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SC + S B
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= x+y+z+2
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+2

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7 1 e 3:/|/DFD9<E)J@3ZE

++ =1

E)JBFH5VF2;01:9BEGFRE= FH5"14365)FD/ = e J01 e 61:;c

1):E+Bz1{EGA<CI9NEI?N5+?B/|A@EGF2?@905VEI?NK<CG?0LB/214M}58?BgE)J01 
V/R=@M}K@FH36; 6FHC5IE8.B3:Kn14C+0FR@149N34E ) 66 : Bc



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?BgE)J01N<C5)E

FDg 3:9= zJBF e J~J@3@1


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;@F @FH;<145VE)J01{5(A<M ?BgnE)J01{<C5)E nKn@
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s& 
 +    %u ;
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<  
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:1ZE
n(n + 1) @3:9<;/H1ZE
S = 1 +2 + +n =
P
FH9BEG16414C5:c n
2
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3 18J@3Z@1
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2n | Sn
2n
FDg
gq?@CO5+?@M}1
B3:9<;SE)JBFH5QFD5EI2CGAn1FDg3:9<;N?@9@/ =SFDg
+ 1) = 4np
pP
n + 1 = 4p
gq?@n(n
CQ57?@M
1
c
pP

L6 1 e /H34FHM E)J@3ZE
gq?@C 369=
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(2n + 1) - Sn
nP
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E)J@3ZEFD5Z65(A<K0Kn?@571E)J@3ZE n(n + 1)
(2n + 1) | Sn 
= (2n + 1)p
gq?@C>57?@M1
cJ0149
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zJ014CG1

p P
+ 1) = 4np + 2p
2pc`=?@90np
45)FH9 e n(n
1
5716B1An1:9BEG/ =
p1 = n+14p P
4p = 2n(n+1)/(2n+1)
@3 e ?@9BEIC36;@F e <EGF2?@n+1
9c
n + 1 = 4p + p1 = 2np1 + p1 2n + 1


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?Bg E)J01?E)J01:C54cNqgO1+@1:C^=K@/H3=@1:CVz?@93ZE"/214365IE8?@9<1MN34E e J`5+J0?6zE)J@34EXE)J01:CG1 FD5>3
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?BgE)J@CG161K@/H3=@1:C5gq?@CzJBF e J
L01:3ZE
L<1434E :369<;
L<1434E c
A B C

B B

+  (I > ++ + + ( ? 1NT


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L01E)J01{K0/D3Z=@14C5ZB369<; /H1ZE
L<1E)J01{9@A<M}L<14CV?BgK@/H3=@1:C5
P1 P2 . . . P n
L<1434Ec 
1 9<?6z E)J@3ZE
c 1 e 3:9~365(5(A<M}1 b L:i =~CG1Z/H36L<1Z/D/|FH9<{FDg9<1 e 14575(36C^=6
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c 4FD9 e 1
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5)A e J>E)J@34E P1 L<1434P
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(c
P
Pk k > b1 @
+3619<;
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c b2 < b1
Pk
P1
A = P1 B = P2
C = Pk
 c :1E
e 1:9BEICG1:;3ZE
L01N3 e J0?@CG;?Bg/2149<E)J
?BgO3 e FHC e /H1}?BgOC36;@F|A<5
c :1E
AB
;<149<?EI1E)J01>57@A<3:CG1FD905 e CF2L0166;FH9E)J015+1 e EI?@C
5)5A e JPE)J@34E
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;BFDA<5
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CG1{K<?BFH9BE5"?@9 E)J01{
OA
S
OB
Q
R
e FHC e /H1L01ZEz1:1:9
3:9<;
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c
A
B
P QRS

+  (I  ~   ,e ~ 3Ru


`?@905IEICGA e E"Kn?BFD9BEG5
3:9<;
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3:9<;
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4?@C3:=
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AG = 3
=E)J@43ZE
BF|EOgq?BOG
/D/H?6zP5Q
3:9<;
gq?@CQ57?@M1 c J0149


P F = 3t

OF = 4t

OH = OF + F H = 4t + 6t = 10t

.
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900
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109
2

