .


.
,
. ,
,
, ,
, , ,
, , , .
, - , -
,
-
. -
, ,
.
122


,
, , ,
.

- , - - ,
, .
. ,
, , , ,
,
, 37,
,

.
, ,
, .

, . ,
,
, ,
,
3 4 .
,
.
, .
, ,
37

.. .

123


, , ,
, , ,
, .
- , ,
.
, ,
,
,
, .
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
, ,
- ,
.

, ,
,
, ,
, . ,
, ,
,
.
,

, ,
124


, , ,
.

, . :
,
,

, . , ,
, , ,
, 40 .
,
,
, ,
.
,
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
- -
. ,
, ,
. , ,
, ,
,

125


, 38
, , ,
, ,
. , ,
,

. ,
,
- .
,
,
.
,
, , ,
,

, ,
, , ,
.
.
, - , -,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
38

126

, . .


,
. ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, , , ,
, ,
, , ,
. , ,
, ,
, .
39, , 40,
, , ,
41
,
. , ,
, ,
, , .
. ,
, ,
, .
39

.. 1096-1099 .

40

.. , - . .

41

127


, , ,
.
, ,
, , -
, .
, .

, , ,

. ,
, .
,
. ,

. , ,
, , , -,
, ,
, ,
, - -
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
. ,
128


, ,
.
, , ,
- , ,
,
,
, , -
.
, ,
,
- , ,

, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
.
, , , ,
,
, -, ,
, .

, , ,
, 2000,
, , ,
, , ,
, , -.
129


,
, ,
, , ,
.
, . , ?
? ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
.

,
,
.
, , , ,
, ,
. - - ,
, ? ,
,
- , ,
, ,
,
,
?

, - , .
130


, ,
. ,
,
. , ,
,
- ,
, ,

. ,
,
, 200 000 .
,
, ,
, ,
, , .
, 42 ,
, 120 000
. , ,

, ? ,
,
,
, , ,
, - . ,
, -
42

. .

131


.
,

, , , ,
, ,

, , ,
: , !
, ,
,
. - ? ,
, ,
. ,
,
, ,
, , -
. , -
, ,
, .

, , ,
. ,
, , ,
, ,
. ,
, .
132


, - ,
, , ,
, . , , ,
.
, -
,
,
, ,
, , ,

.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,
, ,
,
,
, .

. , ,
,
- , -, ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
133


, ,
,
,
. ,
,
, ,
, , ,


,
, , , ,
.
, ,
, ,
, , , .
, , ,
,
, , .
,
,
, ,
,
, ,

. 43,
43

134

V (1259-1282)


44,
, ,
,
. ,
, - ,
- , ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
, , .
, ,
, , ,
,
,
.

, 45
46 , ,
, ,
-.
, , ,
,
44

Paleos logos.

45

(1271-1276)

46

, .

135



, , ,
, ,
. ,
47,
48,
, , ,
. ,

, ,
,
, ,
, . ,
, ,
.
. , ,
, , ,
, , ,
,
. , ,
.
, , ,
, ,
,

136

47

1274 .

48

(1275-1282), .


49, ,
, .
. ,
, - .
, ,
.
,
, .
, ,
, ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
, .
,
.
,
, ,
. ,
, .
,
, ,
, ,
49

..

137


,
.50 , ,
, ,
, ,
.51
52 53,
54

[. ],

, .
, ,
.

, , ,
, , ,
, .55 ,

,

50

- , V

51

,
.
52

, - ,
V(1362-1373). , ,
.
53

(1285-1324), .

54

, .

55

, ,
, (12791280) , ,
1305 .

138


,
, ,

.56

, , ,
-,
, . , ,
,
, ,

[ ]
,
,
,
.
,
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
. , ,
, ,
56

XI .

139


, ,
,
, ,
, , , ,
, .
, , ,
,
,
, , , ,

. ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
-
, ,

. .

V

, ,
- ,
.
-, ,
- ,

140



, ,
. , - .
.
,
, 57,
, , ,
.
, [ ],
, , , .
,
, ,
. ,
.
. ,
, ,
58.
, ,
, , ,
, , .
, , , zinzibr ,
, ,
, ,

57

58

141


, - ,
, . ,

,
, ,
, ,
. , ,
,
.
,
. , ,

, , ,
,
, , ,
. ,
,

, , ,
.
.
,
. , ,
, ,
.
,
, - -,
142


1200
. .
,
.
,
, ,
100
,
.
,
.

, ,


, .
, ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
143


,
, . 20
- 9 ,
,
59.
.
,
,
.
,

60. , ,
, , ,


. , ,
, ,
,
, ,

,
61, , ,
, ,

144

59

60

61

, 1284 1291 .


