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CHUYN 3 :

PHNG PHP GII BI TP V HIROCACBON KHNG NO

I. Phn ng c ng X2, HX, H2O, H2

1. Phn ng cng X2 (X l Cl, Br, I) Phng trnh phn ng tng qut : CnH2n + 2 2a + aX2 CnH2n + 2 2aX2a i vi anken : CnH2n + X2 CnH2nX2 i vi ankaien ho c ankin : CnH2n 2 + 2X2 (d ) CnH2n 2X4 2. Phn ng cng HX (X l Cl, Br, I) Phng trnh phn ng tng qut : CnH2n + 2 2a + aHX CnH2n + 2 aXa i vi anken : CnH2n + HX CnH2n + 1X i vi ankaien ho c ankin : CnH2n 2 + 2HX CnH2nX2 3. Phn ng cng H2O
t ,H i vi anken : CnH2n + H2O CnH2n + 1OH Ch : i vi anken i xng s to ra mt sn phm cng, i vi anken bt i xng s to ra hai sn ph m cng. V d :
o +

CH2=CH2

t ,H CH3CH2OH + HOH

t o , H+

CH3CH2CH2 OH (sn phm ph)

CH2=CHCH3 + HOH
CH3CHCH3 (sn phm chnh) OH

i vi ankin :
t ,H CnH2n-2 + H2O CnH2n-1OH CnH2nO (khng b n) Ch : i vi axetilen (etin) sn phm to ra l anehit :
o +

t , Hg , H CH2=CHOH CH3CHO + HOH (khng b n) (anehit axetic) i vi cc ankin khc sn ph m to ra l xeton :

CH CH

2+

CH CCH3

t , Hg , H CH2=CCH3 HOH

2+

CH3CCH3 O (axeton)

OH (khng bn) 4. Phn ng cng H2 (t , Ni)

o
o

t , Ni Phng trnh phn ng tng qut : CnH2n + 2 2a + aH2 CnH2n + 2 t , Ni i vi anken : CnH2n + H2 CnH2n + 2
t , Ni CnH2n + 2 i vi ankaien hoc ankin : CnH2n 2 + 2H2 (d)
o

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi t p, chm n bi c

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Ch : Trong phn ng c ng H2 v ankin m xc tc l Pd/PbCO3 th phn ng ch dng li giai on to anken.

Phng php gii

1. Bi tp tm cng thc ca hirocacbon khng no trong ph n ng c ng HX, X2 (X l Cl, Br, I) Nu bi cho bit s mol ca hirocacbon v s mol ca HX hoc X2 tham gia phn ng th ta n X2 n tnh t l T = HX hoac T = t suy ra cng thc phn t tng qut ca hirocacbon. T nC H nC H
x y x y

= 1 suy ra cng thc phn t tng qut ca hirocacbon l CnH2n; T =2 suy ra cng thc phn t tng qut ca hirocacbon l CnH2n-2 Bit c cng th c tng qut ca hirocacbon s bit c cng thc tng qut ca sn phm cng. Cn c vo cc gi thit khc m cho tm s nguyn t C ca hirocacbon. 2. Bi tp lin quan n phn ng cng H2 vo hirocacbon khng no Khi lm bi tp lin quan n phn ng cng H2 vo hirocacbon khng no cn ch nhng iu sau : + Trong phn ng kh i lng c bo ton, t suy ra :
n hon hp trc phan ng .M hon hp trc phan ng = n hon hp sau phan ng .M hon hp sau phan ng

+ Trong phn ng cng hiro s mol kh gim sau phn ng bng s mol hiro phn ng. + Sau phn ng cng hiro vo hirocacbon khng no m kh i lng mol trung bnh ca hn h p thu c nh hn 28 th trong hn hp sau phn ng c hiro d.

Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: 0,05 mol hirocacbon X lm mt mu va dung d ch cha 8 gam brom cho ra sn phm c hm lng brom t 69,56%. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C3H6. B. C4H8. C. C5H10. D. C5H8. Hng dn gii

n Br =
2

n Br 1 8 = 0,05 mol; n X = 0,05 mol 2 = X la Cn H 2n 160 nX 1

+ Br2

Phng trnh phn ng : CnH2n CnH2nBr2 (1)

80.2 69,56 = n = 5 X l C5H10. 14n 100 69,56

Theo gi thit ta c : p n C.

V d 2: Cho 8960 ml (ktc) anken X qua dung d ch brom d. Sau phn ng th y kh i lng b nh brom tng 22,4 gam. Bit X c ng phn hnh hc. CTCT c a X l : A. CH2=CHCH2CH3. B. CH3CH=CHCH3. C. CH3CH=CHCH2CH3. D. (CH3)2C=CH2. Hng dn gii Phng trnh phn ng : CnH2n + Br2 Theo gi thit ta c :

CnH2nBr2

(1)

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi t p, chm n bi c

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nX =

8,96 22,4 = 0,4 mol; m X = 22,4 gam M X = = 56 gam / mol X : C 4 H 8 22,4 0,4

V X c ng phn hnh hc nn X l : CH3CH=CHCH3. p n C. V d 3: Cho hirocacbon X phn ng vi brom (trong dung dch) theo t l mol 1 : 1, thu c cht hu c Y (cha 74,08% Br v kh i lng). Khi X phn ng vi HBr th thu c hai sn phm hu c khc nhau. Tn gi ca X l : A. but-1-en. B. but-2-en. C. Propilen. D. Xiclopropan. Hng dn gii X phn ng vi Br2 theo t l mol 1:1 nn X c cng thc l CnH2n. Phng trnh phn ng : CnH2n + Br2

CnH2nBr2

(1)

Theo gi thit ta c :

