1

P N
B CU HI THI VN P
MN: VN TI V GIAO NHN TRONG NGOI THNG

I. Chng 1. Vn ti v mua bn quc t

Cu 1: Ti sao vn ti l ngnh sn xut vt cht c bit?
Tr li:
(*) Vn ti l 1 ngnh sn xut vt cht:
Theo C.Mc: Vn ti l ngnh sn xut vt cht th 4 bn cnh 3 ngnh khc: CN, NN, Khai
khong.
Qu trnh sn xut vt cht l s kt hp ca 3 yu t:
Sc lao ng v cng c lao ng => tc ng ln i tng lao ng to ra sn phm mi.
(*) Vn ti l 1 ngnh sn xut vt cht c bit:
Tuy nhin bn cnh nhng c im tng t cc ngnh sn xut vt cht khc, ngnh vn ti
l ngnh SXVC c bit vi cc c im sau:
- Sn xut trong ngnh VT l 1 qu trnh tc ng lm thay i v mt khng gian ca i tng
chuyn ch (ch khng phi l s tc ng v mt k thut vo i tng lao ng)
- Sn phm ca ngnh vn ti c tnh cht v hnh. (Sn xut trong ngnh vn ti khng sang to
ra sn phm vt cht mi m sng to ra mt sn phm c bit l sn phm vn ti l s di
chuyn v tr ca i tng chuyn ch).
- Qu trnh sn xut v tiu th khng tch ri nhau.
- Sn phm trong ngnh vn ti khng th d tr c (m ch d tr c nng lc vn ti)

Cu 2: Trnh by phn loi vn ti
3. Phn loi vn ti
Tr li:
Cn c vo phm vi phc v
Vn ti ni b
Vn ti cng cng
Cn c vo mi trng hot ng
Vn ti ng thy:
Vn ti ng bin
Vn ti ng sng
Vn ti pha sng bin
Vn ti h
Vn ti ng b:
Vn ti ng st
Vn ti ng t
Vn ti ng hng khng:
Vn ti my bay
Vn ti khinh kh cu
Vn ti v tinh
Vn ti ng ng
Cn c vo i tng chuyn ch
- Vn ti hng ha
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- Vn ti hnh khch
Cn c vo cch t chc qu trnh vn chuyn
- Vn ti n phng thc
- Vn ti a phng thc
- Vn ti chng
Cn c vo khong cch hot ng
- Vn ti ng gn
- Vn ti ng xa

Cu 3: Tc dng ca vn ti
Tr li:
- Phc v nhu cu chuyn ch ca ton b nn kinh t-x hi.
- Vn ti to nn b mt c s h tng giao thng cho mt quc gia, gn kt cc ngnh sn xut,
thc y cc ngnh khc pht trin.
- Ngnh giao thng vn ti cn l mt th trng tiu th rt ln cc sn phm ca cc ngnh
kinh t k thut khc (sgk-19)
- Gp phn m rng giao lu vn ha v trao i hng ha vi nc ngoi.
- Gp phn khc phc tnh trng pht trin khng ng u gia thnh th v nng thn, gia
ng bng min ni v hi o.
- Gp phn tng cng kh nng quc phng, gi gn an ninh x hi v bo v t nc.

Cu 4: nh ngha v c im ca vn ti
Tr li:
1. nh ngha
Theo ngha rng: Vn ti l mt quy trnh k thut ca bt k s di chuyn v tr no trong
khng gian ca con ngi v vt phm
Theo ngha hp (kinh t): Vn ti l mt hot ng kinh t c mc ch ca con ngi nhm
p ng nhu cu di chuyn v tr trong khng gian ca i tng vn chuyn
2. c im ca vn ti.
Theo C.Mc: Vn ti l ngnh sn xut vt cht th 4 bn cnh 3 ngnh khc: CN, NN, Khai
khong.
Qu trnh sn xut vt cht l s kt hp ca 3 yu t:
Sc lao ng v cng c lao ng => tc ng ln i tng lao ng to ra sn phm mi.
Bn cnh nhng c im tng t cc ngnh sn xut vt cht khc, ngnh vn ti l ngnh
SXVC c bit vi cc c im sau:
- Sn xut trong ngnh VT l 1 qu trnh tc ng lm thay i v mt khng gian ca i tng
chuyn ch (ch khng phi l s tc ng v mt k thut vo i tng lao ng)
- Sn phm ca ngnh vn ti c tnh cht v hnh. (Sn xut trong ngnh vn ti khng sang to
ra sn phm vt cht mi m sng to ra mt sn phm c bit l sn phm vn ti l s di
chuyn v tr ca i tng chuyn ch).
- Qu trnh sn xut v tiu th khng tch ri nhau.
- Sn phm trong ngnh vn ti khng th d tr c (m ch d tr c nng lc vn ti)

Cu 5: Phn tch mi quan h gia vn ti v bun bn quc t
Tr li: Vn ti l cng c quan trng trong ngoi thng
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- Gp phn thc y bun bn quc t pht trin: Khi lng hng ha lu chuyn gia hai
nc t l thun vi tch s tim nng kinh t ca hai nc v t l nghch vi khong cch
chuyn ch gia hai nc
Q = P
1
P
2
/L
- Gp phn m rng c cu mt hng v c cu th trng trong bun bn quc t (c nhng mt
hng c thi gian s dng ngn, cc mt hng gi tr thp trc y khng em bun bn c
nh c vn ti quc t c pht trin)
- Gp phn ci thin cn cn thanh ton quc t
(+ Tit kim chi ph vn ti k phi thu vn ti nc ngoi. Khi vn ti lm tt chc nng phc
v trong nc => tit kim chi ph vn ti
+ Khi d tha c th xut khu vn ti, cho thu vn ti =>thu ngoi t.)

Cu 6: Quyn vn ti l g? Trnh by c s phn chia quyn vn ti trong ngoi thng?
Tr li:
Quyn vn ti l quyn v ngha v t chc qu trnh chuyn ch hng ha v thanh ton cc
ph trc tip vi ngi chuyn ch.
Vic phn chia quyn vn ti trong hp ng mua bn ngoi thng l ph thuc vo cc iu
kin c s giao hng c quy nh trong hp ng mua bn ngoi thng theo iu kin thng
mi quc t Incoterms 2000 (sgk 26)
Cn c vo cc iu khon trc tip hay gin tip v vn ti trong hp ng mua bn ngoi
thng (trong iu kin Incoterms s dng v iu khon shipment trong hp ng) (y l thy Lm
gii thch)

Cu 7: Cc iu kin c s giao hng m ngi bn ginh c quyn vn ti theo Incoterms 2000
Tr li:
CPT (Carriage paid to) CIP(Carriage and Insurance Paid to), DDU (Delivered Duty
Unpaid), DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)
Cc iu kin CSGH ny xc nh r ngi xut khu c trch nhim t chc chuyn ch hng
ha vi chi ph ca mnh t ni gi hng u tin ti a im nhn hng quy nh trn lnh th nc
ngi nhp khu. Trong trng hp ny, ngi xut khu ginh c ton b quyn vn ti. (SGK-
26)

Cu 8: Cc iu kin c s giao hng m ngi mua ginh c quyn vn ti theo Incoterms 2000
Tr li:
EXW v FCA : Ngi xut khu chuyn quyn nh ot hng ha cho ngi nhp khu ti Nh my
hoc giao cho ngi chuyn ch ti a im quy nh tr lnh th ca ngi xut khu. Ngi xut
khu c ton quyn la chn phng thc vn ti, phng php, ngi chuyn ch sao cho c li nht
cho mnh v chu ton b chi ph chuyn ch.

Cu 9: Phn tch nhng li ch khi ginh c quyn vn ti
Tr li:
Bn ginh c quyn vn ti c c s ch ng trong vic t chc chuyn ch, m phn,
k kt hp ng
Ginh c quyn thu tu cho php ngoi thng s dng tt lc lng tu bun v phng
tin vn ti trong nc, ng thi gp phn cc nghip v khc cng pht trin (bo him, mi
gii, gom hng, giao nhn,)
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Nu hp ng mua bn ngoi thng khng quy nh mt thi hn giao hng c th, bn ginh
c quyn vn ti c c s ch ng trong vic thu tu, giao nhn hng ha ti cng bin
Gp phn tng thu, gim chi ngoi t cho t nc
C iu kin tham gia vo phn cng lao ng trn th trng thu tu trong khu vc v trn
th gii; ch ng thc hin cc chnh sch i ngoi, y mnh XK ca ng v Nh nc

Cu 10: Phn tch nhng trng hp khng nn ginh quyn vn ti
Tr li:
Mt s trng hp khng nn ginh quyn vn ti/ quyn thu tu:
D on gi cc trn th trng thu tu c xu hng tng mnh so vi thi im k kt hp
ng mua bn ngoi thng
D on thy kh khn trong vic thu tu thc hin hp ng
Tnh ton thy s chnh lch gia gi XK CIF, CFR vi gi NK FOB do ngi nc ngoi
ngh khng ln v mc chnh lch ny khng b p cc ph vn ti v/ hoc ph bo
him m chng ta phi b ra (hoc s chnh lch gia gi NK CIF/CFR do ngi nc ngoi
cho v gi NK FOB m chng ta nh mua qu nh)
Qu cn bn hoc qu cn mua mt mt hng no m ph i phng li mun ginh quyn
vn ti
Khi tp qun hoc lut l quc t quy nh

II. Chng 2. Vn chuyn hng ha XNK bng ng bin

Cu 11: u nhc im ca vn ti bin?
Tr li:
Cc tuyn ng vn ti hu ht l cc tuyn ng giao thng t nhin
Nng lc vn chuyn rt ln
Gi thnh thp
Thch hp vi vic vn chuyn hu ht cc loi hng ha trong bun bn quc t
Tiu th nhin liu trn mt tn trng ti thp

Cu 12: Vai tr ca vn ti bin i vi bun bn quc t
Tr li:
Do c nhng u im ni bt nh trn m vn ti ng bin ng mt vai tr qua trng trong
vic vn chuyn hng ha ngoi thng, chim ti 80% khi lng hng ha trong bun bn quc t.
c bit hiu qu vi cc loi hng ri c khi lng ln v c gi tr thp nh: than , qung, ng
cc, pht pht v du m.

