COOPERHEAT

25

INTRODUCTION TO HEAT
TREATMENT
OF WELDED STRUCTURES
AND TECHNICAL DATA
1. Welding Process
The welding process applied
to metals joins two
components together by
fusion. The surfaces to be
joined are raised locally to
melting point by a source of
heat provided by a variety of
welding methods based on
electric arc, electric
resistance, flame. The
process energy creates a
localised molten pool into
which the consumable is fed,
fusing with the component
surfaces and/or previously
deposited weld metal.
As the molten pool is moved
along the joint axis, the
components are heated, non-
uniformly and subsequently
cooled, also non-uniformly.
Neighbouring elements of
material try to expand and
contract by differing amounts
in accordancee with the
sequence of the localised
thermal cycle.
Characteristically the cooling
weld metal contracts under
conditions of severe restraint,
leading to the introduction of
thermally induced stresses.
As contraction tries to take
place and the stress system
strives to reach its lowest
level to achieve stability,
distortion will occur as
yielding takes place. If the
joint is restrained and cannot
distort, then high levels of
stress will occur and may
lead to failure in the form of
cracking.
Unrestrained Contraction Causes
Distortion
In making a joint, gaps would
occur at the plate ends if the
weld metal were allowed to
expand and contract without
I1I
restraint.
Unfused Weld Metal
Br its Effects
A longitudinal force on the
weld is required to close the
gap giving a tensile stress
whilst corresponding
compressive stresses in the
plate material provide the
equilibrium.
Fused Weld Metal
Residual stresses will act in
two principle directions;
longitudinal stresses parallel
to the joint and transverse
I /./
stresses normal to the joint.
Residual Stress Directions
The distribution of
longitudinal residual stresses
in the section will be as
shown with tensile
component confined to the
region of the joint.
Stress Distribution
It should not be forgotten that
the value of the tensile
stresses can be high often
exceeding yield point
magnitude.
So far the mechanical effects
of welding in the form of
residual stresses have been
considered. The deposition of
weld metal in a molten pool
and the localised melting of
the joint faces of the
components, along with
subsequent cooling, all have
metallurgical implications
affecti ng the microstructu re
of these regions.
Cooling after welding can be
relatively rapid. From the
molten pool of weld metal an
'as cast' type of structure
develops. In the region of
parent metal at the fusion
face raised to melting point,
metallurgical restructuring
takes place to give the heat
affected zone (HAZ).
OJ Weld Metal 0 HAZ
o
Parent Plate
In steel the heat affected
zones are generally harder
than the parent material with
corresponding loss of
ductility and resistance to
impact.
Since the basic sources of
weld failure are a
consequence of thermal
behaviour, a series of
potential solutions arise
based on the application of
heat. The welding processes
have to be controlled so that
the residual stresses are
minimised to protect the
integrity ofthe overall
fabrication and the
metallurgical structures of
the weld metal and heat
affected zones are controlled
to give properties which are
not inferior to those of the
parent material which have
been used in the design of
the product.
A series of heat treatment
operations are associated
with the welding processes,
arising from the need to
control these changes. These
form the basis of the subject
of Heat Treatment
Engineering.
 2. Preheat
Preheating involves raising
the temperature of the parent
material locally, on both
sides of the joint to a value
above ambient. The need for
preheat is usually determined
by the pertinent fabrication
code and verified by the weld
procedure qualification test.
Preheat may be required as
an aid to welding for one of
four basic reasons.
• To control the rate of
cooling, especially in the
heat affected zone, to reduce
hardness. High carbon and
low alloy steels harden if
they are quenched from high
temperatures (above cherry
red). Exactly the same
process can happen in a
welded joint at the fusion
face with the parent material.
8y raising the temperature of
the base metal to be welded,
to reduce the temperature
differential between ambient
and the resultant heat input,
hardening may be contr911ed
as the weld cools. Reducing
hardness reduces the risk of
cracking.
~>\~~:~/.(~ ~
~~~.\\\,S,~ --
-,: •••;~;~••••.•• tffY..~
-~~--~--=====::_--------
~>\~~:~/.(~
- RED
•.·.~f;.;
•••"•..• ~ --
.. ,. "~
.-.,~ HOT FILE QUENCHEO
//.\\\"" IN~'ATER
RED HOT FILE COOLED SLOWLY BECOMES MALLEABLE
AND DUCTILE
:1/
Mater;al Hardens
\ Ome ocl~
• To control the diffusion
rate of hydrogen in a
welded joint.
