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UNIT 1.

5 WAYS TO PREVENT INFECTION CAUSED BY MICROORGANISMS


List 3 ways to prevent infection?
1) 2) 3) Control of vectors Sterilisation Immunisation ...(page 19)

1) Control of Vectors
Vectors is an insects or small animals that carry pathogen. To control the diseases from spreading, vectors we must control the Control of houseflies (page 20) Control of mosquitoes (page 20)

Aedes sp.

Control of houseflies (page 20)


houseflies
Cover food/waste bin
Insecticides

Eggs

Pupae
Clean water container

Cover food/waste bin Larvae

2) Sterilisation
Three ways :
A. B. C. Use of heat Use of chemicals Use of radiation

A. Use of heat
Steam is used to sterilise medical instruments. Heated dry air is used to sterilised oily medicine. An autoclave (high pressure steam at 121C for 15 to 20 minutes) is used to kill bacteria and spores.

An autoclave 121C for 15 to 20 minutes is used to kill bacteria and spores.

B. Use of chemicals
2 types : i. Antiseptic : - destroys or stops the growth of germs on living tissues. - Examples : Iodine, dettol and alcohol.

ii. Disinfectant : - chemicals that destroy germs on nonliving things. - Examples : formaldehyde and phenols.

C. Use of radiations
Ultraviolet (UV) rays is used to kill bacteria and viruses. Direct UV light is used to :
- Produce Vitamin D. - Prevent Rickets disease. - Prevent acne and psoriasis.

3) Immunisation
Copy Figure 1.20 - A summary of immunity (page 24)

Immunity
Active (body produces antibody) Passive (body receives antibody)

Natural (recover from diseases)

Natural (pregnancy/mothers milk)

Artificial (Vaccination)

Artificial (From injection / antiserum)

- Draw graph Figure 1.18 (page 23) - Draw graph Figure 1.19 (page 23)

Artificial Active Immunity


Antibody level

Immunity level

Time

First dose

Second dose

Artificial Passive Immunity


Antibody level

Immunity level

Time

First dose

Second dose

Exercise
1. State 2 ways how pathogens can cause diseases? 2. Name the protozoan that cause malaria? 3. State 5 ways how pathogens can cause infections? 4. What is vector? 5. Name 2 type of immunity?

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