Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2008/2009
Perforation
Made by: 1-Ahmed Gamal Abd El-Aziz 2-Ahmed Magdy Abd El-Kareem
Presented to:
Perforation
Contents :
1. Well completion 1.1. Well completion & skin effect 1.2. Types of well completion
2. Perforation 2.1. Overview 2.2. History of Perforation in Brief 2.3. Gun systems 2.3.1.Overview 2.3.2 Types of perforating guns 2.3.3. Factors affecting the perforating gun performance 2.3.4. gun components 2.3.4.1. Shaped charge liner 2.3.4.1.1. SHAPED CHARGE THEORY 2.3.4.1.2. SHAPED CHARGE DESIGN 2.3.4.2. Detonator 2.3.4.3. The S.A.F.E system 2.3.4.4. Key components of the safe system 2.3.4.5. Operation mechanism of the S.A.F.E SYSTEM 2.3.4.6.Secure Detonator 2.3.5. Casing guns 2.3.6. Parameters of gun selection 2.3.7. High shot density guns 2.3.8. Through-tubing Guns 2.4. Explosives Classifications
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Perforation
2.4.1. Low explosives (propellants) 2.4.2. High explosives 2.4.2.1. Primary high explosives 2.4.2.2. Secondary high explosives 2.4.3. Effect of temperature 2.5. Types of perforation techniques 2.5.1. According to the relation between reservoir and hydrostatic pressures
2.5.1.1.
2.5.1.2.
2.5.2. According to where we do perforation 2.5.2.1. Shop perforated casing are classified to 2.5.2.2. Gun perforated casing: Optimum perforation 2.5.2. According to how we do perforation 2.5.2.1 WIRELINE CASING GUN TECHNIQUES 2.5.2.2. THROUGH-TUBING PERFORATING TECHNIQUE 2.5.2.3. TUBING-CONVEYED PERFORATING TECHNIQUE 2.5.2.3.1. TCP firing systems 2.5.2.3.2. Percussion-Activated Firing Head 2.5.2.3.3. Bar Actuated Pressure Firing System 2.5.2.3.4. Differential-Pressure Firing Head 2.5.2.3.5. Tubing - Pressure Firing System 2.5.2.3.6. Electric - Wire line Firing System 2.5.2.3.7.job planning and operational considerations for TCP 2.5.2.3.7.1. Radioactive Marker Sub 2.5.2.3.7.2.Cone-Type Debris circulating Sub
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Perforation
2.5.2.3.7.3. Mechanical Gun Release Sub 2.5.2.3.7.4. Surge-Disc Sub 2.5.2.4. COILED TUBING CONVEYED PERFORATING FOR HORIZONTAL WELLS 2.5.2.4.1. Principle 2.5.2.4.2. Procedure 2.6. depth control 2.6.1. WIRELINE DEPTH CONTROL 2.6.1.1. Gun-Gamma Ray Tool 2.6.1.2.Precision Identified Perforations 2.6.2.TCP DEPTH CONTROL 2.7. GENERAL SAFETY PROCEDURES 2.7.1. Firing Systems for TCP Operations 2.7.2.Tubing Pressure Activated 2.7.3.Mechanical Impact 2.7.4.Electrically Activated 2.7.5.Retrievable Slick line Firing Head Safety
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Perforation
1.Well completion
Do you think a well is ready for production as soon as it's drilled? Well completion is the phase that comes after the drilling of a well but before the well is used for production. The process of well completion involves a group of operation that extends beyond simply installing well bore tubular & well completion equipment. In fact the well completion process includes: 1- installing & cementing 2- running production tubing 3- Perforating a well 4- cleaning up or testing Occasionally the completion design can be affected by factors such as a complex wellhead or any processing storage requirements affecting productivity. Completion engineers used 2 main industrial terminologies: 1- lower completion for the part across reservoir sand face that includes perforation, flow control valves & permanent monitoring 2- Upper completion for part above packers' assembly that includes safety valves, gas lift mandrels, tubing & wellheads. Photo There are 3 basic requirements that any well completion must meet. A well completion system must be 1- efficient in terms of meeting all the production objectives 2- safe in terms of a secure well environment 3- economic in terms of the profit generated over the cost incurred Based on the completion objectives, well completion is divided into 3 basic styles. These are 1- temporary 2- permanent 3- workover
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Perforation The table below displays the difference between the different styles of well completions
Well completion:' its significance in productivity' The significance of well completion lies in the fact that it is the only productivity factor, amongst three, which can be influenced by man to increase productivity. The two other productivity factors namely Reservoir Boundary & Reservoir properties are natural factors over which man has no control.