The intensity of the electric
welding arc breaks down
water, present as moisture,
into its base elements of
hydrogen and oxygen. 80th
of these gases are easily
dissolved into the weld metal
at high temperatures and
hydrogen can play an
important role in weld and
heat affected zone cracking
with a phenomenon known
as hydrogen or cold cracking.
Preheat can also help by
ensuring that the weld
Br Postheat
preparartion area is dry and
remains dry throughout the
welding operation.
The presence of preheat, and
associated benefits on
cooling rate, helps to
facilitate the diffusion of the
hydrogen molecules out of
the metallic structure.
i:=l~
L:J \ ~
HYDROGEN
Heat Affected
Zone (Haz)
Moisture is also introduced
from the welding
consumables being present
in electrode coatings and
fluxes. To obtain the
maximum benefits from
preheat in controlling
hydrogen, it must be
accompanied by careful
controls over removal of
moisture from the welding
consumables by following
manufacturers baking and
storage instructions.
BECOMES HARD • To reduce thermal
stresses. Thermal strains
are set up as the molten weld
pool cools. Partially made
Material Softens
welds can crack as the parent
metal restrains the
contraction of the weld metal
and the cross sectional area
of the joint is insufficient to
with stand the resfJltant
stress. Preheat can control
the level of strain by reducing
temperature differentials and
reducing cooling rates.
The solid curve shows the temperature
heat affected zone as the arc passes by
The dotted curve is the temperature
preheat is used. Preheating provides
cooling
Time
• Compensation for heat
loss. Thicker section steels
with high thermal
conductivity benefit from
preheat during welding with
improved fusion.
Where preheat is applied,
every effort should be made
to ensure that the correct
levels for a particular 27
application are attained, both
uniformly over the length of
OXYGEN
the joint and for the duration
of the welding process.
Thin Section Thick Section
'///J///. Heat -- ~
Loss ~
Low High
Guidance for the need to
Porosity
preheat is generally obtained
from the national fabrication
codes, which will list
recommended minimum
temperatures for steel types
grouped by composition and
also relate the minimum
section thickness to which
they apply.
For the purposes of
illustration, the preheat
requirements of high
pressure pipework codes
8S2633, ANSI 831.1, and
ANSI 831.3 are compared.
Post Heat This is the term
given to the extension of
preheat on completion of
welding at the same or
increased temperature. Its
purpose is to effect diffusion
of hydrogen from the joint
and reduce susceptibility to
the associated form of
cracking. It is usually applied
to the higher strength carbon
managenese steels and the
low alloy steels where the
risk of hydrogen cracking is
higher.
in the
when
Post heat treatments are not
slower reflected in national
standards or codes, but are
often specified by the client
who has incorporated their
equivalent into the weld
procedure qualification test.
The temperatures and soak
times are derived from
numerous technical papers
----..
published on this topic.
 An estimate of weld metal
hydrogen levels can be made root
20'C
50'C
100'C
150'C
5'C
5'Cto
12.5mm
and
200'C
Above run
diameter
Material
Minimum
allowed
Carbon
All
thickness
Up
Low 20PREHEAT
not
30mm
12.5
(greatest
preheat
temp
Not 30mm
12.5
38
20
H1rodsAll
thick
or
thicknesses
127mm
Steel
Above 100'C
thickness
steel
Material
-200'C
Up 20'C
permissable5'C
to 12.5
30
(greatest
12.5
required ofREQUIREMENTS
run.
weld All
30 thickness
5'C diameter
metal
Matching
Nonjoint mm thickness mm I FOR weld
ofI jointcontrolled
root
hydgrogen BS 2633:
metal18S
Hydrogen 1987·
1719)
controlled HIGH PRESSURE PIPEWORK
2.5 from
Above a knowledge
7Cr'I)Mo12.5 ofUp
the
to 20 Above30mm
Up to 0.40%C
potential hydrogen level in theMinimum Carbon-moly
Carbon steel preheat temperature
consumables

I r~XI Low I Medium I High

Weld hydrogen level

Special Note re 8S.2633

The table is for guidance only. It illustrates the contents of the preheat section of BS. 2633
(Table 5) which should be consulted in its entirety.

