Science Study Guide 6th Grade GLENCOE

Study Guide and Reinforcement
Student Edition
nc6.msscience.com
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the Glencoe North Carolina Science Grade 6 program. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240 ISBN 0-07-867847-1 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 09 08 07 06 05 04
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science and Technology . . . . . . . . . . .1 Chapter 2: Rocks and Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Chapter 3: Erosional Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Chapter 4: Forces Shaping Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Chapter 5: Earthquakes and Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Chapter 6: Weathering and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Chapter 7: Our Impact on Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Chapter 8: Exploring Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Chapter 9: The Sun-Earth-Moon System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Chapter 10: The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Chapter 11: Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Chapter 12: Plant Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Chapter 13: The Nonliving Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Chapter 14: Interactions of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Chapter 15: Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Chapter 16: Adaptations Over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Chapter 17: Energy and Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Chapter 18: Thermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Chapter 19: Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Chapter 20: Light, Mirrors, and Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
iii
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
How Science Works
Chapter
1
cultural remains technology
Directions: Using the terms, complete the summary statements below. archaeologist pottery archaeology science
1. The use of knowledge gained through science to make new products or tools which people can use is referred to as ____________________. 2. A scientist that studies past civilizations and their cultural remains is a(n) ____________________. 3. The process of looking at and studying things in the world in order to gain knowledge is commonly referred to as____________________. 4. Artifacts, such as tools, weapons, rock drawings, buildings, or pottery left behind, are considered ____________________. 5. The study of cultural remains of ancient humans is the science of ____________________.
Directions: Discuss the two main branches of archaeology and give an example of each.
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Branch of archaeology:
Example: 7. Branch of archaeology:
Example:
Directions: Answer the question below.

8. Explain why it is important to give each artifact a number and list its location and orientation in the soil before removing it and taking it to the lab for further chemical analysis.
Directions: Define the term science and give a real-world example of how you use science every day.
9. Science: Example:
The Nature of Science and Technology
Name
Date
Class
2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Study Guide
Scientific Problem Solving
Chapter
Directions: List the basic steps used to solve scientific problems.
To determine which of three types of batteries last the longest, Laura used three identical flashlights, put one type of battery in each, turned them on simultaneously, and timed how long each flashlight remained lit. Use Lauras experiment to answer these questions. 7. What are the independent variables? 8. What are the dependent variables? 9. What are the constants? 10. What are the controls? 11. How could Laura make sure her conclusions were valid?
12. If one of the flashlights went off after only one minute, what would you conclude? 13. Wallace hypothesized that batteries will last longer if he plays his boom box at low rather than high volume. Describe how he could test his hypothesis.
2 The Nature of Science and Technology
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Science, Engineering, and Technology
Chapter
Directions: Answer each question in the space provided.

1. How does the work of a scientist differ from that of an engineer?
2. Explain how the concept of the Internet can be considered a new technology.
3. What is the first step in developing a technological solution to a human problem?
4. What is a prototype? Why is a prototype important when developing a new product?
Directions: Match the type of technology to the examples given. Some answers may be used more than once.
artifact or hardware
methodology or technique
system of production
social-technical system
5. Internet communication 6. Ballpoint pen 7. Robotic welding system 8. DVD 9. Insect-resistant corn plants 10. e-mail communication 11. Development of agriculture by ancient civilizations
biotechnology
The Nature of Science and Technology
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
MineralsEarths Jewels
Chapter
2
calcite mica smelting
Directions: Use the words from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below. apatite kimberlite magma rocks graphite quartz gems precipitation fracture minerals
1. a mineral that is used to make glass 2. something that must form and be brought to Earths surface by through a special type of volcanic explosion for miners to be able to get diamonds 3. solids made of two or more minerals 4. a process to melt and separate unwanted materials from a metal 5. minerals that break into jagged or rough pieces have this 6. the mineral used in pencil lead 7. one of the minerals found in bones 8. rare minerals that can be cut and polished 9. more than 4,000 of these solid inorganic materials with unique identifying characteristics have been identified
10. the way that 25-cm manganese nodules form on the ocean floor 11. a mineral that has cleavage lines that cause it to form thin flakes when broken 12. a mineral that can form clear crystals that cause double images
Directions: List four characteristics of gems.

13.
Directions: List seven identifying properties of minerals.

14.
Rocks and Minerals
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Class
Study Guide
Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks
Chapter
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.

1. When melted rock cools or hardens on or under Earths surface, it forms ____________________ rock. 2. Igneous rock that forms on Earths surface is called ____________________. 3. Igneous rock that forms beneath Earths surface is called ____________________. 4. Rocks that are formed of pieces of other rocks, plant and animal matter, or dissolved minerals are called ____________________ rocks. 5. Magma that flows onto Earths surface is called ____________________. 6. Chalk and coal are examples of a kind of sedimentary rock called ____________________ rock. 7. Melted rock can ooze out from below Earths surface through a crack in the crust called a(n) ____________________. 8. Rocks called ____________________ are made up of pebbles cemented together with other sediments. 9. Group 1
Directions: Classify the terms you used above so that the terms in each group are related.
10. Group 2
6 Rocks and Minerals
Name
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Study Guide
Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle

a. nonfoliated metamorphic rock b. consisting of layers of different minerals c. a model of the way rocks change form
Chapter
Directions: Match the term in the first column with its description in the second column by writing the correct letter in the space provided.
1. marble 2. metamorphic 3. foliated 4. nonfoliated 5. rock cycle 6. sediment 7. gneiss
d. pieces of rock deposited by wind, ice, gravity, or water e. metamorphic rock having a uniform consistency f. having a changed or different form g. foliated metamorphic rock
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

8. What is the rock cycle?
9. What is the difference between foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks?
10. How are metamorphic rocks formed?
11. What are three examples of foliated metamorphic rocks?
12. What are three examples of nonfoliated metamorphic rocks?
Rocks and Minerals
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Date
Class
Study Guide
Erosional Forces
Chapter
3
gravity rockfalls
Directions: Using the word bank provided, complete the following statements. creep deposition erosion landslide mass movement mudflow rock slide slump wins
called _________________.
1. The process that wears away surface materials and moves them from one place to another is
2. The force of attraction that pulls all objects toward Earths center is _________________. 3. Blocks of rock break loose and tumble through the air in _________________. 4. A mass movement with sediments slowly shifting their positions down hill is called _________________. 5. A combination of mass movements such as slump, rock slides and mudflow would be called a(n)________________. 6. When agents of erosion lose energy and drop their sediments, it is referred to as ________________.
7. Layers of rock breaking loose and slipping downhill suddenly is a(n) ________________. 8. A mass of material slipping downhill along a curved surface creates a(n) ________________. 9. The general term used to describe erosion that happens as gravity moves materials down a slope is ________________. 10. A thick mixture of sediment and water flowing down a slope is commonly called a(n) ________________. 11. The process of erosion may be slowed down, but mass movement cannot be eliminated because gravity always ________________.
Directions: List three factors most mass movements have in common.

