Geosynthetics in road construction german regulations (2005)

W. WILMERS1

ABSTRACT: In road construction in Germany geosynthetics are used in all types of earth works, but also in Concrete roads and asphalt pavement. For applications in earth works we have regulations. Their aim is, to find for the user the product, which fits best for his application and to give the producer or deliverer a chance, to go into the market in a fair contest. To define the properties necessary for a given purpose, we calculate where possible and we classify where a calculation method is not available or not practical. For pavement applications working groups are activ. The CEmarking made it necessary, to change our reliable QS-system.

Regulations in Germany

1.1

General remarks

The basis for contracts in road constructions is the Verdingungsordnung fr Bauleistungen VOB, a framework of german standards (DIN) for contract provisions for all kind of building and construction (VOB 2006). For earth works in road construction and the use of geosynthetics in it we have three papers, which are supplementing each other: - Additional provisions for technical contracts and guidelines for earthwork in road construction: ZTV E-StB 94 (in preparation) - Additional provisions for technical contracts and guidelines for the use of geosynthetics in earthwork in road construction ZTV Geok E-StB (will be included in ZTV E-StB new) - Technical terms of delivery of geotextiles and geogrids in earthwork in road construction TL Geotex E-StB 95 replaced by Technical terms of delivery of geosynthetics for earthwork in road construction (TL Geok E-StB 05) - Notes on the use of geotextiles and geogrids in earthwork in road construction (Notes 1994) replaced by Notes on the use of geosynthetics in earthwork in road construction (Notes 2005 M Geok E 05) For testing there are the standards of CEN, ISO and DIN. The European Normalisation by CEN TC 189 Geosynthetics now arrived at a level that not only influences the testing of the products but also the basics of contracts. That is one reason why in Germany the regulations are discussed a new. The other reason is, that since 1995, the year of TL

1 Dipl.-Geol. Dr. Wilhelm Wilmers postal address: Berliner Ring 72, D-35576 Wetzlar, email: wilhelm.wilmers@t-online.de, phone: 06441-52334, fax : 06441-567691

Wi/Br 11.06.07 T:\t-texte\CEN-DIN\Aa0515\www\Geosynthetics in road construction.doc

Dipl.-Geol. Dr. Wilhelm Wilmers Geosynthetics in road construction german regulations (2005) page 2 Geotex, some new products are on the market and a lot of research and of experience with new applications is made, which developed the knowledge. The elaboration of regulations for road construction is the task of special working groups of the research association for roads and transports (Forschungsgesellschaft fr das Straen- und Verkehrswesen FGSV) with members of administration, contractors, consultants, producers and universities. The regulations are recognized by the ministries of transport of Germany and of the German Lnder as obligatory for all relevant parties.

1.2

Geosynthetics in earthworks

The notes on the use of geosynthetics in earthwork in road construction 2003/4 (notes 2005: Merkblatt fr die Anwendung von Geokunststoffen im Erdbau des Straenbaus 2005) have following parts: [1] General remarks [2] terms and their definitions [3] technical properties of products (geotextiles, geogrids, geocomposits and geosynthetic barriers) [4] fields of application (with design principles for 66 examples): Separation of different kind of soils, to hinder the penetration of fine particles into coarse grained soils under load but to allow the trickle of water Filter to allow the passage of water and protect the soil structure subjected to hydrodynamic forces Drainage by collecting and transporting of water in the plain of the drainage layer Reinforcement of embankments, slopes and retaining structures against failures Protection of surfaces against erosion Protection of geosynthetic and natural barriers against damage Barrier function: the control of migration of liquid [5] basic conditions for dimensioning of filters and of reinforcements [6] test procedures [7] hints for the selection of products for a given use [8] provisions for contracts: terms of delivery and hints for quality assurance.

