MHPDevelopmentRefresherTraining

SRSP2012

ForEUDELEGATIONTOPAKISTAN
ByNijazLukovac

Oldestmicrohydropower
Whatisimportant?
Essential:
Determiningtheavailablehead
Determininglocationsofmajorstructures(intake,sandtrap,
headracecanal,forebay,penstock,powerhouse,tailrace)
Baseforpowercalculationsandcostestimate
Wouldbebeneficial:
Surveyinglocalmapsatstructures
longitudinalprofile
characteristiccrosssections
EssentialpartwouldbenecessaryforALLMHPsandthe
restshouldberequiredatleastforMHPswithP>100kW.

Survey
Locationanddimensionsofmainstructures:
Intake
Sandtrap(ifany)
Canal(ifany)
Forebay
Powerhouse
Availablegrosshead
Moredetailedsurveydatashouldalsoprovide(ifpossible):
Moredetailedmapsaroundthestructures
Longitudinalprofile
Severalcrosssections
Survey
MultiplefrequencyGPS
Traditionalmethodsofquick
Survey
Dumpylevelsand
theodolite
Sightingmeters
Waterfilledtubeand
pressuregauge
Waterfilledtubeand
rod
Spiritlevelandplank
Maps
Altimeters
Mountaineers'GPS

Hydrology
Hydrology
Whatisimportant?
Essential:
Determiningthemeanflowrate(discharge)=availablewater
whichisarowmaterialforHydropowergeneration.
Estimatingflooddischargeinordertosafelyplacerequired
structures
Baseforpowercalculationsandcostestimate
Wouldbebeneficial:
Establishingwatergaugingstation(s)
Determiningflowratingcurve(s)(FRC)
Determiningflowdurationcurve(FDC)
Determiningafloodhydrograph
Determiningthedutyflowandpoweravailableflow

Hydrology
Themajorhydrologicalparametersneededfor
MHPinstallationinclude:
Meanflowestimation(Q
AV
)
TimedistributionofflowsFlowDuration
Curve(FDC)
DepthflowrelationshipFlowRatingCurve
(FRC)
Floodwaterdischargesayhundredyearflood
(Q
1/100
)
Floodhydrograph(e.g.SCSUnithydrograph)

Hydrology
ThemajorhydrologicalparametersneededforMHP
installationinclude:
Meanflowestimation(Q
AV
)
TimedistributionofflowsFlowDurationCurve(FDC)
DepthflowrelationshipFlowRatingCurve(FRC)
Floodwaterdischargesayhundredyearflood(Q
1/100
)
Floodhydrograph(e.g.SCSUnithydrograph)

V=pA
C
(m
3
)
Q
AV
=V/T
q
sp
=aA
C
+b(l/s/km
2
)

HydrologyCatchment

HydrologyParameters
y =-0.0046x +13.515
R
2
=0.6196
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
q
sp
(l/s/km
2
)
F
s
l

(
k
m
2
)
HydrologyParameters
HydrologyParameters
(E)Q
MAX
=124A
C
/(10.4+A
C
)
(E2)Q
MAX
=aA
C

0.75
;(11<a<23)
(RM)Q=CiA
C
(m
3
/s)
T=0.27A
C
0,612

(UH)Lagtimeiscalculatedfrom:
Theprecipitationforaduration
correspondingtocatchmentparameters
Catchmentarea
Catchmentshaperesultinginlagtime
SCSCurvenumber

T
C
=5/3L
G

T
P
=T
C
x(1+T
C
)
0.2

N
CA
G
S
LL
C L
|
.
|

\
|
=
5 . 0
HydrologyMeasurements
thebucketmethod,
theweirmethod,
stagecontrolmethod,
thesaltgulpmethod,
thefloatmethod,
currentmeters,
Automated
measurements

V
m
e
a
n

(
m
3
/
s
)

GeologyandGeomechanics
Whatisimportant?
Essential:
Determiningthetypeofsoil
Determiningthetypeofthebedrock
Determiningthedepthofoverburden
Lookforactualorpotentiallandslidesandscrees(slidingdebris)
Roughestimationofgeotechnicalparameters(bad,poor,fair,
good,excellent)
Wouldbebeneficial:
Makinggeologicalmapofthearea
Preparingcharacteristicgeologicalprofiles
Determiningactualgeotechnicalparameters(c,,,etc.)