12. 13. 14.
Erosional Forces
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Study Guide
Glaciers
Chapter

1. How are continental glaciers and valley glaciers similar?
2. How are continental glaciers and valley glaciers different?
Directions: Use your answers above to identify the glaciers described below. You may need to use both types to answer a question.
3. They form U-shaped valleys. 4. They covered much of Earth during ice ages. 5. They deposit till and outwash. 6. They weather rocks by plucking. 7. They form in areas that have cold temperatures all year. 8. They are now located only in the polar regions. 9. They are the kind of glaciers found in Montana today. 10. They can create cirques on the side of mountains.
10 Erosional Forces
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Study Guide
Wind
Chapter

1. Wind erosion called __________________ pits and polishes rocks when blown sand grains hit them. 2. ___________________ are a common form of wind deposit in desert regions and near oceans and lakes. 3. Much of the midwestern United States is on fertile soil that developed from ____________________ deposits. 4. ______________________ is sediment that is as fine as talcum powder. 5. Erosion and ____________________ are part of a cycle that shapes and reshapes the land. 6. ____________________ is wind erosion that can be compared to sandblasting. 7. When windblown sediments pile up behind obstacles, ___________________ are formed. 8. Abrasion and deflation are forms of ___________________ erosion. 9. Loess and dunes are ___________________ of wind-eroded sediments. 10. ___________________ is wind erosion that picks up small particles and leaves heavier particles behind.
11. The side of a sand dune away from the wind has a _________________ slope than the side facing the wind. 12. ____________________ erosion is common in deserts, beaches, and plowed fields. 13. During a __________________, sand grains form a low cloud just above the ground. 14. _________________ blow topsoil from open fields, overgrazed areas, and places where vegetation has disappeared. 15. People in many countries plant trees to act as _________________ to reduce wind erosion. 16. Along many seacoasts and deserts, _________________ is planted to reduce erosion. 17. Plants with fibrous _________________ systems, such as grasses, work best at stopping wind erosion. 18. One common dune shape is a crescent-shaped dune known as a _________________.
Erosional Forces
11
Name
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Study Guide
Earths Moving Plates
Chapter
4
South American plate subduction transform boundary volcanoes
Directions: Match the terms from the word bank with the phrases below. Arabian plate asthenosphere colliding plates convection crust erupting lava inner core lithosphere mantle mountain ranges outer core seismic waves separating plates
1. the part of Earth that makes up two thirds of its mass and flows slowly like putty 2. a layer of Earth that is like plastic. It rests under the lithosphere and the plates move on it. 3. the kind of plates that cause mountains to form 4. these are formed when oceanic plates slide under continental plates 5. what occurs when two plates of different densities are colliding 6. the area where two plates slide past each other 7. the plate that the Nazca plate is moving toward
8. plates may move because of this type of movement in the mantle 9. the highest-pressure, hottest part of Earth that is mostly solid iron 10. these can form when plates of similar density are colliding 11. the part of Earth that is made of the crust and upper mantle and rests on the asthenosphere. 12. islands can be formed near ocean trenches by this 13. the kind of plates that cause rift zones or high ridges to form under the sea 14. the part of Earth that contains the mountains and the valleys. It is the least dense and thinnest layer and is thicker on the continents than under the oceans. 15. the part of the Earth that stops or slows down seismic waves because it is made of liquid metal 16. a plate that the African plate is moving toward 17. energy disturbances that travel through rock, and can speed up, slow down, and be bent or stopped 13
Forces Shaping Earth
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Study Guide
Uplift of Earths Crust
Chapter
4
Example
Directions: Complete the table by describing the type of mountain and giving an example of that type of mountain.
Type of mountain Description
1. Faultblock
2. Folded
3. Upwarped
4. Volcanic

5. The principle of isostasy states that Earths crust and ____________________ float on the upper part of the mantle. 6. Mountains grow ____________________ and sink farther down into the mantle. 7. Icebergs are largest when they break off of a ____________________. 8. The Hawaiian Islands are volcanic mountains that formed from lava eruptions on the ____________________. 14 Forces Shaping Earth
Name
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Study Guide
Earthquakes
Chapter
5
surface wave S-wave tsunami
Directions: Match the terms from the word bank with the phrases below. elastic rebound epicenter fault focus magnitude Mercalli P-wave Richter seismic safe seismic wave strain
1. the point where the movement occurs that causes the wave energy to start 2. the type of earthquake wave that does damage to roads and buildings 3. a type of seismic wave that causes particles to vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the wave 4. surface of a break along which rocks move 5. the snapping back of rock when it breaks apart 6. a consequence of earthquakes that occur on the ocean floor 7. point on Earths surface above an earthquakes focus 8. the fastest type of seismic wave, which causes rock to vibrate in the same direction the wave is moving
9. a scale of magnitude that tells how much energy an earthquake releases 10. waves that travel through Earth 11. a scale that describes the intensity of an earthquake by the amount of geologic and structural damage it causes 12. something measured by the height of lines traced on a seismograph by the energy of an earthquake 13. the kind of energy that builds up as rock bends and is released when rock breaks 14. a description for buildings that can stand up to the vibrations of an earthquake
Directions: List three types of faults and how they form.

15. 16. 17.
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
15
Name
Date
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Study Guide
Volcanoes
Chapter
Directions: Indicate whether each statement refers to a shield volcano (sh), a cinder cone volcano (cc), or a composite volcano (cv).
1. moderate to violent eruptions throwing volcanic ash, cinders, and lava high into the air 2. largest type of volcano 3. a relatively small cone of volcanic material formed from tephra 4. sometimes erupts violently, forming a layer of tephra; sometimes a quieter eruption forming a lava layer 5. forms along subduction zones 6. buildup of basaltic layers, forming a broad volcano with gently sloping sides 7. forms where magma is being forced up from the extreme depths within Earth, or in areas where Earths plates are moving apart 8. Sunset Crater, near Flagstaff, Arizona 9. Mount St. Helens, in Washington 10. a steep-sided mountain composed of alternating layers of lava and tephra
11. pyroclastic flow 12. mudflows 13. lava 14. lava rich in silica 15. lava rich in iron and magnesium 16. tephra
a. magma when it reaches Earths surface b. ash, cinders, solidified lava c. tends to flow easily d. tends to be thicker and is more resistant to flow e. hot, glowing rock flows on cushion of hot gases f. often accompany eruptions, and can be brought on by heavy rain
16 Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Directions: Match the descriptions in Column II with the items in Column I. Write the letter of the correct description in the blank at the left. Column II Column I
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Plate Tectonics
Chapter

