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of f columns l and d girders i d with ith moment t resistant i t t joints. j i t The advantages of rigid frame are simplicity and convenience of its rectangular g form. Its unobstructed arrangement, g , clear of bracing members and structural walls, allows freedom internally for the layout and externally for the fenestration. Ri id frames Rigid f are considered id d economical i l for f buildings b ildi of f up to about 25 stories, above which their drift resistance is costly to control. If it is combined with shear wall or cores, the structures potential height may extend up to 50 stories or more. A flat plate structure is very similar to rigid frame but with slabs replacing the girders.
Rigid-Frame g Structures
As highly redundant structures, rigid frames are designed initially
on the basis of approximate analyses, after which more rigorous analyses l and d checks h k can be b made. d The Th procedure d may typically t i ll include the following stages:
Rigid-Frame Behavior
The horizontal stiffness of a rigid frame is governed mainly
by the bending resistance of the girders, the columns, connections ti and d the th axial i l rigidity i idit of f the th columns. l The accumulated horizontal shear above any story of a rigid frame is resisted by y shear in the columns of the story. y The shear cause the story-height columns to bend in double curvature with point of contra-flexure at approximately midstory height levels. story-height levels
Rigid-Frame Behavior
The overall deflected shape of the rigid frame structure due
to racking has a shear configuration with concavity upwind, a maximum inclination near the base, base and a minimum inclination at the top. The overall moment of the external horizontal load is resisted in each story level by the couple resulting from the axial tensile and compressive forces in the columns on opposite i side id of f the h structure.
due to overall d ll bending b di increases i with i h height, h i h while hil that h due d to racking tends to decrease. The response p of a rigid g frame to g gravity y loading g differ from a simply connected frame in the continuous behavior of the girders. Negative moments are induced adjacent to the columns and positive moments of f usually ll lesser l magnitude d occur in the h midd span regions. The continuity also causes the maximum girder moments to be sensitive to the pattern of live loading. This must be considered when estimating the worst moment conditions.
to an edge column occurs when live load acts only on the edge span and alternate other spans, as for A in the Fig. 7.3a. The maximum hogging moments adjacent to an interior column are caused, however, when live load acts only on the spans adjacent to the column, as for B in Fig. 7.3b. The maximum mid-span sagging moment occurs when live load acts on the span p under consideration and alternate other spans, p , as for spans AB and CD in Fig. 7.3a.
the columns for resisting horizontal loading usually causes the columns of a rigid frame to be larger than those of the corresponding fully braced simply connected frame. frame On the other hand, while girders in braced frames are designed g for their mid-span p sagging gg g moment, g girders in rigid g frames are designed for the end-of-span resultant hogging moments, which may be of lesser value. Consequently, l girders d in a rigid d frame f may be b smaller ll than h in the corresponding braced frame.
cost of the girders and possible reductions in story height. These benefits may be offset, however, by the higher cost of the more complex rigid connections. connections
accurate analysis can be made only after the member sizes are assigned. Therefore, Th f member b sizes are decided d d d on the h basis b of f approximate forces estimated either by conservative formulas of by y simplified p methods of analysis y that are independent p of member properties. Three approaches for estimating girder forces due to gravity loading are as follows: 1. Girder Forces Code Recommended Values 2. Two Cycle y Moment Distribution 3. Column Forces
of any two adjacent spans does not exceed the shorter by more than 20% and where the uniformly distributed design live load does not exceed three times the dead load, load the girder moment and shear may be estimated from Table 7.1. This summarizes the recommendations g given in the Uniform f Building Code.
span and d more accurate t than th the th formulas f l in i Table T bl 7.1 71 especially for cases of unequal spans and unequal loading in different spans. Assumption for the analysis: 1. A counterclockwise restraining moment on the end of a girder i d is i positive iti and d a clockwise l k i moment t is i negative. ti 2. The ends of the columns at the floors above and below the considered g girder are fixed. 3. In the absence of known member sizes, distribution factors at each joint are taken equal to 1/n, where n is the numbers framing into the joint in the plane of the frame. frame
loading.