80.2 74,08 = n = 4 X l C4H8. 14n 100 74,08

CH3CH2CH2CH2Br

Khi X phn ng v i HBr th thu c hai sn phm hu c khc nhau nn X l but-1-en. CH2=CHCH2CH3 + HBr
(sn phm ph)

CH3CH2CHBrCH3
(sn phm chnh)

p n B. V d 4: 4,48 lt (ktc) mt hirocacbon A tc dng va vi 400 ml dung d ch brom 1M c sn phm cha 85,56% Br v kh i lng. CTPT c a A l : A. C2H6. B. C3H6. C. C4H6. D. C4H8. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta c :

nA =

n Br 2 4, 48 = 0,2 mol; n Br = 0, 4 mol 2 = A c cng thc phn t l : CnH2n-2 2 22, 4 nA 1

+ 2Br2

Phng trnh phn ng : CnH2n-2

CnH2n-2Br4

(1)

T gi thit suy ra : p n B.

80.4 85,56 = n = 4 X l C4 H6. 14n 2 100 85,56

V d 5: Mt hirocacbon A c ng dung d ch brom to d n xu t B cha 92,48% brom v kh i lng. CTCT B l : A. CH3CHBr2. B. CHBr2CHBr2. C. CH2BrCH2Br. D. CH3CHBrCH2Br. Hng dn gii Gi s nguyn t Br trong B l n, theo gi thit ta c :
MB = 80n.100 = 86,5n 92, 48

Nu n = 2 th M = 173 (loi, v khi lng mol ca CxHyBr2 phi l m t s chn).

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi t p, chm n bi c

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Nu n = 4 th M = 346 suy ra MA = MB 80.4 =346 320 = 26 gam/mol. Vy A l C2 H2 v B l C2H2Br4 hay CHBr2CHBr2. p n B. V d 6: t chy ho n ton m gam hirocacbon th kh, mch h thu c 7,04 gam CO2. Sc m gam hirocacbon ny vo nc brom d n khi phn ng hon ton, th y c 25,6 gam brom phn ng. Gi tr c a m l : A. 2 gam. B. 4 gam. C. 2,08 gam. D. A ho c C. Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t ca hirocacbon l CnH2n+2-2a (a l s lin kt pi trong phn t). Cc phn ng : CnH2n+2-2a mol: x +
3n + 1 a to O2 nCO2 2 nx
o

+ (n+1-a)H2O

(1)

t CnH2n+2-2a + aBr2 CnH2n+2-2aBr2 mol: x ax Theo gi thit v phng trnh phn ng ta thy :

(2)

7, 04 nx = = 0,16 n 1 44 = (3) a 1 ax = 25,6 = 0,16 160 V hirocacbon th kh nn n 4 v t (3) suy ra n 2 (v hp cht c 1 C khng th c lin kt pi). Nu n = 2, a = 2 th hirocacbon l C2H2 (CH CH).
0,16 = 0, 08 mol m C H = 0,08.26 = 2, 08 gam. 2 2 2 Nu n = 3, a = 3 th hirocacbon l C3H2 (loi). Nu n = 4, a = 4 th hirocacbon l C4H2 (CHC CCH). nC H =
2 2

nC H =
4 2

0,16 = 0, 04 mol m C H = 0, 04.50 = 2 gam. 4 2 4

p n D. V d 7 : Dn 3,36 lt (ktc) hn hp X gm 2 anken l ng ng k tip vo bnh nc brom d, th y kh i lng bnh tng thm 7,7 gam. a. CTPT c a 2 anken l : A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C3H6 v C4H8. C. C4H8 v C5H10. D. C5H10 v C6H12. b. Thnh phn phn % v th tch ca hai anken l : A. 25% v 75%. B. 33,33% v 66,67%. C. 40% v 60%. D. 35% v 65%. Hng dn gii a. Xc nh cng thc phn t c a hai anken : t CTPT trung bnh c a hai anken trong X l : C n H 2n . Theo gi thit ta c : 4
Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi t p, chm n bi c

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3,36 7,7 154 154 11 = 0,15 mol; m C H = 7,7 gam MCn H2 n = = 14n = n= n 2n 22,4 0,15 3 3 3 11 V hai anken l ng ng k tip v c s nguyn t C trung bnh l = 3,667 nn suy ra 3 cng thc phn t ca hai anken l C3H6 v C4H8. b. Tnh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca cc anken : p dng s ng cho cho s nguyn t C trung b nh c a hn hp C3H6 v C4H8 ta c : nC H =
n 2n

n C 4 H8

4
11 3

11 2 3= 3 3

nC H
4

nC H
3

2 1

11 1 = 3 3 Vy thnh phn phn trm v th tch cc kh l :

n C 3 H6

1 %C3H 6 = .100 = 33,33%; %C 4 H 8 = (100 33,33)% = 66,67%. 3 p n BB.