, , ,
, .
, , ,
,
,
, . ,
, , .

, ,
,
, ,
. ,
,
, , ,
, .
, .
, ,
, ,
. ,
, .

,
, ,
, . ,
, ,
, ,
,
145


, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
,
, ,
. ,

.
. 62,
, .
, 63 3000
. ,
, [, ].
,
,
, -.
,
,
, , ,
. ,
, ,

146

62

63


, . , ,

. - -
-
. ,
, .
,
, , .
, ,
64
, -,
,
- .
,
. ,
-, , ,
20 000, .
, ,
,
, , ,
,
. 65, ,
-.
,
64

65

147


,
.
,
. , ,
.
,
,
, .
, ,
, . , ,
, .
, .
, .
. ,
, . ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
,
,
, ,
,
, , ,
.
, . , ,
. , ,

148


,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , -,
,
, ,
,
,
, , ,
, . ,
,
,
, .
, , ,
,
.
,
, .
,
,
.
, , ,
149


, ,
, ,
,
. ,
, . ,

-
.
, ,
9 , , ,
, , .
,
,
. ,

, -,
.

, 6000 ,
400 500 , 600 700 ,
.
,

. ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
150


, ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
, , , ,
.
,
, ,
. .
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
,

,
, -.

151

,

, XI - XII


. X ,
, ,
, , , ,

, , , , ,
, , , ,
, , .
, , ,
, 884 . 100 000
- (840855),
1. , XIII ,
.
,
, 2.
: .

Loud, G.A. Coinage, Wealth and Plunder in the Age of Robert Guiscard. Historical
Review, CXIV, pp.815-43
2

Angold, M. Knowledge of Byzantine History in the West: the Norman Historians


(Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries). Anglo Norman Studies XXV, Boydell Press, 2002, pp.19
23.

152

,
3 ,
.

Mezzogiorno4 ,
, , ,
,
. 5.

,
, ,
, , 6 X - XI 7.

, ,


3


.
4

Mezzogiorno .

Loud, G.A. Coinage, Wealth and Plunder in the Age of Robert Guiscard..... pp.81543; : Loud, G.A. The Age of Robert
Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest, Longman, London, 2000; Savvides, A.G.C.
Byzantino-Normannica. The Norman Capture of Italy and the First Two Norman Invasions in
Byzantium, Leuven, 2007. Norwich, J. Julius The Normans in the South 1016-1130. Longmans:
London, 1967.
6

( . ) , 750 ....,
.
7

Citarella, A.O. Patterns in Medieval Trade: The Commerce of Amalfi Before the
Crusades, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Dec., 1968), pp. 531-555.
, . .
( IX 70 XI .)..,2006, . 158 176.
Ciggar, K. Western Travellers to Konstantinopole. The West and Byzantium. 962 1204, Brill,
Leiden -New York - Koln, 1996, pp. 245 265.

153

,
, ,
. ,
, servi douloi
, ,
- keleusis.
dux, 8.

X ., ( )
( ),
9, .
I (867-886) VI (886-912)
, e
871 , II (855 875).
.
, . 10
, (, ,
, , , , ),
X XI . ,

, ,
8

, . ...160; Falkenhausen, V. The Greek Presence in


Norman Sicily: The Contribution of Archival Material, The Society of Norman Italy, ed. Loud,
G.A.& A. Metgalfe, Brill, 2002, pp. 253 289. Loud, G.A. Southern Italy in the eleventh
century. The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. II, part 2, Cambridge, 2008, pp. 94 120.
9

Reggio di Calabria , VIII ...,.


.
10

Guillou, A., Production and Profits in the Byzantine Province of Italy (Tenth to
Eleventh Centuries): An Expanding Society. DOP, Vol. 28, (1974), pp. 89-109.

154

. ( )
, ,
II (1002-1024) 20- XI
11.


, ,
, Via Egnatia
.
, ,
, .
12
,
.

X .
, ,
,
-
13.
11

Falkenhausen, V. The Greek Presence......


,
(
1004.). VIII ( 1012 1024).
12

Citarella, A.O. Patterns in Medieval Trade...... pp. 531-555.

13

Kreutz, B. M. Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth
Century.Pennsilvania Press, 1991, pp. 75 92.

155

,
,
, VI
() 961. II
(963-969),
.
, ,
( ), , 14.
XII . 15
. XI
. (1101-1130) ....
.. : , ,. . .. . . , [?],
[?] 16.
X - XI ., -
.
(X .)
, ,
17.
Cronica

Amalfitana

() X . ..
ruga malfitanorum
, (Historiae Rerum in Partibus
14

Citarella, A.O. Patterns in Medieval Trade...... pp. 531-555.