Cu 13: Nu khi nim cng bin, chc nng cng bin, cc trang thit b c bn ca mt cng bin
Tr li:
Khi nim, chc nng, nhim v
Khi nim: Cng bin l ni ra vo, neo u ca tu bin, l ni phc v tu b v hng ha, l
u mi giao thng quan trng ca cc quc gia c bin
Chc nng
Phc v tu bin
Phc v hng ha
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Trang thit b:
Nhm trang thit b phc v tu ra vo cng v ch i xp d hng: cu tu, lung
lch, ke, p chn sng, h thng bo hiu, h thng cu tu,
Nhm trang thit b phc v vic vn chuyn, xp d hng ha ti cng: cn cu, xe
nng hng, my bm ht hng, bng chuyn, u my
Nhm trang thit b kho bi ca cng s dng cha ng v bo qun hng ha: h
thng kho bi, kho ngoi quan, b cha du, cc trang thit b kho bi..
H thng ng giao thng v cc cng c vn ti ca cng: h thng ng st, ng
b, ng ni thy
Nhm trang thit b ni ca cng: cu tu, cn cu
Nhm trang thit b khc: in, h thng n chiu sng, n hiu, h thng thng tin
lin lc, my vi tnh

Cu 14: Khi nim tu bun v cc cch phn loi tu bun
Tr li:
nh ngha
Theo Vin kinh t hng hi v Logistics: Tu bun l nhng tu ch hng v ch khch v
mc ch thng mi
Phn loi tu bun
Cn c vo cng dng
Nhm tu ch hng kh- Dry Cargo Ships: dng trong chuyn ch hng ha th rn
c bao b hoc khng c bao b v hng ha th lng c bao b:
Tu ch hng bch ha
Tu container
Tu ch x lan
Tu ch hng kh c khi lng ln
Tu ch hng kt hp
Nhm tu ch hng lng: gm cc tu ch hng ha th lng khng c bao b:
Tu ch du
Tu ch hng lng khc
Tu ch hi t thin nhin
Tu ch du kh ha lng

Nhm tu ch hng c bit: gm nhng tu chuyn ch nhng loi hng ha c nhu
cu xp d v bo qun c bit
Cn c theo c tu:
Tu cc ln- Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC): tu ch du th c trng ti 350 000
DWT tr ln
Tu rt ln (VLCC): tu ch du c trng ti 200 000 n 350 000 DWT
Tu c trng ti trung bnh: cc tu ch hng ri v hng bch ha c trng ti tnh
di 200 000DWT
Tu nh: tu c trng ti v dung tch ng k nh (nhng trng ti ton phn phi t
300 DWT hoc dung tch ng k phi t 100GRT tr ln)
Cn c theo c tu
Tu treo c thng
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Tu treo c phng tin: (l tu ca nc ny nhng li ng k ti nc khc v treo
c ca nc .)
Cn c vo phm vi kinh doanh
Tu chy vng bin xa
Tu chy vng bin gn
Cn c vo phng thc kinh doanh:
Tu ch (l tu ch hng chy thng xuyn trn 1 tuyn ng nht nh, gh vo cc
cng quy nh v theo mt lch trnh cho trc)
Tu chy rng: (l tu chuyn ch hng ha gia cc cng theo yu cu ca ch hng
m khng theo mt tuyn ng nht nh. Gm tu chuyn v tu thu nh hn.)
Cn c vo ng c
Tu chy ng c diezen
Tu chy ng c hi nc
Cn c vo tui tu
Tu tr
Tu trung bnh
Tu gi
Tu rt gi

Cu 15: c trng kinh t k thut tu bun
Tr li:
1. Mn nc ca tu- Draught/Draft: l chiu cao thng gc t y tu ln mt nc (o bng
m hoc feet)
=> L mt i lng thay i ty theo khi lng hng ha chuyn ch, ma v vng bin tu
i qua.
Mn nc cu to/ mn nc ti thiu- Light Draught
Mn nc ti a- Loaded Draught
2. Trng lng ca tu- Displacement Tonnage: bng trng lng khi nc b tu chim ch
n v tnh: long ton =1.016kg
D = M/35
Trng lng tu khng hng- Light Displacemnt (LD): l trng lng nh nht ca tu,
bao gm trng lng v tu, my mc thit b trn tu, ni hi, nc trong ni hi, ph
tung, thuyn vin v hnh l ca h.
Trng lng tu y hng- Heavy Displacement (HD): bao gm trng lng tu khng
hng, trng lng hng ha thng mi v trng lng cc vt phm cn thit cung ng
cho mt hnh trnh m tu c th ch c mn nc ti a.
HD = LD + hng ha + vt phm
3. Trng ti ca tu- Carrying Capacity: l sc ch ca tu tnh bng tn di mn nc ti
a:
Trng ti ton phn- Dead Weight Capacity (DWC): bng hiu s gia trng lng tu
y hng vi trng lng tu khng hng
DWC = HD LD = hng ha + vt phm
Trng ti tnh- Dead Weight Cargo Capacity (DWCC): bng trng ti ton phn tr i
trng lng cc vt phm cn thit cung ng cho hnh trnh (chnh bng trng lng
hng ha thng mi m tu c th ch c)
DWCC = DWC vt phm = hng ha
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4. Dung tch ng k- Register Tonnage: l th tch cc khong trng khp kn trn tu tnh
bng m3, cubic feet(c.ft) hoc tn dung tch ng k (register ton)
1 tn ng k = 100 c.ft = 2.83m3
Dung tch ng k ton phn- Gross Register Tonnage (GRT): bao gm ton b dung
tch cc khoang trng khp kn trn tu, tnh t boong trn cng tr xung
Dung tch ng k tnh- Net Register Tonnage (NRT): bao gm ton b dung tch cc
khoang trng dng cha hng trn tu
5. Cp hng ca tu- Class of Ship
Tu bin c dung tch ln t 100GRT tr ln khi ng phi c s gim st ca mt c quan
ng kim cp giy chng nhn cp hng ni r kh nng i bin ca tu.

6. Dung tch cha hng- Cargo Space: l kh nng xp cc loi hng ha khc nhau trong hm
tu ca con tu , tnh bng m3 hoc c.ft:
Dung tch cha hng ri- Grain Space. L kh nng xp hng ri trong hm tu tnh
bng c.ft. Dung tch cha hng ri bao gi cng ln hn dung tch cha hng bao kin
5-10% v hng ri cho php tn dng ht th tch cc hm tu.
Dung tch cha hng bao kin- Bale Space. L kh nng xp cc hng c bao gi trong
hm tu tnh bng c.ft. Tnh bng cch ly chiu di nhn chiu rng v chiu cao ca
hm tu.
7. H s xp hng
H s xp hng ca tu- Coefficient of Loading(CL): mi quan h gia dung tch cha
hng ca tu v trng ti tnh ca tu
CL = CS/DWCC
=> Cho bit mt tn trng ti tnh ca tu tng ng vi bao nhiu n v dung tch cha
hng ca tu
H s xp hng ca hng- Stowage Factor (SF): mi quan h t l gia th tch v trng
lng ca hng khi loi hng ny c xp trong hm tu
=>Khi xp hng xung hm tu, mun tn dng c ht trng ti v dung tch ca tu th nn
la chn cc mt hng tha mn h phng trnh:

X1 + X2 + .+ Xn = DWCC
X1.SF1 + X2.SF2 + + Xn.SFn = CS
Trong :
X1, X2, , Xn l khi lng ca cc mt hng
SF1, SF2, , SFn l h s xp hng tng ng ca cc mt hng trn
DWCC l trng ti tnh ca tu
CS l dung tch cha hng ca tu
B sung: Hng c coi l hng nng nu c SF<= 40c.gi thnh/tn v c coi l hng nh nu c
SF>=40c.ft/tn

Cu 16: Mn nc ca tu: khi nim v ngha?
Tr li:
Mn nc ca tu- Draught/Draft: l chiu cao thng ng t y tu ln mt nc (o bng m
hoc feet)
Mn nc cu to/ mn nc ti thiu- Light Draught: mn nc khi tu khng ch
hng
8


Mn nc ti a- Loaded Draught: mn nc khi tu ch y hng: l chiu cao ln
nht t y tu ln mt nc khi tu ch y hng vo ma h. (sgk -38)
=> L mt i lng thay i ty theo khi lng hng ha chuyn ch, ma v vng bin tu i qua.
V vy, cn c vo mn nc ca tu, ma v vng bin m tu i qua, ngi ta k ln thnh tu cc
vch gi l vch xp hng cn c vo m xp hng nhm m bo an ton cho tu. Phi xp
hng mn nc ca tu khng ln hn mn nc ti a.

Cu 17: C tu l g? ngha ca vic cm c thng v cm c phng tin
Tr li:
Tu treo c thng : L tu ca nc no th ng k v treo c ca nc .
Tu treo c phng tin: L tu ca nc ny nhng li ng k ti nc khc v treo
c ca nc . V d: Tu M ng k ti Panama v treo c ca Panama.
ngha ca vic cm c phng tin:
- Trn th gii c nhiu nc p dng chnh sch ng k m (Open Registry) hu ht cc nc
thuc th gii th 3 c nn kinh t km pht trin, nhng nc ny co php ch tu ca nc
khc ng k tu ti nc mnh thu l ph v to iu kin s dng ngun nhn lc tha ca
nc mnh. Cc nc pht trin ng k tu ti cc nc th 3 s c hng chi ph ng k,
tin lng thy th thp, yu cu v iu kin v an ton lao ng khng cao.
- V chnh tr, bng cch treo c phng tin c th khc phc c chnh sch bao vy, phong
ta ca cc nc th ch. i tu bun treo c phng tin hin nay chim 1/3 i tu bun
ca th gii.