1.3

Geosynthetics in pavements

In addition two groups of the FGSV are engaged to work out notes on the use of geotextiles under concrete pavements and notes on asphalt - interlayers. 1.3.1 Use of geotextiles under concrete pavements

The use of nonwovens between a cement- or an asphalt- bound base and a concrete pavement plate is now a regular construction principle, after 15 years practice experience with test sites on heavy trafficked highways. The nonwoven has the function of separator between pavement plate and base, a drainage function to discharge water which seeped through joints to the sides and a bedding function to cushion and absorb dynamic traffic load (Sulten et al. 2000). This is laid down

Dipl.-Geol. Dr. Wilhelm Wilmers Geosynthetics in road construction german regulations (2005) page 3 in Additional provisions for technical contracts and guidelines for the construction of concrete pavements of roads: ZTV Beton-StB 01. The specification values for a needlepunched nonwoven are: - Mass per unit area 450 g/m mA 550 g/m - 100 % polyolefin - tensile strength MD/CMD > 10 kN - tensile elongation MD/CMD < 130 % - thickness at 20 kN/m 2 mm - water permeability kH in plane, under 20 kN/m pressure and hydraulic gradient i=1: kH 5 * 10-4 (m/s) - water permeability kV vertical to plane, under 20 kN/m pressure and hydraulic gradient i=1: kV 1 * 10-4 (m/s) Other textiles may be allowed if there good and longtime function for this purpose is proved. Experiences has shown, that it is better, to limit the tensile elongation to 60%. 1.3.2 Asphalt interlayers

There are good experiences with asphalt interlayers as barriers or/and shock absorbing membranes. The reinforcement function is under discussion. The FGSV published a "FGSV-Workingpaper Use of Nonwovens, Grids and Composits in Asphalt Road construction 2006 (FGSV AP 69)."

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS SELECTION

In the following I concentrate on the selection procedure and on provisions for contracts on geosynthetics in earthworks.

2.1

Functions and related properties

To find the product, which fits best in a special application, we must define the properties, which the product must have and the technical demand, which it must fulfill. We calculate where calculation is possible and classify, where we have no basis to calculate or where calculation does not fit (Table 1). Table 1: Functions and related properties: calculation or classification Functions Separa- Filter DraiReinProtecPROPERTIES tion nage forcetion: soil ment Mass per unit area GRC GRC ----* Thickness --* calc --* Resistance force Elongation tensile GRC GRC GRC GRC ----calc calc * ---

Protection barriers clas clas clas clas

Barrier func-tion clas clas clas clas

Dipl.-Geol. Dr. Wilhelm Wilmers Geosynthetics in road construction german regulations (2005) page 4 Creep/ creep rupture Robustness to installation damage Friction Characteristic opening size Water permeability --GRC --clas clas --GRC --calc calc clas clas calc GRC ** --calc ** calc clas clas calc rf/ st calc ----clas clas / rf --*** * ----clas clas --clas calc **** ----clas clas clas prot calc ----clas clas

Resistance to weathe- clas ring Resistance to chemi- clas cal ageing

Explanation: calc: calculation; clas: classification; GRC: geotextile-robustness-classes; rf: reduction factor; st: site test; prot: to be protected; *): influence not to quantify; **)filter only; ***) installation procedure according to product properties; ****) on inclined plains only; ---: not needed

With the exception of characteristic opening size O90 the specification values are based on the 5 %Quantile value. It is assumed, that this corresponds to mean-value minus tolerance value, based on 95 % confidence level, which is declared by producer for product values.

2.2

Mass per unit area and thickness

Mass per unit area is used for product identification and for definition of minimum values for protection layers. Thickness under load including compressive creep is important for drains, for protection layers and for barriers.

2.3

Geotextile-robustness-classification

Since 1980 a geotextile-robustness-classification GRC is successfully used, to classify the robustness of geotextiles against mechanic damage in 4 classes, following a Norwegian proposition (Alfheim & Soerlie 1977 [1], Wilmers 1980 [12]), changed 1994 to 5 classes. It was based on pushthrough-force for nonwovens (EN ISO 12236) and on tensile strength for wovens (EN ISO 10319). This pragmatic approach is newly in discussion. In the middle of the 80ties we discussed the use of elongation during tensile or static puncture test, the use of a modulus or of the working force as basis for the GRC. In this period we had not enough experience and data. In the last years in different countries and also in Germany a lot of research work has been done about damage during installation and how the resistance to damage can be classified by index tests. Now by the new research we have a better basis for a discussion. The result is: the use of a working force or of an energy absorption gives by our knowledge not the mean to a clearer distinction of the behaviour of different products on real site condition. So we decided to continue with the geotextile robustness classification.

