Factors Affecting Food Product Marketing in Islamic Perspective and How Producers and Planners Can Sell Their Products in Islamic Countries

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INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Factors Affecting Food Product Marketing in Islamic Perspective and How Producers and Planners can sell their Products in Islamic Countries
Dr. Ahmad. M. A. "Ahmad Zamil" Associate Professor, King Saud University Riyadh Community College Faculty of Administrative Sciences Marketing Department, Riyadh,KSA
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1.
Introduction
Marketing Mix as a concept involves the product, price, promotion, and place. Traditionally marketers and researchers have strongly focusing on those four Ps, and each one of them is determined by a number of factors, for example the price as a component of this mix affected by factors such as; market share, competition, material costs, product identify and the consumers perceived value of the product. And each component of the marketing mix has its elements and factors. The factors that affect the marketing mix components may differ according to effective perceptions that pertain to the consumers behavior, characteristics, culture, religion, and habits. The paper is focusing on the marketing of food products and what factors may affect the marketing process in Islamic perspective. The food industry is an evergreen industry and Hala Food is the latest trend in the world market. Consumers' demand for Hala food becomes bound less especially in the Islamic Countries and Europe and the United States. Recently, survives showed that Muslims make up approximately one-fifth of the world population (Frost, 2009). Some Islamic Countries have applied several procedures in order to ensure that the citizens are eating Hala Food, for example, the Malaysian Government intends in making Malaysia a regional hub. Since 2003 the Malaysian Government affiliated the implementation of the Halal certification, and the department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM), is now the lead agency in the conferment of the Halal certificates and labels at both the federal and state level.
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2. The Study Importance
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Because the number of Muslims now arrived to 20% of the world population, producers have to pay more attention to this slice as consumers, this attention has to take in consideration Islamic as a religion which stipulate that Muslims must eat Halal products especially in meat products. The importance of this study lays in the relationship between food products producers and marketers, and satisfying the Muslim consumer.
3. The Study Objectives This study aims to achieve the following objectives:
i. To clarify the characteristics of Halal food. ii. What is the evidence for the Muslim consumer to ensure whether the product Halal. iii. To collect the Jordanian consumers information about the imported brands and how marketers can deceive consumers that this food product is Halal. iv. The type of advertisement accepted by Muslims.
4. The Study Problem and Questions Jordan imports food products from several countries and the Jordanian consumer focuses on the
common religion of the exported country more than the brand label which may help him to ensure that he is buying Halal product. The study problem can be solved through the answers of the following questions: i. What are the methods that are used by the Jordanian consumer to ensure that he is buying Halal food products? ii. What is the degree of the Jordanian consumer's confidence in the marketing process for the food product? iii. Does the Jordanian consumer accept any label that indicates that the product has produced according to the Islamic rules? iv. What is the impact of the advertising techniques on the buying decision of the Jordanian consumer, even if the product has Halal certification? v. Is there any impact of the religion of the country that export food products to the Jordanian market? vi. What is the impact of the diversity of the religious "Fatawa" and the diversity of preachers on the Muslim's consumer behavior?
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determine if a food product is Halal or Haram?
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vii. Is there an urgent need in Jordan to create a government or non government institution to
5. The Study Hypotheses i. There is no relationship between the available tools that make the Jordanian consumer ensure
that he is buying Halal food products. ii. There is no relationship between the degree of the confidence of the Jordanian consumer and his consumption of the food products in the Islamic perspective. iii. There is no relationship between the availability of an adhesive label on the product and the buying decision of the Jordanian consumer. iv. There is no relationship between employing dissipated women in the advertisement process and the willingness of the Jordanian consumer to buy the product even if it was produced as Halal product. v. There is no relationship between the Jordanian consumer approbation for the food product and the common religion in the exported country. vi. There is no relationship between the diversity of religious "Fatawa", and preachers and the Jordanian consumer behavior. vii. There is no relationship between the degree of confidence for the Jordanian consumer and creation a formal institution take the responsibility in determining the product whether or not Halal.
