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Phn 1: L thuyt chung v m phng mng v nh gi hiu nng

Chng 1- Tng quan v s nh gi v phn tch hiu nng ca h thng (system performance evaluation and analysis) Tc gi: R. Jain Dch thut: Nguyn Th Hin, Nguyn Mnh Linh Bin tp: Hong Trng Minh 1.1 Cc li thng gp Mc ny s trnh by v cc li thng gp trong phn tch v nh gi hiu nng h thng. Hu ht cc li c lit k y l li khng c m do cc nhm ln n gin, nhn thc sai hoc thiu kin thc v cc k thut nh gi hiu nng. E1- Khng c mc ch Mc ch l phn quan trng nht trong bt k phng php nh gi hiu nng no. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp, khi u ca vic nh gi hiu nng cha xc nh c mc ch r rng. Mt ngi lm cng vic phn tch hiu nng thng gn b cht ch v lu di cng vi b phn thit k. Sau qu trnh thit k, ngi phn tch hiu nng c th bt u m hnh ha hoc m phng thit k . Khi c hi v mc ch, nhng cu tr li tiu biu ca cc nh phn tch l: m hnh ny s gip chng ta tr li cc vn pht sinh t thit k. Yu cu chung i vi cc m hnh kiu ny l m bo tnh mm do v d thay i gii quyt nhng vn phc tp. Ngi phn tch c kinh nghim u hiu rng: Khng c m hnh c th no c s dng cho mt mc ch chung chung. Mi mt m hnh phi c pht trin vi mc ch c th xc nh trc. Cc thng s, khi lng cng vic v phng php thc hin u ph thuc vo mc ch. Cc phn ca thit k h thng trong mt m hnh c nghin cu ty theo cc vn khc nhau. Bi vy, trc khi vit dng m chng trnh m phng u tin hoc vit phng trnh u tin ca mt m hnh phn tch hoc trc khi ci t mt th nghim o, ngi phn tch cn hiu v h thng v nhn thc r vn gii quyt. iu s gip nhn bit chnh xc cc thng s, khi lng cng vic v phng php thc hin. Xc lp cc mc ch khng phi l mt bi ton n gin. Bi v hu ht cc vn v hiu nng u m h khi c trnh by ln u. V vy, nhn thc r vn vit ra mt tp hp ca cc mc ch l vic kh. Mt khi vn c sng t v mc ch c vit ra, th vic tm ra gii php thng s d dng hn. E2- Cc mc ch thin v (biased) Mt li thng thng khc l vic a ra cc mc ch theo hng thin v ngm hoc thin v r rt. V d, nu mc ch l Ch ra rng h thng ca chng ta tt hn h thng ca ngi khc, vn ny tr thnh vic tm kim cc thng s v ti lm vic sao cho h thng ca chng ta tr nn tt hn. ng ra th cn phi tm ra cc thng s v ti lm vic ng n so snh hai h thng. Mt nguyn tc ca quy c chuyn nghip ca ngi phn tch l khng thin v. Vai tr ca ngi phn tch ging nh vai tr ca Ban gim kho. Khng nn c bt k s thin v no nh trc v mi kt lun phi da vo kt qu phn tch ch khng phi l da vo cc nim tin thun ty. E3. Phng php tip cn khng c h thng Cc nh phn tch thng tin hnh theo phng php tip cn khng c h thng; bi vy h la chn tham s h thng, cc yu t nh hng, thng s (hiu nng) v ti lm vic mt cch ty . iu ny s dn ti cc kt lun sai. Phng php tip cn h thng c s dng gii quyt mt

vn v hiu nng l nhn bit mt tp hon chnh ca cc mc ch, tham s h thng, cc nhn t nh hng, cc thng s hiu nng v ti lm vic. E4. Phn tch m khng hiu v vn Cc nh phn tch thiu kinh nghim cm thy rng khng c g thc s c c trc khi mt m hnh c dng nn v ch c c mt s kt qu. Vi kinh nghim c, h nhn ra rng, phn ln ca cc n lc phn tch l dng cho vic xc nh mt vn . Phn ny thng chim ti 40% tng s n lc ny. iu ny khng nh mt chm ngn xa: Khi mt vn c nu ra r rng th c gii quyt xong mt na. 60% cn li lin qua ti vn thit k cc phng php, gii thch kt qu v trnh by kt lun. Vic pht trin ca m hnh t bn thn n l phn nh ca qu trnh gii quyt vn . V d nh, xe t v tu ha l phng tin i ti u ch khng phi l im n cui cng. Cc m hnh l phng thc i n kt lun ch khng phi l kt qu cui cng. Cc nh phn tch c o to v cc kha cnh m hnh ha ca vn nh gi hiu nng nhng khng c o to v vic xc nh vn hoc trnh by kt qu th thng thy rng m hnh ca h b b i bi ngi ph duyt, v ngi ph duyt l ngi ang tm kim ng hng ch khng tm kim mt m hnh. E5. Cc thng s hiu nng khng ng Mt thng s hiu nng (metric) ng vi mt tiu ch c s dng nh lng hiu nng ca h thng. Cc v d v cc thng s hiu nng hay dng l thng lng (throughput) v thi gian p ng (response time). S la chn ca cc thng s hiu nng ng n ph thuc vo cc dch v cung cp bi h thng hoc bi h thng con ang c m hnh ha. Mt li chung khi la chn cc thng s hiu nng l cc nh phn thch thng chn cc thng s d tnh ton hoc d o c hn l chn thng s thch hp. E6 Ti lm vic khng c tnh i din (unrepresentative workload) Ti lm vic c s dng so snh hai h thng cn i din cho kha cnh s dng thc tin ca cc h thng ny trong lnh vc ca chng. V d, nu cc gi d liu trong mng thng thng bao gm hai loi c kch thc ngn v di th ti lm vic dng so snh hai mng phi bao gm cc gi d liu c kch thc ngn v di. Vic chn ti lm vic nh hng rt ln ti kt qu ca vic nghin cu hiu nng. Ti lm vic sai s dn ti cc kt lun sai. E7 Phng php nh gi sai C ba phng php nh gi: o lng, m phng v m hnh ha phn tch. Cc nh phn tch thng c mt phng php a thch v c s dng thng xuyn i vi mi vn v nh gi hiu nng. V d nh nhng ai thnh tho v l thuyt hng i s c xu hng quy i mi vn v hiu nng sang mt vn v hng i ngay c khi h thng qu phc tp v thun li cho vic o lng. Nhng ai thnh tho v lp trnh s thng c xu hng gii quyt mi vn bng m phng. Vic gn vi mt phng php n l ny dn ti kt qu mt m hnh m h c th gii quyt tt nht hn l mt m hnh gii quyt tt nht vn ny. Vn i vi cc quy trnh chuyn i ny l chng c th a thm cc hin tng vo m hnh, trong khi cc hin tng ny khng c trong h thng nguyn gc hoc dn n c th b qua cc hin tng quan trng thuc v h thng nguyn gc. Mt nh phn tch cn c hiu bit c bn v c ba phng php. Khi xem xt la chn phng php nh gi hiu nng, cn ch ti nhiu h s khc nhau. E8 B qua cc thng s quan trng Nn to ra mt danh sch hon chnh v cc c im ca h thng v ca ti lm vic nh hng ti hiu nng ca h thng. Nhng c im ny c gi chung l thng s. Cc thng s ti lm vic c th bao gm s ngi s dng, cc loi yu cu n, s u tin, vv. Nh phn tch c th

chn mt tp hp cc gi tr cho mi thng s. Kt qu nghin cu cui cng ph thuc nhiu vo cc chn la ny. B st mt hoc nhiu thng s quan trng c th nhn c cc kt qu v ch. E9. B qua cc h s quan trng Cc thng s bin i trong nghin cu th c gi l cc h s. V d nh trong s cc thng s v ti lm vic lit k trn y, ch c s lng ngi s dng c th c chn nh l mt h s, v cc thng s khc c th c gi nguyn ti cc gi tr in hnh. Khng phi tt c cc thng s c tc ng nh nhau i vi hiu nng. iu quan trng l nhn ra nhng tham s m nu chng thay i th s gy nn nh hng quan trng ti hiu nng. Tr khi c l do no khc, nhng thng s ny nn c s dng nh l cc h s trong vic nghin cu hiu nng. V d nh nu tc (rate) gi n tc ng ti thi gian p ng ca mt gateway ca mng hn l nh hng ca kch thc gi ti n, vic nghin cu s tt hn nu nh s dng mt s tc n khc nhau thay v quan tm ti kch thc gi. E10 Thit k th nghim khng thch hp S thit k th nghim lin quan ti s lng cc php o hoc cc th nghim m phng c thc hin v cc gi tr ca cc thng s s dng trong mi thnghim. Vic chn ng cc gi tr ny c th mang ti nhiu thng tin hn i vi cng mt s lng cc th nghim. Chn la khng ng c th gy ra lng ph thi gian ca nh phn tch v ti nguyn. E11. Mc chi tit khng thch ng Mc chi tit c s dng trong m hnh ca h thng c nh hng quan trng trong vic h thng ha, cng thc ha vn . Mt li chung xy ra l vic s dng li tip cn chi tit i vi m hnh ha mc cao s thc hin v ngc li. E12. Khng phn tch Mt vn chung trong d n o lng l chng thng c thc hin bi cc nh phn tch hiu nng, thng l nhng ngi gii v cc k thut o nhng thiu s thnh tho trong phn tch d liu. H thu thp mt lng khng l cc d liu nhng khng bit phng php phn tch hoc gii thch n nh th no. E13. Phn tch sai Cc nh phn tch c th gy nn hng lot cc li trong khi o c, m phng v m hnh ha phn tch v d nh ly gi tr trung bnh ca cc t s v thi gian m phng qu ngn. E14. Khng phn tch nhy Cc nh phn tch thng qu nhn mnh n kt qu ca s phn tch ca h, trnh by n nh l mt thc t hn l mt bng chng. Thc t m trong cc kt qu nhy cm i vi ti lm vic v thng s h thng th thng b coi nh. Khi khng c s phn tch nhy, khng th chc chn rng liu cc kt lun c thay i hay khng nu nh phn tch ny c thc hin trong mt thit lp khc bit i cht. Khng c phn tch nhy th s kh khn cho vic nh gi s quan trng tng i ca cc thng s khc nhau. E15. B qua cc li u vo Thng l cc thng s c la chn khng th o c. Thay vo , ta s dng cc bin c th o c khc c lng thng s ny. V d nh trong mt thit b mng my tnh, cc gi d liu c lu tr trong danh sch lin kt ca b m. Mi mt b m c dung lng l 512x8bit. Vi mt s lng b m c yu cu lu tr gi d liu, khng th d bo trc mt cch chnh xc s gi hoc s bt trong gi d liu. iu ny dn ti bt nh c cng thm d liu u vo. Nh phn tch cn iu chnh mc tin cy trong kt qu u ra ca m hnh thu c t d liu ny

E16. Cch x l mu ngoi lai khng thch hp Nhng gi tr qu cao hoc qu thp so vi phn ln gi tr trong mt tp hp c gi l mu ngoi lai. Mu ngoi lai trong u vo hoc u ra ca m hnh l mt vn . Nu mu ngoi lai khng c to ra bi mt hin tng trong h thng thc, n c th c b qua. M hnh bao trm mu ngoi lai c th to nn mt m hnh khng hp l. Mt khc, nu mu ngoi lai l s xut hin c th xy ra trong trong h thng thc, mu ngoi lai ny cn hin din trong m hnh. Vic b qua mu ngoi lai kiu ny c th to nn mt m hnh khng hp l. E17. Gi thit khng c thay i trong tng lai: Tng lai thng c gi thit s ging nh qu kh. Mt m hnh da trn ti lm vic v hiu nng quan st c trong qu kh c s dng d bo hiu nng trong tng lai. Ti lm vic v hot ng h thng trong tng lai c gi thit l ging nh nhng g o c. Nh phn tch v ngi thc hin quyt nh nn tho lun v gi thit ny v gii hn thi lng tng lai cho cc d on. E18. B qua tnh bin thin Thng th ngi ta ch phn tch hiu nng trung bnh bi v vic xc nh tnh bin thin thng gp kh khn. Nu bin thin ln, nu ch s dng duy nht gi tr trung bnh c th dn ti quyt nh sai. V d, vic quyt nh da trn nhu cu my tnh trung bnh hng ngy c th khng c ch nu nh khng tnh ti c tnh ti t nh im theo gi, gy tc ng bt li ti hiu nng ngi s dng. E19 Phn tch qu phc tp Cc nh phn tch hiu nng nn i n kt lun bng phng thc n gin nht c th. Tt nht l lun bt u vi mt m hnh hoc th nghim n gin nhm t c mt s kt qu v sau tng thm tnh phc tp. Cc m hnh cng b trong ti liu khoa hc v cc m hnh s dng trong thc t khc nhau r rt. Cc m hnh trong cc ti liu khoa hc, trong cc trng hc thng l qu phc tp. Phn ln cc vn hiu nng trong thc t hng ngy c gii quyt bi cc m hnh n gin. Cc m hnh phc tp nu c th cng him khi c s dng. E20. Trnh by kt qu khng thch hp ch cui cng ca mi nghin cu hiu nng l h tr bi ton quyt nh. Mt phn tch m khng to ra bt k kt qu hu ch no th l mt s tht bi bi l s phn tch vi kt qu kh hiu i vi ngi a ra quyt nh. Ngi phn tch phi c trch nhim chuyn ti cc kt qu phn tch ti ngi a ra quyt nh qua vic s dng cc t ng, hnh nh, th gii thch kt qu phn tch. E21. B qua cc kha cnh x hi S trnh by thnh cng kt qu phn tch yu cu 2 loi k nng: x hi v chuyn bit. K nng vit v ni l k nng x hi trong khi m hnh ha v phn tch d liu l cc k nng chuyn bit. Hu ht cc nh phn tch u c cc k nng chuyn bit tt, nhng ch nhng ngi c cc k nng x hi tt th mi thnh cng khi bn cc kt qu ca h cho nhng ngi ra quyt nh. Vic chp nhn kt qa phn tch yu cu hnh thnh s tin tng gia ngi ra quyt nh v nh phn tch, v s trnh by cc kt qu ti ngi ra quyt nh theo cch hiu chnh xc nht. Nu nhng ngi ra quyt nh khng tin tng hoc khng hiu s phn tch, th nh phn tch tht bi trong vic to nn n tng i vi quyt nh cui cng. Cc k nng x hi c bit quan trng khi trnh by cc kt qu m chng c nh hng ti nim tin v gi tr ca ngi ra quyt nh hoc yu cu v mt thay i quan trng trong thit k. E22. B st cc gi thit v cc gii hn Cc gi thit v cc gii hn ca m hnh phn tch thng b b qua trong bo co cui cng. iu ny c th lm cho ngi s dng p dng m hnh phn tch ny vo mt ng cnh khc khi m 4

cc gi thit khng cn hp l. i khi cc nh phn tch ln danh sch cc gi thit ngay phn m u bo co nhng h qun mt cc gii hn v a ra cc kt lun v cc mi trng m phn tch ny khng p dng vo. Bng 1.1: Danh sch kim tra trnh cc li thng gp khi nh gi hiu nng 1. Liu h thng c nh ngha ng cha v mc ch c nu ra r rng cha ? 2. Cc mc tiu c nu ra c m bo tnh khng thin v? 3. Cc bc phn tch i theo h thng khng? 4. Vn c hiu r rng trc khi phn tch khng? 5. Cc tham s hiu nng c thch hp cho vn ny khng ? 6. Ti lm vic c ng cho vn ny khng? 7. K thut nh gi c ph hp khng? 8. Danh sch thng s c nh hng n hiu nng c hon thin cha? 9. Tt c cc thng s nh hng n hiu nng m c coi nh cc tha s c thay i cha? 10. Thit k th nghim hiu qu cha khi xt theo thi gian v kt qu? 11. Mc chi tit hp l cha? 12. D liu o c c phn tch v gii thch cha? 13. S phn tch ng v thng k cha? 14. nhy phn tch c thc hin cha? 15. Cc li u vo c thay i kt qu ng k khng? 16. Cc mu ngoi lai ca u vo hoc u ra c xem xt mt cch thch ng cha ? 17. Cc thay i trong tng lai ca h thng v ti lm vic c m hnh ha cha? 18. Phng sai ca d liu u vo c quan tm khng? 19. Phng sai ca kt qu c phn tch cha? 20. S phn tch ny c d gii thch khng? 21. Cch thc trnh by c ph hp vi ngi c khng? 22. Cc kt qu c c trnh by di dng th nhiu nht c th khng? 23. Cc gi thit v cc gii hn ca s phn tch c a vo ti liu r rng khng? Mt cch tip cn c h thng cho vic nh gi hiu nng Cc thng s, ti lm vic v k thut nh gi c s dng i vi mt vn th thng khng th c s dng cho vn tip theo. Tuy nhin c cc bc chung cho tt c d n ng gi hiu nng m chng gip bn trnh c cc li ghi trong phn 1.1 Cc bc ny thc hin nh sau. Bc 1- Xc nh mc tiu v nh ngha h thng Bc u tin trong vi d n nh gi hiu nng l xc nh mc tiu ca vic nghin cu v nh ngha xem ci g to nn h thng bng cch phc ha cc gii hn ca h thng. Bc 2: Lp danh sch cc dch v v kt qu nhn c Mi mt h thng cung cp mt tp hp cc dch v. Danh sch ca dch v v kt qu kh thi s hu ch sau ny trong vic chn thng s v ti lm vic ng. Bc 3 La chn cc thng s o Bc tip theo l la chn cc tiu chun so snh hiu nng, chng c gi l cc thng s o. Nhn chung, cc thng s ny lin h vi tc , chnh xc, v ch li ca dch v. Bc 4: Lp danh sch cc thng s Bc tip theo trong d n thc hin l to danh sch tt c cc thng s nh hng ti hiu nng. Danh sch ny c th c phn chia thnh cc thng s h thng v cc thng s ti lm vic Bc 5: La chn cc tha s nghin cu 5

Danh sch cc thng s c th phn chia thnh 2 phn: cc thng s s c thay i trong qu trnh nh gi v cc thng s khng thay i. Nhng thng s c thay i gi l tha s v nhng gi tr ca chng c gi l mc .

1.2 La chn k thut v thng s o


La chn mt k thut nh gi v la chn tham s o l hai bc quan trng trong tt c cc d n nh gi hiu nng. C rt nhiu vn cn xem xt c c la chn chnh xc. 1.2.1 La chn mt k thut nh gi C ba k thut nh gi hiu nng l m hnh ha phn tch, phng php m phng v o c. C mt s kha cnh cn xem xt quyt nh xem k thut no l ph hp nht s dng. Nhng kha cnh c lit k trong bng 3.1 v c sp xp theo mc quan trng gim dn. Mt vn quan trng trong vic quyt nh k thut nh gi l chu trnh vng i trong h thng. Cc phng php o c ch kh thi nu tn ti h thng khc tng t nh h thng ta a ra kho st, nh l khi thit k mt phin bn ci tin hn ca mt sn phm. Nu h thng a ra l mt khi nim mi th ch c th chn m hnh ha phn tch v phng php m phng thc hin nh gi. M hnh ha phn tch v m phng c th s dng cho nhng trng hp m o c l khng kh thi, nhng nhn chung thuyt phc hn th nn kt hp nhng phng php da trn cc kt qu o c trc .
Bng 1.2 Nhng tiu ch la chn k thut nh gi

Tiu ch 1. Giai on

M hnh phn tch Bt c giai on no

2. Thi gian yu cu 3. Cng c 4. Tnh chnh xc a 5. Tnh nh i 6. Gi thnh 7. Tnh d bn


a a

Ngn Nh phn tch Thp D Thp Thp

M phng o c Bt c giai on Sau thit k no nghim (postprototype) Trung bnh Thay i Cc ngn ng Cc dng c o my tnh Va phi Thay i Va phi Kh Trung bnh Cao Trung bnh Cao

th

Trong tt c cc trng hp, kt qu c th b sai lch.

Vn tip theo cn cn nhc l thi gian s dng cho cng vic nh gi. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc kt qu c yu cu t ngy hm trc (thi gian nh gi ngn). Nu ng nh vy th m hnh ha phn tch l s la chn duy nht. Cc phng php m phng cn mt thi gian di, cc phng php o c thng mt nhiu thi gian hn m hnh ha phn tch nhng khng lu nh m phng. Theo ngha ca nh lut Murphy th phng php o c c s dng thng xuyn hn hai phng php cn li (Nu mt vic c th din ra theo chiu hng xu, n s nh vy Ha v n ch). Kt qu l, thi gian cn thit dnh cho o c bin ng nhiu nht trong ba k thut. im quan tm tip theo l tnh sn sng ca cng c. Cc loi cng c bao gm: cc k nng m hnh ha, cc ngn ng m phng, v cc thit b o c. Nhiu nh phn tch hiu nng rt thnh tho v kho lo trong m hnh ha. H khng cn s dng ti bt c h thng tht t tin no. Nhng ngi khc khng thnh tho cc l thuyt hng i th li quan tm hn n o c v m phng. Thiu kin thc v cc ngn ng v k thut m phng khin nhiu nh phn tch xa ri cc cng c m phng hu dng. Mc chnh xc i hi cng l mt mi quan tm khc. Nhn chung, m hnh ha phn tch yu cu nhiu s n gin ha v gi thit n ni nu cc kt qu tr nn chnh xc th ngay c cc nh 6

phn tch cng phi ngc nhin. Cc phng php m phng c th kt hp nhiu chi tit, yu t hn v yu cu t gi thit hn l m hnh ha phn tch v do thng gn hn vi thc t. Cc phng php o c mc d nghe c v gn thc t nht nhng kt qu li c th thiu chnh xc, n gin v c nhiu tham s mi trng tc ng n i vi tng th nghim, nh l cu hnh h thng, loi ti lm vic, v thi gian o c. Cc tham s cng c th khng th hin khong lm vic thay i trong cc h thng thc t. Do vy tnh chnh xc ca kt qu o c thu c c th thay i t cao n khng c g. Cn phi ch ra rng mc chnh xc v tnh ng n ca kt lun l khng ng nht. Mt kt qu chnh xc n mi ch s thp phn cng c th b hiu sai hay hoc nhm ln; do c th dn ti kt lun sai. Mc ch ca cng vic nghin cu hiu nng l va so snh cc phng n khc nhau va tm ra gi tr tham s ti u. Cc m hnh phn tch thng cung cp mt ci nhn tt nht v tc dng ca cc tham s khc nhau v s tng tc gia chng. Vi cc phng php m phng, c th tm c khong gi tr tham s cho t hp ti u, nhng thng khng th hin c r rng s tng xng gia tham s ny vi tham s khc. Cc phng php o c l k thut t th hin c tnh tng xng gia cc tham s nht. Tht khng d khi khng nh rng hiu nng c ci thin l kt qu ca mt vi s thay i ngu nhin v mi trng hoc hiu chnh mt vi tham s nht nh. Chi ph cp cho d n cng l mt yu t quan trng. o c i hi phi c thit b tht, dng c o c v thi gian. y chnh l k thut tn km nht trong 3 k thut nu. Chi ph, i km vi kh nng d dng thay i cu hnh, thng l l do pht trin cc phng php m phng cho cc h thng t tin. M hnh ha phn tch ch i hi giy v bt ch (cng vi thi gian ca nh phn tch) nn c th xem nh l k thut r nht. Tnh bn c ca kt qu nh gi c th l l l quan trng khi chn xem xt cc chi ph, lao ng ca phng php o c. V kt qu d c thuyt phc hn nu n c thc hin vi h thng thc. Nhiu ngi hoi nghi v cc kt qu phn tch n gin v h khng hiu cng ngh thc hin hoc kt qu cui cng. Trong thc t, ngi pht trin cc k thut m hnh ha phn tch mi thng kim chng, xc nhn chng bng cch s dng cc phng php m phng hoc o lng thc s. i khi vic s dng hai hay nhiu k thut ng thi mang li nhiu li ch. V d, bn c th s dng m phng v m hnh ha phn tch cng nhau kim tra v xc nhn kt qu ring ca tng phng php. Cho n khi cha chng mnh c ti li, mi ngi u c xem l v ti, ngha l cho n khi cha c xc nhn kim chng th mi kt qu nh gi u ng nghi ng. iu a chng ta n vi 3 quy tc xc minh sau y: Khng tin tng vo kt qu ca mt m hnh m phng cho n khi chng c xc nhn bi m hnh ha phn tch hay o c. Khng tin tng vo kt qu ca mt m hnh phn tch cho n khi cng c xc nhn bi m hnh m phng hay o c. Khng tin tng vo kt qu ca phng php o c cho n khi chng c xc nhn bi m hnh m phng hay m hnh phn tch.

Trong thc t , s cn thit ca quy tc th 3 cho vic xc nhn cc kt qu o c nn c nhn mnh v y l quy tc hay b b qua nht. Phng php o c d b mc cc li khi th nghim hoc cc sai st hn l hai k thut kia. Yu cu duy nht ca php xc minh l kt qu phi khng tri vi trc quan mong i. Phng php xc minh nh th gi l trc gic ca nhng chuyn gia, thng c s dng cho cc m hnh m phng. Phng php ny v cc phng php khc c th c s dng cho cc kt qu o c v phn tch. 7

Hai hay nhiu k thut cng c th c s dng tip ni nhau. V d, trong mt trng hp, mt m hnh phn tch n gin c s dng tm ra khong ph hp cho cc tham s ca h thng v mt m hnh m phng c s dng sau nghin cu hiu nng ca th thng trong khong . iu ny lm gim s trng hp m php m phng cn xt n v dn n vic s dng ti nguyn hiu qu hn. 1.3- ngha ca Confidence interval trong vic so snh kt qu T ting Anh sample v example u bt ngun t mt t Php c l essample. Mc d hin nay y l hai t ring bit, nhng vic nh n ngun gc chung ca chng cng kh l quan trng. Mt mu (sample) ch n gin l mt v d (example). Mt v d thng khng chng minh mt gi thit. Tng t nh vy, mt mu thng l khng a ra mt pht biu r rng v mi h thng. Nhng s khc bit ny thng b b qun. Chng ta thng o c 2 h thng vi ch 5 hay 10 ti lm vic (workloads) v sau kt lun rng mt h thng tt hn h thng kia. Mc ch ca phn ny l cng c s khc bit v tho lun lm th no s dng cc mu d liu so snh hai h thng hoc nhiu hn. tng c bn l mt pht biu chnh xc c th khng chnh xc vi cc thuc tnh ca tt c cc h thng, nhng mt tuyn b xc sut v khong trong cc thuc tnh ca hu ht cc h thng tn ti c th ng. Khi nim v khong tin cy (confidence interval) c gii thiu trong phn ny l mt khi nim c bn m bt c nh phn tch hiu nng h thng no cng cn bit hiu r vn . 1.3.1 Mu i ngc vi qun th Gi s chng ta vit mt chng trnh my tnh to ra vi triu s ngu nhin vi thuc tnh cho trc, v d nh c gi tr trung bnh v lch chun . By gi chng ta a cc s vo mt ci bnh v rt ra mt mu ca n s . Gi thit mu {x1, x 2, . . . , x n} c gi tr trung bnh mu l . Gi tr trung bnh mu khc vi . phn bit hai gi tr , c gi l gi tr trung bnh mu v c gi l trung bnh ca qun th. T qun th m ch tt c cc s nm trong chic bnh. Trong hu ht cc vn thc t, cc thuc tnh ca qun th (v d nh gi tr trung bnh qun th l khng c bit , v mc ch ca nh phn tch l c lng cc thuc tnh . V d, trong th nghim ca chng ta v o thi gian x l ca mt chng trnh, gi tr trung bnh mu rt ra t mt mu n l ca n gi tr ch l mt c lng n gin ca gi tr trung bnh. xc nh chnh xc gi tr trung bnh, chng ta cn thc hin li th nghim ti v hn ln, iu gn nh l khng th lm c. Cc thuc tnh ca qun th c gi l cc tham s trong khi cc mu th c gi l cc thng k. V d, trung bnh tp hp l mt tham s trong khi gi tr trung bnh mu l mt thng k. Ta cn phi phn bit hai khi nim ny bi v cc tham s l c nh (fixed) trong khi thng k l mt bin ngu nhin. V d, nu chng ta ly ra hai mu n phn t t mt tp phn phi bnh thng vi trung bnh v lch chun , k vng mu x1 v x2 ca hai mu s khc nhau. Trong thc t, chng ta c th rt ra nhiu mu v a ra mt hm phn b cho gi tr trung bnh mu. Khng c phn b no nh vy ng cho gi tr trung bnh ca c qun th. N l c nh v ch c th xc nh nu chng ta xem xt trn ton b qun th. Thng thng, cc k hiu Hy Lp nh hay thng c dng ch cc tham s, trong khi cc k hiu ting Anh nh x v s c dng ch thng k. 8

1.3.2 Khong tin cy cho gi tr trung bnh Mi gi tr trung bnh mu l mt nh gi ca gi tr trung bnh qun th. a ra k mu, chng ta c k nh gi v nhng nh gi l khc nhau. Vn tip theo l ly ra mt nh gi duy nht cho gi tr tng bnh qun th t k nh gi trn. Trong thc t, khng th ly ra mt nh gi hon ho cho gi tr trung bnh qun th t mt s hu hn cc mu c kch thc hu hn. iu tt nht chng ta c th lm l ly ra c cc bin xc sut. T , chng ta c th ly ra 2 bin, v d, c1 v c2, nh th s c mt xc sut cao, 1 - , m k vng l thuyt nm trong khong (c1,c2): Probability{c1ddc2} = 1 - Khong (c1,c2) c gi l khong tin cy cho gi tr trung bnh ca qun th , c gi l mc ngha (significant level), 100(1 - ) c gi l mc tin cy (confidence level), v (1 - ) c gi l h s tin cy (confidence coefficient). Ch rng mc tin cy thng c biu din di dng phn trm v thng gn n gi tr 100%, v d, 90% hay 95%; trong khi mc ngha c biu din bi mt phn s v thng c gi tr gn 0, v d 0.05 hay 0.1. Mt cch xc nh khong tin cy 90% l s dng 5% v 95% ca cc gi tr trung bnh mu lm cc bin. V d, chng ta c th ly k mu, tm cc gi tr trung bnh mu, sp xp chng ra theo mt th t tng dn v ly ra trong tp sp xp phn t th [1+0.05(k-1)] v [1+0.95( k-1)] . C mt iu may mn l chng ta khng cn thit phi ly ra qu nhiu mu. C th xc nh c khong tin cy ch t duy nht mt mu, bi v nh l gii hn trung tm cho ta xc nh c phn phi ca gi tr trung bnh mu. nh l pht biu rng nu cc gi tr trong mu {x1, x2, . . . , xn} l c lp v c ly ra t cng mt tp c gi tr trung bnh v lch chun th gi tr trung bnh mu ca mu c phn phi thng xp x vi gi tr trung bnh v lch chun

/ n.
x : N ( , / n )

lch chun ca gi tr trung bnh mu c gi l sai s chun. Sai s chun khc vi lch chun ca tp. Nu lch chun ca tp l , th sai s chun ch l / n T biu thc trn, d thy rng khi kch thc mu n tng ln th sai s chun s gim xung. S dng nh l gii hn trung tm, khong tin cy 100(1 - )% cho trung bnh qun th c a ra:

( x z1 /2 s / n , x z1 /2 s / n )

y, x l gi tr trung bnh mu, s l lch chun ca mu, n l ln mu, v z1-/2 l im phn v (1 -/2) ca mt i lng ngu nhin. V d 1. Vi mu v d 12.4, k vng x = 3.90, lch chun s = 0.95 v n = 32:
3.90 m(1.645)(0.95) / 32

Mt khong tin cy 90% cho k vng = (3.62, 4.17) Chng ta c th pht biu rng vi khong tin cy 90% th trung bnh tp nm trong khong 3.62 v 4.17. Xc sut sai ca pht biu ny l 10%. C ngha l, nu chng ta ly 100 mu v a ra mt khong tin cy cho mi mu nh ch ra trn hnh 13.1, th trong 90 mu s c khong tin cy cha gi tr trung bnh l thuyt v 10 mu th gi tr trung bnh l thuyt s khng nm trong khong tin cy. Tng t nh vy: Khong tin cy 95% cho k vng = 3.90 m(1.960)(0.95) / 32 = (3.57, 4.23) Khong tin cy 99% cho gi tr trung bnh = 3.90 m(2.576)(0.95) / 32 = (3.46, 4.33)

Hnh 1.3.2 ngha ca khong tin cy Khong tin cy cp trn ch p dng cho cc mu ln c ln (kch thc) ln hn 30 gi tr. Vi cc mu nh, khong tin cy ch c th c xy dng nu cc gi tr n t mt tp phn b chun. Vi nhng mu nh vy khong tin cy 100(1 - )% c a ra:

( x t[1 / 2;n 1] s / n , x t[1 / 2;n 1] s / n ) y t[1-/2;n-1] l im phn v (1 - /2) ca bin ngu nhin t vi n 1 bc t do. Cc im phn v c lit k trong bng A.4 ca ph lc. Khong ny da trn mt s tht l vi cc mu t mt tp chun N ( , 2 ), ( x ) / ( / n) c mt phn b N(0,1) v (n 1) s 2 / 2 c mt phn b chi
bnh phng (phn b x2) vi n 1 bc t do, v do ( x ) / s 2 / n c mt phn b t vi n 1 10

bc t do . Hnh 13.1 ch ra mt hm hm mt mu t, gi tr t[1-/2;n-1] ni ln rng xc sut ca bin ngu nhin nh hn t[1-/2;n-1] l /2. Tng t vi xc sut ca bin ngu nhin ln hn t[1-/2;nt[1 / 2;n 1] l 1-. 1] . Xc sut bin s nm trong khong m V d 13.2: Xt d liu b li v d 12.5 ( c ch ra l c phn b chun). 8 gi tr li l -0.04, -0.19, 0.14, -0.09, -0.14, 0.19, 0.04, v 0.09. Trung bnh ca cc gi tr li trn l 0 v lch chun ca chng l 0.138. Gi tr t[0.95;7] t bng A.4 l 1.895. Do vy, khong tin cy cho li trung bnh l: 0 m1.895 0.138 0 m0.262 ( 0.262, 0.262) 1.3.3 Kim tra mt gi tr trung bnh ZERO Mt ng dng thng thng ca khong tin cy l kim tra xem mt gi tr o c c khc Zero hay khng?. Khi so snh mt php o c ngu nhin vi Zero, cc pht biu cn mang tnh xc sut, ngha l mt mc tin tng nht nh no . Nu gi tr o c tha mn php kim tra s khc bit vi mt xc sut ln hn hoc bng mc tin cy 100(1 - )% th gi tr l khc 0. Khu kim tra bao gm xc nh mt khong tin vy v n gin xc nh xem khong c cha gi tr 0 hay khng. Bn trng hp c ch ra trn hnh 13.3, CI vit tt cho confidence interval (khong tin cy). CI c th hin bng mt on thng ng gia gii hn tin cy trn v di. K vng mu c th hin bng mt vng trn nh. Trong trng hp (a) v (b), khong tin cy bao gm gi tr 0, do , gi tr ca php o c th khng khc 0. Trong trng hp (c) v (d), khong tin cy khng cha gi tr 0, v do gi tr o c l khc gi tr 0.