A number of other important standards give guidance on preheat, these include:

Hydrogen-induced cracks
in HAZ of a butt weld
ASME Code Section III : Nuclear power plant components
Section VIII: ASME Boiler and pressure vessel code

BS 1113 Water tube steam generating plant

BS 4570 Fusion welding of steel castings

Part 1 - Production, rectification and repair
Part 2 - Fabrication welding

BS 5135 Metal arc welding of carbon and carbon-manganese steels

BS 5500 Unfired fusion welded pressure vessels

Special Note re ANS1/B31-1 Br ANS1/B31-3

The table below is for guidance only. Reference should be made to the appropriate specification

Weldmg at sub-zero temperatures

120% causes increased residual stress PREHEAT
Group
Carbon
27
8%,9%
Nickel REQUIREMENTS
Steel
Chromium
Alloys
Nickel
Manganese
High
Chromium
Chromium
Alloy Ferritic
Austenitic
Martensitic
Vanadium
'/1%
2'/4% max
'1)%-2% Minimum
AN
71
300
200
50
71
- 10% 00KSI
300
3
175
350 KSI & FOR
SI 8.31.3
& below
below PETROLEUM
Recommended
Others
ANS1831.1
50
300
400
Carbon
P-9A
Above 1"- above
50
- -50
250.
'/{60 P98
50
KSI -Preheat
0.30%
OR
or REFINERY
'/{'/{ -or
300
both Temperature
1" -175
-above
175
250 PIPING
'F
'/1" & chromium (ANSI B.31-1.19901
above 6% - 400 & POWER PIPING (AN SI B31.1-1992)
Metal Material
'I{
3
10E
Above
1" &&above
group 171 KSI
above 11
-175
- -175 1
175~::sne~
Number
~;:;~~;~~~'8ase Others
P21-P52- 300
50

100 0 100 200 300 400·C

Weld hydrogen level

Effect of preheating on residual stresses
3. Post Weld Heat Treatment
Post Weld Heat
Treatment. This is a process
commonly referred to as
stress relief, so called
because it is carried out at
temperatures at which yield
strength has fallen to a low
value. If the structure is
heated uniformly, the yield
strength of the material
around the weld is unable to
support the initial
deformation. Creep occurs at
the elevated temperatures
and strain will occur by a
diffusion mechanism,
relaxing the residual stresses
even further. The extent to
which residual stresses are
relaxed will depend on
temperature for any given
material and on material for
any given temperature.
The stress distributions at the
higher temperatures become
more uniform and their
magnitude reduces to a low
level. On cooling, provided it
is carried out in a controlled
manner, the improved stress
distribution is retained.
In addition to a reduction and
re-distribution of residual
stresses, postweld
treatments at higher
temperatures permits some
tempering or aging effects to
take place. These
metallurgical changes are
very beneficial in that they
reduce the high hardness of
the as-welded structures,
improving ductility and
reducing the risks of brittle
fracture.
Post weld heat treatment has
mandatory significance
governed by the national
standards and codes, as well
as being required to offer
acceptable component life in
onerous environments. As
with preheat, the alloying
content of the steel is related
to the significance of heat
treatment temperature.
Features of Post Weld
Heat Treatment. There are
five aspects to a post weld
heat treatment that must be
addressed.
The hot zone is adequate to
raise the weldment to the
required temperature and engineered system is capable
provide a temperature profile of providing appropriate
therein which is uniform levels of performance.
without creating additional
undue thermally induced Benefits of Post Weld
stresses. This aspect has Heat Treatment
greater significance in the
case of localised heat
treatments, but nevertheless ~
"c:
100%
must also be considered with "il;
furnace heat treatments. ~~
"-~
",0>
80%
29
"'-
~~ 60%
-
The heating and cooling rates ~~
are at least compliant with
"-~
~ Q3 40%
the necessary code -0
'"
co
requirements. These rates ~ 20% Complete relief of
o residual stresses
will indicate absolute -J
0%
maximum values, and are 700 200 300 400 500 600
calculated from simple Stress relieving temperature ("C)
formulae related to Effect of stress relieving
component thickness to offer at various temperatures
protection against thermally Reduced Residual Stresses
induced stresses. With thicker
and more complex structures
an experienced heat
treatment engineer may wish
to consider lower rates than
required by the code to
i
'"
'"
'"
ensure acceptable c:
-0
"-
temperature profiles and co
J::
gradients with a view to
keeping these thermally
induced stresses to an
absolute minimum.
