You are on page 1of 55

EAS 454 - Tall Building 4 Rigid-Frame Structures

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Taksiah A. Majid

Rigid Frame Structures Rigid-Frame


Comprises parallel or orthogonally arranged bents consisting

of f columns l and d girders i d with ith moment t resistant i t t joints. j i t The advantages of rigid frame are simplicity and convenience of its rectangular g form. Its unobstructed arrangement, g , clear of bracing members and structural walls, allows freedom internally for the layout and externally for the fenestration. Ri id frames Rigid f are considered id d economical i l for f buildings b ildi of f up to about 25 stories, above which their drift resistance is costly to control. If it is combined with shear wall or cores, the structures potential height may extend up to 50 stories or more. A flat plate structure is very similar to rigid frame but with slabs replacing the girders.

Rigid-Frame g Structures
As highly redundant structures, rigid frames are designed initially

on the basis of approximate analyses, after which more rigorous analyses l and d checks h k can be b made. d The Th procedure d may typically t i ll include the following stages:

Rigid-Frame Behavior
The horizontal stiffness of a rigid frame is governed mainly

by the bending resistance of the girders, the columns, connections ti and d the th axial i l rigidity i idit of f the th columns. l The accumulated horizontal shear above any story of a rigid frame is resisted by y shear in the columns of the story. y The shear cause the story-height columns to bend in double curvature with point of contra-flexure at approximately midstory height levels. story-height levels

Rigid-Frame Behavior
The overall deflected shape of the rigid frame structure due

to racking has a shear configuration with concavity upwind, a maximum inclination near the base, base and a minimum inclination at the top. The overall moment of the external horizontal load is resisted in each story level by the couple resulting from the axial tensile and compressive forces in the columns on opposite i side id of f the h structure.

Rigid Frame Behavior Rigid-Frame


Because of the accumulative rotation up the height, the story drift

due to overall d ll bending b di increases i with i h height, h i h while hil that h due d to racking tends to decrease. The response p of a rigid g frame to g gravity y loading g differ from a simply connected frame in the continuous behavior of the girders. Negative moments are induced adjacent to the columns and positive moments of f usually ll lesser l magnitude d occur in the h midd span regions. The continuity also causes the maximum girder moments to be sensitive to the pattern of live loading. This must be considered when estimating the worst moment conditions.

Rigid Frame Behavior Rigid-Frame


For example, the gravity load maximum hogging moment adjacent

to an edge column occurs when live load acts only on the edge span and alternate other spans, as for A in the Fig. 7.3a. The maximum hogging moments adjacent to an interior column are caused, however, when live load acts only on the spans adjacent to the column, as for B in Fig. 7.3b. The maximum mid-span sagging moment occurs when live load acts on the span p under consideration and alternate other spans, p , as for spans AB and CD in Fig. 7.3a.

Rigid Frame Behavior Rigid-Frame


The dependence of a rigid frame on the moment capacity of

the columns for resisting horizontal loading usually causes the columns of a rigid frame to be larger than those of the corresponding fully braced simply connected frame. frame On the other hand, while girders in braced frames are designed g for their mid-span p sagging gg g moment, g girders in rigid g frames are designed for the end-of-span resultant hogging moments, which may be of lesser value. Consequently, l girders d in a rigid d frame f may be b smaller ll than h in the corresponding braced frame.

Rigid Frame Behavior Rigid-Frame


Such reductions in size allow economy through the lower

cost of the girders and possible reductions in story height. These benefits may be offset, however, by the higher cost of the more complex rigid connections. connections

Approximate Determinate of Member F Forced d Caused C d by b Gravity G it Loading L di g


Rigid frame is a highly redundant structure, consequently an

accurate analysis can be made only after the member sizes are assigned. Therefore, Th f member b sizes are decided d d d on the h basis b of f approximate forces estimated either by conservative formulas of by y simplified p methods of analysis y that are independent p of member properties. Three approaches for estimating girder forces due to gravity loading are as follows: 1. Girder Forces Code Recommended Values 2. Two Cycle y Moment Distribution 3. Column Forces

1.Girder Forces Code Recommended Values


In rigid frames with two or more spans in which the longer

of any two adjacent spans does not exceed the shorter by more than 20% and where the uniformly distributed design live load does not exceed three times the dead load, load the girder moment and shear may be estimated from Table 7.1. This summarizes the recommendations g given in the Uniform f Building Code.

