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(b) Interception storage is where the first raindrops of a rainfall event will fall on
vegetation which shelters the underlying ground. (1)
The water will be collected in leaves, stems of trees before it can be loss by
evaporation or fall on the ground through stemflow or throughfall.
(c ) Some of the water in the surface storage will infiltrate to the ground, which is in
the aeration zone whereas, some of the water flow as surface run-off. The water then
store as soil moisture storage. Some of the water will flow laterally as throughflow.
Then as water reaches underling soil or rock layers, which sometimes called
groundwater zone, which tend to be more compact, it progress is slow. The constant
movement is called percolation which creates groundwater storage. (5)
(ii) This shows the state of equilibrium in the drainage basin between the input
(precipitation) and outputs (evapotranspiration, river run-off and stores) Following is
the equation:
1
(c) Abstraction occurs not only directly from channel flow (irrigation, water
supplies etc.) but
also from groundwater sources through wells, boreholes etc. The former
will affect discharge levels whilst the latter will affect water tables,
baseflow and ultimately channel flow. Storage will be seen largely in terms
of reservoirs. These increase surface storage, regulate channel flow,
ironing out flood peaks etc. It also deprives water from the lower parts of
the catchment (e.g. Nile, Colorado etc.). Evapotranspiration rates may
also increase as may groundwater supplies in part of the catchment and
decrease elsewhere. (8 - 10)
J 04 (Nuryante Telantang)
6(b) Input is the main product that is needed in a hydrological cycle. Example of
input is precipitation, it form as rain or snow that falls down from the atmosphere.
Outputs are processes involved in hydrological cycle. Output is where water flow out
of the system either by process of evaporation, transpiration and river run-off.
Evaporation is when liquid water turns into vapour or water loss back to atmosphere
from water bodies such as lake, sea, river or water intercepted in leaves and
transpiration is the process by which plants release water through tiny holes/pores
called stomata on the underside of their leaves.
2
produce slower rise in discharge than a short intense storm. This is because much
water infiltrated into the ground and less surface run-off occurs. The nature of the
storm hydrograph become complicated by the fact that a storm may deliver different
intensities of rainfall in different parts of the basin.
b(i)