Hnh 1.3.3 Kim tra mt gi tr trung bnh Zero V d 1.3.3.1 S khc nhau gia thi gian x l ca hai cch ci thin khc nhau ca cng mt thut ton c o trn 7 ti lm vic ging nhau. Cc gi tr khc bit l {1.5, 2.6, -1.8, 1.3, -0.5, 1.7, 2.4}. Chng ta c th ni vi 99% tin cy rng mt cch ci thin l tt hn cch kia hay khng? Kch thc mu = n = 7 Gi tr trung bnh = 7.20/7 = 1.03 Phng sai mu (sample variance) = (22.84 - 7.20*7.20/ 7)/6 = 2.57 lch chun mu = 2.57 = 1.60 Khong tin cy = 1.03 mt *1.60 / 7 1.03 m0.6 t 100(1 ) 99, 0.01,1 / 2 0.995 Tra bng A.4 trong ph lc ta c gi tr t[0.995;6] = 3.707, v khong tin cy 99% = (-1.21, 3.27). Khong tin cy cha gi tr 0. Do , chng ta khng th ni vi 99% tin tng rng gi tr khc nhau trung bnh l khc 0 c. Th tc kim tra gi tr trung bnh 0 c th p dng tt cho bt c cc gi tr no khc. V d, kim tra xem k vng c bng mt gi tr a hay khng, mt khong tin cy c lp ra v nu khong tin cy cha gi tr a th gi thit cho rng k vng bng a khng th b loi b mt mc tin cy. V d sau s phc ha s m rng ca php kim tra ny. 11

V d 1.3.3.2. Xt mt ln na d liu trong v d 1.3.3.1 kim tra xem s khc nhau v gi tr c bng 1 vi mc tin cy 99% hay khng, khong bo v c xc nh trong v d l (-1.21, 3.21). Khong tin cy ny cha 1. Do , mt gi tr khc nhau bng 1 c cng nhn vi mc tin cy .

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Chng 2- Tng quan v k thut m phngTc gi: R. Jain Dch thut: T Thnh Cng, Hong Dip Anh Bin tp: Nguyn Xun Hong

Phn ny s a ra cc vn trng tm trong m hnh ha m phng. Di l danh sch cc cu hi m c gi c th tr li c sau khi c xong phn ny. - Cc li ph bin trong m phng l g v ti sao khi thc hin m phng thng gp cc li ny ? - Ngn ng bn nn s dng pht trin mt m hnh m phng l g ? - Cc loi m phng? - Bn s lp lch (schedule) cc s kin trong qu trnh m phng nh th no ? - Bn s kim tra v xc thc mt m hnh nh th no ? - Lm cch no bn xc nh c mt m phng t ti mt trng thi n nh? - Thi gian m phng s mt bao nhiu lu? - Bn s to ra cc s ngu nhin nh th no ? - Bn s kim tra li b to s ngu nhin c tt hay khng nh th no ? - Bn s la chn s ngu nhin bt u nh th no t b to s ngu nhin nh th no ? - Bn to s ngu nhin theo mt phn b cho trc nhu th no? - Bn s dng nhng phn b g v khi no th s dng chng? Kin thc a ra trong phn ny s gip bn thc hin vic m phng chnh xc v thnh cng.

M phng l k thut c ch cho cng vic phn tch hiu nng ca h thng my tnh. Nu h thng cha sn sng s dng, ging nh trong cc giai on thit k th mt m hnh m phng s l mt cch cho php d dng d on hiu nng ca h thng hoc so snh cc h thng khc nhau. Hn na, ngay c khi h thng c sn o th mt m hnh m phng thng c a thch hn bi v n cho php so snh cc cu hnh khc nhau khi thay i v mi trng v ti ca h thng. Cc tiu ch la chn m phng, m hnh ha phn tch, v o lng c tho lun trc. Tuy nhin, cc m hnh m phng thng gp tht bi, tc l chng cung cp cc kt qu khng c ch hoc lm sai kt qu. S d gp phi tht bi ny bi v nhng ngi xy dng cc m hnh l cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc pht trin phn mm nhng h li thiu kin thc nn tng v thng k , hoc h l cc chuyn gia trong k thut thng k nhng h li khng c cc k thut tt v pht trin phn mm. Hn na vic m phng b dng trc khi hon thnh. l v cc m hnh m phng cn mt thi gian kh lu pht trin, lu hn rt nhiu thi gian d on lc ban u.

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2.1 Cc li thng gp trong m phng

1. Mc chi tit khng hp l: M phng cho php nghin cu mt h thng chi tit hn m hnh phn tch.. Vic phn tch i hi nhiu n gin ha v gi thit. Hay ni cch khc, m hnh phn tch l km chi tit hn. Trong m hnh m phng, mc chi tit ch b hn ch bi thi gian ginh cho vic pht trin m phng. M phng cng chi tit yu cu cng nhiu thi gian pht trin. Kh nng c li s tng cao v s kh khn hn pht hin ra cc li ny. Thi gian g ri ca cc li ny cng s tng. M phng chi tit hn cng i hi my tnhcn nhiu thi gian hn thc hin. iu ny c bit quan trng i vi cc cng vic m phng ln, thi gian thc hin c th mt nhiu gi hoc nhiu ngy. V tng qut c th cho rng mt m hnh cng chi tit th cng tt, v n ch cn t gi thit hn. Tuy nhin iu ny khng phi lc no cng ng. Mt m hnh chi tit yu cu cc kin thc chi tit ca thng s u vo, v nu khng c cc kin thc chi tit c th s lm cho cc m hnh khng chnh xc. V d, trong qu trnh m phng h thng phn chia thi gian, gi s rng cn phi m phng thi gian p ng yu cu ca a . Mt cch l to ra n bng cch s dng mt hn phn b hm m. Mt cch chi tit hn l m phng s chuyn ng ca u c v s quay ca a Nu la chn th 2 c chn th kt qu s ch chnh xc hn khi cc thng tin cn tham chiu ca sector v track l bit . Trong thc t, ngi phn tch s chn la chn 2. Tuy nhin, khi thng tin tham kho v sector khng c sn a vo m hnh th ngi phn tch s quyt nh to ra cc con s sector ngu nhin theo phn b hm m. Kt qu l thi gian phc v l theo phn b hm m, mt kt qu m c th s t tn km hn nu la chn theo cch u tin Mt vn khc na trong cc m hnh chi tit l chng tn nhiu thi gian pht trin. Tt hn ht l hy bt u vi mt m hnh t chi tit hn, thu c mt s kt qu, xem xt cc tc ng, sau a thm chi tit trong nhng yu t c nh hng ln nht n kt qu. 2. Ngn ng khng thch hp: Vic la chn ngn ng lp trnh c nh hng kh quan trng i vi giai on u pht trin ca m hnh. Cc ngn ng m phng vi mc ch c bit cho php rt ngn thi gian pht trin m hnh v d dng hn trong cc nhim v thng phi thc hin nh vic xc nhn (s dng cc vt) v cc phn tch thng k. Mt khc, cc ngn ng c mc ch tng quan c tnh kh chuyn cao hn v cho php iu khin nhiu hn v mc hiu qu v thi gian thc hin ca m phng. 3. Cc m hnh cha c kim tra . Cc m hnh m phng thng l cc chng trnh my tnh ln v tr khi c phng c bit, n c kh nng s c nhiu li chng trnh hoc li v lp trnh, dn n vic cho ra cc kt qu khng c ngha. 4.Cc m hnh khng hp l. Ngay c khi chng trnh m phng khng c li,n vn c th biu din h thng khng chnh xc bi v cc gi thit khng chnh xc v hnh vi ca h thng. Do cc m hnh cn phi c kim tra m bo rng kt qu c c l ging vi kt qu c c t h thng tht Kt qu ca tt c cc m hnh m phng ny u c th sai, n ch ng sau khi c xc nhn bng cc m hnh phn tch, cc php , hoc bng trc gic.

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5. iu kin x l ban u khng thch hp. Phn u tin ca m phng thng khng miu t cc hot ng ca h thng trong trng thi n nh. Bi vy phn ban u ca m phng thng c loi b. 6. S m phng qu ngn. Ngi phn tch thng c gng tit kim thi gian ca mnh v thi gian ca my tnh bng cch thc hin cc chng trnh m phng trong thi gian ngn. Kt qu trong cc trng hp ny b ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc iu kin ban u v khng th hin c h thng thc. Thi gian ginh cho m phng ph thuc vo mc chnh xc mong mun ( rng ca khong cch tin cy) v s thay i ca cc i lng quan st. Cc tnh ton n gin cho s thay i tcc gi tr ca mt bin ngu nhin khng em li mt c lng chnh xc v cc thay i trong m hnh m phng bi v c s tng quan gia cc gi tr. 7. Hm sinh s ngu nhin qu km. M hnh m phng i hi cc s ngu nhin, th tc to ra cc s ngu nhin c gi l cc hm sinh s ngu nhin. S an ton hn nu s dng cc hm sinh ni ting c phn tch k lng hn l pht trin cc hm sinh ring ca mnh Thm ch cc hm sinh ni ting ny cng c li. 8. S la chn khi u khng hp l. Hm sinh s ngu nhin l cc th tc my tnh, n to ra mt con s ngu nhin t mt con s ngu nhin khc cho trc. S ngu nhin u tin trong di s c gi l ht ging v c a ra bi cc nh phn tch. Con s ngu nhin u tin cho cc chui s ngu nhin cn phi c la chn mt cch cn thn m bo tnh c lp gia cc chui s ngu nhin. Thng thng, cc nh phn tch dng chung mt chui s cho cc qu trnh x l khc nhau hoc s dng cng mt gi tr ban u ging nhau cho tt c cc chui (thng thng ngi ta khi to bng 0). N to ra s tng quan gia cc qu trnh khc nhau trong h thng v dn n cc kt qu c th s khng th hin c h thng thc.

2.2 Cc l do khc khin m phng b sai 1. S c lng thi gian khng hp l: Nguyn nhn chnh v trc tin khin cho cc m hnh m phng tht bi l cc nh pht trin nh gi khng ng thi gian v n lc cn thit php trin mt m hnh m phng. Thi gian ginh cho cc d n m phng thng c bt u l cc d n 1 tun, 1 thng v sau th ko di n mt vi nm. Nu mt m phng thnh cng v cung cp nhiu thng tin hu ch, cc ngi dng s mun thm vo nhiu tnh nng, nhiuthng s v chi tit hn. Mt khc th, nu mt chng trnh m phng khng cung cp thng tin hu ch th n thng c mong mun rng nu b xung thm nhiu tnh nng, nhiu thng s v chi tit hn c th lm chng trnh c ch hn. Trong bt k tnh hung no k trn th cc d n thng ko di hn so vi k hoch ban u. Trong 3 k thut phn tch hiu nng : m hnh ha phn tch, o c v m phng th vic thc hin m phng l cn nhiu thi gian nht, nht l i vi cc m hnh hon ton mi th qu trnh pht trin phi bt u t con s khng. Ngoi ra cng cn c thi gian xc thc li m hnh. Nhng ngi phn tch mi i vi lnh vc ny thng khng nh gi ng v phc tp khi trin khai m phng. i vi cc d n m phng trong thi gian di, cn phi chun b trc cho

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nhng thay i trong h thng, iu kh c th trnh khi i vi cc d n m phng trong thi gian di. 2. Mc tiu khng th thc hin c. M phng l mt k hoch kh phc tp, cng ging nh cc k hoch khc,cn phi xc nh rt r rng cc mc tiu vi cc c tnh nh c th, o lng c, c th thc hin c, c th lp li c v ton din. Mc tiu cn c vit ra r rng v c s thng nht gia ngi phn tch v ngi s dng v kt qu trc khi pht trin m hnh Mt v d ph bin ca mc tiu o lng c l m hnh X. C th m hnh cc c tnh khc nhau ca X vi cc mc chi tit khc nhau.c cu thnh t mt vi m hnh c mc chi tit khc nhau. Nu khng c quy nh ng, khng th ni rng mc tiu t c hay cha. K hoch m khng c mc tiu s ko di mi v cui cng s kt thc khi ti tr ht. 3. Thiu cc k nng cn thit. Mt d n m phng cn t nht bn k nng sau (a) K nng v lnh o d n. C kh nng to ra ng lc, lnh o v qun l cc thnh vin trong nhm m phng. (b) K nng v m hnh ha v thng k thng tin. C kh nng ch ra cc c trng ch cht ca h thng v m hnhchng mc chi tit cn thit. (c) K nng v lp trnh. L kh nng vit ra mt chng trnh my tnh c th c c, kim tra c thc hin m hnh chnh xc. (d) Am hiu v h thng c m hnh m hnh h thng. L kh nng hiu v h thng, gii thch c cho nhm m phng v h thng, in gii cc kt qu m phng di dng nh hng ca chng ln thit k h thng Mt nhm m phng nn bao gm cc thnh vin c cc k nng trn, v ngi ng u l tng nht l ngi c 4 k nng trn 4. Mc tham gia ca ngi dng cha hp l : Nhm m phng v cc t chc ca ngi dng cn phi c gp mt nh k v tho lun v tin , cc vn , cc s thay i nu c trong h thng. Hu ht cc h thng tin trin hoc thay i theo thi gianv mt m hnh c pht trin m khng c s tham gia ca ngi s dng th him khi thnh cng. Cc cuc gp mt nh k s gip tm ra cc li trong m hnh t giai on u v cho php m hnh c thng nht vi cc thay i ca h thng. 5. Cc ti liu hng dn li thi hoc khng c thc. Hu ht cc m hnh m phng u tin trin trong mt thi gian rt di v lin tc c thay i khi h thng b thay i hoc c tm hiu mc tt hn . Cc ti liu v cc m hnh ny thng l c qu so vi s pht trin, tr khi n c quan tm c bit khng th s b li thi. Chin lc tt nht bao gm c ti liu bn thn trong chng trnh v s dng ngn ng my tnh c th c mt cch d dng hn. 6. Khng kh nng qun l mt chng trnh my tnh c phc tp ln. Mt s cng c k thut phn mm sn c cho qun l cc d n phn mm ln. Cc cng c ny gip ta gi ng nh hng ca vic thit k cc i tng, cc yu cu v chc nng, cu trc d liu v s c lng v tin cng vic. Ngoi ra cn mt s nguyn tc thit k nh nguyn tc v thit k t trn xung v nguyn tc v lp trnh cu trc c pht trin gip s pht trin ca cc 16

chng trnh my tnh ln theo th t. Nu khng s dng cc cng c v k thut ny th s khng th c s thnh cng cho vic pht trin mt m hnh m phng ln. 7. Kt qu kh hiu: Phn ln cc kt qu m phng kh hiu l do c li trong chng trnh m phng,cc gi thit v m hnh khng hp l hoc khng c cc kin thc v h thng thc t. Bi vy ngi pht trin m hnh cn phi kim tra li m hnh v nu vn cn cc kt qu kh hiu th hy thng bo cho ngi s dng ch . N c th cung cp nhng ci nhn thu o hn cc hot ng ca h thng hoc cc c tnh ca h thng cn c chi tit ha hn na. Danh sch di gm 3 danh sch con tng ng vi cc giai on lp k hoch, pht trin, s dng ca mt d n m phng. Bng 2.1 Danh sch cn KIM TRA v cc M PHNG 1.Cc vic cn kim tra trc khi pht trin m phng. (a) Mc tiu ca m phng trn l thuyt c xc nh hp l ? (b) Mc chi tit trong m hnh thch hpvi mc ch hay khng ? (c) Nhm m phng c bao gm y cc thnh vin vi cc v tr: lnh o, m hnh ha, lp trnh v am hiu v h thng my tnh hay khng ? (d) C thi gian cho k hoch ca d n hay khng ? 2.Kim tra trong qu trnh pht trin. (a) Tnh c lp v tnh n tr ca b sinh s ngu nhin c s dng trong m phng c kim tra hay cha ? (b) M hnh c c xem xt thng xuyn bi ngi s dng hay khng? (c) C ti liu ca m hnh hay khng ? 3.Kim tra sau khi thc hin m phng. (a) di ca m phng c thch hp hay khng ? ( b) Qu trnh chuyn tip ca giai on u clooi b trc khi tnh ton hay cha (c) M hnh c kim tra k lng hay cha ? (d) M hnh c xc nhn l hp l trc khi s dng kt qu ca n hay cha ? (e) Nu c kt qu ng ngc nhin, xem chng c kim duyt hay cha ? (f) Cc b s u tin (ht ging)ca cc di s ngu nhin c b trng lp hay khng ?

2.3 Cc thut ng Di y l mt s thut ng thng c s dng trong m hnh ha. nh ngha chng, mt v d m phng v vic lp lch ca CPU s c s dng trong phn ny. Vn t ra l nghin cu cc k thut lp lch khc nhau cho CPU vi nhng c im v yu cu cng vic khc nhau. Cc thnh phn khc ca h thng nh phng tin ghi nh, thit b u cui s b b qua trong phn ny. Bin trng thi: Cc bin m gi tr ca n xc nh cc trng thi ca h thng gi l bin trng thi. Nu mt chng trnhh m phng b dng li gia chng, n c th c khi 17

ng li nu ch khi cc gi tr ca bin trng thi c bit trc Trong mt chng trnh m phng lp lch cho CPU bin trng thi l di hng i cc cng vic.

Hnh 2.1 M hnh thi gian ri rc v thi gian lin tc

S kin: Mt thay i trong trng thi ca h thng gi l s kin. Trong vic m phng lp lch cho CPU c 3 s kin nh sau: s kin ti ca mt cng vic, bt u thc hin mt chng trnh v ch n ca cng vic. M hnh thi gian lin tc v thi gian ri rc Mt m hnh m trng thi h thng c xc nh trong mi thi im gi l m hnh thi gian lin tc. V d m hnh lp lch ca CPU l mt m hnh lin tc. Nu trng thi mt h thng c nh ngha ch ti mt thi im c th th m hnh gi l m hnh ri rc. V d nh mt lp hc thng gp mt vo cc chiu th 6. Gi s trong m hnh, trng thi ca lp c quy nh l s sinh vin tham d lp. Ch rng s s lp ch c xcc nh vo cc th 6. Trong tt c cc ngy khc, trng thi ca lp l khng xch nh. y l mt v d v m hnh thi gian ri rc. Hnh 2.1 th hin 2 kiu m hnh trn. M hnh trng thi lin tc v trng thi ri rc: Mt m hnh c gi l m hnh c trng thi lin tc hoc trng thi ri rc ph thuc vo cc bin trng thi l lin tc hay ri rc. Bin lin tc c th ly cc gi tr v hn khng th m c. V d, trong mt m hnh v lp hc hng tun, trng thi c xc nh bng thi gian sinh vin tham d mt mn hc,l m hnh trng thi lin tc. Mt khc, nu trng thi c xc nh bi s sinh vin th n l m hnh trng thi ri rc. Trong m hnh lp lch cho CPU, bin trng thi chiu di hng i- c th ch c gn gi tr nguyn. Bi vy m hnh trng thi ri rc hnh 2.2 cng c th gi l m hnh s kin ri rc. Tng t nh vy m hnh trng thi lin tc cng c th gi l m hnh s kin lin tc.

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Hnh 2.2 M hnh trng thi lin tc v trng thi tip din

Hnh 2.3 M hnh tt nh v m hnh xc sut

Ch rng tnh lin tc ca thi gian khng bao hm tnh lin tc ca trng thi v ngc li. V vy i vi cc v d c th tm thy nhiu v d cho 4 kt hp c th xy ra l: trng thi ri rc/thi gian ri rc, trng thi ri rc /thi gian lin tc, trng thi lin tc/ thi gian ri rc v trng thi lin tc/ thi gian lin tc. M hnh tt nh v m hnh xc xut: Nu u ra (kt qu) ca m hnh c th d on mt cch chc chn th l mt m hnh tt nh. Mt khc, mt m hnh l m hnh xc xut nu vi lp li cng mt b thng s u vo nhng cho cc kt qu khc nhau . iu ny th hin trong hnh 24.3. Hnh 24.3b l kt qu ca m hnh xc xut. Cc im trn ng thng ng bi udin cc kt qu ca u ra khc nhau cho mt gi tr u vo. Trong hnh 2.3, vi u vo ging nhau th cho u ra ging nhau, do vy trn trc tung ch c mt im. M hnh tnh v m hnh ng: Mt m hnh m trong thi gian khng l bin s th c gi l m hnh tnh, cn nu trng thi ca h thng thay i theo thi gian th gi l m hnh ng. V d, m hnh lp lch cho CPU l m m hnh ng. Mt v d v m hnh tnh l m hnh cho th hin cng thc tnh nng lng: E=mc2 . 19

M hnh tuyn tnh v m hnh phi tuyn: Nu m hnh c thng s u ra l mt hm tuyn tnh ca cc thng s u vo th l m hnh tuyn tnh, nu khng th l m hnh phi tuyn, hy xem hnh 2.4 di y.

Hnh 2.4 M hnh tuyn tnh v m hnh phi tuyn

M hnh m v m hnh ng: Nu tham s u vo l bn ngoi so vi m hnh v c lp vi m hnh th l m hnh m. M hnh ng l m hnh c u vo bn trong n. Hnh 2.5 th hin hai m hnh hng i ca mt h thng my tnh.Trong Hnh 2.5b cc cng vic ging nhau c lun chuyn trong m hnh. Mt cng vic i ra khi hng i th 2 tip tc i vo hng i th nht.. y chnh l m hnh ng. Cn hnh 2.5a th hin mt m hnh m, trong cc cng vic mi c a vo m hnh.

Hnh 2.5 M hnh m v m hnh ng

M hnh n nh v khng n nh: Nu cc hot ng ng ca m hnh mc trng thi n nh, l c lp v mt thi gian, th n c gi l n nh. Cn nu mt m hnh c cc hot ng lin tc thay i th n gi l khng n nh. Nhng iu ny c minh ha hnh 2.6

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Hnh 2.6 M hnh n nh v khng n nh

Cc m hnh h thng my tnh thng l cc m hnh: thi gian lin tc, trng thi ri rc, xc sut, ng v phi tuyn. C mt vi m hnh m v mt vi m hnh ng. Ngoi ra cc m hnh n nh v khng n nh cng c s dng.

2.4 La chn ngn ng m phng La chn ngn ng l bc quan trng nht trong tin trnh pht trin ca mt m hnh m phng. Mt quyt nh sai trong bc ny c th lm cho thi gian thc hin m phng lu, khng hon thnh c vic nghin cu v khng kh thi C bn la chn: mt ngn ng m phng, mt ngn ng lp trnh a dng, ngn ng lp trnh a dng m rng, v gi m phng (nh l mt b gii quyt mng). Mi la chn c u nhc im ring. Cc ngn ng m phng tit kim c cho ngi phn tch ng k thi gian khi pht trin m hnh. Nhng ngn ng ny c sn cc chc nng ci thin v thi gian, lp lch s kin, bin i cc thc th, to cc bin ngu nhin , thu thp d liu thng k, v to cc bo co. Chng cho php cc nh phn tch danh nhiu thi gian vo cc kt qu c th ca h thng c m hnh m khng cn phi quan tm nhiu n cc vn chung chung i vi cc m phng. Cc ngn ng ny cng cho php mt m module rt d c, c th pht hin li rt tt.. Ngn ng lp trnh a dng nh Pascal hoc FORTRAN c chn ch yu bi v cc nh phn tch quen vi ngn ng ny. Hu ht cc nh thit k mng my tnh v cc nh phn tch mi khng quen vi nhng loi ngn ng m phng. Bn cnh cc yu cu v thi hn cng khng cho php h hc mt loi ngn ng m phng no. Hn na, cc ngn ng m phng thng khng c sn trn h thng my tnh ca h. l l do ti sao hu ht mi ngi vit m phng u tin ca mnh bng ngn ng lp trnh a dng Ngay c i vi nhng ngi mi, thi gian chn la gia ngn ng m phng v ngn ng lp trnh a dng cng khng xy ra. Nu h chn ngn ng m phng, h phi b thi gian hc ngn ng ny. Trong mt s trng hp, h thm ch cn phi ci t n vo trong h thng my tnh ca h v ch khng b st mt file nh no trong qu trnh ci t. Nu h chn ngn ng lp trnh a dng, h c th bt u ngay lp tc . Nhng h phi mt thi gian thc hin cc thng trnh x l s kin, to s ngu nhin v nhng th tng t nh th. C th phi mt mt khong thi gian ng k tm hiu cc vn ny v khm ph li nhng vn 21

bit. iu khng c l cc nh phn tch lc no cng phi s dng cc ngn ng m phng. C nhng iu phi quan tm khc, nh hiu xut, tnh linh ng v tnh c ng, nhng yu t ny c th lm cho ngn ng lp trnh a dng tr thnh mt s la chn tt nht. Mt m hnh c pht trin bng ngn ng lp trnh a dng th hiu xut hn v chim t thi gian ca CPU. Ngn ng lp trnh a dng mang n cho cc nh phn tch kh nng mm do hn v n cho php h s dng nhng ng tt b cm trong ngn ng m phng. Hn na, mt m hnh c pht trin bng ngn ng lp trnh a dng c th chuyn i thc hin nhng h thng my tnh khc nhau mt cch d dng c c mt la chn khch quan gia ngn ng m phng v ngn ng lp trnh a dng, cc nh phn tch c khuyn co nn hc t nht mt ngn ng m phng cc yu t khc cng vi kin thc s gip ch trong vic la chn mt ngn ng thch hp Mt m rng ca ngn ng lp trnh a dng nh GASP (i vi FORTRAN) l mt ngn ng thay th. Cc m rng ny bao gm mt tp cc thng trnh x l cc nhim v thng c yu cu trong cc m phng. Mc ch ca chng l em n mt tha hip di dng hiu xut, tnh linh ng v tnh c ng. Cc gi m phng nh QNET v RESQ cho php ngi dng nh ngha mt m hnh s dng i thoi. Cc gi ny c mt th vin cac cu trc d liu, cc thng trnh v cc gii thut. u im ln nht ca chng l tit kim thi gian. V d, s dng gi m phng, mt ngi c th pht trin m hnh, gii quyt v c c kt qu trong vng mt ngy. Mt khc, pht trin mt m phng s dng mt ngn ng c th mt mt vi ngy (nu khng mun ni l vi thng), ty thuc vo phc tp ca h thng. Vn chnh ca cc gi m phng l tnh cng nhc. Chng ch cung cp cc tnh cht mm do c thy trc bi nhng ngi thit k ra chng. Trong hu ht trng hp trong thc t, cc nh phn tch gp phi mt s vn ny khc khng th m hnh c bng gi m phng. iu ny bt buc cc nh phn tch phi lm n gin ha cc qu trnh. Tuy nhin, i vi cc h thng khng th m hnh theo phng php phn tch, s tit kim thi gian hn rt nhiu nu nh phn tch xem xt kh nng s dng mt gi m phng trc khi bt u pht trin mt m hnh m phng mi Cc ngn ng m phng c th c phn loi vo 2 danh sch chnh, nhng ngn ng m phng lin tc v nhng ngn ng m phng s kin ri rc, ph thuc vo loi s kin m chng m phng. Cc ngn ng m phng lin tc c thit k x l nhng m hnh s kin lin tc thng c din t bng cc phng trnh vi phn. V d v loi ny l cci ngn ng CSMP v DYNAMO. Nhng ngn ng ny thng ph bin trong cc m hnh h thng ha hc. Mt khc, cc ngn ng m phng s kin ri rc c thit k x l nhng thay i s kin di rc. Hai v d ca loi ngn ng ny l SIMULA v GPSS. Mt s ngn ng nh SIMSCRIPT v GASP cho php cc m phngri rc, lin tc, v kt hp. Bn ngn ng sau l cc loi ngn ng c cc nh phn tch hiu sut h thng my tnh s dng.