1. Describe the lithosphere.
2. What are rifts? What kinds of eruptions would you expect there?
3. What happens at a convergent plate boundary? How does this set up conditions that form volcanoes?
4. Where do most volcanoes form? How did the Hawaiian Islands form?
5. Where and how do earthquakes form?
6. Describe the convection theory of tectonic plate movement.
Directions: Use the drawings to identify the types of plate boundaries.
A 7. transform boundary ______ 8. convergent boundary ______ 9. divergent boundary ______
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
17
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Weathering
Chapter
6
ice wedging physical processes
Directions: Using the terms provided, complete the weathering comparison chart below. animals mechanical weathering plant acid chemical reactions natural acid plant chemical weathering oxidation
Weathering
(1)________________ (3)_______________: rocks are broken apart; new rocks are similar to original rocks
2 Types of Weathering
(2)_______________ (4)_______________: dissolves or changes the minerals; new rocks are different from original rocks (6)________________: carbonic acid dissolves rock, creating caves (8)________________: oxygen and water react with minerals to break down into rust (10)_________________ from decaying plants weakens rocks
Definition
(5)_______________: water freezes in rock cracks
(7)_______________: roots force into cracks, then grow and break rock
Ways Weathering Occurs
(9)_______________: digging, scratching at rocks, causing rocks to move
Directions: Number the following events about ice wedging in the order they happen. The first step in the sequence has been numbered for you.
11. Ice Wedging water freezes and expands ice melts, allowing more water to enter crack pressure builds and extends the crack 1 water enters crack in rock crack extends and breaks apart the rock
Weathering and Soil
19
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
The Nature of Soil
Chapter
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. Study the diagram of a soil profile to answer questions 15.
1. Which soil layer contains the most humus?
2. How far into the soil do plant roots grow?
3. Where in this soil profile is organic matter broken down?
4. Where in this soil profile is solid rock being weathered into soil?
5. What is the name of the process by which water carries dissolved minerals from the upper horizons down to the lower levels? 6. Why does the color of soil affect soil temperature? 7. Why are earthworms, frost, and rodents beneficial to soil? 8. What factors help determine the type of soil, such as the thickness of the layers and their composition?
9. Choose a factor from Question 6 and explain how it can affect the soil in an area.
20 Weathering and Soil
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Soil Erosion
Chapter
Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.
1. gonPliw mechanically turns and loosens the soil to grow crops. 2. When soil is moved from the place where it formed, the process is called sieroon. 3. There is no plowing and plant stalks are left in the field in li-toln gimnarf. 4. In artericeng, flat-topped areas are built into the sides of steep hills and mountains to grow crops. 5. In dry regions where sheep and cattle eat the grasses, reggianvorz increases soil erosion. 6. Each year, clearing thousands of square kilometers of nair setrof destroys soil in the tropics.

7. What can be done to reduce erosion at construction sites?
8. What effect does overgrazing have on topsoil?
9. Why shouldnt more land be cleared for farming and grazing as old land is worn out?
10. Why do people need soil?
11. What can farmers do to reduce soil erosion?
Weathering and Soil
21
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Population Impact on the Environment

modern medicine population
Chapter
7
population explosion size
Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the summary paragraph about population growth. better nutrition carrying capacity clean water increased rapidly
The human population has (1)____________________ in recent history. Scientists refer to this as a(n) (2)____________________. Scientists study all the individuals of one species that occupy a particular area and define this as a (3)____________________. They look for the factors that affect population size and growth. They study a specific environment to determine the largest number of individuals that environment can supportreferred to as the (4)____________________. Population (5)____________________ depends on the available resources and how they are used. The human population has increased rapidly because people are living longer due to (6)____________________, (7)____________________, and (8)____________________.
Directions: Describe how each activity below affects the environment.

9. Using electricity:
10. Burning fossil fuels:
11. Using water:
12. Eating food:
13. Using pesticides and herbicides:
14. Using plastic:
15. Using paper:
16. Mining resources (metals or gems):
Our Impact on Land
23
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Using Land
Chapter
Directions: Decide which of the following effects on the environment are due to natural causes and which are due to the actions of people. Write natural if the cause is natural. Write people if the cause is people.
1. Fires are set by lightning in a national forest. 2. Groundwater near a sanitary landfill that is close to a school is found to be radioactive. 3. An earthquake causes damage in some homes. 4. Increasing amounts of herbicides and pesticides are found in rivers and groundwater. 5. A woodland area in Pennsylvania is torn up for coal mining. 6. Topsoil becomes dust and is blown from farms in a midwestern state. 7. A beach is eroded by high waves. 8. The landfills in a large city are overflowing, and the city wants to ship its garbage to a landfill on an island south of the United States. 9. A small country can no longer feed its growing population. 10. Some suburbs cannot find landfill room for the grass clippings and leaves collected.

11. Write the number of the first item above that you decided was due to people. What would you want to be sure of first if you were called in to solve the problem? 12. Write the number of the last item above that you decided was due to people. What would you recommend to the people in that area?
13. Which effects might be due to farming methods? 14. Which effects could be lessened if most people practiced conservation by reusing and recycling materials? Explain your answers.
24 Our Impact on Land
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Study Guide
Conserving Resources
Chapter

1. What is a recyclable object? 2. Give three reasons why paper should be recycled.
3. Why should aluminum be recycled? 4. How do container laws encourage recycling?
5. How much does recycling reduce the amount of trash a person generates in a lifetime? 6. List two ways governments encourage recycling.
7. List three ways you can reduce your consumption of materials at school and at home.
8. Do you think governments should require recycling? Why or why not?
Our Impact on Land
25
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Class
Study Guide
Radiation from Space
Chapter
Directions: Write the correct term on the line in front of its definition. active and adaptive electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic waves Hubble space telescope observatory optics radio telescope reflecting telescope refracting telescope speed of light
1. an instrument with small mirrors pieced together to create a larger, clearer image 2. carry energy through empty space and through matter 3. 300,000 km/s 4. a device placed outside Earths atmosphere to minimize absorption and distortion of energy from space 5. energy that is transmitted from one place to another by electromagnetic waves 6. an instrument with a concave mirror that focuses an image on a second mirror for viewing through the eyepiece
7. telescopes with computer enhanced and corrected images 8. detects radio waves as they travel freely through Earths atmosphere 9. an instrument for distance viewing through a convex lens that focuses the image to be viewed through an eyepiece 10. a building with an open roof used to house a telescope
Directions: Arrange the seven types of electromagnetic radiation from longest to shortest wavelength on the spectrum. (Hint: Refer to Figure 1 in the text for additional help.)
Longest wavelength
Lowest frequency
Shortest wavelength
Highest frequency
11.
12.
13.
t ligh ible vis
14.
15.
Exploring Space
16.
27
Name
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Study Guide
Early Space Missions
Chapter
8
T M
Directions: Circle the term in the puzzle that fits each clue. Then write the term on the line. The terms read across or down.
S A T E P R O J C L L I T E A R T I N T R O N G J L I U N I J T A L I L P T H A I I E C T G E M
A R M A R M S E O T E P R O J O B I L R D E C T
T N E G E S A
S G A O E S O P M H A E
A P O L
R B S A N U Y S
A C N R O C K E I
T B V O Y A G E R D E R R K R R M O S E
E S P U T N
1. The Moon is a natural ____________________ of Earth. 2. The first human to set foot on the Moon was Neil ____________________. 3. The path of one object circling another is an ____________________. 4. ____________________ was the program that first sent people to the Moon. 5. The ____________________ probes flew past Jupiter and other planets before heading outward toward deep space. 6. The first citizen of the United States to orbit Earth was John ____________________. 7. In ____________________, a team of American astronauts first met and connected with a spacecraft in orbit. 8. A ____________________ travels far into the solar system, collecting information and returning it to Earth. 9. Galileo dropped a smaller probe into Jupiters ____________________. 10. Cooperative missions between countries are being planned to send spacecraft to ____________________ and elsewhere. 11. Launched in 1989, ____________________ provided information about Jupiter. 12. Space exploration began when the Soviets launched ____________________, the first artificial satellite. 13. The simplest _____________________ engine is made of a burning chamber and a nozzle. 14. Weather satellites provide information about the global weather systems on______________. 15. Project ____________________ began the United States effort to reach the Moon. 28 Exploring Space
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Study Guide
Current and Future Space Missions
Chapter
8
A.
Directions: Identify Figure A and Figure B as a space station or a space shuttle. Before each statement at the bottom of the page, write the name of the spacecraft that the item describes. If an item describes both types of spacecraft, write both.
A. ______________________________ B. ______________________________
B.
_________________________ 1. This spacecraft orbits Earth.