1.Girder Forces Code Recommended Values

2 Two Cycle Moment Distribution 2.


It is for estimating girder moment in a continuous multi-bay

span and d more accurate t than th the th formulas f l in i Table T bl 7.1 71 especially for cases of unequal spans and unequal loading in different spans. Assumption for the analysis: 1. A counterclockwise restraining moment on the end of a girder i d is i positive iti and d a clockwise l k i moment t is i negative. ti 2. The ends of the columns at the floors above and below the considered g girder are fixed. 3. In the absence of known member sizes, distribution factors at each joint are taken equal to 1/n, where n is the numbers framing into the joint in the plane of the frame. frame

T TwoCycle C l Moment M t Di Distribution t ib ti - Worked W k d example l


A four-span girder AE from a rigid-frame bent is shown with its

loading.

TwoCycle Two Cycle Moment Distribution - Worked example


The fixed-end moments in each span are calculated for dead

l di and loading d total l loading l di using i the h formulas f l given i in i Fig. Fi 7.5. 75

TwoCycle Moment Distribution - Worked example


Example calculation of fixed-end moment for span AB.

TwoCycle Two Cycle Moment Distribution - Worked example


The moments for all spans are summarized as follows:

DE

TwoCycle Two Cycle Moment Distribution - Worked example


The purpose of the moment distribution is to estimate for

each support the maximum girder moments that can occur as a result of dead loading and pattern live loading. A different load combination must be considered for the maximum moment at each support, and a distribution made for each combination.

TwoCycle Moment Distribution - Worked example


The moment distribution of each support are presented

separately as follows:

TwoCycle Moment Distribution - Worked example

T TwoCycle C l Moment M t Di Distribution t ib ti - Worked W k d example l

Two Cycle Moment Distribution - Worked example TwoCycle


The complete set of operations can be combined as below:

4 5 6

TwoCycle Moment Distribution - Worked example


Maximum Mid-Span Moments

TwoCycle Two Cycle Moment Distribution - Worked example

3 Column Forces 3.
The gravity load axial force in a column is estimated from the

accumulated l t d tributary t ib t dead d d and d live li floor fl l di above loading b th t that level, with reductions in live loading as permitted by the local Code of Practice. The gravity load maximum column moment is estimated by taking the maximum difference of the end moments in the connected girders and allocating it equally between the column ends just above and below the joint. To this should be added any unbalanced moment due to eccentricity of the girder connections from the centroid of the column, also allocated equally between the column ends above and below the joint. j

Approximate Analysis of Member F Forces C Caused d By B Horizontal H i t l Loading L di g


1 1.

Allocation of Loading Between Bents


First step is to estimate the allocation of the external horizontal force to each bent. It is usual to assume that the floor slabs are rigid in plane and therefore, constrain the horizontal displacements of all the vertical bent at a floor level to be related by the horizontal translations and rotation of the floor slab.

Approximate Analysis of Member F Forces C Caused d By B Horizontal H i t l Loading L di g

Symmetric Plan Structure Subjected to Symmetric Loading


The structure translate but does not twist. From the assumption of slab rigidity, the bents translate identically. identically The total external shear at a level will be distributed between the bents in proportion to their shear rigidities (GA) at that level.

Approximate Analysis of Member F Forces C Caused d By B Horizontal H i t l Loading L di g


Asymmetric Plan Structures
The effect of lateral loading on a structure having an

asymmetric plan is to cause a horizontal plane torque in additional to transverse shear. . Therefore, , the structure will twist as well as translate.

Approximate Analysis of Member Forces Caused By Horizontal Loading


Referring to the asymmetric structure, and defining the

location l i of f the h center of f the h shear h rigidity i idi of f the h set of f parallel ll l bents in story i, relative to an arbitrary origin 0, as given by

Approximate Analysis of Member F Forces C Caused d By B Horizontal H i t l Loading L di g


2.

Member Force Analysis y by y Portal Method The portal method allows an approximate hand analysis for rigid frames without having to specify member size and very useful for a preliminary analysis. Most appropriate to rigid frames that deflect predominantly d i tl by b racking. ki Suitable for structures of moderate slenderness and height, and is commonly recommended as useful for structures of up to 25 stories in height with a height-to-width ratio not greater than 4:1.

Member Force Analysis by Portal Method


Its name is derived from the analogy between a set of single-

bay portal b t l frames f and d a single i l story t of f a multi-bay lti b rigid i id frame. When each of the separate p portals carries a share of the p horizontal shear, tension occurs in the windward columns and compression in the leeward columns.