2.5 Cc loi m phng Trong cc loi m phng khc nhau c cp n trong cc ti liu, nhng loi nh m phng Monte Carlo, m phng Trace-Driven v m phng s kin di dc l nhng loi m 22

phng thu ht c nhiu hng th nht ca cc nh khoa hc my tnh M phng s dng phn cng hoc phn sn gi l s gi lp. V d, mt b gi lp u cui m phng mt loi u cui trn mt u cui khc. Gi lp b x l gi lp mt tp lnh ca mt b x l trn mt b khc. Mc d gi lp l mt loi ca m phng, cc vn thit k cho gi lp hu ht l cc vn v thit k phn cng. Do , gi lp s khng c cp n trong ti liu ny na. Ba loi m phng khc c miu t on sau. 2.5.1 Phng php m phng Monte Carlo Phng php m phng tnh hay mt phng php m phng no khng c trc thi gian th c gi l phng php m phng Monte Carlo. Nhng phng php thng c dng m hnh nhng hin tng xc sut , nhng hin tng khng thay i c tnh theo thi gian. Ging nh mt phng php m phng ng, cc phng php m phng tnh cng cn phi c mt b to cc s gi ngu nhin. Phng php m phng Monte Carlo cng c s dng tnh ton cc biu thc khng theo sc xut bng cch s dng cc phng php theo sc xut. V d. 2.5.1 Tnh ton php tch phn sau

Mt cch tnh php tch phn trn l to ra cc s ngu nhin c phn b u x v i vi tng s tnh ton c mt hm y nh sau:

Gi tr y mong mun l:

Do , tch phn trn c th c tnh bng cch to ra cc s ngu nhin c phn b u xi, tnh ton yi, v sau tnh trung bnh cng nh sau:

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2.5.2 Phng php m phng Trace - Driven M phng s dng trace lm u vo l phng php m phng trace-driven. Trace l mt bn ghi cc s kin c sp xp theo thi gian ca mt h thng tht. Cc phng php m phng trace-driven ny kh thng dng trong cc phn tch h thng my tnh. Chng thng c s dng phn tch v iu chnh cc gii thut qun l ti nguyn. Gii thut paging, phn tch b nh cache, cc gii thut lp lch CPU, cc gii thut ngn chn nghn v cc gii thut phn chia ng b nh l cc v d v cc trng hp p dng thnh cng phng php m phng Trace-driven v c cp n trong cc ti liu Trong nhng nghin cu , Trace ca ti nguyn yu cu c dng lm u vo thc hin m phng m hnh nhng gii thut khc nhau. V d, thc hin so snh cc lu qun l b nh khc nhau, mt trace cc mu tham chiu trang nh ca cc chng trnh quan trng s c ly trn h thng. Sau c th s dng cc trace ny tm ra tp cc tham s ti u i vi mt gii thut qun l b nh cho trc hoc so snh nhng gii thut khc nhau. Cn phi ch rng cc trace phi l c lp vi h thng ang nghin cu. V d, mt trace ca cc trang nh c ly ra t mt a ph thuc vo qui m cng vic v cc chnh sch thay th trang nh c s dng. Trace ny khng th dng nghin cu cc chnh sch thay th trang nh khc. Do , mt nh phn tch c th cn mt trace ca cc trang nh c tham chiu. Tng t nh vy, mt trace lnh c ly t mt h iu hnh khng th dng phn tch mt h iu hnh khc. Nhng u im ca phng php m phng trace driven nh sau: 1. Tnh tin cy: Rt d dng chuyn kt qu ca phng php m phng trace-driven cho cc thnh vin khc trong i thit k. V d, mt trace cc tham chiu trang nh c tin cy cao hn so vi cc tham chiu c to ngu nhin s dng mt phn b gi nh. 2. D dng kim tra: Bc u tin ca phng php m phng trace - driven l thc hin gim st h thng thc thu cc trace. Trong sut qu trnh gim st ny, nh phn tch cng c th o kim cc c tnh hiu sut ca h thng. Bng vic so snh hiu sut c vi hiu sut c c khi m phng, nh phn tch c th kim tra m hnh trace driven mt cch d dng 3. Khi lng cng vic chnh xc: Mt trace duy tr cc tc dng tng quan v an xen trong khi lng cng vic (ti). Vic n gin ho nh khi bt u mt m hnh phn tch v ti l khng cn thit. 4. Cn bng v mc chi tit: Do mc chi tit trong ti l cao, c th nghin cu nh hng ca tng thay i nh trong m hnh hoc cc gii thut 5. t ngu nhin: Trace l mt u vo xc nh. Nu lp li m phng, u vo trace l khng i nhng u ra c th khc nhau do tnh ngu nhin nhng phn khc ca m hnh. Ni chung, u ra ca m hnh trace- driven t thay i hn, iu c ngha l m hnh khng cn phi lp li nhiu ln mt m phng c c kt qu tin cy thng k mong mun. Nu cc phn khc ca h thng cng khng ngu nhin, th c th thu c kt qu chnh xc trong mt ln thc hin m phng ca m hnh 6. So snh cng bng: Trace cho php nhng kh nng khc nhau c so snh vi cng mt lung u vo. y l mt php so snh cng bng hn nhng m hnh m phng c u vo c to ra 24

t lung ngu nhin v kh m phng cc kh nng khc nhau. 7. Tng t nh trin khai thc s: Mt m hnh trace-driven nhn chung l rt ging vi h thng thc t m n m hnh ho. Do , khi thc hin n, nh phn tch c th cm thy rt thoi mi v phc tp trong vic thc hingii thut xut Nhng nhc im ca phng php m phng trace-driven nh sau: 1. Phc tp: M m hnh trace driven yu cu m phng chi tit hn v h thng. i lc phc tp ca m hnh lm lu m gii thut ang c m hnh ho 2. Tnh in hnh: Cc Traces c thc hin trong mt h thng c th khng i din cho ti trong mt h thng khc. Thm ch trong mt h thng ti c th thay i theo thi gian, v v vy cc trace tr nn v dng nhanh hn nhng loi m hnh ti c th hiu chnh theo thi gian 3. Tnh hu hn: Trace l mt chui di. trace chi tit v hot ng trn mt h thng trong vi pht c th lm y mt phn a. Kt qu da trn nhng pht t i y khng ng dng c cho cc hot ng trong khong thi gian cn li ca c ngy 4. Tnh hp l tng im: Trong khi s dng cc trace kim tra tnh hp l, phi ht sc cn thn v cc trace ch cung cp mt im kim tra n l. Mt gii thut l tt nht cho mt trace c th khng h tt cho cc trace khc. Nh phn tch cn dng nhiu trace khc nhau kim tra cc kt qu . 5. Chi tit: Vn chnh ca phng php m phng trace-driven l chi tit cao. Nhn chung cc trace l nhng chui di cn phi c c ra t a v sau cn phi hon thnh vic tnh ton cho tng phn t ca trace 6. Cn bng: i vi cc trace, rt kh thay i cc c tnh ti. Bn thn mt trace cng khng t thay i n c. Do kt lun v s nh hng ca nhng thay i trong ti, th cn phi c mt trace cho ti b thay i. Tng t nh vy, nu mt trace cha cc c tnh yu cu ti nguyn ca mt s cng vic th rt kh nghin cu cc nh hng ti tng cng vic n l. 2.5.3 M phng s kin ri rc Mt m phng s dng m hnh trng thi ri rc ca h thng c gi l phng php m phng s kin ri rc. Phng php ny ngc vi cc phng php m phng s kin lin tc ch trong m phng s kin lin tc trng thi ca h thng ly cc gi tr lin tc. Cc m hnh trng thi lin tc c s dng trong cc m phng ha hc do trng thi ca h thng c m t bi s tp trung ca mt cht ha hc. Trong cc h thng my tnh, cc m hnh s kin ri rc c s dng bi v trng thi ca h thng c m t bi s lng cng vic nhng thit b khc nhau. Lu rng thut ng ri rc khng dng ch gi ch thi gian c s dng trong m phng. Phng php m phng s kin ri rc c th s dng cc gi tr thi gian lin tc hay ri rc. Tt c phng php m phng s kin ri rc u c chung mt cu trc. Bt k h thng c m hnh l g, th phng php m phng cng s c mt s thnh phn nh sau: Nu s dng ngn ng lp trnh a dng, th cc nh phn tch phi t pht trin tt c cc thnh phn. Ngun ng lp trnh m phng th c th cung cp mt vi thnh phn cn li cc nh phn tch phi t pht trin. Cc thnh phn nh sau 1. B lp lch s kin (Event Scheduler): Lu tr mt danh sch lin kt cc s kin xp xy ra. B lp lch ny cho php tnh ton cc s kin theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Mt s php tnh ton nh 25

sau: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Lp lch s kin X ti thi im T Gi s kin X trong khong thi gian dt Hy s kin X c lp lch trc Gi s kin X v hn nh (Cho n khi n c mt s kin khc lp lch) Lp lch cho mt s kin ang b gi v hn nh

B lp lch s kin l mt trong nhng thnh phn hot ng thng xuyn nht khi tin hnh m phng.N c thc thi trc cc s kin, v c th c gi nhiu ln trong mt s kin lp lich cc s kin mikhc. Do lp lch s kin c nh hng ng k ti hiu xut tnh ton ca mt phng php m phng, nn ch ny s c cp nhiu hn trong phn 24.6 2. C ch Simulation Clock and a Time-advancing: Mi m phng u c mt bin ton cc i din cho thi gian c m phng. B lp lch c trch nghim thc hin trc thi gian ny. C 2 cch thc hin. Cch u tin l phng php thi gian n v (unit time), gia tng thi gian bng mt gia tng nh v sau o kim ra tm xem c s kin no xut hin hay khng. . Phng php th 2, c gi l phng php event-driven, thi gian t ng tng n thi im c s kin tip theo gn nht xy ra. Phng php thi gian n v thng khng c dng trong cc m phng my tnh. 3. Cc bin trng thi h thng (System State Variables): L cc bin ton cc m t trng thi ca h thng. V d trong m phng lp lch CPU, bin trng thi h thng l s lng cng vic c trong hang i. bin ton cc ny khc vi cc bin cc b nh thi gian CPU cn x l mt cng vic, l bin c lu trong cu trc d liu i din cho cng vic . 4. Cc thng trnh ca s kin (Event Routines): Tng s kin c m phng bng thng trnh ca chnh n. Cc thng trnh ny cp nht cc bin trng thi h thng v lp lch nhng s kin khc. V d, trong khi m phng c ch lp lch CPU, c th cn n cc thng trnh x l 3 s kin l vic mi xut hin, lp lch cng vic, hon thnh cng vic 5. Cc thng trnh u vo (Input Routines): Cc thng chnh ny cha cc tham s m hnh, nh yu cu v CPU trung bnh t ngi s dng trn mt cng vic. V cn nhiu thi gian hon thnh m phng, s tt hn nu yu cu tt c u vo ngay t lc u v sau th gii phng ngi s dng. Cc thng trnh u vo thng thng cho php cc tham s thay i theo mt cch c th. V d m phng c th c thc hin vi yu cu CPU trung bnh thay i t 1 n 9 ms trong cc bc 2ms. Mi tp cc gi tr u vo xc nh mt php lp c th c lp li nhiu ln vi nhng khi u khc nhau. Do , mt ln thc hin m phng c nhiu vng lp v mi vng lp li bao gm nhiu ln lp li. 6. B to bo co (Report Generator): Chng l cc thng trnh u ra c thc hin vo giai on cui ca m phng. Chng tnh ton kt qu cui cng v in ra theo mt nh dng c th. 7. Cc thng trnh khi to (Initialization Routines): Chng thit lp trng thi khi to cho cc bin trng thi h thng v khi to nhng lung to s ngu nhin khc nhau. Cc thng trnh ny nn l cc thng trnh ring bit khi to trng thi vo lc bt u m phng, lc bt u mt vng lp li v lc bt u lp. 8. Cc thng trnh bm vt (Trace Routines): Chng in ra cc tham s trung gian trong qu trnh 26

thc hin m phng bt u. Chng gip sa li chng trnh m phng. Cc thng trnh ny nn c tnh nng on/ off c th tt chng i trong ln cc ln chy sn phm cui cng ca m hnh. Mt m hnh thm ch cn c kh nng ngt hot ng t bn phm v bt/ tt cc thng trnh bm vt. 9. Qun l b nh ng (Dynamic Memory Management): S thc th trong m phng thay i lin lc khi cc thc th mi c to ra v cc thc th c b ph hy, do cn phi dn rc thng xuyn. Hu ht ngn ng m phng v cc ngn ng lp trnh a dng c chc nng dn rc t ng. Trong cc trng hp khc, ngi lp trnh phi t vit code qun l b nh ng 10. Chng trnh chinh (Main Program): Tp hp tt cc thng trnh li vi nhau. N gi cc thng trnh u vo, khi to m phng, thc hin nhng lp li khc nhau, v cui cng gi cc thng trnh u ra

2.4.6 Cc gii thut thit lp s kin Trong cc m phng s kin ri rc, phi m bo rng cc s kin xut hin trong mt trnh t v thi gian thch hp. Hu ht ngn ng lp trnh u c chc nng t ng xp sp s kin ny tuy nhin i vi nhng m phng c vit bng ngn ng a dng, ngi lp trnh phi thc hin chc nng ny. i khi, i vi nhng m phng s dng ngn ng m phng, nh phn tch cng thch s dng gii thut xp sp ca ring h. V d, trong mt s trng hp, hiu qu hot ng ca nhng gii thut ny tip kim c khong 30% tng ti gian ca b x l Lp lch s kin thng c thc hin bng vic gi cc thng bo s kin theo mt danh sch lin kt c th t. Mi thng bao cha thi gian xy ra s kin v mt con tr ti m c th phi thi hnh ti thi im . C hai thao tc cn phi thc hin thng xuyn trn tp ny: Th nht l chn cc s kin mi v th 2 l tm s kin tip theo (xut hin sm nht) v xo n ra khi tp. La chn cu trc d liu duy tr tp ny nh hng n thi gian x l cn thit cho 2 hot ng ny. Mt s cu trc d liu cn t thi gian chn nhng yu cu x l ng k tm s kin tip theo. Cc cu trc d liu khc thc hin tt c nhng cng vic ti thi im chn vic tm s kin tip theo khng h phc tp. Bi vy la chn cu trc d liu ph thuc vo tn sut chn vo, xo i v vo s lng trung bnh ca cc s kin trong tp s kin tng lai. Mt s cu trc d liu c xut nh sau : 1. Danh sch lin kt theo th t (Ordered Linked List) : Phng php ph bin nht c s dng trong cc ngn ng m phng nh SIMULA, GPSS, v GASP IV l nhng phng php c danh sch kin kt theo th t ln gp i. u vo u tin trong danh sch l s kin tip theo gn nht. o , vic xo b tng i d dng chn them s kin mi, danh sch c tm kim tm ra v tr thch hp nht cho mt u vo mi. Mt s phng php tm kim khc c xut. Phng php ph bin nht l tm kim ngc t gi tr thi gian cao nht. Ln lt, danh sch s c tm kim t u vo u tin tr i. Mt s phng php khc cn d con tr gia danh sch, trc ht l xc nh na danh sch cha v tr thch hp, ri sau tm quyt nh tm xui hay tm ngc tm v tr ng

27

Hnh 2.7 Danh sch lin kt theo th t

2. Danh sch ch mc tuyn tnh (Indexed Linear List): Trong phng php ny, tp cc s kin

tng lai c chia thnh nhng tp nh. Mi tp c di c nh trong khong thi gian t v c duy tr nh l mt danh sch con. Mt ma trn cc ch mc c gi theo qui tc l u vo ca ch s th i tr ti danh sch con th i cha cc s kin c lp lch trong khong [(i - 1)t, it),ngha l, ti hoc sau thi im (i - 1)t nhng trc thi im I t. y, khong thi gian t c ngi s dng t. Do , Khi c mt s kin mi cn c chn vo, danh sch con yu cu c th c xc nh m khng cn tm kim. Sau mt danh sch con thch hp c tm ngc li tm ra v tr thch hp ca u vo mi.

Hnh 2.8 Danh sch ch mc tuyn tnh

Mt s thay i c xut cho phng php ny da trn l lun rng vic khong thi gian gi s kin (thi gian t khi lp lch mt s kin v thi im xut hin ca n) c phn b khng ng u. Trong mt thay i, c mt xut l cho tt c cc danh sch c cng mt chiu di bng khong cch gia mi u vo ca danh sch; iu ngha l, t l bin i. Php tm kim nh phn c s dng tm u vo danh sch thch hp. Trong mt xut thay i khc, ch c danh sch con u tin mi c sp xp; nhng danh sch cn li khng c sp xp. Mt danh sch con ch c sp xp khi n thnh danh sch th nht, do gim c chi ph cho vic sp xp Mt xut thay i ng quan tm ca phng php ny c gi l cc hng lch . N da 28

trn loi lch bn m con ngi hay dng lp lch s kin. Mt cun lch bn thng thng c 365 trang mi trang l mt ngy trong nm. Tt c cc s kin trong mt ngy c ghi vo trang ng vi ngy . Cc s kin ca cng mt ngy nhng ca nm tip theo cng c th c ghi vo trang c im ny s khng gy nhm ln g nu nm xy ra s kin cng c ghi cng vi s kin v cc s kin c xa i sau khi c thc hin. tng ny c th c thc hin mt cch d dng bng cch s dng danh sch tuyn tnh c ch mc. Khong t ng vi mt ngy, v kch thc ca ch mc ng vi s ngy trong nm,C hai tham s ny cn phi c la chn cn thn cho s lng s kin trn mt trang l nh (gn vi 0 hoc 1). 3. Cu trc cy: Cc cu trc d liu hnh cy cng c s dng trong phng php m phng cc tp s kin. Thng l cc cy nh phn do thi gian tm kim n s kin l log2n. Trng hp c bit ca cy nh phn l heap, trong mi s kin c lu li nh l mt node ca cy nh phn. Mi node c th c ti 2 nhnh con, v thi gian cho mi s kin mi node nh hn thi gian mi nhnh con ca n. iu ngha l s kin gc c thi gian sm nht. u im ca cc heap l cy c th c lu trong mt ma trn (ngc vi danh sch lin kt) bng vic t gc ti v tr 1 ca ma trn v cc nhnh con ti v tr 2 v 3. Cc node s kin tip theo nm v tr 4, 5, 6, 7 ca m trn, v c th, nh hnh 2.xyz3. im giao nhau ca heap rt n gian v rt d tm ra node cha v noed con ca mt node bt k. Hai nhnh con ca node nm v tr i l 2i v 2i + 1. Node cha ca node nm v tr i l v tr [i/2]. y, [.] ngha l b bt ti s nguyn nh hn tip theo. Ma trn c th c sp xp li mt phn khi c thm hoc loi b mt phn t

Hnh 2.9 Cy nh phn.

Vic la chn cu trc d liu thch hp ph thuc vo phn b thi gian gi s kin v s lng s kin trong tp s kin tng lai. N cng ph thuc vo mc rng buc m cu trc d liu c th c thc hin trong mt ngn ng lp trnh cho trc. Danh sch c lin kt n gin c coi l mt thay th c hiu qu trong trng hp s lng s kin t (t hn 20 s kin). i vi cc tp c kch c 20 n 120, danh sch tuyn tnh ch mc l la chn ph nht, i vi nhng tp ln hn heap c coi l c hiu qu nht.

29

Chng 3: S hot ng ca chng trnh m phng s kin ri rc Tc gi: Thomas J. Schiriber, Daniek T. Brunner Ngi dch: L Th Nga, Trnh Vit Thi, Trn Diu Linh, Nguyn Minh Nguyt, H Tt Thnh, ng Thanh Chng, V Thy Vn, Nguyn Thnh t Bin tp: Nguyn Nam Hong 3.1- Gii thiu Cch tip cn kiu black box thng c s dng trong ging dy v hc phn mm m phng cc s kin ri rc. Cc c tnh bn ngoi ca phn mm ny c nghin cu, nhng c s m phn mm da trn hu nh b b qua hoc nu c cp n th cng ch mc s lc. S tng ng gia c s l thuyt v qu trnh thc hin ca phn mm c th khng c nghin cu ht v lin quan n vic tng bc thc hin m hnh. Do ngi thit k m hnh c l khng th tm ra nhng cch pht trin hng tip cn i vi cc tnh hung to m hnh phc tp, khng th s dng hiu qu cc cng c tng h hiu r nhng nguyn nhn gy li pht sinh trong qu trnh pht trin m hnh, v cng ko th s dng cc cng c tng h kim tra li xem logic h thng phc tp c c tun theo mt cch chnh xc trong mt m hnh hay khng. Mc ch ca chng l mang n cch hiu tt nht nhng c im ca m phng s kin ri rc v thc y ngi s dng nghin cu cch thc hin nhng c tnh trong phn mm m phng h s dng. Kt qu l s tng cng tnh hiu qu m nh n ngi s dng c th xy dng, kim tra, v s dng cc m hnh m phng s kin ri rc. Cch tip cn s dng trong chng ny nhm mc ch pht trin mt cch nh gi tng qut v c s logic ca m phng s kin ri rc, gii thiu t vng chung v tng cng s ng h i vi cch nh gi ny. Ba v d v phn mm m phng thng mi (SIMAN vi ngn ng m phng c vit trong ARENA; ProModel; v GPSS/H) c tho lun theo cch nh gi tng quan ny. S khc bit gia ba phn mm ny trong trong mt vi tnh hung c m t nu bt s cn thit phi hiu cc c tnh ca phn mm m phng. Mc 3.2 tho lun v cch nh gi lung lu lng v bn cht ca m phng s kin ri rc, bao gm n v lu lng (unit of traffic), s kin (event), v thi im s kin ng nht (identical event times). Tho lun ny tip tc mc 3.3 vi thc th (entities), ti nguyn (resource), phn t iu khin (control elements) , s hot ng, v s tm tt v m hnh thc hin (mc 3.4). Mc 3.5 v mc 3.6 nu cc ch v trng thi thc th v cu trc qun l thc th. Cc c ch p ng yu cu logic ca m phng s kin ri rc s dng trong SIMAN, ProModel, v GPSS/H c m t trong mc 3.7. Mc 3.8 bao gm cc v d v v s khc bit trong cch thc hin ca cc phn mm mc 3.7 dn n kt qu khc bit trong mt vi tnh hung m phng. Thut ng s dng chung trong chng ny khng c nhn mnh nhng cc thut ng c s dng bi SIMAN, ProModel, v GPSS/H c vit bng ch in hoa. Bng thut ng chung lin quan n cc thut ng tng ng ca cc phn mm c th c km theo gip phn bit gia cc thut ng c tnh cht chung v ring. 3.2. Cc kha cnh ca m phng s kin ri rc 3.2.1. Cch nh gi theo lung giao dch Khi nim lung lu lng cung cp c s cho m phng s kin ri rc. Theo khi nim ny, mt h thng bao gm cc n v lu lng ri rc cnh tranh ln nhau s dng ngun ti nguyn hu hn trong khi di chuyn (flowing) t im ny n im khc trong h thng. n v lu lng c khi c gi l lu lng, dn n cm t lung lu lng. Mt v d n gin v s cnh tranh ca n v lu lng s dng ngun ti nguyn hu hn l h thng mt server, mt hng nh hnh 3.1. Trong n v lu lng c th hin bng cc hnh trn, hnh vung l server (ngun ti nguyn), v hnh trn nm trong hnh vung l n v lu lng ang c p ng. Hng lu lng i c p ng dch v gi l mt 30

hng i (queue). H thng gm server, n v lu lng ang c p ng v ang i c p ng c gi l h thng hng i (queuing system). Trong thc t, cc n v lu lng c th hot ng trong quy trnh vn hnh v server chnh l my mc. Hoc lu lng c th l cc cng vic in n v server chnh l my in. Hoc lu lng l bnh nhn v server c th l mt bc s, v...v. Mt v d khc v n v lu lng s dng ngun ti nguyn hu hn l h thng mt hang ch v nhiu server ca hnh 3.2. Lu lng i c p ng trn mt hng. n v u hng s i n server ri k tip. H thng nh th gm cc cuc gi n v in thoi vin ti mt cng ty nhn t hng qua in thoi, hoc ca khch hng v nhn vin ngn hng, hoc ca khch du lch v nhn vin lm th tc nhp cnh ti sn bay.
i t ng n i t ng i

i t ng Ha ng i

Hnh 3.1 H thng hng i mt hng i, mt server

c chng 80% n 90% phn mm thng mi m phng s kin ri rc hin ti da trn quan im, cch nh gi theo lung giao dch.

i t ng n

i t ng i

i t ng Ha ng i

Hnh 3.2 H thng hng i mt hng i, nhiu server

Mt dng khc ca h thng lung giao dch l h thng nhiu hng i, nhiu server nh hnh 3.3. y c nhiu hng i, mi hng mt server. n v lu lng i c p ng ti u mi hng. Cc h thng c dng thit k ny bao gm c cc im thu ph trn ng, h thng thanh ton tin trong siu th, v cc sn bay c xy dng hai hay nhiu ng bng (ni m cc n v lu lng l my bay v ng bng l cc server ) hnh 3.1 n 3.3, cc kiu h thng l cc khi kin trc to nn nhiu h thng phc tp hn. V d, xem xt h thng cng n gin trong hnh 3.4. Cc thuyn (n v lu lng) n cng tr hoc bc hng ha. C hai loi thuyn: loi A v loi B. C 3 loi server: tu ko, ch u thuyn loi A v ch u thuyn loi B. Thuyn loi A v B ch c th s dng ch u tng ng ca tng loi. Cc thuyn s dng tu ko di chuyn vo trong cng v vo ch u, v sau li s dng tu ko ra khi ch u v cng. S lng tu ko m thuyn cn dng ph thuc vo loi tu v ni thuyn di chuyn n. c im ca h thng ny l nhiu loi lu lng, nhiu loi ti nguyn, lu lng ph thuc vo kiu lu lng, cc dch v tnh (ch u), dch v di ng (tu ko), v s cn thit iu khin ng thi nhiu loi ti nguyn bi cc n v lu lng (v nh 1 thuyn cn mt ch u v mt hay nhiu tu ko trc khi c th di chuyn lin tc vo trong cng v n ch u). Th hnh

31

dung cc h thng trong hnh 3.1 n 3.3 c th c kt hp nh th no trong trong h thng hnh 3.4

i t ng n

i t ng i

Ca c Ha ng i

Hnh 3.3 H thng nhiu hng i, nhiu server

Hnh 3.4 Minh ha mt h thng cng bin Khng gian thng l ngun ti nguyn hu hn. Din gii iu ny trong h thng nhiu server, nhiu hng ca hnh 3.3, v d, cc my bay l lu lng v server l ng bng (khng gian). Trong h thng cng hnh 3.4, khng ni g v khng gian nu ca cng rng, v d nhiu thuyn di chuyn qua ti cng thi im. Gi thit rng, ca cng ch rng cho mt thuyn qua li ti mt thi im. Nh vy khng gian l ti nguyn hu hn, c th hin trong hnh 3.5. Nhiu h thng lin h ti s din gii lung giao dch. Bao gm cc h thng sn xut, chm sc sc khe, vn chuyn, dn s, truyn thng, bo v v h thng x l thng tin, v h thng hng i ni chung. 3.2.2. Bn cht ca m phng s kin ri rc Mt h thng s kin ri rc l mt h thng m trng thi ca h thng thay i ri rc nhng c th theo cch ngu nhin, tp hp cc thi im c coi nh thi im s kin. Mi s kin l mt s thay i trng thi h thng. V d, gi thit rng, thuyn loi A ri khi ca cng trong h thng hnh 3.5. S ri i ny l mt s kin. iu ny xy ra ti mt thi im v thay i trng thi ca h thng. (S lng thuyn loi A ra khi ca cng tng thm mt). Tng t, gi s mt 32

thuyn loi B ang s dng mt tu ko. S dng tu ko l mt s kin, xy ra ti mt im thi gian v thay i trng thi ca tu ko t trng thi ri sang trng thi ang c s dng. ng h m phng ghi li cc thi im m ti cc s kin xut hin trong m phng s kin ri rc. ng h nh vy c to ra bi phn mm m phng s kin ri rc v thng s ca n c qun l t ng bi phn mm. Thng s ca ng h thay i trong sut qu trnh m phng, ch ghi li cc thi im ri rc m ti cc s kin xut hin.