_________________________ 2. Astronauts were able to conduct experiments when working in this. _________________________ 3. This glides back to Earth and lands like an airplane. _________________________ 4. The Americans launched Skylab in 1973. _________________________ 5. This reusable spacecraft transports astronauts and other materials. _________________________ 6. A former Soviet cosmonaut spent a record 438 days aboard one of these. _________________________ 7. The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 by one of these. _________________________ 8. This spacecraft provides living quarters and working space for people living and working in space. _________________________ 9. Several countries may cooperatively build one of these in the future. _________________________10. Its astronauts move mechanical arms to launch and recover satellites. _________________________11. The Soviet craft is named Mir. _________________________12. Its solid-fuel booster rockets are reused. _________________________13. American astronauts spent up to 84 days working in this.
Exploring Space
29
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Study Guide
Earth
Chapter
9
elliptical spherical magnetic field
Directions: Complete the following statements. Write the correct word on the blank provided. axis seasons revolves rotates equinox solstice
1. Earth is ____________________ in shape, with a slight bulge at the equator. 2. The day when the Sun reaches the greatest distance north or south of the equator is the ____________________. 3. Earth turns on its ____________________ once every 24 h. 4. Earth ____________________ around the Sun in a(n) ____________________ orbit. 5. When the Sun is directly above Earths equator, we refer to it as the ____________________. 6. Earth is tilted on its axis at a 23.5-degree angle creating a short period of climate change commonly called ____________________. 7. Scientists hypothesize that the movement of material inside Earths core and Earths rotation generate a(n) ____________________.
8. Earth ____________________, creating day and night.
Directions: Define the terms revolve and rotate in your own words and give an example of each.
9. Revolve: Example: 10. Rotate: Example:
Directions: Explain how the tilt of Earths axis causes seasons. (Hint: Refer to Figure 3 and your text to discuss the hours of sunlight and angle of direct rays at different times of the year.)
11.
The Sun-Earth-Moon System
31
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Study Guide
The MoonEarths Satellite
Chapter
Directions: Identify each phase of the Moon in Figure 1 by writing its name on the line beneath the phase shown. Then answer the following questions on the lines provided. Figure 1
1. ____________
2. ____________
3. ____________
4. ____________
5. What phase occurs between the full moon and the third quarter? 6. What phase occurs between the third quarter and the new moon? 7. What phase occurs between the new moon and the first quarter? 8. What phase occurs between the first quarter and the full moon?
Directions: Identify Figures 2 and 3 as either a total lunar eclipse or total solar eclipse. Then on the lines below, explain why each type of eclipse happens and who would be able to see the eclipse. Figure 2
Shadow Sun Light
Earth
Moon
9.
Figure 3
Shadow Sun Light rays Moon Earth
10. 11. Figure 2:
12. Figure 3:
32 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
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Date
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Study Guide
Exploring Earths Moon
Chapter
9
thinner surface
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below. crust basin ice lunar minerals shadow water core
1. Information from Clementine helped scientists measure the thickness of the Moons ____________________. 2. Lunar Prospector enabled scientists to confirm that the moon has an iron-rich ____________________ 3. Hydrogen is one of the elements that make up ____________________. 4. The South Pole-Aitken Basin is an impact crater, or impact ____________________, on the surface of the Moon. 5. The Clementine spacecraft was placed in ____________________ orbit. 6. Throughout the Moons rotation, most of the South Pole-Aitken Basin stays in ____________________.
7. Clementine also took photographs for use in making a map of the Moons _______________. 8. Some scientists theorize that ____________________ may exist in the floors of the craters at the Moons poles. 9. Data show that the Moons crust is ____________________ on the side of the Moon facing Earth. 10. Another kind of information collected by Clementine indicates what kinds of ____________________ make up Moon rocks.

11. Why might the South Pole-Aitken Basin be a good place for a solar-powered Moon colony?
12. Where did the spacecraft Clementine get its name?
The Sun-Earth-Moon System
33
Name
Date
Class
1
1.
Study Guide
The Solar System
Chapter
10
Key Ideas
Directions: List the historical models and astronomical ideas of the solar system by completing the study chart below.
Model
(also known as the geocentric model)
Supporter of the Model

early Greek astronomers
2a.
Moon revolved around Earth, all planets revolved around the Sun in circular orbits (also known as the heliocentric model) Modern View of Solar System Johannes Kepler
2b.
3.
current understanding
Directions: List the planets of our solar system in order. (Hint: refer to Figure 1 in the text for additional help.)
Sun
Directions: Describe the four steps that help explain how the solar system may have formed. (Hint: refer to Figure 3 in the text for additional help.)
13.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
14.
15.
16.
The Solar System
35
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
The Inner Planets
Chapter
10
4.
Directions: Write the names of the inner planets as headings in the chart in the order of their position from the Sun. Then fill in the chart using information from your textbook.
1. 2. 3.
5. Size and composition
6.
7.
8.
9. Atmosphere
10.
11.
12.
13. Temperatures
14.
15.
16.
17. Surface features
18.
19.
20.
21. Moons (number/ names) 23. Space probes 24.
22.
25.
36 The Solar System
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
The Outer Planets
Chapter
10
5.
Directions: List the outer planets across the top of the chart in the order of their usual position from the Sun. Then fill in the chart using information from your textbook.
1. 2. 3. 4.
from Sixth from Seventh from Eighth from from ) ( Sun ) (Ninth (Fifth Sun ) ( Sun ) ( Sun Sun ) 6. Size and Composition 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. Atmosphere
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. Below the Atmosphere
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. Notable Features
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. Moons (number/ names) 31. Space Probes
27.
28.
29.
30.
32.
33.
34.
The Solar System
37
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Other Objects in the Solar System
Chapter
10

1. What is the Oort Cloud, and where is it located? 2. What is an asteroid, and where are most asteroids located?
Directions: Identify Figure 1 and its parts, then answer the question that follows.
3. Figure 1: A. B. C.
B
Figure 1
C
4. How does a comet begin and end?
Directions: Identify the parts of Figure 2, then answer the question that follows.
5. A. B. C.
Earth's atmosphere B C A Earth's atmosphere
Figure 2
Earth's atmosphere
Earth
6. What two space objects produce meteorites?
38 The Solar System
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Plants
Chapter
11
cell membrane cuticle pigment cell wall green algae vascular
Directions: Write the correct term from the word bank on the line next to its definition. binomial nomenclature cellulose nonvascular Carolus Linneaus chlorophyll photosynthesis
1. botanist who proposed classifying plants using many characteristics 2. coloring in a plant 3. chemical compound plants make out of sugars into fibers for structure and support 4. covering surrounds all cells and regulates the interaction between the cell and the environment 5. probably the ancient ancestor of all land plants 6. plants containing tubelike structures used to carry water and nutrients throughout the plant 7. process in which light energy is used to produce glucose and oxygen 8. plants without tubelike structures to move water and substances
9. a waxy, protective layer secreted by cells onto stems, leaves, and flowers to slow the loss of water 10. system of naming species using a unique two-word name 11. green pigment used to trap light used in photosynthesis 12. rigid structure that supports and protects plant cells
Directions: Complete the summary chart of plant adaptations for survival on land. (Hint: Refer to Figure 4 in the text for additional help.)
Adaptation 13. 14. 15. 16. cellulose cuticle fruits and seed cones vascular system Purpose of Adaptation
Plants
39
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Seedless Plants
Chapter
11
rhizoids pioneer species
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms. Some of the terms may not be used. vascular mosses nonvascular liverworts
1. Organisms that are the first to grow in new or disturbed areas are called ______________________________. 2. Ground pines, spike mosses, horsetails, and ferns are all types of seedless ______________________________ plants. 3. Liverworts, hornworts, and ______________________________ are seedless nonvascular plants. 4. ______________________________ are the threadlike roots of nonvascular plants that absorb and distribute water directly through their cell walls.
Directions: Answer the following question on the lines provided.