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Perforation consideration is the skin effect. Skin has a direct impact on well productivity which can be +ve or ve. Skin is the change in radial flow geometry near the well bore caused by flow convergance, wellbore damage, perforation, partial penetration and deviation. The effect of skin can be seen as a pressure drop across the completion this drop in pressure results from reduction in total pressure available to bring fluids from a distance Re to the well bore at distance Rw.the pressure at distance Re from the well bore axis is the undisturbed reservoir pressure.Pewhrer as the pressure at a distance Rwfrom the well bore axis is the well bore pressure Pwf.the resultant pressure drop is the draw down that causes movement of fluids from a distance Re to the distance Rw There are different ways to maximize the productivity. These include: 1- creating highly conductive path to the well bore by fracturing the formation 2- reducing the viscosity by employing methods such as steam injection 3- removing skin by employing methods such as acidizing 4- increasing well penetration by perforating deeper into the formation 5- reducing formation volume factor by choosing correct surface separator
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Perforation as holes in steel casing made . By different methods. But perforation is not just a simple hole drilling process. Perforated completions play a crucial role in economic oil and gas production. Long term well productivity and efficient hydrocarbon recovery.
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Perforation producing formation and is detonated to create perforations through the casing and cement. The guns used for this purpose are known as perforating guns.
After firing the gun and while retrieving, unwanted solids enter into the wellbore or formation through perforating tunnels. These are called the perforating debris. Perforating debris can create problems in highly deviated or horizontal wellbores and can also create problems with the completion hardware. Sources of debris are not only gun system, but also from the casing, cement and formation. Gun hardware contributing to debris are: Gun body Shaped charge liner slug and jet Shaped charge case Shaped charge retaining system (that holds the charge inside the gun).
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Perforation
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Perforation
The case simply holds all the components together. - The explosive (RDX, HMX and HNS) is a complex mixture designed to allow packing and shipping in the case. - The primer is a purer mixture of explosive which is more sensitive to the detonation of the detonating cord. - The liner is used to form a jet which physically does the perforating. - The detonating cord, which is initiated by a blasting cap, detonates each charge.The selection of explosive material is based on the well temperature and anticipated exposure time at that temperature (Figure B3). RDX, HMX and HNS are all explosives used in oil well shaped charge manufacture. For deep penetrating charges, the liner is made from a mixture of powdered metals pressed into the shape of a cone. High precision in the pressing operation is required and it must be done in an extremely uniform and predictable manner. For Big Hole charges, the liner is drawn from a solid sheet of metal into hemispherical, parabolic, or more complex shapes.