6. The Study Model
Independent Variables Tools that making the Jordanian consumer assured that he is buying Halal food products. The degree of confidence of the Jordanian consumer in his consumption of the food products in the Islamic perspective. Employing dissipated women in the advertising process, even if the product was Halal.
Dependent Variables - The Jordanian consumer's buying decision.
- Acceptable advertisement according to the Islamic religion.
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The common religion exported country. in the
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The diversity of religious "Fatawa" and preachers. Creation a formal institution that responsible to distinguish Halal and Haram food products. The availability of an adhesive label on the product, that indicates to its acceptance in the Islamic rules.
- Jordanian consumer's approbation for the food product. - Jordanian consumer behavior, buy or not. - The degree of confidence of the Jordanian consumer in his consumption of the food products.
7. Theoretical and Procedural Definitions of the Study Variables In this section the researcher will attempt to find a definition for each of the study variables:
i. Tools or methods that making the Jordanian consumer assured that he is buying Halal food products: these tools may involve certification issued by an controlling agency or any stamp of approval (Kasriel, 2008). ii. The degree of confidence of the Jordanian consumer in his consumption of the food products in the Islamic perspective: the highly confidence may increase through sending the sales team into the Muslim community to conduct seminars at community centers and mosques, and to attempt to build word of mouth brand recognition (Frost, 2007). iii. Employing dissipated women in the advertising process. iv. This variable means that: even the food product were Halal, but the producer or the marketer employed a woman as a model in his advertisement campaign, some of Muslim consumers may reject this product. v. The availability of an adhesive label on the product, that indicates to its acceptance in the Islamic rules: vi. This variable ads another significant issue in increasing the Muslim consumer confidence in the food product that he eat. The suggested evidence is that the certification of Halal foods must be performed by a third party organization to hold credibility (Miller and Hyde and Morisco, 2008).
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vii. The common religion in the exported country:
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viii. If the religion of the exported country was Islam, this may affect the Jordanian consumer behavior. ix. The diversity of religious Fatwa may have either positive or negative impact on the consumer's decision according to his new attitude. x. Creation a formal institution to take responsibility in determining if a food product Halal or Haram. All these variables have their roles in persuading the Muslim consumer that he is buying Halal product.
8. Relative Studies 8.1. Alserhan, Baker Ahmad, 2009. Under the title "The Principles of Islamic Marketing".
The study aimed to lay the foundation of and advance Islamic marketing as a new discipline. The researcher identified the features of the Islamic framework of international marketing practices and ethics. The researcher indicated that: "Marketing practices, embedded in a strong ethical doctrine, can play a vital role in rising the standards of business conduct worldwide". As a result of the study the author added that marketing issues will be examined from an Islamic perspective which, arguably, if adhered to, can help to create a value-loaded global ethical marketing framework for firms and establish harmony and meaningful cooperation between international marketers and their Muslim target markets.
8.2. Carla, Power, 2009. Under the title "Halal: Buying Muslim".
The study aimed to help businesses in serving the increasingly sophisticated Muslim Consumer. The researcher pointed out the following question for companies: what products and services are you going to provide to help Muslim lead the life style they want to lead? The importance of answering this question pertains to a 2007 report from the global ad agency JWT describes the Muslim market thus: "it is young, it is big, and it is getting bigger". Parts of it are well-educated and wealthy. The buying power of American Muslims alone is estimated at a hefty $ 170 billion annually. But with few exceptions ignored by American marketers.
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The result of the study expressed by the speech of Ann Mack, JWT's director of trends potting. "Muslims don't feel that brands are speaking to them, but it was very difficult to find mainstream companies that were making significant programs geared toward the Muslim population".