15

Shatzmiller, J. "Jews, Pilgrimage, and the Christian Cult of Saints: Benjamin of Tudela
and His Contemporaries". In Goffart, Walter A.; Murray, Alexander C.. After Rome's Fall:
Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998,
pp. 337347.

156

16

Citarella, A.O. Patterns in Medieval Trade....... pp. 531-555.

17

, . . 163 164.

,
Transmarinis

Gestarum)

.
, X ,
. 945 .
,
18.

XI .
.
, ,
, .
,
.
, ,
, .

,
19.
,
.
, , .
,
18


, (
).
10 .
19

, . .161 .

157

,
, ,
.
,
.
1005,
. , ,
, , 20.
,

, ,

, , , .
.
- brebion () 1050 . (),
.
Siricolum , ,
'''' - . '' ''. '' ''
'' '', ,
( )21 .

1004
1022 . XI .
: "-
[ . .]. ,
[ . .] ?22

158

20

Guillou, A., Production and Profits in .....pp. 89-109.

21

, . .250.

22

Citarella, A.O. Patterns in Medieval Trade....... pp. 531-555.

,
,
, .


. ,
, .
, ,
. , , ,

.
.
-
,

. ,
- ( III) .
1070 .,
23.
, . XII .
, , .
, ,
24, , - ,
.
23

Bloch, H. Monte Cassino, Byzantium, and the West in the Earlier Middle Ages.

Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 3, (1946), pp. 163-224.; :


Bloch, H. Montecassino in the Middle Ages, 3 vols., 1986, Rome.
24

, ..,.. XI XII.
. Faber, . , 2001, .12 67.

159

,
, ,
. , XI XII . .
(
), .
-
, .
25,
,
. ..
bizantii bezanti, .. ( )
() I
(1081-1118) 1092. ( - )26.
,
(),
4,45. ,
27, 28 29.
25


( - ).
X . II (963 969)
. -
, ,
.
26

. perperum, . perpero.

27

: Grierson, Ph. Medieval European Coinage. Cambridge


University Press, 1998, pp.3 4; Cardini, Fr. Europe and Islam. Blackwell Publishing, 2001,
p.26; Matthew, D. The Norman kingdom of Sicily Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 240;
Blanchard, I. Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages, Verlag, 2001.
28

Mezzogiorno
XI ,
: Travaini, L. The Normans
between Byzantium and the Islamic World. DOP, Vol. 55 (2001), pp. 179-196.

160

,
30
( 1092.)
.
,
,
904 31.
XI XII .,

,

- .

,

32.
IX ,
(, )
() , .
IX ,
, , , , X

.

29

XI.,
. ,
- : Loud, G.A. Coinage, Wealth and Plunder....... pp. 94 120.;
Travaini, L. The Normans between Byzantium and .......... pp. 179-196.
30

: . ..

31

, ., . . . ,
1974, . 296 306.
32

, . . , 2000, . 3 12.

161

,
33 X ,

follari -
. , , ,
denarii .

Mezzogiorno .
.
,
, , ( )
mancosi, X .
, (
(1/3) )
XI - XII
, , , 1859.

,

34.

33

3 : 1.
I (920-944) - ,
( ) II, XI. 2. C (103441) 3. ,
1057 1071.,..
.
34

Crnica (1272 1336),


20. , . : .
. , 1994, .104.

162

,
. 35, 1960.,
1025 1040. 147 36.
,
"rub" , .. 1.05. ,
4.25.,
16 37 .
38, ,
- .
, . ,
,
.
, ,
39,
,
XIII .
,
, ,
35

Gurnet, R."Le tresor d'Ordona," in Ordona II. Les campagnes de 1964 et 1965, ed. J.
Mertens, Etudes de Philologie, d'Archeologie et d'Histoire anciennes, Institut Historique Belge de
Rome 9 (Brussels-Rome, 1967), 155-71.
36

: Falkenhausen,
V."La circolazione monetaria nell'Italia meridionale e nella Sicilia in epoca normanna secondo la
documentazione di archivio, Bollettino di numismatica 6-7,1986, pp.55-79.
37

16 1/3 .

38

- - Travaini, L. The
Normans between Byzantium and .......... pp. 179-196.
39

,
, X .

163

,
.40
34 ().
(1045-1115) Chronica monasterii Casinensis
, , X
, , .
modus vivendi
II 1025 .
.
, 1071 .
,
, 41.

XI .

