2 1991 .

N 1851

25478-91
" .
. "
Motor vehicles. Requirements for technical condition regarding to road safety. Methods of
inspection
: 1 1993 .
25478-82

1.
2.
1.
,

2.
3.
4.

5.

6.

(.8)

(.9)
, ,
, ( - ),
.
:
()
, ;
,
;
, .
:
, , -,
25 /;
, , 1 ;
10 .
.1.4.2, 2.1.2.8, 2.1.3.1., 2.1.3.7., 2.1.6, 2.3.2 2.3.4
.

, , 1.

 2.
1.

1.1.
1.1.1. ( )
, ,
,
, , , .
1.1.2.
,
, ,
-
.
1.2.
1.2.1.


() :
.1 - , 01.01.81;
.2 - , 01.01.81.

3, N2 N3 .3.
:
1. ,

.2.1.
2. ,
,
,
.

1
+--------------+-------------------+------------+-----------+-----------+
| -| -| ,
|P , H
|S *, ,
|
| -| |
0
|
|
|
|
|
|/
| (),
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+--------------+-------------------+------------+-----------+-----------+
| -|

|
|
|
|
||
1
|
| 490 (50) |12,9 (12,2)|
|
+-------------------+
+-----------+-----------+
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|17,0 (13,6)|
|
+-------------------+
|
+-----------+
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|17,4 (16,8)|

|
+-------------------+
|
+-----------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
| 686 (70) |19,0 (15,1)|
|
+-------------------+
|
+-----------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|20,1 (17,3)|
|
+-------------------+
|
+-----------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|19,7 (16,0)|
+--------------+-------------------+
+-----------+-----------+
|,
|

|
|
|
|
| -|
1
|
| 490 (50) |16,5 (13,6)|
|
+-------------------+
40**
+-----------+-----------+
|-|

|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|20,6 (15,2)|
| M -+-------------------+
|
+-----------+
|N
|

|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|19,5 (18,4)|
|
+-------------------+
|
+-----------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
| 686 (70) |21,8 (17,7)|
|
+-------------------+
|
+-----------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|21,3 (18,8)|
|
+-------------------+
|
+-----------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|20,8 (18,4)|
+--------------+-------------------+------------+-----------+-----------+
+--------------+-------------------+----------+-----------+-----+-------+
| -| -|j
,
| ,
|K , | , |
| -| |
|
|
|
. |
|
|
| /2,
| |
|, |
|
|
| |
|| |
+--------------+-------------------+----------+-----------+-----+-------+
| -|

|
|
|
|
|
||
1
| 6,8
|
0,64
| 0,09| 0,5
|
|
+-------------------+
+-----------+
+-------+
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
+-------------------+----------+
0,55
+-----+ 0,8
|
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
|
+-------------------+
+-----------+
+-------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
| 0,7
|
|
|
1
| 5,7
|
| 0,11|
|
|
+-------------------+
|
0,46
|
+-------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
+-------------------+----------+
|
| 0,8
|
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
| 6,2
|
|
|
|
+--------------+-------------------+----------+-----------+-----+-------+
|,
|

|
|
|
|
|
| -|
1
| 5,9
|
0,47
|
| 0,5
|
|
+-------------------+----------+-----------+ 0,09+-------+
|-|

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
| 5,7
|
0,42
|
| 0,8
|
| M -+-------------------+----------+-----------+-----+-------+
|N
|

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
| 5,5
|
0,51
|.| 0,9
|

|
|
|
|
|3
|
|
|
+-------------------+----------+-----------+-----+-------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
| 4,6
|
0,38
| 0,11| 0,7
|
|
+-------------------+----------+-----------+-----+-------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
+-------------------+ 5,5
|
0,46
|
| 0,9
|
|
|
N
|
|
|.|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|3
|
|
+--------------+-------------------+----------+-----------+-----+-------+

*
.
**
.1 ,
.