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Perforation For each of the two types of charges, there is a trade-off between entrance hole size and penetration. The sequence of events in firing is illustrated in Figure B4 from top to bottom. The detonator initiates the cord which detonates at a rate of approximately 7000 m/s (23,000 ft/sec.) The pressure impulse from this detonation initiates the primer in the charge and the explosive begins to detonate along the length of the charge. The high pressure wave 30x106 kPa, 4,500,000 psi) strikes the liner and propels it inward. The liner collapses from apex to skirt imparting momentum with a velocity approaching 2500 m/s (8000 ft/sec). At the point of impact on the axis the pressure increases to approximately 50x106 kPa (7,000,000 psi) and from this high pressure region, a small amount of material is propelled out at velocities in excess of 7000 m/sec (23,000 ft/sec). As the liner collapses further down the cone, more and more material must be propelled by less and less explosive such that the impact pressure is substantially less. Thus the tip of this so-called jet is travelling 20 times faster than the rear portion and gives the elongated shape to the jet. The penetration depth depends on this stretching action. As the liner walls collapse inward, the resultant collision along the axis divides the flow into two parts, as in Figure B5. The inner surface of the liner material forms the penetrating jet which is squirted out along the charge. The outer surface of the liner, which was in contact with the explosive, forms a rear jet or slug which moves forward slower than the forward jet. In the zone of collision, where division of the material forming the jet and slug takes place, there is a neutral point which moves along the axis as the liner collapse process continues. The very fast jet impacting a casing generates a pressure of approximately 70x106 kPa (10,000,000 psi). At this pressure the steel casing flows plastically and the entrance hole is formed.
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Perforation
A similar behavior occurs with formation material as the jet penetrates. In addition, crushing and compacting of the formation material around the perforation may also occur. The entire process from detonation to perforation completion takes from 100 to 300 microseconds. The jet material arriving last at the target, making the end of the perforation, comes from the skirt or base. As discrete portions of the jet strike at this end of the hole, they penetrate, expending their energy in the process. Portions of the jet continue the penetration process, until the entire jet is expended. The perforation occurs so fast that, essentially, no heat is transferred. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that a stack of telephone directories can be penetrated without singeing a single page. It follows that no fusing of formation material occurs during penetration. However, crushing and compacting of formation material is to be expected, and will be reviewed later.
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Perforation
2.3.4.1.2. DESIGN
SHAPED
CHARGE
Liner aspects, such as geometry, angle, material, and distance from base to apex, as well as stand off, and explosive density are more important than the amount of explosive (Figure B7a). Only about 20% of the available explosive energy goes into the useful jet. It has been proven that properly designed charges can out perform poorly designed charges that have twice the explosive load. This is important in situations where a higher explosive load causes casing damage. Once a charge is designed for entrance hole and penetration efficiency, manufacturing quality control and consistency become significant in shaped charge performance. Perforation efficiency is accomplished with maximum penetration, uniform crushed zone, and minimal plugging due to slug debris. This is achieved by designing a liner that will provide a uniform jet diameter and velocity with little to no deviation from the conical liner axis. For example, it is critical that the liner thickness and density be precise around the cone at any given point away from the apex. Figure B7b is an example of a less desirable jet due to poor quality control
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Perforation
2.3.4.2. Detonators
Perforating guns carry explosive charges to the borehole where they are detonated creating cylindrical holes in the casing and the cement. This allows oil and gas to flow from the formation into the well.
The critical parts of the perforating guns are: Detonating cord Detonators Detonators are divided into two main types: Electrical detonators Percussion detonators Electrical detonators are known as blasting caps and are typically used in wireline operations. Percussion detonators are generally used with tubing conveyed, coil tubing conveyedd and nonelectric wireline systems
Perforation frequency(RF) radiation, impressed current from corrosion cathodic protection, electric welding, high-tension power lines and induction motors such as top drives on drilling rigs. S.A.F.E. equipment is available for most types of perforating / explosive assemblies run on wireline .
2.3.4.6.Secure Detonator
The secure detonator is a third-generation on S.A.F.E type device that
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Perforation also uses an EFI. it does not contain primary high explosives or a downhole electronic cartridge. A microcircuit performs the same function as the electronic cartridge and EFI together in a package. It is similar in size to a conventional electric detonator. The secure system has all the technical advantage of S.A.F.E detonator, but is more reliable and fully expandable. It is also smaller in size and therefore allows the gun strings to be shorter. Both secure and safe system fire using high voltage and current. Their electronic circuits are protected and they don't fire accidentally in case of malfunction.