GeologyandGeomechanics
Hydraulics
Whatisimportant?
Essential:
Performingsteadystatecalculationsfor
Canals(headrace,tailrace)
Pipelines,penstocks
Hydrauliccalculationatintakeifany
Hydraulicandsettlementcalculationatsandtrapifany
HydrauliccalculationatForebay
Hydrauliccalculationforspillways(atintake,sandtrapandforebay)
Hydrauliccalculationforoutlets(sandtrap,forebay)
Hydrauliccalculationofthestillingbasin(orapron)ifany
Wouldbebeneficial:
Performingunsteady(transient)computations
Channelunsteadyflow
Penstockwaterhammer

Hydraulicspipelines
Continuity(massconservation):
A
i
v
i
=Constant
Bernoulli(energyconservation):

2 1
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
2 2

EA + + + = + + H
g
v
g
p
Z
g
v
g
p
Z

g
v
D
L
f H
f
2
2
= A
( )
3
6 4 3
Re 10 10 2 1 10 5 . 5 + + =

D f c
3 2
6 . 124 D n f =
Re=vD/vorRe
R
=vR/vR=
D
/
4
isHydraulic
radiusofthepipe.niskinematiccoefficientoffluids
viscosity(forwater:t=20
o
v=1.01
x
10
6
m
2
/s,and
t=10
o
v=1.3
x
10
6
m
2
/s)
DarcyWeisbach
Moody:
Pipeproperties

Ductileiron Steel PVC PE/GRP AC

Manningn 0.12 0.013 0.01 0.011 0.011
Hazen
WilliamsC 130 100 150 140 140
Roughness
(mm)(Darcy
Weisbach) 0.2591 0.04572 0.00152 0.00152 0.00152
Young
ModulusE
(MPa) 100000 207000 3300 1300/73500 24000
Coefficientof
linear
expansion
(
x
10
6
)
11 12 54 140/5 8.1
Poissonratio
0.25 0.3 0.45 0.45 0.3
Pipeshellthickness
F=pD
t=pD/e
Forwater=1000kg/m
3
,bulk
modulusK~2010
8
N/m
2
,
k=10
11
/E
ForsteelE~2010
10
N/m
2
,
k=0.5;Dispipelinediameter,
eispipewallthickness.

g
av
H
0
= A
e
D
k
eE
D
K
a
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
50
10
1
1
4

0sTst,t=2L/a
gT
Lv
H
0
2 = A
HydraulicsCanals
S AR
n
Q
3
2
1
=
Openchannelbasics
3
2
2
A g
B Q
F
W
R

=
h
c
=[Q
2
/b
2
g]
1/3
=(q
2
/g)
1/3

HydraulicsHECRAS
Itisalsoimportantof
correctlyassessthedepth
ofthefloodflowinthe
riveralongourstructures,
aswedonotwantto
allowthefloodwaterto
destroythem!
Tyroleanintake
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
E
h
h
E
h
h
c r
x 1 1
1
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
E
h
h
c r
b
z
1
1
1
1
r=0.4to0.7ratiooftheintakebreadthtoriver
breadth
c=0.45coefficient(0.40.5afterMostkov)for
longitudinaltrashrackbars.
h
1
=h
CR
waterdepthatthebeginning(forx=0)
hDepthforwhichdistancefromthebeginningis
determined
EEnergyoftheflow
Forallwatertobetakeninthedepthattheendwould
beh=0.
h
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
Collectioncanal
( )
( )
( ) x S S
Q
Q v
v
Q Q g
v v Q
h
f
A +
|
|
.
|

\
| A
+ A
+
+
= A
0
1
2
2 1
2 1 1
WhereS
0
bedslope,S
f
energyslope
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
h
h+v2/2g
Startthecomputationatthecanalsendwithcriticaldepthandwith
verysmallAx.Stepcanbeincreasedasfartherupstream. h
c
=[Q
2
/b
2
g]
1/3
=(q
2
/g)
1/3

Spillwayonthesill(Q
1/100
)
2 3
3
2 3
2
2 H B C H B g C Q = =
Dischargecoefficient:C2=0.40(0.385to0.5),orC
3
=1.77
BSpillwaybreadth
HSpillwaydepth
Stillingbasin(Q
1/100
)
2 3
3
2 3
2
2 H B C H B g C Q = =
2
1
2
2
1
2 y g
q
y E

o
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
3
1
2
1
2
8 1 1
2 gy
q y
y
2
0
2
0
1 1 r F
S S
x
y
Fr
S S
dx
dy
f f