l di and loading d total l loading l di using i the h formulas f l given i in i Fig. Fi 7.5. 75
DE
each support the maximum girder moments that can occur as a result of dead loading and pattern live loading. A different load combination must be considered for the maximum moment at each support, and a distribution made for each combination.
separately as follows:
4 5 6
3 Column Forces 3.
The gravity load axial force in a column is estimated from the
accumulated l t d tributary t ib t dead d d and d live li floor fl l di above loading b th t that level, with reductions in live loading as permitted by the local Code of Practice. The gravity load maximum column moment is estimated by taking the maximum difference of the end moments in the connected girders and allocating it equally between the column ends just above and below the joint. To this should be added any unbalanced moment due to eccentricity of the girder connections from the centroid of the column, also allocated equally between the column ends above and below the joint. j
asymmetric plan is to cause a horizontal plane torque in additional to transverse shear. . Therefore, , the structure will twist as well as translate.
location l i of f the h center of f the h shear h rigidity i idi of f the h set of f parallel ll l bents in story i, relative to an arbitrary origin 0, as given by
Member Force Analysis y by y Portal Method The portal method allows an approximate hand analysis for rigid frames without having to specify member size and very useful for a preliminary analysis. Most appropriate to rigid frames that deflect predominantly d i tl by b racking. ki Suitable for structures of moderate slenderness and height, and is commonly recommended as useful for structures of up to 25 stories in height with a height-to-width ratio not greater than 4:1.
bay portal b t l frames f and d a single i l story t of f a multi-bay lti b rigid i id frame. When each of the separate p portals carries a share of the p horizontal shear, tension occurs in the windward columns and compression in the leeward columns.
axial i l forces f of f the th interior i t i columns l are eliminated, li i t d leaving l i an axial forces only in the extreme windward and leeward columns. The reduction of the highly redundant multistory frame to allow a simple analysis is achieved by making the following assumption: 1. Horizontal loading on the frame causes double curvature bending of all the columns and girders, with points of contraflexural at the mid-height of columns and mid-span of girders. 2 The horizontal shear at mid 2. mid-story story levels is shared between the columns in proportion to the width of aisle each column supports.
the frame at a selected level. The sequence q of analyzing y g the modules is from left to right, g , starting at the top and working down to the base.
left-hand end and below the right-hand end, and similarly on the columns as viewed from the right. The shear are written perpendicular to the columns and beams at the mid-heights and mid-spans, respectively. The bending g moment diagram g is drawn here on the tension side of the member. If member forces are required only at a particular level in the structure, it can be analyzed separately by the above procedure without having to start the analysis at the top (Fig. 7 9c and d) 7.9c
allows a direct analysis of member forces at a intermediate levels make it the most useful of the approximate method for rigid-frame rigid frame analysis. analysis If, however, the frame is taller and more slender, so that overall bending g of the structure by y axial deformations of the columns becomes significant, it may be more appropriate to analyze it by the cantilever method.
7.8. The story height is typically 3.5 m, to give a total height of 70 m. The bents are spaced at 7.0 m. The intensity of the wind loading is 1.5 kN/m throughout the height.
moment at the right end of the girder has the same value as at the left end. Similarly, Similarly the column moments at the top and bottom of a story are equal. The sign g convention for numerical values of the bending g moment is that an anticlockwise moment applied by a joint to the end of a member is taken as positive.
7.9b:
first girder
Approximate Analysis by Cantilever Method This method is based on the concept that a tall rigid frame subjected to horizontal loading deflects as a flexural cantilever (Fig. (Fig 7.2). 7 2) Suitable for the analysis of structures of up to 35 stories high g with height-to-width g ratios of up p to 5:1. : . It is similar to the portal method in considering the equilibrium of joint modules in sequence. It differs, however, in starting by assuming values for the axial forces, rather than the shear in the columns.
direct analysis of intermediate stories. The assumption for cantilever method are as follows: 1. Horizontal H l loading l d on the h frame f causes double d bl curvature bending of all the columns and girders with points of contraflexure at the mid-heights g of columns and mid-spans p of girders. 2. The axial stress in a column in proportional to its distance from the centroid of the column areas.
in the portal analysis. Referring to Fig. 7.10, external moment due to wind are:
column
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