Cu 18: Khi nim v ngha ca h s xp hng ca hng v h s xp hng ca tu
Tr li:
- H s xp hng ca tu- Coefficient of Loading(CL): mi quan h gia dung tch cha hng
ca tu v trng ti tnh ca tu. (Cn gi l t khi ca tu)
CL = CS/DWCC
Do dung tch cha hng c 2 loi nn h s xp hng ca tu cng c 2 loi l h s xp hng
ri v h s xp hng bao kin.
ngha: Cho bit mt tn trng ti tnh ca tu tng ng vi bao nhiu n v dung tch
cha hng ca tu . T , nu chn c mt hng mi quan h t l gia th thch v trng lng
ng bng h s xp hng ca tu xp ln tu, th va tn dng c trng ti v dung tch ca tu.
- H s xp hng ca hng- Stowage Factor (SF): mi quan h t l gia th tch v trng
lng ca hng khi loi hng ny c xp trong hm tu
H s xp hng ca hng ni ln mt tn di ca hng ha chim bao nhiu n v th tch
trong hm tu, k c dung sai cho php khi xp.
Hng c coi l hng nng nu c SF<= 40c.ft/tn v c coi l hng nh nu c
SF>=40c.ft/tn
ngha: Khi xp hng xung hm tu, mun tn dng c ht trng ti v dung tch ca tu
th nn la chn cc mt hng tha mn h phng trnh:
X1 + X2 + .+ Xn = DWCC
X1.SF1 + X2.SF2 + + Xn.SFn = CS
Trong :
X1, X2, , Xn l khi lng ca cc mt hng
SF1, SF2, , SFn l h s xp hng tng ng ca cc mt hng trn
DWCC l trng ti tnh ca tu
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CS l dung tch cha hng ca tu

Cu 19: Khi nim, c im v phng thc thu tu ch
Tr li:
Khi nim: Tu ch l tu chy thng xuyn trn mt tuyn ng nht nh, gh qua nhng
cng nht nh v theo mt lch trnh nh trc.
Khi nim: Thu tu ch l vic ch hng lin h vi ch tu yu cu dnh ch trn tu
chuyn ch hng ha t mt cng ny n mt cng khc.
c im ca phng thc thu tu ch
- Tu chy gia cc cng theo mt lch trnh nh trc
- Chng t iu chnh cc mi quan h trong thu tu ch l vn n ng bin
- Khi thu tu ch, ch hng phi mc nhin chp nhn cc iu kin, iu khon do
hng tu t ra
- Gi cc tu ch do cc hng tu quy nh v c cng b sn trn biu cc
- Cc ch tu thng cng nhau thnh lp cc cng hi tu ch (liner conference) hay
cng hi cc ph (freight conference) khng ch th trng v nng cao kh nng
cnh tranh

Cu 20: Trnh by khi nim ca phng thc thu tu ch v trnh t cc bc thu tu.
Tr li:
Khi nim: thu tu ch/ lu cc tu ch (booking shipping space) l vic ch hng lin h
vi ch tu hoc i l ca ch tu dnh ch trn tu chuyn ch hng ha t mt cng
ny n mt cng khc
Trnh t cc bc thu tu ch:
Ch hng yu cu ngi mi gii tm tu vn chuyn hng ha cho mnh
Ngi mi gii cho tu, hi tu (gi booking note cho ngi chuyn ch)
Ngi mi gii v ngi chuyn ch m phn vi nhau mt s iu kin v iu
khon: tn hng, s lng hng ha, cng xp, cng d, chng t cung cp
Ngi mi gii thng bo cho ngi thu tu bit v kt qu thu tu
Ch hng vn chuyn hng ha ra cng giao cho ngi chuyn ch
Ngi chuyn ch pht hnh vn n/ chng t vn ti cho ngi gi hng

Cu 21: Khi nim v cc chc nng vn n ng bin
Tr li:
Khi nim: vn n ng bin l chng t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin do ngi
chuyn ch hoc i din ca ngi chuyn ch cp pht cho ngi gi hng sau khi hng ha
c xp ln tu hoc sau khi nhn hng xp.
Ngi cp vn n: ngi c phng tin chuyn ch, ngi kinh doanh phng tin
chuyn ch, ngi c ngi c phng tin chuyn ch y quyn => phi k, ghi r
tn, a ch cng ty v t cch php l ca mnh trn vn n
Signed by Mr as the carrier
Signed by Mr as the Master
Signed by Vietfract as agent for the carrier
Signed by Mr on behalf of Mr as the Master
Thi im cp vn n:
Sau khi hng ha c xp ln tu
10


Sau khi nhn hng xp
Ngi c cp vn n: ngi gi hng (ngi Xk hoc ngi c ngi XK y
thc
Chc nng : Vn n ng bin c 3 chc nng quan trng:
L bin lai nhn hng ch ca ngi chuyn ch pht hnh cho ngi gi hng.
+ L bng chng hin nhin ca vic ngi chuyn ch nhn hng ch
+ Vn n chng minh s lng, khi lng, tnh trng bn ngoi ca hng ha c
giao.
+ Ti cng n ngi chuyn ch cng phi giao cho ngi nhn ng trng lng,
khi lng, tnh trng bn ngoi ca hng ha nh lc nhn cng i khi ngi nhn
xut trnh vn n ph hp.
L chng t xc nhn quyn s hu hng ha ghi trn vn n: Ai c vn n trong tay
th c quyn s hu hng ha ghi trn . Do c tnh cht nn vn n l mt chng
t lu thng c, c kh nang mua bn, chuyn nhng.
L bng chng ca hp ng vn ti bng ng bin c k kt: C gi tr nh
mt hp ng vn ti ng bin. N khng nhng iu chnh mi quan h gia ngi
gi hng v ngi chuyn ch, m cn iu chnh mi quan h gia ngi chuyn ch
v ngi nhn hng hoc ngi cm vn n. Ni dung ca vn n khng ch c
th hin bng nhng iu khon trn m cn b chi phi bi cc Cng c quc t
v vn n v vn ti ng bin.

Cu 22: Phn bit gia vn n xp hng ln tu v vn n nhn hng xp.
Tr li:
Khi phn chia vn n cn c vo vic xp hng hay cha, c 2 loi:
Vn n xp hng (shipped on board B/L): l loi B/L c cp sau khi hng ha
c xp ln tu. Trn B/L thng th hin:
Shipped On Board
On Board
Shipped
=> C gi tr chng c rt ln- chng t hng ha c xp ln tu v ngi bn hon thnh
trch nhim giao hng cho ngi mua theo hp ng mua bn, c bit khi mua bn theo cc iu kin
FOB, CIF, CFR (incoterms 2000)
Vn n nhn hng xp (Received for shipment B/L): l loi B/L c pht hnh sau khi
ngi chuyn ch nhn hng, cam kt s xp hng v vn chuyn hng ha bng con tu ghi
trn B/L
Thng c pht hnh:
Hng ha c giao cho ngi chuyn ch nhng tu cha n hoc tu n nhng cha
iu kin xp hng
Vic bn hng thng qua nhiu ngi trung gian: ngi gom hng, ngi giao nhn
Giao hng t kho n kho
Loi vn n ny c th b ngn hng t chi thanh ton, tr khi th tn dng L/C quy nh cho
php. Khi hng thc t c xp ln tu, c th ng du hoc ghi thm ch xp bin
thnh vn n xp hng. Vn n nhn xp cng c th thanh ton c nu hp ng mua
bn v L/C quy nh r vn ny.

Cu 23: Phn bit vn n ch danh, vn n theo lnh, vn n v danh.
11


Tr li:
Khi phn chia vn n cn c vo kh nng lu thng ca vn n (quyn chuyn nhng, s hu
hng ha ghi trn vn n) ta c vn n ch danh, theo lnh v v danh
Vn n ch danh (Straight B/L): l loi vn n trn ngi ta ghi r tn v a ch
ngi nhn hng
Ch ngi no c tn v a ch ng nh trn B/L mi nhn c hng
Khng chuyn nhng c cho ngi khc bng cch k hu chuyn nhng
Ch c s dng trong 1 s t trng hp: hng c nhn gi c nhn, hng qu biu, hng trin
lm, hng cng ty m gi cng ty con.
Vn n theo lnh (To order B/L): l loi B/L trn khng ghi tn v a ch ngi nhn
hng m ch ghi theo lnh (to order) hoc c ghi tn ca ngi nhn hng nhng ng thi
ghi thm hoc theo lnh (or to order)
Ngi no c quyn i nhn hng l ty thuc vo ngi ra lnh
Ti mc ngi nhn hng (Consignee) c th ghi:
- To order of shipper- theo lnh ca ngi gi hng
- To order of consignee- theo lnh ca ngi nhn hng
- To order of bank- theo lnh ca ngn hng thanh ton
Vn n theo lnh c dng rt ph bin trong bun bn v vn ti quc t, c th chuyn
nhng c bng cch k hu.
- K hu (endorsement): l mt th tc chuyn nhng quyn s hu hng ha ghi trn B/L t ngi
hng li ny sang ngi hng li khc.
- Ngi k hu phi k tn, ng du vo mt sau B/L v trao cho ngi hng li
- V mt php l, hnh vi k hu ca ngi k tn trn B/L tha nhn vic t b quyn s hu
hng ha ghi trn B/L cho ngi c hng.
- Ngi k hu phi tun th cc quy nh:
+) K hu bng ngn ng ca chnh ngi hng li trn B/L
+) Phi k vo chnh B/L gc
+) Phi th hin r ch v vic chuyn nhng quyn s hu B/L
Cc cch k hu:
K hu ch danh: mt sau ca B/L gc, ngi k hu ghi r tn ngi hng li, k v
ng du xc nhn
K hu theo lnh: mt sau ca B/L gc, ngi k hu ghi theo lnh ca
K hu v danh/ trng: mt sau ca B/L gc, ngi k hu ch ghi tn mnh, k v
ng du xc nhn hoc ghi r l trng
K hu min truy i (without recourse)
Vn n v danh (to bearer B/L): l loi B/L trn khng ghi tn ngi nhn hng, hoc ghi
r l v danh, hoc pht hnh theo lnh nhng khng ghi r l theo lnh ca ai, hoc pht hnh
theo lnh cho mt ngi hng li nhng ngi k hu vn n v khng ch nh mt
ngi hng li khc

