| @ Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, | degrees of certainty i Form © Allmodals (will would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must) and the semi-modal | ‘ought to have only one form. ‘ | @ Modals are followed by the bare infinitive (simple or continuous) of the bare perfect infinitive | t ‘eg Toby should be very fit by now. . | Toby should have recovered by now. Q ‘© The semi-modals have to and need to change their form depending on person and tense ‘eg The doctor said |had/needed to give up red meat. | Modals: ability ) | Use Modal Example Expressing ability now or generally can Tan runa kilometre in four minutes. Expressing decisions made now a cae See ge abilty can We ean meet at the gym tomorrow ifyou like, ‘| Expressing ability in the past could | Veould do ity press-ups with one hand when I was younger. Expressing ability present, future a een) | or general hypothetical situations ca ae cele at ee | Expressing ability in past could-+ perfect | could have roasted the potatoes, but | decided that boiling them | hypothetical situations infinitive | was healthier @ We use be able tofor the infinitive and other tenses. ee out Vv Id love to be able to fit into these jeans again (infinitive) wat 7 Fllbe able to leave hospital ina few weeks, apparently. future) [_ tvebeen able to swin since was five. (present perfect) Modals: permission Use Modal | Example || Asking for and giving pert ay ? Pairicttiaie pallid could | May / Could /Can {see the doctor please? '@ Mayis more polite than could, and could is more polite than can. @ We don't usually use a modal to talk about past permission. 7 {was allowed to vrear a knee support during the match. X -teouldweare-knee suppertduringthemath— @ However, we do use could to talk about past permission in reported speech, ¥ Thecoach said could wear a knee support during the match. : (Modals: advice >) | Modals: advice Use Modat Example | | ‘Asking for and giving advice should i I ieee eat you! Se ana aevaly | _oughtto | Youeughtto /should cut down on th tof red meat you eat. Modals: criticism Use Modal Example should riticising past behaviour ought 10 He ought to/should have made more of an effort with his diet. | (perfect infinitive) cryGrammar @ Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty %@. Allmodals (wil, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must) and the semi-modal nly one form. f : e ee ea by the bare infinitive (simple or continuous) or ‘the bare perfect infinitive ‘eg Toby should be very fitby now. Toby should have recovered by now. ‘@ The semi-modals have to and need to change their form depending on person and tense eg The doctor cid | had/needed to give up red meat. Form Modals: ability ) Use |__ Modal Example Expressing ability now or generally can | leanvunakilometre in four minutes. i ptes an ene eee can | Wecan meetat the ym tomorrow, ifyou like about future ability z = Expressing ability in the past ould _| leould do ity press-ups with one hand when Iwas younger. ‘Expressing abityin present future | cog | only could quitsmoking! or general hypothetical situations Serer Expressing ability in past could + perfect | icould have roasted the potatoes, but [decided that boiling them hypathetical situations infinitive | was healthier. { @ We use be able to for the infinitive and other tenses. SS Ka loveto be able to ft into these jeans agai! (infinitive) Y_ Pilbe able to leave hospital ina few weeks, apparently. future) Ye been able to swim since | was five. present perfect) (Medals: permission) _ —— ‘Modal: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty Unit 13 Modals: obligation and necessity oe Use | Modal Example Expressing obligation or Timust /have to /meed to pickup that prescription from | necessity must/haveto/needt0 | the chemiston the way home. Expressing lack of needn’t/donithaveto / | Youneedn’t/don'thave to /don’t need to pickup that obligation or necessity don't need to prescription from the chemist as Il get it while 'm in town. Expressing past obligation hado ‘had to take the pil thre times a day fortwo weeks. Expressing lack of past needn't (+ perfect infinitive) / | | meedn’t have gone /didn't have to go /didn't need to obligation didn't have to/ dint need t_| goto the doctor @ There is usually no difference in meaning between must and have to. However, we are sometimes <~ more likely to use must for personal obligation (making our own decision about what we must do) and have to for external obligation (someone else making a decision about what we must do). | ® We can also use will have/need to to express future obligation. Vv You'll