8.3. Kasriel, Daphne, 2008. Under the title "Spotlighting Europe's Muslim Consumer".
The study aimed to link the safety of food with the term "Halal", the author pointed out that the Halal symbol attracts not only Muslim consumers, but those alarmed by food scares such as BSE and Bird Flu, and recent scandals surrounding food contamination. These consumers associate Halal with purer products and the use of fewer chemicals. The results of the study pointed out that numbers of non-Muslims became to consume Halal food. For example in the UK there are approximately three million Muslims and yet, according million consumers of Halal meat. BSE: Biological Safety of Food.
8.4. Miller and Hyde and Morisco, 2008. Under the title "Marketing to Ethnic Segments: Halal Products".
The study aimed to discern that producing and selling Halal food can increase the profitability, in this area the researchers indicated that "as the United States becomes more diverse, there is an increasing opportunity for food producers to differentiate their products and gain price premiums". This opportunity derived from the fact of there are other consumer segments (Non-Muslim) that may be interested in Halal food, such as vegetarians. Then the researchers presented their recommendation for the food producers to conduct research on all aspects of Halal certification in order to promote their products effectively to both Muslim and Non-Muslim parties. By doing so, their value-added products will be a profitable endeavor.
8.5. Khan and Thaut, 2008. Under the title "An Islamic Perspective on Fair Trade".
The study aimed to present an Islamic perspective on fair trade, by outlining the key principles upon which fair trade is based, such as sustain ability, fairness, equity, and worker rights, and relevant Islamic teachings. The study pointed out that Islam has a significant impact on fair trade.
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Through identifying Halal trading which involves all the marketing mix components by illustration that the product must be Halal, the price must be fair and the presentation of the product must be in ways that accepted by Islam.
8.6. Bonne and Verbeks, 2006. Under the title "Muslim Consumers Motivations Toward Meat Consumption in Belgium: Qualitative Exploratory Insight from Means-End Chain Analysis".
The study focused on the role of religion as one of the potential individual factors shaping consumption decisions. The study was conducted through 12 interviews with 50 Muslim respondents between the age of 19 and 69 living in Gent (Belgium). The results of the study about meat consumption showed that most of the respondents eat one or two times a weak beef (31), chicken 37 respondents, and lamb 23. For the purchasing place, 34 from the respondents prefer to buy from the Islamic butcher, 7 of them from the abattoir, 4 from the farm gate, but meat purchases from supermarket and Belgian butcher are much lower. Only five respondents indicated to buy meat primarily at the supermarket or Belgian butcher. This means the 5 of the 50 respondents sometimes or always eat Non-Halal meat since Halal meat is not available at the supermarket or Belgian butcher.
8.7. Hajj Abdelhamid Evans, 2005. Under the title "Halal Perspectives-Understanding Muslim Consumer".
The study aimed to identify many aspects such as: who are the Muslim consumers? Where they do live? What do they buy? How much do they spend? And How they do make their decisions? The researcher mentioned "that the Muslim consumers are of course high-income individuals with large families from the Arabian peninsula. They are also Middle-Income Turkish or Egyptian families, businessmen in the modern cities of China, Indian traders in Johannesburg or Durban, third generation Pakistani lawyers in the UK, street-vendors from Tangires in Paris, Bosnians living in Amsterdam, Lebanese in Australia, Black Americans in New York and Washington, Middle class European families". For this expanding of Muslims around the world and the increasing in their numbers in many countries. Europe's Muslim population of around 25 million increased at a rate of 140% over the last 10 years, America's by 36%, Australia by 250%, that leads the meat producers in particular to
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Halal.
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increase the percentage of Halal export produce. 80% of all lamb exported from New Zealand is The author ended his study by this result "Halal food is the tip of the iceberg of the impact of the Islam on commerce, a convergence that will form one of the defining forces of the coming decades".
8.8. This Study by Staff Writer of 3rd Middle East, 2004. Under the title Food Marketing Forum.