V d 8: H n hp kh X gm anken M v ankin N c cng s nguyn t cacbon trong phn t. H n hp X c kh i lng 12,4 gam v th tch 6,72 lt ( ktc). S mol, cng thc phn t ca M v N ln lt l : A. 0,1 mol C2H4 v 0,2 mol C2H2. B. 0,1 mol C3H6 v 0,2 mol C3H4. C. 0,2 mol C2H4 v 0,1 mol C2H2. D. 0,2 mol C3H6 v 0,1 mol C3H4. Hng dn gii t cng thc trung bnh ca anken M v ankin N l : C m H n Ta c : 12m + n =
12, 4.22, 4 = 41,33 m = 3 v n = 5,33 6, 72

Vy anken l C3H6 v ankin l C3H4. Nu hai cht C3 H6 v C3 H4 c s mol bng nhau th s n = 5 nhng n = 5,33 chng t anken phi c s mol nhiu hn. p n D. V d 9: Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X ( ktc) gm 2 hirocacbon mch h l i t t qua bnh cha 1,4 lt dung dch Br2 0,5M. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, s mol Br2 gim i mt na v kh i lng b nh tng thm 6,7 gam. Cng thc phn t c a 2 hirocacbon l : A. C2H2 v C4H6. B. C2H2 v C4H8. C. C3H4 v C4H8. D. C2H2 v C3H8. Hng dn gii Nu ch c mt hirocacbon phn ng vi dung dch brom (phng n D) th ta c :

1 n C H = .n Br = 0,175 mol n C H = 0,2 0,175 = 0, 025 mol 2 2 2 3 8 2 m hh = 0,175.26 + 0, 025.44 = 5,65 6, 7 (loai)
Vy c hai hirocacbon cng phn ng vi dung dch nc brom
Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi t p, chm n bi c

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n hh X =

4,48 0, 7 = 0,35 mol = 0,2 mol ; n Br2 ban u = 1, 4.0,5 = 0, 7 mol ; n Br p = 2 22,4 2

Khi l ng bnh Br2 tng 6,7 gam l s gam c a hn hp X. t CTTB c a hai hirocacbon mch h l C n H 2n +22a ( a l s lin kt trung bnh). Phng trnh phn ng: C n H 2n + 22 a + aBr2 C n H 2n +2 2 a Br2 a mol: a= kt .
6,7 n = 2,5 Trong hn hp phi c m t cht l C2H2 (c hai lin kt 0,2 ) cht cn li phi c mt lin kt v c s C t 3 tr ln l C4H8. p n B.

0,2

0,2.a = 0,35

0,35 = 1,75 Trong h n hp c mt cht cha 2 lin kt cht cn li cha 1 lin 0,2

14n + 2 2a =

V d 10: Hirocacbon X cng HCl theo t l mol 1:1 to sn phm c hm lng clo l 55,04%. X c cng thc phn t l : A. C4H8. B. C2H4. C. C5H10. D. C3H6. Hng dn gii X phn ng vi HCl theo t l mol 1:1 nn X c cng thc l CnH2n. Phng trnh phn ng : CnH2n + HCl

CnH2n+1Cl (1)

Theo gi thit ta c : p n B.

35,5 55, 04 = n = 2 X l C2H4. 14n + 1 100 55, 04

V d 11: Hn hp X gm hai anken k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. t chy hon ton 5 lt X cn va 18 lt kh oxi (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut). a. Cng thc phn t c a hai anken l : A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C3H6 v C4H8. C. C4H8 v C5H10. D. A ho c B. b. Hirat ha mt th tch X trong iu kin thch hp thu c hn hp ancol Y, trong t l v kh i lng c a cc ancol b c 1 so vi ancol b c 2 l 28 : 15. Thnh phn phn trm kh i lng ca mi ancol trong h n hp Y l : A. C2H5OH : 53,49% ; iso C3H7OH : 34,88% ; n C3H7OH : 11,63%. B. C2H5OH : 53,49% ; iso C3H7OH : 11,63% ; n C3H7OH : 34,88%. C. C2H5OH : 11,63% ; iso C3H7OH : 34,88% ; n C3H7OH : 53,49%. D. C2H5OH : 34,88% ; iso C3H7OH : 53,49% ; n C3H7OH : 11,63%. Hng dn gii a. Xc nh cng thc phn t c a hai anken : t cng thc phn t trung bnh ca hai anken trong X l : C n H2 n Phng trnh phn ng chy :

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi t p, chm n bi c

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C n H 2n

3n to O2 2
3n .5 2

n CO2

n H2O

(1)

lt:

3n .5 = 18 n = 2,4 . 2 Do hai anken l ng ng k tip v c s cacbon trung bnh l 2,4 nn cng thc ca hai anken l : C2 H4 v C3 H6. p n A. b. Xc nh thnh phn phn trm khi lng ca mi ancol trong hn hp Y : p dng s ng cho cho s nguyn t C trung b nh c a hai anken ta c :
Theo gi thit v (1) ta c :
n C2 H 4 n C 3 H6

2 2,4 3

3 2,4 = 0,6

nC H
2

nC H
3

0,6 3 = 0, 4 2

2,4 2= 0,4

Vy ch n s mol c a C2H4 l 3 th s mol ca C3H6 l 2. Phn ng c a h n hp hai anken vi nc : mol: C2H4 3 +

t ,H H2O C2H5OH 3
o +

(2) (3) (4)

to, H+

CH2=CHCH3 mol: x+ y

+ H2O

CH3CH2CH2OH x CH3CHOHCH3 y

3.46 + x.60 28 = x = 0,5 Theo (2), (3), (4) v gi thit ta c : y.60 15 y = 1,5 x + y = 2

Thnh phn phn trm kh i lng ca mi ancol trong h n hp Y l :

3.46 1,5.60 .100 = 53, 49%; %i C3H 7OH = .100 = 34,88% 3.46 + 2.60 3.46 + 2.60 %n C3H 7OH = 100% 53, 49% 34,88% = 11,63%. %C2 H5OH =
p n A. V d 12: Cho H2 v 1 olefin c th tch b ng nhau qua niken un nng ta c hn hp A. Bit t kh i hi c a A i vi H2 l 23,2. Hiu su t phn ng hiro ho l 75%. Cng thc phn t olefin l : A. C2H4. B. C3H6. C. C4H8. D. C5H10. Hng d n gii Theo gi thit ta chn : n H = nC H = 1 mol. 2 n 2n Phng trnh phn ng :
t , Ni CnH2n + H2 CnH2n+2
o