Hnh 3.5 H thng cng bin vi ti nguyn h u hn Mt vi kha cnh ca ca trng thi h thng thay i lin tc theo thi gian, thay v thay i ti cc thi im ri rc. V d, gi s rng qu trnh x l bc hng ha ln thuyn bt u lc 1:30 chiu, tip din trong 4 gi, kt thc lc 5:30 chiu. Do mc hon thnh (trng thi ca h thng) thay i lin tc trong sut 4 gi. Tuy vy, qu trnh bc hng ny c th m hnh ha bi cc iu kin s kin ri rc bng cch tp trung vo hai s kin ri rc tng ng vi s bt u qu trnh v sau l s hon thnh qu trnh v them vo thi gian tr m phng (thay th cho thi gian bc hng) gia hai s kin. S dng cch tip cn ny, ta c th m hnh ha s thay i trng thi lin tc bi cc iu kin s kin ri rc. Tho lun y ch gii hn trong cc h thng m mi thay i trng thi h thng c th c m hnh ha bi cc kin ri rc. 3.2.3. n v lu lng, s kin v thi im s kin ng nht. n v lu lng xy ra khi h thng cho php hoc yu cu. Hot ng nh vy dn ti mt hay nhiu s thay i trong trng thi h thng (cc s kin). Trong mt h thng cng, mt s kin n xy ra khi mt tu n ngoi ca cng. S kin s dng xut hin khi c mt thuyn s dng tu ko. S kin bt u dch v xut hin khi thuyn bt u c ko vo trong ch u. Hai hay nhiu s kin thng xy ra ti cng mt thi im; l cc thi im s kin ng nht. V d, hai s kin xy ra ti cng mt thi im nu nh mt thuyn s dng mt tu ko v ngay lp tc c bt u ko vo mt bn. y, hnh ng do mt n v lu lng gy ra dn n mt dy hai s kin ti cng mt thi im. ng h m phng vn gi nguyn gi tr, trong khi cc s kin vi thi im ng nht ln lt xy ra. Thi gian thc (ng h tng) tri qua trong khi my tnh cp nht tng trng thi ca m hnh ti thi im m phng yu cu. Cc dy s kin khc xy ra ni tip ti cc thi im sau . V d, gi s rng thi gian n cng gia cc thuyn lin tip nhau bin i ngu nhin v lun ln hn 0. Khi mt thuyn mi 33

n, thuyn k tip n s khng n bn c cho n thi im m phng sau. Mt v d khc, nu nh mt thuyn bt u bc hng ti mt thi im s khng hon thnh vic bc hng cho n mt thi im nh sau . Hai n v lu lng c th tham gia vo nhiu s kin ti cng thi im. Trong h thng mt hang ch, mt server hnh 3.1, gi s rng mt n v lu lng gy ra s kin hon thnh dch v khi hng i khng rng. iu ny to nn trng thi cho mt n v lu lng khc (c p ng tip theo) to ra s kin s dng dch v v s kin khi u dch v. y, mt s kin xy ra do mt n v lu lng to iu kin cho s xut hin ca 2 s kin lin quan khci vi n v lu lng khc ti cng thi im. By gi ta xt tnh hung vi ba n v lu lng to nn nhiu s kin vi thi im s kin ng nht. Gi s rng mt thuyn trong h thng cng hnh 3.4 ang s dng 2 tu ko ra khi cng. Khi thuyn kt thc qu trnh ny gy ra s kin hon thnh dch v, thay i trng thi ca hai tu ko t ang s dng thnh ri. Nu c hai thuyn khc ang yu cu mt tu ko, th ba n v lu lng ny c th gy ra nhiu s kin thi gian ng nht (kt thc dt; sau mt tu ko c s dng, c th theo sau bi cc s kin khi to dch v; sau tu ko khc c s dng v cng c th c hai tu ko c s dng ng thi)

Hnh 3.6 Thi gian thc (theo ng h thc- real time) vs th i gian m phng (simulated time) ng h m phng vn khng thay i cc gi tr trong khi cc s kin c thi im s kin ng nht c thc hin ln lt. S kin u tin xut hin, sau n s kin th hai v c th tip tc. Thc t l thi gian thc tri qua ti cng thi gian m phng c nh trong khi my tnh lm vic ln lt vi nhiu n v lu lng, v thc hin ln lt nhiu s kin, c minh ha trong hnh 3.6. Hnh ny tng ng vi m t trong on trc, khi ba n v lu lng gy ra nhiu s kin c cc thi im s kin ng nht. Trt t thi gian thc trong hai hay nhiu s kin xut hin ti mt thi im c nh i khi ph thuc vo logic iu khin. V d nh i tng ch tip theo khng th s dng server cho n khi i tng s dng trc t server vo trng thi ri, v vy s kin server ri xy ra trc s kin s dng sever sau . Tng t nh vy, mt thuyn khng th bt u qu trnh cp bn cho n khi n ginh c tu ko. y, logic iu khin cc dy s kin. . Trt t thi gian thc ca cc s kin c thi im s kin ng nht khng phi lc no cng c iu khin theo logic. V d, khi mt thuyn t hai tu ko trong trng thi ri v hai thuyn khc ang i ginh mt tu ko, logic khng iu khin trt t thi gian thc trong hai s kin ginh tu ko cng xut hin. Liu trt t thi gian c phi l mt vn c ngha quan trng hay khng? iu ny l c th. Gi s rng hai tu ko khc loi (v d, mt loi mnh 34

hn v nhanh hn loi kia) v c hai thuyn u mun ginh tu ko ny. Thuyn hot ng trc s ginh c tu ko tt hn, tu ko cn li cho chic thuyn kia. Mt v d khc bao gm mt s thay i ton cc trong trng thi h thng trong hai hay nhiu s kin c th xut hin ti mt thi im c nh, nhng trong mt trt t thi gian thc ty . Trong h thng cng hnh 3.5, gi s rng mt cn bo ang xy ra, nn khng thuyn no c th ra khi cng. Cui cng cn bo ngt, cc thuyn c th ri khi cng an ton. Nu hai thuyn ang i ri i nhng ti mt thi im ch c mt thuyn c th di chuyn qua ca cng, trt t thi gian thc ca hai thuyn s quyt nh thuyn no s ra khi cng trc v thuyn no phi i ri i sau Phn tho lun trc bao gm cc tnh hung trong cc dy s kin ph thuc xut hin ti cng thi im. Cng c kh nng cc s kin c lp xut hin ti cng thi im. Trong cng hnh 3.4, v d mt thuyn loi A n cng cng thi im thuyn loi B hon thnh qu trnh bc hng. Nu nh thi gian gia hai chuyn hng ca thuyn loi A v thi gian x l bc hng thay i ngu nhin, xc sut m s kin n v hon tt dch v c cng thi im s nh. Nu thi im s kin ng nht, trt t thi gian thc ti n v lu lng c gng thc thi c th c ngha. Trong v d ny, gi s rng thuyn loi A cn mt tu ko vo trong cng v thuyn loi B cn mt tu ko ra khi bn v ra khi cng. Cng gi thit ch c mt tu ko trong trng thi ri. Nu nh thuyn loi A hot ng trc v ginh tu ko, th thuyn loi B phi i. Tng t, nu nh thuyn loi B hot ng trc v ginh tu ko th thuyn loi A phi i. iu c ngha g? Trong m hnh ny c th ty hot ng xy ra. Hoc ngi thit k m hnh c th xc nh r cch hot ng h thng thc trong trng hp ny v sau xy dng m hnh m phng theo h thng thc. Thc t l nhiu s kin xut hin ti cng mt thi im c th dn n s phc tp v logic trong m phng s kin ri rc. S phc tp ny c th c c ngi thit k m hnh v mc cao hn l ngi thit k ngn ng tm hiu v xem xt. Ngi thit k m hnh phi xem xt s phc tp trong cc tnh hung to m hnh c th, trong khi ngi thit k ngn ng phi xem xt bng mt cch tng qut. c bit, la chn v cn bng cc yu t tn ti l do ngi thit k ngn ng. Kt qu l, mc d ngn ng m phng s kin ri rc ni chung l nh nhau, chng vn c mt s im khc bit. 3.3 Thc th, ti nguyn, phn t iu khin v cc hot ng Cc h thng bao gm cc thc th, cc ti nguyn, cc phn t iu khin v cc hot ng. Nhng thnh phn ny c trnh by sau y 3.3.1 Cc thc th Thut ng entity c s dng y nh l tn chung ca mt n v lu lng (mt giao dch). Cc thc th m hnh ha cc i tng chng hn nh nhng con tu trong h thng bn cng, vic ang thc hin h thng sn xut, nhng ngi mua sm ch, nhng my bay ti sn bay, nhng cuc gi trong h thng thng tin vv. Nh chng ta thy, cc thc th thc hin cc hnh ng m lm thay i trng thi ca h thng. Ngn ng m hnh ha cung cp nhng cng c to ra v hy b cc thc th trong sut qu trnh m phng. Cc thc th tin vo mt m hnh theo thi gian chng hn nh nhng con tu cp cng theo thi gian. Tng t nh vy, cc thc th ri khi m hnh ln lt theo thi gian chng hn nh nhng con tu c phc v nay ri khi cng. Trong sut qu trnh m phng s lng cc thc th l ngu nhin. Thc th c cc thuc tnh. Thuc tnh ca con tu bn cng bao gm thi gian chuyn hng n, loi tu, s lng tu ko cn n khi cp bn, thi gian sp xp hng ln tu, s tu ko cn n khi tu ri bn vv C hai loi thc th c trng l thc th ngoi v thc th ni. Cc thc th ngoi l cc thc th m s to ra v hot ng ca chng c hnh dung r rng v sp xp bi ngi thc

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hin m hnh ha. Cc thc th c cp trn y (v d nh: nhng con tu, qu trnh lm vic, cuc gi) l v d v cc thc th ngoi. Trong mt m hnh thng c trn hai lp thc th ngoi trong mi lp c c trng v nhng thuc tnh ring. V d nh trong dy chuyn sn xut, c th c mt lp thc th cho mt s loi cng vic theo n hng no , c mt lp thc th cho cc cng nhn no vv (Mt n hng c th c thuc tnh l k hn thc hin nhng cng nhn th khng c. Mt cng nhn chc chn c thuc tnh l cc k nng nhng n hng th khng). V mt m hnh ho, s khc bit gia cc lp thc th l do chnh ngi thit k m hnh, l ngi xy dng m hnh tht hp l da trn nhng s khc bit. Ngc li, nh ngha chnh thc v cc lp thc th ngoi c th c yu cu trong mt m hnh. nh ngha nh vy ph thuc vo phn mm ang c s dng. i lp vi cc thc th ngoi l nhng i tng da trn cc khi nim ring bit r rng, cc thc th ni l cc thc th n c s dng bi mt s ngn ng m hnh ho h tr cc nhu cu khc trong m hnh ha s kin ri rc. Thc th ni c to ra v thc hin hon ton bi chnh phn mm m phng v v kha cnh ny, ngi to m hnh khng th nhn thy c chng. Ngi thit k m hnh thm ch c th khng nhn ra c rng cc thc th ni ang hot ng trong mt m hnh. V d thc th ni c s dng trong mt s ngn ng m hnh ha to ra vic my mc b hng v sau a my mc ny quay v trng thi lm vic theo yu cu (iu hin nhin l thng s k thut ca vic dng hot ng v sa cha phi c cung cp bi ngi thit k m hnh, nhng ngi thit k m hnh khng phi to ra cc logic cn thit cho vic my mc b hng ny nu nh cc thc th ni c s dng vi mc ch ny). Ngc li, mt s ngn ng m hnh ho khng s dng thc th ni m hnh ha vic my mc b hng. Trong nhng ngn ng nh vy, ngi thit k m hnh lm vic vi thc th ngoi v cung cp r rng nhng logic cn thit mt cch hp l thc hin cc s hng hc ny. V d khc, mt thc th ni c s dng trong vi ngn ng dng mt m phng. V d nh ngi thit k m hnh c th t trng thi rng mt chng trnh m phng s dng sau tm ting thi gian m phng v phn mm m hnh ho to ra mt thc th thc hin iu ny (Nu cc thc th ni khng c to ra cho mc ch ny th ngi thit k m hnh s dng thc th ngoi t c hiu qu nh mong mun). 3.3.2 Ti nguyn Ti nguyn l mt phn t ca h thng cung cp dch v. Cc ti nguyn trn mt bn cng bao gm cc tu ko v nhng bn tu. Ti nguyn trong dy chuyn sn xut bao gm my mc, cng nhn vn hnh, thit b vn chuyn (chng hn nh l phng tin truyn dn t ng v bng truyn), khng gian cha hng tm thi ch ng gi v hng ho c ng gi. Cc ti nguyn sn bay bao gm khu vc xe t, xe but trung chuyn, ngi khun vc, quy v, thit b an ninh, li dnh cho i b, quy lm th tc i my bay, ng ng i ra my bay, my bay v ng bng. Mt vi ti nguyn ch c th phc v mt ngi dng ti mt thi im. V d mt khu vc xe ch c th gi mi ln mt xe v mt cu thang my bay ch c th tip cn mi ln mt my bay. Tuy nhin trong vi trng hp, mt ti nguyn c th phc v hai hoc nhiu ngi s dng ti mt thi im. Mt phng tin truyn dn t ng c th truyn cng lc 3 sn phm t im A n im B v xe but trung chuyn c th ch nhiu ngi t bi n cng vo sn bay. Ti nguyn c gii hn v s lng. bn cng c th c 3 tu ko, 2 bn tu loi A v 3 bn tu loi B. Mt sn bay c th c 3 ng bng, c th c 250 ch trong bi xe. Trong dy chuyn sn xut c th c 4 thit b truyn dn t ng (AGV). Ngi s dng cc ngun ti nguyn thng l cc thc th. Mt thc th con tu cp mt bn tu v ri c th mt cn 1 tu ko a vo cp bn. Mt thc th ang c thc hin chim ch b m u vo ca chic my tip theo, v ri s dng thit b truyn dn t ng a t v tr hin ti n b m u vo. Mt hnh khch i my bay c th lin tc s dng mt xe but trung chuyn, mt ngi khun vc hnh l, thit b an ninh, mt li dnh cho i b, mt quy lm th tc i my bay, mt ch ngi v mt ng ng i ra my bay. 36

Trong thc t, ti nguyn b gii hn v s dng v th cc thc th i khi phi ch i n lnt s dng ti nguyn. Khi mt sn phm ang trong qu trnh sn xut yu cu mt thit b truyn dn t ng, n c th phi ch ti khi yu cu c p ng. Khi sn phm ny thm ch udc a vo b m u vo ca my mc tip theo, n c th phi ch s dng my mc ny. Cc ngn ng m hnh ha c cc c ch (constructs) c dng iu khin cc thc th truy cp trc tip ti cc ti nguyn. Nhng c ch ny sn sng ghi li trng thi ca ti nguyn (nhn ri hoc ang c s dng) v iu kin hot ng (ang hot ng hoc hng hc). Khi mt thc th c gng ginh ly mt ti nguyn, trng thi ginh ly v iu kin hot ng c th c kim tra bng phn mm xc nh xem liu vic ginh ly ti nguyn ny c th thc hin hay khng. 3.3.3 Phn t iu khin Ngoi cc c ch ti nguyn, cc ngn ng m hnh ho cung cp cc c ch khc h tr cc kha cnh lin quan ti s iu khin ca trng thi h thng. Thut ng Control element( phn t iu khin) c s dng cho nhng c ch nh vy. Mt chuyn mch l v d v phn t iu khin. Mt chuyn mch l bin c hai trng thi (Bt hoc Tt). Mt chuyn mch c th c s dng trong m hnh h thng cng bin bo hiu xem liu ang c bo hay khng (Nu tri ang bo, tu b buc phi neo trong bn cng ch cho bo tan). Trong nghip v ngn hng, mt chuyn mch c th c s dng xem liu cc ca ra vo ngn hng kho li hay cha. B m l mt dng phn t iu khin khc. Mt b m c th s dng m s lng cc khi ng c c cc l khoan k t khi my khoan thay mi khoan. Mi khoan c th c thay th sau 100 ln s dng. Thc hin vic thay th ny yu cu lu li s ln khoan. B m c s dng gip iu khin hot ng ca h thng trong vic ny. Cc biu thc s hc c th l phn c bn ca cc phn t iu khin. Hy xem xt mt siu th l mt h thng gm nhiu hng, nhiu server tng ng vi cc ng ra thanh ton. C th c 12 ng ra thanh ton nhng ch c vi ba ng c m ti mt thi im. Gi thit rng nu s lng khch hng ang i li ra thanh ton l 5 hoc nhiu hn th li ra thanh ton khc s c m. Ngi thit k m hnh c th gii thiu mt biu thc s hc tnh s lng trung bnh ca cc khch hang ang ch li ra thanh ton. Mt thc th dng m phng b phn qun l ng ra c th theo di gi tr ca biu thc ny xc nh xem liu cc iu kin hin ti c yu cu m li ra thanh ton khc. Biu thc s hc c s dng iu khin hat ng ca b phn qun l ng ra. Biu thc Boolean (cc biu thc gm gi tr True hoc False vi nhng ton t and, or v not) cng c th c s dng nh l phn t iu khin. V d nh mt con tu khng th ri cng cho n khi n c c mt tu ko cng sut ln hoc (or) hai tu ko cng sut nh hn v (and) khng c cn bo no b. Ging nh ti nguyn, phn t iu khin c th bt buc cc thc th ch i, tr hon s di chuyn xuyn sut mt h thng. Cc phng thc trong phn mm m hnh ha qun l cc thc th tr c tho lun mc 3.6. 3.3.4 Cc hot ng Mt hot ng l mt bc di chuyn hoc mt hnh ng c thc hin bi hoc trn mt thc th trong sut s di chuyn ca n trn h thng. Cc v d ca s hot ng bao gm n hng mi n trong mt h thng x l n hng, vic ginh ly mt AGV bi mt sn phm ang trong qu trnh sn xut, vic chp cnh tay bnh nhn bng X-quang v s vn chuyn mt n v sn phm hon thin ti ni lu kho sn phm. Mt tp hp c th t ca cc hot ng l mt chui ca cc bc di chuyn hoc ca cc hnh ng lin tip c thc hin hoc tri qua bi mt thc th n di chuyn t im ti im trong mt h thng. Mt chui kt hp ca cc hot ng i khi c gi l logic hot ng. V d nh, logic hot ng cho vic tu di chuyn vo bn cng: n bn ngoi bn cng; ginh ly bn tu; ginh ly 2 tu ko; s dng tu ko tin ti khng ngng vo bn cng v cp bn; gii

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phng tu ko; s dng bn tu nhp hoc xut hng; ginh ly 1 tu ko; dng tu ko y khng ngng ra khi bn tu v ra khi bn cng; khi hnh. 3.4 Tng quan v vic thc hin m hnh 3.4.1 Cc d n, th nghim, v s lp li Thc hin mt d n m phng bao gm vic thc hin mt hoc th nghim v vi mi th nghim, thc hin lp li mt hoc nhiu ln. Minh ho nh trong hnh 3.7, c m th nghim, mi th nghim c n ln lp li. Nhng th nghim c phn bit bi cc cch thc trong mt logic ca m hnh v/hoc d liu. S lp li thng c phn bit bi vic s dng cc tp hp khc nhau ca cc s ngu nhin t s lp li ny ti s lp li khc v qua cc th nghim khau. Gi s rng mt d n m phng c thc hin cho mt h thng cng bin nh trong hnh 3.5. Mc tiu ca d n gi thit l nghin cu cc cch thc nhm gim s chm tr ca con tu khi ri bn cng. Gi thit rng hnh 3.5 m t bn cng (3 tu ko, 3 bn tu loi A, 2 bn tu loi B v ca bn cng ch rng tip nhn mi ln 1 con tu) v d liu hot ng sn sng (phn b ca thi gian tu n, thi gian nhp cng v xut cng, trng ti nhp v xut ca loi tu A v B). Gi s rng trt t phc v s dng tu ko v bn tu l tu no n trc c phc v trc. Th nghim 1 nh hnh 3.7 dng cho m hnh bn cng ny (mc ch ca th nghim 1 l ph chun m hnh ny bng vic so snh cc c tnh ca n vi cc c tnh quan st trn h thng thc. V d nh, phn b ca thi gian li cng ca tu loi A v loi B c th c so snh vi gi tr tng ng trn h thng thc). Th nghim 2 trong hnh 3.7 nghin cu s tc ng (da trn phn b ca thi gian cp cng) ca vic ni rng ca bn cng tip nhn 2 tu mt ln. Th nghim 3 nghin cu s tc ng va vic thm mt tu ko. Th nghim 4 nghin cu tc ng ca vic kt hp s m rng cng bn cng v thm mt tu ko. Th nghim 5 nghin cu tc ng ca vic dnh cho tu loi A u tin cao hn loi B khi dng tu ko. Th nghim 6 nghin cu tc ng ca vic thay th ba tu ko ny vi 3 tu ko tc cao hn vv. Nh ngh trong hnh 3.7, mi th nghim km theo mt hoc nhiu ln lp li (ln chy m phng). Mi ln lp li l mt ln thc hin ca mt m hnh m phng trong kt hp logic v d liu ca m hnh cho th nghim ny nhng s dng mt tp hp cc s ngu nhin duy nht cho ln lp li ny. Mi ln lp li thng k c cc kt qu khc nhau. Kt qu thng k c th c phn tch sau mt lot s lp li. Trong mt vi thit k th nghim c s dng k thut variance reduction , tp hp cc s ngu nhin s dng trong mt ln lp li c th tng quan vi nhng gi tr tng ng mt ln lp li cng lc khc. Hn na trong mt vi thit k, ch mt ln lp li tng i di c th c thc hin.
Th nghim 1 (Kh nng 1)

L p l i 1

L p l i 2

Th nghim 2 (Kh nng 2)

L p l i 3

L p l i n

...
Th nghim m (Kh nng m)

...

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Hnh 3.7 Th nghim v s lp li trong thit k m phng 3.4.2 C cu hot ng ca mt ln lp li Mc ny tho lun cc giai on ca mt ln lp li. c th ha, cc vn s c gii thch cho trng hp bn cng hnh 3.4.
Bt u (1) Pha khi to Ci t ng h m phng v 0.0; Thit lp s kin ban u v s s kin (2) Pha hot ng ca thc th Thc hin cc s kin c th thc hin c hin thi Khng tho mn iu kin kt thc Pha cp nht xung ng h Ci t ng h cho s kin k tip s kin sm nht

Hnh 3.8 C cu hot ng ca mt ln lp li Giai on khi to: Lu hnh 3.8 trnh by cc giai on ca mt ln lp li. Ln lp li ny bt u vi 1 giai on khi to vi ng h m phng lun bt u gi tr 0.0 Thi gian m phng s c tnh tng ng vi gi tr khi u ny V d nh, thi gian 0.0 c th tng ng vi thi gian thc l 9h sng trong ngy u tin ca mt chui ngy m phng ca mt s lp li. Khi bt u giai on khi to, khng c thc th no tn ti. Trong sut qu trnh khi to, mt hay nhiu thc th ngoi c to ra v s kin tin n (arrival event) ca chng ngay lp tc c ln k hoch, nh trong hnh v 3.8 (khi 1). V d trong h thng bn cng nh hnh 3.4, tu loi A u tin i vo bn cng c to ra trong giai on khi to v thi im s kin ca vic i vo ny, chng hn nh thi gian m phng l 23.5 pht, s c xc lp. S xc lp ny thc hin bi vic ly mt mu gi tr t phn b thi gian gia cc ln n ca cc tu loi A. y chnh l thi gian m phng tu loi A cp bn tng ng vi thi gian bt u l 0.0 ( thun tin chng ta mc nh n v thi gian l pht nhng cng c th l n v khc tu thuc vo ngi thit k m hnh). Trong giai on khi to, tu loi B u tin i vo bn cng cng c to ra v thi gian n ca n, gi thit ti thi giam m phng l 18.2 pht, c xc lp. Tho lun trn i vi vic to ra cc thc th ngoi trong giai on khi to. Nu m hnh ny cng c cc thc th ni th chng cng cn c khi to. V d nh, gi s rng m hnh bn cng trong hnh 3.4 c xy dng vi phn mm s dng mt thc th ni iu khin khong thi gian m phng v s lp li ny s thc hin ti 43,200 (s pht ca 30 ngy vi 1 ngy c 3 gi). Mt thc th ni c to ra tng ng trong pha khi to. 39

Tho mn iu kin kt thc

(3)

Tho mn iu kin kt thc Pha bo co Phn tch v bo co kt qu (4)

Kt thc

Giai on thc th hot ng: Nh trong hnh 3.8, giai on thc th hot ng tip theo sau pha khi to v trc pha cp nht xung ng h. Mc ch ca giai on thc th hot ng l cc thc th iu kin thc hin cc hot ng ca chng ti thi im m phng. Mt thc th iu kin hot ng nu thi im hot ng d kin ca n bng vi thi gian m phng hin ti. Lu : Cc nhm t nh thi im hot ng, thi im di chuyn v thi im s kin thng c dng thay th cho nhau. Giai on thc th hot ng u tin: Giai on thc th hot ng ny c bt u t giai on khi to ti thi im m phng 0.0. Nu khng c thc th khi to no (thc th ni hoc thc th ngoi) d nh bt u thc hin lc 0.0 th s khng c giai on thc th hot ng ti thi im 0.0. Trong m hnh bn cng chng ta cho thi gian ti ca tu loi A v B ln lt l 23.5 v 18.2 pht. Trong v d ny khng c hot ng no ca thc th ngoi trong giai on thc th hot ng u tin ny. Thng thng, cn c hot ng no ti giai on thc th hot ng u tin. V d, nu nh bng m ca hot ng lc 9 gi sng (thi im m phng l 0.0), c th c 3 khch hng- l cc thc th ang i nh bng m ca. Ba thc th ny s ln lt hot ng trong giai on thc th hot ng u tin. Cc giai on thc th hot ng sau : Hot ng lun din ra trong cc giai on thc th hot ng sau khi thc hin cc giai on cp nht ng h. l do mt giai on cp nht ng h lun a trng thi ca m hnh ti thi im m phng sm nht sau m ti t nht mt thc th c lp lch thc hin hot ng. Trong m hnh bn cng ny, chng ta gi thit thi gian cp bn ca tu loi B l 18.2 pht. Thi gian bt u giai on thc th hot ng l 0.0 (ti khng c hot dng no din ra), giai on cp nht xung ng h thit lp thi gian l 18.2 (thi gian sm nht thc hin hnh ng theo lch trnh: thi gian 1 tu loi A theo nh lch trnh thc hin cp bn sau v lc 23.5 pht. Vy ri giai on thc th hot ng tip theo xy ra v tu loi B u tin ginh ly mt bn trng, mt tu ko ri v khi to qu trnh i vo bn cng bng tu ko. Cc giai on cp nht xung ng h (CUP): Sau khi cc hot ng c th c c thc hin mt giai on thc th hot ng, mt CUP s din ra. Mc ch ca CUP thit lp ng h ti thi im m phng tip theo sm nht m ti thi im c mt hoc vi hot ng c lp lch trc. Thi im m phng tip theo sm nht ny c th l thi im m phng hin thi, ty thuc vo liu hai hoc nhiu thc th c c lp lch ti cng mt thi im m phng ny hay khng v cng ph thuc vo cc la chn bi ngi thit k ngn ng m phng. Hoc thi gian m phng tip theo sm nht c th l thi im sau . (ng h m phng khng bao gi gim gi tr. M phng cc s kin ri rc khng c thit k c th quay ngc thi im m phng). Sau khi kt thc mt giai on cp nht xung ng h, giai on thc th hot ngc thc hin tr li cc thc th iu kin c th thc hin cc hot ng ti thi im m phng mi c thit lp. Sau giai on cp nht xung ng h tip tc thc hin tr li, ri n giai on thc th hot ng tip theo v c th tip tc. im chnh ca mt s lp li vic hot ng lien tip nhau ca giai on thc th hot ng v giai on cp nht xung ng h. Trong sut giai on thc th hot ng, thi gian m phng gi nguyn c nh v thi gian thc tri qua trong khi trng thi ca m hnh c cp nht (hnh 3.6). Thu thp cc kt qu thng k: Mt mc tiu ca m phng cc s kin ri rc l thu thp cc kt qu thng k v hot ng ca h thng c m phng. Phn mm m phng cc s kin ri rc c thit k thu thp t ng nhiu loi kt qu thng k khc nhau trong mt s lp li. i vi cc ti nguyn, cc gi tr thng k chng hn nh s ln ginh c, thi gian chim gi trung bnh v mc khai thc c th c o c t ng. i vi cc hang ch, gi tr trung bnh, gi tr thng k l thi gian ch trung bnh v chiu di hang ch ln nht c th c o t ng. . Ngoi ra vic thu thp cc gi tr thng k mt cch t ng, phn mm m phng cng cung cp cng c ngi lm m phng c th thu thp chng mt cch ty . 40

S theo di v ghi li cc gi tr thng k thng c thc hin trong giai on thc th hot ng (theo cch t ng bng phn mm hoc v ty ngi dung). Kt qu c s dng trong bo co cui cng ca s lp li. Kt thc mt ln lp li: Khi mt ln lp li c thc hin, mt iu kin kt thc thong xy ra trong giai on thc th hot ng hoc trong giai on cp nht xung ng h. iu kin kt thc c th da vo thi gian (v d, bn cng hot ng 3 gi) hoc theo s lng m c (v d, l hng sn xut gm 500 sn phm) hoc c th nhiu yu t khc (v d, ngn hng m ca vo bui sng, ng ca vo bui chiu v tt c cc khch hng c mt trong ngn hang khi ca ng c phc v xong). iu kin kt thc c th xy ra hoc giai on thc th hot ng hoc giai on cp nht xung ng h. Sau giai on bo co c thc hin v kt thc ln lp li ny. Trng thi ca m hnh c m t khi kt thc ln lp li ny. Chng hn nh m t gi tr ca ng h m phng, s lng cc thc th khc nhau dung trong m hnh, s thc th hin ti trong m hnh. Cc kt qu thng k ca ln lp li ny thng di dng cc bo co, bao gm kt qu thng k v ti nguyn v hang ch. 3.5. Cc trng thi ca thc th Mt thc th c to ra thi im c m phng, hot ng trong mt m hnh trong khi thi gian m phng tng ln v sau c hy i. Trong chu trnh tn ti ca n, thc th thay i t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc, thng nhiu ln i qua cc trng thi khc nhau trc khi b hy. ( khng phi l yu cu bt buc, tuy nhin, thc th cui cng s b hy. Mt vi thc th c th lp li s quay vng qua cc phn ca m hnh vi cc giai on ngng ty theo thit k m hnh). C nm trng thi ca thc th lun phin nhau: trng thi sn sng, trng thi hot ng, trng thi tr thi gian, trng thi tr c iu kin v trng thi khng hot ng, c ch ra trong hnh 3.9. Hnh ny cng ch ra cc thi im to ra thc th v hy thc th, cng nh l ng dn m cc thc th di chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc. Cc ng dn ny c nh s h tr cho cc phn sau. Sau y trnh by ni dung v trng thi sn sng, trng thi hot ng, trng thi tr thi gian, trng thi tr c iu kin v trng thi khng hot ng cng nh v vic to v hy thc th. 3.5.1. Trng thi hot ng C th ch c mt thc th di chuyn ti mt thi im bt k tnh theo ng h thi gian thc. Trng thi hot ng l trng thi ca thc th hin ti ang di chuyn. Thc th trng thi hot ng (thc th hot ng) di chuyn khng ngng n khi n b tr, hoc b hy, hoc to trng thi kch hot cho mt vi thc th khc trc khi tr li trng thi kch hot ca n ti cng thi gian m phng. Thi gian m phng gi nguyn trong khi mt thc th trng thi hot ng. Nu thc th hot ng ny b tr, n chuyn t trng thi hot ng n mt trong ba trng thi tr thay th khc: trng thi tr thi gian (ng s 5 trong hnh 3.9), trng thi tr iu kin (ng s 7), hoc trng thi khng hot ng (ng s 9). Nu thc th hot ng ny to ra mt s di chuyn m gy ra vic hy b chnh n (ng s 11 trong hnh 3.9), n s c xa ngay lp tc trong m hnh v khng cn tn ti. Trong mt vi m hnh, thc th hot ng ny c th tm thi ri trng thi hot ng v sau n s tr li trng thi hot ng sau ti cng thi im m phng. Mc ch ca trng hp ny l cho mt hoc nhiu thc th khc tri qua trng thi hot ng ny hon thnh mt hoc nhiu nhim v trc khi thc th khi to ny mt ln na tr li trng thi hot ng ca chnh bn thn n ti cng thi im m phng. Thc th khi to ny thc hin vic tm ngng trng thi hot ng ny bng vic di chuyn t trng thi hot ng v trng thi sn sng (ng s 4 hnh 3.9).