5. What is the relationship between ferns and coal?
Rose
Corn
Moss
6. Daisy
7. Liverwort
8. Grass
9.
10.
11.
40 Plants
Directions: Classify the following plants as vascular or nonvascular.
Name
Date
Class
3
Table 1
Study Guide
Seed Plants
Chapter
11
Angiosperms
Directions: Contrast the two major groups of seed plants by completing the table. Use information from your textbook.
Gymnosperms 1. Characteristics
2. Examples
Directions: Study the plants pictured below. On the line under each plant, write whether that plant is a monocot or a dicot.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7.

8. What is a seed plant? 9. What are the functions of xylem and phloem? 10. What are some economic uses of gymnosperms?
Plants
41
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Photosynthesis and Respiration

chloroplast guard cells stomata cuticle oxygen
Chapter
12
epidermis photosynthesis
Directions: Write the correct term on the line in front of its definition. chlorophyll glucose respiration
Definition
1. important plant sugar made in the chloroplasts 2. chemical process breaking down food and releasing energy 3. green, light-trapping pigment in chloroplasts used to make food 4. process taking place in chloroplasts during which a plants chlorophyll traps light energy and sugars are produced for food 5. two cells that surround and control the opening size of the stomata 6. nearly clear, outer cell layer of a leaf 7. waste product of photosynthesis 8. plant organelle containing chlorophyll used to make plant sugars
9. small opening in leaf or stems used to control the amount of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and waste that enters and exits a plant 10. waxy covering over epidermis, helps protect plant from drying out
Directions: Put these events in the order in which they happen. The first step has been numbered for you.
11. Fall leaf colors Leaves change color as the other pigments become visible. 1 During spring and summer, light energy is reflected from the chlorophyll; while other pigments in the leaf are hidden. In autumn, the chlorophyll in some leaves breaks down. The leaves appear green to the human eye.
Directions: List two reasons photosynthesis is important to organisms on Earth.

12. 13.
Plant Processes
43
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Plant Responses
Chapter
12
d. photoperiodism
Directions: For each of the following, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. A plants response to gravity is called ______. a. phototropism b. gravitropism c. photosynthesis
2. The flowering of a plant in response to change of light or dark is called ______. a. photosynthesis b. phototropism c. gravitropism d. photoperiodism 3. Anything in the environment that affects the behavior of an organism is called a ______. a. stimulus b. positive tropism c. response d. hormone 4. Auxins cause cells to grow ______. a. longer on the sunny side of the stem c. shorter on the shaded side of the stem b. shorter on the sunny side of the stem d. longer on the shaded side of the stem 5. Ethylene gas is NOT ______. a. a plant hormone that affects ripening of fruit b. used by growers to cause stems to lengthen c. a stimulus d. a cause of leaves falling down from a plant 6. Because of the effect of auxins on cell growth, plant stems grow ______. a. away from gravity c. toward touch b. toward light d. straight
7. The response of roots growing downward is an example of ______. a. negative phototropism c. negative thigmotropism b. negative gravitropism d. positive gravitropism
Directions: Label the responses of the stems and roots in the following diagrams. Figure 1 shows a plants response after being tipped on its side for a few days. Figure 2 shows a plants response to sunlight. Include whether the response is positive or negative. Figure 1 Figure 2
8. stem: 9. roots:
10. stem:
44 Plant Processes
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Abiotic Factors
Chapter
13
climate sunlight wind
Directions: Write the correct term on the line in front of its definition. abiotic elevation temperature atmosphere humus timberline
1. decaying matter found in soil 2. layer of air that surrounds Earth 3. the elevation above which trees cannot grow 4. degree of hotness or coldness measured on a scale 5. features of environment that are alive or were once alive 6. inorganic compound needed for life processes 7. nonliving, physical features of an environment 8. air currents caused by heat from the Sun that warms the air 9. distance above sea level 10. energy source for almost all life on Earth
biotic soil water
11. average weather conditions in an area over time 12. mixture of mineral and rock particles, remains of dead organisms, water, air, bacteria, fungi, insects, and worms
Directions: List the six abiotic factors and how each affects the organisms that live in the environment.
Abiotic Factor
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
Effect on Organisms in the Environment
The Nonliving Environment
45
Name
Date
Class
2
Column I
Study Guide
Cycles in Nature
Chapter
13
Column II
a. nitrogen cycle b. evaporation c. carbon dioxide d. water cycle e. respiration f. nitrogen g. condensation h. carbon cycle i. transpiration j. nitrogen fixation
Directions: Match the term in Column II with the description in Column I. Write the letter of the correct term in the blank at the left. All terms may not be used.
1. photosynthesis is part of this continuous movement 2. gas removed from the air during photosynthesis 3. element that helps plants grow 4. process that changes nitrogen gas into compound plants can use 5. process of water changing from a gas to a liquid 6. transfer of nitrogen from air to soil to organism, and back to air or soil 7. process of water changing from a liquid to a gas 8. continuous movement of water from Earths surface to the air, and back to Earths surface
9. water vapor condenses 10. fossil fuels burn 11. forests are cut down 12. clouds become large and heavy 13. nitrogen removed when harvesting crops
a. soil infertility b. precipitation c. increase of carbon dioxide in the air

14. What are the three primary steps of the water cycle?
15. Explain the importance of nitrogen to living things.
46 The Nonliving Environment
Directions: Match the cause in the first column with the effect in the second column. Write the letter of the correct effect in the blank at the left. An effect may have more than one cause.
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Energy Flow
Chapter
13
energy pyramid food web
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below. chemosynthesis producers consumers photosynthesis
1. The production of energy-rich food molecules from chemicals is called ____________________. 2. A diagram that shows all the possible feeding, or energy transfer, relationships in a community is called a(n) ____________________. 3. A food chain begins with ____________________. 4. ____________________ make up the second and higher steps in a food chain. 5. A diagram that shows the comparative amount of energy at each feeding level is called a(n) ____________________. 6. The production of energy-rich sugar molecules using light energy is called ____________________.
Directions: The steps in the following food chains are out of order. Put them in the correct order by numbering them using 1 as the producer level. Place the number of the step in the blank at the left.
7. ______ a. hawk
8. ______ a. tiger ______ b. grass ______ c. deer
9. ______ a. grasses ______ b. hawk ______ c. grouse ______ d. insects
10. ______ a. marmot ______ b. grass ______ c. bear
______ b. grain ______ c. mouse ______ d. snake