109

cX.<CG?:@1E)J@34EOE)J014CG1P36CG1P?@9@/R=SEz? CG1:34/9@A<M}L<14C5

G
H

.....
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t =

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63 9<;
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4OQH
e
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4
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1

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2
2

(10t) + (3t) = 25

.....
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4OP F 4OAG

5(A e JSE)J@3ZE

(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5)(x 6) = 720

+(   +'  T +  ~a  , ,e  N  + 


  sG 8  V g ( 0 #+ H N0 , G +4 (
PPT      ,e ~+ d36y  )   g ' ~s& 
 +  y  + ' &> , 1 \&:X& b^ 4  %u ; X
~ &b + b ( 0 &, X ( b( < a+ > + ,   ( ?
1+^ ,( & P+  (y3+  ('


61ZEEGFD9<

JBA<5

y = x2 7x

E)J01FR@149}16BA<34EGFH?@9FH5X5)A e)e 1:5(5(F @14/ =N16BA0FRB34/2149BEEG?

(x2 7x + 6)(x2 7x + 10)(x2 7x + 12)


(y + 6)(y + 10)(y + 12)
y 3 + 28y 2 + 252y

y (y + 14)2 + 56

y=0

3:9<;

x {0 7}

=
=
=
=

720,
720,
0,
0.


 c :1ZE

cX.<CG?:@1E)J@34E

a b0
p
p


2 a(a + b)3 + b a2 + b2 3 a2 + b2

z{F|E)JN1:@A<34/DFRE= FDg3:9<;}?@9@/ =F|g

a=b

+(   +'  T + 
) +N^  g ' s&   
& Pg  
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p

a(a + b)3 + b

J01:9 e 1@@5(FD9 e 1

p
a2 + b2

N
~a  ,  ,e 
 + 
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 ,a
1+^
> +
  (
?
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p
p
= (a + b) a2 + ab + a2 + b2 b
p
p
2a2 + 2b2 + 2ab a2 + ab + b2 

2ab a2 + b2

p
p
2
a(a + b)3 + b a2 + b2
2(a2 + ab + b2 )

= 2(a2 + b2 ) + 2ab 3(a2 + b2 )

?E)J01:Cz{FH571@
0BA<3:/|F|E^= e 34/D/D5gq?@C
2
2 3:9<;}E)J01FH9<1:@A<34/DFRE=
FH585IEICGF e E369<; e ?@9@1:C5714/ =a=
16BA<b3:/|F|E^=J0?B/H;05F|g 2ab < na365+
FD58bCG1:36;@F|/R= e J01 e 61:;c8J01
a=b
K<CG?0?BgFD5 e ?@MNK0/H1ZEG1<c
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? gQE)J01 
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c X1EI14CIMFH9<1S34/D/K03:FDC5?BgK0CGFDM19@A<ML01:C5
@z{F|E)J

n5(A e J
(p, q)
p q < 100
E)J@34E

03:9<;
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1P9@A<M}L<14C5:c
p + 6 p + 10 q + 4 q + 10

p+q+1

+(  ) 
  g ' s&   +  n+ > ++ +   ( ?
1+^ ,(  g ' %ub (R 
J01?@9@/ =K<34FHC5X36CG1

c
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9BE g2q)
CG?@M {(7,
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6k + 1e
FD5V5+?@M}1>K<?@5(FREGFR@18FH9BEG16414CcO"L:BF2?B2A<5)/R= 3
369<;
B5(FD9 1 6k + FH55VK0CGFDM10c
k
p E)6=
p 6= 3
4FH9 e 1
FH5{3}K<CFHM}1@
JBA<25Z
gq?@Cp5++
?@M}61NKn?@5)F|EGF @1
p + 10
p 6= e 6k + 5 
p = 6k + 1
FH9BEG16414C
cQqg
:E)J018g23 EE)J@34E
FH5QK0CGFDM1EG14/|/H5A<5OE)J@3ZE
gq?@CQ57?@Mk1{K<?@5(1FREGFR@1>qFD9B>EI1:641:C
cQP?6zq1++
@1410
C+6z18z?BA0/2;SE)J0149J@3@1 q = 6 + 1
1

p + q + 1 = 6k + 1 + 6 + 1 + 1 = 3(2k + 2 + 1)