=
A
A

=
S AR
n
Q
3
2
1
=
hc
E
252.4
252.6
252.8
253
253.2
253.4
253.6
253.8
254
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
kota dna
kota vode
D=oy
2
y
0
L=K(y
2
y
1
),where4.5<K<5.5for10>Fr
1
>3
Settlingbasin


dinmm

o
C
t 20 12 10 8 6
A m2 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
Q m3/s 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
V
AV
m/s 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
d mm 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
v
SET
m/s 0.033 0.026 0.025 0.024 0.022
h
AV
m 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
L m 11.20 11.20 11.20 11.20 11.20
T
SET
s 25.99 32.20 34.00 36.17 38.29
tflow s 37.84 37.84 37.84 37.84 37.84
L=H
1
(v
T
/v
D
)
h/v
D
<L/v
T

dinm
SiltoutletandDutyflowoutlet
gH A C Q 2 =
Coefficient:C0.7

+
=

D
L
f
c
1
y
ydy
c
A
g a
H
T
a
a
H
H
y
H
H
y
a

=
}
=
=
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
T=2V/Q
MAX

Forconstantarea
g
v
D
L
f H
f
2
2
= A
3 2
6 . 124 D n f =
Spillwayfromsettlingbasin
( )
g
v v
L S S h h
f
2
9 , 0
2 1
0 1 2

+ =
27 , 0 23 , 0 08 , 0
2
2
2
2
2
+ |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
B
L h
L
B
L h
m
2 3
2
2 H L g m Q =
Hydropower
P=gQH(W)
P=9.81QH(kW)
P8QH
N
to8.5QH
N

AH(m)>3000/A
C
(km
2
)
Hydropower
ThismethodcanbeusedtobestdistributeHPPsin
ordertoharnessthemostenergy.Buitcanalsobe
usedtocompareseveralalternativesandselectthe
best,basedonavailableenergy!
Forannualprecipitationof1000mm:
DH(m)>3p(mm)/A
C
(km
2
)P(kW)/100
MHPCostestimates
1982GordonHPPCost
CalculationsinUSD:

ForP<500kW

S=40000(25000to
70000dependingonthe
siteconditions)

C
MHP
=SP
(kW)
0.7
H
m

0.35
+10
6
0.610.7(0.5P
(kW)
/1000)/H
m

0.3
)
0.82

Hydropowergenerationcalculation
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Q

(
m
3
/
s
)

T (days)
Duration curve Q
Q (prirodno)
Q sr
Q min
Hydropowergenerationcalculation
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
H
n

(
m
)

Q

(
m
3
/
s
)

T (days)
Durarion curves Q i H
Q (prirodno)
Q turbine
Hn (m)
Hydropowergenerationcalculation
0.0
30.0
60.0
90.0
120.0
150.0
180.0
210.0
240.0
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
P

(
k
W
)

Q

(
m
3
/
s
)

T (days)
Duration curves Q i P
Q (prirodno)
Q turbine
P (kW)
P8QH
N
to8.5QH
N

Hydropowerschemes
Hydropowerschemes
Itallboilsdownto:whichoneiseasierandcheapertobuild,basedon
sitespecificconditions!
HydropowerstructuresIntake
examples
HydropowerUncontrolledIntakeand
GabionWeir
Hydropowerstructurescontrolled
intakeDrawing
Hydropowerstructurescontrolled
intake
HydropowerstructuresSideIntake
Drawing
HydropowerstructuresBottom
IntakeDrawing
HydropowerSettlingbasinDrawing
Hydropowerstructures
Silt/sandtrap
HydropowerCanalDrawing
HydropowerForebayDrawing
HydropowerstructuresForebay
HydropowerForebay
V=120Q
i

HydropowerPipematerial
comparison
HydropowerPenstockLPDrawing
HydropowerPenstocksupportsand
anchors
HydropowerPenstockalignment
problems
HydropowerABspacing
HydropowerPenstockjointsand
supports
Hydropowerpipeplacement
HydropowerPenstockdiameter
Fahlbuch1982
D
P
=0.52H
i
0.17
(P
i
/H
i
)
0.43