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(1)

T o th c th (5)

(2)

(6) Tr ng thi tr thi gian

(3) Tr ng thi s n sng Tr ng thi kch ho t (7) Tr ng thi tr i u ki n

(8)

(4)

(11) (9) Tr ng thi ng ng (10)

H y th c th

Hnh 3.9 Cc trng thi ca thc th v cc ng di chuyn 3.5.2. Trng thi sn sng Ti thi im m phng no , c th c nhiu hn mt thc th sn sng di chuyn, nhng ch c mt thc th ti mt thi im c th trong trng thi hot ng. Nu c hai hoc nhiu thc th mun di chuyn ti thi im m phng c thit lp, ch c mt thc th phi ch n lt vo trng thi hot ng ti thi im m phng hin ti. Thi gian m phng gi nguyn khi mt thc th ang trong trng thi sn sng. C mt s ng trong hnh 3.9 m cc thc th c th di chuyn sang trng thi sn sng. V d: vic di chuyn t cc trng thi tr thi gian, tr c iu kin, v trng thi khng hot ng lun ti trng thi sn sng (cc ng theo th t 6, 8, 10). Trong s cc kh nng , vic di chuyn t trng thi tr thi gian v tr c iu kin sang trng thi sn sng xy ra thng xuyn nht. Di chuyn t trng thi khng hot ng n trng thi sn sng t (ng s 10) t xy ra hn, v cc m hnh khng thng xuyn s dng trng thi khng hot ng. ng dn t vic to ra thc th n trng thi sn sng (ng s 1) ch c thc hin bi cc thc th sn sng di chuyn ti thi im m phng ca vic to thc th. ng t trng thi hot ng n trng thi sn sng (ng s 4) l t xy ra nht. Hu ht cc m hnh khng yu cu s dng ng di chuyn ny. (Mt vi phn mm m phng s kin ri rc khng cung cp ng ny). 3.5.3. Trng thi tr thi gian Trng thi tr thi gian l trng thi cc thc th ang ch n thi im m phng no xc nh trong tng lai m chng c th tr li trng thi sn sng mo u cho vic di chuyn tr li. Cc thc th chuyn sang trng thi tr thi gian t trng thi hot ng (ng s 5, hnh 3.9) v t im to thc th (ng s 2). Sau chng chuyn t trng thi tr thi gian sang trng thi sn sng (ng s 6) khi thi gian m phng bit trc ca chng xy ra. Hy xem xt mt v d v s nh hng ln nhau gia cc trng thi tr thi gian, trng thi hot ng v trng thi sn sng. Gi s rng, mt thc th ang m phng sn phm ang trong qu trnh sn xut. Sn phm ny cn c khoan mt l v gi s rng khi thc th sn sang cho vic ny th my khoan ang ri. Ti thi im m phng , thc th ny chuyn t trng thi sn sng sang trng thi hot ng (ng 3 hnh 3.9), ginh ly my khoan v sau chuyn sang trng thi tr thi gian (ng 5), v gi nguyn trng thi ri ch n khi thi gian m phng xc nh trong tng lai khi m hot ng khoan ny kt thc. (Thc th bit thi gian m phng trong tng lai v n ly mu thi gian ca vic khoan l t s phn b thi gian khoan trong lc n chuyn sang trng thi tr thi gian). 42

M rng v d ny, chng ta gi s rng, n thi gian m phng khi cc vic khoan l kt thc. Sau thc th ny chuyn t trng thi thi gian tr sang trng thi sn sng (ng s 6 hnh 3.9) nh l s mo u cho vic di chuyn. Sau , thc th chuyn t trng thi sn sng sang trng thi hot ng v thay i trng thi ca my khoan ang b chim dng sang ri. Gi s thc th ny sau cn c chuyn ti mt ch khc bng AGV v cng gi s rng AGV ang ri. Thc th ny tip tc trng thi hot ng: thc th ginh ly mt AGV v chuyn v trng thi tr thi gian (ng s 5) trong khi ch cho thi gian m phng c xc nh trc trong tng lai khi hot ng truyn ti ny s kt thc. Khi mt thc th c to ra, n bt u s tn ti ca n trong trng thi sn sng hoc trong trng thi tr thi gian, ph thuc vo vic liu thi gian m phng khi n s di chuyn ln u tin bng hay vt qua thi gian to ra n. Nu n di chuyn ln u tin ti thi im to n, thc th bt u trng thi sn sng (ng s 1 hnh 3.9), nu khng, n bt u bng trng thi tr thi gian (ng 2). Cc thc th thng xuyn bt u s tn ti ca mnh trong trng thi tr thi gian. Mt v d v vic to thc th. Gi s rng, thi gian gia cc s kin n ca cc cuc gi thoi n mt nh khai thc mng l hm phn phi m, v mt thc th dung m phng mt cuc gi. Khi mt cuc gi n, thi gian trong tng lai m mt cuc gi tip theo s n c quyt inh bi vic ly mu t hm phn phi m ca khong thi gian gia hai cuc gi. Thc th gi tng ng c to v t vo trong trng thi tr thi gian (ng s 2 hnh 3.9), v ch thi gian m phng trong tng lai c xc nh ti ln di chuyn u tin (n, lm cho in thoi chung). V d th hai v to thc th, gi s rng, khi ngn hng m ca vo 9h sng (thi gian m phng l 0.0), ba khch hng ang ch m ca. Mi mt khch hng s vo trong ngn hng khi ca m. (Trong thc t, mt vi giy s tri qua trong khi nhng khch hng ny vo ngn hng tng ngi mt, nhng chng ta hy gi s rng c ba khch hng u vo ng thi). Ti thi im m phng 0.0, khch hng (thc th) u tin c to v cho vo trng thi sn sng (ng 1 hnh 3.9). Thc th khch hng th 2 cng s c to ti thi im 0.0 v t vo trng thi sn sng. Cui cng, thc th khch hng th 3 cng s c to ti thi im 0.0 v trong trng thi sn sng. Trong sut khong thi gian thc th di chuyn ti thi im 0.0, mi mt khch hng s chuyn mt cch tun t t trng thi sn sng sang trng thi hot ng v bt u hot ng. 3.5.4. Trng thi tr c iu kin Trng thi tr c iu kin l trng thi ca cc thc th m s di chuyn ca chng gp tr ngi v mt vi iu kin. Cc thc th i trong trng thi tr c iu kin cho n khi iu kin tr ca chng c gii quyt. Trong khi tr c iu kin, cc thc th khng bit khi no iu kin tr s c gii quyt, do chng ch trong mt khong thi gian m phng khng xc nh trc. (tri ngc vi trng thi tr c iu kin l trng thi tr thi gian, trong cc thc th ch trong khong thi gian m phng bit trc). Mt v d ca trng thi tr c iu kin, xem xt mt sn phm ang trong qu trnh sn xut (WIP), cn khoan mt l. Gi s rng khi sn phm ny sn sng cho hot ng ny, my khoan khng ri ( My khoan ang c s dng bi mt sn phm khc). Thc th hot ng WIP ny c gng chim ly my khoan nhng gp tr ngi. Gi s rng, n khng c la chn no khc, n s chuyn sang trng thi tr c iu kin (ng s 7 hnh 3.9) v bt u ch n lt s dng my khoan. (C th c mt vi thc th WIP khc cng ang ch s dng my khoan). Thc th WIP trong trng thi tr c iu kin cho n khi my khoan tr nn ri v n lt n s dng my khoan. Ti thi im thc th chuyn sang trng thi sn sng (ng s 8), v sau chuyn sang trng thi hot ng (ng s 3) v sau s chim ly my khoan v chuyn sang trng thi tr thi gian (ng s 5). Nh gii thiu trong cc v d trc, trong mt s trng hp, mt s kin n c th l cho vic thc hin s tr. y l nhng trng hp ca s tr n gin. Nu mt hoc nhiu WIP b tr v ang ch n lt s dng my khoan, th khi ngi thao tc my khoan hin ti t my khoan vo trng thi ri, s kin n ny thc hin vic tr cho sn phm tip theo ang ch.

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Vic chuyn t trng thi tr c iu kin sang trng thi sn sng d dng lin quan n s kin thc hin tr trong cc trng hp ny. Mt v d v trng thi tr c iu kin phc hp hn: hy xem xt mt thc th tu ang chuyn hng ha ti bn cng ri sn sng ri khi cng. Gi s rng, cn tha mn hai iu kin i vi con tu ri khi cng: (1) cn tu ko v (2) thi tit tt. Vn gi nguyn trng thi hot ng sau khi hon tt vic chuyn hng ha, thc th tu ny kim tra nu liu c tu ko no ang ri hay khng v thi tit c tt khng. (Mt chuyn mch on/off c th c s dng nh phn t iu khin bo hiu trng thi ca thi tit). Nu iu kin kt hp ny c tha mn, thc th tu chuyn t trng thi hot ng sang trng thi tr thi gian (ng s 5) vi mt khong thi gian bit c yu cu cho vic ri khi. Nu khng th n chuyn t trng thi hot ng sang trng thi tr c iu kin (ng s 7) v bt u ch mt khong thi gian khng xc nh hai iu kin trn c tha mn ng thi. Trong trng hp ny chng ta c mt v d v s tr phc hp. chnh xc ca tr phc tp khng th lin quan n trng hp ca mt s kin n l. Khi tu ko ri, khng c ngha l thi tit s tt. Khi thi tit tt khng c ngha l tu ko ri. Vic gii quyt tr phc hp kh hn nhiu so vi tr n. 3.5.5. Trng thi khng hot ng (ng ng) Ging nh trng thi tr thi gian v tr c iu kin, trng thi khng hot ng l mt trng thi m cc thc th c t vo trng thi dng trong mt khong thi gian m phng no . Cc thc th trong trng thi khng hot ng ngi thit k m hnh thay v qun l t ng bi chng trnh phn mm m phng. C th nh sau. Cc trng thi tr c iu kin, tr thi gian, trng thi hot ng v trng thi sn sng c qun l theo cc quy tc c xy dng trong phn mm m hnh ha. V d nh cc thc th tiu chun t ng c truyn ti thi im m phng ti trong trng thi tr thi gian v sau vo trng thi sn sng. Tng t, cc thc th tiu chun c t ng truyn vo trng thi tr c iu kin v cui cng t chuyn vo trng thi sn sng khi cc iu kin c tha mn. Ngi thc hin m hnh ha c th thc hin ty nhng b gii hn nht nh V d, trong nm thc th ang trong trng thi tr c iu kin, ang ch mt thit b. Khi thit b ri, thc th no trong nm thc th l ngi tip theo c s dng thit b? Vy th trnh t phc v s ra sao? Ngi thc hin m hnh ha c th dng mt trong s cc trnh t phc v no : v d: ai n trc th c phc v trc, hoc da trn u tin, hoc ai n sau th phc v trc. V d v vic s dng trng thi khng hot ng, gi s mt h thng ca nh sn xut s dng trnh t phc v dng thi gian o hn ngn nht quyt nh cng vic ang i no s c s dng my tip theo. Thi gian o hn l n v o da trn mi quan h gia ngy thng n hn ca cng vic, thi im hin ti (v d: thi im ti khong thi gian o hn ang c tnh ton) v khong thi gian hot ng cn li ca cng vic. (khong thi gian hot ng cn li ca cng vic c tnh bi tng thi gian x l cn li c yu cu bi cng vic trc khi n ri khi h thng khi cng vic c hon thnh). Khong thi gian o hn c tnh nh sau: Khong thi gian o hn = (ngy n hn) (thi im hin ti) (thi gian hot ng cn li) Khong thi gian o hn ca mt cng vic cng nh th cng phi nhanh chng hon thnh cng vic ng vi ngy n hn. Ch rng, thi gian o hn gim i trong khi thi gian m phng (thi im hin ti) tri qua. Do thi gian o hn ca mt cng vic khng c tnh ton khi mt cng vic n my. Thay vo , thi gian cn li c tnh ton sau , ti thi im my bt u mt cng vic khc. Trong khi ch thi im mi ny, cc cng vic tr c th gi trng thi khng hot ng. Khi n thi im my bt u cng vic khc, thi gian o hn ca mi cng vic ang ch trng thi khng hot ng c tnh ton v cng vic vi thi gian o hn ngn nht c truyn t trng thi khng hot ng sang trng thi sn sng, ginh s dng my. 44

Bng 3.1 Cc trng thi ca thc th Trng thi M t Trng thi hot ngl trng thi ca s di chuyn hin ti ca thc th. Hot ng Trng thi sn sng l trng thi ca cc thc th ch chuyn sang trng Sn Sng thi hot ng ti thi im m phng hin ti. Trng thi tr thi gian l trng thi ca cc thc th ang ch trong mt Tr Thi Gian khong thi gian m phng bit trc, sau khong thi gian chng s chuyn sang trng thi sn sng. Trng thi tr c iu kin l trng thi ca cc thc th ang ch trong Tr c iu Kin mt khong thi gian m phng khng bit trc khi iu kin gy nn tr c gii quyt. Khi cc iu kin c tha mn, cc thc th s c truyn t ng t trng thi tr c iu kin sang trng thi sn sng theo cc thit k c xy dng trong phn mm. Trng thi khng hot ng l trng thi ca cc thc th ang ch Khng hot ng trong mt khong thi gian m phng cha bit trc khi iu kin gy ra tr c gii quyt. Khi cc iu kin c tha mn, cc thc th s c truyn t trng thi khng hot ng sang trng thi sn sng theo logic do ngi thit k m hnh t ra 3.6 Qun l thc th Phn mm m phng qun l cc thc th bng cch t chc chng thnh cc danh sch tuyn tnh. Mi danh sch tng ng vi mt trang thi thc th v c sp xp theo th t, vi mt thc th no trn nh ca danh sch v cc thc th khc pha sau n, ti tn cui danh sch. Hnh 3.10 m t mt danh sch thc th khi qut, trong mi mt hnh ch nht i din cho mt thc th.

Hnh 3.10 Danh sch thc th S sp xp th t ca danh sch thc th nu ln nhng cu hi v cc quy lut c s dng xc nh th t v vai tr ca vic sp xp th t trong qun l danh sch. Khi mt thc th c thm vo trong mt danh sch, lm th no xc nh c im chn vo ca n? Khi mt thc th c ly ra khi danh sch, thc th c ly ra t v tr no? Cc thc th c th thay i v tr tng quan ca chng trong mt danh sch hay khng ? Chi tit v nm loi danh sch thc th s c miu t trong nhng phn sau y. 3.6.1 Danh sch thc th hot ng (Active Entity List) ch c mt thc th trng thi hot ng, nh vy danh sch ny ch c mt phn t. Do t danh sch khng c dung y. Thc th hot ng ny di chuyn khng ngng ti

45

thi im m phng cho ti khi n chuyn sang trng thi khc (chuyn sang sang danh sch khc) hoc b hu b. 3.6.2 Danh sch s kin hin thi (Current Events List) Nhng thc th trng thi sn sng c to thnh mt danh sch n gi l danh sch s kin hin ti (CEL). Ci tn ny phn nh rng nhng thc th c trng thi sn sng c chun b sn di chuyn ti thi im m phng hin ti v nh th s di chuyn ca chng s to ra cc s kin (v d nh: s kin n, s chim ti nguyn, s ri b) xut hin trong m hnh. Nhng quy lut khc nhau c th c s dng xc nh im chn cc thc th vo trong danh sch s kin hin ti. Trong mt vi trng hp, cc thc th di chuyn ti CEL, c th c t vo cui danh sch. Trong nhng trng hp khc, cc thc th c th c sp xp vo CEL theo th t gim dn khi m th t u tin l mt thuc tnh ca thc th. Th t u tin c th c gii quyt theo cch chn thc th mi vo trong danh sch di nhng thc th vi vic so khp th t u tin. Trong nhng trng hp cn khc, cc thc th c th c t vo nh ca CEL. Khi ti thi im chuyn mt thc th t trng thi sn sng sang trng thi hot ng, thc th thng c chuyn i khi nh ca danh sch s kin hin ti. 3.6.3 Danh sch s kin tng lai Nhng thc th tr thi gian to ra mt danh danh sch n gi l danh sch s kin tng lai (FEL). Ci tn ny phn nh rng nhng thc th ny s khng c gng di chuyn na cho ti khi n thi im m phng no trong tng lai c bit trc. Danh sch nhng bin c tng lai l mt kiu sp xp theo kiu t trn xung (top - down) theo s tng dn ca thi gian di chuyn ca thc th. (Thi gian di chuyn ca thc th l thi gian c m phng ti thc th s th to ra s di chuyn tip ca mnh hoc to ra mt tp nhng di chuyn trong mt m hnh). Khi mt thc th c chn vo trong FEL, thi gian di chuyn ca n c tnh ton bng cch cng thi gian ca ng h m phng vi khong thi gian bit ( ly mu) ca s tr thi gian ny. Trt t v thi gian di chuyn thng c thc hin theo phng thc vo trc, ra trc FIFO. Khi mt giai on cp nht ng h xy ra, thi gian m phng tip theo sm nht (l khi m mt di chuyn mi xy ra trong m hnh) bng thi im di chuyn ca thc th nm ti nh ca danh sch s kin tng lai. Giai on cp nht ng h ny thit lp thi gian m phng bng gi tr thi im di chuyn ca thc th ny v sau chuyn thc th ra khi danh sch FEL v ri chn n vo danh sch cc s kin hin thi. Khi mt giai on cp nht ng h bt u, hai hoc nhiu thc th ti nh ca danh sch s kin hin thi c th c cng thi gian di chuyn. Trt t thi gian di chuyn trong trng hp ny s ty thuc vo phn mm m hnh ha. Mt phng php p dng l mi thc th c cng trt t thi gian ny t FEL sang CEL trong mt giai on cp nht ng h. Mt phng php khc l trong trng hp ca trt t thi gian ging nhau, lin tip hai hoc nhiu hn giai on cp nht ng h v cc giai on di chuyn thc th s c thc hin ti cng thi im m phng. Nhng ngn ng m phng c dng cc thc th ni thng s dng FEL h tr nhng thc th nh vy. Trong , FEL thng bao gm c thc th ngoi v thc th ni. Trong sut mt m phng s kin ri rc, phn mm m phng nh vy thng chn cc thc th vo FEL. Nu danh sch ny tr nn di th s tm ra im chn c th lm mt kh nhiu thi gian tnh ton. iu ny thc y ngi thit k ngn ng php trin nhng thut ton c hiu nng cao trong vc tm kim nhng im chn trong cc danh sch. V kt qu l, mt vi phn mm m hnh ha dng FEL khng tuyn tnh (linear), m thay vo dung cc loi cu trc d liu khc. Tuy nhin, thc t ha th chng ta c th hnh dung FEL nh l tuyn tnh. 3.6.4 Cc danh sch tr Cc danh sch tr bao gm nhng thc th trong trng thi tr c iu kin. Nhng thc th ny ang ch cc iu kin gy tr c gii quyt cho chng c th c t ng truyn sang trng thi sn sang trong danh sch s kin hin thi. C th c nhiu danh sch tr trong mt m 46

hnh, mt (hoc nhiu) danh sch cho mi iu kin gy ra s tr. iu ny tri ngc vi s tn ti duy nht mt danh sch trng thi hot ng, danh sch s kin hin thi, v danh sch s kin tng lai. V d nh trong h thng cng hnh 3.4, c th l mt danh sch tr bao gm nhng chic thuyn kiu A ch ch cp bn kiu A; danh sch khc bao gm cc kiu B ch ch cp bn kiu B; v danh sch khc bao gm nhng tu kiu A v B ang ch mt hay nhiu tu ko. Khi mt thc th c chn vo mt danh sch tr, v tr ca n bng c xc nh bng vic s dng mt tiu chun xp hng to bi ngi xy dng m hnh. C th c cc la chn khc nhau. Danh sch tr c trng bng danh sch c sp xp FIFO (vo trc, ra trc); hoc LIFO (vo sau, ra trc); hoc c sp xp theo kiu tng dn hoc gim dn da trn mt thuc tnh ca thc th do ngi dng thit lp hoc mt biu thc s hc. Tt nhin l mi mt phng thc sp xp u c cc tc ng i vi th t ly cc thc th ang ch ra khi danh sch tr v c t vo trong trng thi sn sng vo danh sch s kin hin ti. Khi mt iu kin gy ra tr c gii quyt, thc th c xp hng cao nht trong danh sch tr tng ng s c phn mm t ng chuyn thnh trng thi sn sng thuc danh sch s kin hin thi. 3.6.5 Thi gian i lin kt v thi gian thm d C hai phng php c th c phn mm m phng s dng di chuyn t ng mt thc th ra khi cc danh sch tr. Nu s tr c th d dng c gn vi mt s kin n m c th la b s tr ny th phng php thi gian i lin kt c th c s dng qun l danh sch tr. V d, gi s rng trng thi ca my chim gi thay i t trng thi b chim gi sang trng thi ri. phn ng trc tip ti s thay i ny ca trng thi my, phn mm c th di chuyn thc th ang ch xp hng cao nht ra khi danh sch tr tng ng v t n vo trng thi sn sng trong danh sch s kin hin thi. (thc th ny s l thc th tip theo s dng my.) Trong mt vi trng hp, gii php cho s tr c th th yu cu hai hoc nhiu hn s kin c bit xut hin trong mt m hnh. Vic xy ra mt trong s nhng s kin khng nht thit c nghi rng vn tr c gii quyt. Cc iu kin cn c m bo chuyn mt thc th t danh sch tr sang trng thi sn sng, do khng th ch n gin l c lin quan ti vic xy ra mt s kin n. Trong nhng trng hp ny phng php thi gian thm d c th c s dng qun l cc thc th tr. Trong phng php thi gian thm d, mt thc th khng c chuyn t mt danh sch tr ngay khi xut hin mt s kin n. Thay vo , phn mm m phng kim tra ln cui cng (vi thi gian thc sau , nhng cng thi gian m phng) xem liu s kt hp cc iu kin xy n cha nhm bo m vic chuyn mt hay nhiu thc th tr t trng thi tr sang trng thi sn sng trn danh sch s kin hin thi. Mt v d cho phng php thi gian thm d: xem xt mt cng bin trong mt tu khng th di chuyn vo trong mt ch cp bn ti khi c mt bn ri v mt tu ko cng trng thi rnh ri. (gi thit rng bn cng ny c qun l theo cch: trc tin tu khng ngh mt bn trng v sau s hi xem c tu ko no khng, m tu ch i cho ti khi c bn v tu ko u ng thi rnh ri trc khi ngh mt trong s chng. Ch rng iu kin logic y l: ch cho ti khi mt bn v mt tu ko cng rnh ri. S thay i trng thi mt bn sang rnh ri khng nht thit trit tiu s tr. S thay i trng thi ca tu ko sang rnh ri cng khng nht thit trit tiu s tr. Gii php ca vic tr khng th lin h vi mt trong s s thay i trng thi n. V vy phng php thi gian thm d c s dng xc nh xem s tr c c gii quyt hay khng. Thng thng vic kim tra thm d c thc hin thng xuyn v t ng bi phn mm m phng ti mt im no trong giai on di chuyn thc th (chng hn nh khi mt giai on di chuyn thc th ang hot ng). 3.6.6 Danh sch qun l ngi s dng Nhng danh sch qun l ngi s dng qun l bao gm nhng thc th trong trng thi khng hot ng. Ging nh danh sch tr, c th c nhiu danh sch c ngi dng qun l trong mt m hnh. Tuy nhin tri ngc vi danh sch tr, danh sch s kin hin ti v tng lai m c to ra v qun l t ng bi bng phn mm m phng, ngi thit k m hnh phi t 47

to ra cc danh sch qun l ngi s dng v cung cp logic cn thit i vi vic chn thm vo hay ly cc thc th ra khi nhng danh sch . Cc thc th t quyt nh xem c t a chng vo mt danh sch qun l ngi s dng hay khng. Khi ang trong trng thi hot ng, chng thc hin cc nh gi do ngi s dng thit k ra quyt nh. V d nh trong phm v trt t dch v kiu thi gian o hn sm nht c a ra phn 3.5.5, khi thao tc tip theo ca thc th l s dng my mc, n c th nh gi xem my ny ang rnh ri khong. Thc th ny c th chim c my nu nh my ang rnh ri hoc c th chuyn t trng thi hot ng sang trng thi khng hot ng trong danh sch qun l ngi s dng nu nh my ny ang trong trng thi b chim. Ngi thit k m hnh thng c nhiu la chn khi ch r im chn vo danh sch qun l ngi s dng. Nhng s la chn ny l ty thuc vo s thc hin. Phng thc thc hin c th bao gm vic chn mt thc th vo y ca mt danh sch, vo nh ca mt danh sch, hoc vo trong danh sch c xp hng theo xu hng tng dn hoc gim dn da vo thuc tnh ca thc th theo c trng ngi s dng. Nhng thc th trong danh sch qun l ngi s dng khng th t di chuyn ra khi danh sch, v phn mm m phng cng s khng t ng di chuyn cc thc th ra khi danh sch. Vic di chuyn thc th t mt danh sch qun l ngi s dng xy ra khi thc th khc no lm n xy ra. Da trn mt php th cung cp bi ngi thc hin m hnh ha, thc th khc ny quyt nh xem liu c nn chuyn mt hoc nhiu thc th t mt danh sch qun l ngi s dng no ti trng tri sn sang trong danh sch s kin hin thi hay khng. Ngi thc hin m hnh ha linh hot trong vic la chn mt hay nhiu thc th no di chuyn khi danh sch qun l ngi s dng. Nhng la chn n gin nht l di chuyn cc thc th ra khi nh hoc y danh sch. S la chn phc tp hn l qut mt lt danh sch trn xung di, lp li vic nh gi mt biu thc logic c ngi dng nh ngha, nh gi tng thc th mt, s di chuyn mt hay nhiu thc th ng vi gi tr true ca biu thc logic. Gi tr ca biu thc logic s ph thuc vo mt hay nhiu thuc tnh ca thc th hin ang c nh gi. Nhng s la chn m ca ngi thc hin m hnh ha dung c cc quyt nh di chuyn thc th ang trong trng thi khng hot ng, ph thuc vo s thc hin phn mm m phng. 3.6.7 Tng kt v cc danh sch c s dng qun l thc th Nhng trng thi thc th khc nhau v nhng tn chung c a ra cc danh sch c s dng qun l cc thc th trong nhng trng thi c tng kt trong bng 3.2 Bng 3.2 Cc trng thi thc th v danh sch thc th i km Trng thi thc th Tn chung ca danh sch thc th Ch thch Hot ng None Ti a l mt thc th hot ng Sn sng Danh sch s kin hin thi Ch c mt danh sch Tr thi gian Danh sch s kin tng lai Ch c mt danh sch Tr c iu kin Danh sch tr C nhiu danh sch Khng hot ng Danh sch qun l ngi dng C nhiu danh sch 3.7 Trin khai vi 3 trng hp phn mm m phng. Sau y, chng ti s gii thiu ba phn mm m phng s kin ri rc gm c SIMAN [Bank95b], ProModel [Benson] v GPSS/H [Bank95a]. Trong SIMAN v GPSS/H c dng chung cho nhiu trng hp cn ProModel l ng dng cho sn xut. Table 3.3 Thut ng dng trong SIMAN Cc cm t hay thut ng chung Thut ng ca SIMAN Thc th ngoi (External entity) Thc th ni (Internal entity) Ti nguyn (Resource) Thc th (Entity) Ko c thut ng tng ng Ti nguyn, khi vn

chuyn(Resource, 48

Conveyor, Transporter) Thnh phn iu khin Hot ng Khi bao vy (blockage) Khi hay cc khi (Block or Blocks)

Danh sch cc s kin hin thi ( Curent Events Chui cc s kin hin thi (Curent Events Chain) Chain) Danh sch cc s kin tng lai(Future Events Cy s kin tng lai (Future Events Heap) list) Danh sch tr (Delay list) Danh sch do ngi dng c qun l Hng i nh, Hng i ni Hng i tch

Giai on thc th di chuyn (entity movement Khng c t/cm t tng ng giai onse) Giai on cp nht xung ng h (clock update Khng c t/cm t tng ng phase) 3.7.1 SIMAN Cc phn sau y bao gm (1) vic tm tt thut ng ca phn mm SIMAN, (2) cc chi tit ca giai on thc th di chuyn v giai on cp nht ng h ca SIMAN v s tng tc ca chng vi s hot ng tng ng ca cc danh sch cc s kin hin thi v tng lai, v (3) danh sch tr v danh sch do ngi dng qun l ca SIMAN Thut ng dng trong SIMAN. Cc thut ng SIMAN tng ng vi cc thut ng chung c a ra bng 3.3. Cc thc th, ti nguyn, cc thnh phn iu khin v cc hot ng. Trong SIMAN, cc thc th ngoi c gi l cc thc th. Cng ging nh s trnh by tng qut v cc thc th, cc thc th SIMAN c dng m hnh ha i tng th ng hay tnh dang di chuyn trn h thng v gy ra s thay i trng thi ca h thng. Cc thc th c th c cc thuc tnh (v d nh mt sn phm ang trong qu trnh sn xut thi gian ti, thi gian cn hon thnh, s nhn dng khch hng v...v ). Nhiu loi thc th ngoi khng c nh ngha chnh thc trong SIMAN. SIMAN dng cc thc th ni qun l s bt u v s kt thc ca thi gian ti nguyn khng sn sng cho s dng (my mc hng, cng nhn ngh vic ---downtime) v cho s chm dt vic chy m phng khi thi gian m phng n nh ht. Cc thc th ni ny khng c tn gi c th trong SIMAN. (Cc thc th ni c c t cc thnh phn c xc nh trong tp tin thc hnh SIMAN bi ngi thc hin m hnh ha). Cc ti nguyn ca SIMAN m hnh ha cc i tng thc hin cung cp dch v vi t cch cc thc th. Cc bng ti (Conveyor) v My chuyn hng (Transporter) l cc ti nguyn dng cho cc mc ch c bit tng ng vi vic m hnh ha s di chuyn ca cc i tng trn cc ng dn c nh v ng dn t do trong h thng. Trong SIMAN, cc khi (Blocks) c dng m t hot ng c thc hin bi hoc trn cc thc th. Cc khi c sp thnh chui theo th t cc hot ng v c kt ni bng cc ng dn. Cc thc th di chuyn dc theo nhng ng dn ny t khi ny sang khi khc, kch hot s hot ng ca khi khi chung di chuyn qua. Mi loi khi c mt t kha v cc php tnh (ton hng --- operand) m cc gi tr ca chng c th ha tng trng hp cc khi. V d khi CREATE c dng to cc thc th trong phn b thi gian gia hai ln to ra thc th (cng vi bin ngu nhin tng ng) c quy inh mt trong s cc php tnh ca n. Khi WAIT c dng t mt thc th vo trng thi tr; n c mt ton hng m t phn b ca thi gian tr. Khi SIEZE c dng bi thc th yu cu 1 hay nhiu n v ti nguyn; n c cc ton hng nhn dng tng ti nguyn c th v s cc n v ti nguyn yu cu vv. SIMAN cung cp hn 40 loi khi. 49

Chui s kin hin thi (CEC) Chui s kin hin thi ca SIMAN c cc c im ca danh sch s kin hin thi c nu tng qut trc kia. Cc thc th trng thi sn sng c a vo chui ny ti giai on cp nht xung ng h, bi vic sao chp trong giai on thc th hot ng v bi s thc hin thi gian i lin kt (related waiting) v thi gian i thm d (polled waiting) trong giai on thc th hot ng. Khi mt giai on thc th hot ng kt thc, chui ny rng. Giai on thc th hot ng. (EMP) SIMAN khng c cc tn c bit cho giai on hot ng thc th. Hot ng ca mt EMP c din t trong s hnh 3.11. Khi bt u EMP trong SIMAN, chng trnh kim tra xem liu chui s kin hin thi c bao gm cc thc th trng thi sn sng hay l mt chui rng ( s 1 trong hnh 3.11). Thng th s c mt hay nhiu thc th trng thi sn sng nm trong CEC khi mt EMP bt u. Nhng CEC c th rng bi v c cc thc th ang trong trng thi tr s dng phng thc thi gian ch thm d (polling wating). Gi thit mt CEC ban u khng rng. Sau khi thc hin bc kim tra ( s 1), SIMAN t thc th v tr u tin ca CEC vo trng thi hot ng ( s 2) v sau a thc th ny qua nhiu khi/hot ng (blocks/operations) nht c th c cho ti khi thc th chuyn t trng thi tch cc sang trng thi tr thi gian (c chuyn ti FEC) hay trng thi tr c iu kin (c chuyn ti mt Hng i ni Internal Queue hay Hng i nh Attached Queue) hoc thanh trng thi khng hot ng (c chuyn ti Hng i tch Detached Queue). Sau khi mt thc th chuyn khi trng thi hot ng, tch cc, CEC c kim tra ( s 4, hnh 3.11) xem liu n rng cha. Nu CEC vn cha rng, v giai on thc th hot ng thc hin vng lp quay v s 2. Qu trnh lp s tip tc n khi CEC rng. Thc th hot ng ny c th thc hin mt khi to ra mt hoc vi bn sao ca chnh n. Trong trng hp ny, cc bn sao c t ngay vo trng thi sn sng v tr u tin trn CEC (trn bt k trng thi CEC no khc) vi th t FIFO. V d nh, nu thc th hot ng to ra mt bn sao th bn sao ny s c t vo v tr u trn CEC v s l thc th sn sng tip theo a vo trng thi hot ng. Sau khi CEC rng (bi vng lp cc s 2-3-4), EMP kim tra xem c khi SCAN no trong m hnh ny hay khng ( s 5). Cc khi SCAN c dng thc hin hin c ch thi gian ch thm d (polled waiting). Khi mt khi SCAN c thc hin, mt danh sch tr tng ng kim tra xem iu kin gy ra tr c gii quyt cho thc th ng v tr u danh sch tr ny hay cha ( s 6). Nu iu kin tr gii quyt xong, thc th ny chuyn sang trng thi sn sng CEC( s 7). Sau khi mi khi SCAN c thc hin, EMP tip tc x l cc thc th trng thi sn sng x l (hp 2,3,4). Giai on thc th hot ng tip tc hot ng nh vy cho ti khi CEC rng v khng cn thc th no c chuyn sng trng thi sn sng bng c ch thi gian ch thm d na. M hnh SIMAN sau c cp nht hon tan ti thi im m phng hin ti. Bc tip theo l thc hin giai on cp nht ng h tip theo.