Cu 24: K hu chuyn nhng chng t vn ti l g ? C nhng cch k hu chuyn nhng no ?
Tr li:
K hu (endorsement): l mt th tc chuyn nhng quyn s hu hng ha ghi trn B/L t ngi
hng li ny sang ngi hng li khc.
- Ngi k hu phi k tn, ng du vo mt sau B/L v trao cho ngi hng li
12


- V mt php l, hnh vi k hu ca ngi k tn trn B/L tha nhn vic t b quyn s hu
hng ha ghi trn B/L cho ngi c hng.
- Ngi k hu phi tun th cc quy nh:
+) K hu bng ngn ng ca chnh ngi hng li trn B/L
+) Phi k vo chnh B/L gc
+) Phi th hin r ch v vic chuyn nhng quyn s hu B/L
Cc cch k hu:
K hu ch danh: mt sau ca B/L gc, ngi k hu ghi r tn ngi hng li, k v
ng du xc nhn
K hu theo lnh: mt sau ca B/L gc, ngi k hu ghi theo lnh ca
K hu v danh/ trng: mt sau ca B/L gc, ngi k hu ch ghi tn mnh, k v
ng du xc nhn hoc ghi r l trng
K hu min truy i (without recourse)

Cu 25: Phn bit vn n i thng, vn n ch sut, vn n (chng t) vn ti a phng thc
(vn ti lin hp)
Tr li:
Khi phn loi vn n cn c vo hnh trnh chuyn ch ta c:
Vn n i thng (Direct B/L): l loi B/L c cp khi hng ha c chuyn ch thng t
cng xp hng n cng d hng m khng c chuyn ti dc ng
Vn n ch sut (Through B/L): l loi B/L c cp khi hng ha c chuyn ch qua
nhiu chng (bng hai hay nhiu con tu ca hai hay nhiu ngi chuyn ch) nhng do mt
ngi pht hnh v chu trch nhim v hng ha t im u n im cui ca hnh trnh
chuyn ch
c im:
- C iu khon cho php chuyn ti
- C ghi r cng i, cng n, cng (c th c tn tu) chuyn ti.
- Ngi cp vn n ch sut phi chu trch nhim v hng ha trong sut qu trnh
Vn n vn ti a phng thc (Multimodal Transport B/L): l loi B/L c cp khi hng
ha c chuyn ch t ni ny n ni khc bng hai hay nhiu phng thc vn ti khc
nhau.
c im:
- Trn vn n thng ghi r ni nhn hng ch v ni giao hng, ngi cp B/L phi
l ngi chuyn ch hoc MTO
- Ghi r vic c php chuyn ti, cc phng thc vn ti tham gia v ni chuyn ti.
- Ngi cp vn n ny phi chu trch nhim v hng ha t ni nhn hng ch n
ni giao hng.
p n cu hi vn p Vn ti
Cu 25: Phn bit vn n i thng, vn n ch sut, vn n (chng t) vn ti a phng thc (vn
ti lin hp)
Ni dung Vn n i thng Vn n ch sut Vn n vn ti lin
hp
Trng hp p dng Trong trng hp
hng ha c ch
thng t cng xp
hng n cng d
Trong trng hp c
chuyn ti cng dc
ng, c thay th tu
chuyn ch v ngi
Trong trng hp
hng c chuyn
bng t nht hai
phng thc vn ti
13


hng m khng c
chuyn ti cng dc
ng.
chuyn ch. tr ln.
Ngi cp vn n Ngi chuyn ch
duy nht quy nh
trong hp ng
Ngi ng ra t
chc ton b qu trnh
chuyn ch
CTO (Combined
transport operator)
Ngi t chc vn ti
lin hp
iu chnh mi quan
h php l
Gia ch hng v
ngi chuyn ch
Gia ch hng v
ngi chuyn ch
c cp vn n ch
sut.
Gia nhng ngi
chuyn ch vi nhau
th c vn n chng.
Ch hng v CTO
mi chng c chng
t chng (local
document) gii quyt
mi quan h gia
nhng ngi vn ti
vi nhau.
c im transhipment
khng c ghi g
(trng hp tn dng
th quy nh
Transhipment not
allowed
- C iu khon
cho php chuyn ti
- C ghi r cng
i, cng n v
cng(c th l tu)
chuyn ti.
- Ghi r c
php chuyn ti, cc
phng thc vn ti
tham gia v ni
chuyn ti.
- Trn vn n
thng ghi r ni
nhn hng ch v
ni giao hng .

Cu 26 : Trnh by v Surrendered Bill of Lading v Sea Way Bill
Vn n xut trnh ti cng gi (Surrendered B/L)
Trong vn ti ng bin, Surrendered B/L dng trong trng hp giao hng khng cn xut trnh
B/L gc ti cng n. Thng thng, hng ha s c giao khi ch hng xut trnh mt B/L gc
(k hu, nu c) v thanh ton cc chi ph lin quan cho hng tu ti im n.
V mt s l do nh thi gian hnh trnh vn chuyn ngn nn vic chun b chng t khng kp
hoc do tha thun cui cng gia ngi mua v ngi bn v vic nhn hng thun li ti cng
n khng cn xut trnh B/L gc, ch hng c th yu cu cc hng tu giao hng ti cng n
khng cn B/L sau khi xut trnh b B/L gc ti bt k vn phng no ca hng tu ngoi cng
n (thng l cng xp hng) v thanh ton mi chi ph lin quan. Vn phng ca hng tu ti ni
nhn B/L gc s gi din vn xc nhn vic thc hin ny cng vi chi tit l hng cho vn phng
ca hng tu ti cng n. Nh vy B/L gc c surrendered. Trong trng hp B/L gc cha
c pht hnh, ch hng s ghi ch Surrender B/L khi gi chi tit lm B/L cho hng tu ti
cng i v vic thng bo t hng tu cho vn phng ti cng n cng ging nh nu. Trng
hp surrender bill of lading khng yu cu c ch k v con du ca hng tu.
Giy gi hng ng bin (Seaway Bill)
- Nguyn nhn ra i :
+ Vic s dng vn n v ang c nhng tr ngi ng k i vi vic lun chuyn hng
ha. Khi nhn hng ha, phi xut trnh vn n gc, m vic gi vn n gc qua ng bu
in thng chm.
14


+ Chi ph pht hnh v lu thng vn n cng ko nh, phng gi mo, ngi ta in ch
mt sau vn n rt nh, do vy cng in rt t.
+ Vic chuyn vn n t ngi bn sang ngi mua qua ng bu in vn cn mang nng
tnh th cng, n gin.
- Ni dung seaway bill : Mt trc tng t nh vn n thng thng, bao gm cc iu khon
ch yu nh tn hng, cng xp, cng d, ngwofic huyn ch, ngi nhn hng v mt s chi
tit khc ; mt sau hoc rng hoc ghi ch ngn gn tit kim chi ph in n.
- S khc nhau gia vn n v B/L :
+ Vn n c 3 chc nng nhng Seaway Bill ch c 2 chc nng ; Seaway Bill ko c chc
nng lu thng, trn b mt n thng c in ch No-negotiable . Vic giao hng cn c
vo xc nhn rng ngi nhn hng l ngi c tn trn seaway bill ch ko cn c vo vn n
gc.
+ Trn vn n c in y iu kin chuyn ch nhng trn mt sau ca seaway bill hoc
trng hoc ghi ch lu khi s dng.
+ Seaway bill c gi theo tu cn vn n th khng -> Seaway bill linh hot hn, v khi tu
n cng, ngi nhn ch cn xut trnh giy t chng minh mnh l ngi ghi tn trn seaway
bill l c th nhn c hng.
Cu 27 : Trnh by trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch ng bin i vi hng ha theo Quy tc
Hague.
a. C s trc nhim :
Trch nhim chnh ca ngi chuyn ch : ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim v nhng
thit hi do mt mt, h hng ca hng ha khi hng ha cn thuc trch nhim ca ngi
chuyn ch
- Cung cp tu c kh nng i bin:
+ Tu phi bn chc, kn nc, chu c sng gi trong iu kin thng thng
+ Tu phi thch hp cho vic chuyn ch hng ha
+ Tu c cung ng y v nhin liu, bin ch y v thy th
- Trch nhim thng mi: ngi chuyn ch phi tin hnh mt cch thch hp v cn thn vic
xp, dch chuyn, sp xp, chuyn ch, coi gi, chm sc v d nhng hng ha c chuyn
ch
- Trch nhim cung cp B/L: sau khi nhn hng t ngi gi hng ti cng xp hng quy nh
phi pht hnh B/L cho ngi gi hng