2
+--------------+-------------------+------------+-----------+-----------+
| -| -| ,
|P , H
|S *, ,
|
| -| |
0
|
|
|
|
|
|/
|(),
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+--------------+-------------------+------------+-----------+-----------+
| -|

|
|
|
|
||
1
|
| 490 (50) |16,2 (14,5)|
| -+-------------------+
+-----------+-----------+
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|21,2 (18,7)|
|
+-------------------+
|
+-----------+
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|21,2 (19,9)|
+--------------+-------------------+
|
+-----------+
| -|
N
|
|
|
|
||
1
|
|
|23,0 (19,0)|
|
+-------------------+
|
+-----------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
40**
|
|23,0 (18,4)|
|
+-------------------+
|
+-----------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
| 686 (70) |23,0 (17,7)|
+--------------+-------------------+
|
+-----------+
|,
|
N
|
|
|
|
| -|
1
|
|
|25,0 (22,7)|
|
+-------------------+
|
+-----------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
| N
|
2
|
|
|25,0 (22,1)|
|
+-------------------+
|
+-----------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|25,0 (21,9)|
+--------------+-------------------+------------+-----------+-----------+
+--------------+-------------------+----------+-----------+-------------+
| -| -|j
,
|
,
| ,
|
| -| |
|

|
|
|
| /2,
|
|
|

|
|
| |
|
|
+--------------+-------------------+----------+-----------+-------------+
| -|

|
|
|
|
||
1
|
6,1
|
0,6
|
0,53
|
| -+-------------------+----------+-----------+-------------+
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
5,5
|
|
|
|
+-------------------+----------+
|
|
|
|

|
|
|
0,46
|
|
|
3
|
5,0
|
|
|
+--------------+-------------------+----------+
+-------------+
| -|
N
|
|
|
|
||
1
|
5,4
|
1,0
|
|
|
+-------------------+----------+
|
|
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
5,7
|
|
|
|
+-------------------+----------+
|
|
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
6,1
|
|
|
+--------------+-------------------+----------+-----------+
0,41
|
|,
|
N
|
|
|
|
| -|
1
|
4,7
|
|
|
|
+-------------------+----------+
|
|
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
| N
|
2
|
4,9
|
1,2
|
|
|
+-------------------+----------+
|
|
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
5,0
|
|
|
+--------------+-------------------+----------+-----------+-------------+

*
.
**
.2 ,
.
. .1 .2: 0 - , P , S - , jc - , m -
,K - , -
.

3
+--------------+----------------+---------------+--------+--------------+
| |

| |-|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+-------+--------+-------+-------+
+-------+------+
|
|1- |-|1- |- |
|1- |-|
|
|
| |
| |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+--------------+-------+--------+-------+-------+--------+-------+------+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 0,09 | 0,13
| 0,09 | 0,13 |
| | |
+--------------+-------+--------+-------+-------+--------+-------+------+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 0,09 | 0,13
| 0,09 | 0,13 |
| 0,11 | 0,15 |
+--------------+-------+--------+-------+-------+--------+-------+------+

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 0,09 | 0,13
|
| | 0,15 |
| |
+--------------+-------+--------+-------+-------+--------+-------+------+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 0,09 | 0,13
|
| | 0,13 | 0,11 | 0,15 |
+--------------+-------+--------+-------+-------+--------+-------+------+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 0,09 | 0,13
|
| | 0,13 | 0,09 | 0,15 |
+--------------+-------+--------+-------+-------+--------+-------+------+

1.2.2. 40 /
:
1,25 - ,
5 2 ;
1,5 - , 5
2 , 2,5 ;
1,75 - , 2,5 ,
3 .
1.2.3.
0,3 .
1.2.4. 0,9.
1.2.5.
0,16
16%,
23% - 31% - N.
392 (40 )
M1 588 (60 )
.
1.2.6. ()
() ,
.1.2.5 ,
.
1.2.7. , ,
35 - 25 / 0,5
/2 0,8 /2
.
.
1.2.8.
,
0,05 (0,5 /2) :
30 - ;
15 - .