(1) 7

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi t p, chm n bi c

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Theo (1) ta thy, sau phn ng s mol kh gim mt lng ng bng s mol H2 phn ng. Hiu sut phn ng l 75% nn s mol H2 phn ng l 0,75 mol. Nh vy sau phn ng t ng s mol kh l 1+1 0,75 = 1,25 mol. p dng nh lu t b o ton khi lng ta c : khi l ng c a H2 v CnH2n ban u b ng kh i lng c a h n hp A.
MA = 1.2 + 1.14n = 23,2.2 n = 4 Cng thc phn t olefin l C4 H8. 1,25

p n C. V d 13: Cho hn hp X gm anken v hiro c t khi so vi heli b ng 3,33. Cho X i qua bt niken nung nng n khi phn ng x y ra hon ton, thu c hn hp Y c t khi so vi heli l 4. CTPT ca X l : A. C2H4. B. C3H6. C. C4H8. D. C5H10. Hng d n gii V M Y = 4.4 = 16 nn suy ra sau phn ng H2 cn d, CnH2n phn ng ht. p dng nh lut b o to n kh i lng ta c : mX = mY nX. M X = nY. M Y Ch n nX = 1,2 mol v nY =1 mol n H

n X MY 4.4 1, 2 = = = n Y M X 3, 33.4 1

2( p )

= n C H = n X n Y = 0,2 mol.
n 2n

Ban u trong X c 0,2 mol CnH2n v 1 mol H2 0, 2.14n + 1.2 Ta c : M X = = 3,33.4 n = 5 Cng thc phn t olefin l C5 H10. 1, 2 p n D. V d 14: H n hp kh X gm H2 v C2 H4 c t khi so vi He l 3,75. Dn X qua Ni nung nng, thu c h n hp kh Y c t khi so vi He l 5. Hiu sut ca phn ng hiro ho l : A. 20%. B. 40%. C. 50%. D. 25%. Hng d n gii p dng s ng cho ta c : n H2 28 15 1 = = C th tnh hiu sut phn ng theo H2 ho c theo C2H4 n C2 H4 15 2 1 Phng trnh phn ng :
Ni,t H2 + C2H4 C2H6 p dng nh lut b o to n kh i lng ta c :
o

mX = mY nX. M X = nY. M Y Ch n nX = 4 mol n H2 = n C2 H 4 = 2 mol ; n H

1 Hiu su t phn ng : H = .100% = 50% . 2 p n C.

nX MY 5.4 4 = = = n Y M X 3, 75.4 3

2( p )

= n X n Y = 1 mol.

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi t p, chm n bi c

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V d 15: Trong bnh kn cha hirocacbon X v hiro. Nung nng bnh n khi phn ng ho n ton thu c kh Y duy nht. cng nhit , p sut trong b nh trc khi nung nng gp 3 ln p sut trong bnh sau khi nung. t chy m t lng Y thu c 8,8 gam CO2 v 5,4 gam nc. Cng thc phn t c a X l : A. C2H2. B. C2H4. C. C4H6. D. C3H4. Hng d n gii t chy Y thu c : n H O = 0,3 mol; n CO = 0, 2 mol Y l ankan CnH2n+2. 2 2 S nguyn t C trong Y : n = Phng trnh phn ng : C2Hy mol: 1 +
6y Ni, t o H2 C2H6 2 6y 1 2

n CO
2

n H O nCO

= 2 . V y Y l C2H6 v X l C2Hy.
2

(1)

6y 1+ n1 p1 2 =3 y =2. V nhit bnh khng i nn = n 2 p2 1

Vy X l C2 H2. p n A. V d 16: Hn hp X gm hiro v mt hirocacbon. Nung nng 14,56 lt hn hp X (ktc), c Ni xc tc n khi phn ng hon ton thu c hn hp Y c khi lng 10,8 gam. Bit t kh i ca Y so vi metan l 2,7 v Y c kh nng lm mt mu dung d ch brom. Cng th c phn t ca hirocacbon l : A. C3H6. B. C4H6. C. C3H4. D. C4H8. Hng d n gii nX = 0,65 mol ; M Y = 43,2 gam/mol. p dng nh lut b o ton kh i lng ta c : mx = mY = 10,8 gam nX. M X = nY. M Y = 10,8 nY = 0,25 mol. V hn hp Y c kh nng lm mt mu dung d ch brom nn hiro phn ng ht, hirocacbon cn d. Nh v y trong hn hp X : n H 2 = 0, 65 0, 25 = 0, 4 mol ; n C x H y = 0, 25 mol (12x + y).0,25 + 0,4.2 = 10,8 12x + y = 40 x = 3 v y = 4 Hirocacbon l C3H4. p n C. V d 17: Hn hp X gm hirocacbon B vi H2 (d), c d X/H 2 = 4,8. Cho X i qua Ni nung nng n phn ng hon ton c h n hp Y c d Y/ H 2 = 8. Cng th c phn t c a hirocacbon B l : A. C3H6. B. C2H2. C. C3H4. Hng d n gii V M Y = 8.2 = 16 nn suy ra sau phn ng H2 cn d, hirocacbon B phn ng ht. p dng nh lut b o to n kh i lng ta c : mX = mY nX. M X = nY. M Y D. C4H8.

nX MY 8.2 5 = = = n Y M X 4,8.2 3
9

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi t p, chm n bi c

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Ch n nX = 5 mol v nY =3 n H

2( p )

= n X n Y = 2 mol .