Min trch ca ngi chuyn ch :
Theo Cng c Brussel 1924 v NT Visby 1968: ngi chuyn ch c hng 17
trng hp min trch:
1) Hnh vi s sut hay khuyt im ca thuyn trng, thy th, hoa tiu hay ngi gip vic cho
ngi chuyn ch trong thut i bin v qun tr tu.
- Thut i bin (Navigation) l nhng hnh ng c lin quan n vic iu khin tu
chy hoc
15


- Qun tr tu (Management of ship) l hnh ng c lin quan n vic qun l v chm
sc tu trong hnh trnh.
2) Chy, tr khi do li lm thc s hay hnh ng c ca ngi chuyn ch gy nn
3) Tai ha, nguy him, tai nn ca bin gy ra
4) Thin tai
5) Hnh ng chin tranh
6) Hnh ng th ch
7) Tu v hng ha b cm gi, b cu thc do lnh ca vua cha, chnh quyn nhn dn hoc b tch
thu do lnh ca ta n.
8) Hn ch v kim dch
9) nh cng, cm xng hoc lao ng b ngng tr v bt c nguyn nhn no, xy ra ton b hay
cc b
10) Hnh vi hay thiu st ca ch hng, ca i l hoc i din ca ch hng
11) Bo ng hay ni lon
12) Cu hay c cu sinh mng v ti sn trn bin
13) Hao ht v trng lng hoc khi lng hoc h hng do ni t, n t hoc bn cht c bit ca
hng ha
14) Bao b khng y
15) K m hiu khng y hoc sai
16) Do n t ca tu m bng s cn mn hp l khng pht hin ra c
17) Mi nguyn nhn khc khng phi do li lm hoc trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hoc li lm
do s sut ca i l hay nhn vin ca ngi chuyn ch
b. Thi hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch:
Ngi chuyn ch chu trch nhim i vi hng ha k t khi hng ha c xp ln tu ti
cng i cho n khi hng ha c d ra khi tu ti cng n
=> Thi hn trch nhim t mc cu n mc cu (from tackle to tackle)
c. Gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch: 100GBP/ kin hay n v hng ha b mt mt, h
hng.
Cu 28: Trnh by trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch ng bin i vi hng ha theo Quy tc
Hague-Visby
a. C s trch nhim: ging Quy tc Hague
b. Thi hn trch nhim: nt
c. Gii hn trch nhim
Theo NT Visby 1968: 10 000Franc vng /kin, n v hng ha hoc 30 Franc vng/ kg hng ha
c b b mt mt h hng ty theo cch tnh no c li ch hng la chn
- Franc vng l ng tin c cha 65.5 mg vng vi nguyn cht l 900/1000
- i vi hng ha chuyn ch trong Container:
+ n v hng ha l n v tnh cc
+ Nu c k khai trn B/L s lng gi, bao, kin ng trong cc n v th cc kin, bao, gi
c coi l n v tnh cc (s bi thng = s k khai)
+ Nu khng k khai th tt c Container c tnh l mt n v bi thng.
Cu 29: Trnh by trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch ng bin i vi hng ha theo Quy tc
Hamburg.
16


a. C s trch nhim
Theo Cng c Hamburg 1978: ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim v thit hi do mt mt,
h hng ca hng ha v chm giao hng khi hng ha cn thuc trch nhim ca ngi chuyn
ch
- Hng ha b coi l chm giao nu khng c giao ti cng d hng quy nh trong hp ng
chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin trong thi gian tha thun r rng hoc nu khng c
tha thun nh vy th l trong thi gian hp l mt ngi chuyn ch cn mn phi giao, c
tnh n hon cnh ca s vic.
- Hng b coi l mt nu khng c giao nh trn trong thi hn 60 ngy lin tc k t ngy ht
thi hn giao hng quy nh
- Theo Cng c Hamburg 1978: quy nh trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch da trn nguyn
tc li hay s sut suy on- Presumed Fault or Neglect
- Theo Cng c Hamburg 1978: khng lit k cc trng hp min trch cho ngi chuyn ch
m da trn nguyn tc suy on li=> ngi chuyn ch c min trch nu chng minh
c mnh p dng mi bin php cn thit hp l nhm ngn nga tn tht v tn tht
khng do li lm hay s sut ca mnh gy nn.
- => Trch nhim chng minh li thuc v ngi chuyn ch
b. Thi hn trch nhim
- Ngi chuyn ch chu trch nhim i vi hng ha k t khi nhn hng ch cng xp
hng cho n khi giao xong hng cng d hng
- Thi hn trch nhim t khi nhn n khi giao
- Ngi chuyn ch c coi nh nhn hng ch khi nhn hng t:
i. Ngi gi hng hoc ngi thay mt ngi gi hng
ii. Mt c quan c thm quyn hoc mt ngi th ba m theo lut l hoc quy
nh ti cng xp hng th hng ha phi giao cho ngi
- Ngi chuyn ch c coi nh giao hng cho ngi nhn khi giao hng cho:
iii. Ngi nhn hng hoc ngi thay mt ngi nhn hng
iv. t hng ha di s nh ot ca ngi nhn hng ph hp vi hp ng,
lut l hay tp qun bun bn mt hng ti cng d
v. Mt c quan c thm quyn hoc mt ngi th ba m theo lut l hoc quy
nh ti cng d hng th hng ha phi nhn t ngi

c. Gii hn trch nhim

Hng ha b mt mt, h hng: 835 SDR/kin, n v hoc 2.5SDR/kg hng ha c b ty theo
cch tnh no c li ch hng la chn.
i vi cc nc khng phi l thnh vin ca IMF hoc nhng nc lut l khng cho php s
dng ng SDR th c th tuyn b gii hn trch nhim theo n v tin t (mu- monetary
unit): 12 500mu/kin, n v hoc 37.5 mu/kg hng ha
i vi hng chuyn ch trong Container: quy nh ging NDT Visby 1968, b sung thm: nu
bn thn v Container hoc cng c vn ti tng t b mt mt, h hi th container c
17


tnh l mt n v hng ha bi thng nu khng thuc s hu ca ngi chuyn ch hoc
khng do ngi chuyn ch cung cp.
Chm giao hng: gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch l mt s tin tng ng vi 2.5
ln tin cc ca s hng chm giao nhng khng vt qu tng tin cc ca ton b hp
ng vn chuyn ng bin.
Cu 30, 31, 32: Trnh by cc ngun lut iu chnh trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch ng
bin i vi hng ha vn chuyn theo vn n v so snh ni dung v thi hn trch nhim ca ngi
chuyn ch theo cc ngun lut .
Cc ngun lut iu chnh trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch ng bin i vi hng ha vn chuyn
theo vn n :
- Cng c quc t thng nht mt s quy tc v vn n ng bin (International
Convention for the unification of certain rules relating to Bills of lading)- Cng c Brussel
1924/ Quy tc Hague
- Ngh nh th sa i Cng c quc t thng nht mt s quy tc v vn n ng bin-
Quy tc Hague Visby 1968
- Ngh nh th SDR 1979
- Cng c ca Lin hip quc v chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin (United Nation
Convention on the carriage of goods by sea)- Cng c/ Quy tc Hamburg 1978
- B lut hng hi Vit nam
So snh ni dung v trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch i vi hng ha vn chuyn theo vn n :
Quy tc Hague Quy tc
Hague-Visby
Quy tc Hamburg B lut hng hi
Vit Nam
C s
trch
nhim
Nguyn
tc xc
nh
Lit k cc trch nhim v min
trch
- Trch nhim chnh ca
ngi chuyn ch:
+ Cung cp mt con tu
c kh nng i bin.
+Trch nhim thng
mi.
+ Trch nhim cung cp
B/L
- Min trch: 17 min
trch
Li hay s sut suy
on=> ngi
chuyn ch c
min trch nu
chng minh c
mnh p dng
mi bin php cn
thit hp l nhm
ngn nga tn tht
v tn tht khng
do li lm hay s
sut ca mnh gy
nn.
Ging Hamburg
(mt mt, h hng
v chm giao
hng) Lit k trch
nhim v min
trch
Trch nhim
chng minh:
Ngi chuyn ch.
Ngi
chng
minh
Ch hng Ngi chuyn ch
Ni Chu trch nhim cho nhng Chu trch nhim
18


dung thit hi do nhng mt mt h
hng ca hng ha khi hng ha
cn thuc trch nhim ngi
chuyn ch.
cho nhng thit hi
do mt mt h hng
ca hng ha hoc
chm giao hng khi
hng ha cn thuc
trch nhim NCC.
Thi hn trch
nhim
T mc cu n mc cu T khi nhn hng
n khi giao hng
T khi nhn hng
n khi giao hng.

Gii
hn
trch
nhim
i vi
hng
ha
thng
thng
100 GBP/kin
hay n v
hng ha
10,000Frvng/
kin, n v
hng ha
Hay 30Fr
vng/kg hng
ha c b, ty
theo cch tnh
no c li do
ch hng la
chn
835SDR/kin, n
v hng ha, hay
2.5SDR/kg hng
ha, ty theo cch
tnh no c li hn
do ch hng la
chn.
i vi cc nc
ko phi thnh vin
M hoc ko chp
nhn ng SDR,
quy nh bng MU:
12,500Mu/kin,
n v hng ha,
hay 37.5MU/Kg
hng ha.
666.67 SDR/ kin,
n v hng ha
hoc 2SDR/kg
hng ha c b ty
theo cch tnh no
c li ch hng la
chn. Tin bi
thng c
chuyn i thnh
tin Vit nam theo
t gi chnh thc
do Ngn hng
Ngoi thng Vit
nam cng b thi
im thanh ton
tin bi thng.
Hng
ng
trong
contain
er
Khng c quy
nh
- n v
hng ha l
n v tnh
cc.
- Nu c
k khai s
lng gi, bao,
kinng
trong cc n
v c coi
l n v tnh
cc.
- Nu
khng c k
khai th tt c
cointainer c
tnh l mt n
Quy nh ging
NT Visby. C b
sung them:
Nu bn than
container hoc cc
cng c vn ti b
mt mt h hi th
container c
tnh l mt hn v
hng ha bi
thng nu khng
thuc quyn s hu
ca NCC hoc do
NCC cung cp
Ging Hague-
Visby
Nhng cha c
quy nh c th v
v container v cc
dng c vn ti
khc.
19


v tnh bi
thng.