1.2.9.
, .
1.2.10.
, ,
.
1.2.11. ,
,
.
1.3.
1.3.1.
.
1.3.2.

.
1.3.3.
:

.......................................... 10
....................................................... 20
............................................ 25

1.3.4. ,
.
1.3.5.
.
.
1.3.6.
, .
1.3.7.

. .
1.3.8. ,
, , 40

.
1.4.
1.4.1. ,
, , 8769.
0,75 ,
,

( 250 ) .

1.4.2. - , .
, ,
.
1.4.2..
().
1.4.3. , ,
.
1.4.4.
.
1.4.5. () CR (HCR) , ,
,
, .4.

4
+-------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
|
| | |
|(
-| | - |
|), ,
|
| |
|
|
| (), -|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+-----------+----------+
|
|
|
5
|
10
|
+-------------------------+----------------------+-----------+----------+
| 600
|
34'
|
50
|
100
|
|. 600 700
|
45'
|
65
|
130
|
|"
700 " 800
|
52'
|
75
|
150
|
|"
800 " 900
|
60'
|
88
|
176
|
|"
900 " 1000
|
69'
|
100
|
200
|
|" 1000 " 1200
|
75'
|
110
|
220
|
|" 1200 " 1600
|
100'
|
145
|
290
|
+-------------------------+----------------------+-----------+----------+

1 - ; 2 - ; 3 - ; 4 , ; 5 - ,
; -
. 1

,
.
, ,

.
1.4.6. () CR (HCR) " ",
, , :

<= 750 34' ;

>= 1600 52' .
1.4.7. R (HR) ,
() 0 ... 34'
.
.
1.4.8. CR (HCR) " "
34' " "
, .
1.4.9. R (HR)
.
1.4.10. R (HR) CR (HCR),
, " " 10000 .
1.4.11. ( B) , ,
,
, .5.

5
+----------------+--------------------+---------------------------------+
| | |

|
|,
| |
-|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|(), |
|
|
|
|
|
|
+---------------+-----------------+
|
|
|
5
|
10
|
+----------------+--------------------+---------------+-----------------+
|.250 500
|
34'
|
50
|
100
|
|" 500 " 750
|
58'
|
100
|
200
|
|" 750 " 1000
|
140'
|
200
|
400
|
+----------------+--------------------+---------------+-----------------+

.
1.4.12. , ,
, :

<= 625 - 3 ;
>= 1000 - 3 .
1.4.13. .
1.4.14. ()
, .6.

6
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------+

|

| ,
|
|
+-----------+-------------+
|
|
|
|
+----------------------+----------------------+-----------+-------------+
| ( |
|
2
|
60
|
| )
+----------------------+-----------+-------------+
|
|
|
1
|
12
|
+----------------------+----------------------+-----------+-------------+
|
|
|
20
|
100
|
|
+-------------+--------+-----------+-------------+
|
| -|
|
20
|
520
|
|
|
|
|
5
|
80
|
+--------------+-------+-------------+--------+-----------+-------------+
|
|
|
80
|
700
|
|
+-----------+------------------+-----------+-------------+
|
|
|
|
40
|
200
|
|
|
+---------+--------+-----------+-------------+
|
|
| |
|
40
|
400
|
|
|
| |
|
10
|
100
|
+--------------+-----------+---------+--------+-----------+-------------+

1.4.15. ( )
.
1.4.16.
.
1.4.17. ( )
.
1.4.18. .
1.4.19.
:

9030
(1,50,5) ;

1,2 ;

30 ... 75%.
1.4.20.
.
1.4.21.
.
1.4.22.
.
1.5.
1.5.1.
.

1.5.2.
35 .
1.5.3.
- .
1.5.4. 10
, 5 ,
10% .
,
.
1.6.
1.6.1. :
- 1,6 ;
- 1,0 ;
- 2,0 ;
- , .
1.6.2. (, ),
, .
.
1.6.3. ,
, , ,
.
,
, .
, .
1.6.4.
, ,
.
:
, ,
, (, , , ),
, , ;
, ,
(, , , ),
, , .
1.6.5. :
, I , ;
, II , ,
, ;

, "", ,
, , , ;
,
.
1.6.6. ,
.
1.6.7. .
1.7. ,
1.7.1.
- 17.2.2.03.