Dipl.-Geol. Dr. Wilhelm Wilmers Geosynthetics in road construction german regulations (2005) page 5 Table 2: Geotextile Robustness Classes (GRC) for nonwovens and wovens nonwoven Splitfilm-woven Multifilamentwoven (2) Mass per Tensile Mass per Tensile for- Mass per Geotexti- Pushthrouunit area force (1) unit area ce (2) unit area le-robust- force FP,5%,requ. F5%,requ. F5%,requ. MA,5%,requ. MA,5%,requ. MA,5%,requ. nesclasses GRC 1 0,5 kN 80 g/m 20 kN 100g/m 60 kN 230g/m GRC 2 GRC 3 GRC 4 GRC 5 1,0 kN 1,5 kN 2,5 kN 3,5 kN 100g/m 150g/m 250g/m 300g/m 30 kN 35 kN 45 kN 50 kN 160g/m 180g/m 220g/m 250g/m 90 kN 150 kN 180 kN 250 kN 280g/m 320g/m 400g/m 550g/m

Explanation: (1) the smaller value out of MD / CMD (2) Tensile force in MD for a product with high MD and very low CMD GRC-value: the 5 %-Minimum quantile of pushthrough-force / tensile force and for mass per unit area

2.4 2.4.1

Classification of installation stress Classification of fill

To find out the necessary GRC for a given site, we classify the fill material in 5 levels on the bases of the diameter and the coarseness/sharpness of aggregates. Table 3: Classification of cover material: classes AS 1 to AS 5 Classes Type of Cover Material Without influence on selection AS 1 round shaped coarse grained or mixed grained material without stones AS 2 AS 3 AS 2 with 40 % stones AS 4 AS 5 AS 2 with 40 % stones AS 4 with sharp edged aggregates

When using a fill of sharp edged, crushed aggregates, take the next higher class of cover: AS 3 of rounded aggregates becomes AS 4 with sharp edged aggregates. When the subsoil is a compacted coarse grained soil, the class has to be elevated 1 step. A fill of stones on coarse grained subbase normally does not need a separation layer. If ever a fill with more than 40% sharp edged stones has to be placed on a compacted coarse grained soil, site tests are proposed. 2.4.2 Classification of load

In addition we classify the load resulting from installation and construction works in 4 levels.

Dipl.-Geol. Dr. Wilhelm Wilmers Geosynthetics in road construction german regulations (2005) page 6 Table 4: Classification of load Classes Types of Loading Manual installation and covering and no significant loading on the geotextile resultAB 1 ing from compaction Mechanical installation and compaction without significant stress resulting from conAB 2 struction vehicles Mechanical installation and compaction and increasing stress resulting from permitAB 3 ted rutting with depths from 5 to 15 cm Mechanical installation and extreme stress resulting from permitted rutting with AB 4 depths of more than 15 cm

2.4.3

Combination of fill and load to GRC

The necessary geotextile-robustness-class for a given site is the result of combination of the classes of fill (AS) and of load (AB) see Table 5. Table 5: Determination of the geotextile-robustness-class, necessary for a special site Classes of fill Loading Classes AB 1 AB 2 AB 3 AB 4 GRC 1 AS 1 GRC 2 GRC 2 GRC 3 GRC 4 AS 2 GRC 3 GRC 3 GRC 4 GRC 5 AS 3 GRC 4 GRC 4 GRC 5 (*) AS 4 GRC 5 GRC 5 (*) (*) AS 5
Explanation: GRC: geotextile-robustness-classification (*) = site test necessary or increasing thickness of the cover layer required

With this classification of stressing the products by installation procedure and fill material, most site conditions can be covered. On sites, where the stresses are higher, site tests are proposed. The simplest way to reduce rutting is to enlarge the thickness of fill layer. In some cases it can be interesting to combine a geosynthetic reinforcement with the separation layer.