Chm
giao
hng
Khng c quy
nh
Ko c quy nh S tin tng
ng vi 2.5 ln
tin cc ca s
hng chm giao
nhng khng vt
qu tng s tin
cc ca hp ng
vn chuyn ng
bin
Ging Hamgurg
n v tin t (MU Monetary unit)
SDR(Special drawing right)
Cu 33: Trnh by ni dung v thng bo tn tht v khiu ni ngi chuyn ch ng bin i vi
hng ha vn chuyn theo vn n theo cc ngun lut quc t hin hnh (Quy tc Hague, Quy tc
Hague-Visby, Quy tc Hamburg)
a. Thng bo tn tht: l thng bo bng vn bn ca ngi nhn hng, ni r tnh trng tn tht ca
hng ha, gi cho ngi chuyn ch trong mt thi gian quy nh bo lu quyn khiu ni vi
ngi chuyn ch.
Nu tn tht r rt: l nhng tn tht c th nhn thy c bng mt thng
Thng bo tn tht c th hin bng COR (bin bn hng v h hng)
Theo Cng c Brussel v NT Visby: COR phi c lp trc hoc vo lc giao
hng
Theo Cng c Hamburg: COR phi c lp khng mun hn ngy lm vic sau ngy
giao hng cho ngi nhn
Nu tn tht khng r rt: l nhng tn tht kh c th pht hin c bng mt thng hay l
nhng nghi ng c tn tht.
Thng bo tn tht c th hin bng LOR (Letter of Reservation- th d khng) cho
ngi chuyn ch hoc i l ca h.
Theo Cng c Brussel v NT Visby: phi thng bo trong vng 3 ngy sau khi nhn
c hng
Theo Cng c Hamburg: phi thng bo trong vng 15 ngy lin tc sau khi nhn
c hng
20


Chm giao hng (ch p dng ring cho Cng c Hamburg): ngi nhn hng phi thng bo
bng vn bn cho ngi chuyn ch trong vng 60 ngy lin tc sau ngy hng ha c giao
cho ngi nhn.
b. Khiu ni ngi chuyn ch
Nhng ngi c th khiu ni ngi chuyn ch:
a. Ngi gi hng
b. Ngi nhn hng
c. Ngi cm gi vn n
d. Ngi bo him
H s khiu ni:
- Nhm mc ch:
i. Chng minh cho li ch ca ngi khiu ni i vi hng ha
ii. Chng minh cho thit hi xy ra v mc thit hi
iii. Chng minh thit hi xy ra l do li ca ngi chuyn ch
- Gm cc giy t, chng t:
iv. Vn n ng bin
v. Ha n thng mi
vi. Phiu ng gi
vii. Bin bn hng v h hng (COR)
viii. Bin bn kt ton nhn hng vi tu (ROROC)
ix. Giy chng nhn hng thiu (Certificate of Shortlanded Cargo)
x. Th d khng (LOR)
xi. Bin bn gim nh (Survey Report)
xii. Cc giy t, chng t chng minh li ca ngi chuyn ch
Thi hn khiu ni
- Cng c Brussel: 1 nm k t ngy giao hng hoc t ngy hng ha ng l phi c giao
21


- NT Visby: 1 nm v cc bn c th tha thun ko di thm nhng thi hn ko di khng
c qu 3 thng
- Cng c Hamburg: 2 nm v cc bn cng c th tha thun ko di thm

Cu 34: Trnh by trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch ng bin i vi hng ha vn chuyn theo
vn n theo B lut Hng hi Vit Nam 2005.
Tr li :
a. Thi hn trch nhim :
Trch nhim ca NCC bt u pht sinh k t khi nhn hng ti cng nhn hng, duy tr trong sut qu
trnh vn chuyn v chm dt sau khi kt thc vic tr hng ti cng n theo quy nh.
NCC c coi l nhn hng v tr hng khi
- Vic nhn hng c tnh t thi im NVC nhn hng t ngi giao hng hoc t c quan
c thm quyn hay ngi th ba theo quy nh ca php lut hoc quy nh ti cng nhn hng.
- Vic tr hng s kt thc trong cc trng hp : + giao xong hng cho ngi nhn ;
+ t hng ha di s nh ot cu ngi nhn ;
+ Giao cho c quan c thm quyn hay c quan th ba theo quy nh ca php lut hoc quy
nh ti cng.
b. C s trch nhim ngi vn chuyn
Trch nhim ngi vn chuyn :
- NVC phi mn cn trc v khi bt u chuyn i, tu bin c kh nng i bin, c
thuyn b thch hp, c cung ng y trang thit b v vt phm d tr ; cc hm hng,
hm lnh v khu vc khc dng vn chuyn hng ha c iwu kin nhn, vn
chuyn v bo qun hng ha ph hp vi tnh cht ca hng ha.
- NVC chu trch nhim v vic bc hng, d hng cn thn v thch hp, chm sc chu o
hng ha trong qu trnh vn chuyn.
- NVC phi thng bo trong thi gian hp l cho ngi giao hng bit trc v ni bc hng ln
tu bin, thi im m tu sn sng nhn hng v thi hn tp kt hng ha. Vic thng bo
ny ko p dng i vi tu chuyn tuyn, tr trng hp lich tu c s thay i.
Min trch cho ngi vn chuyn :
- NVC c min trch nhim bi thng i vi nhng tn tht, mt mt n vi hng ha do
tu khng kh nng i bin nu chng minh c rng trc khi v lc bt u hnh trnh
NVC co s mn cn hp l.
22


- NVC c min hon ton trch nhim i vi tn tht n vi hng ha trong 17 trng hp
c lit k Khon 2, iu 78 ca B lut hng hi Vit Nam 2005. -> ging quy tc Hague
Visby 1968.
- NVC c min trch i vi chm tr hng trong cc TH nh: tu i lch tuyn khi c s
chp nhn ca ngi gi hng; do bt kh khng do cu nn trn bin hoc cn thi gian
cp cu thuyn vin hoc ngi trn tu.
p dng nguyn tc lit k ch ko p dng nguyn tc suy on li.
c. Gii hn trch nhim ngi vn chuyn: Chia lm 2 trng hp:
- TH 1: Trc khi hng c xp xung tu, nu chng loi v gi tr hng ha c k khai trn
vn n v c ngi vn chuyn chp nhn th chng loi v gi tr k khai chnh l gii hn
trch nhim ca NVC.
- TH2: Nu chng loi v gi tr hng ha khng c k khai hoc k khng r trn vn n th
gii hn trch nhim ca NVC c quy nh nh sau:
+ Vi tn tht mt mt i vi hng ha:
Hng ha thng thng: 666.67 SDR/kin hng hay mt kin hng; hoc 2SDR/Kg
hng ha c b ty theo cch tnh anof c li do ngi khiu ni la chn.
Hng ng trong container: (ging Hague-Visby). Tuy nhin, B lut cha cp
trng hp v container hoc cc dng c vn ti tng t c s dng nu ko do NVC
cung cp, mc d cc i tng ny khon 2, iu 70 c coi l hng ha iu
chnh ca b lut.
+ i vi chm giao hng: ti a bng 2.5 ln tin cc s hng giao chm nhng khng vt
qu tng s phi tr theo hp ng vn chuyn.
Trong slide (sau khi ngi g ci ng trn kia, anh pht hin trong slide ca c cng c =(( )
Thi hn trch nhim: iu 74: Trch nhim ca ngi vn chuyn pht sinh t khi ngi vn
chuyn nhn hng ti cng nhn hng, c duy tr trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn v chm
dt khi kt thc vic tr hng ti cng tr hng.
C s trch nhim: ngi chuyn ch chu trch nhim v nhng mt mt, h hng ca hng
ha v chm giao hng.
Quy nh 3 trch nhim chnh ca ngi chuyn ch
Quy nh 17 trng hp min trch cho ngi chuyn ch, nhng ngi chuyn ch
mun c min trch th phi chng minh mnh khng c li.
Gii hn trch nhim:
Hng c k khai gi tr: bi thng theo gi tr k khai
23


Hng khng k khai gi tr: 666.67 SDR/ kin, n v hng ha hoc 2SDR/kg hng
ha c b ty theo cch tnh no c li ch hng la chn. Tin bi thng c chuyn
i thnh tin Vit nam theo t gi chnh thc do Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit nam
cng b thi im thanh ton tin bi thng.
i vi hng ha chuyn ch trong Container v cc cng c vn ti tng t: quy nh
ging NT Visby 1968
Chm giao hng: quy nh ging Hamburg
Cu 35: Khi nim v c im ca tu chuyn
a. Khi nim
Tu chuyn l tu chuyn ch hng ha gia hai hoc nhiu cng theo yu cu ca ch hng
trn c s mt hp ng thu tu.
Tu chuyn l tu khng chy thng xuyn trn mt tuyn ng nht nh, khng gh qua
nhng cng nht nh v khng theo mt lch trnh nh trc.
b. c im
- Thng c dng chuyn ch hng ha c khi lng ln, tnh cht hng ha tng i
thun nht v ngi thu tu thng c hng xp y tu.
- Thng c 1 boong, ming hm rng thun tin cho vic xp d hng ha ln xung tu.
- Tc tu chuyn tng i chm hn so vi tu ch
- iu kin chuyn ch, cc ph, chi ph bc xp hng ha c quy nh c th trong hp
ng thu tu do hai bn tha thun k kt.
Cu 36: Khi nim phng thc thu tu chuyn, trnh t cc bc thu tu chuyn v cc
hnh thc thu tu chuyn
a. Khi nim
Thu tu chuyn l vic ch hng dnh cho ngi thu thu ton b hay mt phn con tu
chuyn ch hng ha t mt cng ny n mt cng khc.
b. Cc hnh thc thu tu chuyn
- Thu chuyn mt (single trip):
- Thu chuyn mt kh hi (round trip)
- Thu chuyn mt lin tc (Consecutive voyage)
- Thu lin tc kh hi
- Thu khon
- Thu bao
24


