"There is no education like adversity." M.

Samsul Khaeri

Purpose of presentation:
This presentation provides a very basic introduction to the concept of parts of speech in language. Actually, the study of parts of speech can be quite complicated and involved, but the purpose of this presentation is to give the students a working vocabulary and a way to improve their grasp of grammar.
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In the English language . . .

There are nine parts of speech . . . Nouns Verbs It is important to Pronouns understand that every word in a sentence has a job to Adjectives do, a role in the sentence. Adverbs Conjunctions Articles Prepositions Interjections
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Noun:person, place,thing or quality

Person: Mr. Dani likes to eat spinach.
Place: Jakarta is a big city. Thing: To cook you need a couple of pots. Quality: Honesty is a great value to possess.
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Verb: shows action or state of being

Action: He is writing a letter.
State of being: He is happy.

Pronoun: word that takes the place of a noun

William is a director. He works in a bank.

(There are actually many types of pronouns: personal, interrogative,demonstrative, indefinite, relative, possessive, reflexive, reciprocal)

Adjective: a word that describes a noun

The beautiful woman only wanted a couple of pairs of shoes. The rainy day made us even sadder.

Adverb: a word that describes a verb

The little girl walked happily through the park. The orphan hungrily ate the hot stew.

Conjunction: a word that join words, phrases or sentences

Manuel and Marisol loved to cook.
You will go to school, or you will fail. I am happy because I just received my check.

It has been cloudy since the morning.

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Article: There are only three articles--the, a , an (Actually, articles are adjectives and not a different part of speech)

The bicycle was not only red but shiny.

A yellow moon always appears in October.

An excellent student, Armando passed all his exams.

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Preposition: A word or phrase that shows the relationship between the noun that it takes as an object and some other word in the sentence.

The cat was on the table. The dog was under the table. These are some common prepositions: For on to up at under above toward With between in behind From upon into off
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Interjection: is an expressive word

Wow, you knocked that ball out of the park. Oh, you really need to take care of yourself. Huh, what did you say? Ah, now I understand the problem.

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Identify each word in the following sentence

The beautiful queen was walking slowly on the cool lawn, and she was reading a long book about knights and kings which she enjoyed.

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The beautiful queen was walking slowly

article adjective noun verb verb adverb

on the cool lawn, and she was reading a

preposition article adjective noun conjunction pronoun verb verb article

long book about knights and kings which

adjective

noun

preposition

noun

conjunction

noun

preposition

she enjoyed.
Pronoun verb

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Assignment: Identify parts of speech

1. The queen knew that she would be the only pretty woman at the party. 2. The king did not know if he was going to make the cake, and he was afraid to tell the queen.

3. The thin waitress told the customers that they desperately needed to go on a diet.
4. I ran many miles every day, and I couldnt lose a pound. 5. This quiz was a piece of cake.
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Simple Past vs. Present Perfect

When do we use each tense in English?

Remember:
Grammar has meaning!
Different grammar tenses are used in different situations or contexts and they carry different meanings.

For example . . .

Use the

simple past for action that happened in the past and is: over, done, finished!

Use the

present perfect for action that started in the past, but . . .

is still true today.

The simple

action or situation that is finished.

past always refers to an

perfect connects the

The present

past and the present. It is used to show that an action or situation in the past: -continues today, OR -might happen again

Compare the meaning of these two sentences:

1. Sara lived in Boston for 5 years. 2. Sara has lived in Boston for 5 years.
The first sentence uses: Simple Past The second sentence uses: Present Perfect

Sara lived in Boston for 5 years.

Meaning: by using the simple past tense, we mean that Sara started living in Boston 5 years ago . . . AND . . . then she moved! Now she lives in a different city, like Paris.

Remember, the simple past is used for a situation that is over, finished, done!

Sara has lived in Boston for 5 years. Meaning: by using the present perfect tense, we mean that Sara began living in Boston 5 years ago . . . AND . . . she still lives there.

Remember, present perfect: connects the past with the present.

The Pattern
Simple Past Present Perfect

Subject + Verb 2 + Object

Subject + has/have + Verb 3 + Object

Use the simple

past with time words like: yesterday last Saturday, week,

month, year, etc.

Use the present

_______ ago when I was in 1990 (past date)

perfect with time words like: recently/lately since so far this

week, month, year, etc.

Additional notes about present perfect:

We often use present perfect to

say that something happened sooner than expected.

Example: Jan: Dont forget to mail that letter. Tom: Ive already mailed it.

 We often use present perfect to say

that we have never done something at any time in the past.

Example: I have never visited London. But someday, I hope to travel there.

 We often use present perfect with the

expression: This is the first time.

Example: Leonard is nervous. This is the first time he has flown on an airplane!

 We often use present perfect with

ever and never.

Example: Patricia: Have you ever played tennis? Linda: No, Ive never played before, but I would like to learn!

Remember!
If you are talking about a specific time in the past (yesterday, last month, etc.), you cannot use the present perfect.
In these cases, use the simple past.

Practice!

Do these exercises with your class. Choose the simple past or present perfect and talk about why each is necessary.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. When I was a child, I ________ (swim) a lot. So far this week, we ________ (study) a lot. Theo __________ (go) to the beach recently. I _________ (have) a terrible headache yesterday. It ________ (rain) a lot lately. They _______ (get) married ten years ago. I ________ (go) to Balboa Park many times. My family ________ (take) a vacation last year.

Answers!
1. When I was a child, I swam a lot. 2. So far this week, we have studied a lot. 3. Theo has gone to the beach recently. 4. I had a terrible headache yesterday. 5. It has rained a lot lately. 6. They got married ten years ago. 7. I have gone to Balboa Park many times. (possibly again in the future) 8. My family took a vacation last year.

And . . .
Remember to ask your teacher or another classmate if you need help. Your teacher can give you more explanation, examples, and exercises if you need them.