2.5

Strength, elongation and creep

Strength and elongation for the most functions is covered by geotextile-robustness-classes GRC, only for reinforcement there is a calculation, based on data from tensile test. For reinforcements the possible design strength Fd of a product is calculated by reduction factors for: - creep / creep-rupture (A1), - damage during installation (A2), - junctions/ connections (A3), - durability (A4) - dynamic and traffic load, if relevant (A5)

Dipl.-Geol. Dr. Wilhelm Wilmers Geosynthetics in road construction german regulations (2005) page 7

- a general safety factor ().

The basis is the characteristic value Tch of the product, defined by the 5%-minimal quantile of the production: Fd = Fch / (A1 * A2 * A3 * A4 * A5 * ) The general safety factor is 1.75 but when following the partial safety-factor method of Eurocode 7 than is 1.40 for permanent loads / 1.30 for permanent loads plus not regular high traffic load / 1.20 for permanent plus not regular high traffic load plus possible extraordinary loads. Tensile creep and creep rupture of reinforcements is investigated by long-term tests. A short-term index creep test (EN ISO 13431) gives the chance to find out the basic creep properties of a product and to compare the creep-properties with those of a long-term tested product. Compressive creep and creep collapse of drain elements is tested by a short-term index test (EN ISO 13432).

2.6

Damage during installation

Installation damage for separation, filtration and drainage is covered by GRC but in case of reinforcements we demand reduction factors based on performance-tests and on site tests, where the product is tested under the real condition of the given site, concerning fill material and method of installation and compaction.

2.7

Friction

Friction is necessary for slope protection and for reinforcement. Slopes are simulated by an inclined plane test (EN ISO 12957-2); for reinforcements the results of direct shear test are used (EN ISO 12957-1).

2.8

Filter design

Mechanic filter criteria to prevent blocking and clogging: the hydraulic conditions and the soils are investigated and 3 cases are distinguished (mean value of characteristic opening size measured by EN ISO 12956): Case 1: water quantity low, hydraulic gradient low, water flow only from one side: For nonwovens: 0,06 mm O90 0,20 mm For wovens as separation layers: 0,06 mm O90 0,40 mm Case 2: high water flow from one side, or changing direction of water flow: Cohesive soils: 0,06 mm O90 0,16 mm Non cohesive silt: 0,06 mm O90 0,08 mm Running sand: 0,06 mm O90 0,10 mm Sand coarse grained: 0,10 mm O90 0,60 mm

Dipl.-Geol. Dr. Wilhelm Wilmers Geosynthetics in road construction german regulations (2005) page 8 Case 3: high hydraulic impact or/and soils unstable against inner erosion or suffosion: The situation must be investigated by a filter specialist. The dimensioning of the filter can be made by a calculation or by performance tests (Heyer et al. 1999 [4]). The water permeability of the filter is assumed to be sufficient, when O90 is chosen in the upper field of the possible range and when kV, 5% 1 * 10-4 m/s. kV can be measured by i = 1 constant water head (E DIN 60500, part 4). Provisionally the value of kV,VI50, 5% can be calculated by the following formula: kV,VI50, 5% = VI50 / i (DIN EN ISO 11058). with hydraulic gradient i = H/d (H = 50 mm, d = thickness of filter) This is unsatisfactory kV,VI50, 5% because with H = 50 mm there are turbulent flow conditions and with i = 1 normally laminar flow and because the calculation with thickness of filter not in all cases gives realistic results.