50

B t u EMP (1) CEC ny c r ng khng No Yes

(2) Kch ho t th c th nh c a CEC

Di chuy n th c th c tr ng thi tch c c cho t i khi n chuy n sang tr ng thi khc (4) CEC ny c r ng khng Yes Cn kh i SCAN no trong m hnh khng No No

(3)

(5)

(7) Yes t m i th c th nh v y ln CEC

Yes (6) Cn kh i SCAN no trong m hnh khng

No i t i CUP

Hnh 3.11 Giai on thc th hot ng trong SIMAN Cy s kin tng lai (FEH). Trong SIMAN, cc thc th tr thi gian (bao gm c thc th ni v thc th ngoi) c lu gi trong Cy s kin tng lai (FEH). Cu trc ny hot ng nh mt danh sch c sp xp theo thi gian di chuyn tng dn. Thc th c thi gian di chuyn nh nht l thc th tip theo c a ra khi FEH khi giai on cp nht ng h xy ra. Nu nh c s trng hp thi gian di chuyn, th th t cc thc th c a ra khi FEH khng nht thit phi trng vi th t khi a t chng vo cy s kin ny. Giai on cp nht ng h (CUP) Giai on cp nht ng h tng ng h m phng ti gi tr thi gian di chuyn ca thc th hin ang v tr nh ca FEH. iu g s din a tip theo ty thuc vo thc th l thc th ni hay thc th ngoi. Hnh 3.12 trnh by s hot ng ca giai on cp nht ng h dung trong SIMAN.

51

B t u CUP (1) nh th i cho th i gian ho t ng c a th c th nh c a FEH

(2)

Lo i b th c th kh i FEH

No (4) Th c hi n th c th n i ngay l p tc

(3) y c ph i l th c th n i khng? (5) Yes t m t th c th ngo i ln nh c a CEC

(6) Yes Th i gian ho t ng c a th c th nh FEH c trng v i ng h khng?

No i t i EMP

Hnh 3.12 . Giai on cp nht ng h Sau khi ng h m phng c thit lp bng vi thi gian di chuyn ca thc th hin ang v tr nh ca FEH ( s 1, hnh 3.12), thc th c a ra khi FEH ( s 2 ) v c kim tra xem liu n l thc th ngoi hay thc th ni. Nu l thc th ni, n s c x l ngay lp tc ( s 4). Nu l thc th ngoi, n c chn vo v tr u (vo sau ra trc) ca chui s kin hin thi ( s 5). Vic a thc th ra khi FEH c ngha l mt thc th no hin gi v tr nh ca FEH. kim tra s trng lp thi gian c th xy ra, bc tip theo ( s 6) kim tra xem liu thi gian di chuyn ca thc th ng u FEH c trng vi thi gian m phng hin ti khng. Nu c, thc th c gii quyt theo cch tng ng (cc hp 2 v 3, 4, 5). Qu trnh lp li ti khi tt c cc thc th c cng thi gian di chuyn c a ra khi FEH. Sau SIMAN thc hin giai on thc th di chuyn cp nht trng thi ca m hnh ti thi im m phng mi c thit lp ny. Hng i nh v Hng i Ni y l hai loi danh sch ca SIMAN to bi cc thc th trng thi tr c iu kin. Cc danh sch ny c kh nng c nh dng vi cc khi nh cc khi Hold (Hodl blocks). V d nh khi SIEZE c dng bi mt thc th chim gi ti nguyn, l mt khi Hold. Nu mt thc th hot ng c thc hin mt khi SEIZE v nhn ra rng n phi i ti lt mnh dng ti nguyn c yu cu, n s c chuyn t CEC sang trng thi tr c iu kin nm hng i ni hoc hng i nh v n s ch iu kin Gi c gii quyt. Nu mt khi QUEUE c trc mt khi Hold, hng i nh c s dng. Hng i nh l danh sch ca cc thc th ang i thc hin khi Hold tng ng. Cc thc th c da vo hng i nh theo FIFO hoc LIFO, hoc sp xp theo gi tr ca biu thc s hc m ngi thit k m 52

hnh to ra. Nu khng c khi QUEUE no n trc khi Hold, SIMAN dng mt hng i ni cho khi Hold . Mt hng i ni l hng i cha c t tn c thc hin theo kiu FIFO. i khi, s thun li khi s dng cc khi Hold cng loi ti nhiu v tr trong mt m hnh (VD: dng khi "SEIZE DRILL" hai hoc nhiu ni trong m hnh). Ngi thit k m hnh c th gn kt mt hng i nh ring r vi mi khi Hold nh th. y l kiu hng i nh khng chia s, do cc thc th hai hay nhiu hng i ang ch cc danh sch tr ring r i vi cngmt Ti nguyn. (Mc u tin ca khi Hold c dng quyt nh hng i nh no s h tr thc th th tip theo chim ly Ti nguyn). Ngi thit k m hnh cng c th t cc thc th tr ti hai hoc nhiu khi Hold ging nhau cng mt hng i nh, c gi l hng i nh dng chung. Thc th v tr cao nht trong hng i ny s chim ly Ti nguyn trc. Hng i Tch. L cc danh sch thc thc SIMAN dng thc hin trng thi khng hot ng. Cc thc th c t trong hng i tch khi chng thc hin cc khi QUEUE vi chc nng DETACHED i km. Cc thc th nh th sau c chuyn t trng thi khng hot ng sang trng thi sn sang bi tc ng ca cc thc th khc. (Cc thc th khc dng cc khi nh SEARCH v REMOVE, hoc QPICK v MATCH chuyn cc thc th t hng i tch sang CEC.). 3.7.2 ProModel Trong phn tip theo ny, thut ng ProModel s c tng hp cng vi s m t cc chi tit ca giai on thc th di chuyn v giai on cp nht ng h v tho lun v ccht hc x l cc thc th tr trong ProModel. Thut ng ca ProModel: Bng 3.4 so snh cc thut ng ca ProModel vi cc thut ng chung. Ni dung chi tit v cc thut ng c cung cp sau. Cc Thc Th: Thc th ngoi trong ProModel c gi l Thc Th. Cc lp thc th khc nhau phi c nh ngha khi m hnh ha trong ProModel. Cc lp thc th ny c gi l Loi Thc Th. Cc loi thc th c t tn ring bi ngi thit k m hnh. ProModel s dng cc thc th ni gi l Cc S Kin Ni v hot ng ca chng c tho lun di y. Bng 3.4. Thut ng ProModel C php v thut ng chung Thc th ngoi Thc th ni Ti nguyn Thnh phn iu khin Hot ng iu hnh Danh sch s kin hin thi Danh sch s kin tng lai Danh sch tr Danh sch qun l ngi dng Giai on chuyn thc th Giai on cp nht ng h ProModel Thc th S kin ni Ti nguyn, vng, node Bin Bc x l Danh sch hot ng Danh sch s kin tng lai Danh sch i Khng c thut ng tng ng Khng c c php Khng c c php

Ti Nguyn. Trong ProModel c 3 khi nim tng ng vi khi nim chung Ti Nguyn: V Tr (Location), Ti Nguyn (Resource) v Nt (Node). Nh tn c gi, V Tr (Location) tng ng vi ni chn c nh. Chng c s dng m hnh ha cc thc nh cc khu vc ch, cc trm lm vic (workstation), cc my mc c nh. Locations cng c s dng m hnh ha bng ti tch ly (accumulating) v bng ti khng tch ly (nonaccumulating). Ti Nguyn (Resource) c th c s dng m hnh cc vn v con ngi v cc thit b. Ti Nguyn c th l tnh, v d nh dng m hnh ha mt cng nhn ng yn iu khin mt my v tr c nh. Ti Nguyn 53

c th l ng, v d nh dng m hnh ha cc xe nng hng hoc cc cng nhn l nhng ngi c th di chuyn t v tr ny ti v tr khc trong mt h thng. Ti nguyn ng (Dynamic Resource) di chuyn qua li trong mng li c to bi cc ng dn (mng li ng dn - path network). C mt vi kiu mng li ng dn. V d nh c mt mng li ng dn trong cc ti nguyn ng phi di chuyn theo kiu hang n. V cng c mng li ng dn khc trong cc ti nguyn ng c th vt qua nhau. Cc nt (node) l khi nim ti nguyn khc trong ProModel. Cc nt l cc im bt u v im kt thc ca cc ng dn to nn cc mng li m cc ti nguyn ng di chuyn bn trong . Cc ti nguyn cnh tranh ln nhau s dng cc nt v di chuyn trong mng trong khi tm kim mt ci g v d nh thu hi ly hoc mt v tr trng. Bi v cc ti nguyn ng di chuyn, thi im chng di chuyn c ngha quyt nh. Bi v chng cnh tranh dnh ly cc nt nn s tr c th c cng c ngha quyt nh i vi chng. Kt qu l, cc ti nguyn ng c v ging vi cc thc th (Trong khi cc thc th l cc n v lu lng di chuyn xuyn qua h thng v l cc ngi dung dch v, th cc ti nguyn ng l cc n v ca lu lng di chuyn bn trong h thng v l cc nh cung cp dch v). Ging nh cc thc th, cc ti nguyn ng c th c t vo trng thi tr thi gian trong khi chng i mt khong thi gian tng lai bit trc khi m chng s n c ch ca chng. Chng cng c th chuyn t trng thi tr thi gian sang trng thi sn sng, v sau vo trng thi hot ng. Do c s cnh tranh dnh ly cc nt, chng cng c th c coi l thch hp i vi trng thi tr c iu kin. ProMode s dng danh sch s kin tng lai (Future Events List), danh sch hot ng (Action List), v danh sch ch (Waiting Lists) khng ch qun l cc thc th m cn qun l cc ti nguyn ng. Cc danh sch s kin tng lai v danh sch hot ng cng c s dng qun l cc s kin ni (Internal Events). Cc phn t iu khin (Control Elements). Trong ProModel, mt Bin (Variable) l mt phn t d liu dng cho nhiu mc ch m gi tr ca n c th l mt i tng ca mt ProModel WAIT UNTIL. Ging nh tt c cc phn t iu khin khc, mt Bin (s dng trong vic kt hp vi mt WAIT UNTIL) c kh nng gy ra tr cho cc thc th. Cc hot ng (Operations) Phn lung di chuyn (transaction-flow) ca ProModel l c to ra bi ngi thit k m hnh, nh l mt tp hp c th t ca cc Bc Chu Trnh (Process Steps) nm trong mt Bng Chu Trnh (Process Table). Mi mt bc chu trnh nh ra tn ca ca mt hoc tt c cc loi thc th (Entity Type) v tn ca mt hoc tt c v tr (Location). Mt thc th di chuyn t mt bc chu trnh ti bc khc trong mt bng chu trnh bng cch nhy n bc chu trnh tip theo ph hp vi loi (Type) v v tr (Location) ca n (lp li vic quay li nh ca bng chu trnh nu cn thit). Cc bc chu trnh ny xc nh r ci m loi thc th (Entity Type) ny phi lm ti v tr (Location) ny. Logic hot ng (Operation Logic) v logic nh tuyn (Routing Logic) l cc thnh phn to nn cc bc chu trnh (Process Step). Mt bc chu trnh c th bao gm khng (zero) hoc nhiu hn cc thnh phn . S cnh tranh gia cc thc th i vi cc ti nguyn khng c kh nng chuyn ti thc hin bi logic hot ng. S cnh tranh gia cc thc th i vi cc v tr (Location) v cc ti nguyn c kh nng chuyn ti c gii thch r rng trong logic nh tuyn . Logic nh tuyn c ng dng sau khi logic hot ng c thc hin. Nhiu khi nim nh ngha m hnh trong ProModel c cc ty chn theo bi ngi s dng v d nh logic thi gian dng hot ng (Downtime Logic ) v logic thot ki v tr (Location Exit Logic). Logic l tp hp ca cc cu lnh thc hin mt cch t ng v s thc hin ca chng c kh nng t cc s kin ni vo danh sch s kin tng lai. Khi c x l, cc s kin ni ny c th quay li danh sch s kin tng lai hoc quay li danh sch tr. Chng cng c th lm cho cc thc th hoc cc ti nguyn ng c a vo danh sch s kin hin thi. Danh sch hot ng (Action List). Danh sch hot ng l tn gi dng trong ProModel i vi danh sch cc s kin hin thi. Danh sch hot ng c th bao gm cc thc th, ti nguyn ng v cc s kin ni (Thut ng phn t - element s c s dng k t y dung gi mt thc th, 54

mt ti nguyn ng hoc mt thc th ni bt k). Danh sch hot ng trng rng khi mt giai on thc th hot ng bt u. Ngha l khng c phn t no trong trng thi sn sng. Tuy nhin, mt thc th, mt ti nguyn ng, hoc mt s kin ni trong trng thi hot ng ti thi im ny. Cc thc th, cc ti nguyn ng, v cc thc th ni c th c t vo danh sch hot ng khi khi phn t trng thi hot ng ny bt u c di chuyn. Bt k mt phn t mi no ca danh sch ny u c t vo u danh sch. Khi phn t hot ng chuyn t trng thi hot ng, phn t ti u danh sch hot ng s chuyn sang trng thi hot ng. y l kt qu trong cch qun l danh sch hot ng theo kiu LIFO (Last-in, First Out). Giai on thc th hot ng (Entity Movenment Phase). Giai on thc th hot ng ca ProModel c ch ra trong hnh 3.13. Mt phn t trong trng thi hot ng khi giai on thc th hot ng bt u (c gii thch trong phn giai on cp nht ng h sau y), v danh sch hot ng hin ang trng. Nu phn t hot ng l mt thc th hoc mt ti nguyn ng ( 1, hnh 3.13), n thc hin cc hot ng cho n khi n b p chuyn ra khi trng thi hot ng ( s 2). rng hp khc, n l mt s kin ni v tt c logic tng ng c thc hin trn n ( s 3) Theo cch khc, mt hoc hn mt phn t mi trng thi sn sng c th c to ra v nh vy s c a vo danh sch hot ng theo kiu LIFO (v d nh mt thc th c th to ra mt hoc nhiu hn bn sao ca chnh n). Trong trng hp ny (la chn no t s 4, hnh 3.13), phn t hin ti nh ca danh sch hot ng c bin thnh phn t hot ng ( s 5) v giai on thc th hot ng c tip tc. Nu khng th danh sch hot ng ny tr nn trng v mt giai on cp nht ng h thc hin tip theo (la chn yes, s 4). Danh sch s kin tng lai (Future Events List). Danh sch s kin tng lai ca ProMode to b cc phn t nh thc th, ti nguyn ng, s kin ni hin ang trong trng thi tr v ch. Cc phn t ny c sp xp trong danh sch t trn xung di theo th t tng dn ca thi gian di chuyn. ProModel lun lun di chuyn duy nht mt phn t t nh ca danh sch trong mi giai on cp nht ng h (iu ny c ngha rng trong trng hp cc phn t c trng thi gian di chuyn, s c hai hoc nhiu hn giai on cp nht ng h v giai on thc th hot ng ti cng thi im m phng). Giai on cp nht ng h (Clock Update Phase). Giai on cp nht ng h ca ProModel c tng hp trong hnh 3.14. Giai on ny bt u bng cch thit lp ng h m phng bng vi thi gian di chuyn ca phn t ti nh ca danh sch s kin tng lai ( s 1). Phn t ny c t ngay lp tc vo trng thi hot ng ( s 2) v chm dt giai on cp nht ng h v bt u giai on di chuyn thc th. Trong ProModel, khng c cc thc th trng thi sn sng khi mt giai on thc th hot ng bt u. (danh sch hot ng hin ang trng). Hn na, nu c 2 hoc nhiu hn cc phn t ti nh ca danh sch s kin tng lai c cng thi gian di chuyn, 2 hoc nhiu hn giai on cp nht ng h v giai on thc th hot ng lin tip s c thc hin ti cng thi im m phng. Danh sch ch (Waiting Lists). Danh sch ch l cc danh sch tr ca ProModel dnh cho cc thc th v cc ti nguyn ng. Mt danh sch ch cho cc thc th c gn vi mi v tr, mi ti nguyn tnh, mi ti nguyn ng, v mi Bin ty theo mt WAIT UNTIL. Mt dm sch ch dnh cho cc ti nguyn ng c gn vi mi Nt. Mt thc th n (hoc ti nguyn ng) c th xut hin ng thi trong nhiu danh sch tr. H qu l ProModel khng s dng phng php thi gian ch thm d gii quyt cc tr phc hp.

55

B t u EMP

(1) Ph n t tra ng tha i s n sa ng co pha i la ph n t n i hay khng

Co

Khng Th c hi n t i a co th ca c Hoa t ng ta i th i i m na y

(2) X ly t t ca ca c logic cu a ca c s ki n n ita i th i i m na y

(3)

(4) Danh sa ch hoa t ng co tr ng hay khng ? Khng Th c hi n t i a co th ca c Hoa t ng ta i th i i m na y Co T i CUP

(5)

Hnh 3.13 Giai on thc th hot ng Thay vo , phng php thi gian ch lin kt c s dng qun l cc danh sch ch cng vi vic ProModel di chuyn thc th ny hoc ti nguyn ng ny khi tt cc cc danh sch tr lien quan sm ngay khi co ch thi gian ch lin kt chuyn giao thc th ny hoc ti nguyn ng ny t mt trong cc danh sch ti danh sch hot ng. ProModel khng c cc danh sch tng ng vi danh sch do ngi dng qun l. Tuy nhin , JOIN, LOAD v SEND l cc logic nh tuyn ty chn s t cc thc th vo cc danh sch v tr ring bit. Ti chng ch mt cu lnh hot ng JOIN, LOAD hoc SEND tng ng c thc hin bi mt thc th khc ti v tr ch ny. Bi v cc danh sch ny l c trng cho v tr nn chng c coi nh thuc v cc danh sch tr.

56

B t u CUP
(1) t ng h t i gia tri th i gian di chuy n cu a ph n t ta i vi tri u cu a Danh sa ch s ki n hi n th i (2) Di chuy n ph n t na y kho i Danh sa ch s ki n hi n th i va thi t l p no tra ng tha i hoa t ng

T i EMP

Hnh 3.14 Giai on cp nht xung ng h ProModel 3.7.3 GPSS/H Trong nhng mc tip theo, chng ta s tm lc v thut ng GPSS/H, m t cc chi tit hot ng ca giai on thc th hot ng v giai on cp nht ng h trong GPSS/H v tho lun v cc danh sch do ngi dng qun l. Thut ng GPSS/H: Bng 3.5 bao gm cc thut ng GPSS/H tng ng vi nhiu thut ng chung khc m c trnh by phn trc. Bng 3.5 Thut ng GPSS/H Cc cm t v thut ng chung Thc th ngoi Thc th ni Ngun ti nguyn Phn t iu khin Hot ng Danh sch s kin hin thi Danh sch s kin tng lai Danh sch tr Danh sch ngi dng c qun l Gian on thc th hot ng Gian on cp nht ng h

Thut ng tng ng trong GPSS/H Lu lng (transaction) Lu lng h thng Phng tin, Ngun lu tr Chuyn mch Logic, Biu thc s hc, Biu thc Boolean Khi Chui s kin hin thi Chui s kin tng lai Chui s kin hin thi Chui ngi s dng Giai on qut Gian on cp nht ng h

Cc thc th, Ti nguyn, Phn t iu khin v Hot ng: Trong GPSS/H, cc thc th ngoi c gi l Lu Lng (gi tt l Xacts). Khng c nh ngha chnh thc v cc lp lu lng. Cc lu lng s hu nhng thuc tnh c gi tr l cc s. Chc nng ca cc thuc tnh ny do ngi thit k m hnh quyt nh. Ngi ta s dng mt thuc tnh lu lng c bit gi l Mc u Tin (Priority Level) quyt nh th t ca mt lu lng khi a n vo danh sch cc s kin hin thi. GPSS/H s dng mt s cc thc th ni gi l Lu lng h thng ( System Transactions). Cc Lu lng h thng c nhim v thit lp cc qu trnh n (arrival processes), h tr mt s loi quan st thng k cng nh cc thut ton x l danh sch c dng qun l danh sch s kin hin thi v danh sch s kin tng lai. Trong mt s trng hp, GPSS/H s dng danh sch s kin tng lai qun l vic xc nh thi gian ca cc lu lng h thng. GPSS/H khng s dng cc thc th ni m hnh ha thi gian ngng hot ng (downtime) ca ti nguyn hay 57

thi gian dng m phng. Thay v , cc thc th ngoi (Transactions) s lm iu ny. Cc thc th ngoi ny s thc thi cc khi (Blocks) (c tho lun di y) thc hin logic ca thi gian ngng hot ng v thi gian dng m phng. Cc phng tin v ngun lu tr dng m hnh ha cc ti nguyn. Cc phng tin (Facility) m hnh ha cc ti nguyn c dung lng l mt n v. Ngha l mt phng tin l mt ti nguyn m ch c th phc v mt lu lng ti mt thi im. Trong khi , ngun lu tr (Storages) m hnh ha cc ti nguyn m c th c dung lng bt k ty ngi dng. Ngha l ngun lu tr (Storages) c kh nng phc v ng thi nhiu lu lng. Trong GPSS/H, chuyn mch Logic l cc bin on/off c dng iu khin. Cc lu lng c th b buc phi ch cho n khi mt chuyn mch Logic nh trc nm trng thi c ch nh. Cc lu lng c th di chuyn tun t hoc khng tun t. iu ny ph thuc vo vic chuyn mch Logic nh trc c trng thi c ch nh hay khng. Biu thc s hc v biu thc Boolean cng c th c s dng nh l cc phn t iu khin trong GPSS/H. Cc lu lng c th b buc phi ch cho n khi mt biu thc s hc nh trc tha mn cc iu kin c lin quan nh trc (hoc cho n khi biu thc Boolean c gi tr thc nh trc). Hoc cc lu lng c th i theo ng dn khng tun t ty thuc vo gi tr ca do mt biu thc s hc hoc mt biu thc Boolean. Trong GPSS/H, khi (blocks) c s dng m t cc hot ng do cc lu lng tin hnh hoc thc thi trn chng. Cc Block c sp xp tun t theo trt t cc hot ng v lin kt vi nhau bng ng dn. Cc lu lng di chuyn dc theo ng dn t khi ny n khi v kch hot s hot ng ca khi khi chng di chuyn. Mi loi khi c mt t kha v ton hng trong gi tr ca chng nu r cc trng hp ca tng loi khi. V d nh, khi GENERATE c s dng to ra lu lng trong s phn b cng vi mt bin ngu nhin ca thi gian gia hai ln to lu lng c nh trc trong mt ton hng. Khi ADVANCE c dng a 1 lu lng vo trng thi tr thi gian v khi ny mt ton hng m t s phn b ca thi gian tr. Trong khi , mt lu lng s dng khi SEIZE yu cu 1 phng tin v SEIZE c 1 ton hng xc nh phng tin cn thit. GPSS/H cung cp khong 65 loi khi. Chui s kin hin thi (CEC): Chui s kin hin thi ca GPSS/H gm cc lu lng trng thi sn sng. N cng c cc lu lng trng thi hot ng. Ngoi ra, chui cc s kin hin thi c chc nng ging nh mt danh sch tr GPSS/HH ton cc, gm cc lu lng tr c iu kin trong m hnh. Cc lu lng ny c trn ln vi lu lng trng thi hot ng v cc lu lng trng thi sn sng trn CEC. Cc lu lng c 1 thuc tnh mang tr s ring bit c gi l Mc u Tin. Mc u tin ca mt lu lng c gn cho lu lng khi to ra n v c th c thay i lin tc trong sut thi gian hot ng ca lu lng . Cc lu lng CEC c sp xp theo kiu FIFO theo mc u tin. Ngha l lu lng no n trc s c p ng trc theo mc u tin. (Chui ngi s dng (c tho lun di y) c s dng m hnh ha nhng th t dch v khc) GPSS/H cng c mt c cu hng i (queue) v mt khi hng i (khi QUEUE), nhng ko ging nh khi QUEUE ca SIMAN, khi QUEUE ca GPSS/H khng thc hin chc nng qun l danh sch. QUEUE ca GPSS/H c s dng vi mc ch duy nht l thu thp cc gi tr thng k. Ph hp vi thc t l, ngoi tr CEC (v mt s danh sch tr bn trong h tr CEC c tho lun di y), khng c thm danh sch tr no trong GPSS/H. Chnh nh c chc nng ca danh sch tr m GPSS/H CEC thng khng tnh trng trng rng khi mt giai on thc th hot ng kt thc. Giai on qut (Scan phase) 58

Trong GPSS/H, giai on thc th hot ng c gi l giai on qut (Scan Phase). Giai on ny chu trch nhim a cc lu lng tr c iu kin v cc lu lng trng thi sn sng vo chui danh sch hin thi. Trong mt giai on qut, t u ti cui ca 1 CEC, cc lu lng c th c kim tra tra nhiu ln. l v khi mt lu lng trng thi hot ng thc hin mt khi m khi ny gii quyt vn tr, cc lu lng tr c iu kin ny c th u pha trn lu lng ang hot ng ny trong CEC. Cc lu lng tr c iu kin chuyn i t trng thi tr c iu kin sang trng thi sn sng v sau phi c chuyn sang trng thi hot ng ri c di chuyn trc khi ng h m phng thay i gi tr. Sau khi lu lng hot ng ny ra khi trng thi hot ng, giai on qut quay li lu lng nm ti v tr u ca CEC v t bt u kim tra li t trn xung di m bo l n s pht hin c cc lu lng bt k no c th va chuyn t trng thi tr c iu kin sang trng thi sn sng.

59

B t u EMP

(1) Khng Co m t Xact ta i u cu a CEC khng? Co (2) Khng Co m t Xact ta i u cu a CEC khng? Co Ki ch hoa t Xact na y , di chuy n no t i khi no chuy n sang tra ng tha i kha c (4) Co Tra ng tha i thay i khng ? (3)

Khng (5) Co Co Xact ti p theo trong CEC khng ?

Khng

T i CUP

Hnh 3.15: Giai on thc th hot ngGPSS/H Logic ca giai on thc th hot ng trong GPSS/H (giai on qut) c th hin di dng biu hnh 3.15. Trong biu ny, cc i tng khc nhau c nh s thun tin cho qu trnh tho lun. Theo , GPSS/H bt u t mt giai on qut (Scan Phase) km 1 s kim tra ( 1) xem liu c lu lng no ang trong CEC hay khng. (CEC c th trng nu giai on qut xy ra ti thi im m phng 0.0 hoc nu giai on qut khi ng li). Nu CEC trng, giai on cp nht ng h tip tc(ng dn no t 1) Gi s c mt lu lng nh CEC. Nu lu lng ny trng thi sn sng ( s 2), lu lng ny c kch hot v di chuyn ( 3) cho n khi n buc phi chuyn sang trng thi hot ng. Sau kim tra ( 4) quyt nh xem liu nhng vic lm ny c th gii quyt c 1 hay 60

nhiu iu kin gy tr hay khng. Nu tr c th c gii quyt, qu trnh qut ca CEC bt u t nh ca CEC (ng dn yes t 5). Nu khng c lu lng no tip theo, lu lng cui cng trn CEC c thc hin v giai on cp nht ng h thc hin tip theo (ng dn no t s 5) Nu lu lng c x l 2 trong hnh 3.15 khng trng thi sn sng, n l mt lu lng tr c iu kin. Trong trng hp nh vy s c mt ng dn no t s 2 n s 5. Mc ch l nhm b qua cc lu lng tr c iu kin trong sut giai on qut. Phng thc thc hin ca GPSS/H, trong thc hin vic gi li cc lu lng tr c iu kin trong CEC v kim tra chng 1 hoc nhiu ln trong sut giai on qut xem liu chng c c a vo trng thi sn sng cha, c ngha l tt c cc lu lng ny ang trong c ch thi gian ch thm d. Chui s kin tng lai: Trong GPSS/H, danh sch cc s kin tng lai cn c gi l Chui s kin tng lai (FEC) . Cc lu lng c sp xp trn FEC theo trt t thi gian di chuyn tng dn. Vi cc thi gian di chuyn trng nhau (move-time ties) th gii quyt bi cch thc vo trc cng s ra trc (FIFO). Giai on cp nht ng h ca GPSS/H ly ra nhiu lu lng t chui s kin tng lai theo trt t t trn xung di nu nh chng c cng thi gian di chuyn sm nht, a chng ln lt vo chui s kin hin thi (sp xp theo mc u tin) Giai on cp nht xung ng h Nguyn l ca giai on cp nht ng h c th hin hnh 3.16. Thi gian m phng c thit lp bng vi thi gian di chuyn ca lu lng t u trong chui cc s kin tng lai ( s1); sau cc lu lng c chuyn t chui s kin tng lai sang chui cc s kin hin thi ( s 2). Thc hin kim tra ( s 3) xem liu thi gian di chuyn ca lu lng u ca chui s kin tng lai c khp vi thi gian m phng khng. Nu khp, lu lng ny s chuyn t u chui FEC sang chui CEC (xem ng dn yes t s 3 ln s 2). Qa trnh quay vng ny lp i lp li cho n khi lu lng v tr u trong chui s kin tng lai c thi gian di chuyn vt thi gian m phng hin thi. Pha cp nht ng h hon tt v giai on qut tip tc (ng dn no t s 3) Chui ngi s dng GPSS/H thc hin trng thi khng hot ng vi chui ngi s dng hay chnh l danh sch do ngi dng qun l ca cc lu lng. Cc lu lng c th c a vo chui ngi dng u, cui hoc sp xp theo th t tng dn da theo thuc tnh lu lng c ch nh bi ngi thit k m hnh. Sau khi mt Transaction t a n vo chui ngi s dng, n ch c th b 1 lu lng trng thi hot ng loi b. Th t chuynTransaction ra khi chui ngi dng c th t trn xung di, t di ln trn hoc c th da vo gi tr ca ca biu thc Boolean xc nh bi ngi s dng. Cc lu lng b di chuyn c a vo trng thi sn sng trong chui s kin hin thi v c bo hiu thay i trng thi bt. Kt qu l, qu trnh qut CEC s bt u tr li (ng dn yes t s 4 quay li s 1 trn hnh 3.15) sau khi lu lng hot ng chuyn t trng thi hot ng. iu ny m bo rng cc lu lng mi ti trng thi sn sng s c a vo trng thi hot ng trong chui s kin hin thi trc khi giai on cp nht ng h din ra.