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Perforation Casing internal diameter Bottomhole temperature and pressure Deep penetrator or big hole application Required shot phasing and density Perforator performance and value
Mechanical connections Exclusive use of secondary explosives Quality assured HSD perforating guns incorporate shaped charges, detonating cord and detonators.
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Perforation Standard operating procedures must be followed when loading or running these gun systems. Loaded guns should be enclosed in protective tubes during storage to protect the exposed explosives. Three critical tests are performed on HSD perforating guns for reliability testing. These are: Mechanical / Pressure / Temperature test Perforating gun Split / Swill test Drop Test
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Perforation encapsuled and loaded on a strip carrier rather than being enclosed in a hollow tube carrier. This permits larger charges for the same overall gun diameter .Also, due to the greater charge size; enerjet guns outperform hollow carrier guns of the same diameter. enrjet guns are classified into two main types 1.with retrievable carriers 2.fully expendable carriers The retrievable system is designed for rugged conveyance while running down-hole .it provides shot verification.any charge that does not retrived from the well along with the carrier strip .as the carrier is retrieved there is less debris in the well. Expendable systems are useful for applications where well components or conditions make the retrievable of the carrier strip difficult after the gun is shot.
Perforation explosives are found in shaped charges, the detonating cord and detonators, and blasting caps.
2.4.2.High explosives
are further classified by their sensitivity or ease of detonation.
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Perforation
2.5. Types of perforation techniques 2.5.1. According to the relation between reservoir and hydrostatic pressures 2.5.1.1. overbalanced perforation
main features of overbalanced perforation 1- hydrostatic pressure of fluid in well bore greater than reservoir pressure 2- provide control over well while performing completion 3- perforation can be plugged with debris in well bore "difficult in cleaning process" 2.5.2.2. underbalanced perforation main features of underbalanced perforation
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Perforation 1- Hydrostatic pressure of fluid in well bore is less than the reservoir pressure 2- Well is "Live" after perforation and must be controlled 3- Perforation will be clean from surge into well bore
Optimum perforation
Perforating is a critical part of any well completion process . perforating is the only way to establish conductive tunnels that link oil and gas reservoirs to steel cased well bores which lead to surface . however perforating also damage s formation permeability around perforation tunnels .this damage and perforation parameters like formation penetration hole size ,number of shots and the angle between holes have a significant impact on pressure drop near a well ,therefore, on production .optimization the perforation parameters and mitigating induced damage are the vital aspects of perforating. Ongoing before
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Perforation perforating is less than the formation pressure is essential in removing damage and debris from perforations.
2.5.3.
There are three basic techniques employed today to perforate a well. Although the variations are virtually endless, the following discussion is limited to a basic description of the three techniques. Wells can be perforated using casing guns conveyed on wire line, through-tubing guns, and tubing-conveyed guns. Because each method has advantages and limitations, the completion engineer must choose the most appropriate technique for each well.
Perforation may prevent optimum cleanup of the perforations. The situation is aggravated when perforating in drilling mud. The mud plugs are difficult to remove even when subjected to high reverse pressure. Perforating in clean liquids such as salt water is recommended. - The strength of the wireline and the weight of the casing guns limit the length of the assembly which can be run on each trip into the well. There are three basic types of casing guns: 1. Port Plug Guns 2. Scalloped Guns 3. Slick Walled Guns Each gun design has the same primary purpose to seal the guns from the wellbore pressure and fluids. The differences are in how this is achieved and how the individual charges are secured in place. Port Plug guns are re-usable carriers that use the port plug to secure the charge (Figures B17 and B18). The perforating charge has to penetrate the carrier before it can perforate the casing. Port Plug guns are designed so that the charge perforates a port plug which can be replaced and the gun reused. Gun life is not indefinite but being able to distribute the carrier cost over 10 to 15 jobs reduces the overall cost of perforating. Fig. B18: Port Plug Gun.