2.9

Durability

Durability is necessary for design life: - Separator as construction-aid 1/2 to 1 year - Separator with permanent importance 80 - 100 years - Filter in a drainage easy reparable: 10 to 25 years - Filter in a drainage under a construction: 80 - 100 years - Reinforcement under a dam against slipform-failure: time for consolidation, typically 1 to 5 years - Reinforcement of steep slopes or retaining structures for long-term: 80 - 100 years. 2.9.1 Resistance to weathering

Resistance to weathering is classified by the results of weathering test DIN EN 12224 (UV-rays and eventually washing out of protective inhibitors). Annex B of DIN EN 13249 gives limits for the maximum exposure time from placing the product to covering. There is a difference made between application where a long-term strength is a significant parameter and other applications, without defining which application is mentioned in either cases. In the german regulation we defined as follows: - Long term strength significant parameter for: reinforcement, filter in revetments, protection and drainage layers on constructions - Other applications: filters, separators, protection layers, barrier layers, erosion protection layers in combination with seeds Table 5: Classification of weather resistance (ENV 12224) and maximum exposure time (EN 13249) Remaining strength > 80 60 - 80% < 60% > 60% 20 60% < 20% Long term strength necessary 1 month 2 weeks 1 day - To be protected within: Other applications - To be 1 month 2 weeks 1 day protected within:

Dipl.-Geol. Dr. Wilhelm Wilmers Geosynthetics in road construction german regulations (2005) page 9 2.9.2 Resistance to chemical ageing

Resistance to chemical ageing: We follow EN 13249 Annex B (normative) durability aspects: for PA, PE and PP the oxidative, for PA and PET the hydrolytic resistance has to be observed and in case of permanent applications to be improved, when the product is decisive for the life of the structure. For PVA not a longer experience is existing, therefore we demand tests for oxidative and for hydrolytic resistance. In long-term constructions PET must not be used in contact with soils with pH 9,5. In all cases PET is not to be used in direct contact to cement-concrete and to soils, mixed with cement or lime. As supplement to EN 13249 Annex B (normative) we demand for application with a design life of 100 years that all the tests for design life 25 years has to be made and in addition tests with longterm stress under different temperatures, which allow to estimate the long-term behaviour for 100 years. Not only the change of strength is to observe, but also the molecular changes in polymers and the stabilisator-content if relevant. By this, an assessment of remaining strength has to be made. If these investigations are not existing, for PET and PVA products a safety factor of 2.0 and for AR, PA, PE and PP a safety factor of 3.3 is used. The investigation of existing long time installations is a very good way to characterize the long-term stability of a product. Dr. Schrder and his colleagues in the BAM/Berlin developed research methods to find molecular changes before they influence the strength (Schrder 2001a [7] and Schrder 2001b [8]). For constructions, where the fabric is crucial for safety, it is recommended to install test specimen under realistic conditions and to test them periodically after several years, to see if there is a change with time and to have the opportunity to act early, if ever a lack of safety is developing. There should be tested not only the strength and elongation, but also the possible molecular changes.

CONDITIONS FOR CONTRACTS

3.1

Product data sheet and labeling

The CE-marking of products has the chance, to clarify the market. But the list of data which the producer has to give in the CE-accompanying document is not sufficient. This was also the opinion of the specialists who worked out EN 13249. In Germany we demand a data sheet which identifies all relevant data of the product. So it must contain all the data about the construction of the fabric and for all its properties which in EN 13249 Table 1 are indicated as H and A, S only for special cases. In addition for identification purposes the values of mass per unit area and thickness are necessary. We demand also the labeling of the single roll/package and the product itself (DIN EN ISO 10320). This is regulated in Germany since 1987.

Dipl.-Geol. Dr. Wilhelm Wilmers Geosynthetics in road construction german regulations (2005) page 10 3.2 CE mark is not a quality mark

The CE marking is based on a QS - system for the production and by a factory production control, which is supervised by an approved body (attestation of conformity system 2+). This inspection does not include any product control by the approved body. So the CE marking is not a quality mark and gives a lower guarantee of product quality, than our actual practice. This makes it necessary, to make an intensive control on site.