With localised heat Improved Metallurgical Structure
treatment, the temperature
gradients away from the hot
zone must not be unduly
severe, again the objective Postheated
Weld
being the minimisation of
thermally induced stresses.
British Standards BS 5500,
BS 2633 offer guidence in this
issue, quoting the
2.5 Rt rule.
-V Weld not
Postheated
The soak tempertures are
held within the upper and Improved Corrosion Resistance
lower limits of the soak range
for the appropriate period of
time. Remove
The heat treatment system
(including insulation), zonal
division and number of
thermocouples is such that
the energy input and level of
control is capable of enabling
these objectives to be met
~qr~w~~~¥'
U
Improved
PWHT
Machinability
ensuring that the integrity of
the overall structure is not
jeopardised.
For local heat treatments,
controls have to be
implemented to provide
assurance that the
 . POSTWELD
590-620
None
630-670
680-720
720-760
710-760
580-620
630-670
Soaking 2.5
5 (minimum
Not
180 HEAT
(minimum
required
(optimum creepl
irrespective
Temperature TREATMENT
60)
120)
1201
in601
301 but REQUIREMENTS
wall thickness
of thickness
furnace (pipework thin
thin2.5
andNot (minimum
Local
{minimum
wall
wall up
up to
required
welds) FOR
60)(weldsSSonly)
60)
120)
30)
heattreatment
1801
601
to 127mm
180)
127mm 2633: 1987 - HIGH PRESSURE PIPEWORK
where not required)
9Cr lMo
12CrMoV(WI Time at temperature: Minutes/mm thickness

Special Note re BS.2633

The table is for guidance only. It illustrates the contents of the post weld heat section of SS. 2633
(Table 6) which should be consulted in its entirety.

Also see SS. 1113 for post weld heat treatment requirements for water tube steam generating plant.

For certain service conditions and for pipes of O.15%OCmaximum, post weld heat treatment of welds in pipes up to and including 12.5mm thick
and fillet welded attachments where the throat thickness does not exceed 12mm is not required subject to satisfactory welding procedure tests.

Special Note re ANSI/B31·1 & ANSI/B31·3

The table below is for guidance only. Reference should be made to the appropriate specification

Carbon
9%
Chromium
High POST
Manganese
Nickel Steel
nickel
alloy
alloy steel WELD
vanadium
steels
austenitic
ferritic
martensitic
Chromium'/2%
'12%
2'/4% max
- 10%
-2% HEAT
Postweld
None
Above 2"
1225/13001
1350/14502
3/4'
3/t
31{ TREATMENT
'I{ -
'/2"Heat
ANSI
3/"-1100 Treatment
1025/10851
hours
hour
-1100/1200
or0.15%
above
71 None
min.
min1250/1300
B.31.3
KSll100/1300
-11751
carbon,
71
Above
9A
AN1toKSI REOUIREMENTS
Requirement
1350/14251
1400/14751
1 hour{lnch
hour
241
1300/1400-min
Brinell
'h",
3/t
KSI-1300/1375
above
hour
hour
SI 3%
B3.1 min
min(note:
hour/inch
hour{lnch
hourlinch
max
1Boiler
hour
chromium
'/{,
'12".4" {Inch
1100/1200
&4"Carbon
1100/1325
5/s" 00,0.15%
4 OD, Soak
of 0.15%
above
1 hour
External FOR
carbon
carbon
0.25%
{Inch.