Member Force Analysis by Portal Method


If these are superposed to simulate the multi-bay frame, the

axial i l forces f of f the th interior i t i columns l are eliminated, li i t d leaving l i an axial forces only in the extreme windward and leeward columns. The reduction of the highly redundant multistory frame to allow a simple analysis is achieved by making the following assumption: 1. Horizontal loading on the frame causes double curvature bending of all the columns and girders, with points of contraflexural at the mid-height of columns and mid-span of girders. 2 The horizontal shear at mid 2. mid-story story levels is shared between the columns in proportion to the width of aisle each column supports.

Member Force Analysis by Portal Method


Can be used to analyze the whole frame or just a portion of

the frame at a selected level. The sequence q of analyzing y g the modules is from left to right, g , starting at the top and working down to the base.

Member Force Analysis by Portal Method


Procedures are as follows:

Member Force Analysis by Portal Method

Member Force Analysis by Portal Method

M b Force Member F Analysis A l i by b Portal P t l Method M th d


The bending moment are recorded on the girders above the

left-hand end and below the right-hand end, and similarly on the columns as viewed from the right. The shear are written perpendicular to the columns and beams at the mid-heights and mid-spans, respectively. The bending g moment diagram g is drawn here on the tension side of the member. If member forces are required only at a particular level in the structure, it can be analyzed separately by the above procedure without having to start the analysis at the top (Fig. 7 9c and d) 7.9c

M b Force Member F Analysis A l i by b Portal P t l Method M th d


The simplicity of the portal method and the advantage that it

allows a direct analysis of member forces at a intermediate levels make it the most useful of the approximate method for rigid-frame rigid frame analysis. analysis If, however, the frame is taller and more slender, so that overall bending g of the structure by y axial deformations of the columns becomes significant, it may be more appropriate to analyze it by the cantilever method.

Portal Method Worked Example


Determine D t i the th member b forces f i the in th 20-story 20 t f frame of f Fig. Fi

7.8. The story height is typically 3.5 m, to give a total height of 70 m. The bents are spaced at 7.0 m. The intensity of the wind loading is 1.5 kN/m throughout the height.

Portal Method Worked Example


Solution:
Wind load per floor

Distributing Di t ib ti this thi shear h between b t the th top-story t t columns l i in

proportion to the widths of aisle supported:

Similarly for columns C and D.

Portal Method Worked Example


Starting with the top-left module A20 (Fig. 7.9a) and

considering id i its i free-body f b d equilibrium: ilib i

Portal Method Worked Example


Because of the mid-length point of contraflexure, the

moment at the right end of the girder has the same value as at the left end. Similarly, Similarly the column moments at the top and bottom of a story are equal. The sign g convention for numerical values of the bending g moment is that an anticlockwise moment applied by a joint to the end of a member is taken as positive.

Portal Method Worked Example


Continuing with the next module to the right, B20, in Fig.

7.9b:

Portal Method Worked Example


For the direct analysis of forces at an intermediate level,

consider floor level 8 (Fig. 7.8).

From moment equilibrium of the joint, moment at end of

first girder

Portal Method Worked Example

Approximate Analysis of Member F Forces C Caused d By B Horizontal H i t l Loading L di g


3.

Approximate Analysis by Cantilever Method This method is based on the concept that a tall rigid frame subjected to horizontal loading deflects as a flexural cantilever (Fig. (Fig 7.2). 7 2) Suitable for the analysis of structures of up to 35 stories high g with height-to-width g ratios of up p to 5:1. : . It is similar to the portal method in considering the equilibrium of joint modules in sequence. It differs, however, in starting by assuming values for the axial forces, rather than the shear in the columns.

Approximate Analysis by Cantilever M th d Method


It is less versatile than the portal method in not allowing a

direct analysis of intermediate stories. The assumption for cantilever method are as follows: 1. Horizontal H l loading l d on the h frame f causes double d bl curvature bending of all the columns and girders with points of contraflexure at the mid-heights g of columns and mid-spans p of girders. 2. The axial stress in a column in proportional to its distance from the centroid of the column areas.

Approximate Analysis by Cantilever M th d Method


The procedure for analysis is as follows:

Approximate Analysis by Cantilever M th d Method

Approximate Analysis by Cantilever M th d Method

Cantilever Method Worked Example


Analysis of the same 20-story, 70 m height frame considered

in the portal analysis. Referring to Fig. 7.10, external moment due to wind are:

Cantilever Method Worked Example

Cantilever Method Worked Example

C til Cantilever M Method th d Worked W k dE Example l


From moment equilibrium of joint, moment at top of

column

Thank You.

You might also like