M PHNG CC H THNG

THNG TIN V TUYN S

DNG MATLAB
Simulation of Radio Communication Systems using Matlab
Trn Xun Nam
B mn Thng tin, Khoa V tuyn in t
i hc K thut L Qu n
100 Hong Quc Vit, Cu Giy , H Ni, Vit Nam
Phone: (069)-515392 E-mail: namtx@lqdtu.edu.vn
Chng 4
Knh thng tin v tuyn
4.1 Knh tp m AWGN
4.1.1 Tp m AWGN
Thut ng tp m (noise) m t cc tn hiu in khng mong mun xut
hin trong h thng. S xut hin ca tp m lm gim kh nng tch chnh
xc cc tn hiu pht v, v vy, lm gim tc truyn dn thng tin. Tp
m c to ra t nhiu ngun khc nhau, nhng c th phn loi thnh hai
ngun chnh l nhn to v t nhin [1]. Ngun tp m nhn to xut hin t
cc ngun nh la, chuyn mch hay cc pht x in t. Tp m t nhin
gm tp m xut hin trong cc mch hay linh kin in t, xo ng kh
quyn hay cc ngun thin h.
Thit k tt cc mch in, thit b hay h thng cho php loi b hoc
gim nh ng k nh hng ca cc tp m bng cch ni t, chn v tr
t thit b hay s dng cc phng php lc. Tuy nhin, c mt ngun tp
m t nhin khng th loi b l tp m nhit. Tp m nhit xut hin do
chuyn ng nhit ca cc in t trong tt c cc linh kin in t nh
in tr, dy dn hay cc phn t dn in khc. S chuyn ng ngu nhin
v c lp ca v hn cc in t to nn cc c tnh thng k Gauss theo
nh l gii hn trung tm (central limit theorem). V vy, tp m nhit c th
m t nh mt qu trnh ngu nhin Gauss c gi tr trung bnh bng khng
(zero mean). Mt v d v tp m Gauss vi gi tr trung bnh 0 v phng
sai
2
= 1 c miu t Hnh v 4.1.
Hm mt xc sut (PDF: Probability Density Function) ca mt qu
trnh ngu nhin Gauss n(t) c biu din nh sau
p(n) =
1

2
exp
_

n
2
2
2
_
(4.1)
Hnh v 4.2 biu din hm PDF Gauss vi gi tr trung bnh bng khng
v lch chun (standard deviation) = 1.
Mt c tnh quan trng ca tp m Gauss c gi tr trung bnh bng
khng l phng sai
2
bng trung bnh bnh phng ca n, tc l,
2
=
45
46 Chng 4. Knh thng tin v tuyn
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
t
n
(
t
)
Hnh 4.1: Mt v d v tp m Gauss vi gi tr trung bnh 0 v phng sai
2
= 1.
E{n
2
(t)}.
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
=1
0.242
Hnh 4.2: Hm mt xc sut Gauss vi
2
= 1.
Tp m trng: mt c tnh quan trng ca tp m nhit l mt
ph tn s ca n nh nhau ti mi tn s. Tc l, n l ngun tp m pht
4.1. Knh tp m AWGN 47
ra mt lng cng sut nh nhau trn mt n v bng tn ti tt c cc tn
s bng
G
n
(f) =
N
0
2
[W/Hz] (4.2)
nh m t Hnh v 4.3(a). H s 2 trong cng thc trn ch th rng G
n
(f)
l mt hm mt ph cng sut 2 pha (two-sided power spectral density
function) cn N
0
th c gi l mt ph cng sut tp m. Tp m vi
cng sut c mt ph u nh vy c gi l tp m trng (white noise).
N
0
/2
R
n
( ) t
N
0
/2
G f
n
( )
f t
(b)Hmtt ngquan (a)Mtphcngsuttpmtrng
Hnh 4.3: Mt ph cng sut v hm t tng quan ca tp m trng.
Hm t tng quan ca tp m trng l php bin i Fourier ngc ca
mt ph cng sut tp m cho bi
R
n
() = F
1
{G
n
(f)} =
_

G
n
(f)e
j2f
df (4.3)
=
N
0
2
() (4.4)
nh biu din Hnh v 4.3(b). Tc l, hm t tng quan ca tp m trng
l mt hm xung delta ti = 0 c nhn trng s vi N
0
/2. rng
R
n
() = 0 vi mi = 0 nn bt k hai mu khc nhau no ca tp m trng
u khng tng quan vi nhau bt k chng gn nhau n mc no. Do tp
m nhit c cng vi tn hiu nn n cn c gi l tp m cng (additive
noise). Tng hp cc c tnh ca tp m nhit trn chng ta c th tm
tt li rng tp m nhit trong cc h thng thng tin l tp m Gauss trng
cng (AWGN: Additive White Gaussian Noise).
4.1.2 M phng tp m AWGN
Trong MATLAB, chng ta c th s dng hm c sn randn m phng
tp m AWGN. Hm randn cho php to ra cc bin ngu nhin theo phn
b chun chnh tc (standard normal distribution) vi gi tr trung bnh 0,
phng sai 1 v lch chun 1.
48 Chng 4. Knh thng tin v tuyn
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
n
p
(
n
)
Theory
Simulated
Hnh 4.4: Hm phn b ca tp m AWGN.
Hnh 4.4 biu din hm pdf ca tp m AWGN to nn bng m phng
s dng hm randn s dng chng trnh Prog. 4.1.
Matlab Program 4.1 SimAWGN.m
%% Script to describe AWGN
% Plot time version of AWGN
N=10^6;
t=1:N;
n=randn(1,N);
plot(t,n)
xlabel(t)
ylabel(n(t))
axis([0 1000 -4 4])
% Plot pfd of the normal distribution by theory
step=0.1;
x=-5:step:5;
sigma=1;
px=1/sqrt(2*pi)*exp(-1/2*x.^2/sigma^2);
figure(2)
plot(x,px)
%xlabel(n)
ylabel(p(n))
hold on
% Plot pdf of simulated AWGN
z=randn(1,N);
h=hist(z,x);
plot(x,h/N/step,o);
4.2. Knh pha-inh 49
legend(Theory,Simulated)
%hold on
%pdfplot(z,100)
Do phn b chun chnh tc l mt trng hp c bit ca phn b
Gauss trong gi tr trung bnh bng 0 v phng sai bng 1, nn m
phng tp m AWGN vi phng sai bng N
0
chng ta ch vic nhn hm
randn vi

N
0
, tc l lch chun mong mun. Do tp m m phng l mt
bin s phc gm hai thnh phn thc v o, nn cng sut tp m l tng
cng sut ca tng thnh phn. to c tp m phc vi cng sut N
0
chng ta cn chun ha cng sut ca mi thnh phn (thc v o) bng 1/2.
V d, to c 1000 du tp m phc c cng sut N
0
chng ta lm nh
sau:
n = sqrt(N
0
/2) (randn(1, 1000) + j randn(1, 1000))
4.2 Knh pha-inh
Hnh v 4.5 m t mt ng lin lc gia anten trm gc (BS: Base Station)
v anten trm di ng (MS: Mobile Station). Xung quanh MS c nhiu vt
phn x nh nh, cy, i ni, ...trong khi xung quanh BS li c rt t hoc
khng c cc vt phn x do anten trm BS c t trn cao. Cc vt phn
x ny c gi chung l vt tn x. Lin lc gia BS v MS thng qua nhiu
ng (path), mi ng chu mt hay nhiu phn x, v tn hiu n my
thu l tn hiu tng hp t tt c cc ng ny. Do cc ng c bin ,
pha, v tr khc nhau, nn tn hiu truyn qua cc ng c th kt hp vi
nhau mt cch c li hoc khng c li, to nn mt sng ng ngu nhin.
Hin tng ny c gi l truyn sng pha-inh a ng. Knh truyn sng
kiu ny c gi l knh pha-inh a ng.
Hnh 4.5: M hnh truyn sng a ng.
50 Chng 4. Knh thng tin v tuyn
4.2.1 M hnh ton hc ca pha-inh
Tn hiu v tuyn lun l tn hiu bng thng (bandpass) v c bng tn hp
(narrowband). Tn hiu bng thng pht i ti tn s sng mang f
c
vi ng
bao phc s(t)
3
c biu din nh sau
s(t) =
_
s(t)e
j2fct

(4.5)
trong [.] biu din php ton ly phn thc.
t di ca ng l l x
l
v k hiu c l tc nh sng (cng chnh
l tc lan truyn ca sng in t trong khng kh), th thi gian truyn
sng t BS ti MS l x
l
/c. Gi s suy hao ca ng l l a
l
, th tn hiu
thu c ti MS khng tnh n tp m l
r(t) =

l
a
l
s
_
t
x
l
c
_
. (4.6)
Th (4.5) vo (4.6) chng ta c
r(t) =

l
a
l

_
s
_
t
x
l
c
_
e
j2fc(t
x
l
c
)
_
(4.7)
=
_

l
a
l
s
_
t
x
l
c
_
e
j2fc(t
x
l
c
)
_
(4.8)
Vit li r(t) dng
r(t) =
_

l
a
l
s
_
t
x
l
c
_
e
j2fc
x
l
c
e
j2fct
_
(4.9)
=
_
r(t)e
j2fct

(4.10)
trong thnh phn ng bao tn hiu thu l tng ca nhiu thnh phn tn
hiu c tr, suy hao v dch pha khc nhau
r(t) =

l
a
l
s (t
l
) e
j2fc
l
(4.11)
cn
l
=
x
l
c
l thi gian tr ca ng truyn th l.
4.2.2 S nh hng ca chuyn ng ca MS
Hnh 4.6: S lan truyn ca ng l ti mt trm MS.
3
s(t) cn c gi l tn hiu bng tn gc tng ng
4.2. Knh pha-inh 51
Hnh v 4.6 minh ho s chuyn ng ca mt trm MS theo trc x trong mt
phng xy vi vn tc v. y, chng ta gi thit rng ng ten pht c
phn cc mt cch ph hp sao cho vector in trng song song vi trc z.
Khi MS chuyn ng vi tc v, di ng truyn sng th l thay i
mt khong l
x

l
= x
l
x
l
(4.12)
Nu gc ti ca tia th l so vi hng chuyn ng l
l
, chng ta c
x
l
vt cos(
l
). (4.13)
Nh vy, tn hiu thu c khi khng c tp m l
r(t) =
_

l
a
l
e
j2fc
_
t
x
l
x
l
c
_
s
_
t
x
l
x
l
c
_
_
(4.14)
=
_

l
a
l
e
j2fct
e
j2fc
x
l
c
e
j2fc
v cos(
l
)
c
t
s
_
t
x
l
c
+
v cos(
l
)t
c
_
_
(4.15)
Thng thng do tc ca MS rt nh so vi vn tc truyn sng nn ta c
v/c 0 nn
r(t) =
_

l
a
l
e
j2fct
e
j2fc
x
l
c
e
j2fc
v cos(
l
)
c
t
s
_
t
x
l
c
_
_
. (4.16)
t
f
D
=
f
c
c
v (4.17)
l tn s Doppler ln nht, sau mt s php bin i ton hc thun tu chng
ta c
r(t) =
_

l
a
l
e
j2f
D
cos(
l
)
l
e
j2[fc+f
D
cos(
l
)](t
l
)
s (t
l
)
_
(4.18)
Nu t

l
= a
l
e
j2f
D
cos(
l
)
l
(4.19)
v
f
D,l
= f
D
cos(
l
) (4.20)
ta c th vit li r(t) dng rt gn sau
r(t) =
_

l
e
j2(fc+f
D,l
)(t
l
)
s (t
l
)
_
(4.21)
trong
l
v f
D,l
tng ng l h s suy hao v tn s Doppler ca tia l
di tc ng ca s chuyn ng ca MS. T cng thc (4.21) chng ta c
th thy rng vt tn x th l dch tn hiu pht i
l
v thi gian v f
D,l
v tn s.
52 Chng 4. Knh thng tin v tuyn
Ta hon ton c th vit r(t) di dng tn hiu bng thng nh trong
biu thc (4.10) trong ng bao phc ca tn hiu thu c c dng
r(t) =

l
e
j
l
(t)
s (t
l
) (4.22)
vi

l
(t) = 2[(f
c
+ f
D,l
)
l
f
D,l
t] (4.23)
l gc pha ca ng tn hiu th l. T biu thc (4.22), ta c th m hnh
ho knh truyn bng mt b lc tuyn tnh bin i theo thi gian (linear
time-variant filter) vi p ng xung c cho bi:
g(t, ) =

l
e
j
l
(t)
(
l
) (4.24)
trong (.) l hm delta dirac.
4.2.3 Hu qu ca truyn sng pha-inh a ng
Hu qu ca truyn sng pha-inh a ng l [2]
Pha-inh hay chn lc theo thi gian(time selective fading) gn vi
Doppler spread to ra do chuyn ng ca MS.
Tri tr (delay spread) hay chn lc theo tn s
Doppler spread. Khi MS chuyn ng qua cc vng ngu nhin, tn
hiu thu c ti MS thay i v cng v pha tu thuc vo vn tc
chuyn ng ca MS. Xt trng hp s sai khc gia cc thi gian tr ca
cc ng tn hiu
m

n
nh so vi rng ca mt k hiu c iu
bin (moulated symbol duration). Khi cc
l
trong (4.24) l xp x bng
nhau v bng . Trong trng hp ny, p ng xung g(t, ) c dng
g(t, ) = g(t)( ) (4.25)
v tn hiu thu c bng
r(t) =
_
+

g(t, )s(t )d (4.26)

=
_
+

g(t)( )s(t )d (4.27)

= g(t)s(t ) (4.28)
Gi s bng tn ca tn hiu l nh (tc truyn tin nh) sao cho
thi gian tr khng lm nh hng ti tn hiu, khi s(t ) s(t), v
tn hiu thu c tr thnh
r(t) = g(t)s(t) (4.29)
vi tng ch knh phc (complex channel gain) g(t) =

l

l
e
j
l
(t)
. Nh
rng do tn s sng mang f
c
c gi tr rt ln nn d s khc bit gia cc
4.2. Knh pha-inh 53
thi gian tr l nh th gia cc gc pha
l
(t) vn c s khc bit ln. Kt
qu l lm cho tng ch ng truyn g(t) bin i theo thi gian. iu
ny c ngha l tn hiu thu c vn tri qua hin tng pha inh. Hn na,
do g(t) thay i nhanh hn s(t) nn tn hiu thu b tri (spread) trn thang
tn s. Hin tng ny cn c gi l Doppler spread. C th l, mt m
n s(t) = A s b tri thnh vi thnh phn bng tn [f
D
, f
D
], mi thnh
phn tng ng vi mt vt tn x.
Thc hin bin i Fourier i vi p ng xung g(t, ), ta thu c hm
truyn t
G(t, f) =
_
+

g(t, )e
j2f
d (4.30)
=
_
+

g(t)( )e
j2f
d (4.31)
= g(t)e
j2f
(4.32)
Do bin ca hm truyn t bng |G(t, f)| = g(t) vi f bt k, tt c cc
thnh phn tn s trong tn hiu thu c u c cng mt tng ch l
g(t). Trong trng hp ny ta ni rng tn hiu thu tri qua hin tng pha
inh phng (flat fading). V knh truyn nh th ny c gi l knh pha
inh phng.
Delay spread. Xt trng hp cc tn s Doppler f
D,l
rt nh tng
ng vi MS ng im. Khi cc gc pha
l
(t) trong (4.23) xp x bng

l
(t) 2f
c

l
=
l
v l mt hng s. Nh vy, cng thc (4.24) c th c
vit li nh sau
g(t, ) =

l
g
l
(
l
) = g
s
() (4.33)
vi g
l
=
l
e
j
l
khng ph thuc thi gian.
T biu thc (4.33), ta thy rng vi gi thit f
D,l
rt nh knh truyn
tr thnh mt b lc tuyn tnh bt bin (linear time-invariant filter) vi p
ng xung c chiu di hu hn (FIR: Finite Impulse Response) g
s
().
Hnh 4.7: p ng xung ca mt b lc FIR.
54 Chng 4. Knh thng tin v tuyn
Hnh v 4.7 minh ho p ng xung ca mt b lc FIR tuyn tnh bt
bin. Gii
D
c gi l tri tr (delay spread). Chng ta c th thy do
di cc ng truyn sng khc nhau nn lm cho tn hiu b dch chuyn
tr.
Thc hin bin i Fourier ln p ng xung (4.33) chng ta c p
ng tn s
G(f) =
_
+

g
s
()e
j2f
d (4.34)
=

l
g
l
e
j2f
l
. (4.35)
T y chng ta thy rng ti cc tn s khc nhau th bin |G(f)| c gi
tr khc nhau. Knh truyn dn trong trng hp ny c gi l knh pha
inh chn lc theo tn s (frequency selective fading).
4.3 Knh pha-inh Rayleigh
T cc cng thc (4.24) v (4.25), chng ta vit li c tng ch knh
trong trng hp MS chuyn ng nh sau
g(t) =

l
e
j
l
(t)
. (4.36)
Trong trng hp khng tn ti tia trc tip (LOS: Line Of Sight) gia BS v
MS v tn hiu thu c l tng hp ca mt s lng ln cc ng tn hiu,
theo lut s ln ta c th coi g(t) = g
I
(t) + jg
Q
(t), trong g
I
(t) v g
Q
(t)
l cc s thc vi mi t, l mt qu trnh ngu nhin Gauss phc dng rng
(wide-sense stationary complex Gaussian random process) [3]. Trong mt s
mi trng tn x, g
I
(t) v g
Q
(t) l cc bin ngu nhin Gauss c lp vi
nhau, c gi tr trung bnh bng khng v cng phng sai
2
g
ti bt k thi
im t no, tc l
E{g
I
(t)} = E{g
Q
(t)} = 0 (4.37)
v
E{g
I
(t)
2
} = E{g
Q
(t)
2
} =
2
g
(4.38)
trong E{a} l trung bnh thng k hay trung bnh tp hp ca mt bin
ngu nhin a.
S dng cng thc v phn b Gauss (4.1) chng ta c
p(g
I
) =
1

2
exp
_

g
2
I
2
2
g
_
(4.39)
p(g
Q
) =
1

2
exp
_

g
2
Q
2
2
g
_
(4.40)
4.3. Knh pha-inh Rayleigh 55
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7

p
(

)
Hnh 4.8: Hm phn b Rayleigh vi
2
= 1.
Do g
I
(t) v g
Q
(t) l cc qu trnh c lp nn chng ta c phn b
p(g) = p(g
I
)p(g
Q
) =
1

2
g
2
exp
_

|g|
2
2
2
g
_
(4.41)
vi
|g(t)|
2
= g
2
I
(t) + g
2
Q
(t). (4.42)
Chuyn g(t) sang h to cc g(t) = (t)e
j(t)
, vi (t) = |g(t)| l bin
ca g(t), chng ta c pdf kt hp [2]
p(, ) =

2
g
2
exp
_

2
2
2
g
_
. (4.43)
Do v l cc bin c lp nn chng ta c th vit
p(, ) = p() p() =

2
g
exp
_

2
2
2
g
_

1
2
(4.44)
hay
p() =

2
g
exp
_

2
2
2
g
_
, 0 (4.45)
p() =
1
2
, < (4.46)
Tc l, pdf ca bin (t) l phn b Rayleigh, v pha-inh kiu ny
c gi l pha-inh Rayleigh. Hnh v 4.8 m t phn b Rayleigh vi = 1.
56 Chng 4. Knh thng tin v tuyn
4.4 Knh pha-inh Rice
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5

p
(

)
K = 0
K = 5
K = 10
K = 18
Hnh 4.9: Hm phn b Rice cho cc gi tr khc nhau ca K vi A
p
= 1.
Trong trng hp mi trng tn x tn ti tia truyn thng, g
I
(t) v
g
Q
(t) l cc bin ngu nhin Gauss c lp vi nhau, c gi tr trung bnh
bng
I
(t) v
Q
(t) khc 0. Nu ta vn gi thit g
I
(t) v g
Q
(t) c cng phng
sai
2
g
ti bt k thi im t no,th bin ca g(t), tc l (t), ti mt thi
im t bt k s c phn b Rice c cho bi [3]
p() =

2
g
exp
_

2
+
2
2
2
g
_
I
0
_

2
g
_
, 0 (4.47)
trong
=
2
I
(t) +
2
Q
(t) (4.48)
c gi l tham s lch tm (non-centrality parameter), v I
0
(x) l hm s
Bessel sa i bc 0 loi 1 (zero order modified Bessel function of the first
kind). Dng pha inh ny c gi l pha inh Rice.
Mt s m hnh knh Rice c xut trong thc t gi thit rng

I
(t) v
Q
(t) l cc hng s khc khng [4, 5]. Mt phng php c nhiu u
im hn c xut bi Aulin [6]. Trong phng php ny cc gi tr
trung bnh
I
(t) v
Q
(t) tng ng vi cc thnh phn ng pha (in phase)
v trc giao (quadrature) ca tia LOS c m hnh l cc tham s xc nh
4.5. M phng pha inh Rayleigh v pha inh Rice 57
bin i theo thi gian (deterministic time-varying) nh sau [3, 6]

I
(t) = cos(2f
D
cos(
0
)t +
0
) (4.49)

Q
(t) = sin(2f
D
cos(
0
)t +
0
) (4.50)
trong f
D
cos(
0
) v
0
l tn s Doppler v gc lch pha ngu nhin ng
vi tia LOS.
Mt thng s quan trng ca knh pha inh Rice l h s Rice (Rice
factor), K, c nh ngha l t s gia cng sut ca tia LOS
2
v cng
sut ca cc thnh phn tn x 2
2
g
, tc l K =

2
2
2
g
. Ta thy rng, khi K = 0
th knh truyn thun tu l knh Rayleigh, v khi K = knh truyn s
khng cn hin tng pha inh.
S dng h s Rice, ta c th vit

2
=
KA
p
K + 1
, 2
2
g
=
A
p
K + 1
, (4.51)
trong A
p
= E{
2
} =
2
+ 2
2
g
l cng sut trung bnh ca g(t). Khi ,
hm phn b Rice trong (4.47) c vit li nh sau
p() =
2(K + 1)
A
p
exp
_
K
(K + 1)
2
A
p
_
I
0
_
2

K(K + 1)
A
p
_
, 0
(4.52)
Hnh v 4.9 minh ho phn b Rice cho mt s gi tr khc nhau ca K.
Trng hp K = 0 chnh l hm phn b Rayleigh. T hnh v ta thy rng
khi K cng ln th b rng ca p() cng c xu hng co hp li quanh gi
tr
_
A
p
= 1. iu chng t rng khi K cng ln th tnh ngu nhin ca
cng gim.
4.5 M phng pha inh Rayleigh v pha inh Rice
Cc chng trnh m phng knh thng tin v tuyn c s dng rt nhiu
trong cc phng nghin cu v chng cho php ta kho st v nh gi h thng
mt cch thun tin vi chi ph rt thp so vi vic o th trong cc mi trng
thc t. Mt s phng php xy dng cc chng trnh m phng pha inh
c xut nh phng php tng ca cc tn hiu hnh sin (SOS: sum
of sinusoids method) [7, 8, 9], phng php lc nhiu Gauss (Gaussian noise
filtering method) [3], phng php bin i Fourier ri rc (IDFT method)
[10], vn vn. Trong cun sch ny chng ti trnh by phng php c
s dng rng ri trong m phng pha inh Rayleigh v pha inh Rice, l
phng php tng ca cc tn hiu sin.
4.5.1 M phng pha inh Rayleigh
n gin ta gi thit tn hiu pht i l s(t) = 1 v s lng tia ti MS l
L, khi t cng thc (4.22) ta c th vit ng bao phc ca tn hiu nh
58 Chng 4. Knh thng tin v tuyn
Hnh 4.10: ng bao tn hiu b pha inh Rayleigh, s lng tia L = 35, tn s Doppler
cc i f
D
= 100 Hz.
sau
r(t) =
L

l=1

l
e
j
l
(t)
(4.53)
=
L

l=1
a
l
e
j2f
D,l

l
e
j
l
(t)
(4.54)
S dng
l
(t) cng thc (4.23), sau mt s bin i ton hc, ta c
r(t) =
L

l=1
a
l
e
j[2f
D
cos(
l
)t+
l
]
(4.55)
vi
l
= 2f
c

l
l gc pha ban u ca tia ti th l. Cc gc pha
l
c gi
thit l c lp thng k vi nhau v c phn b u trong khong [0, 2).
thun tin, ta thc hin chun ho r(t) sao cho cng sut ca n bng 1, tc
l ta chn cc h s a
l
=
1

L
. Lc ny ta c
r(t) =
1

L
L

l=1
e
j[2f
D
cos(
l
)t+
l
]
(4.56)
4.5. M phng pha inh Rayleigh v pha inh Rice 59
Theo m hnh ca Jakes th tia th l n u t tt c cc hng nn nu
chn
0
l mt gi tr ngu nhin trong khong [0, 2) th

l
=
0
+ 2
l 1
L
, vi l = 1, 2, . . . , L (4.57)
Thut ton m phng c tng kt nh sau.
Thut ton m phng pha inh Rayleigh
Thut ton ny da trn phng php ca Jakes c m t nh sau
Chn L l
To
0
ngu nhin trong khong [0, 2)
For l = 1 to L
1. To
l
ngu nhin trong khong [0, 2)
2. Tnh

l
=
0
+ 2
l1
L
3. Tnh r
l
(t) = e
j[
l
+2f
D
cos(
l
)t]
End
Tnh r(t) =
1

L
L

l=1
r
l
(t)
Thut ton ny tuy d hiu v d thc hin nhng s lng php tnh s
tng ln ng k nu ta chn L c gi tr ln. Trong [7] Jakes trnh by mt
phng php nhm lm gim s lng cc thnh phn dao ng tn s thp
trong (4.56), nh gim c s lng php tnh. Jakes chn s lng tia
L tho mn iu kin
L = 4M + 2 (4.58)
Khi s lng thnh phn tn s thp trong (4.56) s gim t L xung cn
M + 1. Trong [8], Pop v cc cng s cng xut phng php nhm
khc phc nhng nhc im trong phng php gim s lng thnh phn
dao ng tn thp ca Jakes. Bn c c th tham kho [7] v [8] hiu r
hn v cc phng php ny.
Hnh v 4.10 minh ho mt ng bao b pha inh Rayleigh in hnh
c to ra bi chng trnh m phng pha inh Rayleigh trnh by trn.
Trong chng trnh m phng, s lng tia n c chn l L = 35 v tn
s Doppler cc i f
D
= 100 Hz.
60 Chng 4. Knh thng tin v tuyn
Hnh 4.11: ng bao tn hiu b pha inh Rice, s lng tia L = 35, tn s Doppler cc
i f
D
= 100 Hz, h s Rice K = 5 v K = 10.
4.5.2 M phng pha inh Rice
T thut ton m phng pha inh Rayleigh, ta d dng xy dng c thut
ton m phng pha inh Rice da trn kt qu phn tch trnh by trn.
Mt cch c th hn, pha inh Rice s bao gm 2 thnh phn: mt thnh
phn sinh ra do cc tia tn x v mt thnh phn sinh ra do tia LOS. m
phng hai thnh phn ny, ta coi thnh phn th nht c phn b Rayleigh
v c cng sut 2
2
g
=
Ap
K+1
(xem cng thc (4.51)). Thnh phn th hai l
thnh phn c tham s xc nh theo thi gian c cho bi cc biu thc
(4.49) v (4.50). Thnh phn ny c cng sut
2
=
ApK
K+1
. R rng tng cng
sut ca hai thnh phn ny l
2
+ 2
2
g
= A
p
.
Trong chng trnh m phng ny, ta chn A
p
= 1. Thnh phn tn x
th nht c chn l r(t) trong bi biu thc (4.56). Tuy nhin, thnh
phn ny c cng sut l 2
2
g
=
1
K+1
, ta cn phi chun ho n bng cch chia
r(t) cho
_
1
K+1
. Thnh phn LOS c cho bi biu thc
r(t)
LOS
=
I
+ j
Q
(4.59)
Kt qu l ng bao tn hiu tng hp b pha inh Rice c cho bi [9]
r(t)
RICE
= [r(t) +

Ke
j[2f
D
cos(
0
)t+
0
]
]/

K + 1 (4.60)
Thut ton m phng c m t nh sau.
4.6. Kt lun 61
Thut ton m phng pha inh Rice
Chn L l
Gn cho
0
mt gi tr bt k trong khong [0, 2)
To
0
ngu nhin trong khong [0, 2)
Gn cho h s Rice K gi tr mong mun
To
0
ngu nhin trong khong [0, 2)
For l = 1 to L
1. To
l
ngu nhin trong khong [0, 2)
2. Tnh

l
=
0
+ 2
l1
L
3. Tnh r
l
(t) = e
j[
l
+2f
D
cos(
l
)t]
End
Tnh r(t) =
1

L
L

l=1
r
l
(t)
Tnh r(t)
RICE
= [r(t) +

Ke
j[2f
D
cos(
0
)t+
0
]
]/

K + 1
Hnh v 4.11 minh ho cc ng bao b pha inh Rice c to ra bi
chng trnh m phng pha inh Rice trnh by trn. Trong chng trnh
m phng, s lng tia n c chn m phng thnh phn tn x l
L = 35, tn s Doppler cc i f
D
= 100 Hz, h s Rice K = 5 v K = 10.
T cc hnh v 4.10 v 4.11 ta thy r rng l khi h s Rice tng ln, tn hiu
cng t chu nh hng ca hin tng pha inh.
nh gi tnh chnh xc ca cc chng trnh m phng trn. Chng
ta cn phi nh gi nhng c tnh thng k ca cc m hnh trn, c bit
l cc i lng thng k bc nht (tc l gi tr trung bnh) v i lng
thng k bc hai (tc l cc hm t tng quan v tng quan cho). Tuy
nhin trong phm vi quyn sch ny chng ti s khng i sau vo nh gi
cc c tnh thng k ny. Bn c c th tham kho nhng ni dung ny
trong [3, 8, 9].
4.6 Kt lun
Trong chng ny chng ta xem xt mt s m hnh knh thng tin c bn
c s dng trong m phng nh gi cht lng ca cc h thng thng tin
v tuyn. Thng qua cc kin thc ca chng ny, chng ta bit c cc
kin thc v knh AWGN, knh pha inh Rayleigh, knh pha inh Rice cng
nh cc thut ton m phng cc loi knh truyn ny. Nhng kin thc ny
s gip ch cho bn c khi mun thc hin m phng cc dng knh truyn
khc nhau trong thng tin v tuyn.
62 Chng 4. Knh thng tin v tuyn
Bi tp
1. Gi s rng xung l T
s
, cng thc m phng pha-inh Rayleigh s
dng m hnh ca Jakes theo thi gian ri rc l
g
n
=
1

L
L1

l=0
e
j[
l
+2 cos(
l
)f
D
Tsn]
. (4.61)
vi f
D
T
s
c gi l tn s Doppler chun ho (normalized Dopller
frequency). Cho f
D
T
s
= 0.001, to 10
4
mu knh pha-inh Rayleigh. S
dng hai hm c sn hist v abs, v phn b bin ca knh pha inh
to ra.
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[4] S. O. Rice, Statistical properties of a sine wave plus random noise, Bell
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