D
PQ
=0.52H
i

0.17
(8.5Qi)
0.43

MorozovApproximate
D
P1
=(5.2Q
i
3
/Hi)
1/7

D
P2
=1.547(NhC1/C2)
0.154
Q
i

0.46
;
Note:DoesnotdependonH
Nhnumberofannualworkinghours
C1Costof1kWh
C2Costof1mpipe
MorozovExact
D
P3
=((0.2NhC1Q
i
3
)/(1000C2H
i
))
1/7

AllowableStress(MPa)
Nhnumberofannualworkinghours
C1Costof1kWh
C2Costof1mpipe
Indianformula
D
PI
=3.55(Qi
2
/(2gHi))
0.25

D
P3
=((0.2NhC1Q
i
3
)/
(1000C2H
i
))
1/7

HydropowerAnchorBlocks
p
D
N

=
4
2
t
R=2Nsin/2
R=A
SOIL
2Nsin/2=A
SOIL

N
F

=
2
2
sin
o
o

SOIL
=0,015kN/cm
2

AL=LaAt. o=EAL/L
HydropowerWaterhammer
g
av
H
0
= A
e
D
k
eE
D
K
a
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
50
10
1
1
4

0sTst,t=2L/a
gT
Lv
H
0
2 = A
HydropowerPowerhouse
HydropowerPowerhouseDrawing
HydropowerPowerhouseFacade
HydropowerPowerhouse
HydropowerPowerhouse
HydropowerPowerhouse
Action/ReactionTurbine
HydropowerPowerhousefoundation
HydropowerPowerhousefoundation
Foundation
HydromechanicalTrashrack
HydromechanicalRake
HydromechanicalGate
HydromechanicalValve
HydromechanicalAirValve
HydromechanicalVessel
Electromechanical:Reactionvs.
ActionTurbine
EMTurbineselectioncharts
Francis: n
s
=100ln(H)+685
Kaplan: n
s
=210ln(H)+1180
EMTurbineselectioncharts
EMEfficiency,Turbinediameter
Mosonyi1959
ForFrancisorPropeller
D
TR
=4.4(Q
i
/N
RPM
)
1/3

ForKaplan
D
TR
=4.57(Q
i
/N
RPM
)
1/3

ForPeltonwheel
D
TR
=38(H
i
)/N
RPM

ForPeltonjet
D
J
=0.542(Q
i
/H
i
)
PropellerD=f(Qi,Hi,N
S
)
D
TR
=7.1(Q
i
)/(N
S
+100)
1/3
*Hi
0.25
;
Mosonyi1988
KaplanD=f(Qi,Hi,N
S
)
D
TR
=7.375(Q
i
)/(N
S
+100)
1/3
*Hi
0.25
;
Mosonyi1988
Rotationalspeed:
N
RPM
=N
S
H
im

5/4
/P
i
(kW)

EMTurbineSuctionhead
H
ATM
=10.330.0012H
ASL
0.23;At
20
o
C
Francis
=0.0316(N
S
/100)
2
;Coefficient
Novak=0.432
OR
=(0.01N
S
0.54)
2
/45+0.035
Schapov
H
S
=H
ATM
H
im
;Thoma
Kaplan(Moody)
=1.1(0.28+0.00152(N
S
/100)
3
);
Note:Mosonyi19590.00152>0.0024;
or0.000071*N
S

1.43

H
S
=H
ATM
H
im
;Thoma
Propeller(Moody)
=0.28+0.00152(N
S
/100)
3
;Note:
Mosonyi19590.00152>0.0024;
or0.000071*N
S

1.43

H
S
=H
ATM
H
im
;Thoma

Cavitation!
Forpositivesuctionheadtheaxisis
Abovetailwater,fornegativeitis
below
PumpasTurbine
PumpasTurbine
T15,Crossflow
Generators,Alternators
Singlelinediagram,Transmission
Switchgear,Automation
EMAutomation
1.RemotecontrolWebnavigator
2.SMSalarmsystem
3.MagelisXBTGTHMI
4.W@deW325telemetrycontroller
5.GPC,synchroniser,protection&monitoring
module
6.Instrumentation:flow,waterlevel,pressure
7.Valves,gates,deflectors,injectors
8.Ventilation,bearinggreasingsystem:TeSysU&
TeSysTmotorstartersandAltivardrives
9.Auxiliaries,contactorandcircuitbreakers
10.W@deW310standalonedataacquisition
module
11.OsitrackRFIDmodule
12.Powerhousewebcamcontrol
13.2Modbusportsforexternaldevices
14.Generatorexcitationcontrol
15.Stepuptransformer
16.LVorMVcircuitbreaker

LightingandGrounding
Software
MSOffice,advancedcalculations(Excel),reportwriting(Word)andpresentations(PowerPoint).
Amongthemmostcommonlyused,relativelyuserfriendlyandreasonablypowerfulareUSACE
programsfromtheHECfamily.MostusefulforMHPdesignsare:
HECRAS(Hydraulicsofopenchannelsincludingsteadyandunsteadyflowandsedimentflow)
HECHMS(Hydrology)
Also,usefulfreesoftwareisHY8
Pipelinedesigncanbedone,forinstance,withfreeEpanetprogram.
Anumberofcommercialsoftwaresolutionsarealsoavailable:
Foropenchannel:Mike11andSOBEK,
Forpipelinedesign:BentleysWaterCADandWaterGEMS.ForpipelinetransientflowHammer
Geotechnicalsoftware:GeoSLOPEorGEO5.
Overallusefuldesigntool:
ArcGIS.
AutoCADbyAutodesk,
ThereisalsoHECGeoRAS(free)thatworksseamlesslywithArcGIS(commercial).
ThenDigitalTerrainModel(DTM)canbeusedtoautomaticallyloadriverprofilesintohydraulic
model.
InsimilarwayHECRAScanbetiedtoAutoCADbyRiverCAD(lowcostcommercialprogram)and
thengeometricaldatacanbecreatedinAutoCADandhydraulicsruneitherwithinRiverCADor
HECRAS.

Projectdesignphases
Properdesignforlargerprojectwouldinclude:
Masterplanorahydropowerdevelopmentstudyfora
catchmentorastream
Conceptualdesign(prefeasibilitystudy)
Preliminarydesign(feasibilitystudy)
Tenderdocumentation(sometimesdoneafterthenextphase)
Finalordetaileddesign
Constructiondrawings
Asbuiltdocumentation
HoweverwithMHPsitisoftenabbreviatedtojust:
Conceptualdesign(prefeasibilitystudy)
Finalordetaileddesign

Drawings
Anoverviewmap(sayscale1:50000)showingpositionoftheMHP(possiblyalsoin
relationtootherMHPsinthevicinity)
Layout(largerscale,say1:1000)shovingspatialdistributionofallthemajor
componentsoftheMHP
Longitudinalprofile(usuallydistortedscale,say1:100/1000)
Normalcrosssection(1:100)
Characteristiccrosssections(1:100)ofthe
Headrace
Penstock
Tailrace
Drawingsofthemainstructuresincludingplan,sectionsanddetails:
Intake(withsettlingbasinandstillingbasinifany)
Forebay(withspillwayandoutlet)
Powerhouse(inadditiontotheabove,thefacadesareusuallyshownaswell)
Accessroads(ifany)
Riverdiversion(ifany)
Asbuiltdocumentationisthendoneduringthecourseofconstructionbymaking
notesandadjustmentsuponoriginalfinaldesigndrawings.

Monitoring
AnIDCardshouldbepreparedforeachMHPbySRSP.ItshouldbeasingleA4or
A3sheetcontaining(butnotlimitedto)mostimportantdata(fields)suchas:
Geographiccoordinates
Thenameofthevillage,andthenumberofthehouseholdstobereached
ThenameofresponsibleengineerandLCrepresentativeinchargeofO&M
BasicMHPparameters(Q,H,P,E)
Mainstructures/equipmentlist(includingturbinetypeandsupplier)
Costestimatefinalcost(tobefilleduponcompletion)
Aphotoofthesite(geotagged)
RemarksbySRSPsupervisingengineer
Remarksbytheexternalsupervision(Monitor)
Fieldstoplacethesignatures(anddatesofsigning)oftheEngineerandSRSPsupervisor,local
representativeandtheMonitor.
SRSPshouldprepareatemplatesheetwithinclusionofthesefields(tobefilledasthework
progresses)andisfreetoaddanyadditionaldataitfindsimportant.
TheIDcardsheetwillbeaccompaniedbyannexesinthecourseofconstruction,including
justificationmadeonsite,recordeddifficulties(ifany),photosofconstructionphase,and
photosofcompletedworksthatwouldincludeallthestructuresandequipmentthusmaking
thefileforeachandeveryMHPinconstructionorcompleted.

Monitoring