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Hnh 3.16 Giai on cp nht xung ng h trong GPSS/H

Ti liu tham kho [Bank95a] J. Banks et al., Getting started with GPSS/H, 2nd ed., Wolverine Software Corporation, Annandale, VA [Bank95b] J. Banks et al., Introduction to SIMAN V and Cinema V, Wiley, New York [Benson] D. Benson, Simulation modeling and optimization using ProModel, in the Proc. Of Winter Simulation Conference 1997, La Jolla, Clifornia, pp: 587-593

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Chng 4: M phng s kin ri rc trong cc h thng my tnh v truyn thng Tc gi: Alfred Hartmann v Herb Schwetman Dch thut: Nguyn Quang Huy, Nguyn Hong Minh Phc, Nguyn Thanh Hi Bin tp: Nguyn Anh Tn 4.1 Gii thiu Trong chng ny chng ta s tho lun v nhng k thut c s dng xy dng cc chng trnh m phng s kin ri rc cho cc h thng my tnh v truyn thng. Trong khi cc phng php phn tch nh l thuyt hng i i khi c dng (Lazowska , 1984) v c th cho ta nhng s hiu bit c gi tr, phm vi ca chng b gii hn bi nhng vn , m ch c cc phng php dng php phn tch gii php mi kh thi. M phng da trn my tnh c ng dng kh rng ri, vi tin ch ca cc gi phn mm m phng cng s tng trng nhanh chng ca kh nng tnh ton ph tn thp n mi my tnh, vic phn tch da trn m phng ang ngy cng c v tr quan trng. Ngy nay, hu ht nhng nh thit k h thng my tnh v truyn thng u thn thuc vi ngn ng lp trnh C/C++ v khi nim v cc qu trnh tnh ton. iu ny khin vic m phng trn C/C++ da vo cc qu trnh tr thnh mt la chn tin ch v t nhin cho rt nhiu nhng d n kiu mu. 4.2 Cc khi nim c bn Mt mng my tnh hay truyn thng bao gm mt tp hp cc ngun ti nguyn. Nhng thc th (v d nh nhng cng vic, cc chng trnh, cc nhim v, giao dch, thng ip, v.v.) cnh tranh v quyn s dng cc ngun ti nguyn ny. Cc hnh thi ca nhng h thng ny s hu, t nht l mc no , nhng cu trc i din cho c nhng ngun ti nguyn v nhng thc th. Hu ht bt k kiu m phng ca bt k loi h thng no cng c cu trc tng ng. Trong chng ny chng ta s kho st xem nhng sn phm to nn cc mng my tnh v truyn thng in hnh khc bit nh th no so vi nhng kiu m phng ca cc h thng khc loi. 4.2.1 Nhng mc tiu Mc tiu chnh ca tt c cc d n h thng in hnh l cho ra nhng s nh gi v hiu sut ca h thng. i vi cc h thng my tnh, thng s o lng quan trng nht cn t c l thi gian p ng nhim v. Cn vi nhng mng truyn thng, n li l thi gian tim tng ca thng ip. V th mc ch ca nhiu d n l a ra nhng s nh gi chnh xc v cc thng s o lng. Nhng mc tiu khc bao gm vic cung cp ci nhn r rng v hot ng ca h thng v vic hng dn gim thiu s tc ng ca nhng ng gii hn p ng. 4.2.2 Cc ngun ti nguyn v nhng thc th Nh cp trn, cc m hnh m phng ch yu bao gm nhng thc th (cc qu trnh, nhng khch hng, cc thng ip, nhng giao dch, v.v.) v nhng ngun ti nguyn (b vi x l, b nh, bus ng truyn, cc lin kt giao tip, v.v). Trong cc m hnh ny, c mt vi kiu thc th khc nhau m cng c th c cc mu a dng ca tng kiu thc th, chng hot ng nhng im trng nhau v khc nhau trong thi im c m phng.Trong nhiu trng hp, nhng thc th ang cnh tranh ginh c mt s ngun ti nguyn ca m hnh h thng. V d, trong m hnh h thng my tnh, mt vi nhim v m phng c th cnh tranh ngun ti nguyn ca CPU. Tng t nh vy, c rt nhiu kiu ti nguyn trong mt m hnh h thng. Chng c th c chia ra lm 2 loi chnh : (1) cc ngun ch ng v (2) cc ngun b ng. Nt c th ca chng ph thuc vo vic nhng kiu thc th lm g sau khi nm gi vic truy cp vo mt thnh phn ca ngun ti nguyn. Mt thnh phn ca mt ngun ti nguyn ch ng thng c dng hoc b nm gi trong mt khong thi gian nht nh v sau c gii phng. Cn mt ngun ti

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nguyn b ng th b nm gi bi mt thc th; lc ny thc th x l p ng cc hot ng khc, bao gm c vic ginh ly truy cp n cc ngun ti nguyn khc. Nhng v d v cc ngun ti nguyn ch ng trong mt h thng my tnh bao gm cc b vi x l trung tm, a cng, v cc b iu khin. Nhng v d v ngun ti nguyn th ng bao gm b nh chnh v cc bus ng truyn. Trong mt mng truyn thng, nu cc b vi x l thng ip v cc ng truyn lin nt mng c th c xem nh l cc ngun ti nguyn ch ng, cc b m s l nhng v d v ngun ti nguyn b ng. Cc thc th ca cc m hnh mng ny ph thuc vo cc cp ca m hnh. Vi m hnh mng mc cao ca mt h thng my tnh, cc thc th c th l cc chng trnh hoc l cc giao dch. Trong m hnh mng truyn thng, cc thc th c th l nhng thng ip. i vi m hnh h thng my tnh mc thp, nhng thnh phn c th l nhng ch dn tnh ton c lp, cc yu cu xut nhp d liu, v s truyn d liu n v i t b nh chnh. mt m hnh mc thp hn ca mng truyn thng, cc thc th c th l cc gi hoc t bo d liu. 4.2.3 Ti lm vic Mi m hnh h thng c c trng bi mt mc ti lm vic ca n. y ti lm vic cp n trnh t cc yu cu ca cc thc th i vi cc ngun ti nguyn ca h thng. Vic t c mt c tnh chnh xc v ti lm vic ca h thng l mt trong nhng bc quan trng nht hng n vic xy dng mt m hnh mng hu ch v chnh xc. Vi cc h thng my tnh, nhim v ny, trong mt vi trng hp no , tr nn n gin hn bi s c mt ca nhng cng c h thng c kh nng t ng thu thp cc d liu cn thit. V d, nu cc thc th ca m hnh ang giao dch trc tuyn, th b gim st giao dch c th gi cc bin bn giao dch nhm s dng xy dng mt c tnh dng giao dch u vo. Mt cch tng t, trong mt mng my tnh, l cc bin bn thng ip ca cc nt mng xy dng nn cc bn trch ngang ca nhng lung thng ip trong mng. Nh vi hu ht cc m hnh mng, vic c c mt c tnh chnh xc v ti lm vic ng vi cc nhu cu cho cc ngun ti nguyn ca h thng l cn thit. Vi cc h thng my tnh, iu ny c th gp phi mt s nhng kh khn. V d, mt u vo phn tch cho mt m hnh c th l s phn b thi gian dch v ti mt a, nhng gi tnh ton h thng c th bo co cc thi im p ng ti ny (v thi im p ng hu ch ti a s c th l mt u ra ca m hnh). Tng t, gi tnh ton c th bo co cc k t trn hng truyn n mt a, nhng cng kh tm c s tng quan gia s lng cc k t truyn vi thi gian p ng. Mt cch in hnh, nhng g c yu cu i vi mt m hnh ca h thng my tnh l mt bn m t s lc cc kiu cng vic hay cc nhim v c m hnh ho. Bn m t ny s bao gm mt s phn tng ca cc nhim v theo cc lp khc nhau, v sau ng vi tng lp l mt bn tm tt cc yu cu dch v i vi cc ngun ti nguyn khc nhau ca h thng. V d, mt ti lm vic ca mt h thng x l giao dch trc tuyn c th c phn loi theo cc kiu giao dch khc nhau v s c trnh, v sau ng vi mi kiu giao dch, s la chn cc thng tin sau: S lng cc giao dch ca mi kiu Lng thi gian x l trn mt giao dch S lng cc truy cp a trn mt giao dch Lng d liu c gi li cho ngi yu cu trn mt giao dch Vi mt mng truyn thng, c tnh ti lm vic c th bao gm cc kiu thng tin sau: S lng cc thng ip to ra ti mi nt mng S phn b chiu di thng ip Thng tin v im n ca mi thng ip (v d, khong cch n ch)

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T l cc thng ip yu cu mt s hi m Kt qu cui cng ca c tnh ti lm vic ny l mt tp cc gi tr tham s m c th c yu cu m hnh ho mt cch chnh xc ti lm vic trong m hnh. 4.2.4 u ra: S o lng kh nng p ng Nh cp trn, nhng m hnh h thng thng c s dng t c cc nh gi v thi gian p ng trung bnh ca h thng ng vi cc thnh phn ca ti lm vic. Mt cch tng t, trong cc m hnh mng, nhng nh gi v tr (latency) trung bnh ca thng ip v/ hoc bng thng c phn phi u c quan tm. y, thi gian p ng l thi gian khi mt yu cu dch v c to ra cho n khi yu cu c thc hin . tr(latency) y c dng cho thi gian p ng trong mt h thng ph xut nhp, mt h thng b nh ph, hoc trong mt mng truyn thng. Nhng thi gian p ng (latencies) c n v l thi gian trn yu cu. Nghch o ca thi gian p ng l t l dung lng (v d nh cc giao dch trn mt giy), nghch o ca tr(latency) l bng thng (v d Mbytes/s). Tt c cc tham s trn thng l nhng u ra ca cc m hnh m phng. Nu mt m hnh ang c dng c c ci nhn tng tn v nhng vn hiu sut (ni m nhng vn hiu sut thng c th hin bi nhng khong thi gian p ng hoc tr di khng th chp nhn c), cng nhiu d liu u ra c yu cu xc nh chnh xc nguyn nhn ca vn . Nhng d liu thm vo ny thng cha cc bng thng k v thi gian c dng ti cc ngun ti nguyn c lp ca m hnh h thng hoc l thi gian c dng trong cc hot ng c lp hon thnh mt thnh phn ti lm vic. Trong mt s trng hp, vic chn thm cc thnh phn c bit l cn thit thu c cc d liu cn thit xc nh nguyn nhn ca cc vn hiu sut. 4.2.5 Tnh 2 mt ca cc m hnh Cc m hnh c nh hng theo tin trnh ca cc h thng truyn thng v my tnh c s phn cng cc tin trnh ring bit cho cc thc th m phng. i vi vic m phng h thng my tnh, cc qu trnh c giao vic cho cc ti lm vic (v d c trng cho cc qu trnh ca ngi dng v cc ng dng), v cc qu trnh ny yu cu v gii phng ti nguyn h thng khi n c hon thnh. Trong m phng h thng truyn thng, cc qu trnh li c giao vic cho cc ngun ti nguyn (v d nh cc chuyn mch hoc l cc knh), v cc qu trnh ny nm gi cc thng ip ti lm vic trong thi gian cn hot ng. Nhng s phn cng qu trnh ny nhm gi cho s lng qu trnh trong mt php m phng mc hp l, k t khi h thng m phng gp phi bi cnh chuyn mch qu ti vi qu nhiu qu trnh. Mt l thng thng, n s gii hn m hnh v mi thng ip nh l mt qu trnh cnh tranh v ngun ti nguyn h thng truyn thng, do s lng qu ln ca chng. Nhng kha cnh khc nhau ca cc m hnh nhn thc lm nn tnh 2 mt ca m hnh gia cc m hnh h thng my tnh v cc m hnh h thng truyn thng. Thc th m phng Mc ti lm vic Mc ngun ti nguyn H thng my tnh Qu trnh Cu trc H thng truyn thng Token (cu trc) Qu trnh

Tnh hai mt ny c th dn n mt s khc nhau trong tin gia m phng h thng my tnh v h thng truyn thng, v c l khc nhau v c cc cng c m phng. Cc dch v hng i tng thch vi s ginh ly cc ngun ti nguyn cnh tranh trong mt m phng h thng my tnh c th hoc khng tho mn nhng yu cu ca thng ip ti lm vic thc hin trong mt m phng h thng truyn thng. FCFS (First come, first served) l mt quy lut dch v chung cho c h thng my tnh v truyn thng, trong khi quy lut ln lch ca b x l Round-Robin s gn nh chc chn khng ng dng c cho cc m phng h thng truyn thng. Vic m phng h thng truyn thng c th cn n mt di rng cc trnh t qun l b 65

m khc nhau m c th khng c phn nh trong vic la chn nhng trnh t cp pht ngun ti nguyn hin hu trong cc tin ch m phng ca h thng my tnh. V d, trnh t qun l b m leaky bucket c dng cho b iu khin ngun ti nguyn mng ATM l duy nht trong truyn thng, trong khi nhng phng php kt hp thi hn v sp t cc thng ip t bo theo trnh t u tin dng cho vic gim thiu tc nghn trong mng ATM. 4.2.6 Nhng m hnh hng i tng ca cc h thng Chng ta c th cho rng vic thit k phn mm hng i tng da trn cc quy tc sau: S tm lc(Encapsulation): kh nng kt ni d liu v cc hm ti u d liu v nhng dng tm lc S k tha(Inheritance): kh nng rt ra cc kiu ph t cc kiu tm lc ang tn ti S a dng(Polymorphism): kh nng cho php cc hm kt hp kho lo cc i tng t cc kiu khc nhau m chc chn c chia x mi quan h tng quan cng kiu. Nhng u im ca phng php ny cung cp tt c cc kiu ng dng pht trin phn mm cng nh pht trin vic m phng. Cc thc th m phng c th c gi gn trong cc i tng, cc lp ca chng c th c nhm thnh cc lp i tng c bn v c phn bit vic s dng tnh k tha vo bn trong cc lp con tu bin, v cc hm hnh thi c th c nh ngha mt cch hp l nh cc phng php ca cc lp i tng. Tt c nhng k thut hng i tng u nhm phc v cho vic t chc v n gin ho cng tc pht trin m hnh m phng. Cc h thng pht trin m phng v cc ngn ng lp trnh cung cp cc lp c bn c nh ngha trc cho cc kiu chung ca cc quy trnh v ngun ti nguyn m phng. Chng c th c k tha bi cc lp con c nh ngha mi trong mt s n lc m phng c bit. Cc hm a dng c th c nh ngha trc to nn s kt hp kho lo ng chun trn cc i tng ngi dng, m c th l cc v d v cc lp xut pht t ngun lp c bn. 4.2.7 Trng thi gi song song trong cc m hnh h thng M phng hng theo qu trnh s dng a qu trnh m phng cc hot ng song song trong h thng c m phng. Tuy nhin, vic thc thi php m phng ny c th c chn mt cch tun t vo mt b x l n l. Vic chn lin kt nhn chung c thc hin mt cch tin nh m cc kt qu c lp li t php m phng ny sang php m phng khc. V nh cc dng trng thi song song c cp n nh trng thi gi song song, phn bit chng vi trng thi song song tht, l khng tun t v thng khng tin nh. Trng thi song song tht c th c khai thc pha di mi trng m phng gi song song, tng tc m phng, nhng iu ny r rng trong vic thit k m phng. Trng thi gi song song khng r rng trong vic thit k m phng nhng cng l mt thnh phn khng th thiu. Lu , mt vi ng dng thnh cng ca cc k thut m phng song song bao gm cc m hnh ca cc h thng truyn thng ln. Trng thi gi song song phi cung cp cc tin ch cho cc qu trnh m phng dng khi (tc l vic ch i cc php m phng xong, cc ngun ti nguyn sn sng tr li, hoc mt s kin m phng xut hin). Ti mt thi im hp l trong thi gian m phng ri rc, cc qu trnh phi c tho ri v ti lp li vic m phng. Cc a qu trnh cn mt vi dng truyn thng lin qu trnh c ng b, m c th c cung cp bi cc s kin b sung cc lp ng b, cc tn hiu, cc hp th, cc bn m morse.v.v. 4.3 Cc h thng my tnh Mt m hnh m phng ca h thng my tnh (MacDougall, 1987) phi c c cc thnh phn cn thit ca h thng thc. Chng bao gm (1) cc thnh phn ti lm vic, (2) cc ngun ti nguyn h thng v (3) cc lut h thng ( c th chi phi vic cung cp cc ngun ti nguyn cho cc thnh phn ca ti lm vic). Trong phn ny chng ta s tho lun v cc mc lin quan n vic m hnh ho cc thnh phn trn (Jain, 1991).

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4.3.1 Ti lm vic l g? Cc h thng my tnh tn ti cc thnh phn x l ca ti lm vic, ni m ph thuc cch h thng c m hnh ho, mt thnh phn ti lm vic c th l: (1) cng vic, chng trnh, hay nhim v; (2) giao dch hoc nghi vn; hay (3) cc yu cu vo/ra hoc cc yu cu v mt th g trong b nh chnh. Mi mt loi l mt chui cc yu cu v cc dch v s dng ti nguyn ca h thng. V d, cho rng mt cng vic hay nhim v l thnh phn ca ti lm vic. Mt cng vic (mt chng trnh) l mt chui ln lt cc yu cu v thi gian ca mt CPU (s bng ln ca CPU) v cc tc v vo/ra (s chuyn giao cc khi d liu vo v ra t cc thit b I/O nh cc a). Thm vo , cng vic s yu cu vic s dng cc khi ca b nh chnh. Trong mt s h thng hin i, nhiu cng vic s thc hin cng mt lc, v th c s tranh chp v ngun ti nguyn. p ng h thng (cc thi gian p ng cng vic) phn nh kh nng ca h thng c th tho mn cc yu cu i lp cho vic s dng ngun ti nguyn. 4.3.2 M hnh ho cc thnh phn h thng Cc h thng my tnh bao gm phn cng v phn mm. Ngoi ra cn c h iu hnh qun l vic truy cp vo cc thnh phn ny; n i din cho c ch iu khin nhm m bo s chnh xc v tnh hiu qu trong hot ng ca h thng. Trong mt m hnh m phng h thng nh vy, tt c cc thnh phn quan trng, cng nh cc quy lut iu khin truy cp vo chng, phi c c t chnh xc nu mun t c s nh gi ng v p ng ca h thng. Cc thnh phn phn cng. Phn cng quan trng nht ca mt h thng my tnh l CPU v cc thit b ngoi vi. B nh chnh l im then cht cho hot ng ca h thng, nhng trong hu ht cc h thng hin i, b nh chnh khng ln lm v thng khng phi l thnh phn chnh xc nh kh nng p ng ca h thng. Tuy nhin, vic kt hp hot ng ca b nh chnh ra vo mt m hnh thng khng phi l mt nhim v kh. V mt phn quan trng na thng hay b b qua l vic lin ni gia cc phn cng (gi l bus), thng c dng kin kt CPU v cc thit b vo/ra vi b nh chnh. Vic m hnh ho cc thnh phn phn cng ny l hin nhin v chng i din cho cc ngun ti nguyn tnh. Vn y l phi m hnh ho mt cch chnh xc cc loi truy nhp song song v ni tip c th c i vi tt c cc thnh phn trn. Cc thnh phn phn mm. Cc thnh phn phn mm c th kh c t hn. V nh, mt thnh phn phn mm c th l mt chui di cc hnh ng v cc quy lut hot ng phc tp. Thm vo , mt s thnh phn c cp bi mt nh cung cp th 3, v hot ng ni ti ca chng s khng c phi by trong cc b m hnh ho h thng. C mt lp ca thnh phn phn mm c tm thy trong cc h thng bao gm tt c cc dch v cung cp cho cc chng trnh ngi dng. Mt v d l h thng qun l c s d liu (DBMSdatabase management system). Rt nhiu cc ng dng trong mt h thng yu cu dch v t DBMS. Tuy nhin, cng c nhng gii hn v s lng nhng yu cu m DBMS c th nm gi mt cch ng thi. Cng chnh v th mt server c th b gii hn v kh nng p ng cc cng vic m phi i hi truy cp d liu thng qua DBMS. Cc thnh phn phn mm khc c th tc ng n kh nng p ng trong mt h thng my tnh bao gm cc b gim st qu trnh giao dch, cc h thng truy cp mng v cc server tp tin t xa.

Nu mt thnh phn mng c xc nh c th l mt nt tht c chai v p ng trong mt h thng s c m hnh ho, th mt n lc c bit c th c yu cu m bo rng mt biu din c trng ca cc thnh phn l c gi tr. V d, nu mt DBMS thng mi l mt thnh phn quan trng trong mt h thng, vic m hnh h thng c th i hi mt m hnh m phng ca DBMS. kt hp thnh phn ny vo h thng, b m hnh ho phi thc hin cc bc sau: Thu thp thng tin thm t cc nh cung cp hoc t cc ngun khc 67

Thc hin mt vi nghin cu o lng hp en, suy ra cc c tnh ca DBMS t c mt m hnh m phng tin tin cu trc ca DBMS. Mt kha cnh khc ca cc thnh phn phn mm trong mt m hnh l s quan trng ca cc tp quy lut v qun l v iu khin c cung cp bi cc thnh phn khc. Cc quy lut v quy tc c trong h iu hnh (c nhim v iu khin hot ng ca ton b h thng) cng nh c trong cc thnh phn cp trn. Chng c t s u tin, cc quy tc ln lch, qun l cc ngun ti nguyn, v cc quy tc tho thun vi s xung t v qu ti (v d, chiu di hng i ti a ti cc thit b vo/ra). Ph thuc vo mc chi tit trong m hnh, cc quy lut ny c th l mt thnh phn quan trng trong s pht trin ca mt m hnh h thng chnh xc. 4.3.3 Hot ng khng ng b Nhm ci tin vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn ca h thng, cc h thng hin i thng khuyn khch kiu khng ng b. Nguyn tc c bn l mt chng trnh c th nhp vo cc hot ng vo/ra mt cch song song vi cc ng dng lin tc ca CPU. Mt m hnh h thng phi t c kiu hot ng song song khng ng b ny. Mt b m phng hng qu trnh cung cp mt nn tng cho cc m hnh thc thi m trong cc thnh phn chnh c th hot ng mt cch khng ng b. 4.3.4 Nhng s cn bng: Chi tit so vi gi c Mc ch ca mt m hnh h thng, ni mt cch n gin nht, l to ra cc khong thi gian p ng cho cc thnh phn ca ti lm vic. Nhng khong thi gian ny c th sau c s dng cung cp s c tnh cn thit to ra nhng s phn on v p ng ca h thng. Mt khong thi gian p ng tiu biu bao gm mt hay nhiu khong con, m trong mi khong con u c mt khong tr v mt khong phc v ti mt vi ngun ti nguyn. Mt h thng mc cao ch c mt vi ngun ti nguyn, v kt qu l khong thi gian p ng ch c mt vi khong con. V nh mt m hnh c th thc thi rt nhanh , nhng kt qu c lng ca cc khong thi gian p ng li khng chnh xc. Nhm nng cao tnh chnh xc, cc ngun ti nguyn mc cao c th c nh ngha li cho ph hp vi nhng s la chn cc ngun ti nguyn mc thp hn. Khi lm c iu ny, nhng g trc y l mt khong thi gian phc v n l ti mt ngun ti nguyn nay l mt chui cc khong thi gian phc v v tr cho nhng ngun ti nguyn thp hn. iu thu c l mt c trng chnh xc hn v ti nguyn; gi tr y l s gia tng v s lng cc s kin c m phng, m s chy lu hn vi m hnh c. Mt v d, trong mt m hnh cp cao, mt hot ng vo_ra c th c m hnh ho nh l mt khong thi gian phc v n l. Trong m hnh ny n c th l mt ti nguyn vo/ra n l, v l cc chng trnh ly chng, mt cch lin tip, phc v ti ti nguyn. Thit b u vo/u ra thc t v cc thnh phn kt ni h tr th phc tp hn; vic nm c r hn s phc tp ny trong mt m hnh c th cho ta mt s c lng tt hn v thi gian c yu cu bi mt chng trnh hon thnh cc yu cu vo/ra ca n. Mt m hnh phc tp hn na c th c 1 bus, mt b iu khin, v rt nhiu a. M hnh ny c th x l nhiu yu cu song song v c th cho nhng c lng chnh xc v thi gian p ng ti ngun ti nguyn vo/ra. Tt c cc m hnh h thng c trng cho s cn bng gia s gia tng cc mc chi tit v s gia tng tnh thc thi. Cc h thng tt hng n mt s cn bng gia nhng mc ch tri ngc nhau. 4.3.5 Nhng kt qu ca m hnh Mt m hnh ca mt h thng c th c dng theo 2 cch ring bit [LaKe91]: (1) cung cp cc c lng v cc gi tr u ra cho hot ng ca h thng trong trng thi vng vng v (2) cung cp cc c lng v cc gi tr u ra cho hot ng ca h thng thng qua mt khong thi gian c c t ( v d cho mt php dch 8 gi). Nhng vn v vic cung cp cc c lng chnh xc trong c hai trng hp u nh nhau, cng nh l cc k thut tho mn nhng vn (Law and Kelton, 1991). 68

Cc m hnh ca nhng h thng my tnh c th a ra thm mt vi vn v nhim v cung cp cc c lng ng tin v cc bin u ra. Nhng iu ny xut pht t thc t rng cc h thng my tnh tht c th ln hn v phc tp hn rt nhiu. Thm vo , mt vi thnh phn quan trng l khng c th nhn thy sn, v vic to ra cc c trng chnh xc cho nhng cch hot ng l rt kh. V th vic xc nhn v cu trc v hot ng c c t trong mt m hnh c th l mt tn hiu ngha v s pht trin ca n. Trong mt s trng hp c th t c nhng kt qu u ra cho vic kim tra ti lm vic thng dng tham s ho m hnh ca ti lm vic. Trong nhng trng hp ny, cc kt qu t m hnh c th c xc nhn hon ton. Trong nhng trng hp khc, cc nh pht trin m hnh c th b bt buc phi xem li thit k v vic b sung li m hnh, nhm kim tra tnh xc thc ca cc kt qu. 4.4. H thng truyn thng Mi d n nhm pht trin m hnh m phng h thng truyn thng c th c phn chia theo hai loi hnh cng vic chnh: (1) xy dng m hnh ti lm vic v (2) xy dng m hnh h thng mng. 4.4.1 Ti lm vic l g? V c bn, m hnh ti lm vic ca h thng truyn thng l s m t v lu lng truyn tin trong mt h thng truyn thng. Vic m t ny c th r rng nu da vo nhng nghin cu thng qua vic theo di mt h thng thc bng thit b o, hoc c khi ch mang tnh thng k nu ngu nhin a ra kt qu t mt nhm cc hm phn phi xc sut. D dng no th vic m t ti lm vic cng phi biu th chnh xc lu lng truyn tin trong mt h thng xc nh. Vic xc nhn ti lm vic l qu trnh m bo c tnh chnh xc hp l trong vic lp phn m t ti. Thm ch, nhng m hnh h thng mng tin cy nht cng khng em li kt qu g nu chng c thc hin vi ti lm vic khng hp l np vo, a ra. Vic xy dng v xc nhn ti lm vic l mt phn rt quan trng trong vic xy dng m hnh m phng bt k h thng truyn thng no. M hnh trnh iu khin ti lm vic a thng tin ti h thng truyn thng nhm phn phi chng trong h thng mng. Vn cn quan tm l lu lng thng tin c truyn nh th no trong khng gian v thi gian mng. Mt lng thng tin c th l mt phn ca lung thng tin ln hn vi mt im ngun c xc nh trc v mt hay nhiu im ch. Thng tin c truyn ti ch 1 im ch c gi unicast traffic trong khi thng tin c truyn ti nhiu im ch c gi multicast traffic, cn nu truyn ti tt c cc im ch th gi l broadcast traffic. Khi c gi ti mt hay nhiu im ch, mt thng tin c th hnh thc l 1 mu thng tin, c th c chia nh hay c kt hp thm vi cc thng tin khc, cng c th nhng mu thng tin khc nhau c kt hp hay phn tch nhiu ln trong qu trnh truyn tin trong h thng. Nhng g xy ra vi 1 thng tin sau khi n c truyn vo trong mt h thng chnh l cng vic ca m hnh h thng. M hnh h thng m t loi hnh thng tin cng nh thi gian ti thi im chng i vo h thng. Vi cch hiu nh vy, ti lm vic s chu trch nhim cung cp s kch thch, v h thng s a ra phn hi. Mt phn ca thit k qu trnh m phng l xc nh loi hnh kch thch ph hp nht, qua s to tra s phn hi tng ng. Bi v cc h thng mng thc t thng c cu to theo cc lp cho nn c im ca ti lm vic s b nh hng nhiu bi lp c chn cho qu trnh m phng trc tip. V d, nu ch nghin cu cc mi lin kt vt l th vic kch thch s c biu hin mc rt thp ca tng phn lp (v d nh n v d liu vt l) , trong khi , nu nghin cu vic hot ng ca mt c s d liu phn b hot ng trong h thng , th vic kch thch s mc cao (truy vn c s d liu). Nu lp c chn cho vic m phng cng cao, ta cng phi biu din nhiu phn lp trong m hnh mng, do , vic la chn phn lp s nh hng ln ti vic thc hin ton b m hnh.

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Nu ta ch tnh ton n cc phn lp thp hn trn l thuyt, cn phi c kinh nghim a ra quyt nh chi tit no nn b v phn no nn xut hin trong m hnh. n v d liu logic c th ln hn nhiu so vi n v d liu vt l c truyn qua ng lin kt, tuy nhin cng c th xy ra iu ngc li. Ly v d v vic d liu c truyn qua Ethernet v ATM: gi d liu c truyn qua Ethernet c th t kch thc hng Kilobytes trong khi d liu qua ATM ch mt vi chc bytes. Mt khc, khi so snh lng d liu qua ATM v SONET ta thy rng cu trc SONET c th lu c mt s lng ln cc t bo ATM. Nu s lng thng tin c th gim c 2 bc v ln th iu rt c mong ch nu bit rng vic gim ln nh vy c th c thc hin m khng lm mt i s chnh xc trong qu trnh m phng. Vic xc nh s iu chnh ny c th ph thuc vo thuc tnh hot ng no ca mng l quan trng tnh ton, do tht kh a ra nhng quy lut c th. M hnh ti lm vic tip nhn thng tin vo h thng mng v mi thng tin u phi c cc thuc tnh ch yu sau: Thi gian bt u im bt u im kt thc c im thng tin (kch thc, quyn u tin.v.v.v) Thng thng, thi gian xut pht ( v cung c th l a ch ca im kt thc) ca lng thng tin tip nhn c tnh ton t cc hm phn phi xc sut. ng hn l khong thi gian gia cc im xut pht thng tin ny ti mt thi im xc nh trc c tnh ton bng cc hm phn phi xc sut. Vic la chn chnh xc s phn b gia cc khong thi gian xut pht l mt mt quan trng ca vic xc nhn ti lm vic. Bi v h thng truyn thng thng c phn tch nh l cc h thng ch m hu ht u c x l ton hc vi khong thi gian phn phi c tnh theo hm m. Vic phn phi theo hm m thng c la chn d n khng hn l mt s la chn ng n. iu ny c th ng dng c i vi a im xut pht thng tin l qu trnh Poisson (khng c nh) tuy nhin lu lng thng tin a phng tin a dng nh ging ni v chui video c nn li s ch ra cc c im ca qu trnh Markov. Mt qu trnh Poisson v qu trnh Markov phi Poisson vi khong thi gian chuyn tip trung bnh gia cc thng tin c th mang li cc kt qu rt khc nhau v hot ng ca h thng mng do lu thng b nghn ti cc nt mng. 4.4.2 Mng v giao thc mng M hnh mng l na cn li ca vn , n cng vi m hnh ti cu to nn m hnh ca c h thng truyn thng. Mng thng c th hin l cc biu vi cc nt, v lin kt. cc lin kt nhiu im hay cc bus c th coi l cc lin kt trong cc mng siu biu . Thng thng, cc nt u cui l cc nt ngun v cc nt ch, cn cc nt khc l cc nt chuyn mch v nt nh tuyn. cu trc biu ny tr nn phc tp hn khi tnh n c cc giao thc mng, c bit khi tnh n vic phn lp phn mm nh trong cc cu trc mng ngy nay.

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Hnh 4.1 Cc topology thng th ng ca mng li M hnh tng kt ca cc nt mng v lin kt mng cu to nn topo mng. vic thit k cc topo mng phc tp v c bit bao gm thi gian thit k v thi gian m phng c th s rt t, nhng khng phi lc no cng trnh c. Cc topo mng n gin v bnh thng thng thy c th hin trong hnh 20.1. Khng cn thit c s phn bit gia topo mng logic v topo mng vt l. Nh v d trong hnh 20.2a, mt mng logic vng c th c thit k nh mt mng vt l vng, chui tun t ( xen k hoc khng xen k) hay mng sao. Mng token ring ph bin thng c xem l mng hnh sao, v thit k vt l mng ny theo kiu vng s cng knh v d sai st. S khc nhau gia topo vt l v topo logic c th c hoc khng c ngha. Nu s tr hon tn hiu truyn l quan trng th topo vt l cn phi c ch trong m hnh mng. v d trong mng ethernet thit k theo kiu bus, s tc ng ca cc va chm nhm b nh hng bi v tr tng i v s phn tch cc nt trn ng truyn v bi c qu tr hon tn hiu gia cc u nt. 4.4.3 Quy nh dch v i vi cc b nh m, cc knh v b chuyn mch. Hot ng ca h thng truyn thng c th b nh hng rt ln bi vic la chn cc quy nh dch v. cc quy nh dch v c th thay i v mc n gin ca vic thc hin ( ph thuc vo vic la chn cc cng c v th vin) v trong hot ng tnh ton trong thi gian m phng. Vic cn bng cc yu t k thut c th chng li vic p dng cc quy nh dch v ti u v mt l thuyt, hoc trong thi gian m phng hoc trong vic thit k mng thc t.