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Perforation
Scalloped guns are typically used when high shot density perforating (greater than 4 spf, 13 spm) is required. The carrier is a metal tube with Flat bottomed holes milled on the outside, about 3 mm deep. These scallops are aligned with the perforating charges inside the gun so that the charges fire through the centre of the scallop. This does not significantly change the penetration of the charge but rather is to ensure that any burring that may have occurred on the gun wall does not exceed the overall gun outside diameter. The charges are held in place by a tube or triangular strip (Figure B19) which is slid into the gun itself. The scalloped gun is used for high shot density because the cost of machining so many port plug holes (up to 39 per meter) is prohibitive and the chance of a port plug leaking and flooding the guns is obviously increased. Another common use for the scalloped carrier is for TCP work. Whenever a TCP system is used for a permanent completion, the
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Perforation guns will not be retrieved, for this case the cost of machining port plugs will not be recovered. Fig. B20: Slick Walled Gun.
The Slick Walled guns are a unique carrier designed for a moderate environment (Figure B20). The gun carriers have neither port plugs nor scallops. It is simply smooth surfaced pipe through which the charges perforate. This causes some burrs on the outside of the carrier but as long as enough clearance exists no problems will be encountered. The carrier and explosives are rated for lower pressures and temperatures
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Perforation than other gun systems (27.5 MPa, 99 degree C for 1 hour) and can only be loaded to a maximum of 13 spm (4 spf). The charges are held in place by a moulded Styrofoam case which allows quick efficient loading. The system allows for cost effective perforating of shallow to medium (2500 m) depth wells
Perforation As stated earlier, these guns, designed to pass through tubing are used for a variety of reasons: 1. Critical sour gas wells where a permanent packer is to be in place before perforating occurs. 2. Older wells where a retrievable packer cannot be un-set due to failure. 3. Perforate slim casings or liners (89 mm). . The small outside diameter of through-tubing guns implies that if the charges are to be contained inside of a tube (HSC) the explosive load will have to be small. Such is the case with our
hyper dome guns (Figure B21). With explosive weights of 1.8 gm to 6.5 gm, penetrations can be limited but exposure to wellbore fluids and potential failure thereby is eliminated. Fig. B22: Enerjet Gun.
If deeper penetration is required, an expendable or semi-expendable carrier is required. Because the gun outside
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Perforation diameter is governed by the charge size, a maximum load can be placed down hole after passing through the tubing. Care must be taken not to attempt too large of an explosive charge. If unenclosed charges in excess of 20 grams are allowed to detonate downhole, casing damage could result. Typical of these carriers is our Enerjet gun where the charges are threaded into a steel bar (Figure B22). Explosive loads can go as high as 15.5 gms and after detonation the steel bar and threaded caps are retrieved from the well. In this manner only a minimum amount of debris, in the form of powder is left behind.
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Perforation - Large intervals can be perforated simultaneously on one trip into the well. - Highly deviated and horizontal wells can be perforated by pushing the guns into the well. The main limitations of the technique are as follows: - Unless the guns are withdrawn from the well it is difficult to confirm whether the entire gun fired. Effective shot detection systems may overcome this limitation. - Explosives degrade when exposed to elevated temperatures, reducing shaped charge performance. It takes many times longer to run a TCP string into the hole than a wire line gun. To compensate, a more expensive and, in some cases, less powerful explosive must be used on TCP operations. - Selective perforating options with TCP are limited. Small intervals over large intervals may not be economical with TCP. - Accurate depth positioning of the gun string is more difficult and time consuming than wire line depth positioning.
Perforation head of 500 psi is needed in the tubing to set the gun off. With this feature, it is not possible to accidentally fire the gun at surface by dropping anything on the firing head. If the well is perforated dry, the 500 psi required can be obtained by pressuring the tubing with nitrogen prior to dropping the bar.