Piping 3%PETROLEUM
130011375
1100/1200
chromium PIPING (ANSI B.31.1. 1990) & POWER PIPING (AN SI B31.1-1992)
Material cooling rate be above 300/Hr down to 600)
Group
1
ll Base
max
0/1225 1 hour
hour min. 225
min. 9B Brinell 112",1100
- above max - 1175
llA
 Heat Treatment of Pipewelds with
48kV A Heat Treatment Unit and Pad Elements

f---
<
a
Cl:
lJ.. 31
Cl:

~
Cl:

415V 3 PHASE ®
60 AMP SUPPLY ®

CIRCUIT 1

CIRCUIT 2

®
Note:
'Circuits 3, 4, 5 and 6 have not ®
been shown for clarity.
®

48kV
See
22mAs 1
32002
3Cable
32001
42011
6
15
Stock
10334
35024
A 2
22
Range
Ceramic
High 9
Req.
4175617 TYPICAL
2
143007
4 No.
12-18
111Elements
6Oty.
Page
Thermocouple
Triple
3 See
way
Heating
Range 9 Sets
Channel
Splitter
Thermocouple
Temperature
Fibre 48kVA
Heat 6 Unit
CHANNEL
Treatment
Description
Attachment
Cables
Insulating
with
CementPlug
Mats Unit HEAT TREATMENT UNIT PACKAGE

ed will depend on extent of work and production rate.

 Circumferential Stress Relief of Pressure Vessel
Welded Seams using Twin Bulkhead Method
and Channel Elements .

CABLE ENTRY THROUGH

VESSEL 'MAN-WAYS'

•
@

ROLLER SUPPORTS 6 CHANNEL 415V DISTRIBUTION UNIT FIXED SUPPORTS

FOR EXPANSION AND TEMPERATURE RECORDER

STEEL BULKHEADS
4-12mm RODS

IRON MESH WIRED THERMOCOUPLES

TO BULKHEADS ATTACHED TO
WELDED SEAM AND AT
GRADIENT POSITIONS

• J
4-BANK
CHANNEL
ELEMENTS
n
n

TYPICAL MINERAL WOOL MATS 60mm

RECOMMENDED MILD STEEL THICK WITH SINGLE LAYER
HEIGHT FOR CHANNELS TO OVER GRADIENT ZONES
MILD STEEL SUPPORT AND DOUBLE LAYER OVER
CHANNELS ELEMENTS THE HEATED ZONE

10 34000
Stock
27750
32002
3
14002
Mineral612
96'
40006 43007
30001
12
1
Bales
42011 TYPICAL
No.
506-014
221
18
1 9
Wool PACKAGE FOR PWHT OF 3M DIAMETER SEAM
6
341756(7
As
64-Bank
2m Req.
Channel
Point
way
30m
High
Feed 10
19
911
2
19
Thermocouple
Qty. (4/3Insulation
415V
Channel
Page
Temperature
Splitter
Thermocouple
Compensating
Temperature
Cable Distribution
Attachment
Elements
Cable Recorder
with
Cable
Cement
Heating
(11 Phase)
Plug
(31Unit
(2Unit
Description
Phase)
Ptsl
Elements) Heater)
Temperature Conversion Tables
Example
Find the known temperature to be converted in the Red column. Then 204 400 752
read the Centigrade conversion to the left and Farenheit to the right therefore
400'C 752'F
400'F 204'C

98.9 2642
2660
1670
2678
2714
2696
1724
1652
1688
662482
680488
698493
716499
3650
1470
3668
3686
1490
1480
1460
900
910
920
930
940
2030
2606
2624
2570
1616
1580766
1634
608466
626471
590460
644477
3578
3560
3596
1420
1410
1430
1440
870
880
860
890
1960
2534
1544
554449
572454
1390
1400
840
850
1950
1526
2516
1508
2498
1380
1370
830
820
1930
1920
2480
1472
1490
482427
3452
1350
1360
800
810
1910
1454
3416
3398
1330
1320
1340
780
770
790
1890
1310
760
2372
2354
1382
3344
3326