5(FD9 e 1
zJBF e JSFD5V9<?EK0CGFDM10c JBA<5
B369<;?0L:@FH?BA<5(/ =
FD5VK0CGFDM17c
J014CG14gq?@CG1Bz1VMA<5)EJ@3@1 q < c 6 ?6zz1VMA<5)Enn9<q;6=
K0CG2FDM1V9@A<M}qL<+
14C5 4
q=3
p = 6k+1
gq?@C"57?@M1PFH9BEG16414C
5)A e JNE)J@34E

3:9<;
36CG1S3:/|/
k
1

16
p
+
6
p
+
10
p
+
4
K<CFHM}1:54c
5@=};BFHCG1 e E e J01 e :FH9<

c
 E)J@3ZEFH5
k {1 2 6 16}

p {7 13 37 97}


c :1E
3:9<;
L<1N;@FD5)EGFD9 e E8K<?BFH9BE5{?@93 e FDC e /21
c :1ZE
L01N3NK<?BFH9BE8;@FD5)EGFD9 e E
A5)A e JE)J@
B3ZE
CEG3:9<41:9BE{EG?
2g CG?@M
3:9<;5(A e JE)J@34TE
FH5P
3ZE
c
BC
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FH571 e EG?@CQ=?Bg |AC| M}161EG5
34E
3PKn?BFD9BE
FH905)F2;01 TcO6J0?6Bz
ABC
AC
D
T
E)J@34E
c
ABC > 72

+  (I > ++ + + ( ? 1NT

L<1E)J01 e 149BEICG1?Bg X/H1ZE


369<;
"3:9<;
AB = AC
= b
BC = a 83:9<;
1E)J01:9jJ@T3Z@1
a

cos =
ABO = 90
c"^9E)J01{FH57?@5 e 14/H1:5QEICGFD369</H1 2b

OBD = 90
C
......
2
z1PJ@3@1
........ ..
......... ....
.........
/21E

:1ZE

O
c
ABC =

AOB

AB

b
OB =
=
2
sin

2 cos ABO

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2E{FH5 69<?6zP9E)J@34E

sin
FR@1418
5

3:9<;E)J@3ZE
2ab cos
2
BD =
a
+
b

1 + 5 c J01 43z ?BgS?@5(FD9<1:5


=
4



c
OD 2 = OB 2 + BD 2 2 OB BD cos 90
2

JBA<5
|F g3:9<;~?@9@/R=NF|g
FD5
E)J@3ZEVFH5
OD 2 < OB 2
BD 2 < 2 OB BD sin 
D
2
FH905)F2;01
F|g63 9<;N?@9@/R= FDg
T

2ab cos
a+b

qgnz1 e 369 e 14/

2b

6zPCGFREI1

< 2

sin = 2 sin
2 cos cos

6z1P41ZE

@369<;
a = 2b cos
cos
2
2

2 cos + 1

JBFD5{FR@145
F2;01:9BEGFRE=

4 cos 2 cos2

nzJBF

(2 cos + 1) < 0
2 <FH5816BA0FRB34/2149BEVEI?