11. In the above food chains, what do all the first-step organisms have in common? Second-step organisms? 12. Explain why an energy pyramid is in the shape of a pyramid.
The Nonliving Environment
47
Name
Date
Class
1
1.
Study Guide
Living Earth
Chapter
14
Two Real-World Examples
a. b.
Directions: Use the information from your textbook to complete the summary chart below.
Vocabulary
biosphere
Definition
2.
community
a. b.
3.
ecology
a. b.
4.
ecosystem
a. b.
5.
habitat
a. b.
6.
organism
a. b.
7.
population
a. b.
8.
species
a. b.
Directions: Describe a part of the biosphere and a particular community, population, and habitat in that ecosystem.
9.
Interactions of Life
49
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Populations
Chapter
14

1. How can competition limit a populations growth?
2. How can a limiting factor affect a populations growth?
3. Which has a higher biotic potential, a pumpkin or a peach? 4. If two squirrels live in one square m of a 50 square m park, what is the parks estimated squirrel population? 5. What are some factors that might stop a populations exponential growth?
7. Give an example of how migration affects population size.
8. Is it possible for a population with a high birth rate to decrease in size? Explain.
9. Describe how scientists measure wildlife populations such as rabbits.
50 Interactions of Life
6. What is carrying capacity?
Name
Date
Class
3
Column I
Study Guide
Interactions Within Communities
Chapter
14
Column II
a. carnivores b. consumers c. omnivores d. herbivores e. predators f. producers g. decomposers h. prey
Directions: Match the terms in Column II with the definitions in Column I. Write the letter of the correct term in the blank at the left.
1. plant eaters 2. consume wastes and dead organisms 3. a consumer captured and eaten by another consumer 4. use the Sun to make energy-rich molecules 5. animals that eat other animals 6. eat plants and other animals 7. consumers that capture and eat other consumers 8. cannot make their own energy-rich molecules
Directions: Select the term from the following list that matches each example. commensalism
mutualism
parasitism
9. A clown fish is protected by an anemones tentacles. 10. cyanobacteria, or alga, living in the tissues of a fungus 11. a roundworm that lives in a puppy
Directions: Label the examples below either habitat or niche.

12. A chameleon changes its colors to blend in with its surroundings. 13. Ducks and amphibians live in or near a pond. 14. Birds nest in trees. 15. A male lions mane attracts a mate. 16. Your cats sense of smell helps it find its way home. 17. Monarch butterflies eat milkweed, making them poisonous to other species. 18. Woodpeckers use their beaks to pry insects from trees.
Interactions of Life
51
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
How Ecosystems Change
Chapter
15
fire lichens pioneer species seeds
Directions: Use the terms provided to complete the following summary. birds grasses mammals plants succession climax community human mosses primary succession trees drought insects organic matter secondary succession
Gradual change in the types of species that live in an area is called (1)____________________. The first species to inhabit an area, the (2)____________________, must be able to survive (3)____________________, extreme heat and cold, and other harsh conditions. These are usually (4)____________________. The succession that begins in a place previously without plants is referred to as (5)____________________. As the first species of (6)____________________ arrive, and erosion takes place, the rock begins to break down into smaller pieces. As these organisms die, they add (7)____________________ to the rock. Plants, such as (8)____________________ and ferns grow in the new soil. The soil layer thickens, and
(9)____________________, wildflowers, and other plants take over. Eventually, the organic buildup is enough to support shrubs and (10)____________________. At the same time, small birds, (11)____________________, and (12)____________________ have begun to move in. Occasionally, natural or (13)____________________ activity causes a change in the environment. These might include (14)____________________, avalanche, lumbering, or construction. Succession that begins in a place that already has soil and was once the home of living organisms is called (15)____________________. After a fire, the bare soil is exposed, but it already contains the (16)____________________ of weeds, grasses, and trees. Wind and (17)____________________ deposit more seeds and growth begins very quickly. It may take hundreds or thousands of years for the community to become relatively stable and to develop into a (18)____________________.
Ecosystems
53
Name
Date
Class
2
Biome
Study Guide
Biomes
Chapter
15
Characteristic animals
Directions: Complete the table below using information in your textbook.
Climate
Dominant plants
1. Tundra
2. Taiga
3. Temperate deciduous forest

4. Temperate rain forest
5. Tropical rain forest
6. Desert
7. Grassland
54 Ecosystems
Name
Date
Class
3
1. 2.
Study Guide
Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter
15
Directions: Describe two life zones in the ocean and how organisms are affected by the conditions in each zone.

3. The illustrations above show two types of freshwater ecosystems. Which supports more species and why?
4. What is an estuary and why is it important to marine organisms?
5. Why are wetlands protected in most areas?
6. How do coral reefs form? What makes them vulnerable to environmental stress?
Ecosystems
55
Name
Date
Class
1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Study Guide
Ideas About Evolution
Chapter
16
Directions: Complete the chart below about evolution.

Term
adaptation evolution geographic isolation gradualism mutation natural selection population punctuated equilibrium species variation
Definition of Term
Real-World Example
Directions: Discuss the scientific ideas of Jean Baptiste de Lamarck and Charles Darwin and the scientific evidence to support each hypothesis.
11. Lamarck:
Scientific evidence:
12. Darwin:
Scientific evidence:
Adaptations Over Time
57
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Clues About Evolution
Chapter
16

1. Relative dating provides a(n) ________________________ of the age of a rock layer or fossil. 2. Fossils provide direct evidence that ________________________ has occurred on Earth. 3. Scientists find clues about evolution from studying ________________________, the molecule that controls heredity and directs the development of every organism. 4. The flipper of a whale, wing of a bat, leg of a frog, and arm of a human are all examples of ________________________ structures. 5. The human appendix, which seems to have no function, is a(n) ________________________ structure.

6. In which type of rock are most fossils found? 7. What two methods are used to determine the age of a rock or fossil?
8. Why is the fossil record not complete?
9. List other evidence of evolution.
10. Does radiometric dating produce exact results? Why or why not?
58 Adaptations Over Time
Name
Date
Class
3
1.
Study Guide
The Evolution of Primates
Chapter
16
Directions: In the table below list three physical characteristics that all primates share. Then describe how each of these characteristics functions or how each is adaptive.
Characteristic Function/Adaptation
2.
3.

4. How do hominids differ from apes?
5. In what ways do Australopithecus and Homo habilis differ?
6. What traits did the early humans, Neanderthals, and Cro-Magnons share?
7. What social behaviors do we share with Cro-Magnon humans?
Adaptations Over Time
59
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
What is energy?
Chapter
17
nuclear
Directions: Label each situation with the type of energy it describes. Some situations may have more than one answer. chemical potential electrical radiant
1. sunshine 2. a rolling ball gains more of this kind of energy when it moves faster 3. the ocean affects climate because it has so much of this kind of energy 4. a rock balanced on a ledge has this kind of energy 5. energy in the nuclei of atoms 6. energy stored in chemical bonds 7. energy produced in your bodys cells 8. energy that operates a toaster 9. energy emitted by a toaster 10. energy emitted by a lightbulb
kinetic thermal
11. as objects become hotter, they have more of this type of energy 12. three kinds of energy a match can help you get from firewood 13. energy of moving objects 14. energy of position 15. energy stored in gasoline
Directions: List two types of energy that depend on the mass of an object.
16. 17.
Directions: State the type of energy that is carried by light.