1.7.2.
- 21393.
1.7.3.
.

.
1.7.4.
.
.
1.7.5.
.
1.8. .
1.8.1.
, , , ().
()
,
() 90
12,5 .
:
, ,
- .
1.8.2.
, .
1.8.3. ,
,
.
:
1.
140 . 3, N2,
N3, ,
.

 ,
5727.
-, 5727-88.
2.
.
3. .
1.8.4. , ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
,
.
1.8.5.
.
,
.
1.8.6. ,

( ,
).
1.8.7.
.
.
1.8.8.
() .
1.8.9.

.
.
1.8.10. (),
, .
1.8.11. ,

.
1.8.12. () ,
() .
1.8.13. 18837
21015. :
, ;
""
;
;

 15 20 / .
1.8.14. M3, N2, N3
( ), - ,
, (
). .
, ,
, - ().

1.8.15. , , , , ,
, , ,
.
1.8.16. , ,
.
2.

2.1.

2.1.1.
2.1.1.1.
.
2.1.1.2.
.

.
2.1.1.3.
() .

2.1.1.4. .
2.1.2.
2.1.2.1.
() ""
.
2.1.2.2. , ,
.
2.1.2.3. (
) ,
,
.
2.1.2.4. , , ,
- , ,
.


, .
0,2
.
2.1.2.5.
(
).
2.1.2.6. :

5,0%
5,0%
1,5 /
5,0%
5,0%

0,3
0,3
0,3
0,03
4,0%

.
.
2.1.2.7. , ,
25 .
2.1.2.8.
,
, .
2.1.3.
2.1.3.1.

, -
.
2.1.3.1.. ,
5, ,
.
2.1.3.2.
.
2.1.3.3.
.1 2
.
40 / .
.

.1 2 4 /.
,
4.

2.1.3.4.

.
2.1.3.5.
, ,
.
2.1.3.6.
,
.1 2.
2.1.3.7.

.2.1.3.1, 2.1.3.2 2.1.3.4, 2.1.3.5 , 5 .

,
, .2.1.3.1, 2.1.3.2 2.1.3.4, 2.1.3.5
.1.2.1 - 1.2.4 .
2.1.3.7..
, .
,
.1 2 ,
.
2.1.4.
2.1.4.1.
.
2.1.4.2.
,
.1.2.5. .
2.1.4.3.
.1.2.5 .
, 5 .
2.1.4.4.
,
.1.2.5
, .2.1.5.
2.1.5.
2.1.5.1.
.
2.1.5.2.
, .1.2.7.
,
, .
.
2.1.5.3.
,
.1.2.7 .

2.1.6.

6.
2.2.
2.2.1. .
2.2.1.1.
.
2.2.1.2.
, - - .
2.2.1.3. , ,
.
2.2.1.4.
, (c):

, , :
1,60 - 7,35 (0,75)
. 1,60 3,86 - 9,80 (1,00)
. 3,86 - 12,30 (1,25)

.
,
.
2.2.1.5.

.
2.2.1.6. ,
, .1.3.3.
2.2.2.
.1.3.5 .
2.2.2.1. ,

,
, .
2.2.2.2. ,

40 ... 60
.
2.2.3. .1.3.8
.
2.3.

2.3.1. .1.4.5 - 1.4.12, 1.4.14, 1.4.15

, ,
, (
) ,
.
, .1.4.5, 1.4.7, 1.4.11 :
(70 20) ( ) ,
.
2.3.1.1. ,

5 ; 3 1 .
2.3.1.2. 90 3.
2.3.1.3.
,
,
0,5.
2.3.1.4.
1.4.12, 1.4.14, 1.4.15.