1 +
cos <
4

P?6z1+@14C+

1
4 cos

<

= 1 + cos
2 


1 5 1 + 5 
cos
,
4
4

2 cos2

J014CG14gq?@CG1B

b
c
sin
2 sin
2

sin 18 = cos 72 

J01:9 e 1@

E)JBA<5

4 cos2 + 2 cos 1 < 0

= sin 18

> 72

e JL:=1:MNK0/H?:=BFH9<E)J01

5(FD9 e 1

< 90

1 c d K<CG?0?BgnE)J@3ZE sin 18 = 1 +

gq?B/D/H?6zP5:c 1PJ@3Z@1

sin 18 cos 36

=
=

1P34/H57? 5+1:1>E)J@3ZE
sin 18 cos 36

2 sin 18 cos 18 cos 36


sin 36 cos 36
=
2 cos 18
2 cos 18
sin 72
cos 18
1 c
=
=
4 cos 18
4 cos 18
4

= cos 72 cos 36
= 2 sin

72 + 36
72 36
sin
2
2

= 2 sin 54 sin 18 = 2 sin 18 cos 36

BCG?@M

^ )6z141E

1
2

c J0149@A<5)FH9< q )6z1{57161E)J@34E

cos 36 = sin 18 + 12


1
1 c
sin 18 sin 18 +
=
2

4FH9 e 1

sin 18 > 0

6z1P?0LBE3:FD9

sin 18 =

 c84A<K<K<?@5+1

1 +
4

5c

FD5369}FH9BEG16414C
c X1ZEG1:CGMNFD9<1PE)J01nC5IE";@FHF|EX34gDEI14CQE)J01 ;<1 e FHMN3:/
n1 e FHMN3:/1(6K<3:905(FH
Kn?BFD9BEFH9 E)J01P;<
?@9}2?BgnE)J01P9@A<M}L<14C
c
3
3
2
n + 2n + n

+(  ) 
  g ' s&   +  n+ > ++ +   (
?
1+^ ,(  g 'PP+  (
1PK0CG?:@1E)J@34EOE)J01{<C5)EQ;@FHF|EQ34gDEI14COE)J01P;<1 e FHMN3:/nKn?BFD9BEFH5 c
6
FDC5)EQ?Bg3:/|/:z1P?0L0571:C^@1E)J@34E
n =

p
p

c
3
3
3
n3 <
n3 + 2n2 + n <
n3 + 3n2 + 3n + 1 = n + 1

2EQFD5X5(A e F2149BEOEI? 5+J0?6zE)J@3ZE


n+

p
6
7
< 3 n3 + 2n2 + n < n +
10
10

J01{<C5)EOFH9<1:@A<34/DFRE=}?Bg ^ OJ0?B/2;@5Xgq?@C

n2

(5n + 3)3 < 125(n3 + 2n2 + n)

J01P571 e ?@9<;FD9<16BA<3:/|F|E^=}?Bg q OJ0?B/H;05Vgq?@C


(10n+7)3 > 1000(n3 +2n2 +n)

JBA<5 q OJ0?B/H;05Vgq?@C

c X14<9<1>E)J01>gHA<9 e EGF2?@9

n2
m

@5(FD9 e 1

=
n2

5n(5n 2) > 27

@5(FD9 e 1

?BgnE)J01E)J@CG161PCG143:/@B3:CGFD3LB/2145

x y

m(x, y, z) = max{x2 y 2 z 2 }

@369<;

L:=

B34/DAn1?Bg
DF g 369<;
B36C^=FD9
369<; 2 m 2x y 2
cz

x+y+z =0

100n2 +470n+343 > 0

@369<; E)J01>nC5IEV;<1 e FHMN3:/;BF2FREFH5

X1ZEG1:CGMNFD9<1@z{FRE)JK<CG?0?BgE)J01MFH9@FDMNA<M
5(AnL6^1 e EOEI?SE)J01{CG1:5IEICGF e EGF2?@905

x +y +z =1

........
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+(   +'  T +   + ~
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,( ,e %ub (R 
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? g
HF 5 1 c
m

L<1{5(A e JE)J@34E
3:9<; 2
cOn/21436C/R=
2
2
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BA<zKEI=
? 3 1e J@369<41P?Bg
x
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3:9<;
cJ01:9
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2x

x0

= x + (y z)

y z0

= 1 + 2yz 1

z=

c

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x = 22 y = 0
6z1PJ@3Z@1
2
369<;
2
1c
2
2
2
2
2
m(x2 , y 2 , z 2 )

1
2

x+y+z =0 x +y +z =1

m(x , y , z ) =

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c :1ZE
L<1}E)J01}FH9 e 1:9BEICG1?BgOEICGFD369</H1
O3:9<;/H1ZE 0 0 O3:9<;
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