18.
Energy and Energy Resources
61
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Energy Transformations
Chapter
17
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the terms that best complete the statements.
1. In every energy transformation, some ____________________ is released. 2. When you climb a rope, you change ____________________ energy into ____________________ energy. 3. Energy can never be created or destroyed, just ____________________ or ____________________. 4. As temperature increases, ____________________ energy increases. 5. Fireworks change ____________________ into ____________________ and ____________________ energy. 6. When a pendulum swings, if it is not continuously pushed, it will stop eventually because some of its energy is changed into ____________________ energy. 7. In the muscle cells in your body, ____________________ energy is changed into ____________________ energy.

8. Trace the energy transformations from a hamburger you eat to riding your bike.
9. In most forms of generation of electrical energy in power plants, the last two steps are the same. What are they?
10. Trace the energy transformations from a radio signal to the music you hear.
62 Energy and Energy Resources
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Sources of Energy
Chapter
17
Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes the following statements.
1. (Oil, Wind, Water) is a fossil fuel. 2. As you go deeper into Earth, the temperature (increases, decreases, stays the same). 3. (Coal, Oil, Water) is a renewable resource. 4. (Geothermal energy, Fossil fuels, Hydroelectric energy) cause acid rain. 5. A mountainous region would be a likely source for (nuclear, hydroelectric, wind) energy.
Directions: Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. If it is true, write true on the line. If it is false, change the underlined term to make it true.
6. Fossil fuels cause air pollution. 7. Geothermal energy is caused by falling water. 8. A thermal cell produces electricity directly from sunlight. 9. A reflecting panel uses the kinetic energy of moving air.
10. About 68% of the electrical energy in the United States is produced by nuclear fuel.

11. Explain why it would be necessary for a home using solar energy to have some type of an energy storage device.
12. Explain how hydroelectric energy works.
13. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of using fossil fuels.
Energy and Energy Resources
63
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Temperature and Thermal Energy
Chapter
18
Directions: Unscramble the words to fill in the blanks in the summary statements.
(1)____________________ (rateeputerm) is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the (2)____________________ (oeeuscllm) in a substance. As the temperature increases, the molecules have more (3)____________________ (tiencikt greeny), and are moving (4)____________________ (reastf). For most materials, as the temperature increases, the molecules in the material move (5)____________________ (feathrr) apart, causing the material to (6)____________________ (pandex). When the material cools, its molecules move more (7)____________________ (yowlls) and the material (8)____________________ (strancoct). For the same temperature increase, (9)____________________ (udsiqli) usually expand more than (10)____________________ (dlsois). On the (11)____________________ (iueslcs) temperature scale, the (12)____________________ (bilingo) point of water is 100 C and the (13)____________________ (zengerif) point of water is 0 C. The (14)____________________ (metlahr ygeren) of an object is the sum of the (15)____________________ (nkctei) and (16)____________________ (lontpetia) energy of all the molecules in the object.
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to complete the section summary. greater height increases kelvin more temperature thermal energy
A practical way to measure (17)____________________ is to use a thermometer. One type of thermometer contains a liquid that expands as its temperature (18)____________________, so that the (19)____________________ of the liquid in the tube depends on the temperature. On the (20)____________________ temperature scale, the lowest possible temperature is 0 K. If two glasses of water at the same temperature are poured into a container, the (21)____________________ of the water in the container is (22)____________________ than the thermal energy of the water in either glass, because there are (23)____________________ molecules of water in the container.
Thermal Energy
65
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Heat
Chapter
18

1. How is heat related to thermal energy? Can an object contain heat?
2. Explain how convection could be used to heat a room with a hot radiator on one side of the room.
3. Heat always moves from a(n) ____________________ object to a(n) ____________________ object. 4. When two objects are in contact, heat is best transferred by ____________________. 5. Heat is transferred by conduction when ____________________ moving molecules bump into ____________________ moving molecules and transfer ____________________ energy. 6. The heat from an electric space heater is transferred to you by ____________________.
7. Radiation transfers thermal energy by ____________________. 8. Heat is transferred in gases or liquids primarily by ____________________.
Directions: Correctly complete each sentence by underlining the best of the three choices in parentheses.
9. A small pan of water at 50C is brought into contact with a larger pan of water at 50C. Heat is transferred (from the large pan to the small pan, from the small pan to the large pan, not at all). 10. Convection involves (molecules moving, molecules colliding, electromagnetic waves). 11. Metals are good (reservoirs, insulators, conductors) because they transfer heat easily. 12. Cooking tools often have plastic handles because plastic is a good (conductor, insulator, reservoir) of heat. 13. A measure of how well a substance absorbs heat is its (equivalent heat, calorie content, specific heat). 14. Heat transfer by (convection, radiation, conduction) occurs when energy is transferred by electromagnetic waves.
66 Thermal Energy
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Engines and Refrigerators
Chapter
18

1. What is a heat engine?
2. In a car with a four-cycle engine, why is it an advantage to have at least four cylinders?
3. In nature heat only moves from a hotter object to a cooler object. How is it possible for a heat pump to remove heat from a cold object and add it to a hotter object?
Directions: Identify each statement as true or false. If it is false, change the italicized term to make the statement true.
4. In an air conditioner heat from inside the house is absorbed by coolant within pipes. 5. If you let the air out of a bicycle tire, the valve becomes cold. This is because when a gas under pressure expands, it releases energy to the environment.
6. When a heat pump is used for heating, it removes heat from the cold air outside and adds heat to the warm air inside. 7. A diesel engine does not use spark plugs. 8. An engine that uses the process of burning fuel within the engine is called a(n) internal combustion engine. 9. A heat engine is any device that converts thermal energy into kinetic energy. 10. In internal combustion engines, fuel burns in a combustion chamber inside the engine.
Thermal Energy
67
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
What is sound?
Chapter
19
slower vibrates wavelength
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the summary sentence blanks. amplitude collide compressions decibel Doppler echolocation energy loudness rarefactions
Sound waves are produced by something that (1)____________________. Sound waves travel through a material as particles in the material (2)____________________ with each other. Sound waves have regions called (3)____________________, where particles are closer together, and (4)____________________, where particles are farther apart. The distance from one compression to the next, or from one rarefaction to the next is the (5)____________________ of the sound wave. Sound waves usually travel (6)____________________ in gases than in solids or liquids. The more (7)____________________ carried by a sound wave, the larger its (8)____________________. The intensity of sound waves is measured on the (9)____________________ scale. The (10)____________________ of a sound is the human perception of the intensity of the sound waves.
Directions: Decide whether the term that fills in the blank is in column A or column B and write the correct letter in the last column.
Sentence
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Louder sound waves carry __________ energy than soft sound waves. Loud sounds travel __________ soft sounds. Sound waves in cold weather travel __________ than they do in hot weather. This is because the molecules move faster when they are __________. An increase of 20 dB means there is __________ times more sound energy. An object to be located by sonar can be assumed to be farther away when the echo takes a __________ time to return to the sensor. When a sound-emitting object moves toward a person, the pitch of the sound will seem __________.
A
more faster than faster warmer 20 longer
B
less at the same speed as slower colder 100 shorter
Answer
17.
lower
higher
Sound
69
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Music
Chapter
19