.1.4.5

2.3.1.5. .1.4.14, 1.4.15

30,1 .
2.3.2. .1.4.5 - 1.4.12, 1.4.14, 1.4.15
.
2.3.2. .2.3.1.1.
2.3.2.1. .
3.2.2.2.
0,25.
2.3.2.3.
, .1.4.5 - 1.4.12, 1.4.14, 1.4.15.
2.3.2.4.
(
) 0,5.
2.3.3. .1.4.6, 1.4.9, 1.4.10, 1.4.12, 1.4.14, 1.4.15
,
.
:

<= 30 .2.3.1;
<= 6 .2.3.2.
2.3.4.
.

.1.4.19

,
1 30 0,1 .

2.3.5. ,
10 .
2.3.6. .1.4.5 1.4.11 ,
: - 15'; 10 44 ; 5 - 22 .
2.3.7.

.1.4.6, 1.4.10, 1.4.12, 1.4.14, 1.4.19 , 15%.

2.3.8. .1.4.1 - 1.4.4, 1.4.13, 1.4.16 - 1.4.18, 1.4.20 - 1.4.22

.
2.4.

.
.
2.5.
2.5.1. .
2.5.1.1. ,
,
1/6 (1/6) ,
).
2.5.1.2.
.
, ,
.

, ,
.
2.5.1.3.
.
2.5.1.4. , :
.2.5.1.1 ,
, .1.6.1;

- .
2.5.2.
9921.

2.6.
2.6.1.
- 17.2.2.03.
2.6.2. -
21393.

2.6.3.
.

"" .
.
1
25478-91

-
.
- ,

.
-
.

- .
- ,
.
- ,
.
- ,
.
- ,
,
.
- ,
.
- ,
. 3.
- ,
.
3.
.

-
.
-
. j 3.

 -
( ). 3.
-
, .
3.
-
, .
3.
-
,
, , 75% ,

.
- ,
.
-
.

-
,
.
-
, ,
,
.

,
.
- .
"" - , ,
,
100.
( ) -
( ),
.
- ,

.
- ,
.
- ,
(
) .
R, HR - ( 3544).
C, HC - ( 3544).
CR, HCR - ( 3544).

 B - .
() - 29120.
2
25478-91

+-----------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------+
| |
, |
|
+-----------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------+
|

|
| -|
|
1
|
|, -|
|
|
| , 8|
|
|
| , ,|
|
|
| -|
|
|
|, |
|
|
| (, |
|
|
|..), , -|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
+-----------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------+
|
M
|
5
| , 8 |
|
2
|
|,
|
+-----------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------+
|
M
|
.5
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
+-----------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------+
|
N
|
3,5
| -|
|
1
|
|, |
+-----------+-----------------------+
|
|
N
|
. 3,5 12,0
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
+-----------+-----------------------+
|
|
N
|
. 12,0
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
+-----------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------+
3
25478-91

- ; - ; ; - ; j
.2
4
25478-91

 ,
.1, 2,
2

= A

0
+ ---------- ,
0
26j

-
, /;

- , /2;

- ,
.

A
.7.

7
+--------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+
| -| -| , -|
| -| | 01.01.81*
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+------------------------------------+
|
|
| -|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+--------------------+---------------+
|
|
|

|
2
|
|
|
|
|j
, /
|
|
|
|
|
|
+--------------+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
| -|

|
|
|
||
1
|0,08 (0,11)
| 6,8 (6,1)
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
2
|0,11 (0,19)
| 6,8 (5,5)
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
3
|0,15 (0,19)
| 5,7 (5,0)
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
1
|0,11 (0,19)
| 5,7 (5,4)
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
2
|0,16 (0,19)
| 5,7 (5,7)
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
3
|0,15 (0,19)
| 6,2 (6,1)
|
+--------------+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|,
|

|
|
|
| -|
1
|0,08 (0,11)
| 5,9 (6,1)
|
| +-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|- |

|
|
|
| |
2
|0,11 (0,19)
| 5,7 (5,5)
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
3
|0,18 (0,19)
| 5,5 (5,0)
|