3.3

Quality Assurance

In Germany since the sixties we have a three step system of quality-assurance-tests for all materials, used in road construction: - Initial type tests of products by an approved body, - production control testing by the producer, supervised by an approved body - self control of handling on site by the contractor, supervised by the client - control tests on site and of specimen, taken from the site under the responsibility of the client. The on site control follows now CEN/TR 15019 on site control, which is good corresponding to our practice. For the control of on site conditions, handling of the products and sampling, CEN/TR 15019 on site control gives a way to a comprehensive control on site: - On site quality control can consist of : the evaluation of compliance of a delivered product with the specification, the evaluation of the compliance of site-conditions with specification the inspection of handling and conditions of storage the inspection of placing the product on site taking samples for evaluation of compliance with the specification placing and extracting control samples to check damage during installation placing of control samples to check the behavior with time. - The number of samples required is a function of: the importance of the product for the safety of the work the area of product used in the work. A new element is: The contractor has to execute an entrance quality control testing of products delivered on site ("entrance quality testing procedure A"). If the product is certified on basis of a factory production control with voluntary continuous inspection and audit-testing of product by an approved body (equivalent to system 1+) than then entry control is not demanded ("entrance quality testing procedure B"). The project of European manufacturers, to install a system with product control by an approved body and with a quality mark on the product ("Geomarc") may fulfil this requirement, if it consists of two inspections per year and if it contains a product type testing by the approved body. Product type testing means: for regularly produced materials ("mass products") all different types has to be tested. For special products, sometimes especially developed for one site, belonging to a range of products identical in polymer and construction except for mass per unit area, only one type out of the range is tested.

Dipl.-Geol. Dr. Wilhelm Wilmers Geosynthetics in road construction german regulations (2005) page 11 The specimen for site control are taken by the client together with a representative of the contractor. The result decides the acceptance or rejection of the product. The lot fails, if one ore more specimen fail with one or more test results. Than it has to be rejected. If the products have already been installed, two steps are necessary: a technical evaluation of remaining safety of construction and a contract fine. If the remaining safety is not sufficient, the necessary means must be taken by the contractor and he will demand the producer/deliverer to pay for it. If the remaining safety is sufficient a contract fine is necessary. This is a very efficient and very important mean to assure the quality of the products in a high level. In the german rules the following tests to identify a product in the quality control system are used: - the mass per unit area - the thickness for drains, protection layers and barrier layers - a strength-test: tensile strength for woven and grids, static puncture for nonwovens - Other properties are only controlled, if there is a doubt.

3.3.1

Systems for evaluation of compliance with specification

The value to be control-tested is the specification value (e.g. Fp,5%,requ ). The control-test-result is the mean of specimen (e.g. Fp,contr )belonging to a sample. The characteristic value (Fp,ch ) is the product value given by the producer as mean plus or minus a tolerance value based on 95%tolerance. The 95%-tolerance is understood as equivalent to the 5%-Quantile: - Required is the delivered product: Fp,ch Fp,5%,requ. - Control on site: Fp,contr Fp,5%,requ. Following draft CEN/TR 15019 there are two systems: Attribut testing If one or more of the samples of a delivery lot do not meet one or more of the design specification values the lot fails. The supplier may choose to replace the rejected delivery or to carry out further testing and evaluation on new samples. Variables testing The result of the new and previous tested samples can be evaluated together by a statistic procedure (variables testing): This evaluation can be used, if there are 5 or more samples. The lot is accepted when: (x* - 1.645 * s) Qmin5% (lower limiting quantile in case of minimum value) or (x* + 1.645 * s) Qmax5% (upper limiting quantile in case of maximum value)

Dipl.-Geol. Dr. Wilhelm Wilmers Geosynthetics in road construction german regulations (2005) page 12

3.3.2

Explanation of the statistical background of the evaluation systems

It is assumed, that the variance of property values during production follows a normal distribution e.g. after Gauss. That means a symmetric distribution around the mean value . If a statistically based safety for a minimal or maximal value, used in a specification, is demanded, than the lower or upper limiting quantile can be used (Qmin / Qmax). A lower limiting quantile of 5% means, that not more than 5% of nonconforming lower values are allowed. The lower or upper limiting quantile of 5% is defined by 1.645 x [ 15 21].