1. What is the difference between music and noise?
2. What vibrates in each of the following to produce the initial sound? a. your voice b. a piano c. a trumpet 3. What is resonance?
4. A musical instrument will vibrate with its ____________________ when played.
5. The guitar body of an acoustic guitar resonates to ____________________ the sound when a string is plucked. 6. ____________________ are repeated echoes of sound. 7. The pitch of the lowest sound produced by an instrument is its ____________________. 8. The shorter the string of a violin, the ____________________ the pitch. 9. In a xylophone, the longer the bar, the ____________________ the pitch. 10. When two notes very close together in pitch interfere, they produce regular changes in loudness called ____________________. 11. The purpose of the ____________________ ear is to amplify sound. 12. ____________________ in the inner ear generate nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain to be interpreted as sound. 13. As people age, their ____________________ frequency hearing tends to decrease.
70 Sound
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Properties of Light
Chapter
20
reflected Sun violet wavelength white yellow
Directions: Use the words in the word bank to complete the summary statements. absorbs all blue combining eyes emits green light bulbs longest orange prism red
A light source (1)____________________ countless light rays in (2)____________________ directions. Light sources include (3)____________________ and the (4)____________________. When light strikes an object, rays are (5)____________________in all directions. You see the object when some of the rays enter your (6)____________________. A (7)____________________ separates a beam of white light into many colors. Each different color of light has a different (8)____________________. The color of light with the shortest wavelength is (9)____________________ and the color with the (10)____________________
wavelength is red. A black object (11)____________________ all wavelengths of visible light and a (12)____________________ object reflects all wavelengths of visible light. The color of an object depends on the wavelengths of light that it reflects. For example, a purple leaf reflects (13)____________________ light and absorbs all other wavelengths. Some colors are formed by (14)____________________ colors. The three primary colors of light are (15)____________________, (16)____________________ and (17)____________________. (18)____________________light, for example, can be formed by a combination of red light and green light.
Directions: Define translucent, transparent, and opaque and give an example of an object of each type.
Definition
19. 20. 21. opaque translucent transparent
Example
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
71
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Reflection and Mirrors
Chapter
20
the normal
Directions: Use the items listed below to label the diagram. Then complete the sentence that describes the diagram. angle of incidence
1.
angle of reflection
2. 3.
light ray 90 surface
The law of reflection states that the 4. ____________________ of 5. ____________________ is equal to the 6. ____________________ of 7. ____________________.

8. Light rays reflect off a rough surface. a. Do the rays reflect in many directions or few? ____________________ b. What type of reflection is this? ____________________ 9. Light rays reflect off a smooth surface. a. Do the rays reflect in many directions or few? ____________________ b. What type of reflection is this? ____________________
Directions: Label each diagram as a plane mirror, a concave mirror, or a convex mirror. Draw incoming and reflecting light rays.
10. ____________________
11. ____________________
12. ____________________
72 Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Refraction and Lenses
Chapter
20
Directions: Read each pair of statements. One or both of them are correct. Circle the ones that are correct. Cross out any incorrect ones.
1. Light travels at the same speed in all mediums. Light travels at different speeds in different mediums. 2. Refraction is the change of speed of a light wave as it moves from one medium to another. Refraction is the bending of a light wave as it moves from one medium to another. 3. The greater the change in the speed of a light wave, the more it refracts. The greater the change in the speed of a light wave, the less it refracts. 4. A lens is a transparent object with at least one curved side that causes light to refract. A lens is a transparent object with two curved sides that cause light to refract. 5. A convex lens is also called a converging lens. A concave lens is also called a diverging lens.
Directions: Identify each statement as describing a convex lens, a concave lens, or both.
6. a lens that is thicker in the center than at the edges
7. a lens that is thicker at the edges than at the center 8. causes light rays passing through it to meet at a focal point 9. has an optical axis 10. an object more than two focal lengths from the lens will have an inverted image 11. causes light rays passing through it to diverge 12. causes light rays passing through it to refract 13. used to correct nearsightedness 14. used to correct farsightedness 15. creates a focal point
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
73
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Using Mirrors and Lenses
Chapter
20
Directions: Using complete sentences, answer the following questions about microscopes.
1. What is an objective lens? 2. What is an ocular lens? 3. Explain how a microscope allows the viewer to see very small objects? 4. Why is it important to know that the lenses in microscopes are convex lenses?
Directions: The terms below describe reflecting or refracting telescopes. Write the terms that best describe each type in the correct column. Some terms will appear in both lists. heavy weight convex lens does not sag gathers as much light as possible enlarges gathered light reflects gathered light sags when too large more expensive less expensive concave mirror lighter weight
Refracting Telescope
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Reflecting Telescope
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Directions: Answer the following question about cameras, using complete sentences.
17. Your friend wants to build a camera and asks you to pick up a concave lens at the hobby shop. You say that is the wrong kind of lens. Explain why you say this and what is important to know about a convex lens in a camera.
74 Light, Mirrors, and Lenses

Science Study Guide 6th Grade GLENCOE

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Study Guide and Reinforcement

How Science Works

Example: 7. Branch of archaeology:

Directions: Answer the question below.

Scientific Problem Solving

Directions: List the basic steps used to solve scientific problems.

2 The Nature of Science and Technology

Science, Engineering, and Technology

Directions: Answer each question in the space provided.

3. What is the first step in developing a technological solution to a human problem?

4. What is a prototype? Why is a prototype important when developing a new product?

The Nature of Science and Technology

Directions: List four characteristics of gems.

Directions: List seven identifying properties of minerals.

Rocks and Minerals

Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.

6 Rocks and Minerals

Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

9. What is the difference between foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks?

10. How are metamorphic rocks formed?

11. What are three examples of foliated metamorphic rocks?

12. What are three examples of nonfoliated metamorphic rocks?

Rocks and Minerals

Directions: List three factors most mass movements have in common.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

2. How are continental glaciers and valley glaciers different?

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.

Earths Moving Plates

Forces Shaping Earth

Uplift of Earths Crust

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.

Directions: List three types of faults and how they form.

Earthquakes and Volcanoes

16 Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Plate Tectonics

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

5. Where and how do earthquakes form?

6. Describe the convection theory of tectonic plate movement.

Directions: Use the drawings to identify the types of plate boundaries.

A 7. transform boundary ______ 8. convergent boundary ______ 9. divergent boundary ______

Earthquakes and Volcanoes

(5)_______________: water freezes in rock cracks

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Ways Weathering Occurs

(9)_______________: digging, scratching at rocks, causing rocks to move

The Nature of Soil

2. How far into the soil do plant roots grow?

3. Where in this soil profile is organic matter broken down?

20 Weathering and Soil

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

8. What effect does overgrazing have on topsoil?

10. Why do people need soil?

11. What can farmers do to reduce soil erosion?

Weathering and Soil

Population Impact on the Environment

Directions: Describe how each activity below affects the environment.

10. Burning fossil fuels:

A 7. transform boundary 8. convergent boundary 9. divergent boundary __

8. a. tiger b. grass __ c. deer

9. a. grasses b. hawk c. grouse d. insects

10. a. marmot b. grass __ c. bear

b. grain c. mouse __ d. snake