Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2012
MMK221
Summary
This report provides an overview of the most common tanker type: Oil tankers. After an introduction, which treads the historical development of oil tankers and provides a classification of today's used oil tankers, the report focuses on the structural arrangement of oil tanker. A general overview and a short description of structural elements of a tanker ship is given, where else baffels are explained in more detail. These elements minimize the effects of sloshing, which can be described as movement of liquid cargo, which can cause considerable forces on a vessel. Future trends is the last chapter, which provides possible solutions to deal with problems of saving energy and a vessel's environmental footprint.
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Table of contents
Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Table of contents ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Structural design.............................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 1.2 2. 3. General arrangement .............................................................................................................. 4 Structural arrangement of a double hull oil tanker................................................................. 5
Liquid sloshing in oil tanker ships .................................................................................................... 6 Future trends and developments .................................................................................................... 7 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Air lubrication systems ............................................................................................................ 7 Super hydrophobic hull surface............................................................................................... 7 Use of wind power and solar energy....................................................................................... 7 Traility - Ship of the future ...................................................................................................... 8
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1. Structural design
1.1 General arrangement
In general, a tanker ship can be divided into three subsections (see Figure 3): the fore end, the cargo area and the aft end. An important aspect of the fore end is its fluid dynamic optimized shape to keep the water resistance as low as possible. The cargo area contains the oil tanks. The machinery room, the fuel tank, the pump room and the super structure of the tanker vessel are located at the aft end. The following description focuses on the midship structure because this is the highest loaded area of the vessel. [3]
Despite the fact that many rules are set by the classification societies for designing the hull structure of a ship, several structure designs exist. Figure 4 illustrates some examples.
Most of the tankers in service are designed with a double hull (see Figure 4) which contributes to increase safety in case of collision, grounding or other mechanisms which damage the hull.
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Transverse framing and floors Transverse plates and floors are primary members of the ship structure which take the majority of the loads and distribute them to secondary members like longitudinal stiffeners. Longitudinal framing The purpose of the longitudinal frames is to increase the stiffness of the ship hull over its length and to prevent the plating from buckling. The longitudinals at the deck and bottom of the ship have the largest dimensions because there occur the highest stresses. The scantlings of the side shell longitudinals increase form deck to the bottom where they reach the dimensions of the bottom ones. The longitudinals are continuous over the ship's length. Girder Girders are the connection plates between the two hulls of a double hull tanker to ensure a constant distance between them and transmit forces. Bulkheads Longitudinal and transverse bulkheads are used to divide the inner ship space into several watertight tank compartments. Bulkhead plates are supported by stiffeners to prevent from buckling. Hatchways In general tanker ships have a closed cross section which is interrupted by hatchways. Hatchways are oiltight openings which provide access to the oil tanks from the deck.
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Ballast tanks These tanks provide space for ballast water to ensure that the ship has always enough draught. This is important to keep the efficiency of the propeller even in unloaded conditions. During loading operations ballast water is added or removed from the ship to minimize bending moments. Oil discharge boilers Oil discharge boilers are used at the unloading process to heat the stored crude oil and therefore to lower the viscosity of the oil. This makes it easier to pump the oil out of the ship. Pumps for loading operation: These pumps are situated in a pump room from which pipes are leading to the oil tanks. [18]
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References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] D. J Eyers, G.J Bruce, 'Ship construction', 7th Edition,Butterworth-Heinemann, Waltham, 2012, 978-0-08-097239-8 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_oil_tanker(07.11.2012) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_(ship)(07.11.2012) http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/tanker-history.htm(07.11.2012) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glckauf_(1886)(07.11.2012) http://www.aukevisser.nl/german/id95.htm http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/images/shippages/murex.html http://www.shippipedia.com/ships/ship-types/tanker/(08.11.2012) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tanker#cite_note-s6-1 Dongming Liu, PengzhiLin,Three-dimensional liquid sloshing in a tank with baffles Ocean Engineering 36 (2009) 202212 M.A. Goudarzi, S.R.Sabbagh-Yazdi,Analytical and experimental evaluation on the effectiveness of upper mounted baffles with respect to commonly used baffles Ocean Engineering 42 (2012) 205217 Mi-An Xue, Pengzhi Lin, Numerical study of ring baffle effects on reducing violent liquid sloshing, Computers & Fluids 52 (2011) http://www.dnv.com/industry/maritime/servicessolutions/statutoryservices/marpol/ (13.11.2012) http://www.gizmag.com/mitsubishi-air-lubrication-system/21196/(13.11.2012) http://www.gizmag.com/bionic-coating-could-help-ships-to-economise-on-fuel/14995/ (13.11.2012) http://wordlesstech.com/2012/02/17/aquarius-project-eco-tankers-of-the-future/ (13.11.2012) http://c0182999.cdn1.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/TOJanFeb2011web.pdf (13.11.2012) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tanker (14.11.2012)
List of figures
Figure 1: Picture of Glckauf which means 'good luck' in german.[6] .................................................... 3 Figure 2: Comparison of Knock Nevis, the world largest tanker with well-known large buildings [2] ... 3 Figure 3: General side view of anoil tanker ............................................................................................. 4 Figure 4: Typical tanker structure arrangements [6] .............................................................................. 4 Figure 5: Structural arrangement of a double skin crude oil tanker [7].................................................. 5 Figure 6: Simulation of a violent liquid sloshing in a tank without baffle (a-d) and with baffle (A-D) at different times [12] ................................................................................................................................. 6 Figure 7: Mitsubishi air lubrication system[2] ......................................................................................... 7 Figure 8: Tanker ship using wind and solar energy[16]........................................................................... 8 Figure 9: Traility - Ship of the future[17] ................................................................................................. 8
List of tables
Table 1: Classification of tanker ships. DWT=deadweight tonnage ........................................................ 3 Page 9 of 9