1300
1290
1280
750
740
730
1850
1840
2318
1328
3290
1270
1260
1820
720
710
2282
2264
2246
1292
1274
1256
3254
3236
3218
1250
1240
1230
1220
700
1800
690
1790
680
1780
670
2174
2210
1220
3146
3164
3182
1180
1190
1200
1210
630
1740
640
650
660
1760
1994
1090
1640
540
2120
2138
2084
1130
1148
1112
3074
3092
1160
1170
1140
1150
610
620
1690
600
1710
590
1700
1076
2048
1958
1850
1868
1922
1022
896
986
914
824
878
842
950
1706244
241
224
1120
214
210
478.4416
2426
2444
471.2
496.4
467.7
465.8
460.4
451.4332
455.0343
444.2310
449.6327
447.8
422.6243
424.4249
433.4277
420.8238
417.2227
437.1288
428.0260
440.6299
431.6
442.4
1814
2822
2804
2930
2876
2966
2894
3020
3038
1070
1030
1010
1020
1000
1060
1080
1050
1040
1100
1110
1130
990
1550
1540
1580
1600
1590
1680
570
1620
1560
1570
520
1610
460
470
450
480
530
1630
510
490
440
500
550
560
1660
580
1670
415.4221
413.6216
411.8210
1778
1742
788
770
2732
980
970
960
950
1510
1500
1530
1520
430
420
410
400
734504
3632
3704
1450
2000
2010
2020
2040
2588
1598
1614
1970
1980
1562
2552
3542
3524
1940
536443
518438
3506
3488
2462350
360
370
380
390
1990
320
330
310
340
290
300
280
270
250
260
500432
3470
1900
1436
1418
3434
1880
1870
1400
3380
1860
1364
1346
3362
1830
1310
3308
1810
2228
1238
3272
1770
2156
2192
1166
1184
1202
3200
1730
1750
1094
2102
2984
3110
3128
1720
2066
1832
1940
1886
1976
1904
1040
1058
968
860
932
2948
2840
2858
2912
3002
3056
1650
806
752
2786
2768
2750 793
1099
799
1110
804
1071
771
777
1082
782
1088
754
760
1066
743
1049
1054
1043
248
247
249
727
712
716
1032
246
245
243
399
704
1010
699
1004
693
242
377
682
993
240
239
238
237
354
677
671
666
982
977
971
235
236
233
234
654
960
588
893
231
229
232
230
627
632
616
932
921
223
216
215
222
221
220
226
227
228
217
218
219
225
577
543
549
566
271
266
211604
882
849
854
871
916
910
213
212
510
827
821
816
788
1093
1104
1116
810
1077
1060
749
732
1038
738
476.6410
480.2421
2408 1027
1021
474.8404
2390
473.0
2336
2300
464.0
462.2
458.6 710
1016
393
388
999
382
688
988
371
366
360
660
966
453.2338
456.8349
638
643
649
943
949
954
435.2282
446.0316
1004 321
621
938
927
426.2254
419.0232
438.8293
429.8
2012
2030 538
571
554
582
560
532
304
593
599
610
843
838
877
860
888
866
899
904
410.0204
1795
1760 527
521
516
832

33
 Conversion Factors
Heat
1
1 Btu
Btufr'
transfer
ft-20F-1
Temperature
Btu
Length
Thermal
0.948
=0.155in2
=0.86
0.405 35.27
25.4
6.29
1.12
=0.0624Ib
= 1.356J
1.609
159
3.281
=1.163W
=22051b
=2.205Ib
30.48
=0.738
=3.60
=2.590
2.471
1.055
28.32
1.102
=0.293
105.5
56.87
0.86
=29.31
=0.093
=0.176
=0.0149
=0.239
=0.578
=6.93
=3412
=0.386
=0.239
67.07
=0.394
=4.187J
h-1OF-l=
Ib-10F-l ha
0.0095
10.76
=6.452cm2 mm
litre
MJft
km
kcal
0.9144
35.31
0.621
0.0283 Btu
kWh
m2
Btu
Btu km
cm
acre
kJ
Wh
MJ ounce