The essay indicated that Halal is having a significant impact on global markets because the Halal food market is escalating, not just amongst Muslim Nations. As Chris Mullinger the conference director "Halal food has been around for over 1.400 years, it shows a big development in recent decades, particularly in multi-cultural societies, and because Muslims now making up close to a quarter of the world's population, it should really come as no surprise that Halal is having a significant impact on global markets". In this area the researcher believes that Islam became more common especially in America and Europe, and other countries whose citizens start to sense the benefits of using Halal food in terms of healthy and safety.
8.9. Phrom Yong, Phaisal, 2002. Under the title "Halal Food Products Represent Future for Thailand's Manufacturers".
The study aimed at the financial help from government for the development of food production systems as an important benefit. The researcher added that several educational institutions have already launched development and training programs for Halal foods. The study results indicated that given full support from the government, Thailand could become the worlds biggest Halal food exporter by 2004.
8.10. Mohamed El-Mouelhy, 2000. Under the title "Marketing Halal".
The study aimed to explain the role of marketing as a factor of the concept of "Market". The researcher pointed out that Halal food market exists wherever there are Muslim consumers whose tastes and preferences are governed by Halal rules on Food specification. Halal food may apparently be the same as other food, but its nature, technique of its processing involving the ingredients, handling, use of various methods from the beginning to the end, is always the one approved and recommended by Islamic Law.
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9. Theoretical Background Islam as a religion is a way of life governed by rules and teachings received by Prophet
Mohammad from Allah through the Holly Qur'an. Islam built on five pillars, which every Moslem has to observe: Shahadah or witnessing; Salat or Prayer; Zakah or Charity; Sawm or Fasting, and Hajj or Pilgrimage (Bonne and Verbeke, 2006). In the Islamic community, the Qur'an identifies a Muslim way of life in to two styles: Halal which means in Arabic "What is permitted" or lawful, and "Haram" which is not permitted or unlawful. According to these rules, one can simply explore the role of religion as one of the potential individual factors shaping consumption decisions. The two terms Halal and Haram apply to all aspects of a Muslim's life including food and other item such as cosmetics, personal care and cleaning products. Some estimates show that 70% of all Muslims worldwide follow Halal principles (Minkus Mckenna Cited in Miller and others, 2009). As this study is tackling the food products and the factors affecting their marketing in Islamic perspective, the study focusing will be on which food products are Halal and which are Haram? In Islam, eating is a form of worship to God (Allah), like prayer. In the Holly Qur'an and Ahadeeth, prohibited food products can be listed, but there are some common themes such as: a. Slaughtering of animals must be performed by cutting jugular vein while saying the name of Allah. And after the animal quick death, it must be skinned and drained of all the blood. b. The use of any animal by products is strictly prohibited. Animal by products are products either taken or produced from the body of the animal, examples; include blood, gelatin and processed dairy products which use enzymes and proteins from animal, except for milk which is considered Halal (Miller and others, 2009). According to the Islamic perspective, we can list Haram foods in several items: i. Swine/ pork and its by products. ii. Animals slaughtered or dead before slaughtering. iii. Animal not killed in the name of Allah. iv. Alcohol and Intoxicants. v. Carnivorous animals, Birds of prey, and land animals without external ears.
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vi. Blood and blood by products.
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vii. Foods contaminated with any of the above products (Mouelhy, 2000 and Miller and others, 2009). Producers, service providers, and marketers have to take in account all factors and rules of Islam in their processes, they have to know the characteristics of raw material used in their products, and the work force who produce the goods or services. Also they have to know that Muslim consumers may avoid eating in a restaurant or a hotel even if it located in Islamic Country because this restaurant deals with alcohol or any Haram food. In this aspect, the researcher knows many of his friends who do not buy from some malls in Amman because they sell alcohol. The Islamic culture also relocates being in a hotel or restaurant with drunken guests, or women who are wearing bikini for example. Buying Muslim meant a voiding pork and alcohol, and getting meat from a Halal butcher, who slaughtered in accordance with Islamic principles. The Halal food market has exploded in the past decade and is now worth an estimated $632 billion annually, according to the Halal Journal, a Kuala Lumpur-based magazine that is about 16% of the entire global food industry (Power, 2009). The main reason for the growth of the Halal economy is that world's 1.6 billion Muslims are younger and, in some locations richer than ever. In order to obtain a niche in Halal huge market, Non-Muslim multinationals like Tesco, McDonalds and Nestle have expanded their MuslimFriendly offering and now control an estimated 90% of the global Halal market (Power, 2009).