Nu B l CnH2n th n C H = n H p = 2 mol n H b = 5 2 = 3 mol. n 2n 2 2 Ta c : M X =

2.14n + 3.2 = 4,8.2 n = 1, 5 (loai) . 5
n 2 n 2

1 n = 1 mol n H b = 5 1 = 4 mol. 2 2 H2 p 1.(14n 2) + 4.2 = 4,8.2 n = 3 Cng thc phn t ca B l C3H4. Ta c : M X = 5 p n C.

Nu B l CnH2n-2 th n C H

V d 18: C V lt kh A g m H2 v hai olefin l ng ng lin tip, trong H2 chim 60% v th tch. Dn hn hp A qua bt Ni nung nng c h n hp kh B. t chy hon ton kh B c 19,8 gam CO2 v 13,5 gam H2O. Cng thc ca hai olefin l : A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C3H6 v C4H8. C. C4H8 v C5H10. D. C5H10 v C6H12. Hng dn gii t CTTB ca hai olefin l Cn H 2n . cng iu kin nhit v p sut th th tch t l vi s mol kh. Hn hp kh A c: n Cn H2 n 0,4 2 = = . n H2 0,6 3 p d ng nh lut b o to n khi lng v nh lu t bo ton nguyn t ta thy t chy h n hp kh B c ng chnh l t chy h n hp kh A. Ta c : 3n C n H 2n + (1) O2 n CO2 + n H2O 2 2H2 + O2 2H2O (2) Theo phng trnh (1) ta c: 0,45 mol. n CO2 = n H2O = 0,45 mol; n Cn H 2 n = n
n H O (1) va (2) =
2

13,5 = 0,75 mol 18

n H O (2) = 0,75 0,45 = 0,3 mol n H 2 = 0,3 mol.

2

Ta c:

n C n H2 n n H2

0, 45 2 = 0,3.n 3

n = 2,25

Hai olefin ng ng lin tip l C2H4 v C3H6. p n A.

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II. Phn ng th nguyn t H nguyn t C c lin kt ba bng nguyn t Ag

1. Phn ng ca CH CH vi AgNO3/NH3 AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O
t
o

[Ag(NH3)2] OH + NH4NO3 (phc cht, tan trong nc)

o

t AgCCAg + 2H2O + 4NH3 HCCH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH (kt t a mu vng nht)

t HCCH + 2AgNO3 + 2NH3 AgCCAg + 2NH4NO3 2. Phn ng ca RC CH vi AgNO3/NH3

hay

t RCCAg + RCCH + [Ag(NH3)2]OH (kt ta mu vng nht)

H2O + 2NH3 NH4NO3

hay

t RCCH + AgNO3 + NH3 RCCAg

Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Dn 17,4 gam hn hp kh X gm propin v but-2-in li tht chm qua b nh ng dung d ch AgNO3/NH3 d thy c 44,1 gam kt t a xu t hin. Phn trm th tch c a m i kh trong X l : A. C3H4 80% v C4H6 20%. B. C3H4 25% v C4H6 75%. C. C3H4 75% v C4H6 25%. D. Kt qu khc. Hng dn gii Khi cho h n hp X tc d ng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 th ch c propin phn ng, but-2-in khng phn ng v khng c lin kt CH C-. Phng trnh phn ng : CH CCH3 + AgNO3 + mol: 0,3

NH3

CAg CCH3 +
44,1 = 0,3 147

NH4NO3 (1)

Vy m C H = 0,3.40 = 12 gam, m C H = 17, 4 12 = 5, 4 gam, n C H =

3 4 4 6 4 6

5,4 = 0,1 mol. 54

Thnh phn phn trm v th tch cc kh trong hn hp l :

%C3H 4 =
p n C.

0,3 .100 = 75%; %C3 H 4 = (100 75)% = 25%. 0,3 + 0,1

V d 2: t chy hon ton h n hp X gm C2H2, C3H4 v C4 H4 (s mol mi cht b ng nhau) thu c 0,09 mol CO2. Nu ly cng mt lng hn hp X nh trn tc d ng vi mt lng d dung d ch AgNO3 trong NH3, th khi lng kt ta thu c ln hn 4 gam. Cng thc cu to ca C3H4 v C4 H4 trong X ln lt l : A. CHCCH3, CH2=CHCCH. B. CHCCH3, CH2=C=C=CH2. C. CH2=C=CH2, CH2=C=C=CH2. D. CH2=C=CH2, CH2=CHCCH. Hng dn gii S phn ng : C2H2 2CO2 (1); mol: x 2x C3H4 x

3CO2 (2); 3x

C4H4 x

4CO2 4x

(3)

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Theo gi thit ta c : 2x + 3x + 4x = 0,09 x = 0,01

AgNO3 / NH 3 , t C2H2 C2Ag2 (4) mol: 0,01 0,01 Kh i lng kt ta to ra do C2H2 phn ng vi AgNO3 /NH3 l 2,4 gam suy ra hai cht cn li khi phn ng vi AgNO3/NH3 cho lng kt t a ln hn 1,6 gam (*). AgNO3 / NH 3 , t CH2=CHCCAg (5) CH2=CHCCH mol: 0,01 0,01 Kh i lng kt t a to ra do C4H4 phn ng vi AgNO3/NH3 l 1,59 gam (*) T (*) v (**) suy ra C3 H4 phi tham gia phn ng to kt t a. Vy cng th c cu to ca C3H4 v C4 H4 trong X ln lt l :CHCCH3, CH2=CHCCH. p n A.
o o