PRODUCTION - VALUES NORMAL DISTRIBUTION : mean value of production : standard deviation of production

1.645x

1.645x

Qmin = 5%

Qmax = 5%

x*
CONTROL SAMPLE VALUES NORMAL DISTRIBUTION x*: mean value of control samples s: standard deviation Qmin = 5% nonconforming

1,645xs1

1,645xs2

Sample 1 conforming: 1,645xs1 = Qmin Sample 2 nonconforming : 1,645xs2 < Qmin

Dipl.-Geol. Dr. Wilhelm Wilmers Geosynthetics in road construction german regulations (2005) page 13

3.3.3

Inspection by a variables sampling system

It is assumed, that also the values of samples follow a normal distribution around the mean x* of all samples, with the standard deviation s. The sample value is the mean value of test specimen belonging to one sample. 3.3.4 Decision formula for specification values based on 5 %-Quantile:

In case of minimum value: acceptance if (x* - 1.645 x s) Qmin In case of maximum value: acceptance if (x* + 1.645 x s) Qmax with x* = mean value of sample - values s = standard deviation of sample values 1.645 = acceptance constant 3.3.5 Probability of acceptance (operation characteristic curves OPC):

The operation characteristic curves OPC show the probability of acceptance of a tested lot in relation to the percent nonconforming of the lot. That means, the risk for the client, to accept a lot, which is not conforming and vice versa the risk of the deliverer, to get rejected a conforming lot. In a simple decision method: rejection, if one sample fails, the risk of accepting a nonconforming lot is very high (see curves for attribute sampling system). The attribute sampling system counts the nonconforming samples. For a Qmin/Qmax of 5% the lot is accepted, if only 5% of the samples tested fail, e.g. 1 sample in 20 samples (or 5 in 100). For less than 20 samples no failing sample is allowed. In a variables sampling system, as given in this standard as statistic evaluation, the risk of accepting a nonconforming or rejecting a conforming lot is much lower and becomes more just with an increasing number of samples. For the acceptance-constant of 1.645 the probability of acceptance is 50% when the nonconforming values of the tested product are equivalent to Qmin or Qmax (if relevant). But the probability of accepting a lot with 1% nonconforming is between 75% and 95%, of accepting a lot with 10% nonconforming between 22% and 35%.

Dipl.-Geol. Dr. Wilhelm Wilmers Geosynthetics in road construction german regulations (2005) page 14

Operation Characteristic Curves

Probability of acceptance (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 10 Nonconforming (%) 100

Attr(n=1) Attr(n=5) Var (n=3) Var (n=5) Var (n=10)

FURTHER ACTIONS

To facilitate the use of geosynthetics in a good way, the working group of FGSV has worked out additional papers: - Hints for specification of products for typical uses - Checklists for design, project planning, preparation of site and realization on site

REFERENCES

[1] Alfheim, S.L. & Soerlie, A. 1977: Testing and classification of fabrics for application in road constructions. In: Proc. Int. Conf. on the use of fabrics in geotechnics, Paris, France, pp. 333-338 [2] CEN/TR 15019: Geotextiles and geotextile-related products on site quality control [3] EN 12349, 2001: Geotextiles and geotextile-related products Characteristics required for use in the construction of roads and other trafficked areas (excluding railways and asphalt inclusions) [4] Heyer, D. & Krug, M. 1999: Filterwirksamkeit von Geotextilien bei geringen hydraulischen Gefllen, - Forschung Straenbau und Straenverkehrstechnik, Bundesministerium fr Verkehr, Bau- und Wohnungswesen, Heft 766, Bonn [5] Notes, 1994: Merkblatt fr die Anwendung von Geotextilien und Geogittern im Erdbau des Straenbaus . Forschungsgesellschaft Straen- und Verkehrswesen, Kln, Germany [6] Notes, 2005: Merkblatt fr die Anwendung von Geokunststoffen im Erdbau des Straenbaus (M Geok E). Forschungsgesellschaft Straen- und Verkehrswesen, Kln, Germany [7] Schrder, H. 2001a: Chemische Beanspruchung von im Boden eingebauten Geokunststoffen durch im Boden und Bodenwasser natrlich anwesende Stoffe Hydrolyse von Polyesterge-

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