10. a. Methodology: Type of the Study
This study is descriptive quantitative one, also the analytical purpose needed for determining the factors that affecting the Muslim consumer's buying decision for the food products.
10.2 Study Population and Sample
The study population is the Jordanian citizens living in Amman regardless their religion. The study sample involves 50 respondents from Muslins and Non-Muslims Citizens, and between the ages from 20-65 years for both males and females.
10.3 Study Instruments and Data Collection
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A questionnaire was designed to gather the primary data from the sample individuals. The secondary data had been obtained from the books, articles, researches either from the libraries or the internet.
11- The Statistical Analysis Results
11.1 Cronbach Alpha was used in computatation of the interitem consistency reliability coefficients of the independent and dependent variables. The consistency degree for each one was high and enough to be acceptable in studies and researches. The table below shows the testing results.
Table 1: Interitem Consistency Measurement.
Statements - Independent variable no.1 Statement 1-4 - Independent variable no.2 Statement 1-4 - Independent variable no.3 Statement 1-3 - Independent variable no.4 Statement 1-3 - Independent variable no.5 Statement 1-2 - Independent variable no.6 Statement 1-3 Average
Cronbach Alpha 0.783 0.756 0.783 0.766 0.804
0.763 0.793
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Table 2: Means and Standard Deviation
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The questionnaire Statement Tools and methods used by the Jordanian citizen to be insure that he buys Halal food 1- I buy meat and chicken from Muslim butchers. 2- When I buy a product I read the names of materials used in the production. 3- I prefer to buy the imported food products which have produced in Islamic countries. 4- I believe that there are non-Islamic countries export Islamic food products to Jordan. The degree of the confidence of the Jordanian customer and his consumption of the food products in the Islamic perspective. 1- I dont believe in the written statements on the product that it has been produced according to the Islamic rules. 2- I dont buy food products from sellers who sell alcohol and pork. 3- My confidence increases in the food product if it includes a certificate issued by a related Jordanian ministry. 4- The imported product must be halal if it was imported from an Islamic country Employing process. 1- Many of producers and marketers employ dissipated women in marketing their products. 2- I stop buying a product if its adv campaign includes dissipated women, even if it was halal. dissipated women in advertisement
Mean
S.D
3.3396 4.3396 2.0566 3.4528
1.32931 0.78308 0.79458 1.16958
3.3019 4.3019 2.0377 3.3962
1.29474 0.72284 0.78354 1.27611
4.0377 2.8491
1.09126 1.32137
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3Halal product does not consist with abusive 2.9811
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advertisement. The availability of an adhesive label on the products, indicated that it is halal. 1- The availability of such label increases my willingness to buy the product. 2- The label has to include all the needed details about the materials used in producing the product. 3- The label has to be written in Arabic language, to be understood by all the Jordanian consumers. The diversity of religious Fatawa 1- The Islamic "Mufties" have to issue the same fatwa 2- Fatawa have to be the same in all Islamic countries. Creation of a formal institusion to be responsible in determining the product whether halal or not. 1- It is better to create a formal institution, to examine the imported food products to insure that it is halal. 2- A certificate issued by this institution will increase the confidence of the Jordanian consumer that he is eating halal food. 3- This institution facilitates, and saves the Jordanian consumer time in searching for halal products. The whole
1.23242
3.3774 4.0377 2.5472
1.24385 1.05543 1.24909
3.0943 3.3962
1.31944 1.24560
4.0189
1.04680
2.5472
1.24909
3.0566 3.2721
1.32164 0.43028
From the table above we can note that the highest mean was for statement number 2 in the first category which is "when I buy a product I read the names of materials used in the production, the mean was 4.3396 and the standard deviation was 0.78308 and the lowest mean was for question no 3 from category number 2 which is "my confidence increases in the food product if it includes
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standard deviation 0.7835.
12. The Study Sample Characteristics
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a certificate issued by a related Jordanian ministry. The mean for this statement is 2.0377 with a
12.1 The Gender