V d 3: Cho 13,8 gam cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C7H8 tc dng vi mt lng d dung d ch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 45,9 gam kt ta. X c bao nhiu ng phn cu to tha mn tnh cht trn ? A. 5. B. 4. C. 6. D. 2. Hng dn gii Phng trnh phn ng : C7H8 + nAgNO3 + nNH3 C7H8-nAgn + nNH4NO3 mol: 0,15 0,15 Ta c : (12.7 + 8 n + 108n).0,15 = 45,9 n = 2 (1) 2.7 8 + 2 Mt khc b t bo ha c a C7H8 = = 4 (2) 2 T (1) v (2) suy ra C7H8 c hai n i ba u mch, cc ng phn tha mn l : CH CCH2CH2CH2C CH; CH CCH2CH(CH3)C CH ; CH CCH(CH3)2C CH ; CH CCH(C2H5)C CH

III. Ph n ng oxi ha
1. Phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton 3C2H4 + 2KMnO4 +4H2O 3HOCH2CH2OH + 2MnO2 + 2KOH (etylen glicol) 3CnH2n + 2KMnO4 +4H2O 3CnH2n(OH)2 + 2MnO2 + 2KOH 3CHCH + 8KMnO4 3KOOCCOOK + 8MnO2 + 2KOH + 2H2O 2. Phn ng oxi ha hon ton CnH2n +
3n 2
t O2 nCO2 + nH2O
o

Nhn xt : Trong phn ng chy anken ta lun c : n CO2 = n H2O

3n 1 to nCO2 + (n 1)H2O O2 2 Nhn xt : Trong phn ng t chy ankin hoc ankaien th n Cn H2 n2 = n CO2 n H2O

CnH2n-2 +

12

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Phng php gii

Khi gii bi tp lin quan n phn ng t chy hn h p cc hirocacbon ta nn s dng phng php trung b nh chuyn bi ton hn hp nhiu cht v m t ch t; m t s bi tp m lng cht cho di dng tng qut th ta s dng phng php t chn lng cht nhm bin cc i lng tng qut thnh i lng c th cho vic tnh ton tr nn n gin hn. Ngoi ra cn phi ch n vic s dng cc nh lut nh bo ton nguyn t, bo ton kh i lng, phng php ng cho gi i nhanh bi tp trc nghim.

Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: H n hp g m hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mol tng ng l 1:10. t chy hon ton hn hp trn thu c h n hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch H2SO4 c, thu c h n hp kh Z c t khi i vi hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t c a X l : A. C3H8. B. C3H6. C. C4H8. D. C3H4. Hng dn gii
M Z = 19.2 = 38 gam / mol

Z gm CO2 v O2
n O2 n CO 2 = 44 38 1 = 38 32 1

p dng s ng cho ta c : Phng trnh phn ng : CxHy b: p : sp: 1 1 0 10 (x+ p n C.

y (x+ ) O2 4 10 y (x+ ) 4 y 10 (x+ ) 4

xCO2 +

y H2O 2

: mol x x : mol : mol

y ) = x 40 = 8x + y x = 4 v y = 8 4

V d 2: t chy m gam hirocacbon A th kh trong iu kin thng c CO2 v m gam H2O. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hirocacbon B l ng ng k tip ca A ri hp th ton b sn phm chy vo b nh nc vi trong d thy khi lng b nh tng x gam. Gi tr x l : A. 29,2 gam. B. 31 gam. C. 20,8 gam. D. 16,2 gam. Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t ca A l CxHy. Phng trnh phn ng : CxHy mol: +
y (x + ) O2 4
t
o

xCO2

y H2O 2

(1)

m 12x + y

m y . 12x + y 2

Theo (1) v gi thit ta c :

m y m x 2 . = = 12x + y 2 18 y 3

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi t p, chm n bi c

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V hirocacbon A th kh nn s C khng v t qu 4. Vy l A C4 H6, ng ng k tip ca A l C5 H8. S t chy C5 H8 :

+ O2 , t C5H8 5CO2 + 4H2O (2) 0,5 0,4 mol: 0,1 Theo (2) v gi thit ta thy khi cho sn phm chy c a 0,1 mol C5H8 vo bnh ng dung d ch Ca(OH)2 d th kh i lng b nh tng l : 0,5.44 + 0,4.18 = 29,2 gam. p n A.
o

V d 3: H n hp kh A iu kin tiu chun gm hai olefin. t chy 7 th tch A cn 31 th tch O2 (ktc). Bit olefin cha nhiu cacbon chim kho ng 40% 50% th tch hn hp A. Cng thc phn t c a hai elefin l : A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C3H6 v C4H8. C. C2H4 v C4H8. D. A ho c C ng. Hng dn gii t cng thc trung bnh ca hai olefin l : C n H 2n Phng trnh phn ng :
C n H 2n

3n O2 2 3n 2

n CO2 + n H2O

(1)

Th tch:

7.

Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : 7.

3n = 31 n 2,95 2 Trong hai olefin phi c m t cht l C2H4 v cht cn li c cng thc l C n H 2n

V olefin cha nhiu cacbon chim kho ng 40% 50% th tch hn hp A nn n Cn H 2 n 40% < < 50% (2) n C2 H 4 + n Cn H 2 n p dng s ng cho i vi s cacbon c a hai olefin ta c : n Cn H2 n 2,95 2 n Cn H 2 n 2,95 2 0,95 (3) = = = n C2 H 4 n 2,95 n C2 H 4 + n Cn H 2 n n 2,95 + 2,95 2 n 2 Kt hp gia (2) v (3) ta c : 3,9 < n < 4,375 n = 4 p n C. V d 4: Trong m t b nh kn dung tch 6 lt c cha h n hp X gm hai hirocacbon thu c cng dy ng ng (CnH2n-2), H2 v m t t b t Ni c th tch khng ng k 19,68oC v 1atm. Nung nng bnh mt th i gian thu c hn hp kh Y. Bt tia la in t chy ht Y thu c 15,4 gam CO2 v 7,2 gam nc. Phn trm th tch c a m i kh trong X l : A. C3H4 : 20%, C4H6 : 20% v H2 : 60%. B. C2H2 : 10%, C4H6 : 30% v H2 : 60%. C. C2H2 : 20%, C3H4 : 20% v H2 : 60%. D. C A v B u ng. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta c :
n(C H
n 2 n 2