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Perforation
AND
OPERATIONAL
Personnel safety is one of our highest concerns; Schlumberger requires the use of a minimum three meter safety spacer above the gun. This ensures that the guns are below the rig floor when the firing head is connected. Cleanliness is the most important factor governing success or failure of a TCP operation. A dirty workstring with pipe scale, dope, or gelled mud with high solids content can prevent access to any of the firing head systems. Any workstring (new or used) should always be rattled or washed clean before picking up the TCP assembly. Pipe dope should be used sparingly. Once on bottom, circulation should be established to flush trash through the circulating sub. A joint of tubing filled with clean fluid should be run immediately below the circulating sub. If the TCP assembly contains a closed annular production valve and the workstring is filled on the floor with clean brine or diesel while going in hole, circulation is not necessary. In high-angle holes the drop bar should not be used, and pressure-type firing systems are recommended. Gun release subs should be used with permanent completions to allow production logging and access to perforations for remedial stimulation work. If sufficient casing rathole is not available to accommodate the fired guns, they can be pulled out of the well if a stabthrough TCP arrangement is used with a larger bore packer. However, this is not desirable since the well will have to be killed and equipment pulled and
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Perforation rerun. Such a system would likely require guns with smaller ODs. The optimum underbalance pressure is dependent upon several factors such as perforation size and length, rock strength, reservoir permeability, and fluid viscosity. All of these, in theory, affect the ability of the perforation to be cleaned. As a practical matter, the underbalance pressure should be between a minimum of a few hundred pounds per square inch and a maximum of the design collapse rating for the casing. Low-permeability formations and zones producing gas require larger pressure differentials to clean up the perforations. Some of the most common TCP accessories are listed on the following pages.
Perforation used with a drop bar or a wet connected firing system to prevent debris from settling on the downhole portion of the firing head. The drop bar or female wet connector will easily break the fragile cone to reach the firing head. Fig. B23: Radioactive Marker Sub. Fig. B24: Debris Sub.
The sub is positioned above the circulating sub, completely sealing off the portion of tubing above it. This portion of tubing can be dry or
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Perforation partially filled with a clean fluid cushion to create an underbalance condition after the packer is set and the disc broken. In the presence of old perforations, the sub can be used with a drop bar firing system. In this application, the underbalance will be established a few seconds before firing the guns. The underbalance will remain effective during firing and at the time of the surge immediately after firing.
2.5.2.4. COILED TUBING CONVEYED PERFORATING FOR HORIZONTAL WELLS 2.5.2.4.1. Principle
The principle of this system (Figure B27) is particularly simple: the guns are mounted directly on the end of tubing coiled on a reel in which the electric cable has first been inserted. The connection between guns and tubing ensures the mechanical and electrical bottom link, while on the surface; the cable outlet passes through the shaft of the drum by a rotating device. The lowering and raising movements are provided by the standard coiled-tubing injector head, and the depth measurements are made on the tubing near the injector. This technique is equally capable of conveying small-diameter guns and standard guns, but the performance capabilities will be affected by gun weight. In addition, circulation through the coiled tubing remains available, although the cross section is reduced, owing to the cable.
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Perforation
2.5.2.4.2. Procedure
The logging procedure with this system is exactly the same as that for normal use of coiled tubing. Should it be necessary to work under pressure, a lubricator adapted to the guns should be added. The weak link in this system is its relative fragility, rendering it incapable for pushing heavy guns over great distances. Fig. B28: Perforating Depth Control.