- Thu nh hn:
- Thu nh hn trn
- Thu nh hn khng trn
c. Trnh t cc bc thu tu chuyn
- Bc 1: ngi thu tu nh ngi mi gii tm tu, hi tu
- Bc 2: ngi mi gii cho tu, hi tu
- Bc 3: ngi mi gii v ngi chuyn ch m phn vi nhau tt c cc iu kin, iu
khon ca hp ng thu tu
- Bc 4: ngi mi gii thng bo kt qu thu tu cho ngi thu
- Bc 5: ngi thu tu v ngi chuyn ch k hp ng thu tu
- Bc 6: thc hin hp ng thu tu:
- Ngi thu tu vn chuyn hng ha ra cng giao cho ngi chuyn ch
Ngi chuyn ch hoc i din ca ngi chuyn ch pht hnh b vn n cho ngi gi hng
Cu 37: Hy quy nh cc iu khon: cng xp d, thi gian xp d, chuyn ch 1 l hng 10.000
tn go t Vit Nam ra nc ngoi
- One safe berth, Haiphong port.
- Thi gian xp d: Thi gian cho php xp v d hng l 15 ngy lm vic thi tit tt 24 gi
lin tc, khng k ch nht v ngy l, d c lm vic cng khng tnh. (7 WWD,
S.H.EX.E.U)
Cu 38: Quy nh v tu ca hp ng thu tu chuyn
iu khon v con tu: quy nh mt cch c th cc c trng c bn ca con tu:
Tn tu
Quc tch tu
S hiu ca tu
Tui tu
Cht lng tu
ng c tu
Cp hng tu
Trng ti tnh, trng ti ton phn
25


Dung tch ng k, dung tch ton phn, dung tch cha hng
Mn nc
V tr ca tu
S lng thuyn vin
NCC thng mun c gi quyn thay th con tu bng mt con tu khc, nhng khi thay ch tu
phi bo trc v m bo con tu thay th c nhng c im k thut tng t nh tu c
quy nh trong hp ng.
Cu 39: Quy nh v thi gian tu n cng xp hng ca hp ng thu tu chuyn
iu khon thi gian tu n cng xp hng: l thi gian tu phi n cng xp hng nhn hng ch
theo quy nh ca hp ng
- Cc cch quy nh:
+ Quy nh ngy c th ngy 25/11/2008 tu phi n cng Hi phng nhn hng xp
+ Quy nh mt khong thi gian: tu phi n cng Tin Sa nhn hng t ngy 22 n 25 thng
11 nm 2008
* Lu : Khi k hp ng, nu con tu c thu ang mt khu vc ln cn hoc gn cng xp hng
th c th tha thun theo cc iu khon:
- Prompt: tu n cng xp hng vi ba ngy sau ngy k hp ng
- Promptisimo: tu n cng xp hng ngay trong ngy k hp ng
- Spot prompt: tu n cng xp hng mt vi gi sau khi k hp ng.
D quy nh theo cch no th ngi chuyn ch cng phi thng bo cho ngi thu tu thi
gian d kin tu n cng xp hng quy nh (ETA- Estimated Time of Arrival)
- Mt con tu c coi nh n cng v sn sng xp hng hoc d hng khi:
Tu n c vng thng mi ca cng
Tu sn sng xp d v mi mt:
Lm xong cc th tc vo cng (hi quan, bin phng, v sinh y t)
Sn sng cc iu kin k thut cho vic xp hng
Tu trao thng bo sn sng xp d (NOR- Notice of Readiness) cho ngi
thu tu hoc ngi nhn hng mt cch thch hp.
Cu 40: Quy nh v hng ha ca hp ng thu tu chuyn
iu khon v hng ha (Cargo Clause)
- Tn hng:
ghi r tn hng ha chuyn ch
Nu ch hng mun chuyn ch hai loi hng ha trn cng mt chuyn tu th phi
ghi v/ hoc tn hng ha thay th: 1000 MT of rice and/or maize
26


Nu vo lc k hp ng thu tu cha xc nh c tn hng th c th quy nh
chung giao mt mt hng hp php: rubber and/or any lawful goods
- Bao b hng ha: quy nh loi bao b c th, ghi r k m hiu
- S lng hng ha: ty theo tng mt hng c th quy nh ch theo trng lng hoc th tch,
nn quy nh km theo mt t l dung sai:
Khong (about)
S lng ti a, ti thiu (max, min)
Ghi chnh xc s lng + dung sai: 10 000 MT more or less 5% at Masters
option
Cu 41: Quy nh v cng xp d ca hp ng thu tu chuyn
iu khon cng xp, cng d hng (Loading/Discharging Port)
2 cch quy nh:
- C th cng no, cu cng s my
=> Nu xp d ti nhiu cng, cu th phi quy nh th t xp d v chi ph chuyn cu (shifting
expense)
- Chung chung: one safe berth, Haiphong Port)
Cng xp d phi an ton:
- V hng hi: su, mn nc thch hp tu c th n v lun lun ni, hoc c
chm bn t nhng vn an ton.
- V chnh tr : ti cng khng c xung t v trang, chin tranh, nh cng.
Ch : or so near thereto as ship may safely get and she always afloat -> trong sch mi bo khi
son hp ng, cc bn nn gch b on ny, ring i vi thut ng lun lun u ni (always
float), nn thm vo v/hoc chm t an ton (and/or safely aground)
Cu 42: Quy nh v chi ph xp d ca hp ng thu tu chuyn
iu khon chi ph xp d
iu kin tu ch (Liner terms/Gross terms/Berth terms)
iu kin min chi ph xp d cho ngi chuyn ch (FIO- Free In and Out, FIOS,
FIOT, FIOST)
iu kin min chi ph xp hng cho ngi chuyn ch (FI- Free In, FIS, FIT, FIST)
iu kin min chi ph d hng cho ngi chuyn ch (FO- Free Out, FOS, FOT,
FOST)
Cc thut ng trn phi i km vi gi cc trong hp ng
27


Phi la chn iu kin chi ph xp d ph hp :
Trnh tr hai ln chi ph xp d hai ln cho ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi bn
To iu kin thun li cho vic xp d hng
Tit kim ngoi t
Cu 43: Quy nh v cc ph thu tu ca hp ng thu tu chuyn
iu khon cc ph thu tu: l s tin m ngi thu tu phi tr cho vic vn chuyn hng ha hoc
nhng dch v c lin quan n vic vn chuyn
- Mc cc: l s tin cc tnh trn mt n v hng ha
- n v tnh cc:
Hng nng: MT, long ton, short ton
Hng nh, cng knh: m3, cubic feet, tn th tch (measurement ton) = 40c.ft
- S lng hng ha tnh cc:
Theo s lng hng ha thc xp ln tu ti cng i (On taken quantity)
Theo s lng hng thc giao ti cng n (Delivery Quantity)
- Thi gian thanh ton:
Tin cc tr trc: Freight Prepaid/ Freight payable at Loading port
Tin cc tr sau: Freight to Collect
Tr khi bt u d hng (Freight payable on commencement of discharge)
Tr ng thi vi vic d hng (Freight payable concurrent with discharge)
Tr khi d hng xong (Freight payable on completion of discharge)
Tr khi hng ha c giao thc s v ng n (freight payable on actual and proper
completion of discharge)
Lu : i vi tu ch du th ngi chuyn ch phi giao hng xong mi c thanh
ton tin cc
Cu 44: Trnh by iu khon quy nh v thng/pht xp d trong hp ng thu tu chuyn.
iu khon thng pht xp d nhanh chm
- Tin thng xp d nhanh (Despatch money): l khon tin ngi chuyn ch phi tr cho
ngi thu tu v vic ngi thu tu xp d hng ha nhanh hn so vi thi gian quy nh
trong hp ng
28


Mc thng = mc pht:
Thng cho ton tu trong 1 ngy
Thng cho 1 n v trng ti/dung tch
Thi gian thng:
Tnh cho ton b thi gian tit kim c (for all time saved)
Ch thng cho thi gian lm vic tit kim c (all working time saved)
Tng tin thng = mc thng X thi gian thng
- Tin pht xp d chm (demurrage money): l khon tin m ngi thu tu phi tr cho ngi
chuyn ch v vic xp d hng ha chm hn so vi thi gian quy nh ca hp ng
Mc pht = 2 mc thng
Pht cho ton tu trong 1 ngy
Pht cho 1 n v trng ti/dung tch
Thi gian pht: mt khi b pht th lun lun b pht (once on demurrage, always on
demurrage)
Tng tin pht = mc pht X thi gian pht
Cch tnh thng pht:
Tnh b tr: thi gian thng thi gian pht
Tnh ring: tin thng ring, tin pht ring
xem xt vn thng pht xp d nhanh chm cn thc hin:
Nghin cu C/P xem thi gian xp, d c quy nh l bao nhiu, mc tnh thi
gian xp d t khi no, khong thi gian no khng tnh vo thi gian xp d
Tnh ton bit thc t xp, d ht bao nhiu ngy, gi cn c vo bin bn s kin
(Statement of Facts- l mt chng t do i l tu lp ra trong ghi li tt c cc s kin c
lin quan n con tu k t khi tu n cng cho n khi tu hon thnh vic xp d)
Trn c s bin bn s kin lp bng tnh thi gian xp d (Time Sheet) tnh xem bao
nhiu ngy b pht, bao nhiu ngy c thng.
Cu 45: Khi nim, c im, cc hnh thc thu tu nh hn v cc trng hp p dng thu tu
nh hn.
29