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Hnh 4.2: Cc topology logic v topology vt l ca mng li Mt s quy nh dch v ph bin c th p dng cho cc b nh m truyn thng: - First come, first served (FCFS), cng gi l First in, first out (FIFO) - Th t u tin, da trn vic u tin thng ip n gin hoc trn cc thuc tnh ca thng ip (vd thi gian hnh thnh hay mt s tham s cht lng dch v (QoS)lin quan n thng ip, knh hay ch) - Th t ngu nhin, c th l hon ton ngu nhin(phn phi ng b) hoc thin v cc thuc tnh ca thng ip hoc thi gian ch) iu quan trng l FCFS l mt trng hp c bit ca th t u tin, quy nh ny u tin thi gian ch. Tng t, th t u tin cng c th coi l mt trng hp c bit ca th t tin nh, ngc li vi th t ngu nhin. Cc kin trc s ca h thng truyn thng cng quan tm n vic la chn cc th t dch v lm ti u cc tr s mng. do c hot ng ca mng v cc chi ph cho mng u l cc lng a chiu, thng s k thut ca mt tr s ph hp khng phi n gin ( n chiu) Trong mt s trng hp, c mt s th t dch v c chng minh l ti u cho mt mc tiu thit k nht nh, v thng th ngi ta mong mun m phng c hot ng ca cc th t ti u v khng ti u. iu ny c bit ng nu nh chi ph hay mc phc tp ca vic p dng th t ti u l cao. i vi vic qun l b nh m, chng ta cn xem xt (1) gi thng ip ti b nh m, (2) s ghi nh thng ip ti b nh m, v (3) s chuyn thng ip ra khi b nh m (mt cch bnh thng hoc khng bnh thng) Vic chuyn thng ip ti b nh m c th ph thuc vo trng thi hin ti ca b nh m (v d.trn vn hay khng chn vn, vic u tin cc thng ip ang trong vng m hay cc thng ip sp c chuyn n b nh m, vv) v cc thuc tnh ca cc thng ip sp chuyn n b nh m. Vic ghi nh cc thng ip c th bao gm vic sp xp li ni dung b nh m da trn cc tham s ng, bao gm thi gian ch ca cc thng ip ang trong b nh m. vic chuyn thng ip ra khi b nh m c th xut hin mt cc bnh thng nh khi thng ip c thc hin hoc bt bnh thng nh khi thng ip b t chi do qu hn dch v, quyn u tin ca thng ip, hay bt c yu t g. Thng thng, cc b nh m c s dng kt hp vi cc b chuyn mch lu tr cc thng ip trong qu trnh chuyn cc thng ip ny t mt knh n ti mt hoc nhiu knh i. Nhng iu cn tr v s phc tp lin quan n vic chuyn mch thng ip c th c nh hng ln n chin lc qun l b nh m. cc b nh m c th c s dng cc cng u vo(inputbufered switch), cc cng u ra( output-bufered switch), c u vo v u ra ca b chuyn mch, hay bt c giai on trung gian no trong chuyn mch nhiu giai on. 72

Ph lc : So snh, nh gi v la chn chng trnh m phng mng Tc gi: Tng hp t nhiu ngun Dch thut: T Thnh Cng, H Tt Thnh Bin tp: V Thy Vn 1. Cc tiu ch nh gi chng trnh m phng mng. Cn xem xt cc c im sau y ca cc chng trnh m phng mng la chn c chng trnh m phng mng thch hp nht cho cc d n nghin cu c nhn. Loi m phng c h tr C 3 loi m phng ph bin: m phng s kin ri rc, m phng theo vt (trace driven) v m phng Monte. Mt loi khc l a lu lng trc tip vo chng trnh m phng v/hoc a lu lng t mt chng trnh m phng vo mng tht. Trn thc t, cc c im ny ging b gi lp hn l m phng. H tr chy trn cc nn tng khc nhau S hu ch nu c mt chng trnh m phng chy trn cc nn tng khc nhau, c th l trn c cc h iu hnh linux v windows. Trong trng hp m phng c ti tnh ton nng, cn quan tm ti cc kh nng x l a nhim, song song, hay phn tn H tr trong vic to cc topo mng. Hai loi to topo mng chnh l dng cc tp lnh c bit, hoc cc ngn ng lp cu hnh v giao din ha. Cc chng trnh m phng cn c kh nng to cc topo mng phn cp, khng phn cp cng nh cc topo mng ngu nhin. H tr vic to v qun l cc profile lu lng. Cc chng trnh m phng cn cc b pht d liu tun theo mt vi phn b c th (v d Poisson hay cc phn b nhn c t cc quan st thc t v lu lng ). Mt chng trnh m phng tt thng c mt h thng cc b pht lu lng nh vy. Mt khc, cng cn phi c cc cng c nhm m t s lc lu lng pht v tnh ton cc con s thng k cn thit a ra kt lun H tr gim st. Trong qu trnh m phng, s rt c li nu gim st hot ng ca mng trn mi lung, mi nt mng hay tng qut hn l trn mt s cc tiu ch tng hp. Vic gim st c th c tr gip bi giao din ha. Kt qu gim st c th ghi vo cc file nhm to ra cc d liu so snh v sau hay chy li m phng phc v mc ch nghin cu cc hot xy ra. Module cho cc giao thc OSI, cc m hnh di ng v truyn lan sng v tuyn Cc module OSI rt ng ch : Cc giao thc nh tuyn lp mng, hot ng n nh ca lp MAC, li vt l v lp ng truyn (link). Ti lp ng dng hay lp phin, c l ch cn ng dng kiu FTP l . Ti lp vn chuyn, cn h tr TCP v UDP. S c li nu chng trnh m phng c module di ng bi nghin cu so snh s d hn do cc nh nghin cu khc hin cng ang c xu hng s dng module ny. Truyn lan sng v tuyn trong cc chng trnh m phng thng c thc hin trc tip da trn cc kt qu chun t cc nghin cu v in t. Mt m hnh truyn lan sng v tuyn chnh xc cn xem xt n yu t hnh thi v nhng c tnh vt l ca mi trng. Cc vn v s cn i, kh nng m rng, kh nng iu chnh v tnh mm do/ linh hot.

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Cc chng trnh m phng phi c mt kin trc module thc s m m trong , cc thnh phn c th d dng chuyn i gia hai trng thi bt tt, cc m hnh hin thi c th c thay th hay chnh sa, v kin trc module ny c th b sung c cc m hnh mi. Kh nng m rng cng l mt vn quan trng. V nguyn l, tt c cc chng trnh m phng u cho php thm nhiu nt mng tng ti tnh ton ca cc mu lu lng v cc mt ng ca mng (cc thnh phn di ng, cc nt mng ang xut hin/ bin mt, cc ng b li vn vn). Tuy nhin, trong thc t, ch mt vi chng trnh m phng l cn i tt gia cc ch tiu trn, do , cn nhn ra cc hn ch ca cc chng trnh m phng ny. Tnh kh dng rng ri Thit k phn mm ca mt chng trnh m phng cng nh l cc cng c lp trnh dng trong chng trnh m phng c tc ng ln n tnh kh dng ca n. Li ch ca giao din ha c th tng tc thao tc trn chng trnh m phng v do c coi l mt u im. Cui cng, cht lng chung ca cc ti liu sn c v h tr v k thut cng l cc yu t quan trng c th hc cch s dng v iu khin chng trnh m phng mt cch hiu qu v nhanh chng. Mc cng ng mng chp nhn mt chng trnh m phng Vic chn la mt chng trnh m phng c s dng rng ri v c chp nhn bi cng ng mng cho php to ra cc kt qu d so snh vi cc kt qu c trnh by trong cc ti liu c, v kha cnh no , cc kt qu ny cng d c gii khoa hc chp nhn hn. Loi bn quyn phn mm R rng l theo l thuyt th cc chng trnh m phng min ph lun tin li hn. Tuy nhin cng cn xem xt, la chn cc chng trnh m phng thng mi nu chng c nhiu u im chin lc hn cc chng trnh m phng min ph. OPNET, GloMoSim/QualNet, NS-2 v OMNeT++ c xem nh cc ng c vin sng gi nht. Tip theo y, chng ta s tho lun v cc c im chnh ca mi phn mm trn c mc tng qut v trn tng quan im v cc tiu ch la chn bng 1. 2- Gii thiu cc chng trnh m phng mng 2.1 OPNET OPNET (Optimized Network Engineering Tools) l cng c "c ph" ca tp on cng ngh OPNET [2] dng cho vic m hnh ha v m phng cc mng thng tin, cc thit b v cc giao thc. OPNET l chng trnh m phng trn nn Windows c s dng rng ri. N c xy dng da trn ngn ng C++ v cung cp mi trng o cho vic m hnh ha, phn tch v d on hiu nng mng, gip m hnh ha chnh xc cc ng dng, cc my ch v nhiu cng ngh mng.. Cc giao thc v thit b mi thng xuyn c cp nht nhm theo kp xu hng pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh mng. OPNET c s dng bi nhiu cc t chc thng mi, cc t chc chnh ph v cc trng i hc trn ton th gii. C nhiu cc tnh nng a dng cho ngi dng OPNET. Bao gm: - To v chnh sa cc mng v cc nt mng. - To v chnh sa cc qu trnh ang chy trn cc nt . - Phn tch kt qu m phng v to biu hiu nng. - nh ngha cc qu trnh ton hc trong vic dng cc cng c phn tch. Cc tnh nng ny lm cho OPNET rt linh hot v cung cp kh nng m phng hu nh mi loi hnh mng truyn thng. To m phng topo mng n gin l d dng vi vic s dng cc thnh phn ko & th v cc ci t c nh trc. C th qun l c mt mng vi hng trm nt 74

mang. Tuy nhin, vi ngi mi bt u, hc s dng trit OPNET nhm trin khai mt giao thc mi c i cht kh khn; ngi dng cn lm quen vi phng php v ngn ng hng i tng nh C++, cng nh l kin thc c bn v mng. Phng php m hnh ha trong OPNET c t chc theo cu trc phn cp. mc thp nht, l mc hon ton c th iu chnh c, cc m hnh Process c xy dng nh cc FSM (Finite State Machine - c cu c s trng thi gii hn ). Trng thi v cc chuyn dch c th c c th ha mt cch sinh ng bng cch s dng hnh v cc lu chuyn dch trng thi, trong khi cc iu kin xc nh din bin trong mi trng thi c lp trnh bi Proto-C, mt ngn ng tng t C. Cc m hnh Process, v cc module i km trong OPNET (cc module ngun v ch, cc b pht lu lng, cc hng i, cc module v tuyn...) sau c cu hnh vi cc bng la chn v c t chc thnh cc lu dng d liu th hin cc nt mng bng cch dng b bin tp nt kiu ha (graphical Node Editor). Trnh bin tp mng ha, cc nt v link c la chn xy dng topo mng truyn thng. The Modeling libraries are included with OPNET Modeler and OPNET Planner and contain protocols and environments (e.g., ATM, TCP, IP, Frame Relay, FDDI, Ethernet, IEEE 802.11, support for wireless), link models such as point-to-point and bus, queuing service disciplines such as First-in-First-Out (FIFO), Last-In-First-Out (LIFO), priority non-preemptive queuing, shortest first job, round-robin or preempt and resume. Cc th vin m hnh ha c km trong OPNET Modeler v OPNET Planner, c cha cc giao thc v mi trng (V d: ATM, TCP,IP Frame Relay, FDDI, Ethernet, IEEE 820.11 trong thng tin khng dy), cc m hnh ng truyn nh im - im, bus, cc quy tc dch v hng i nh FIFO, LIFO, u tin khng chn, round robin vv 2.2 GloMoSim/QuaNet GloMoSim [3] l mt th vin m phng c kh nng m rng c thit k ti phng th nghim my tnh UCLA h tr vic nghin cu cc m hnh mng quy m ln c th ln ti hng triu nt, bng cch s dng ng thi qu trnh thc hin phn phi and/or trn mt tp hp cc my tnh song song khc nha (c ngha l c 2 cng phn phi hoc chia s b nh). N c thit k cho cc mng v tuyn v h thng mng din rng. Nhng ti thi im ny n ch h tr cho cc giao thc trong mng v tuyn. GloMoSim l mt th vin cho ngn ng m phng theo s kin ri rc song song da trn C gi l PARSEC [4]. Mt c trng quan trng v ni bt nht ca PARSEC l kh nng thc hin mt m hnh m phng s kin ri rc bng cch m phng mt vi giao thc khng ng b khc nhau trn mt lot cc kin trc song song. GloMoSim c xy dng theo hng tip cn cc tng c phn chia trong m hnh OSI. Thng thng, API gia hai m hnh thuc chng giao thc gn nhau c nh ngha trc h tr cho thnh phn cu trc ca chng. Cc API ch r vic trao i v cung cp cc thng s gia cc tng lin k nhau. N cho php tch hp mt cch nhanh chng cc m hnh c pht trin ti cc tng khc nhau bi nhng ngi khc nhau. Hin nay, cc m hot ng thc t c th c tch hp mt cc d dng vo GloMoSim.. Nu tt cc cc m hnh giao thc u tun th mt cch cht ch theo cc API c nh ngha cho tng tng th n c th hon i cc m hnh giao thc trong mt tn no m khng phi chnh sa cc m hnh cn li trong ngn xp. l vic thc hin cc modul c kh nng so snh tnh nht qun ca cc giao thc v mc khc nhau chi tit ti mt tng no . thc hin mt chng trnh GloMoSim, cn phi c trnh bin dch PARSEC. pht trin cc giao thc mi trong GloMoSim, ngi s dng nn c nhng hiu bit r rng v PARSEC, nhng 75

ngi dng cng khng cn phi hiu bit mc chuyn mn su. i vi a s cc giao thc n kh nng thm vo mt vi hm PARSEC c vit hon ton bng m C. Mt s cc giao thc c pht trincho tng lp, cc giao thc ny hoc cc tng c th c trin khai vi mc chi tit khc nhau v c im ny l c th thc hin c trong GloMoSim. Telnet ftp, CBR, HTTP sao chp cc file h thng c lin quan n cc ng dng . Trong khi cc m hnh c cp n trong tng truyn ti (transport layer) l c kh nng thc hin c, v d nh: TCP (FreeBSD), UDP, TCP (tahoe). i vi nh tuyn theo kiu unicast th cc thut ton c th s dng c l: AODV, Bellman-ford, DSR, Fisheye, Flooding, LAR, NS DSDV, OSPF, WRP/ Cc m hnh c th s dng c cho tng MAC l CSMA, IEEE 802.11, FAMA, MACA. Sng v tuyn chung s dng ng ten a hng c hoc khng c kh nng chim gi. S truyn sng v tuyn c th c m phng thng qua cc vng trng, m hnh Rayleigh, m hnh Ricean hoc m hnh SIRCIM (bao gm cc vt cn, cc tnh hung trong nh).. M hnh di ng bao gm nhiu loi hnh nh basic Random waypoint, Random drunken, ECRV, BBN, Pathloss matrix, v di ng nhm. GloMoSim c kin trc phn lp. Qu trnh m phng l s tp hp cc nt mng, vi mi nt mng l cc tham s giao thc v s liu thng k. i li, mi lp l mt i tng vi cc bin v cu trc ca chng. Cc bn tin c th trao i cho ga cc nt v cc tng vi bt k mc yu cu no ca nhm v mc chi tit. S ng b gia cc s kin c m bo bi vic t lp lch (b nh thi timer) ca cc bn tin. Th vin vi tp hp cc hm n gin c xy dng trn cc API chun, dng to ra, truyn ti v thao tc thng tin. Cc kiu s kin mi nh l : cc bn tin. Cc nt, cc lp c th c to ra mt cch khc d dng.

Kin trc bn trong ca GloMoSim c thit k pht trin mi trng m phng theo modul c kh nng m rng mng vi hng nghn/hng triu nt khc nhau v d dng chuyn i gia mi trng tnh ton song song/phn phi. Cc yu cu i vi tnh cht m rng v tnh modul ha lm cho vic thit k th vin gp kh khn. GloMoSim cho rng h thng mng c phn tch thnh cc nhm phn vng, mt thc th n c nh ngha m phng mt lp n trong ton b chng giao thc ca tt c cc nt trong h thng mng thuc cng mt phn vng. S tng tc gia cc thc th tun theo cc API tng ng.

QualNet: Phin bn thng mi ca GloMoSim GloMoSim khng phi l min ph, nhng n c s dng t do m khng cn tr ph cho mc ch gio dc, nghin cu hoc cc t chc phi li nhun. Tuy nhin cc ti liu c gi cng vi GloMoSim l kh t (thm ch khng c mt ti liu hng dn cho ngi s dng). Tp hp cc cng c c kh nng tng tc to ra cc topo, gim st hot ng h thng, phn tch kt qu m phng b xung hay tng qut hn l thit k cc c c im cho s tng tc i vi cc mi trng m phng cng rt hn ch. QualNet b sung phn no thiu st ca GloMoSim. QualNet[5] l mt sn phm thng mi c ngun gc t Scalable Network Technologies, cng l ni bt ngun ca GloMoSim. Tuy nhin, QualNet c np thm vo nhiu tnh nng c nh gi cao hn so vi GloMoSim. QualNet c mt b m rng cc m hnh v cc giao thc thc thi chnh xc cho c mng hu tuyn v mng v tuyn/ khng dy (ni ht, v tinh, mng ad hoc, mng cellular) , cng nh s lng ln cc t liu v h tr k thut. Ba th vin c th dng c l: +) Mt th vin chun cung cp hu ht cc m hnh v cc giao thc cn thit ginh cho c hai hng nghin cu v hng thng mi, hot ng trong mng hu tuyn v mng khng dy. +) Mt th vin MANET cung cp thm cc thnh phn rt c th cho cc mng ad hoc khc nhau hn l cc th vin chun tn ti khc . 76

+) Mt th vin QoS bao gm cc giao thc chuyn dng cho cht lng dch v. QualNet cng bao gm m hnh cao s ho - DEM (Digital Elevation Model) to cc nt v cc sng v tuyn chuyn ng trong nhng a hnh khng bng phng vi cc c tnh bc x radio. M phng, hay bn thn chng trnh m phng c thit k cung cp cc m hnh mng c trung thc cao vi hng vn nt c lu lng v tnh di ng cao. Thm vo QualNet a ra nhng pht trin song song i vi vic qun l v thc thi song song.

2.3 OMNeT++ OMNet++ l mt m ngun m, thnh phn c bn ca chng trnh m phng ny c xy dng trn nn tng C++. N cung cp mt th vin m phng C++ v h tr giao din ho (cho php chnh sa mng bng hnh v, h tr hnh nh ng). Chng trnh m phng ny c th c s dng : thc hin m phng lu lng trong mng vin thng, to m hnh cc giao thc, xy dng m hnh cc hng i trong mng, xy dng cc b vi x l a nhim v cc h thng phn tn khc, kim tra li kin trc phn cng, nh gi kha cnh v hiu sut ca cc h thng phn mm phc tp , v ni chung l vic to m hnh bt k mt h thng no khc u gn vi cc thnh phn tch cc m chng giao tip vi nhau bng vic gi cc bn tin. V mt s mt th OMNet++ khc so vi cc phn mm m phng ni trn. OMNet++ khng c thit k chuyn cho mng vin thng, m n tng qut hn nhiu. Thc t l OMNet++ vn l mt phn mm mi (c pht trin t nm 1998), iu cho thy OMNet++ c t cc modul v cc giao thc (v mng ) i km hn cc chng trnh m phng ni trc y kh nhiu Trn mt kha cnh khc, OMNeT++ c thit k cn trn phng din phn mm, kt qu l c mt sn phm c t chc tt hn, mm do v d dng s dng hn so vi cc phn mm m phng khc, m cc phn mm ny u da trn cc sn phm phn mm v cc khi nim thit k c.

Mt m hnh OMNeT++ ca mt h thng (vd: mt mng) bao gm cc modul phn cp lng nhau. su ca vic lng ghp cc modul ny l khng c gii hn, n cho php ngi s dng nh x cu trc logic trong thc t bng cc m hnh cu trc trong m phng. Cc modul giao tip vi nhau thng qua vic truyn nhng thng bo. Cc thng bo c th cha cc cu trc d liu phc tp ty . Cc modul c th gi cc thng bo trc tip n ch hoc dc theo mt ng dn c nh trc thng qua cc cng hoc cc kt ni, m cc ng ny c gn cho cc c tnh nh bng thng, tr v t l li. Cc module c th c cc thng s m c dng ty chnh hot ng ca n, iu ny to nn tnh linh hot trong cc topo mng v khi cc module giao tip vi nhau ging nh vic chia s gia cc bin. Cc modul thp nht trong module phn cp th c cung cp bi ngi s dng, cc modul cha cc thut ton. Trong qu trnh thc hin m phng, cc modul n ny s chy song song vi cc modul khc, bi v chng c thi hnh nh cc thng trnh ph (i khi gi l qu trnh nh ti) vit mt vi module n, i hi ngi s dng phi bit lp trnh C++. OMNeT++ c nh hng thit k hng i tng cht ch. Ngi dng c th dng cc khi nim ca vic lp trnh hng i tng mt cch t do m rng chc nng ca chng trnh m phng Cc chng trnh m phng trong OMNeT++ c th c c tnh khc nhau v giao din ngi ngi dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau nh: g ri, th hin v thc thi cc khi cng vic. Giao din ha gip cho ngi s dng c th nhn thy c bn trong ca m hnh, cho php h c th bt u/ ngng thc hin m phng v can thip vo bn trong m hnh bng cch thay i cc 77

bin hoc cc i tng. Th vin ha c lin kt vi cc chng trnh g ri/bm vt tr thnh cc chng trnh m phng c th thc thi c. La chn ny cho php tt c ngi dng ngi to ra i tng c th nhn thy c i tng ( v c th sa i n) trong giao din ha thng qua ca s kim sot. OMNeT++ cng h tr m phng song song thng qua vic s dng cc th vin giao tip MPI hoc PVM3. Trong trng hp tng qut, OMNeT++ ging vi PARSEC (Parallel Simulation Environment for Complex Systems ), nhng n mm do hn, linh hot hn v mi trng phong ph hn. OMNeT++ cng vi mt tp hp rng ln cc lp bao hm i din cho cu trc d liu (vd: hng i, mng ), cc lp thu thp d liu, lp xc xut v lp thng k (vd: Cc biu ct, cc phn phi theo lut s m), cc lp pht hin nhanh v cc lp pht hin kt qu chnh xc. Cc file u ra l cc file text m sau mt vi qu trnh x l n gin, c th c chuyn thnh cc tp tin mang tnh thng k v ton hc chun. OMNeT++ cng vi b giao thc internet bao gm: IP, TCP, UDP, RTP v mt vi giao thc h tr cho cht lng dch v c bn, trong khi lin quan n mng v tuyn, y l mt modul m phng cc tng thp hn ca mng GSM, mt vi modul m u dnh cho cc nt c tnh chuyn ng, s lan truyn sng v tuyn, cc thut ton nh tuyn (AODV) v s truyn thng v tuyn ni chung.

2.4 NS-2 Chng trnh m phng mng NS [7] c ngun gc t U.C.Berkely/LBNL, NS l mt chng trnh m phng s kin ri rc hng i tng c mc tiu tin hnh nghin cu hot ng mng v l mt phn mm min ph. NS-2 c s dng rng ri trong cng ng nghin cu hot ng mng, da trn s tha nhn rng ri NS-2 nh l mt cng c th nghim cho cc tng mi, cc giao thc, v cc thut ton phn phi. NS2 lun lun nhn c bao gm s ng gp quan trng t cc nh nghin cu. Ngy nay, NS-2 thch hp vi mng chuyn mch gi v mng v tuyn (ad hoc, local and satellite), v c s dng ch yu cho cc vic m phng quy m nh ca hng i, thut ton nh tuyn, cc giao thc truyn ti, iu khin tc nghn v mt vi cc cng vic c lin qua n a ng (multicast). N cung cp cc h tr quan trng dnh cho m phng TCP, nh tuyn v cc giao thc a ng (multicast) thng qua cc mng hu tuyn v mng v tuyn NS-2 thch hp khng ch hp cho vic m phng m cho c s gi lp, iu ny c ngha l n c th a chng trnh m phng vo trong mng thc t. Nhng i tng trong chng trnh m phng c kh nng a cc lu lng thc vo trong chng trnh m phng v a mt phn lu lng trong chng trnh m phng vo trong mng thc t.

Nhng tic rng, vi kin trc phn mm ca n th vic thm cc thnh phn mi hoc chnh sa nhng im hn ch khng d dng. iu ny c ngha l v kh nng thc hin kim tra thut ton hay cc kch bn m phng mi th NS-2 yu th so vi cc phn mm m phng khc. Ngoi ra NS-2 khng cn i (scale) tt i vi s lng nt mng v theo nh cc bo co th NS-2 tnh ton kh chm. Kin trc ca NS-2 bm st m hnh OSI. M hnh mng ny c trung cho quan h ca cc yu t mng. Bao gm cc nt v cc lin kt. Cc b pht lu lng loi n lu lng hay a lu lng bao gm cc b pht kiu thng k v c kiu in hnh khc nh FTP v telnet c th c gn cho mi nt. Thm vo , hot ng mng v giao thc truyn ti c m phng bi thao tc gn cc tc nhn thch hp vo cc nt c lin quan. M ngun ca ns 2 c phn chia thnh C++(ng vai tr li chng trnh) v OTcL, i tng m rng ca MIT vi TcL, dnh cho vic cu hnh v 78

cc on m m phng S kt hp ca hai ngn ng ny to ra s tha hip gia tnh hiu qu v tnh d dng s dng. Gi phn mm ny cung cp mt trnh bin dch lp phn cp ca cc i tng vit bng C++ v vic dch cc lp phn cp ca cc i tng ny c vit bng TCL, sau c thng nht thnh mt trnh bin dch duy nht. Ngi s dng to ra cc i tng mi ny bng b bin dch TCL. Cc i tng mi ny c nh x bng qu trnh trao i cc i tng trong trnh bin dch phn cp. Cc ch th TCL c cung cp mt cch linh hot v c quyn hn mnh m thng qua vic m phng( bt u v dng cc s kin, s c trong mng, qu trnh tp hp s liu v cu hnh mng). B bin dch Tcl cn cung cp cc cu lnh to cc lin kt v cc nt trong cc topo mng, v kt hp cc agents vi cc nt. Vic thc hin v m phng NS2 bao gm 4 bc: (1) Thc hin cc giao thc bng cch thm mt t hp gia m C++ v m Tcl vo trong m ngun ca NS-2. (2) M t vic m phng bng kch bn OTcl; (3) chy chng trnh m phng v (4) phn tch cc tp tin bm vt c sinh ra. Vic thc hin mt giao thc mi i hi phi b xung thm m C++ cho chc nng ca cc giao thc ny, iu ny tng t nh vic cp nht thm cc t kha cho cc file cu hnh NS-2 Otcl mt cch hp l dnh cho NS-2, iu ny gip nhn bit ra cc giao thc mi v cc tham s mc nh ca n. M C++ cng miu t cc tham s v cc phng thc, iu ny to nn tnh sn sng thc thi c khi thc hin kch bn OTcl. Qu trnh m phng c cu hnh, iu khin v vn hnh thng qua vic s dng giao din ha c cung cp bi lp m phng OTcl. Lp ny cung cp cc th tc to v qun l cc topo, khi to nh dng cc gi v la chn lch lm vic. N lu tr cc ch dn bn trong mi phn t ca topo. Ngi s dng to ra topo bng cc s dng OTcl thng qua vic s dng nt cc lp c lp v lin kt, cc lp c lp v lin kt ny a ra mt vi bc khi u n gin. Cc topo mng ty , gm c cc b nh tuyn, cc lin kt v knh truyn chung, c th c xc nh bng cch lit k cc nt mng v cc ng ni cc nt trong mt tp tin topo hoc s dng mt vi b pht/to nt sinh ca mng c xy dng cho NS-2. (Tiers v GT-ITM) thu thp d liu u ra hay d liu vt trong mt chng trnh m phng, NS-2 s dng, c hai loi thng tin vt l cc bn ghi ca mi gi tin khi n ti, i, hoc b loi khi ng truyn hoc hng i, v thng tin gim st - l cc s m bn ghi ca nhiu ch s ng ch nh s gi tin v byte ti, i vv.. Chng c th c kt hp li vi c gi tin v lung. Chng trnh NAM l mt Tcl/Tk c da trn cng c hot hnh ng, n c th s dng cho vic quan st cc tp tin ghi s kin ca qu trnh x l b xung, phn tch v thc hin li ca cc qu trnh m phng (thm ch NAM c th s dng vi mi chng trnh m phng min l cc nh dng d liu c c quan tm). NS-2 l phn mm m phng ph bin nht c s dng cho vic nghin cu trong cc lnh vc v mng Ad hoc. NS-2 c y cc trang thit b cho cc giao thc, cc m hnh, cc thut ton, cc cng c thm vo, v n cn min ph. Bi vy, xt v tnh chp nhn khoa hc, v s lng cc cng c/ modul v v gi thnh th NS2 c l l mt la chn l tng. 3. Cc gi cho s la chn chng trnh m phng mng thch hp C mt iu chc chn rng, khng c chng trnh m phng no c xem xt trn l thc s p ng c ton b cc yu cu c trng ph hp vi cc k hoch v cc mc tiu ring l. Tuy nhin, chng trnh m phng tt nht l chng trnh c kh nng hi ha cc kha cnh nh

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s cc thnh phn c xy dng t trc, kh nng modul ha, kh nng m rng, v kh nng chnh sa, gi thnh ...vv. C th, mt chng trnh m phng tt thng i km vi: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mt tp hp ln cc m hnh, giao thc v thut ton c xy dng t trc Mt mc tha nhn cao t cng ng khoa hc C kh nng cn i (scaleability) tt Thit k phn mm cng phi tt v c tnh modul cao Mc tha ng ca tnh tin li, tnh c th sa i c v tnh m rng S tin tin v ho v cc cng c ton hc dnh cho vic xy dng th nghim, gim st v x l b xung Ti liu hng dn c th Kh nng thc hin song song v/hoc phn tn Kh nng xc nh mt m hnh 3D thc t cho mi trng Chi ph hp l trong cc trng hp ngn sch b gii hn

Bng 2. So snh nh tnh ca OPNET, QualNet, OMNeT++ v NS-2 c im ca cc chng OPNET trnh m phng mng
Cc kiu m phng c h tr Nn tng tnh ton Cc topo Cng c nh ngha cc topo B sinh d liu lu lng Qu trnh to lu lng H tr gim st Cc modul dnh cho cc tng trong m hnh OSI Tnh linh hot ca cc m hnh M hnh dnh cho s truyn sng Tnh c th sa i v m rng co gin Tnh d s dng S kin ri rc Song song/phn tn Cu trc phn cp ha C C ha C C C C

QualNet
S kin ri rc Song song / phn tn Cu trc phn cp ha C C ha C C C C

OMNET++ NS2
S kin ri S kin ri rc rc Song song Phn tn Cu trc Cu trc phn cp thng nht ha Kch bn cu hnh C C C C ha ha C C C C C C khng

S tha nhn ca khoa hc Loi giy php ca phn mm

Kh thay i C H tr thay i t C Kh thay l ln i Kh vi nhng ngi Bnh thng Kh vi mi bt u nhng ngi mi bt u c tha nhn c tha nhn c tha c tha nhn nhn Thu ph Thu ph Min ph Min ph

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Ti liu tham kho [1] Gianni A. Di Caro, Analysis of simulation environments for mobile ad hoc networks [2] OPNET Simulator, http://www.opnet.com [3] GloMoSim, http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/glomosim/ [4] Parallel Simulation Environment for Complex Systems (PARSEC), http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/parsec/ [5] QualNet Simulator, http://www.scalable-networks.com [6] OMNET++, http://www.omnetpp.org/ [7] Network Simulator, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/

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