therm
cal
ft2
W Btu
mile2
ft3
mile
in
coefficient
=5.678
907
=220
0.264
264
=0.556
=
=0.835Ib
0.3725
16.02kg
=420.22
1.8
0.11016kcalh-1
0.4536
0.984
6.23
7.48
deg
US
28.35 kJmc
kg
Imp
US
deg
ergs
Ib
intervals
107
=4.187
conductivity Imp
Imp
USUS
kg
hp
g
(Imp m
kg
lib
m-3
gal
F= +
Area
barrel
ft11
Ibf
litre 11kJ
cm2
Ib
acre
fr3
ftMJ
ton
therm
ft2
km2
m2
Jcal
kWh
Btu
ha Btu
kW
fr
Ibf
mile2
ton
m-2h-1OC-l
in
m3gal
(US min-1
lW
h-1ft-2h-1
Ib-1
kgC 3fr3OF-l
ft-3OF-1
ft-1
fr2h-1OF-1
30C-
Wm-2OC-1
gal
hour
Ib K(US
gal)-
deg °F-1
h-1
Wm-1OC-1
gal
ton
gal gal)-l
m-3
(Imp °F-l =99.8
h-1OF-1
11gal)-l
gal)-l
Fm-2h-10C-1
C
Wm-2OC-1
WBtu
kcal
kJkg-1°C-lm-2OC-1 Jkcal
1Power,
= Density
119.8 kg
= kg heatflow
h-1m-3
m-3 rate Specific
1.73Wm-1 0C- 1 heat capacity
F-1 =
1 kJkg-1°C-1 0.144Wm-1°C-l
1.163 Wm- I 1 in20C-1 2 I
II

80
120
Wt.
30
10S
1.050
0.109
Std.
Extra
Outside
0.134
0.307
0.180
0.406
0.687
0.312
1.375
1.343
2.375
2.875
4.500
0.600
0.300
3.500
0.065
0.840
0.294
0.083
0.147
140
100
160
20
40
60
Sch.
Double
0.065
0.133
0.308
0.358
0.113
0.179
1.315
0.109
0.156
0.750
2.062
0.140
0.552
0.145
0.200
0.400
0.154
0.218
0.436
0.203
0.382
0.226
0.318
0.718
0.593
0.365
0.250
0.165
0.330
0.843
0.500
1.125
0.237
0.337
0.674
0.258
0.280
0.864
0.148
0.812
0.322
0.277
0.875
0.375
0.438
0.937
1.259
1.438
0.562
1.562
1.500
1.281
1.812
1.531
0.191
0.276
1.000
1.312
0.432
0.906
0.750
1.406
0.656
1.218
1.031
1.593
1.156
1.781
0.968
1.093
1.968
1.660
1.900
4.000
10.750
12.750
5.563
6.625
8.625
14.000
16.000
18.000
20.000
24.000
0.083
0.120
0.216
Strong 5S
0.154
0.531
0.147
0.179
0.250
0.191
0.200
0.218
0.276
0.318
0.337
0.375
0.625
0.500
0.432
0.718
0.563
0.438
0.250
0.300 0.133
0.113
0.140
0.145
0.216
0.109
0.226
0.237
0.154
0.203
0.258
0.280 0.187
0.218
0.250
0.375
0.343
0.438
0.281 0.636

Wall
(inches)
Nominal Thickness
Imperial
Pipe Standard
for
Double
 ..
..•....

Engineering Data
Physical Properties Of Typical Pressure Part Steels

K-1.10-6
16.7520
19.2562
18.0541
18.7555
Wm-1.K-1
23
20
7970
14.6602
12.7503
13.8561
14.6611
13.8545
12.7511
38
49
7850
42
Coefficient
25
17
33
43
36 20 Heat
Temperature
Thermal
Density
Kg20°C
J.Kg-1.K-1
.m-3
to Temp
Specific
Conductivity 14
54
45

35

Tensile Properties Of Typical Pressure Part Steels

300
550
500
450
400
600
350
170
180
220
170
170
140
150
185
240
200
160
187
125
128
165
175
190
130
135
205
220
179
182
140
122
184
170
190
160
235
180
160
230
127
195
130
135
145
110
185
120
165
150
190
125
130
100
250
155
145
178
175
185
105
145
115
225 140200
260
190
210
245
205
170 340
245195
230
245150
290
285
245
275
280
215
N Yield
180.mm-z
270190
0.2% Tensile
Proof
Strengthat 460
490
430
510
540
440
420
480 190temperatures
225
Stress
various (1% for Austenitic Steels)
°C N.mm-z
Carbon Steel
Steel