, H2 )

1.6 15, 4 7,2 = 0,25 mol; n CO = = 0,35 mol; n H O = = 0, 4 mol. 2 2 0, 082.(273 + 19,68) 44 18

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Phng trnh phn ng :

C n H 2n 2 +

3n 1 O2 2

n CO2 + (n 1) H2O nx
(n 1) x

(1)

mol:

2H2 + O2 2H2O mol: y y Theo gi thit v (1), (2) ta c h phng trnh :

x + y = 0,25 x = 0,1 y = 0,15 nx = 0,35 n = 3,5 (n 1)x + y = 0, 4

(2)

Vy thnh phn phn trm v th tch l : %H 2 =

0,15 .100 = 60%; %Cn H 2n 2 = 40% 0, 25

V s cacbon trung bnh ca hai hirocacbon l 3,5 nn c cn c vo cc phng n lc chn ta th y c hai kh nng :
2.10 + 4.30 = 3,5 (th a mn). 40 3.20 + 4.20 H n hp hai hirocacbon l : C3H4 : 20% v C4H6 : 20%; n = = 3,5 (th a mn). 40 p n D.

H n hp hai hirocacbon l : C2H2 : 10% v C4H6 : 30%; n =

V d 5: H n hp A g m C3H6, C3H4, C3H8. T khi hi ca A so vi H2 bng 21,2. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt (ktc) h n hp A r i cho sn phm chy vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d. Khi l ng dung d ch sau phn ng A. gim 20,1 gam. B. gim 22,08 gam. C. tng 19,6 gam. D. tng 22,08 gam. Hng dn gii t cng thc chung ca cc cht trong h n hp A l C3H y 12.3 + y =21,2.2 y = 6,4. S phn ng :
y H2O 2

C3H y
mol: 0,2

2,

+O to

3CO2 0,2.3

(1)

0,2.

y 2
6, 4 .18 = 37,92 gam. 2

Tng khi l ng nc v CO2 sinh ra l : 0,2.3.44 + 0,2.

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O (2) mol: 0,6 0,6 Kh i lng kt ta sinh ra l : 0,6.100 = 60 gam. Nh v y sau phn ng kh i lng dung d ch gim l : 60 37,92 = 22,08 gam. p n B.

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi t p, chm n bi c

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V d 6: Hn hp kh X g m etilen, metan, propin v vinylaxetilen c t khi so vi H2 l 17. t chy hon ton 0,05 mol h n hp X r i hp th ton b sn phm chy vo b nh dung d ch Ca(OH)2 (d ) th khi lng bnh tng thm m gam. Gi tr c a m l : A. 5,85. B. 3,39 . C. 6,6. D. 7,3. Hng dn gii t cng thc chung ca cc cht trong h n hp X l C x H 4 12 x + 4 =17.2 x = 2,5. S phn ng :
CxH 4
2,

+O to

x CO2

2H2O

(1)

mol: 0,05 0,05 x 0,05.2 Kh i lng dung dch Ca(OH)2 tng b ng tng khi lng c a CO2 v H2O nn kh i lng b nh tng thm l : m = 0,05.2,5.44 + 0,05.2.18 = 7,3 gam. p n D.

IV. Bi tp lin quan n nhiu loi phn ng Cc v d minh ha

V d 1: Hn hp X g m C2H2 v H2 c cng s mol. Ly mt lng hn hp X cho qua cht xc tc nung nng, thu c h n hp Y gm C2H4, C2 H6, C2 H2 v H2. Sc Y vo dung d ch brom (d) th kh i lng b nh brom tng 10,8 gam v thot ra 4,48 lt hn hp kh (ktc) c t khi so v i H2 l 8. Th tch O2 (ktc) cn t chy hon ton hn hp Y l : A. 22,4 lt. B. 44,8 lt. C. 26,88 lt. D. 33,6 lt. Hng dn gii Hn hp X g m C2H2 v H2 c cng s mol nn quy i hn hp X thnh C2 H4
14 = 0,5 mol. 28 Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t v khi lng ta th y, thnh phn nguyn t v kh i lng trong X v Y l nh nhau nn t chy Y cng nh l t chy X : C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O (1) 1,5 mol : 0,5 Vy th tch O2 (ktc) cn t chy hon ton h n hp Y l 33,6 lt. p n D.

mX = mY = mbnh brom tng + mkh thot ra = 10,8 + 0,2.2.8 = 14 gam n C H =

2 4

V d 2: Dn V lt (ktc) h n hp X g m axetilen v hiro c kh i lng l m gam i qua ng s ng b t niken nung nng, thu c kh Y. Dn Y vo lng d AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3 thu c 12 gam kt t a. Kh i ra kh i dung d ch phn ng va vi 16 gam brom v cn li kh Z. t chy ho n ton kh Z c 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 4,5 gam H2O. Gi tr ca V l : A. 11,2. B. 13,44. C. 5,60. D. 8,96. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta suy ra Y g m H2 d, C2H2 d, C2H4 v C2 H6. S mol c a cc cht :
n C H = n Br =
2 4 2

n CO

16 12 4,5 = 0,1 mol; n C H d = n C Ag = = 0, 05 mol; n H O = = 0,15 mol; 2 2 2 2 2 160 240 18 nCO 2,24 2 = = 0,1 mol n C H = = 0, 05 mol. 2 6 22, 4 2

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Phng trnh phn ng : mol: mol: mol:

Ni, t C2H2 + H2 C2H4 0,1 0,1 0,1
Ni, t C2H6 C2H2 + 2H2 0,05 0,05 0,1
o
o

(1) (2) (3)

t C2H2 + 2AgNO3 + 2NH3 C2Ag2 + 2NH4NO3 0,05 0,05

C2H6 + mol: 0,05

7 Ni, t o O2 2CO2 + 3H2O 2 0,1 0,15

o

(4)

Ni, t 2H2 + O2 2H2O mol: 0,1 (0,25 0,15) = 0,1 Theo cc phn ng ta th y :

(5)

n
p n A.