|
+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
1
|0,11 (0,24)
| 4,6 (4,7)
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
2
|0,19 (0,24)
| 5,5 (4,9)
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
3
|0,18 (0,24)
| 5,5 (5,0)
|
+--------------+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
+--------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+
| -| -| ,
|
| -| |
|
|
|
|01.01.81*
|
|
|
+------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+--------------------+---------------+
|
|
|

|
2
|
|
|
|
|j
, /
|
|
|
|
|
|
+--------------+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
| -|

|
|
|
||
1
|0,08 (0,11)
| 6,3 (5,2)
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
2
|0,14 (0,19)
|
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+ 5,4 (4,5)
|
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
3
|0,15 (0,19)
|
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
1
|0,13 (0,19)
|
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+
|
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
2
|0,16 (0,19)
| 4,5 (4,0)
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+
|
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
3
|0,15 (0,19)
|
|
+--------------+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|,
|

|
|
|
| -|
1
|0,08 (0,11)
| 4,6 (5,2)
|
| +-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|- |

|
|
|
| |
2
|0,14 (0,19)
| 4,1 (4,5)
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
3
|0,18 (0,19)
| 5,0 (4,5)
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
1
|0,13 (0,24)
| 3,7 (4,0)
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
2
|0,19 (0,24)
|
|
|
+-------------------+--------------------+ 4,5 (4,0)
|
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
3
|0,18 (0,24)
|
|
+--------------+-------------------+--------------------+---------------+

* ,
01.01.81.
5
25478-91

1.
P

= --------,

M g

, H;

M - , ;
g - , /2.
2.

|P
- P
|
= |
|
|---------------|,
|P
+ P
|
|
|

P
, P
-

, H.
3.

--------,

4.

=
1

1,2
------------;

2
= -----------,
2
, 1

,
-

,
1
2


;

2
;

+ P
1
2
= ----------------------- -

g(M + M )

1
2
;

1,2

+ P

1
= ----------------------- -

g(M + M )

1
;

,1

P , P
, P

1
2

, H;

M , M ,

-

, .

M
2

5.

---------.

6.

2
-------------.

, 1

. ,

, ,
, ,
.
7.

= |
-
|,
|
1
2|

,
1

-
,
, .

8. S
2

0
0
= ------- ( + 0,5 ) + --------,

3,6

26j

-
0
, /;
- , ;

 - , ;

j
- , /2.

6
25478-91

, (.8)
(.9)

8
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|
|

|
|
+---------------------------------------+------+--------+
|
|

|- |- |
|
+------------------------+--------------+|- |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
+------------+-----------+
+------+--------+
|
|- |- | | |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | -|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+---------------+------------+-----------+--------------+---------------+
| |
+
|
+
|
|
|
+---------------+------------+-----------+--------------+---------------+
| |
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+---------------+------------+-----------+--------------+---------------+
|
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+---------------+------------+-----------+--------------+---------------+
|
,|
|
|
|
+
|
| -|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+---------------+------------+-----------+--------------+---------------+

9
+------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
||

|
| +-----------------------------------------+----------------+
|
|

|
|
|
+-------------+---------------------------+
|
|
|| +----------------+
|
|
+-------------------+-------+
|
|
|
| -|- |
|
|
|
| | |
|
+------------+-------------+-------------------+-------+----------------+
| -|
+
|
|
|
+
|
| -|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

+------------+-------------+-------------------+-------+----------------+
| -|
+
|
|
|
|
| -|
|
|
|
|
| -|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+------------+-------------+-------------------+-------+----------------+
| |
|
+
|
+
|
|
|- |
|
|
|
|
|
-|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+------------+-------------+-------------------+-------+----------------+
| |
|
|
+
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| -|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+------------+-------------+-------------------+-------+----------------+
||
|
|
+
|
|
| -|
|
|
|
|
| -|
|
|
|
|
| -|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| -|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+------------+-------------+-------------------+-------+----------------+

.8 9: " "+" ,
.