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M U

Ngnh du kh nc tuy l mt ngnh mi hnh thnh v pht trin


c hn 20 nm nhng c nhng ng gp ngy cng to ln v nhiu
mt cho s pht trin ca t nc. c bit l s ra i ca ngnh cng
nghip ch bin du kh. y l mt trong nhng tin quan trong hng
u v l ngun nguyn liu ch yu pht trin nhiu ngnh cng nghip
mi.
Cng vi qu trnh khai thc du th, th nghnh cng nghip du kh
hnh thnh t nm 1995 v hin ang pht trin mt cch mnh m. Trn
t nc ta hin nay trin khai xy dng nhiu chng trnh v khai thc
v ch bin kh vo nm 2002 cung ng kp thi chho sn xut cng
nghip v tiu dng gn 147 000 tn condensate v 349 000 tn PLG thay
th cho hng nhp khu.
Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut t kh t nhin v kh
ng hnh ngi ta sn xut ra nhiu sn phm khc nhau nh: ru,
axeton, andehyt, NH3, cht do si, phn bn, du nhn, cht ty ra tng
hp v l ngun nguyn liu cho cc ngnh nh: m phm, cng nghip,
in, dt mayphc v nhiu cho cng nghip v i sng ca nhn dn.
chnh v nhng li ch to ln m nghnh du kh ni chung v ngnh
ch bin kh ni ring em li th vic u t v pht trin cng nghip
ngnh cng nghip mi nhn ny l mt i ng hng ca ng v nh
nc ta nhm thc y kinh t v ci thin i sng nhn dn.
Trong phm vi n ny ta ch nghin cu phng php ch bin kh
bng phng php ngng t nhit thp v phng php ny va n gin
m cho hiu qu cao, v c tnh kh thi nht.

n ny gm 5 phn:
Phn I: M u.
Phn II: Tng quan.
- C s ha l ca qu trnh ngng t nhit thp.
- Tng quan v cng ngh.
Phn III: Tnh ton thit k.
- Cn bng vt cht.
- Cn bng nhit lng.
Phn IV: Thit k cng ngh.
Phn V: Kt lun.

M U.........................................................................................................1
CHNG I:

GII THIU CHUNG V KH T NHIN V KH NG

HNH.............................................................................................................3
I.1. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca kh t nhin v kh ng hnh....................3
I.2.Tnh hnh ch bin v sn xut kh t nhin v kh ng hnh trn th
gii v Vit Nam..........................................................................................5
CHNG II: CC PHNG PHP CH BIN KH T NHIN V KH
NG HNH.................................................................................................7
II.1.Phng php ch bin kh bng phng php ngng t..........................7
II.2. Ch bin kh bng phng php hp th................................................7
II.3.Ch bin kh bng phng php chng ct..............................................9
CHNG III:C S HA L CA QU TRNH NGNG T NHIT
THP......................................................................................................11
III.1.Khi nim v qu trnh ngng t...........................................................11
III.2.c im ca qu trnh ngng t..........................................................11
III.3.Qu trnh chun pha ca kh ng hnh..............................................12
III.3.1 Qu trnh chuyn pha i vi kh mt cu t.....................................12
III.3.2 Gin pha h nhiu cu t...............................................................13
III.4. Hng s cn bng pha.........................................................................16
III.5. Qu trnh ngng t nhit thp trong ch bin kh ng hnh.........17
Chng IV: Tng quan v cng ngh ch bin bng phng php ngng t
nhit thp..................................................................................................19
IV.1.Cc thit b chnh c trong qa trnh ch bin bng phng hip ngng
t nhit thp..............................................................................................19
IV.2 Phn loi cc s cng ngh..............................................................19
IV. 3. Phn tch la chn thit b tnh ton thit k..................................21

IV.3.1. nh gi cng ngh ch bin kh bng phng php ngng t nhit


thp...........................................................................................................21
IV.3.1.a S ngng t nhit thp (NNT) c chu trnh lm lnh ngoi..21
IV.3.1.2 S cng ngh NNT c chu trnh lm lnh trong........................25
IV3.1.3 S cng ngh NNT c chu trnh lm lnh t hp:......................28
IV.4.La chn s cng ngh ch bin kh bng phng php NNT.......31
Phn II: Tnh ton thit k s cng ngh ngng t nhit thp............34
CHNG VI: CN BNG VT CHT...................................................34
VI:1. Tnh ton cn bng vt cht cho cc thp khi chu trnh bt u lm vic
ln th nht....................................................................................................34
V.2 Tnh cn bng vt cht cho cc thp chu trnh ln 2(bt u c hi
lu)................................................................................................................38
V.3 Tnh cn bng vt cht cho thp 9..........................................................39
V.3 Cn bng vt cht thit b hi lu.....................................................41
CHNG VII: CN BNG NHIT LNG............................................47
VII.1 Mt s cng thc tnh ton..................................................................47
VII.2. Nhit dung ring do hn hp kh mang vo.......................................48
VII.3. Tnh cn bng nhit thit b trao i nhit 4....................................48
V.III. Tnh cn bng nhit thit b trao i nhit (5)..................................49
V.4. Tnh cn bng nhit lng thit b trao i nhit (3).........................49
VII,6. Tnh nhit trao i ti thit b bay hi propan(11).............................50
VII.7. Cn bng nhit ti thit b tch pha(7)................................................50
VII.8. Cn bng nhitlng ti thit b tch pha(8)......................................51
VII.9. Cn bng nhit lng ti thp(9):.......................................................52
CHNG VII: CN BNG NHIT LNG............................................56
VII.1 Mt s cng thc tnh ton..................................................................56
VII.2. Nhit dung ring do hn hp kh mang vo.......................................57

VII.3. Tnh cn bng nhit thit b trao i nhit 4....................................57


V.III. Tnh cn bng nhit thit b trao i nhit (5)..................................58
V.4. Tnh cn bng nhit lng thit b trao i nhit (3).........................58
VII,6. Tnh nhit trao i ti thit b bay hi propan(11).............................59
VII.7. Cn bng nhit ti thit b tch pha(7)................................................59
VII.8. Cn bng nhitlng ti thit b tch pha(8)......................................60
VII.9. Cn bng nhit lng ti thp(9):.......................................................61

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