H2

= n H2 (1) + n H2 (2) + n H2 (5) = 0,3 mol; nC2 H2 = n C2 H2 (1) + nC2 H2 (2) + n C2H2 (2) = 0,2 mol.
2 2 2

Vy : VX = VC H + VH = 0,5.22,4 = 11,2 lt V d 3: Cho hn hp X g m CH4, C2H4 v C2 H2. Ly 8,6 gam X tc dng ht vi dung d ch brom (d ) th kh i lng brom phn ng l 48 gam. Mt khc, nu cho 13,44 lt ( ktc) h n hp kh X tc d ng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 36 gam kt t a. Phn trm th tch ca CH4 c trong X l : A. 40%. B. 20%. C. 25%. D. 50%. Hng dn gii S mol cc cht :

48 13,44 36 = 0,3 mol; n X = = 0,6 mol; n C Ag = = 0,15 mol. 2 2 160 22,4 240 Gi s mol c a CH4, C2H4 v C2H2 trong 8,6 gam hn hp X l x, y, z. Phng trnh phn ng c a 8,6 gam X vi dung dch nc brom : n Br =
2

mol:

C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2 y y

(1)

C2H2 + 2Br2 (2) C2H2Br4 2z mol: z Phng trnh phn ng c a 13,44 lt kh X vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 :
t C2H2 + 2AgNO3 + 2NH3 C2Ag2 + 2NH4NO3 mol: 0,15 0,15 Theo gi thit v cc phn ng (1), (2), (3) ta c h :
o

(3)

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi t p, chm n bi c

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16x + 28y + 26z = 8,6 x = 0,2 y = 0,1 y + 2z = 0,3 z = 0,1 z 0,15 (%so mol C2 H 2 trong hon hp) = x + y + z 0,6
Phn trm th tch ca CH4 c trong X l : %CH4 = p n D. V d 4: M t h n hp X g m C2H2, C3H6, CH4. t chy ho n ton 11 gam h n hp X thu c 12,6 gam H2O. Nu cho 11,2 lt hn hp X (ktc) qua dung d ch brom d thy c 100 gam brom phn ng. Thnh phn % th tch c a cc cht trong X ln lt l : A. 50% ; 25% ; 25%. B. 25% ; 25% ; 50%. C.16% ; 32% ; 52%. D. 33,33% ; 33,33% ; 33,33%. Hng dn gii S mol cc cht : 12,6 11,2 100 nH O = = 0, 7 mol; n X = = 0,5 mol; n Br = = 0,626 mol. 2 2 18 22,3 160 Gi s mol c a C2H2, C3H6, CH4 trong 11 gam h n hp X ln lt l x, y, z. Phng trnh phn ng t chy 11 gam h n hp X : C2H2 + mol: x C3H6 + mol: mol: y
5 Ni, t o O2 2CO2 + H2O 2 x 9 Ni, t o O2 3CO2 + 3H2O 2 3y
o

0,2 .100 = 50%. 0,2 + 0,1 + 0,1

(1)

(2)

Ni, t CO2 + 2H2O CH4 + 2O2 2z z

(3)

Phng trnh phn ng c a 11,2 lt hn hp X vi nc brom : C2H2 + 2Br2 C2H2Br4 (4) (5) C3H6 + Br2 C3H6Br4 Theo cc phng trnh phn ng v gi thit ta c h :

x + 3y + 2z = 0, 7 x = 0,2 26x + 42y + 16z = 11 y = 0,1 2x + y 0,626 z = 0,1 = 0,5 x + y +z Thnh phn % th tch ca cc cht trong X ln lt l : 0,2 0,1 %C2 H2 = .100% = 50%; %C3H 6 = %CH 4 = .100% = 25%. 0, 2 + 0,1 + 0,1 0,2 + 0,1 + 0,1
p n A. 18
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Hin nay ti bin son xong 7 quyn ti liu ha hc n thi i hc, cc quyn 1 n 5 u c phn tng hp l thuyt. Quyn 1 : Gii thiu 7 chuyn ha hc 10 Quyn 2 : Gii thiu 3 chuyn ha hc i cng v v c 11 Quyn 3 : Gii thiu 6 chuyn ha hc hu c 11 Quyn 4 : Gii thiu 4 chuyn ha hc hu c 12 Quyn 5 : Gii thiu 4 chuyn ha hc i cng v v c 12 Quyn 6 : Gii thiu cc chuyn phng php gii nhanh bi tp ha hc Quyn 7 : Gii thiu 40 luyn thi trc nghim mn ha hc Cc thy c gio, cc ph huynh hc sinh v cc em hc sinh quan tm n b ti liu ny hy lin h vi hiu photo Thanh Bnh theo s in thoi 02103 842 295 hoc a ch email vubinhvtb.@gmail.com. Hoc lin h vi tc gi theo s in thoi 01689 186 513 hoc a ch email nguyenminhtuanchv@yahoo.com.vn

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19