.
1058 ., . . 1067 .,
.

, ,
.
,
, ,
, ,
40

, . . , . IV, .,
1990., . 24 28.
41

1030., ,
.

164

,
, Mezzogiorno.
- ,
,
42.
,
,
.. (romesinae).
, ,
(1071 .),
.
, - (al-dqah '' '',
- ducato) ()
- (al-qmis). ,
, ,
. II
(1130 1154) - (1.70.) ,
, . IC XC NIKA -
,
, ,
.

Mezzogiorno ,
43. II,
42

Regno di Napoli 1285 1816.

43

II .
, .
.

165

,

R/II ANA ,
,
.
1140 . II, ,
44,
()
2. (2,24.) 24. Ducalis
ducatum 1/12 , ,
romesinae45.
.. Ducalis tercia .. 1/3 .

, ,
, ,
Sit
tibi, Christe, datus, quem tu regis iste ducatus.

, .
, -

44

II 1040.
, , ,
, , (
): =
Solidus
1
45

Tari

Ducalis

Ducalis tercia

12

36

Follaro
288

Travaini, L. La riforma monetaria di Ruggero II e la circolazione minuta in Italia


meridionale tra X e XII secolo. RIN 83,1981, pp.133-53.

166

,
46. , , ,
, ,
. , ()
47 ,
.
,
, , -
, : IC XC NI - KA48.
, ,
. ,
, II,
- , ,
.


, , , XII
,
.

46

Hendy, M. Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy c. 300-1450. Cambridge,


1985, pp. 264-75,
47

XII .
, , .
,
, .
48

300, .
300 .

167

,
XI

49,

,
,
, .. .
( 24 )
, 2/3
8 50
.
I , 1092 .,
.

.
, ,
51.
: solidi, bizantei, scifati, michelati52 ..
53
XI . ,
49

Kaplanis, C. The Debasement of the "Dollar of the Middle Ages". The Journal of
Economic History, Vol. 63, No. 3 , 2003, pp. 768-801.
50


, XI XII , ,
, .
51

Loud, G.A.
149 , Lucia Travaini
, VIII VII , 2 24
, . 50 -.
52

Morrisson, C. Le michalaton et les noms des monnaies a la fin du XIe sikcle. TM 3,


1968, pp. 369-74.
53

168

Loud, G.A. Coinage, Wealth and Plunder in the Age of Robert Guiscard.. pp.815-43

,
,
54.
, X - XII ,
,
, ( )

,
II
Mezzogiorno.
, XII
, -
, II 55.
, ,

.
56. ,
XI XII .,
,
, . XII
. .
, ,
54


600 scifati (. ), ,
1: 4., 2400 .
55

Abulafia, D. The Crown and the Economy under Roger II and His Successors.
Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 37 (1983), pp. 1-14.
56

,
.

169

,
.
, 57.
,

, .

, , , Manus Dei58,
,
.
,
. post factum, .
, ,
.
,
.
XII . ,
X 59.
XI - XII
, ,
Mezzogiorno, ,
, 60.
57

Loud, G.A. Coinage, Wealth and Plunder in the Age of Robert Guiscard.. pp.815-43

58

Angold, M. Knowledge of Byzantine History in the Westpp.19 23.

59

. .IV. ,
, . 378 379.
60

1082 ., I ,

. ,

170

. I XI XII . ()

. II XI ()

. XI
,
,
.

. , , , .

171

1.

2.

. III (al-dqah) . 1072 , ,


.
1.: 14 mm; : 0,98 g.
2. :13 mm; : 0,90 g.

.IV X I (914-928)
: +BERENGARIV IMP IOHANS PA
: +SCS PETRVS ROMA
: 15 mm; : 1.05 g.

1.

2.

.V I 1073 1127.
. T(300) :
.
1. : 13 mm; : 0.95 g.
2. :14 mm; : 1.00 g.

172

.VI I (1154-1166), II 1140.


: IC XC NI KA.
1155.
(), (al-hdi) ( )''.
: 12 mm; : 1.25 g.

1.

2.

.VII. II (1) (2),


1140 . : IC XC
NI KA. 1140 1150.
1.: 12 mm; : 0.94 g.
2.: 14 mm; : 1.41 g.

.VIII II, , 1140 .


: +IC XC RC IN TRN. ,
( ?)

173

,
: RR SLS ( ) RDXAP ( )
. ,
. : AN R X.
: 24 mm; : 2.24 g.

1.

2.

. IX
1. () , .1080 . (3.94.)
2. () II (1166-1189), , .
: 23 mm; : 9.58 g.
(2),
(1).

174

175

You might also like