Table 3: The Sample's Distribution on the Gender Basis
Gender
Male
% 73.6 26.4 100.0
Frequency 39 14 53
Female Total
We can note that males are more than female in the study sample, with percentage of %73.6 for males and %26,4 for females.
12.2 Age
Table 4: The Sample's Distribution According to the Age Age 30 years-20 40 years-30 Years 50 40 50-60 years More the 60 years Total % frequency
24.5 30.2 26.4 11.3 7.5 100.0
13 16 14 6 4 53
Most of the participants are from 30-40 years, with a percentage of %30.2
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12.3 Religion
Table 5: The sample's Distribution According to the Religion Religion Muslim Non- Muslim Total % Frequency
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75.5 24.5 100.0
40 13 53
Most of the participants are Muslims
13. Hypotheses Testing
13.1 The First Hypothesis
There is no relationship between the available tools that make the Jordanian consumer ensure that he is buying Halal food products.
Table 6: ANOVA (Hypotheses 1)
Sig. .001
F 3.860
Mean Square .478 .124
df 9 43 52
Sum of Squares Between Groups 5.325 Within Groups 9.627 Total 4.302
Analysis shows that the value of (f) .001 less than 0.05, so this leads to accept the alternative hypothesis. "There is relationship between the available tools that make the Jordanian consumer ensure that he is buying Halal food products".
13.2 The Second Hypothesis
There is no relationship between the degree of the confidence of the Jordanian consumer and his consumption of the food products in the Islamic perspective.
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Table 7: ANOVA(Hypotheses 2)
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Sig. .000
F 7.669
Mean Square .659
df 9
Sum of Squares 5.932
Between Groups .086 43 3.696 Within Groups 52 9.627 Total The table shows that "f" equals 0.000 and it is less than 0.05, this leeds to accept the alternative hypothesis. "There is no relationship between the degree of the confidence of the Jordanian consumer and his consumption of the food products in the Islamic perspective".
13.3 The Third Hypothesis
"There is no relationship between the availability of an adhesive label on the product and the buying decision of the Jordanian consumer".
Table 8: ANOVA(Hypotheses 3)
Sig. .002
F 4.053
df 7 45 52
The table shows that (f) value is 0.02, and it is less than 0.05, This leads to accept the alternative hypothesis. ''There is relationship between the availability of an adhesive label on the product and the buying decision of the Jordanian consumer''.
13.4 The Fourth Hypothesis
There is no relationship between employing dissipated women in the advertisement process and the willingness of the Jordanian consumer to buy the product even if it was produced as Halal product.
Table 9 : ANOVA(Hypotheses 4)
Sig. .003
F 3.519
df 8 44 52
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The table shows that (f) value is less than 0.05, it is .003, and this leads to accept the alternative hypothesis. "There is relationship between employing dissipated women in the advertisement process and the willingness of the Jordanian consumer to buy the product even if it was produced as Halal product".
13.5 The Fifth Hypothesis
There is no relationship between the Jordanian consumer approbation for the food product and the common religion in the exported country.
Sig. .002
F 4.053
df 7 45 52
Here (f) value is .022 less than 0.05, which accept the alternative hypothesis. "There is relationship between the Jordanian consumer approbation for the food product and the common religion in the exported country".
13.6 The Sixth Hypothesis
There is no relationship between the diversity of religious "Fatawa", and preachers and the Jordanian consumer behavior.
Sig. .000
F 8.360
df 8 44 52
The table shows that (f) value is 0.000 and it is less than 0.05, and this means to deny the zero hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. "There is relationship between the diversity of religious "Fatawa", and preachers and the Jordanian consumer behavior".
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12. The Study Recommendations
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According to the results of the data analysis the study presents the following recommendations for the different parties in the consumption of the food products. The suggested recommendations may help those parties in determining that they are selling, buying, and marketing halal food. i. For the food products which produced in Jordan the producers have to use an a clear adhesive label with each item that it does not contain any haram material. ii. Marketers in their adv campaign have not to employ dissipated women, but women who wear the Islamic dress and this must be controlled by a governmental institution. iii. The food product importers have to focus on the Islamic countries in their trading deals. iv. Sellers who sell alcohol and other haram items must disclose that, for the consumers through an internal advertisement sign. v. The Jordanian Government has to Create an formal institution to take the responsibility in determining that a product is halal or not, through issuing a certificate to the producer, importer, and the seller.
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References
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VOL 2, NO 2
Ahmad, Nisar, (2007). Does Islam solve Issues of Marketing Ethics? Pakistan. Alam, Shah (2004) standardization for Halal food. Malaysia. 3- 3Alserhan, Baker Ahmad. (2009). The principles of Islamic Marketing United Arab Emirates. Bonne, Karijin and Verbeke , Wim (2006) Muslim Consumer's Motivations Towards Meat Consumption in Belgium: qualitative Exploratory Insight from means- End chain Analysis. Belgium: Ghent university. El- Mouelhy, Mohamed (2000). Marketing Hala. Australia. Frost, Randall, (2009). Where are the Muslim brands? USA: California. Hajj Abdelhamid Evans (2005). Halal perspectives- understanding Muslim consumer, Malaysia. Kasriel , Daphne (2008). Spotlighting Europe's Muslim Consumers. UK: London. Khan, Ajaz Ahmed and thaut, Laura (2008). An Islamic perspective on Fair Trade. United Kingdom: Birmingham. Miller, Alyssa N. and Hyde Jeffrey and Morisco, Snherri (2008). Marketing to Ethnic Segments: Halal products. USA: Pennsylvania, College of Agricultural Science. Power, Carla (2009). Halal: Buying muslim, Somalia Phrom. Yong, phaisal (2002). Halal food products represent Future for Thai land's Manufacturers. Salam, Vivian (2008). Halal becomes big business. United Arab Emirates
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VOL 2, NO 2 INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IISSN N BUSINESS 2073-7122

Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business

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COPY RIGHT 2010 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research

Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research~ IIBR

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

JUNE 2010 VOL 2, NO 2

Prof. Renee Pistone

Oxford University , St Catherine's College, Oxford, OX1 3UJ www.stcatz.ox.ac.uk/ ,

COPY RIGHT 2010 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

JUNE 2010 VOL 2, NO 2

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

JUNE 2010 VOL 2, NO 2

COPY RIGHT 2010 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

JUNE 2010 VOL 2, NO 2

IJCRB is Indexed in IJCRB is Indexed in

Worlds Prestigious Research Directory APA Research Directory

Accepted for Inclusion

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Includes High Impact Factor Journals

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IJCRB is Included in GOOGLE SCHOLAR

COPY RIGHT 2010 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research

COPY RIGHT 2010 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

Dependent Variables - The Jordanian consumer's buying decision.

- Acceptable advertisement according to the Islamic religion.

COPY RIGHT 2010 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

COPY RIGHT 2010 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

COPY RIGHT 2010 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

COPY RIGHT 2010 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

Cronbach Alpha 0.783 0.756 0.783 0.766 0.804

COPY RIGHT 2010 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

3.3396 4.3396 2.0566 3.4528

1.32931 0.78308 0.79458 1.16958

3.3019 4.3019 2.0377 3.3962

1.29474 0.72284 0.78354 1.27611

COPY RIGHT 2010 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

3.3774 4.0377 2.5472

1.24385 1.05543 1.24909

COPY RIGHT 2010 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS

12.1 The Gender

% 73.6 26.4 100.0

24.5 30.2 26.4 11.3 7.5 100.0

COPY RIGHT 2010 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS