In India, Rajasthan is the greatest producer of non-ferric metals such as copper and zinc and accounts for 40%

of the country's copper production and 100% of zinc production. The stat e also accounts for 85% of lead production, 94% of gypsum, 76% of silver ore, 68% of feldspar, 84% o f asbestos and 12% mica. The dry terrain of Rajasthan is also repository of colossal slabs of stone and a ccounts for 65% of India's stone production. The state accounts for 90 % of the marble, slate and sandstone production. In 200001, the stone exports from Rajasthan were estimated at around at 2324 million ru pees. Thus the mineral and mining sector of Rajasthan is a very important revenue earn er for the state. From this sector Rajasthan earns as mineral royalty an annual income of more than US$ 100 Million. Chikungunya virus is indigenous to tropical Africa and Asia, where it i s transmitted to humans by the bite of infected mosquitoes, usually of the genus Aedes. Chikungunya virus b elongs to alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. It is an "Arbovirus" (Ar-arthropod, bo-borne). CHIK fever epidemics are sustained by human-mosquito-human transmission. The mai n virus reservoirs are monkeys, but other species can also be affected, including humans.[9] Filariasis (philariasis) is a parasitic disease (usually an infectious tropical disease) that is caused by thread-like nematodes (roundworms) belonging to the superfamilyFilarioidea,[1] a lso known as "filariae".[2] These are transmitted from host to host by blood-feeding arthropo ds, mainly black flies and mosquitoes. Japanese encephalitis (Japanese: ........, Nihon-n..en) previously known asJapanes e B encephalitis to distinguish it from von Economo's A encephalitis is a disease caus ed by the mosquitoborne Japanese encephalitis virus. The Japanese encephalitis virus is a virus from the family Flaviviridae. Domestic pigs and wild birds (herons) are reservoirs of the virus; transmission to humans may cause severe symptoms. Amongst the most important vectors of this disease are the mosq uitoes Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex vishnui. This disease is most prevalent inSoutheast Asia and the Far East. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, black fever, and Dumdum fe ver,[1]:426 is the most severe form of leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is a diseasecaused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus. This disease is the second-largest parasitic killer in the world (after malaria), responsible for an estimated 500,000 infections each year worldwide.[2] The para site migrates to the internal organs such asliver, spleen (hence 'visceral'), and bone marrow, and, i f left untreated, will almost always result in the death of the host. Signs and symptoms include fever, weight loss,mucosal ulcers, fatigue, anemia, and substantial swelling of the liver and spleen. Of pa rticular concern, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is the emerging problem of HIV/VL co-inf

ection.[3] Camphor (pronounced /..kmf..r/) is a waxy, flammable, white or transparent solid with a strong aromatic odor.[3] It is a terpenoid with the chemical formula C10H16O. It is found in wood of the camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), a large evergreen tree found in Asia ( particularly in Sumatra, Borneo and Taiwan) and also of Dryobalanops aromatica, a giant of th e Bornean forests. It also occurs in some other related trees in the laurel family, notably Ocotea usa mbarensis. Dried rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis), in the mint family, contain up t o 20% camphor. It can also be synthetically produced from oil ofturpentine. It is used for its scent, as an ingredient in cooking (mainly in India), as anembalming fluid, for medicinal purposes, and in religiou s ceremonies. A major source of camphor in Asia is camphor basil. Norcamphor is a camphor derivative with the three methyl groups replaced by hydr ogen. Common chicory, Cichorium intybus,[1] is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plantusually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Various varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons (blanched buds), or for roots (var. sativum), which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and additive. It is also grown as a forage crop for livestock.[2] It lives as a wild plant on roadsides in its native Europe, and in North America and Australia, where it has become naturalized.

"Chicory" is also the common name in the United States for curly endive (Cichori um endivia); these two closely related species are often confused. Vanilla is a flavoring derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla, primarily from the Mexican species,flatleaved vanilla (V. planifolia). The word vanilla, derived from the diminutive of the Sp anish wordvaina (vaina itself meaning sheath or pod), simply translates as little pod. [1] PreColumbianMesoamerican peoples cultivated the vine of the vanilla orchid, called tlilxochitl by the Aztecs, and Spanish conquistador Hernn Corts is credited with introducing both vanilla and chocolate to Europe in the 1520s.[2] 1. Which states of India have a common border with Pakistan? I. Jammu and Kashmir ll. Himachal Pradesh lll. Punjab IV. Gujarat V. Rajasthan (a) I, ll, III, V(b) I, II, III, IV (c) I, III, IV (d) I, III, IV, V Answer (d) 2. Mac. Mohan Line demarcates the boundary between: (a) India and Pakistan (b) India and China (c) India and Nepal (d) India and Ban gladesh Answer (b) 3. Which one of the following Indian states does not have a common international border with Bangladesh? (a) Manipur(b) West Bengal(c) Tripura(d) Assam Answer (a) 4. Nine Degree Channel separates: (a) Car Nicobar and Great Nicobar(b) Lakshadweep and Minicoy(c) Little Andaman a nd Car Nicobar(d) North Andaman and South Andaman Answer (b) 5. Out of the four southern States: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, which shares boundaries with the maximum number of Indian States? (a) Andhra Pradesh only(b) Karnataka only(C) Each of Andhra Pradesh and Karnatak a(d) Each of Tamil Nadu and Kerala Answer (c) 6. Consider the following statements: 1. Longitude of Jabalpur s location is between those of Indore and Bhopal 2. Latit ude of Aurangabad s location is between those of Vadodara and Pune 3. Bangalore is situated more sou thward than Chennai. Which of these statements is/are correct? (a) 1 and 3 (b) Only 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer (c) 7. Which of the following cities 'lies to the western-most longitude? (a) Jaipur(b) Nagpur(c) Bhopal(d) Hyderabad Answer (a) 8. Which one of the following towns is situated easternmost? (a) Kohima(b) Jorhat(c) Itanagar(d) Dibrugarh Answer (d) 9. Among the following cities, which one is nearest to the Tropic of Cancer: (a) Delhi(b) Kolkata(c) Jodhpur(d) Nagpur Answer (b) 10. Which one of the following States does not form border with Bangladesh? (a) Meghalaya(b) Tripura(c) Manipur(d) Mizoram Answer (c)

11. Which one of the following is the southernmost city? (a) Bhopal(b) Kolkata(c) Raipur(d) Udaipur Answer (c) 12. The Himalayan mountain stem belongs to which one of the following? (a) Fold mountains(b) Volcanic mountains(c) Block mountains(d) None of these Answer (a) 13. Arakan Yoma is the extension of the Himalayas located in: (a) Kashmir(b) Nepal(c) Baluchistan(d) Myanmar Answer (d) 14. The transport route connecting the Kashmir from Leh crosses the high mountai n ranges at the: (a) Pir Panjal pass(b) Karakoram Bass(c) Banihal pass(d) Zoji La pass Answer (b) 15. Kodailkanal, the famous hill-station of South India, is situated on: (a) Palni hills(b) Anaimalai mountain(c) Nilgiri mountain(d) Cardamon hills Answer (a) 16. The highest mountain peak in India is: (a) Kanchenjunga(b) Mount Everest(c) Mt K2(d) Nanda Devi Answer (c) 17. Which of the following relates to the formation of the Himalayas?

(a) Folding of earth s crust(b) Accumulation of loess deposits(c) Folding of the g eosynclines(d) Faulting of the earth s crust Answer (c) 18. ln which one of the following is the Himalayan pass Shipki La located? (a) Chandra valley (b) Hunza valley(c) Nubra Valley(d) Sutlej Valley Answer (d) 19. The mountain range which stretches from Gujarat in west to Delhi in the nort h is the: (a) Aravallis (b) Vindhyas(c) Satpuras (d) Kashmir range Answer (a) 20. Which one of the following States in India has the broadest continental shel f? (a) Andhra Pradesh (b) Gujarat (c) Karnataka (d) Tamil Nadu Answer (d) 21`. Aravalli ranges are an example of: (a) Folded mountains (b) Block mountains (c) Residual mountains (d) Volcanic mou ntains Answer (c) 22. Zozila Pass connects: (a) Kashmir and Tibet (b) Nepal and Tibet (c) Leh and Kargil (d) Leh and Srinaga r Answer (d) 23. Consider the following statements: 1. Cherrapunji is located on the south side of Garo hills. 2. Cherrapunji is abo ut 1700 m above mean sea level. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Answer (c) 24. Where are Shevaroy Hills located? (a) Andhra Pradesh (b) Karnataka (c) Kerala (d) Tamil Nadu Answer (d) 25. The hill range that separates the state of Manipur from the state of Nagalan d is known as: (a) Arakan hills (b) Patkai hills (c) Barail hills (d) Manipur Answer Climatic regions in India The various climatic regions of India are given below: Name of climatic region States or territories Tropical Rainforest Assam and parts of the Sahyadri Mountain Range Tropical Savannah Sahyadri Mountain Range and parts of Maharashtra Tropical and subtropical steppe Parts of Punjab and Gujarat Tropical Desert Most parts of Rajasthan Moist subtropical with winter Parts of Punjab, Assam, and Rajasthan Mountain climate Parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttaranchal

Drought Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Haryana Tropical semi-arid steppe Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and other parts of South Indi a Following are the climatic regions of India. 1. Tropical Rain Forest: i. This type of climate is found on the west coastal plain and Sahyadris and in parts of Assam ii. The temperatures are high, not falling below 18.2 degree c even during winte r and rising to 29 degree C in April and May, the hottest months. iii. Dense, forests and plantation agriculture with crops like tea, coffee and s pices are the characteristics vegetation in the area. 2. Tropical savanna: i. Most of the peninsula, except the semiarid zone in the leeside of the Sahyadris experiences this type of climate.

ii. A long dry weather lasting through winter and early summer and high temperature remaining above 18.2 degree C even during the winter seasons and rising as high as 32 degree C in summer are the chief characteristics of this climate. iii. Nagpur has a mean temperature of 35.4 degree C for May which is the hottest mont h and 20.7 degree C for December the coldest month in the year. iv. The natural vegetation all over the area is savanna. 3. Tropical Semi-Arid Steppe Climate: i. The rain-shadow belt, running southward from central Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu, in the leeside of the Sahyadris and Cardamom Hills come under this type of climate of l ow and uncertain rainfall. ii. Temperature varying from 20 degree C to 23.8 degree C for December and 32.8 degr ee C for May. Agriculturally, the climate is suitable only for dry farming and live stock rearing. 4. Tropical and Sub-Tropical Steppe: i. This type of climate occurs over a broad crescent from Punjab to Kachchh between the Thar Desert to its west and the more humid climates of the Ganga Plain and the Peninsula to its east and south respectively. ii. The climate, therefore, is transitional between these two areas. The annual rain fall is not only low but it is also highly erratic. 5. Tropical Desert : i. The western part of Barmer, Jaisalmer and Bikaner districts of Rajasthan and mos t of the part of Kachchh form the sandy wastes of the Thar which experiences a typical de sert climate. ii. Ganganagar has recorded a maximum temperature of 50 degree C, the highest record . 6. Humid Sub-Tropical With Winter: i. A large area to the south of the Himalayas, east of the tropical and sub-tropica l steppe and north of the tropical savanna running in a long belt from Punjab to Assam wi th a south-westward extension into Rajasthan east of the Aravalli Range, has this typ e of climate. ii. Winers are dry except for a little rain received from the westerly depressions.

7. Mountain Climate: i. The Himalayan and Karakoram ranges experience this type of climate with sharp contrasts between the temperatures of the sunny and shady slopes, high diurnal r ange of temperatures and high variability of rainfall. ii. The trans-Himalayan region, Ladakh, where the south-west monsoon fails to reach, has a dry and cold climate and a spare and stunned vegetation. 8. Drought in India: i. The dry areas of Rajasthan and the adjoining part of Haryana and Gujarat are lia ble to frequent drought conditions. ii. Another area liable to frequent drought lies on the leeward side of the western Ghats. Constitution The present constitution of India was framed by the Constitution Assembly of Ind ia setup under Cabinet Mission Plan of May 16, 1946. Composition of Constituent Assembly:

The Constituent Assembly consisted of 385 members, of which 292 were elected by he elected members of the Provincial Legislative Assemblies while 93 members were nominated by the Princely States. To these were to be added a representative each from the four C hief Commissioners Provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Marwar, Coorg and British Baluchistan. Each Province and each Indian State or group of States were allotted the total n umber of seas proportional to their respective population roughly in the ration of one to a mi llion. B N Rao was appointed the Constitutional Advisor of the Assembly. The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly took place of Dec 9, 1946 with Dr. Sachidanand Sinha as its interim President. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as its President n Dec 11, 1947. The Assembly framing the Constitution.had 13 Committees. The all-important Drafting Committee, which bore the responsibility of drafting the Constitutional document during the recess of the Constitutent Assembly, from July 1947 to Septe mber 1948, was formed on August 29, 1947. Its members were: 1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 2. N. Gopalaswami Ayyar

3. K.M. Munshi 4. Syyed Mohd. Saadulla

5. N.Madhav Rao 6. D.P.Khaitan (T Krishnamachari, after Kahitan s Death in 1948) It was finally passed and accepted on Nov 26, 1949. The session of the Assembly was held on Jan 24, 1950, which unanimously elected Dr, Rajendra Prasad as the President of India. In all the 284 members of the Assembly signed the official copies of the Indian Constitutio n which came into effect on Jan 26, 1950, known and celebrated as the Republic Day of India.F ollowing are the borrowed features of constitution from different countries. From U.K. Nominal Head President (like Queen)

Cabinet System of Ministers Post of PM Parliamentary Type of Govt. Bicameral Parliament Lower House more powerful Council of Ministers responsible to Lowe House Speaker in Lok Sabha From U.S. Written Constitution Executive head of state known as President and his being the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces Vice- President as the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha Fundamental Rights Supreme Court Provision of States Independence of Judiciary and judicial review Preamble Removal of Supreme court and High court Judges From USSR Fundamental Duties Five year Plan From AUSTRALIA Concurrent list

Language of the preamble Provision regarding trade, commerce and intercourse From JAPAN Law on which the Supreme Court function From WEIMAR CONSTITUION OF GERMANY Suspension of Fundamental Rights during the emergency From CANADA Scheme of federation with a strong centre Distribution of powers between centre and the states and placing. Residuary Powers with the centre From IRELAND Concept of Directive Principles of States Policy(Ireland borrowed it from SPAIN) Method of election of President Nomination of members in the Rajya Sabha by the President The Fundamental Rights in Indian constitution acts as a guarantee that all India n citizens can and will live their lifes in peace as long as they live in Indian democracy. They include indi vidual rigts common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before the law, freddom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom of religion, and the right to constit utional remedies for the protection of civil right. Originally, the right to property was also included in the Fundamental Rights, h owever, the Forty-Fourth Amendment, passed in 1978, revised the status of property rights by stating that "No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law." Following are the Fudamental Rights in India Right to Equality

Article 14 Article 15 caste, sex Article 16 Article 17 Article 18

:- Equality before law and equal protection of law :-Prohibition of discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, or place of birth. :- Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment :- End of untouchability :-Abolition of titles, Military and academic distinctions are,

Right to Freedom Right Against Exploitation Right to freedom of Religion Cultural and Educational Rights Right to Constitutional Remedies Right Against Exploitation Right to freedom of Religion Cultural and Educational Rights Right to Constitutional Remedies

however, exempted Article 19 :- It guarantees the citizens of India the following six fundamentals freedoms:1. Freedom of Speech and Expression 2. Freedom of Assembly 3. Freedom of form Associations 4. Freedom of Movement 5. Freedom of Residence and Settlement 6. Freedom of Profession, Occupation, Trade and Bussiness Article 20 :- Protection in respect of conviction for offences Article 21 :- Protection of life and personal liberty Article 22 :- Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases Article 23 :- Traffic in human beings prohibited Article 24 :- No child below the age of 14 can be employed Article 25 :- Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion Article 26 :- Freedom to manage religious affairs Article 27 :- Prohibits taxes on religious grounds Article 28 :-Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational institutions Article 29 :- Protection of interests of minorities Article 30 :- Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions Article 31 :- Omitted by the 44th Amendment Act

Article 32 :- The right to move the Supreme Court in case of their violation (called Soul and heart of the Constitution by BR Ambedkar) Forms of Writ check Habeas Corpus :- Equality before law and equal protection of law Followings are the schedules in Constitution of India First Schedule Second Schedule Third Schedule Fourth Schedule Fifth Schedule Sixth Schedule Seventh Schedule Eighth Schedule

List of States & Union Territories Salary of President, Governors, Chief Judges, Judges of High Court and Supreme court, Comptroller and Auditor General Forms of Oaths and affirmations Allocate seats for each state of India in Rajya Sabha Administration and control of scheduled areas and tribes Provisions for administration of Tribal Area in Asom, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizora m & Arunachal Pradesh Gives allocation of powers and functions between Union & States. It contains 3 l ists 1. Union List (For central Govt) 97 Subjects. 2. States List (Powers of State Govt) 66 subjects 3. Concurrent List (Both Union & States) 47 subjects. List of 22 languages of India recognized by Constitution 1. Assamese 2. Bengali 3. Gujarati 4. Hindi 5. Kannada 6. Kashmiri 7. Manipuri 8. Malayalam 9. Konkani 10. Marathi 11. Nepali 12. Oriya 13. Punjabi 14. Sanskrit 15. Sindhi 16. Tamil 17. Telugu 18. Urdu

Ninth Schedule Tenth Schedule Eleventh Schedule Twelfth Schedule Schedule Tenth Schedule Eleventh Schedule Twelfth Schedule 19. Santhali 20. Bodo 21. Maithili 22. Dogri Sindhi was added in 1967 by 21 Amendment Konkani, Manipuri ad Nepali were added in 1992 by 71 amendment Santhali, Maithili, Bodo and Dogri were added in 2003 by 92 amendment Added by Ist amendment in 1951. Contains acts & orders related to land tenure, land tax, railways, industries.{Right of property not a fundamental right now} Added by 52nd amendment in 1985. Contains provisions of disqualification of grounds of defection By 73rd amendment in 1992. Contains provisions of Panchayati Raj. By 74thamendment in 1992. Contains provisions of Municipal Corporation. Annexation Policies of the Company Doctrine of Lapse: Lord Dalhousie devised a Doctrine of Lapse, according to whic h if a ruler of the protected state died without have a natural heir, his adopted son was not allowe d to rule. His state was to be annexed by the British. Subsidiary Alliance: It was used by Lord Wellesley. Under the Subsidiary Allianc e, a king was provided with military security. The Princely states used to remain independent so far as internal matters were concerned but it was not possible to have any outside interference. The British Company's Resident was kept in the court of the Indian king and the Princely states had to pay an annua l amount. The Indian ruler could not employ any European to his service without prior approval of the British nor could be negotiate with any other Indian ruler without consulting the governor-general. Acquisitions of Indian States in British Empire Under Subsidiary Alliance: Hyderabad(1798), Mysore(1799), Awadh(1801), Peshwa(18 02), Bhonsle and Scindia(1803), Udaipur, Jodhpur and Jaipur(1818) Under Doctrine of Lapse: Satara(1848), Jhansi, Sambhalpur of Orrisa(1849), Bagha t(1850),

Jaipur of Bundelkhand(1849),Udaipur in Rajputana(1852), Jhansi(1853) and Nagpur( 1854) India under Governor generals:

Sir John Macpherson, (1785-1786) He held the post temporariily. 3. Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) Permanent settlement of Bengal The land was given on permanent basis to the zamindar in 1793, instead of giving it highest bidder each year. This system got prosperity to both the Company andzami ndar the cost of the common peasantry. Judicial reforms Reorganisation of the revenue courts; the reorganisation of the criminal courts; depriv Collectors of the judicial functions; compilation of the Cornwallis Code. Police reforms Depriving zamindar of their police functions; establishment of th e thanas 5. Sir John Shore (1793-1798) He followed a policy of non-intervention. 6. Sir Alured Clark (1798) He held the post temporarily. 8. Lord Wellesley, (1798-1805) He is the famous for introducing Subsidiary Alliance system . He opened college to train the Company's servants in Calcutta. That is why he is also called the Father of the Civil Services in India . 10. Lord Cornwallis (1805) Pointed for another term, he however died very soon. Warren Hastings (1772-1785) Administrative reforms And of the dual systems; shifting of treasury froom Murshidabad to Calcu tta. Revenue reforms Collection of revenue was taken over by the Company. Judicial reforms Zamindars were given judicial powers; establishment of civil an d criminal courts in each district. Social reforms In 1781, he founded the Calcutta Madrasa for promotion of Islamic studies. This was the first educational institute established by the Company's government. Impeachment Warren Hastings tendered his resignation in protest against the Pits India Bill in 1785. He was accused for the Rohilla bar; Nand Kumar's murder; the case of the Chet Singh and accepting of bribes. His impeachment lasted for seven years from 1788 to 1795. He was exonera ted for all the charges. Sir John Macpherson, (1785-1786) He held the post temporariily. 3. Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) Permanent settlement of

Bengal The land was given on permanent basis to the zamindar in 1793, instead of giving it highest bidder each year. This system got prosperity to both the Company andzami ndar the cost of the common peasantry. Judicial reforms Reorganisation of the revenue courts; the reorganisation of the criminal courts; depriv Collectors of the judicial functions; compilation of the Cornwallis Code. Police reforms Depriving zamindar of their police functions; establishment of th e thanas 5. Sir John Shore (1793-1798) He followed a policy of non-intervention. 6. Sir Alured Clark (1798) He held the post temporarily. 8. Lord Wellesley, (1798-1805) He is the famous for introducing Subsidiary Alliance system . He opened college to train the Company's servants in Calcutta. That is why he is also called the Father of the Civil Services in India . 10. Lord Cornwallis (1805) Pointed for another term, he however died very soon. Warren Hastings (1772-1785) Administrative reforms And of the dual systems; shifting of treasury froom Murshidabad to Calcu tta. Revenue reforms Collection of revenue was taken over by the Company. Judicial reforms Zamindars were given judicial powers; establishment of civil an d criminal courts in each district. Social reforms In 1781, he founded the Calcutta Madrasa for promotion of Islamic studies. This was the first educational institute established by the Company's government. Impeachment Warren Hastings tendered his resignation in protest against the Pits India Bill in 1785. He was accused for the Rohilla bar; Nand Kumar's murder; the case of the Chet Singh and accepting of bribes. His impeachment lasted for seven years from 1788 to 1795. He was exonera ted for all the charges.

12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24. Sir George Barlow (1805-1807) An important event was the Mutiny of Vellore in 1806 in which the Indian soldier s killed many English officials. Lord Minto I (1807-1813) His rule famous for a treaty with Shah of Persia and Treaty of Amritsar (1809) w ith Ranjit Singh. Recent Sir Charles Metcalfe to the court of Ranjit Singh. Marquess of Hasting (1813-1823) He was the first to appoint Indians to the highest Ops of responsibility. The fi rst vernacular newspaper Samahar Patrika begin to be published during his time. John Adam (1823) He held the post temporarily. Lord Amherst (1823-1828) Has reign is known for the first Anglo Burmese War (1824-26) and mutiny of Barra ckpur (1824). William Bayley (1818) He held the post temporarily. Lord William Bentinck (1828-1833) Administrative and judicial reforms Abolition of provincial courts of appeal and circuit, power of the magistrate increased, appointment of Indians as judges, replacement of Persian by vernaculars and Scott language, introduction of the residuary system, Sardar Diwani Adalat at Allahabad; Codification of Laws. Educational reforms English accepted as the medium of instruction after the famous Macaulay's recommendation; Medical colleges at Calcutta in 1835. Social reforms Abolition of sati in 1829. Suppression of thuggee in central India; banning of female infanticide; banning of human sacrifice; reform in the Hindu Law of Inheritance. 26.

28. 30. 32. 34. 36. Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-36) He held the post temporarily. He removed the restriction on the vernacular press . Lord Auckland (1836-42) Important events of his regime included the outbreak of first Afghan For and the signing of a Tripartite Treaty among the English, Ranjit Singh and Shah Shuja of Afghanistan. Lord Ellenborough (1842-1844) His period is known for the end of the first Afghan war, annexation of Sindh to the British Empire (1843). William Wilberforce Bird (1844) He held the post temporarily. Lord Hardinge (1844-1848) The most important event of his featured his First Sikh War (1845-1846). Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) About Lord Dalhousie He was the youngest to hold the office of the Governor General. He is famous for the the Doctrine of Lapse . The second Burnese war, 1852, took place because of Lord Dalhousie's desire to exclude all European power from Burma. The second Anglo Sikh War and did Sikh power and Punjab was annexed. Administrative reforms Separate Lieutenant Governor appointed for Bengal; Shimla made the summer capital. Military reforms Arillery Headquarters moved from Calcutta to Merrut; Army headq uarters shifted to Shimla; formation of Gurkha regiments. Railways First railway line was led from Bombay to Thana, in 1853. Post and Telegraph Reforming the defects of the Postal System and linking all the important towns Telegraphically. Education Served Charles Woods despatch on Education (1854) recommended the setting up of universities in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. In 1853, competitive examination for the Indian Civil Services began. Lord Canning (1856-1858) Annexation of Avadh; enactment of Hindu Widow Remarriage Bill, 1857; establishme nt of 38.

universities at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay; the revolt of 1857 who were some of the important events during his post of Governor General. important events during hi s post of Governor General. India Under Viceroys : 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. Lord Canning (1858-1862) Following the Queen's recommendation in 1858, transferring the Government from t he company to the British Crown, Lord Canning was made the first Viceroy of India. Important developments in his regime were as follows: Financial reforms Hey 5% income tax was imposed on all are links beyond Rs. 500 a year. Judicial reforms Penal code was prepared by incorporating the suggestions earlier made by the First Law Commission headed by Lord Macaulay. High courts were set up at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras under the provisions of the Indian High Courts act of 1861. Lord Elgin Ist (1861-1863) The most important event of his time over the suppression of the Wahabi tribe of the fanatic Muslims inhabiting the North West Frontier. Lord John Lawrence (1864-1869) An important event of this time was war against Bhutan in 1865. The Punjab and O udh Tenancy Act, 1860, was enacted. Two famines hit India; first in 1800 in Orrisa a nd second in 1868-69 in Bundelkhand and Rajputana. A Famine Commission was set up under the chairmanship ofSir Henry Campbell . Lord Mayo (1869-1872) For the first time in my Indian history census was held in 1871. The college was setup and Ajmer to impart suitable education to the sons of the Indian princess. Subse quently, this college came to known as the 'Mayo College". And agricultural department wa s setup. In 1872, a convict Sher Ali stabbed him to death at Port Blair. Lord Northbrook (1872-1876) The main events of this period were: deposition of Gaekwad in 1874; the Kuka mov ement; visit of Prince of Wales; abolition of income tax; famine in Bihar and Bengal in 1873-1874. 11.

Lord Lytton (1876-1880) Main events of his time period were : 1. Famine in 1876-1878; Famine Commission was appointed in 1878 headed by Genera l Richard Strachey. 2. The Delhi Durbar, January 1, 1877, was held to decorate Queen Victoria with t he title Kaiser-i-Hind. 3. The Vernacular Press Act, 1878 was passed, putting several curbs on the vernacular newspapers. 4. Indian Arms act, 1878 forbade the Indian people from keeping or deeling in arms with the permission of the Government. 5. Foundation of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College was laid by Lord Lytton in 1877 at Aligarh. 6. Satautory Civil Service in 1879. It was also laid down that the candidates ha d to appear and pass the civil services examination which began to be held in England . The maximum age for these candidates were reduced from 21 to 19 years. 13. 15. 17. Lord Ripon (1880-1884) Important events during Ripon's stint as viceroy were as follows: 1. Repeal of Vernacular Press act, 1882. 2. Resolution in 1882 for institution of local self-government in India. 3. Constitution of the Hunter commission on education (1882). 4. The maximum age of admission to civil services raised to 21. 5. Introduction of the Ilber Bill which would authorize India judges to hear cas es against the Europeans as well. Lord Dufferin (1884-1888) His period witnessed the third Anglo Burmese war which led to the accession of u pper Burma. Three Tenancy Acts were passed to give greater security of tenure or to the tena nts. Lord Lansdowne (1888-1894) Major developments during his period are : enactment of second factory act; demarcation of the Indo-Afghan border (Durand Line); Second Indian council Act (1892). 19.

21. 23. 25. Lord Elgin II (1894-1899) A bubonic plague in Bombay in 1896 and sever draught in Bikaner and Hissar distr ict were some of the important events of his period. Lord Curzon (1899-1905) Highlights of his period were as follows: 1. Lord Curzon set up a Famine Commision. 2. The Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900, prohibited the sale of agricultural l ands for its attachment in execution of a decree. 3. Agricultural banks were established. 4. In 1904, the cooperative credit societies act was passed. 5. The Department of agriculture was established in 1901. 6. He founded on agriculture research Institute at Pusa. 7. Commission was appointed in 1901 to consider the problems of education. 8. In order to preserve and protect ancient monuments of India, he passed the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, and Archaeological Department was established in 1901. 9. The setup of Police Commission under the Chairmanship of Sir Andrew Frazer in 1902. 10. A Criminal Investigation Department was opened in each district. In 1901 the Imperial Cadet Corps was set up. Lord Minto II (1905-1910) His stint as viceroy is famous for the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 which provid ed for separate electorate to Muslims. Lord Hardinge II (1910-1916) In the honour of King George V and Queen Mary of England, Coronation Darbar was held at Delhi. In 1911 the capital of country was announced to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. In 1912, Delhi became the new capital. When Lord Hardinge was heading a procession through the Chandi Chowk in his new capital, some extremist revolutionaries through a bo mb burn him. The Viceroy himself escaped unhurt. The First World War broke out in 1914. In 1916, Lord Hardinge laid the foundation of the Benaras Hindu University. Madan Mohan M alaviya was the Founder-Chancellor of this university.

28. 30. 32. 34. Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921) Enactment of the Government of India, 1919 (Montague-Chelmsfor Reforms) which introduced dyarchy in the provincess; enactment of Rowlatt Act (1919); the Jalli anwala Bagh Tragedy (1919); and the beginning of the Non-cooperation Movement were some of t he important events in his period. Lord Reading (1921-26) Held of the Non-Corporation Movement (1922); arrival of the Prince of Wales (192 1); and outbreak of the Moplah Revolt (1921) was some of the events of his period. Lord Irwin (1926-31) The Viceroylty of Irwin is known for 1. Appointment of Simon commission in 1928. 2. Passing of the resolution for complete independence (purna smarajya)in 1929. 3. Launching of the civil Disobedience movement. 4. Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931; 5. First Around Table Conference (1930). Lord Willingdon (1931-1936) Important events were 1. The second Around Table Conference, 1931 2. Restarting of the Disbodience Movement, 3. The communal award, 1932; the Poona 4. Third Round Table Conference, 5. The Government of India Of 6. Earthquake in Bihar on January 15, 1934. Lord Linlithgow (1936-44) Highlights of his reign were : 1. Longest reign as viceroy of India 2. Beginning of the Second World War.

36. 38. 3. Coming into force of the Government of India Act 1935 with provinces going to elections. 4. Arrival of the Cripps Mission. 5. Beginning of the Quit India Movement, 6. Great Famine of Bengal (1943) Lord Wavell (1944-1947) His period is famous for the Shimla conference, 1945; arrival of the Cabinet Mis sion, 1946; the Constituent Assembly boycotted by the Muslim League which launched the heino us "Direct Action Day" on August 16, 1946; the Intrim Government under Pt. Jawajarlal Nehru 's leadership; Attlee's Declaration that his government was intended to hand over t he Administration of India to her people before June 1948, even if no agreement was reached between the Congress and the Muslim League. Lord Mountabatten, (March 1947-June 1948) Declaration of third June, 1947; Indian Independence Act, Partition of the count ry between two independent states of India and Pakistan with Lord Mountbatten and Mr M.A. J innah as thier respective Governor generals. Revolt of 1857: The causes of revolt: 1. Political Causes: 1. Growing suspicion among native rulers over Lord Dalhousie's policies of "Doctrin e of Lapse" and Annexation of the Territories of Native Rulers 2. Annexation of Avadh on the ground of "misgovernance" 3. Disposing of Nawab Wazid Ali Shah, athe reigning ruler of Avadh 4. Lord canning's announcement to that Mughals would lose the title of King and be mere Princess 5. Disbanding of the Pindaris and irregular soliders who constitued a large section among the army ranks 2. Administrative and economic causes: 1. Inefficient administrative machinery of the company 2. Rampant corruption 3. Racialism in civil and military administration

4. Deprivation of the traditional ruling classes of their luxury due to the establi shment of the company's suzerainty over the Indian states; 5. Introduction of new and revenue system which snatched the land from cultivator a nd gave it to the moneylender or traitor 6. De-industrialisation of the country 3. Military causes : 1. Dispenser of Indian sepoys with alien rule 2. Compulsion of the sepoys to serve at the cantonments 3. Withdrawal of free postage facility t o sepoys following the enactment of Post O ffice Act of 1854 4. Debarring the foreign service allowance or batta for sepoys serving in Sindh and Punjab 5. Racial discrimination. 4. Social and Religious causes : 1. Social discrimination of the British against Indians 2. Spread of Christianity through missionaries 3. Enactment of the Religious Dis-abilities act 1850, which enabled a convert to in herit his ancestral property 4. Antagonism of the traditional Indian society into to the law prohibiting sati, c hild marriage and female infanticide.

5. The Immediate cause: - Greased Cartridges: The government introduced a new Enfie ld rifle the Army. It's cartridges had a greased paper cover which had to be bitten off b efore the cartridge was loaded into the rifle. It was believed that increase was composed of beef and pig fat. The Hindu as well as Muslim sepoys was enraged because the use of greased c artridges was against their religion and they feared that the government was deliberately tryi ng to destroy their religion and convert to Christianity. The time to rebel has come. Causes for the failure of Revolt : By July 1858, the revolt was completely suppressed. Following factors may be the reason for the failure of revolt: Lack of coordination and central leadership. The revolt was supposed to have sta rted on May 31, 1857 as decided by Nana Saheb and his colleagues. But the Merrut incidence led t o early breaking of the revolt Lack of forward looking program. Indian leaders lacked resources and experience as compared to British. Lack of support and martial races of the North British power have remained intact in the eastern, western and southern parts of India from where the forces were sent to suppress the revolt Tacit support of certain sections of Indian public. Limited territorial and base. Many native Indian states, influenced by the example of powerful Hyderabad, did not join the revolt. Sikh soldiers of the Punjab area remained loyal to the British throughout. The aging Bahadur Shah was neither a brave general not an astute leader of peopl e. Impacts of the Revolt : The impacts of the 1857 revolt may be summarised as In August 1850, the British Parliament passed an act for Better Government of In dia, 1858, which put an end to the rule of the Company. The control of the British government in India was transfered to the British Crown. A minister of British government, called the Secretary of State, was made respon sible for the Government of India.

The British Governor general of India was now also given the title of Viceroy, w ho was also the representative of the Monarch. Marked the end of British imperialism and Princely states were assured against a nnexation. Doctrine of Lapse was withdrawn. Marked the end of Peshwaship and the Mughal rule. After the revolt, the British pursued the policy of divide and rule. Far-reaching changes were made in the administration and increase of white soldi ers in the army. Total expense of the suppression of the Revolt was borne by the Indians. A Brief Survey of the Major Centres of the Revolt of 1857 Centre Leaders British Officials who suppressed the Revolt Delhi Bahadur Shah, General Bakht Khan of Bareilly regiment Nicholson, Lt Wiloughby, Lt Hudson Lucknow Befum Hazrat Mahal of Avadh Colin Campbell Kanput Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope, Azimullah Colin Campbell, Henry Havelock, Henry Lawrence Jhansi Lakshmibai Hugh Rose Arrah Kunwar Singh William Tyler and Eyre Fate of the Leader Bahadur Shah deported to Rangoon, Bakht Khan died in battlefied. Escaped to Nepal Nana Saheb escapted to Nepal, Tantia tope was hanged, Azimullah died of illness. Died in battlefield. died of wound sustained in the fight

Revolts in Western India: Bhai Rising in 1817-1819: The Bhils, an aboriginal tribe of Western Ghats with t heir strongholds in Khandesh, revolted against their new master, the English East India Company, fea ring agrarian hardships under the new regime. The British crushed the revolt. However, the Bhils encoura ged by the British reverses in the Burmese war again revolted under the leadership of Sewaram in 18 25 signifying the popular character of the discontent. Koli Rising: -The Kolis, the neighbours of the Bhils, also resented the impositi on of British rule, dismantlement of their forests and the new order of administration and caused wi despread employment. The Kolis rose in rebellion in 1829, in 1839 and once again during 1844-1848. Cutch Rebellion: In 1819, a British force defeated and deposed Rao Bharmal in fa vour of his infact son. The actual administration of Cutch was undertaken by Council of Regency under th e superintendence of the British Resident. Waghera Rising: Besides the resentment against the foreign rule, the exactions o f the Gaekward of Baroda supported by the British Government compelled the Waghera chief to take u p arms. The Wagheras carried on inroads with British territory during 1818-1819. A peace tre aty was concluded in November 1820. Ramosi Rising: The Ramosis, the hill tribes in the Western Chats, resented Briti sh rule and the British pattern of administration. In 1822, under Chittur Singh, they revolted and plund ered the country around Satara. There were revolts again during 1825-1826 and the area remained disturbe d till 1829. The disturbance erupted again in 1840-1841 over deposition and banishment of Raja Pr atap Singh of Satara in September 1839. A superior Britishh force restored order in the area. Satara revolt: The people of Satara rose in revolt under Dhar Rao in 1840, becau se the popular ruler of Satara Pratap Singh was deposed and banished by the British. Narsing Patekar led revolt in 1844. He was defeated and captured by the British. Bundela Revolt: Due to the revenue policy of British, the Bundelas rose in revol t under Madhukar Shah and Jawahar Singh in 1842. Mahukar Shah was captured and executed by the British . Gadkari Revolt: Assumption of direct administration of Kolhapur by the British c reated resentment among Gadkaris, who rose in revolt in Kolhapur. This revolt was suppressed final ly by the British.

Kolhapur and Savantvadi Revolt: The Gadkaris, the hereditary military class whic h garrisoned Maratha forts, were disbanded under administrative reorganisation in the Kolhapu r statte after 1844. Faced with the spectre of unemployment the Gadkaris rose in revolt and occupied the forts of Samangarh Bhudargarh. Similarly, the simmer discontent caused a revolt in Savantvadi. Foundation of Indian National Congress: The birth of Indian National Congress in 1885 is an important event in the history of India. The liberation movement got a new aspir ation and motivation through it. Previously, movements were organised only at the local or regional l evel, now for the first time they got a national base. Educated middle-class which drew inspiration from the Western liberal and radical thought led the national movement. In the first page (1885-1905), the prison of the Indian National Congress was no t clear. The moment was confined to a handful educated Indians. During the second stage (1905-1918), the National Congress got its same and scop e to an all-round upliftment of the people-social, cultural, economic and political. Swaraj or sel f government was made the call of National Congress. The final stage (1919-1947) was dominated by the objective of Purna Swaraj or Co mplete independence. The dynamic leadership of Gandhiji with a unique method of nonviolence was final ly able to shrink of the British Empire.Aim and Objectives of the Congress Promotion of the friendship among the countrymen. Development and consolidation of feeling of national unity irrespective of race, caste, religion and provinces. Formation of popular demands and presentation before the Government through peti tions.

Training and organisation of public opinion. Consolidation of sentiments of national unity. Recording of the opinions of educated classes on pressing problems. Laying downlines for future course of action in public interest. Theories behind the origin of Congress: It is that the origin of the Congress is "shrouded in mystery". There are many accounts about it. The most widely accepted view is tha t Hume, under Lord Dufferin, organised the Congress with that two main purposes: 1. To provide a "safety-valve" to Indians 2. To form a quasi-constitutional parties similar to Her Majesty's Opposition in En gland. The view of W.C. Banerjee, the first Congress President, was the Indian congress was in reality the work of Lord Dufferin, Viceroy of India. Dufferin's idea was to have a political orga nisation through which the Government code a certain the real wishes of the people and the save the Adminis tration from any possible political outburst in the country. Understanding "Safety Valve Theory" The "Safety Valve Theory" is based on seven volumes of the secret report which A .O. Hume, the founder of the Congress, raid at Shimla in 1878. The story was first mentioned in Hume's biography, written by William Wedderburn and published in 1913. According to story, the British wanted the formation of an organisation which could save the administration from possible political outburs t in the country. That is why they provided ample support to A.O. Hume and other Indians in the formation of the Indian National Congress. The First Congress Session: A.O Hume along with the cooperation of Indian leader s organised the first session of Indian National Congress at Bombay in the Hall of Gokuldas Tejpal San skrit College in December 1885. It was presided over by W.C. Bannerjee and attended by 72 delegat es. The delegates included Dadabhai Naroji, Ranade, Pheroze Shah Mehta, Dinshaw Wacha and K.T. Tel ang. There were four main demands put forward by the Congress at its first session: the simultaneous examination for the ICS to be held in England and India reforms of legislative Council and adoption of principle of election in place of nomination in constituting them apology sure to the annexation of upper Burma reduction in military expenditure

Important session of Congress: Year 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 Residents W.C. Bannerjee Dadabhai Naoroji Badruddin Tyabji George Yule Sir William Wedderburn Pherozshah Mehta P. Ananda Charlu W.C. Bannerjee Dadabhai Naoroji Alfred Webb S.N. Banerjea Rahimtulla M Sayani Venue Bombay Calcutta Madras Allahabad Bombay Calcutta Nagpur Allahabad Lahore Madras Poona Calcutta

1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1918 1919 1920

1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 C. Sankaran nair Amravati Ananda Mohan Bose Madras R.C Dutt Lucknow N.G. Chandavarkar Lahore D.E. Wacha Calcutta Hasan Imam, S.N Bonerjea Bombay, Ahmedabad Lal Mohan Ghose Madras Sir Henry Cotton Bombay G.K Gokhale Benaras Dadabhai Naoroji Calcutta Dr Rash Behari Ghosh(suspended) Surat Dr Rash Behari Ghost Madras Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya Lahore Sir William Wedderburn Allahabad Pandit B.N Dar Calcutta R.N. Mudholkar Bankipore Nawab Syed Mohammed Bahadur Karachi Bhupendra Nath Basu Madras Lord Satyendra Prasad Singha Bombay Ambica Charan Majumdar Lucknow Dr. Annie Besant Calcutta Hassan Imam (special session) Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya Delhi Motilal Nehru Amritsar Lala Lajpat Rai (suspended) C.Vijayraghavachariar (annual) Calcutta Nagpur C.R Das (in prison) Hakim Ajmal Khan(acting) Ahmedabad Desbhandu Chittaranjan Das Gaya Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (suspended) Muaulana Mohammad Ali(annual) Kakinada Mahatma Ghandi Belgaum Mrs Sarojini naida Cawnpore S. Srinivasa lyengar Guwahati Dr. M A Ansari Madras Pandit Motilal Nehur Calcutta Jawaharlal Nehru Lahore (no session) but Independece Day Pledge was adopted on 26th January -

1930. 1931 Sardar Vallabhabhai Patel Karachi 1932 R. Amritlal (session was banned) 1933 Mrs. J. M Sen Gupta(session was banned) Calcutta 1934 Dr Rajendra Prasad(continued again for 1935) Bombay 1936 Jawaharlal Nehru Lucknow 1937 Jawaharlal Nehru Faizpur 1938 S.C Bose Haripur 1939 S.C Bose(re-elected for 1939) Tripuri 1940 Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Ramgarh 194145 (No session caused by arrest and Jailing) 1946 Acharya J. B kripalani Merrut 1948 B. Pattabhi Sitamayya Beginning of the Gandhian Era and non-cooperation movement: During the war years , 1914-18, nationalism had gathered its forces and the nationalist were expecting major pol itical games after the war; and they were willing to fight back if their expectations were not met. The economic situation in the post-war years had taken a turn for the worse. Indian industries, which had pros pers during the War because of foreign imports of manufactured goods, now faces loss and closure. Th e Indian industrialists wanted protection of their industries through imposition of high custom duties a nd grant of government aid; they realised that stronger nationalist movement and an independent Indian Government alone could secure these. The workers, facing unemployment and the high prices and living in great poverty , also termed actively towards the nationalist movement. The international situation was also favourable towards the nationalism. In orde r to win popular support for there was apart, the Allied nations-Britain, the United States, France, Ital y and Japan promised a new era of democracy and national self determination to all the peoples of the world . But after their victory, they showed little willingness to the end of the British rule. The government was aware of the rising tide of nationalist and anti-government s entiments, once again decided to follow the policy of concessions and repressions. Importance Of The Year 1919 The year 1919 constitutes an important landmark in the history of British India. The Rowlatt Bills and the reign of terror in Punjab culminated in Jallianwala Ba gh Massacre. The emergence of M. K. Gandhi

Development Pan-Islamism as a force of Indian politics. The passing of Government of India Act, 1919 on the basis of Montagu-Chelmsford Report. Gandhi's Early Life and Ideas MohanDas Karamchand Gandhi (M.K. Gandhi) was born on October 2, 1869 at Porbanda r in Saurashtra (Gujrat) in a well-to-do family. He proceeded to England in 1888, and returned t o India as Barrister-atlaw in 1891. He failed as a practising lawyer both at Rajkot and in Bombay. In 1893, he proceeded to Natal in South Africa as a layer of a firm of Porbander Muslims. There, he was d eeply shocked by the political and social disabilities which were imposed by law, administrative and social measures of the Europeans upon the Indian residents. He founded a political association know as the Natal Indian Congress and also a newspaper called Indian Opinion with a view to educating Ind ians in political matters and giving publicity to their grievances.

He revolted against the racial injustice, discrimination and degradation to whic h Indians had to submit in the South African colonies. Indian labourers in South Africa and the Indian merc hants were denied the right to vote. Gandhiji is soon resumed the leadership of the struggle against t hese conditions and during 1893-1914 was engaged in a struggle against the racist authorities of South Afri ca. It was during the struggle that he evolved the technique of Satyagaraha Best on truth and nonviole nce. The ideal Satyagarhi was to be truthful and peaceful, but at the same time he wo uld refuse to submit what he considered wrong. He would accept suffering willingly in the course of s truggle against the wrong doer. Even while resisting evil, he would love the evil-doer. He would be utterly fearless. According to Gandhiji, nonviolence was not a whipper of the week and the cowardly. Only th e strong and brave could act if it. Another important feature of Gandhiji's outlook was that he would not separate t hought and practice, belief and action. His truth and nonviolence were meant for daily living and not merely for the high sounding speeches and writings. Though a devout Hindu, Gandhiji's cultural and religious outlook was universalis t and not narrow. He wanted Indians to have deep roots in their own culture but at the same time to a cquire the best that other world cultures had to offer. Gandhiji In Africa Gandhiji reached Durban in 1893 to sort out the legal problems of Dada Abdullah, a Gujarati merchant, becoming the first highly educated Indian to have come South Africa. He setup the Notable Indian Congress and started a paper called Indian Opinion He used passive resistance or civil disobedience or Satyagraha for the first tim e against the legislation making it compulsory for Indians living in South Africa to take out certificates of registration which have their fingerprints. In 1906, his setup the Tolstoy Farm in Transvaal with the help of his German architect friend, Kallenbach, to house the families of the Satyagrahis. He led a struggle against a judgement of South Africa Supreme Court which invalidated all marriages work under according to christian rites and registered by the registrar of marriages. in 1909, Gandhiji released his book Hindu Swaraj. The Gandhian ideas are illustr ated in this book. <\ul>

Gandhiji Returns to India: Gandhiji returned to India in January 1915 at the age of 46. For one year, he travelled all over India, understanding Indian conditions and the Indian peop le and then in 1916 founded the Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmedabad. He also set out to experiment with hi s new method of struggle. Following are some of the books by Indian Authors Book Name A bend in the river A brush with life A House of Mr. Biswar A Million Mutinies Now A Passage to England A Prisoner's Scrapbook A River Sutra A sense of time Author V.S. Naipal Satish Gujral V.S. Naipal V.S. Naipal Nirad C.Chodhury L.K. Advani Gita Mehra H.S.Vatsyayan

A strange and subline address A suitable boy A village by the sea A voice for freedom Aansoo Afternoon Raag Ageless Body, Timeless Mind Agni Veena Ain-i-Akbari Amar Kosh An autobiography An Equal Music An Idealist View of life Amrit Aur Vish Anamika Anandmath Areas of Darkness Arthashastra Ashtadhyayi Autobiography of an Unknown India Bandicoot Run Beginning of the Beginning Between the Lines Beyond Modernisation, Beyond Self Bhagvad Gita Bharat Bharati Bharat Durdasha Border and Boundaries: women in India's Partition Bharat Bharati Breaking the Silence Bride and the Sahib and the other stories Broken Wings Bubble, The Buddha Charitam By God's Decree Chandalika Chandrakanta Santati A suitable boy A village by the sea A voice for freedom Aansoo Afternoon Raag Ageless Body, Timeless Mind Agni Veena Ain-i-Akbari Amar Kosh An autobiography An Equal Music An Idealist View of life Amrit Aur Vish Anamika Anandmath Areas of Darkness Arthashastra Ashtadhyayi Autobiography of an Unknown India Bandicoot Run Beginning of the Beginning Between the Lines

Beyond Modernisation, Beyond Self Bhagvad Gita Bharat Bharati Bharat Durdasha Border and Boundaries: women in India's Partition Bharat Bharati Breaking the Silence Bride and the Sahib and the other stories Broken Wings Bubble, The Buddha Charitam By God's Decree Chandalika Chandrakanta Santati Amit Chaudhary Vikram Seth Anita Desai Nayantara Sehgal Jayashankar Prasad Amit Chaudhari Deepak Chopra Kazi Nazrul Islam Abul Fazal Amar Singh Jawaharlal Nehru Vikram Seth Dr. S. Radhakrishan Amrit Lal Nagar Suryakant Tripathi Nirala Bankim Chandra Chatterjee V.S. Naipal Kautilya Panini Nirad C. Choudhury Manohar Malgonkar Bhagwan Shri Rajneesh Kuldip Nayyar Sisirkumar Ghose Ved Vyas Maithilisharan Gupt Bhartendu Harischandra Ritu Menon & Kamla Bhasin Maithili Saran Gupt Anees Jung Khushwant Singh Sarojini Naidu Mulk Raj Anand Ashwaghosh Kapil Dev Rabindra Nath Tagore Devkinandan Khatri

Chemmen: Thakazhi Chitra Chitralekha Chitrangada Circle of Reason Clear Light of Day Confessions of a Lower Confrontation with Pakistan Conquest of Self Continent of Crime Coolie Court Dancer Culture in the Vanity Bag Days of My Years Daybhag Death of a City Devdas Discovery of India Distant Drums Distint Neighbours: India Divine Life Durgesh Nandini Dynamics of Social Change Eight Lives English August Essays on Gita Eternal Himalayas Eternal India Faces of Everest Foreign Policy of India Forty Nine Days From Rajpath to Lokpath Gaban Ganadevata Gardener Geet Govind Ghasiram Kotwal Chitra Chitralekha Chitrangada Circle of Reason Clear Light of Day Confessions of a Lower Confrontation with Pakistan Conquest of Self Continent of Crime Coolie Court Dancer Culture in the Vanity Bag Days of My Years Daybhag Death of a City Devdas Discovery of India Distant Drums Distint Neighbours: India Divine Life Durgesh Nandini Dynamics of Social Change

Eight Lives English August Essays on Gita Eternal Himalayas Eternal India Faces of Everest Foreign Policy of India Forty Nine Days From Rajpath to Lokpath Gaban Ganadevata Gardener Geet Govind Ghasiram Kotwal Sivasankara Pillai Rabindranath Tagore Bhagwati Charan Verma Rabindra Nath Tagore Amitav Ghosh Anita Desai Mulk Raj Anand B. M. Kaul Mahatma Ghandhi Nirad C Chaudhary Mulk Raj Anand Rabindranath Tagore Nirad C Chaudhury H.P. Nanda Jeemootwahan Amrita Pritam Sharat Chandra Chatterjee Jawaharlal Nehru Manohar Malgonkar Kuldip Nayar Swami Shivananda Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Chandra Shekhar Rajmohan Gandhi Upamanyu Chatterjee Sri Aurobindo Ghosh Major H.P.S. Ahluwalia Mrs Indira Gandhi Major H.P.S. Ahluwalia I.K. Gujral Amrita Pritam Vijaya Raje Scindia Munsi Premchand Tara Shankar Bandopadhyaya Rabindra Nath Tagore Jayadev Vijay Tendulkar

Gitanjali Gita Rahasya Glimpses of World History Godan Golden Threshold Gora Guide Harsha Charita Harvest Heir Apparent Himalayan Blunder Hind Swaraj Hindu View of Life Hinduism History of India Hullabaloo in a Guava Orchard Humanyunama Hungary Stones I follow the Mahatma Idols India After Nehru India Divided India Unbound India of Our Dreams India Wins Freedom India's Priceless Heritage Indian Philosophy Indira Ghandi Returns Indira Gandhi: Badhate Kadam Inscrutable Americans Interpreter of Maladies It's Always Possible Jai Somnath Jayadev Jhansi Ki Rani Kadambari Kagaz Te Kanwas Gita Rahasya Glimpses of World History Godan Golden Threshold Gora Guide Harsha Charita Harvest Heir Apparent Himalayan Blunder Hind Swaraj Hindu View of Life Hinduism History of India Hullabaloo in a Guava Orchard Humanyunama Hungary Stones I follow the Mahatma Idols India After Nehru India Divided India Unbound

India of Our Dreams India Wins Freedom India's Priceless Heritage Indian Philosophy Indira Ghandi Returns Indira Gandhi: Badhate Kadam Inscrutable Americans Interpreter of Maladies It's Always Possible Jai Somnath Jayadev Jhansi Ki Rani Kadambari Kagaz Te Kanwas Rabindranath Tagore Bal Gangadhar Tilak Jawaharlal Nehru Prem Chand Sarojini Naidu Rabindra Nath Tagore R.K. Narayanan Bana Bhatta Manjula Padmanabhan Dr. Karan Singh Brigadier J.P. Dalvi M.K. Gandhi Dr. S. Radhakrishan Nirad C. Choudhury Romila Thapar Kiran Desai Gulbadan Beghum Rabindranath Tagore K.M. Munshi Sunil Gavaskar Kuldip Nayyar Rajendra Prasad Gurcharan Das M.V. Kamath Abdul Kalam Azad N.A. Palkhivala Dr. S. Radhakrishan Khushwant Singh Khushwant Singh Anurag Mathur Jhumpa Lahiri Kiran Bedi K.M. Munshi Geet Govind Vrindavanlal Verma Bana Bhatt Amrita Pritam

Kamasutra Kanthapura Kapala Kundala Karmabhumi Kashmir: A Tale of Shame Kashmr: A Tragedy of Errors Kayar Kitab-ul-Hind Kitni Nawon Kitni Bar Kulliyat Kumar Sambhava Kurukshetra Last Burden Life Divine Lipika Lost Child Mahabharta Mahatma Gandhi and his Apolstles Malgudi Days Malti Madhav Meghdootam Mitakshara Mrichhakatikam My Days My India My Life and Times My Music, My Life My Presidental Years My Truth Mudra Rakshas Natural History New Dimensions of India's Foreign Policy Nisheeth Operation Bluestar: The True Story Our Films, Their Films Padmavat Painter of Signs Panchatantra Kanthapura Kapala Kundala Karmabhumi Kashmir: A Tale of Shame Kashmr: A Tragedy of Errors Kayar Kitab-ul-Hind Kitni Nawon Kitni Bar Kulliyat Kumar Sambhava Kurukshetra Last Burden Life Divine Lipika Lost Child Mahabharta Mahatma Gandhi and his Apolstles Malgudi Days Malti Madhav Meghdootam Mitakshara Mrichhakatikam My Days

My India My Life and Times My Music, My Life My Presidental Years My Truth Mudra Rakshas Natural History New Dimensions of India's Foreign Policy Nisheeth Operation Bluestar: The True Story Our Films, Their Films Padmavat Painter of Signs Panchatantra S.H. Vatsyayan Raja Rao Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Munsi Premchand Hari Jaisingh Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai Al-Beruni S.H. Vatsyayan Ghalib Kalidas Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Upamanyu Chatterjee Sri Aurobindo Ghosh Rabindranath Tagore Mulk Raj Anand Ved Vyas Ved Mehta R.K. Narayanan Bhavabhuti Kalidasa Vigyaneshwar Shudrak R.K. Narayanan S. Nihal Singh V.V. Giri Pt. Ravi Shankar R. Venkatraman Indira Gandhi Vishakhadatta Plini A.B. Vajpayee Uma Shankar Joshi Lt. Gen K.S. Brar Satyajit Ray Malik Mohammed Jayasi R.K. Narayan Vishnu Sharma

Parineeta Past Forward Pather Panchali Plain Speaking Portrait of India Post Office Prem Pachisi Prem Vatika Rajatarangini Ram Charita Manas Ramayana Raghuvamsa Ranghbhommi Ratnavali Ravi Paar (Across the River) Red Earth and Pouring Rain Ritu Samhara Saket Satya Karischandra Sakharam Binder Secular Agenda Seven Summers Shadow from Ladakh Shahnama Shrikant Snakes and Ladders: Essays on India Social Change in Modern India Sultry Days Sunny Days Sursagar Swami and Friends The Bride's Book of Beauty The Cat and Shakespeare The Company of Women The Critical Years: In Jail The Dark Room The Degeneration of India Past Forward Pather Panchali Plain Speaking Portrait of India Post Office Prem Pachisi Prem Vatika Rajatarangini Ram Charita Manas Ramayana Raghuvamsa Ranghbhommi Ratnavali Ravi Paar (Across the River) Red Earth and Pouring Rain Ritu Samhara Saket Satya Karischandra Sakharam Binder Secular Agenda Seven Summers Shadow from Ladakh

Shahnama Shrikant Snakes and Ladders: Essays on India Social Change in Modern India Sultry Days Sunny Days Sursagar Swami and Friends The Bride's Book of Beauty The Cat and Shakespeare The Company of Women The Critical Years: In Jail The Dark Room The Degeneration of India Sharat Chandra Chatterji G.R. Narayanan Bibhuti Bhushan N. Chandrababu Naidu Ved Mehta Rabindranath Tagore Munsi Prem Chand Raskhan Kalhana Tulsidas Maharishi Valmiki Kalidas Munsi Premchand Harsha Vardhan Gulzar Vikram Chandra Kalidas Maithili Sharan Gupta Bhartendu Harischandra Vijay Tendulkar Arun Shourie Mulk Raj Anand Bhabani Bhattacharya Firdausi Sharat Chandra Chatterji Gita Mehta M.N. Srinivas Shobha De Sunil Gavaskar Sur Das R.K. Narayanan Mulk Raj Anand Raja Rao Khushwant Singh Kuldip Nayyar R.K. Narayanan T.N. Seshan

The Glass Palace The God of Small Things The Golden Gate The Judgement The Men Who Killed Gandhi The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success The Songs of India The Story of My Experiments with Truth The Strange and Subline Address The Sword and the Sickle The vendor of Sweets The way of the Wizard Train to Pakistan Two Leaves and a Bud Untold Story Urvashi Visarjana Waiting for the Mahatma Wake up India We, Indians Wreck, The Yama Yashodhara Years of Pilgrimage The God of Small Things The Golden Gate The Judgement The Men Who Killed Gandhi The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success The Songs of India The Story of My Experiments with Truth The Strange and Subline Address The Sword and the Sickle The vendor of Sweets The way of the Wizard Train to Pakistan Two Leaves and a Bud Untold Story Urvashi Visarjana Waiting for the Mahatma Wake up India We, Indians Wreck, The Yama Yashodhara Years of Pilgrimage Amitav Ghosh Arundhati Roy Vikram Seth Kuldip Nayyar Manohar Malgonkar Deepak Chopra Sarojini Naidu Mahatma Gandhi Amit Chaudhuri Mulk Raj Anand R.K. Narayanan Deepak Chopra

Khushwant Singh Mulk Raj Anand B. M. Kaul Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Rabindra Nath Tagore R.K. Narayanan Annie Besant Khushwant Singh Rabindranath Tagore Mahadevi Verma Maithili Sharan Gupt Dr. Raja Ramana First plan(1951 to 56) It was based on Harrod-Damor model Community development programme was launched in 1952 Emphasised technical, price stability, power and transport It was more than a success, because of good are blessed in the last two years Second plan(1956 to 61) Also called Mahalanobis plan after its chief architect. Its objective was rapid industrialisation Advocated use imports which led to emptying of funds leading to foreign loans. It shifted basic emphasis from agriculture to industry far too soon. During this plan, price level increased by 30% against a decline of 13% during the first plan Third plan(1961 to 66) At its conception time, it was felt that Indian economy has entered it takeoff stage. Therefore, a was to make India a self reliant and self generating economy. Also, it was realised from the experience of first

Three annual plans(1966 to 69) Fourth plan(1969 to 74) Fifth plan (1974 to 79 ) Rolling plan(1978 to 80) Sixth plan(1980 to 85) Seventh plan(1985 to 90) Eighth plan(1992 to 97) two planes that agriculture could be given the top priority to suffice the requirements of export and industry. Complete failure due to unforeseen misfortunes viz. Chinese aggression(1962), Indo Pak war (1962) , Indo Pak war (1965 ), Seve rest drought to 100 years (1965 to 66) Plan holiday for three years. The prevailing crisis in agriculture and serious food shortage necessitated the emphasis on agriculture during the annual plans. During these plans a whole new agriculture strategy involving widespread of distribution of highly-yielding varieties of seeds, the extensive use of fertilisers, exploitation of irrigation potential and soil conservation was put into action to tide over the crisis in agriculture production. During the annual plans, the economy basically absorbed the shocks given during the third plan, making way for a planned growth Main emphasis on agriculture's growth rate so that chain reaction can start Fared well in the first two years with record production, last three years failure cause of poor monsoon. Had to tackle the influx of Bangladeshi refugees before and after 1971 Indo Pak war the fifth plan repaired and launched by D.D Dhar proposed to achieve two main objectives viz removal of poverty(Garibi Hatao) and attainment of self reliance, through promotion of high rate, better distribution of income and a very significant growth in the domestic rate of saving. the plan was terminated in 1978 (instead of 1979 ) when Janta government came to the power. there were two sixth plans. One by Genta government.(For 78 to 73) which was in operation for two years only and the other by Congress government when it returned to power in 1980 the Janata government plan is also called Rolling plan Objectives: Increase in national income, modernisation of technology, ensuring continuous decrease in poverty and unemployment, population control through family planning etc. the seventh plan emphasized policies and programmes which aimed at rapid growth in food grains production, increased employment opportunities and productivity within the framework of basic tenants of planning. It was a great success, the economy recorded 6% growth rate against the targeted 5% The eighth plan was postponed by two years

because of political upheavals at the Centre and it was launched after a worsening balance of payment position and inflation during 1990-91 the plan undertook various drastic policy

measures to combat the bad economic situation and to undertake an annual average growth of 5.6% some of the main economic performance during eighth plan period were rapid economic growth, high growth in exports and imports, improvement in trade and current account deficit. Ninth plan(1997 to 2002) Tt was developed in the context of four important dimensions: quality of life, generation of productive employment, a regional balance and self-reliance. Tenth plan (2002 to 2007) Its objectives included achieving the growth rate of 8%, reduction of poverty ratio to 20% by 2007 and 210% by 2012, universal access to primary education by 2007, increase in literacy rate to 72% within the plan period and to 80% by 2012 Eleventh plan(2007 to 2012) Accelerate growth rate of GDP from 8% to 10% and then maintain at 10% in the 12th plan in order to double per capita income by 2016-17 Increase agricultural GDP growth rate of 4% per year to ensure a broader spread of benefits. Reduce drop out rates of children from elementary school from 52.2% in 2003-04 to 20% by 2011-12 Increase the literacy rate for persons of faith seven years or more to 85% reduce infant mortality rate(MR) 28 and maternal mortality ratio(MMR) to 1 part 1000 live births. raise the sex ratio for age group 0-6 to 935 by 2011-12 and to 950 by 2016-17 Ensure electricity connection to all village and BPL households by 2009 and the round-the-clock power by the end of the plan increase forest and free cover by the five percentage points Plan Target Actual First Plan(1951-56) 2.9% 3.6% Second Plan(1956-61) 4.5% 4.3% Third Plan(1961-66) 5.6% 2.8% Fourth Plan(1969-74) 5.7% 3.3% Fifth Plan(1974-79) 4.4% 4.8% Sixth Plan(1980-85) 5.2% 6.0% Seventh Plan(1985-90) 5.0% 6.0% Eighth Plan(1992-97) 5.6% 6.8% Ninth Plan(1997-2002) 6.5% 5.4% Tenth Plan(2002-2007) 8.0% Eleventh Plan(2007-2012) 9.0% to undertake an annual average growth of 5.6% some of the main economic performance during eighth plan period were rapid economic growth, high growth in exports and imports, improvement in trade and current account deficit. Ninth plan(1997 to 2002) Tt was developed in the context of four important dimensions: quality of life, generation of productive employment, a regional balance and self-reliance. Tenth plan (2002 to 2007) Its objectives included achieving the growth rate

of 8%, reduction of poverty ratio to 20% by 2007 and 210% by 2012, universal access to primary education by 2007, increase in literacy rate to 72% within the plan period and to 80% by 2012 Eleventh plan(2007 to 2012) Accelerate growth rate of GDP from 8% to 10% and then maintain at 10% in the 12th plan in order to double per capita income by 2016-17 Increase agricultural GDP growth rate of 4% per year to ensure a broader spread of benefits. Reduce drop out rates of children from elementary school from 52.2% in 2003-04 to 20% by 2011-12 Increase the literacy rate for persons of faith seven years or more to 85% reduce infant mortality rate(MR) 28 and maternal mortality ratio(MMR) to 1 part 1000 live births. raise the sex ratio for age group 0-6 to 935 by 2011-12 and to 950 by 2016-17 Ensure electricity connection to all village and BPL households by 2009 and the round-the-clock power by the end of the plan increase forest and free cover by the five percentage points Plan Target Actual First Plan(1951-56) 2.9% 3.6% Second Plan(1956-61) 4.5% 4.3% Third Plan(1961-66) 5.6% 2.8% Fourth Plan(1969-74) 5.7% 3.3% Fifth Plan(1974-79) 4.4% 4.8% Sixth Plan(1980-85) 5.2% 6.0% Seventh Plan(1985-90) 5.0% 6.0% Eighth Plan(1992-97) 5.6% 6.8% Ninth Plan(1997-2002) 6.5% 5.4% Tenth Plan(2002-2007) 8.0% Eleventh Plan(2007-2012) 9.0% Iron and steel industry o First steel industry at Kulti, Near Jharia, West Bengal - Bengal iron works comp any in 1870 o First large scale steal plant TISCO at Jamshedpur in 1907 followed by IISCO at B urnpur in 1919. Both belonged to private sector

o The first public sector unit was "Vishveshvaraya Iron and Stell works" at Bhadra wati Public sector steel plants o Russian government Location Rourkela(Orrisa) Bhilai(MP) Durga[ir(WB) Bokaro(Jharkhand) Burnpur(WB) Vishakhapattnam(AP) Salem(Tamil Nadu) Vijai Nagar(Karnataka) Bhadrawati(Karnataka) Assistance Germany Russian government British government Acquired from private sector in 1976 Russian government nationalisation of Vishveshvarayya Iron and Steel Ltd(owned by Central and State government) o all these are managed by SAIL(at present all important steel plants except TISCO , are under public sector) o steel authority of India Ltd(SAIL) was established in 1974 and was made responsi ble for the development of the steel industry o <="" li=""> o Presently India is the eighth largest steel producing country in the world. Jute industry

o Jute industry is an important industry for a country like India, because not onl y it earns foreign exchange but also provides substantial employment opportunities in agric ulture and industrial sectors o Its first modernised industrial unit was established at Reshra in West Bengal in 1855 o The jute industry in the country is traditionally export oriented. India ranks n umber one in the raw jute and juite goods production and number two in export of jute good s in the world. Cotton and textile industry o Oldest industry of India, and employees largest number of workers o It is the largest organised and broad-based industry which accounts for 4% of GD P, 20% of manufacturing value-added and one third of total export earnings. o The first Indian modernised cotton cloth mill was established in 1818 at Fort Gl oaster near Calcutta but this mill was not successful. The second mill named "Mumbai's spinning and weaving Co." Was established in 1854 at Bombay by KGN Daber. Sugar industry o Sugar industry is the second largest industry after cotton textile industry amon g agriculture-based industries in India. o India is now the largest producer and consumer of sugar in the world. Maharashtr a contributes over one third of the total sugar output, followed closely by Uttar Pradesh. Fertiliser industry o India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers in the world Paper industry o The first mechanised paper mill was set up in 1812 at Serampur in West Bengal. o The paper industry in India is ranked among the 15 top global paper industries. Silk industry o India is the second-largest(first being China) country in the world in producing natural silk. At present, India produces about 16% silk of the world. o India and joys that distinction of being the only country producing all the five known commercial varieties of silk viz Mulberry, Tropical Tussar, Oak Tussar, Eri and

Muga. Petroleum and natural gas o First successful Oilwell was dug in India in 1889 at Digboi, Assam. o at present a number of regions having oil reserves have been identified and oil is being extracted in these regions

o for exploration purpose , Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) was established in 1956 at Dehradun, Uttarakhand Poverty line is defined on the basis of nutritional standards. The list calorie intake is fixed at 2400 Cal/person/day for rural area and 2100 Cal/person/day for urban area. The people below these nutritional is an income standards are considered to be below the poverty line(B PL). Presently 24.4% population in India is below poverty line. It is 24.36% in ruler India and 24.50% in urban areas. National Sample survey Organisation(NSSO) conducts this survey. Unemployment simply means a situation when able and willing people are not getti ng jobs as per their own capabilities Green Revolution Indian Green Revolution is associated with the use of HYVS(highly yielding varie ty seeds), chemical fertilisers and new technology which led to a sharp rise in agriculture production during the middle of 1960. The term "Green Revolution" was given by American scientists, Dr William Gande. During the middle of 60s, Indian agriculture scientist developed a number of new highly yielding varieties of wheat by processing wheat seeds imported from Mexico. A similar imp rovement in variety of rice was also observed. The credit of this goes not only to Nobel Laureate Dr. Norman Borlaug, but also to Dr MS Swaminathan Revolution Yellow revolution White revolution Blue Revolution Pink revolution Brown Revolution Grey revolution Golden Revolution Area oil seeds milk Fish Shrimp/Meat nonconventional energy resources wool horticulture Following are the Geography Facts about India.

Location The Union of India is the

seventh largest country in the world covering an area of 32,87,590 square kilome ters and it is an important country of south Asia. South Asia has a total area of about 4.488 million sq. km out of which India has the largest area (3.287 sq. km). It occupies 73.2 % of total area. It is 4 times largest than Pakistan which is second largest in South Asia. India is 12 times largest that UK and 8 times largest than Japan. The mainland stretches from latitude 8o4' north to 37o6' north and from longitud e 68o7' east to 97o25' east of Greenwhich. The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the countr y is almost same in degrees i.e. about 30 degrees. The southernmost point in Indian Territory, (in Great Nicobar Islands) is the In dira Point (6o45 ), while Kanyakumari, also known as Cape Comorin, is the southernmost point of Indi an mainland. The country thus lies wholly in the northern and eastern hemispheres. The 82o30' E longitude is taken as Standard Time Meridian of India, as it passes through the middle of India (from Naini, near Allahabad.) Hence Naini, Near Allahabad is the Standard Time of India. The country is of a vast size and measures about 3,214 kilometers from north to south and about 2,933 kilometers from west to east. Indian Standard Time:- GMT +05:30 Telephone Country Code:- +91 Coastline:- 7,516.6 km encompassing the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands, and the A ndaman & Nicobar Islands. Ocean India lies midway between the Far East and the Middle East. The trans-Indian Oce an routes connecting the industrially developed countries of Europe in the west and the un derdeveloped countries of east Asia pass close by. India being centrally located in South Asi a, she enjoys an advantageous-position for doing trade with Australia and the countries of Africa , the Middle East and the Far East. Thus, India dominates the Indian Ocean and commands an importa nt strategic position. Her land frontier is 15,200 kilometers long. Her northern borderland, being mountainous, is very difficult to cross and it offers very few transport facilit ies for trade with the

arid, almost barren and very sparsely populated regions of Central Asia. India h as a coastline of 6,100 kilometers in the main land and she depends on the Indian Ocean for bulk o f her foreign trade. The total length of the coastline of the mainland, Lakshadweep group of I slands and Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands is 7,519.5 km. India Facts Territorial Sea Contiguous Zone Exclusive economic Zone Continental Shelf Longest River Largest Lake Highest Point Highest Point of Himalaya Lowest Point Northernmost Point Southernmost Point Southernmost Point of India (Mainland) Westernmost Point Easternmost Point Highest Altitude Lowest Altitude 12 nm (nautical miles) 24 nm 200 nm 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin Ganga Lake Chilka Mt. K2 (8611 m) Kanchan Junga (8,598 m) Kuttanad (-2.2 m) Siachen Glacier near Karakoram Indira Point, Great Nicobar, Andaman & Nicobar Islands Cape Comorin (Kanya Kumari) West of Ghuar Mota, Gujarat Kibithu, Arunachal Pradesh Kanchenjunga, Sikkim Kuttanad (Kerala)

Physical Boundaries :- The sub-continent is isolated in a remarkable way from th e rest of Asia, making it a geographical unit. For example, barring the plateau of Baluchistan the two great ranges, namely, the Sulaiman and the Kirthar, cut it off from the west. Along the North the great mo untains wall formed by the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and the Himalayas, cut it off the countries that lie b eyond as the mountains are very high and difficult to cross. Similarly, the Southward offshoots of the Eastern Himalayas separate it from Burma. The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the country is almost the same in deg rees i.e. about 30 degrees. But in kilometers, the north-south distance (about 3,200 km) is more than that o f the east-west. The Himalayas and other lofty mountains- Muztagh Ata, Aghil Kunlun Mountains to the north of Kashmir and south eastern portion of Zaskar mountains to east of Himachal Pradesh - from India's northern boundary, except in the Nepal region. She is adjoined in the north by China, Nep al and Bhutan. A series of mountain ranges in the east separate India from Burma. Also, in the east, lie s Bangladesh bounded by Indian States of West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. In the nort h-west, Afghanistan and Pakistan border on India. The Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait separate In dia from Srilanka. Locational Advantage:- India is a unique country as it is easily accessible to o ther parts of Asia, Africa, Europe and Americas. Its cultural influences have crossed its border from time i mmemorial and reached far off lands. It acts as a bridge head between developed and developing countri es of the world and between the East and the West. India's strength lies in its geography as much as in its culture. Since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, distance between India and Europe has been re duced by 7000 kms. India enjoys a favourable ocean routes from East and South-East Asia and Austral ia to Africa and Europe pass through Indian Ocean. India is connected with the Cape of Good Hope and the Suez Canal. India can also reach Canada and the USA through the Strait of Malacca after crossing t he Pacific Ocean. Following are the India Area and Boundaries details :

India stretches 3,214 km from N to S & 2933 km from E to W. Area:- 32,87,263 sq. km. Accounts for 2.4 % of total world area and 16 % of the population Mainland India has a coastline of 6,100 km. Including the Lakshadweep and Andama n and Nicobar, the coastline measures about 7516. km In India, total land mass is

o Plains : - 43.3 % o Plateaus :- 27.7 % o Hills :- 18.6 % o Mountains:- 10.7 % In the south, on the eastern side, the Gulf of Mannar & the Palk Strait separate India from Sri Lanka Total land neighbours of India are 7 . These are o Pakistan o Afghanistan o China o Nepal o Sri Lanka o Bhutan o Bangladesh and o Myanmar India s Islands include the Andaman & Nicobar Islands in Bay of Bangal & Lakshadwe ep, Minocy & Amindive Islands in the Arabian Sea Bordering Pakistan Bordering China Bordering Nepal Bordering Bangladesh Bordering Bhutan Bordering Myanmar Bordering Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujrat Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and West Bengal West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura and Asom West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Asom Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan-Occupied Area).

Afghanistan Following are the major Ports in India. Following are the major Ports in India. Western Coast Kandla (child of partition) Mumbai (busiest and biggest) Jawahar Lal Nehru (fastest growing) Marmugao (naval base also) Mangalore (exports Kudremukh iron-ore) Cochin (natural Harbour) Eastern Coast Kolkata-Haldia (riverine port) Paradip (exports raw iron to Japan) Vishakjapatnam (deepest port) Chennai (oldest and artifical) Ennore (most modern-in private hands) Tuticorin (southernmost ) Few Facts about some port:- Among major ports, Mumbai is the biggest. Kandla is a tidal port. Marmugao enjoys the second position by value of the tonnage of the bulk of which is export of Iron core. Vishakhapatnam is the deepest land-locked and protected port. Chennai has an art ificial harbour, Kolkata is a riverine port, Haldia has a fully equipped containerised berth. Shipping:- Overseas shipping has an extremely important role to play in India s in ternational trade. The country has the largest merchant shipping fleet among developing countries and r anks 17th in the world in shipping tonnage. There were 102 shipping companies in country operating as o n 31 March 2000, includes shipping corporation of India, a public sector undertaking Following are the important river valley projects in India Bhakra Nangal Project Mandi Project Chambal Valley Project Damodar Valley Project Hirakud Project Rihand Project Kosi Project Mayurkashi Project Kakrapara Project Nizamsagar Project Nagarjuna Sagar Project Tugabhadra Project Shivasamudram Project Tata Hydel Scheme Sharavathi Hydel Project Kundah & Periyar Project Farakka Project Ukai Project Mahi Project Salal Project On Sutlej in Punjab. Highest in India.Ht. 226m. Reservoir is called Gobind Sagar Lake. On Beas in HP On Chambal in MP & Rajasthan, 3 dams are there:- Gandhi Sagar Dam, Rana Pratap Sagar Dam and Jawahar Sagar Dam On Damodar in Bihar, Based on Tennessee Valley Project USA

On Mahanadi in Orrisa, World s Longest Dam: 4801m On Son in Mirzapur, Reservoir is called Gobind Vallabh Pant reservoir. On Kosi in N.Bihar On Mayurkashi in West Bengal On Tapi in Gujrat On Manjra in Andhra Pradesh On Krishna in Andhra Pradesh On Tugabhadra in Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka On Cauvery in Karnataka. It is the older river valley project in India. On Bhima in Maharashtra On Jog Falls in Karnataka In Tamil Nadu On Ganga in WB. Apart from power and irrigation it helps to remove silt for easy navigation. On Tapti in Gujarat On Mahi in Gujarat On Chenab in J&K

Mata Tila Multipurpose Project On Betwa in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh Thein Project On Ravi, Punjab. Pong Dam On Beas, Punjab Tehri Dam On Bhgirathi, Uttarakhand Sardar Sarovar Project On Narmada, Gujarat/MP. own River Allahabad At the confluence the Ganga and Yamuna Patna Ganga Varansi Ganga Kanpur Ganga Haridwar Ganga Badrinath Alaknanda Agra Yamuna Delhi Yamuna Mathura Yamuna Ferozpur Satluj Ludhiana Satluj Srinagar Jhelum Lucknow Gomti Jaunpur Gomti Ayodhya Saryu Bareillly Ram ganga Ahmedabad Sabarmati Kota Chambal Jabalpur Narmada Panji Mandavi Ujjain Kashipra Surat Tapti Jamshedpur Swarnarekha Dibrugarh Brahmaputra Guwahati Brahmaputra Kolkata Hooghly Sambalpur Mahanadi Cuttack Mahanadi Serirangapatnam Cauvery Project On Betwa in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh Thein Project On Ravi, Punjab. Pong Dam On Beas, Punjab Tehri Dam On Bhgirathi, Uttarakhand Sardar Sarovar Project On Narmada, Gujarat/MP. own River Allahabad At the confluence the Ganga and Yamuna Patna Ganga Varansi Ganga Kanpur Ganga Haridwar Ganga Badrinath Alaknanda Agra Yamuna Delhi Yamuna Mathura Yamuna Ferozpur Satluj Ludhiana Satluj Srinagar Jhelum Lucknow Gomti Jaunpur Gomti Ayodhya Saryu

Bareillly Ram ganga Ahmedabad Sabarmati Kota Chambal Jabalpur Narmada Panji Mandavi Ujjain Kashipra Surat Tapti Jamshedpur Swarnarekha Dibrugarh Brahmaputra Guwahati Brahmaputra Kolkata Hooghly Sambalpur Mahanadi Cuttack Mahanadi Serirangapatnam Cauvery of

Hyderabad Nasik Vijayawada Curnool Tiruchirapalli Nasik Vijayawada Curnool Tiruchirapalli Musi Godavari Krishna Tungabhadra Cauvery Following are the National Parks in India with their location Gir Forests Home of Asiatic Lion, In Gujrat Kaziranga Sanctuary One horned rhino, in Asom, Manas Sanctuary One horned rhino, in Asom, Chandraprabha Sanctuary Home of Asiatic Lion, in UP Ghana or Keoladeo Bird Sanctuary In Bharatpur, Home of tiger Dachigam Sanctuary For Hangul, In Kashmir Corbett National Park In Uttarakhand, Home of tiger Kanha National Park In MP Shiv Puri National Park In MP Hazaribagh National Park In Jharkhand Pariyar Game Sanctuary In Kerala Dudhwa National Park In UP Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary In TN Nokrek National Park In Meghalaya Sariska Sanctuary In Rajasthan Ranthambhor National Park In Rajasthan Namdapha National Park In Arunachal Pradesh Kelbut Lmjo Floating National Park In Manipur Palamau tiger project In Bihar Simlipal National Park In Orrisa Ranganthittoo Bird Sanctuary In Mysur, Karnataka Nagarhore National Park In Karnataka Mudumalai Sanctuary In TN. Balpakaram Sanctuary In Meghalaya Bandipur Sanctuary Along the Karnataka- Tamil Nadu Border Jaldapara Sanctuary In West Bengal. For rthinos Wild Ass Sanctuary In Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, for wild ass. National Highway Route Distance Uri 663 NH-1 Jalandhar NH-1A New Delhi-Ambala-Jalandhar-Amritsar 456 NH-2 Delhi-Mathura-Agra-Kanpur-Allahabad-Varanasi-Kolkata 1465

NH-3 Agra-Gwalior-Nasik-Mumbai 1161 NH-4 Thane and Chennai via Pune and Belgaun 1235 NH-5 Kolkata - Chennai 1533 NH-6 Kolkata Dhule 1949 NH-7 Varanasi Kanyakumari 2369 NH-8 Delhi-Mumbai-(vai Jaipur, Baroda and Ahmedabad) 1428 NH-9 Mumbai-Vijaywada 841 NH-10 Delhi-Fazilka 403 NH-11 Agra- Bikaner 582 NH-12 Jabalpur-Jaipur 890 NH-13 Sholapur-Mangalore 691 NH-15 Pathankot-Samakhiali 1526 NH-17 Panvel-Edapally 1269 NH-22 Ambala-Shipkitr 459 NH-28 Lucknow-Barauni 570 NH-31 Barhi-Guwahati 1125 NH-37 Panchratna (near Goalpara) Saiknoaghat 680 NH-44 Shillong-Sabroom 630 NH-49 Cochin-Dhanshkodi 440 NH-52 Baihata-Junction NH-47 (near Saikhoaghat) 850 NH-58 Delhi-Mana 538 NH-65 Ambala-Pali 690 NH-75 Gwalior-Ranchi 955 NH-76 Pindwara-Allahabad 1007 NH-78 Katni-Gumla 559 NH-86 Kanpur-Dewas 674 NH-91 Ghaziabad-Kanpur 405 NH-150 Aizawl-Kohima 700 NH-200 Raipur-Chandikhal 740 NH-205 Ananthapur-Chennai 442 NH-209 Dindigul-Bengaluru 456 NH-211 Solapur-Dhule 400 NH-217 Raipur-Gopalpur 508 NH-220 Kollam (Quilon)-Teui 265

Durand Line is the line drmarcating the boundaries of India and Afghanistan. It was drawn up in 1896 by Sir Mortimer Durand. Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. The Germans retreat ed to this line in 1917 during World War I Mason-Dixon Line is a line of demarcation between four states in the United Stat e. Marginal Line was the 320 km line of fortification on the Russia-Finland border. Drawn up by General Mannerheim. Macmahon Line was drawn up by Sir Henry MacMahon, demarcating the frontier of In dia and China. China did not recognize the MacMahon line and crossed it in 1962. Medicine Line is the border between Canada and the United States. Order-Neisse Line is the border between Poland and Germany, running along the Or der and Neisse rivers, adopted at the Poland Conference (Aug 1945) after World War II. Radcliffe Line was drawn up by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, demarcating the boudary betw een India and Pakistan. Siegfried Line is the line of fortification drawn up by Germany on its border with France. 17th Parallel defined the boundary between North Vietnam and South Vietnam befor e two were united. 24th Parallel is the line which Pakistan claims for demarcation between India an d Pakistan. This, however, is not recognized by India 26th Parallel south is a circle of latitude which crosses through Africa, Austra lia and South America. 30th Parallel north is a line of latitude that stands one-third of the way betwe en the equator and the North Pole. 33rd Parallel north is a circle of latitude which cuts through the southern Unit ed States, parts of North Africa, parts of the Middle East, and China. 35th Parallel north forms the boundary between the State of North Carolina and t he State of Georgia and the boundary between the State of Tennessee arid the State of Georgia, the State of Albama, and the State of Mississippi. 36th Parallel forms the southermost boundary of the State of Missouri with the S tate of Arkansas. 36o30' Parallel north forms the boundary between the Tenessee and the Commonweal th of Kentucky between the Tennessee River and the Mississippi River, the boundary between Missouri and Ark ansas west of the White River, and the northermost boundary between the Texas and the Oklahoma. 37th Parallel north formed the southern boundary of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson. 38th Parallel is the parallel of latitude which separates North Korea and South Korea. 39th Parallel north is an imaginary circle of latitude that is 39 degrees north of Earth's equatorial plane. 40th Parallel north formed the original northern boundary of the British Colony of Maryland. 41st Parallel north forms the northern boundary of the State of Colorado with Ne braska and Wyoming and the southern boundary of the State of Wyoming with Colorado and Utah. 42nd Parallel north forms most of the New York - Pennsylvania Border. 43rd Parallel north forms most of the boundary between the State of Nebraska and the State of South Dakota and

also formed the northern border of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jeff erson. The Parallel 44o north is an imaginary circle of latitude that is 44 degrees nor th of the Earth's equatorial plane. 45th Parallel north is often the halfway point between the Equator and the North Pole. The 45th parallel makes up most of the boundary between Montana and Wyoming. 49th Parallel is the boundary between USA and Canada. Highest Award Highest Gallantry Award Longest River in India Longest Tributary river of India Largest Lake Largest Lake (Saline Water) Largest Man-Made Lake Largest Fresh Water Lake Highest Lake Highest Lake Highest Peak Bharat Ratna Param Vir Chakra The Ganges Yamuna Wular Lake, Kashmir Chilka Lake, Orrisa Govind Vallabh Pant Sagar (Rihand Dam) Kolleru Lake (Andhra Pradesh) Devtal Lake, Gadhwal (Uttarakhand) Devatal (Gharhwal) Karkoram-2 of K-2(8,611 Highest Peak in the world is Mount Everest which is in Nepal meters)

Largest Populated City Largest State(Area) Largest State(Population) Highest rainfall Highest Watefall State wise largest area under forest Largest Delta Largest River without Delta Longest Cantilever Span bridge Longest River Bridge Biggest Cave temple Longest Road Highest Road Biggest Mosque Highest Gateway Tallest Statue Largest Public Sector Bank Longest Canal Largest Dome Largest Zoo Largest Museum Longest Dam Highest Dam Highest Tower Largest Desert Largest District Fastest Train State with longest coastline State with longest coastline of South India Longest Electric Railway Line Longest Railway Route Longest Railway Platform Highest Railway Station Longest Platform Largest State(Area) Largest State(Population) Highest rainfall Highest Watefall State wise largest area under forest Largest Delta Largest River without Delta Longest Cantilever Span bridge Longest River Bridge Biggest Cave temple Longest Road Highest Road Biggest Mosque Highest Gateway Tallest Statue Largest Public Sector Bank Longest Canal Largest Dome Largest Zoo Largest Museum Longest Dam Highest Dam Highest Tower Largest Desert

Largest District Fastest Train State with longest coastline State with longest coastline of South India Longest Electric Railway Line Longest Railway Route Longest Railway Platform Highest Railway Station Longest Platform Mumbai Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Cherrapunhi (426 inches per annum) Nohkalikai Falls (335 meters, 1100 ft high) in Shora Madhya Pradesh Sunderbans Delta Narmada and Tapti Howrah Bridge Mahatma Gandhi Setu, Patna Ellora Grand Trunk Road Road at Khardungla,(in Leh-Manali Sector) Jama Masjid at Delhi Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri (53.6 meters high) Statue of Gomateshwar (17 meters high In Karnataka State Bank of India Indira Gandhi Canal or Rajasthan Canal (Rajasthan) Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur Zoological Garden at Alipur (Kolkata) India Museum at Kolkata Hirakud Dam (Orrisa) Tehri Dam ( 260 meters , 850 ft ) Kutab Minar at Delhi (88.4 meters high) Thar (Rajasthan) Kutch district Shatabadi Express running between New Delhi and Bhopal Gujarat Andhra Pradesh From Delhi to Kolkata via Patna From Assam to Kanyakumari Kharagpur (W. Bengal) Ghum (W. Bengal) Kharagpur (West Bengal) 833 meters in Length. It is also the longest railway station in world

Longest Tunnel Longest Highway Smallest State (Population) Smallest State (Area) Largest State (Area) Largest State (Population) Densest Populated State Largest Cave Largest Cave Temple Largest Animal Fair Largest Auditorium Biggest Hotel Largest Port Largest Gurudwara Deepest River Valley Largest Church Oldest Church Longest River Longest Beach Highest Battle Field Highest Airport Biggest Stadium Largest River Island Largest Planetarium Sambhar lake Longest Highway Smallest State (Population) Smallest State (Area) Largest State (Area) Largest State (Population) Densest Populated State Largest Cave Largest Cave Temple Largest Animal Fair Largest Auditorium Biggest Hotel Largest Port Largest Gurudwara Deepest River Valley Largest Church Oldest Church Longest River Longest Beach Highest Battle Field Highest Airport Biggest Stadium Largest River Island Largest Planetarium Sambhar lake Jawahar tunnel (Jammu & Kashmir) NH-44 (NH-7) which turns from Varanasi to Kanyakumari Sikkim Goa Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Amarnath (J&K) Kailash Temple, Ellora (Maharastra) Sonepur (Bihar)

Sri Shanmukhanand Hall (Mumbai) Oberai-Sheraton (Mumbai) Mumbai Golden Temple, Amritsar Bhagirathi & Alaknanda Saint Cathedral (Goa) St. Thomas Church at Palayar, Trichur (Kerala) Ganga (2640 km long) Marina Beach, Chennai Siachin Glacier Leh (Laddakh) Yuva Bharti (Salt Lake) Stadium, Kolkata Majuli (Brahmaputra River, Asom) Birla Planetarium (Kolkata) Largest inland salt lake Geographical Facts: Largest Continent Smallest Continent Highest Mountain Lowest Point on land Deepest Underwater Trench Largest Sea Highest Lake Lowest Lake Largest Lake Largest Freshwater Lake Asia, 17,212,2000 square miles Australia,312,2000 square miles Mount Everest, Himalayan Mountains, Nepal-Tibet, 29,035 feet above sea level The Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan, water surface 1,349 feet below sea level Marina Trench, 200 miles southwest of Guam in the Pacific Ocean, 36,198 feet bel ow the ocean surface The Mediterranean Sea, 1,144,800 square miles The Highest navigable lake is Lake Titicaca in Peru, 12,500 feet above sea level The Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan, surface of water 1,349 feet below sea level Caspian Sea, 152,239 square miles Lake Superior, US-Canada, 31,820 square miles

Deepest Ocean Largest Ocean Smallest Ocean Largest Gulf Bay Largest Island Largest Peninsula Largest Archipelago Largest Gorge Deepest Gorge Longest Mountain Range Longesr River Shortest River Largest River Longesr Estuary Larget Lagoon Largest Waterfall Largest Ocean Smallest Ocean Largest Gulf Bay Largest Island Largest Peninsula Largest Archipelago Largest Gorge Deepest Gorge Longest Mountain Range Longesr River Shortest River Largest River Longesr Estuary Larget Lagoon Largest Waterfall Pacific Ocean, average depth 13,215 feet Pacific Ocean, 60,060,700 square miles Arctic Ocean, 5,427,000 square miles Gulf of Mexico, 615,000 square miles The Bay of Bengal, 1,300,000 square miles Greenland, 839,999 square miles Arabia, 1,250,000 square miles Indonesia, 3,500-mile stretch of 17,000 islands Grand Canyon, Colorado River, Arizona, US, 217 miles long, 4-18 miles wide, 1 mi le deep Hells Canyon, Snake River, Idaho, 7,900 feet deep The Andes of South America, 5,000 miles The Nile, Africa, 4,180 miles The Roe, Montana, US, 200 feet long The Amazon, South America, basin of 2,500,000 square miles Ob River, Russia, 550 miles long, up to 50 miles wide Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil, 150 miles long, 4,500 square miles Angel Falls, Venezuela, 3,212 feet high Oceans of the World (by Size) Pacific (155,557,000 sq km) Atlantic (76,762,000 sq km) Indian (68,556,000 sq km) Southern (20,327,000 sq km) Artic (14,056,000 sq km)

Ocean's Greatest Depths Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean 35,827 ft Puerto Rico Trench, Atlantic Ocean 30,246 ft Java Trench, Indian Ocean 24,460 ft Arctic Basin, Arctic Ocean, 18,456 ft Major Seas (by Size) South China (2,974,600 sq km) Caribbean (2,515,900 sq km) Mediterranean (2,510,000 sq km) Bering (2,261,100 sq km) Gulf of Mexico (1,507,600 sq km) Arabian Sea (1,498,320 sq km) Sea of Okhotsk (1,392,100 sq km) Sea of Japan (East Sea - 1,012,900 sq km) Hudson Bay (730,100 sq km) East China (664,600 sq km) Oldest Countries San Marino (301 AD) France (486 AD) Bulgaria (632 AD) Denmark (950 AD) Portugal (1143 AD) Andorra (1278 AD) Switzerland (1291 AD) Youngest Countries Montenegro (July 2006) Serbia (July 2006) East Timor (2002) Palau (1994) Czech Republic (1993) Eritrea (1993) Slovakia (1993) Bosnia/Hertzegovina (1992) Continents of the World (by Size)

Andaman (564,900 sq km) Black (507,900 sq km) Red (453,000 sq km) Major Rivers (by length) Nile, Africa (6,825 km) Amazon, South America (6,437 km) Chang Jiang (Yangtze), Asia (6,380 km) Mississippi, North America (5,971 km) Yenisey-Angara, Asia (5,536 km) Huang(Yello), Asia (5,464 km) Ob-Irtysh, Asia (5,410 km) Amur, Asia (4,416 km) Lena, Asia (4,400 km) Congo, Africa (4,370 km) Mackenzie-Peace, North America (4,241 km) Mekong, Asia (4,184 km) Niger, Africa (4,171 km) Major Lakes (by Size) Caspian Sea, Asia-Europe (371,000 sq km) Superior, North America (82,100 sq km) Victoria, Africa (69,500 sq km) Huron, North America (59,600 sq km) Michigan, North America (57,800 sq km) Tanganyika, Africa (32,900 sq km) Baikal, Asia (31,500 sq km) Great Bear, North America (31,300 sq km) Aral Sea, Asia (30,700 sq km) Malawi, Africa (28,900 sq km) Great Slave, Canada (28,568 sq km) Erie, North America (25,667 sq km) Winnipeg, Canada (24,387 sq km) Ontario, North America (19,529 sq km) Deepest Lake (by Greatest Depth) Baikal, Russian Fed. (5,315 ft) Tanganyika, Africa (4,800 ft) Caspian Sea, Asia-Europe (3,363 ft) Malawi or Nyasa, Africa (2,317 ft) Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan (2,303 ft) Tallest Mountains (on each Continent) Mount Everest 8859 m - Asia Aconcagua 6959 m - S. America Mount McKinley 6194 m - N. America Mount Kilimanjaro 5963 m - Africa Mount Elbrus 5633 m - Europe Puncak Jaya 4884 m - Oceania Vinson Massif 4897 m - Antarctica #1 Asia (445,579,000 sq km) #2 Africa (30,065,000 sq km) #3 North America (24,256,000 sq km) #4 South America (17,819,000 sq km) #5 Antarctica (13,209,000 sq km) #6 Europe (9,938,000 sq km) #7 Australia/Oceania (7,687,000 sq km) Continets by Population #1 Asia #2 Africa #3 Europe #4 North America #5 South America

#6 Australia/Oceania #7 Antarctica Continents by number of Countries #1 Africa (53) #2 Europe (46) #3 Asia (44) #4 North America (23) #5 Oceania (14) #6 South America (12) Countries with Most land Boundaries China - 14 Russian Federation -14 Brazil - 10 Congo, Germany and Sudan - 10 Austria, France, Tanzania, Turkey and Zambia - 8 Top 10 Tallest Mountains Mount Everst, 8850m (29035 ft) - Nepal Qogir (K2), 8611 m (28250 ft) - India Kangchenjunga 8586 m (28169 ft) - Nepal Lhotse, 8501 m (27929 ft) - Nepal Makalu I, 8462 m (27765 ft) - Nepal Cho Oyu, 8201 m (26906 ft) - Nepal Dhaulagiri, 8167 m (26794 ft) - Nepal Manaslu I, 8156 m (26758 ft) - Nepal Nanga Parbat, 8125 m (26658 ft) - Pakistan Annapurna I, 8091 m (26545 ft) - Nepal Andaman (564,900 sq km) Black (507,900 sq km) Red (453,000 sq km) Major Rivers (by length) Nile, Africa (6,825 km) Amazon, South America (6,437 km) Chang Jiang (Yangtze), Asia (6,380 km) Mississippi, North America (5,971 km) Yenisey-Angara, Asia (5,536 km) Huang(Yello), Asia (5,464 km) Ob-Irtysh, Asia (5,410 km) Amur, Asia (4,416 km) Lena, Asia (4,400 km) Congo, Africa (4,370 km) Mackenzie-Peace, North America (4,241 km) Mekong, Asia (4,184 km) Niger, Africa (4,171 km) Major Lakes (by Size) Caspian Sea, Asia-Europe (371,000 sq km) Superior, North America (82,100 sq km) Victoria, Africa (69,500 sq km) Huron, North America (59,600 sq km) Michigan, North America (57,800 sq km) Tanganyika, Africa (32,900 sq km) Baikal, Asia (31,500 sq km) Great Bear, North America (31,300 sq km) Aral Sea, Asia (30,700 sq km) Malawi, Africa (28,900 sq km) Great Slave, Canada (28,568 sq km) Erie, North America (25,667 sq km) Winnipeg, Canada (24,387 sq km) Ontario, North America (19,529 sq km) Deepest Lake (by Greatest Depth)

Baikal, Russian Fed. (5,315 ft) Tanganyika, Africa (4,800 ft) Caspian Sea, Asia-Europe (3,363 ft) Malawi or Nyasa, Africa (2,317 ft) Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan (2,303 ft) Tallest Mountains (on each Continent) Mount Everest 8859 m - Asia Aconcagua 6959 m - S. America Mount McKinley 6194 m - N. America Mount Kilimanjaro 5963 m - Africa Mount Elbrus 5633 m - Europe Puncak Jaya 4884 m - Oceania Vinson Massif 4897 m - Antarctica #1 Asia (445,579,000 sq km) #2 Africa (30,065,000 sq km) #3 North America (24,256,000 sq km) #4 South America (17,819,000 sq km) #5 Antarctica (13,209,000 sq km) #6 Europe (9,938,000 sq km) #7 Australia/Oceania (7,687,000 sq km) Continets by Population #1 Asia #2 Africa #3 Europe #4 North America #5 South America #6 Australia/Oceania #7 Antarctica Continents by number of Countries #1 Africa (53) #2 Europe (46) #3 Asia (44) #4 North America (23) #5 Oceania (14) #6 South America (12) Countries with Most land Boundaries China - 14 Russian Federation -14 Brazil - 10 Congo, Germany and Sudan - 10 Austria, France, Tanzania, Turkey and Zambia - 8 Top 10 Tallest Mountains Mount Everst, 8850m (29035 ft) - Nepal Qogir (K2), 8611 m (28250 ft) - India Kangchenjunga 8586 m (28169 ft) - Nepal Lhotse, 8501 m (27929 ft) - Nepal Makalu I, 8462 m (27765 ft) - Nepal Cho Oyu, 8201 m (26906 ft) - Nepal Dhaulagiri, 8167 m (26794 ft) - Nepal Manaslu I, 8156 m (26758 ft) - Nepal Nanga Parbat, 8125 m (26658 ft) - Pakistan Annapurna I, 8091 m (26545 ft) - Nepal Important facts about India at one go:

Geography Area Telephone Code Coastline High Point National Things National Flag National Emblem National Anthem National Song National Animal National Bird National Fruit National Flower National Tree National Calender National Days. Government Country Name Government Type Capital Area Telephone Code Coastline High Point National Things National Flag National Emblem National Anthem National Song National Animal National Bird National Fruit National Flower National Tree National Calender National Days. Government Country Name Government Type Capital 3.3 Million sq. km +91 7516.6 km encompassing the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands, and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Kanchenjunga 8,598 m. The National Flag is the horizontal tricolor of deep saffron (kesaria) at the top, white in the middle, and dark green at the bottom in equal proportion. At the center of the white band is a navy blue wheel, which is a representation of the Ashoka Chakra at Sarnath. The National Emblem of India is derived from the time of the Emperor Ashoka. The emblem is a replica of the Lion of Sarnath, near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh. The Lion Capital was erected in the third century BC by Emperor Ashoka to mark the spot where Buddha first proclaimed his gospel of peace and emancipation to the four quarters of the universe. The Jana Gana Mana is the national Anthem of India,

composed by Rabindranath Tagore. It was officially adopted by the constituent Aseembly as the Indian national anthem on January 24, 1950. Bankim Chandra Chatterji's composed song "Vande Mataram" was adopted as the National Song. It has an equal status with "Jana Gana Mana". It was first sung in the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress. Tiger is the National Animal of India. It is symbol of India's wildlife wealth. The magnificent tiger, Panthera tigris, is a striped animal. The Peacock, Pavo cristatus, is the national bird of India. Emblematic of qualities such as beauty grace, pride. Mango is the national fruit of India. Described as the "Food of the Gods", in the sacred Vedas, the fruit is grown almost in all parts of India. Lotus botanically known as the Nelumbo Nucifera is the national flower of India. Banyan Tree is the National Tree of India. This huge tree towers over its neighbours and has the widest reaching roots of all known trees. The Saka calender is the national calender of India. It is used, alongside the Gregorian calender. 26th January (Republic Day) 15th August (Independence Day) 2nd October (Gandhi Jayanti; Mahatma Gandhi s Birthday) Republic of India; Bharat Ganrajya Sovereign Socialist Democratic Republic with a Parliamentary system of Government New Delhi

Official Language Hindi, English Administrative Division 28 States and 7 Union Territories. Independence 15th August 1947 (From the British Colonial Rule) Constitution The Constitution of India came into force on 26th January 1950. Legislature Sansad Legal System The Constitution of India is the fountain source of the legal system in the Country. Executive Branch The President of India is the Head of the State, while Prime Minister is the Head of the Government, and runs office with the support of Council of Ministers who form the Cabinet Ministry. Legislative Branch The Indian Legislature comprises of the Lok Sabha (House of the people) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) forming both the Houses of the Parliament. Judicial Branch The Supreme Court of India is the apex body of the Indian legal system, followed by other High Courts and subordinate Courts Indus Valley Facts at a Glance The state which has accounted for highest number of Harappan sites after independence : Gujarat Three Harappan sites that have yielded three stages of Harappan Civilization (Pre-Harappan, Harappan and post-Harappan : Rojde, Desalpur and Surkotada ) Most commonly engraved animal on Harappan seals : Humpless bull or unicorn Site which have yielded evidence of a preHarappan settlement: Kot-Diji, Kalibangan and Harappa Major Harappan cities that acted as ports : Lothal, Balakot, Suktagendor and Allahdin (Pakistan) The Harappan city with most impressive drainage system : Mohenjo-daro The geometric shape of the region covered by the Indus civilisation : Triangle Wheeler said: Indus Valley is the colony of Sumerians Lions have not been found anywhere in Harappa. Mother goddess was not worshipped at Rangpur. A Kushana period Stupa has been found from Mohenjo-daro Evidence of cultivation of peas. Till has been traced from Harappa, paddy from Lothal Harappans had trade relations with Mesopotamians around 2300 BC. Largest Harappan site in India is situated in Haryana Rakhigarhi, second largest is Dholavira in Gujarat. Dimension of Brick-length 11 inches, width 5.5 inches, depth -2.75 inches, ratio 4 2:1 Harappan wheels were axeless Mohenjo-daro had 10.5 mt wide road. In Harappa, perhaps because of river Ravi the

Granery is outside the fort. In the Lothal Port, there was a dockyard which is 216 meters in length and 37 meters in breadth Sukotada is the only Indus site where remains of a horse have actually been found. Terracoota seals found at Mehargarh were the earliest precussors of Harappan seals. Wider road of Harappa was 30 foot. Most common materials used for the Harappan stone sculpture : Limestone and steatite Time span of the Harappan civilization as fixed on the basis of radio-carbon dating: 2300 BC 1750 BC. Name of Sites Year of Excavation Excavators Region/River Features Harappa 1921 Daya Ram Sahni Montgomery district of Punjab (Now in Pak) on the left bank of Ravi 1. City followed grid planning 2. Row of six granaries 3. Only place having evidences of coffin burial 4. Evidence of fractional burial and coffin burial 5. Cemetery-H of alien people. Hindi, English Administrative Division 28 States and 7 Union Territories. Independence 15th August 1947 (From the British Colonial Rule) Constitution The Constitution of India came into force on 26th January 1950. Legislature Sansad Legal System The Constitution of India is the fountain source of the legal system in the Country. Executive Branch The President of India is the Head of the State, while Prime Minister is the Head of the Government, and runs office with the support of Council of Ministers who form the Cabinet Ministry. Legislative Branch The Indian Legislature comprises of the Lok Sabha (House of the people) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) forming both the Houses of the Parliament. Judicial Branch The Supreme Court of India is the apex body of the Indian legal system, followed by other High Courts and subordinate Courts Indus Valley Facts at a Glance The state which has accounted for highest number of Harappan sites after independence : Gujarat Three Harappan sites that have yielded three stages of Harappan Civilization (Pre-Harappan, Harappan and post-Harappan : Rojde, Desalpur and Surkotada ) Most commonly engraved animal on Harappan seals : Humpless bull or unicorn

Site which have yielded evidence of a preHarappan settlement: Kot-Diji, Kalibangan and Harappa Major Harappan cities that acted as ports : Lothal, Balakot, Suktagendor and Allahdin (Pakistan) The Harappan city with most impressive drainage system : Mohenjo-daro The geometric shape of the region covered by the Indus civilisation : Triangle Wheeler said: Indus Valley is the colony of Sumerians Lions have not been found anywhere in Harappa. Mother goddess was not worshipped at Rangpur. A Kushana period Stupa has been found from Mohenjo-daro Evidence of cultivation of peas. Till has been traced from Harappa, paddy from Lothal Harappans had trade relations with Mesopotamians around 2300 BC. Largest Harappan site in India is situated in Haryana Rakhigarhi, second largest is Dholavira in Gujarat. Dimension of Brick-length 11 inches, width 5.5 inches, depth -2.75 inches, ratio 4 2:1 Harappan wheels were axeless Mohenjo-daro had 10.5 mt wide road. In Harappa, perhaps because of river Ravi the Granery is outside the fort. In the Lothal Port, there was a dockyard which is 216 meters in length and 37 meters in breadth Sukotada is the only Indus site where remains of a horse have actually been found. Terracoota seals found at Mehargarh were the earliest precussors of Harappan seals. Wider road of Harappa was 30 foot. Most common materials used for the Harappan stone sculpture : Limestone and steatite Time span of the Harappan civilization as fixed on the basis of radio-carbon dating: 2300 BC 1750 BC. Name of Sites Year of Excavation Excavators Region/River Features Harappa 1921 Daya Ram Sahni Montgomery district of Punjab (Now in Pak) on the left bank of Ravi 1. City followed grid planning 2. Row of six granaries 3. Only place having evidences of coffin burial 4. Evidence of fractional burial and coffin burial 5. Cemetery-H of alien people.

Mohenjo-daroChanhu-daroKalibanganLothal Banwali SurkotadaSutkagendorAmri Amri 1922 1931 1953 1953 1974 1964 1927 1935 R.D.Banarjee Larkana district in Sind on the right bank of Indus(Now in Pak) N. Gopal Majumdar, Mackey Situtated in Sind on the bank of Indus A. Ghosh Situated in Rajasthan on the Bank of Ghaggar S.R. Rao Situated in Gujarat on Bhogava river near Gulf of Cambay R.S. Bisht Situated in Hissar district of Haryana J.P. Joshi Situated in Kutch (Bhuj) district of Gujarat Stein, R.L. Situated in Baluchistan on Dast River N.G. Majumdar Situated in Sind on the 1. City followed grid planning 2. A large granary and Great Bath, a college 3. Human skeletons showing invasiona and massacre. 4. Evidence of Horse come from superficial level. 5. A piece of woven cotton alongwith spindle whorls and needles 6. Town was flooded more then seven times. 1. The city has no citadal 2. Famous for bead makers shop 3. A small pot, possibly an inkpot 4. Foot prints of a dog chasing a cat 5. Three different cultural layers, Indus,Jhukar and Jhangar 1. Shows both Pre Harappan and Harappan phase 2. Evidence of furrowed land 3. Evidence of seven fire altars

and camel bones 4. Many houses had their own well 5. Kalibangan stand for black bangles 6. Evidence of wooden furrow 1. A titled floor which bears intersecting design of circles 2. Remains of rice husk 3. Evidence of horse from a terracotta figurine 4. A ship designed on a seal 5. Beads & trade ports 6. An instrument for measuring angles,pointing to modern day compass 1. Shows both Pre-Harappan and Harppan phase 2. Good quantity of barley found here 3. 1. Bones of horses, Bead making shops 1. Trade point between Harappa and Babylon, belong to mature phase 2. Evidence of horse 1. Evidence of antelope

bank of Indus Dholavira 1985-90 R.S. Bisht Situated in Gujarat in Rann of Kutch 1. Seven cultural stages 2. Largest site 3. Three party of city 4. Unique water management Rangpur 1953 M.S. Vats, B.B. Lal & S.R. Rao Situated on the bank of Mahar in Gujarat 1. Rice was cultivated Kot Diji 1953 Fazal Ahmed Situated on the bank of Indus 1. Wheel made painted pottery 2. Traces of defensive wall and well aligned streets 3. Knowledge of metallurgy, artistic toys etc Ropar 1953 Y.D. Sharma Situated in Punjab of the banks of Sutlej 1. Evidence of burying a dog below the human bural 2. One example of rectangular mudbrick chamber was noticed 3. Five fold cultures Harappan, PGW, NBP, Kushana -Gupta and Medieval Balakot 1963-76 George F Dales Situated on the Arabian Sea 1. Remain of pre Harappan and Harappan civilisation 2. The mounds rise to the height of about 9.7mts and are spread 2.8 sq hectare of area Alamgirpur 1958 Y.D. Sharma Situated on Hindon in Ghaziabad 1. The impression of cloth on a trough is discovered 2. Usually considered to be the eastern boundary of the Indus culture Important Battles of Indian History BC 327-26 Alexander invades India. Defeats Porus in the Battle of Hydaspes (Jhelum) 326 BC 305 Chandragupta Maurya defeats the Greek King Seleucus. 216 The Kalinga War. Conquest of Kalinga by Ashoka. c. 155 Menander's invasion of India c. 90 The Saka invade India AD 454 The first Huna invasion 495 The second Huna invasion 711-712 The Arab invasion of Sind under Mohammed-bin-Qasim 1000-27 Mahmud Ghazni invades India 17 times

1175-1206 Invasions of Muhammad Ghori. First Battle of Tarain. 1191 -Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeats Muhammad Ghori; Second Battle of Tarain, 1192 -Muhammad Ghori defeats Prithvi Chauhan; Battle of Chandawar, Dholavira 1985-90 R.S. Bisht Situated in Gujarat in Rann of Kutch 1. Seven cultural stages 2. Largest site 3. Three party of city 4. Unique water management Rangpur 1953 M.S. Vats, B.B. Lal & S.R. Rao Situated on the bank of Mahar in Gujarat 1. Rice was cultivated Kot Diji 1953 Fazal Ahmed Situated on the bank of Indus 1. Wheel made painted pottery 2. Traces of defensive wall and well aligned streets 3. Knowledge of metallurgy, artistic toys etc Ropar 1953 Y.D. Sharma Situated in Punjab of the banks of Sutlej 1. Evidence of burying a dog below the human bural 2. One example of rectangular mudbrick chamber was noticed 3. Five fold cultures Harappan, PGW, NBP, Kushana -Gupta and Medieval Balakot 1963-76 George F Dales Situated on the Arabian Sea 1. Remain of pre Harappan and Harappan civilisation 2. The mounds rise to the height of about 9.7mts and are spread 2.8 sq hectare of area Alamgirpur 1958 Y.D. Sharma Situated on Hindon in Ghaziabad 1. The impression of cloth on a trough is discovered 2. Usually considered to be the eastern boundary of the Indus culture Important Battles of Indian History BC 327-26 Alexander invades India. Defeats Porus in the Battle of Hydaspes (Jhelum) 326 BC 305 Chandragupta Maurya defeats the Greek King Seleucus. 216 The Kalinga War. Conquest of Kalinga by Ashoka. c. 155 Menander's invasion of India c. 90 The Saka invade India AD 454 The first Huna invasion 495 The second Huna invasion

711-712 The Arab invasion of Sind under Mohammed-bin-Qasim 1000-27 Mahmud Ghazni invades India 17 times 1175-1206 Invasions of Muhammad Ghori. First Battle of Tarain. 1191 -Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeats Muhammad Ghori; Second Battle of Tarain, 1192 -Muhammad Ghori defeats Prithvi Chauhan; Battle of Chandawar,

1294 1398 1526 1539-40 1545 1556 1565 1576 1632-33 1658 1665 1739 1746 1748-54 1756-63 1757 1760 1762 1764 1767-69 1774 1775-82 1780-82 1780-84 1792 1799 1802-04 1817-18 1845-46 1846 1848-49 1857 1398 1526 1539-40 1545 1556 1565 1576 1632-33 1658 1665 1739 1746 1748-54 1756-63 1757 1760 1762 1764 1767-69 1774 1775-82 1780-82 1780-84 1792 1799 1802-04 1817-18

1845-46 1846 1848-49 1857 1194 - Muhammad Ghori defeats Jayachandra Gahadvala of Kanauj. Alauddin Khilji invades the Yadava kingdom of Devagiri. The first Turkish invasi on of the Deccan. Timur invades India. Defeats the Tughlaq Sultan Mahmud Shah; the Sack of Delhi Babur invades India and defeats the last Lodi Sultan Ibrahim Lohi in the first B attle of Panipat. Battles of Chusa or Ghaghra (1539) and Kanauj or Ganges (1540) in which Sher Sha h defeats Humayun. Battle (siege) of kalinjar and death of Sher Shah Suri. Second Battle of Panipat. Akbar defeats Hemu. Battle of Rakatakshasi-Tangadi (Talikota) in which the forces of the empire of V ijanagar under King Sadasiva Raya and his regent Rama Raya are routed by the confederate forces of t he Deccani states of Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, and Bidar. Battle of Haldighati, Akbar defeats Rana Pratap of Mewar. Conquest of Ahmadnagar by Shah Jahan. Battles of Dharmat (April-May 1658) and Samugarh (June 8, 1658). Dara Shikoh, el est son of Shah Jahan, defeated by Aurangzeb. Shivaji defeated by Raja Jai Singh and Treaty of Purandhar. Invasion of India by Nadir Shah. First Carnatic War. Second Carnatic War. Third Carnatic War. Battle of Plassey. Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, defeated by Clive. Battle of Wandiwash, in which the English under Sir Eyre Coote defeated the Fren ch under Lally. Third Battle of Panipat. Marathas defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali. Battle of Buxar. The English (under Munro) defeated Mir Kasim, the Nawab of Beng al and Nawab Shuja-ud-daulah of Awadh. First Mysore War. The Rohilla War between the Rohillas and the Nawab of Awadh supported by the Eas t India Company. First Maratha War Maratha War Second Mysore War Third Mysore War Fourth Mysore War, Defeat and death of Tipu Sultan Second Maratha War Third Maratha War first Sikh War Battle of Aliwal between the English and the Sikhs. The Sikhs were defeated. Second Sikh war and annexation of the Punjab to British India. The Revolt of 1857 (The First War of Indian Independence) The President of India is the supreme commander of the Indian defence system

The whole administrative control of the Armed forces lies in the Ministry of Def ence The Defence Minister (Raksha Mantri) is responsible to Parliament for all matter s concerning defence of the country. Indian defence system has been divided into three services1. Army 2. Navy 3. Air Force Organisation The Principal task of the Ministry of Defence is to obtain policy directions of the Government on all defence and security related matters and communicate them for implementation to the Serivce Headquarters, Inter-Service Organisations, Production Establishments and Research an Development Organisatio ns. It is also required to ensure effective implementation of the Government's policy directions and the execution of approved programmes within the allocated resources. Indian Army The Indian Army is organised into seven commands: S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Command Western command Eastern command Northern command Southern command Central command Army Training Command South Western Command Headquarter Chandigarh Kolkata 56 APO Pune Lucknow Shimla Jaipur Indian Air Force Indian Air Force is organised into seven commands:

S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Command Western command Central command Eastern command South western command Training command Maintenance command Southern command Headquarter New Delhi Allahabad Shillong Jodhpur Bangaluru Nagpur Thiruvananthapuram Indin Navy Indian Navy is organised into following commands: S.No. 1 2 3 Command Eastern command Southern command Western command Headquarter Vishakhapatnam Kochi Mumbai Indian Coast Guard The Coast Guard is headed by a Director General. It headquarters is based in the Capital, New Delhi. It has 3 Regional headquarters at Mumbai, Chennai and Port Blair 1 District Headquarters in each of the nine coastal states and 2 in the Union te rritories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands. 4 Coast Guard Stations, one each at Vadinar, Okha, Tuticorin and Mandapam.

It also has aerodromes in Daman and Chennai Air Enclaves at Goa, Kolkata and Port Blair.

Recruitment in Armed Forces The Armed Forces epitomises the ideas of service, sacrifice, patriotism and our country's comosite culture. The recruitment to the Armed Forces is voluntary and every citizen of India, irrespe ctive of his caste, class, religion and community is eligible for recruitment into the Armed Forces provided he meets th e laid donw physical, medical and educational criteria. Recruitment of Commissioned Officers in the Armed Forces through UPSC: Commissio ned Officers in the Armed Forces are recruited mainly through the UPSC which conducts the following two All India Competitive Examinations: 1. National Defence Academy (NDA) and Naval Academy(NA): The UPSC holds entrance ex aminations twice a year for entry into NDA and NA. Candidates on completion of 10+2 examinations or while in the 12th standard, are eligible to compete. 2. Combined Defence Services Examination(CDSE): CDSE is conducted by the UPSC twice a year. University graduates are eligible to appear in the examination. Successful candidates join the Military Academy/Air Force Academy or Naval Academy for Regular and Officers Academy (OTA) for Short Service Commission Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) National Security Guard (NSG) Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Assam Rifles Border Security Force (BSF) Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) National Cadet Corps (NCC) Territorial Army (TA) Home Guards Coast guard Intelligence Bureau (IB) Central Bureau of Intelligence (CBI)

It was established in 1962, after the Chinese attack. It is basically employed in the Northern borders for monitoring the borders and also to stop smuggling and illegal immigration It was established in 1984 It has been established to counter the surge of militancy in the country. It is highly trained force which deals with militants effectively It was set up in 1969 after the recommendations of Justice B Mukherji. Its objective is to monitor the industrial complexes of Central Government It was established in 1835 and is the oldest paramilitary force in the country Its main objective is to keep vigilance of international borders in North East a nd countering insurgency operations in Arunachal Pradesh. Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland It was established in 1965 It keeps a vigil over the international borers against the intrusion in the coun try. It was set up in 1939 Its main objective is to assist the State/Union Territory Police in maintenance of law and order The 88th Battalion of CPRF, known as Mahila Battalion (commissioned on March 30, 1986) is the world s first paramilitary force comprising entirely of women. It was established in 1948 Its main objective is to stimulate interest among the youth in the defence of th e country in order to build up a reserve man power to expand armed forces It was established in 1948 It is a voluntary, part time force (between 18 and 35 years), not professional soldiers, but civilans, who wish to assist in defence of the country It was established in 1962, to assist the police in maintaining security, to hel p defence forces and to help local authorities in case of any eventuality. It was setup in 1978 It main objective is to protect the maritime and other national interests in the maritime zones of India It was set up in 1920 It objective is to collect secret information relating to country s security It was originally set up as Central Special Branch (CSB) in 1987 and renamed IB in 1920. It was established in 1953 Its objective is to investigate cases of misconduct by public servants, cases of

National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) Rapid Action Force (RAF) First Noble Prize Winner First Noble Prize in Physics First Noble Prize in Medicine First Noble Peace Prize First Noble Prize in Economics Rapid Action Force (RAF) First Noble Prize Winner First Noble Prize in Physics First Noble Prize in Medicine First Noble Peace Prize First Noble Prize in Economics cheating, embezzlement and fraud CBI is also entrusted with the investigation of international crime cases in collaboration with INTERPOL It was established in 1986 Its objective is to collect crime statistics at the national level, information of interstate and international criminals to help investigation agencies. It was established in 1992 Under the operational command of CPRF 10 battalions of the CPRF have been reoriented for tackling communal riots in th e country Rabindranath Tagore for the Noble Prize in Literature, 1913. He was also the first Asian to get the Prize. C.V. Raman in 1930 Har Gobind Khorana in 1968. (Indian Born US Citizen) Mother Teresa in 1979. (Albanian nun, Indian Citizen) Amartya Sen in 1998 India is the world's largest, oldest, continuous civilization. India is the world's Largest democracy. India never invaded any country in her last 1000 years of history. India invented the number system. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta.

When many cultures were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indian s established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilization) There are 300,000 active mosques in India , more than in any other country, incl uding the Muslim world Sanskrit is the mother of all the European Languages . Sanskrit is the most suit able language for computer software - a report in Forbes magzine July 1987. Chess (Shataranja or AshtaPada) was invented in India. India is one of the few countries in the world, which gain independence without violence. India has the second largest pool of Scientist and Engineers in the World. India is the largest English speaking nation in the world. India is the only country other than US and Japan, to have built a super compute r indeigenously. India has the largest number of Post Offices in the world One of the largest employer in the world is the Indian Railways , employing over a million people India was one of the richest countries till the time of British rule in the earl y 17th Century. Christopher Columbus, attracted by India's wealth, had come looking for a sea route to India when he discovered America by mistake. The Baily Bridge is the highest bridge in the world. It is located in the Ladakh valley between the Dras and Suru rivers in the Himalayan mountains. It was built by the Indian Army in A ugust 1982 The Vishnu Temple in the city of Tirupathi built in the 10th century, is the wor ld's largest religious pilgrimagedestination. Larger than either Rome or Mecca, an average of 30,000 vi sitors donate $6 million (US) to the temple everyday. Varanasi, also known as Benaras, was called "the Ancient City" when Lord Buddha visited it in 500 B.C., and is the oldest, continuously inhabited city in the world today. Martial Arts were first created in India, and later spread to Asia by Buddhist m issionaries. Yoga has its origins in India and has existed for over 5,000 years. The Indian Railways has been a great integrating force during the last more than 150 years. It has bound the economic life of the country and helped in accelerating the development of indus try and agriculture. From a very modest beginning in 1853, when the first train steamed off from Mumbai to Thane, a distance of 34 kilometers Indian Railways has grown into a vast network of 6,909 stations spread over a ro

ute length of 63,327 kilometers with a fleet of 8,153 locomotives, 45,350 passengers service vehicles, 5,905 oth er coaching vehicles and 2,07,719 wagons as on 31st March, 2007. The growth of Indian Railways in the 150 years of its existence is thus phenomenal.

It has played a vital role in the economic, industrial and social development of the country. The gauge-wise route and track lengths of the systems as on 31st March, 2007 are as under: Gauge Borad Guage (1.676 mm) Meter Guage (1.000 mm) Narrow Guage (762 mm and 610 mm) Route in Km 49,820 10,621 2,886 Running Track in Km 71,015 11,487 2,888 Total Tack in Km 93,386 13,412 3,198 About 28 percent of the route kilometer, 39 per cent of running track kilometer and 41 per cent of total track kilometer is electrified. The network is divided into 16 zones. Divisions are basic operating units. The 1 6 zones are their respective headquarters are given below. Zonal Railways Central Eastern Northern Northern-Eastern North-East Frontier Southern South Central South-Eastern Western East Central Railway East Coast Railway North Central Railway North Western Railway South-East Central Railway South-Western Railway West Central Railway Headquarters Mumbai CST Kolkata New Delhi Gorakhpur Maligaon (Guwahati) Chennai Secunderabad Kolkata Church Gate, Mumbai Hajipur Bhubaneshwar

Allahabad Jaipur Bilaspur Hubli Jabalpur Co-operation between public and Railway Administration is secured through variou s committees including Zonal Railway User's Consultative Committees and Divisional Railway User's Consultativ e Committees. Public Undertakings There are ten public undertakings under the administrative control of the Minist ry of Railways, viz. 1. Rail India Technical & Economic Services Limited (RITES) 2. Indian Railway Construction (IRCON) International Limited 3. Indian Railways Finance Corporation Limited (IRFC) 4. Container Corporation of India Limited (CONCOR) 5. Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (IRCTC) 6. Indian Railway Catering & Tourism Corporation Limited (IRCTC) 7. Railtel Corporation of India Limited (Rail Tel) 8. Mumbai Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (MRVNL) 9. Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL) 10. Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Limited (DFCCIL) The Center for Railway Information System (CRIS) was set up as a registered soci ety to design and implement various railway computerization projects. Research & Development The Research, Design and Standards Organization (RDSO) at Lucknow is the R & D w ing of Indian Railways. It functions as a consultant to the Indian Railways in technical matters. It also p rovides consultancy to other organizations connected with railway manufacture and design.

Article 51A {Fundamental duties} [edit]It shall be the duty of every citizen of India a. to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the Nation al Flag and the National Anthem; b. to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle f or freedom; c. to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; d. to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so; e. to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people o f India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practic es derogatory to the dignity of women; f. to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; g. to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures; h. to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and refo rm; i. to safeguard public property and to abjure violence; j. to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activit y so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement. k. who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years[1]