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Perforation
Perforation - Running a through-tubing gamma ray collar locator to locate a reference point in the string and tie into openhole logs. - Setting the packer on wireline at a known depth, and stinging through the guns and completion string. - Setting the packer and guns on wireline at a known depth, and stabbing the completion string in the packer. - Tagging a fixed and accurate reference point such as a bridge plug. The first method is the most accurate. It relies on a radioactive marker sub in the string, and the distance from the radioactive marker sub to the top shot being precisely measured at surface. The string is run in the hole to approximately the correct depth and a short section of GRCCL (Gamma Ray-Casing Collar Locator) log is run over the zone where the sub is located. The gamma ray log indicates the position of the sub (a short radioactive peak anomaly) relative to the formation gamma ray as shown in Figure B30. As the distance from the sub to the top shot is known, the position of the guns can be calculated, and corrected if necessary by spacing out the string at surface. After the packer is set, the gamma ray may be rerun to ensure that the guns are at the correct depth. Fig. B30: TCP Depth Control Log.
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Perforation
As the cased hole gamma ray log can be considerably attenuated, a low logging speed will achieve better correlation results between the cased hole and the open hole gamma ray logs. If the formation gamma ray curve does not show much activity, a radioactive pip tag may be placed As the cased hole gamma ray log can be considerably attenuated, a low logging speed will achieve better correlation results between the cased hole and the open hole gamma ray logs. If the formation gamma ray curve does not show much activity, a radioactive pip tag may be placed in or below one casing joint. (Placement of the pip tag must be included in the casing setting program.) Alternatively, a TDT or a neutron log can be run in place of the gamma ray log.
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Perforation
Perforation h) Cranes and welding machines shall be put out of service starting from gun arming till gun pulling out and unloading. i) District Office shall be advised by the Well Operations Supervisor on the estimated time of radio silence two hours before starting operations. The Radio Operator shall communicate actual timing. j) Casing perforating can be performed during daylight or at night. However, the first series of shots must be carried out in daylight hours. Before perforating casing, the acceptable cement job quality shall be ascertained by means of CBL/VDL and/or by squeeze jobs. k) Explosives are to be transported unarmed and clearly labeled to the site in secure and protective containers. Extreme care must be applied during loading and off-loading. l) At the rig it is the responsibility of the Installation Manager to ensure that these precautions are taken.
Perforation
2.7.4.Electrically Activated
With this system, the guns are fired with an electrically-initiated detonator which must be run on a logging cable. Therefore the pressure control system must be rigged up. Since an inductive or wet electrical connection must be made at the firing head, the system is also susceptible to debris. This system is rarely used on well tests as the only is that the firing heads for this system are wireline retrievable, hence the guns can be run unarmed and, in the case of a misfire, the firing head can be recovered on wireline to determine the cause of the misfire.
Safety
Working with explosives is one of the most dangerous professions. While working with explosives you must concentrate on what you are doing. You must perform each step carefully and correctly. Because when shortcuts are taken, when concentration is broken, when communication fails, when respect for explosives is ignored, when instructions in the book are ignored, accidents can happen and they do happen. Safe operating practices are critical to the long-term success of perforating. Any deviation from these procedures can put lives and properties in danger. If precautions are not taken, the danger of premature detonation may occur! Oil and gas are our main sources of energy and in all probability will be for a long time. The oil and gas industry is involved in finding and exploiting underground deposits of oil and gas in addition maintenance
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Perforation of the equipment used to provide a passage for hydrocarbon to flow from reservoir to the surface is also critical. Due to the nature of work involved, hazards typical to the oil and gas industry operations exist. Therefore, in the oil and gas industry work and safety must go hand In -hand. Safety measurement includes: Properly designed, constructed and tested equipment Well-trained, highly qualified personnel All perforating crew members receive training on the characteristics of the explosives they use and proper techniques for handling and transporting these explosives .perforating engineers and technicians also need to be proficient in the specialized process of gun arming and disarming. They should thoroughly understand procedures and applicable local regulations. In addition, only the engineer or technicians is permitted to arm or disarm the perforating guns on a perforating job.
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Perforation
References - Schlumberger course in open university - B.1 schlumberger papers - B.2 schlumberger papers
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