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PRAVIN MORCHHALE
What is Femtocell
Femtocells are used to provide licensed indoor coverage. Femtocells are small mobile towers at home. Femtocells combine the internet access technologies like DSL and cable with mobile technologies. Mobile radio signals are generated indoor using Femtocells and connects the operator via internet providing excellent radio conditions.
C = B log2 (1+SINR)
It causes the transmitted signal to decay as Ad-n ; where n is the path loss exponent.
To increase the capacity SINR should be increased. this can be achieved by reducing the distance between the antennas and Path loss exponent.
Femtocell antennas transmit at a low power while maintaining excellent indoor radio conditions.
Excellent Radio conditions allow the use of 64 QAM for DL and 16 QAM for UL
Penetration losses aid Femtocell by acting as insulation between neighboring Femtocell and Macrocell. Low interference better Signal to noise ratio. Femtocell servers around 4-5 subscribers so large resources are available per user. Very good multipath signal factor and NxN MIMO increases data rate.
Femtocell Architecture
HeNB Logical Architecture
X2 interface: For communication and information exchange between HeNBs. S1 interface :Femtocells are connected to the Evolved packet core via HeNB GW through S interface S1 Interface is logically further divided into: S1-MME : carries control plane plane information. S1-U: for data plane.
1) There can be areas where there are no macro cells nearby. 2) Macro cell with very bad radio condition.
Service provider has minimal control on the location and placement of femtocell.
once the signal is received from four or more satellites the receiver enters a tracking loop. Periodic measurements of carrier frequency and pseudo ranges is made. pseudo range = speed of light x round trip time
Information from pseudo range is used to determine time and location with reference to the satellite's coordinates and time.
Cellular Network Listen
This works in the same way as the UE gets downlink synchronized to a Macrocell eNB.
HeNB listen to the synchronization information from other cells transmitted in the SIB block 1 on the broadcast channels.
The correction information are provided in the PTP correction field. Synchronization takes place in two phases : Offset correction : time difference between master and the slave Master sends a SYNC message to the slaves periodically The SYNC message contains precise transmission timing information The Slave measures the exact receive time of theses SYNC messages. The difference is the offset. The Salve is corrected by this offset Delay measurement : propagation delay between master and slave. The propagation delay is between nodes is calculated using delay request and delay response messages of PTP.
Scenarios:
Cross-tier Interference between femtocells and Macro cells work working on the same frequency may interfere with each other. Co-tier: Interference among neighboring femtocells may cause interference. UE transmitted signal Reaching more than one femtocell
The Macro cell is divided into sectors: The whole band for Macro cell is divided into sub-bands. Choosing 3 sub-bands separated from each other and deployed as: Band 1 to Macrocell Band 2 and 3 to Femo-cell Will mitigated interference issue maintaining the overall capacity and throughput.
REFERENCES
Femtocell Synchronization and Location by Femto forum
Femtocell Networks: A Survey, by Vikram Chandrasekhar and Jeffrey G. Andrews, The University of Texas at Austin and Alan Gatherer, Texas Instruments
A study on Efficiency of Femtocells by Rajesh Vaka. Femtocell Tutorial : Fanny Mlinarsky; President, octoScope.
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