have/need to be more careful about what you eat in future. @ Iris unusual to use must for questions. We usually use have/need to, ¥ Do!have/need to take this medicine before every meal? © Mustcannot be used as an infinitive. Use to have to, ¥ Id hateto have to hove injections every day. re a © Mustn' and don'/doesnt have/need to have different meanings. v You mustn't do that! (Don't do that!) ¥ You don’t have/need to do that. (You can do that if you want to but it's not necessary.) @ Needn't( + perfect infinitive) always refers to an action that happened. Didn't have to and didn't need to can refer to actions that did or didn’t happen. v needn't have gone to the doctor. (I went but it wasn't necessary.) ¥, Ididn’t have/need to go to the doctor because | suddenly felt better. | didn't go.) Y Ididn’t have/need to.go to the doctor but | went justo be on the safe side.(\ did go.) © Be careful with the verb need.It can also take the -ing form. ¢ Ineed to sterise this syringe. Y This syringe needs steriising Modals: degrees of certainty 2 Use Modal Example Use | Modal Example || Expressing certainty (or must 5 | ; may ‘i That must be the district t the de Asking for and giving permission now, wid | May/ Could / an | see the doctor please? near certainty) about now can't ' insets coer for the future or generally on me a orgensraly i est These ean’t /couldn't be the pil they'e the wrong cotour. 3 j must © Mayis more polite than could, and could s more polite than can. Expressing certsnty (or oe She must have been in alotofpain. © We don't usually use a modal to talk about past permission. ne Crary ecole couldn't His leg can't /couldn’t have been in plaster for wo years! | ¥ Iwas allowed to wear a knee support during the match. x s - past (perfect infinitive) Expressing probability Oe cou eautdvcaratmeesipporaumngtsemat eee caghtto pone eee dated tae (MMfodals: advice _) ws et : eereitea Gorssing pcbaity i weit Metre ought /shoudhaveeappecred doysogo! | Use ial a eee 4 goszegsae, | cl | meahwsstndcaiommtvonaniminetvet | | emcees : Zz roy mig tenga eet (Modais: orton) icin ” ws [ecm Hee a cailswaeweeareaat, ene cocoruboreng F Use ‘Modal | Example (+ perfectinfinitve) | Hee fiticising past behaviour ‘ont eee ‘ “Senter = oe eretegmegeee intr 78 9Unit 13 Grammar 80 A. tf aword or phrase in bold is correct, puta tick (7). If itis incorrect, rewrite it correctly on the line. Can you to speak French? | ean give you a hand tomorrow morning, if you like. ll can take my driving test after a few more lessons. Jack can play the guitar before he learnt to talk... Ifonly | ean afford to buy that to We can have gone up the Eiffel Tower while we wer Louvre instead. 7 I could get a more expensive computer, but it didn’t seem worth it. 8 {wish could get out of the maths test tomorrow! 9 [bet you'd love to be can to get satellite TV. 40 You'd better tell the coach if you can't playing on Saturday. auawne Paris, but we decided to go to the B Circle the correct word or phrase. If both options are correct, circle both. Hello, Could / Can | speak to Mrs Johnson, please? We could / were allowed to go home: early yesterday because our ‘teacher was ill. ‘The head teacher said we could / were allowed to go home. Do you think! should / could be worried about these spots on my forehead? You ought to / should enter ‘that talent contest! You couldn't / shouldn't talk to people like that! It’s rude! Alan should write / have written two essays in the exam yesterday, not one! No, you may / should not go out tonight. You know you're grounded! Diana should have waited / been: waiting for me at the corner. wonder where she went. What were you doing in the park? You ought to have done / been doing your homework then! 11 Yes,of course you can / are able to open the window if you'r too hott Seovanswns 1 Write a form of must, have to, need or need to in each gap to complete the sentences. If more than one possibility is correct, write all possibilities. VOD ve _ remember to get some potatoes on the way home tonight 2 Jason see the headmaster during the next break.! wonder what it's about? 3 We light lots of candles during the power cut two nights ago. 4 hn start doing my Christmas cards soon. It's nearly December. 5 Carlyou.. __ run into the street like that without looking first. It's dangerous! 6 People with solar-powered car 7 Lwouldr’t like to wm get up at five o'clock every morning. BW rene __ do any washing-up after the picnic because we'd used disposable plates and cutlery. 9 Doprofessional musicians worry about the price of petrol. .. practise every day? have bothered cooking all that food: they'd eaten before they