Khi nim: Thu tu nh hn l ch tu cho ngi thu tu s dng vo mc ch chuyn
ch hng ha hoc khai thc con tu thu ly cc trong mt thi gian nht nh.
c im:
- Thu tu nh hn l phng thc thu ti sn. Trong sut thi gian thu, con tu vn thuc
quyn s hu ca ch tu.
Cc hnh thc thu tu nh hn
- Thu tu nh hn trn (Time bare boat chater) : ngha alf ch thu con tu (v tu, my mc v
cc trang thit b cn thit) m ko thu s quan, thy th ca tu .-> ngi i thu tu phi
chu thm chi ph thu s quan, thy th v tr lng cho h.
- Thu tu nh hn ph thng (Nomal time charter): thu c chic tu cng vi s quan v thy
th trong mt thi gian nht nh-> Ngi thu tu ch thc hin chc nng ngi chuyn ch.
Cc trng hp p dng
- i vi ch tu:
+ Ch tu c mc ch kinh doanh tu nh hn t trc.
+ Trong qu trnh kinh doanh, ch tu gp kh khn trong vic tm kim ngun hng chuyn
ch.
+ Gi cc trn th trng thu tu c xu hng gim lu di.
- i vi ch hng:
+ Khi ch hng c nhu cu chuyn ch lu di, trnh ph thuc vvaof th trng tu, h c
th thu tu trong mt thi gian nht nh ch hng.
+ Thu tu nh hn chuyn ch s to th ch ng cho ch hng trong vn chuyn hng.
+ Ch hng mun kinh doanh khai thc con tu thu kim li.
Cu 46: Hy quy nh cc iu khon: thi gian xp d, thng pht xp d chuyn ch 1 l hng
10.000 tn go t Vit Nam ra nc ngoi
- Thi gian xp d: Thi gian cho php xp v d hng l 15 ngy lm vic thi tit tt 24 gi
lin tc, khng k ch nht v ngy l, d c lm vic cng khng tnh. (7 WWD,
S.H.EX.E.U)
- Tin pht xp d chm nu c s do ngi thu tu tr cho ch tu theo mc 3,000USD/ngy
hoc theo t l i vi mt phn ca ngy.
- Ch thng cho thi gian lm vic tit kim c.
- Vic thanh ton thng pht xp d gia ch tu v ngi thu tu trong vng 1 thng k t
ngy thuyn trng k vo bin bn thc t (Statement of Facts = SOF)
Cu 47: Hy quy nh cc iu khon: cc ph, lut l gii quyt tranh chp, chuyn ch 1 l hng
10.000 tn go t Vit Nam ra nc ngoi
30


- 20USD/MT FIOST.
- Freight prepaid.
- Ngun lut iu chnh: B lut hng hi Vit Nam
Cu 48: Hy quy nh cc iu khon: hng ha, con tu, chuyn ch 1 l hng 10.000 tn go t
Vit Nam ra nc ngoi
- iu khon hng ha: 10,000 MT more or less 5% at Masters Option.
- iu khon con tu: Quy nh c th -> anh ko bit l c nn ba s liu ca nguyn
mt con tu hay ko na )
CNG VN TI GIAO NHN MAI CU 49 -72

Cu 49: Hy quy nh cc iu khon: chi ph xp d, thi gian tu n cng xp hng, chuyn ch
1 l hng 10.000 tn go t Vit Nam ra nc ngoi

[Chp, cu ny anh ko chc :-s]
Chi ph xp d: theo iu khon tu ch - ch tu phi chu trch nhim v chi ph v vic xp
hng ln tu, sp xp hng ha trong hm tu, chn lt v d hng
Thi gian tu n cng xp hng: theo tp qun ca cng


Cu 50: Phn bit B/L hon ho v khng hon ho

B/L hon ho: (Vn n sch/ Clean B/L)
- L loi vn n trn khng c ghi ch xu hay ghi ch bo lu ca thuyn trng v
hng ha hoc tnh trng bn ngoi ca hng ha
- Cch th hin:
+ ng du ch Clean ln phn nhn xt v hng ha hoc bao b
+ Khng c ph ch g trn B/L
+ C ph ch nhng khng lm mt tnh hon ho ca B/L
= C gi tr chng c ln, chng t ngi bn hon thnh ngha v giao hng ng nh s lng
v tnh trng hng ha nh lc nhn t ngi gi hng
= Ngi mua v ngn hng thanh ton ch chp nhn thanh ton tin hng khi c vn n sch

B/L khng hon ho (Unclean B/L)
31


- L loi B/L trn c ph ch xu/ph ch phn i/ ph ch bo lu ca thuyn trng v
hng ha hoc tnh trng ca hng ha
= Nu khng c quy nh g khc th ngi mua v ngn hng thanh ton khng chp nhn tr tin
hng i vi B/L khng hon ho
= Cch khc phc ly c Clean B/L:
+ Thay th hoc b sung hng ha trong trng hp hng ha b hng hoc b thiu
+ Sa cha hng ha nu khng c hng thay th hoc hng ha c th sa cha c
+ Lp th m bo ( Letter of Indemnity) cho phn hng ha tn tht thanh ton phn hng
hon ho ( Ngi xut khu vit cho ngi chuyn ch trong cam oan bi thng cho
ngi chuyn ch khi hng ha bi tn tht do nhng nguyn nhn bo lu m ngi chuyn
ch mun ghi trn B/L nhng khng ghi v c th m bo)

Cu 51: So snh c s trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch ng bin theo Quy tc Hague, Quy tc
Hague-Visby v Quy tc Hamburg.

c im so
snh
Hague & Hague Visby Hamburg
Ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim
v nhng thit hi do mt mt, h hng
ca hng ha khi hng ha cn thuc
trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch
Ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch
nhim v nhng thit hi do mt
mt, h hng ca hng ha v
chm giao hng khi hng ha cn
thuc trch nhim ca ngi
chuyn ch
-Hng ha b coi l chm giao
nu khng c giao ti cng d
hng quy nh trong hp ng
chuyn ch hng ha bng ng
bin trong thi gian tha thun
r rng hoc nu khng c tha
thun nh vy th l trong thi
gian hp l mt ngi chuyn ch
cn mn phi giao, c tnh n
hon cnh s vic
- Hng b coi l mt nu khng
c giao nh trn trong thi hn
60 ngy lin tc k t ngy ht
thi hn giao hng quy nh
Nhng trch
nhim chnh
ca ngi
chuyn ch
3 trch nhim chnh
+ Cung cp tu c kh nng i bin:
- Tu phi bn chc, kn nc, chu
c sng gi trong iu kin thng
Quy nh trch nhim ca ngi
chuyn ch da trn nguyn tc
Li hay s sut suy on
Presumed Fault or Neglect
32


thng
- Tu phi thch hp cho vic chuyn
ch hng ha
- Tu c cung ng y v nhin
liu, bin ch y v thy th
+ Trch nhim thng mi: Ngi chuyn
ch phi tin hnh mt cch thch hp v
cn thn vic xp, dch chuyn, sp xp,
chuyn ch, coi gi, chm sc v d
nhng hng ha c chuyn ch
+ Trch nhim cung cp B/L: sau khi
nhn hng t ngi gi hng ti cng xp
hng quy nh phi pht hnh B/L cho
ngi gi hng
Min trch cho
ngi chuyn
ch
17 trng hp min trch:
1-Hnh vi s sut hay khuyt im ca
thuyn trng, thy th, hoa tiu hay
ngi gip vic cho ngi chuyn ch
trong thut i bin v qun tr tu
+Thut i bin (Navigation) l nhng
hnh ng c lin quan n vic iu
khin tu chy hoc
+ Qun tr tu (Management of Ship) l
hnh ng c lin quan n vic qun l
v chm sc tu trong hnh trnh
2- Chy, tr khi do li lm thc s hay
ng c ca ngi chuyn ch gy nn
3- Tai ha, nguy him, tai nn ca bin
gy ra
4- Thin tai
5- Hnh ng chin tranh
6- Hnh ng th ch
7- Tu v hng ha b cm gi, b cu
thc do lnh ca vua cha, chnh quyn
nhn dn hoc b tch thu do lnh ca ta
n
8- Hn ch v kim dch
9- nh cng, cm xng hoc lao ng
b ngng tr v bt c nguyn nhn no
xy ra ton b hay cc b
10- Hnh vi hay thiu st ca ch hng,
ca i l hoc i din ca ch hng
11- Bo ng hay ni lon
12- Cu hay c cu sinh mng v ti sn
trn bin
13- Hao ht v trng lng hoc khi
Khng lit k cc trng hp
min trch cho ngi chuyn ch
m da trn nguyn tc suy on
li
= Ngi chuyn ch c min
trch nu chng minh c
mnh p dng mi bin
php cn thit, hp l nhm
ngn nga tn tht v tn tht
ko do li lm hay s sut ca
mnh gy nn
= Trch nhim chng minh li
thuc v ngi chuyn ch
33


lng hoc h hng do ni t, n t hoc
bn cht c bit ca hng ha
14- Bao b khng y
15- K m hiu ko y hoc sai
16- Do n t ca tu m bng s cn mn
hp l khng pht hin ra c
17- Mi nguyn nhn khc khng phi do
li lm hoc trch nhim ca ngi
chuyn ch hoc li lm do s sut ca
i l hay nhn vin ca ngi chuyn
ch


Cu 52: So snh thi hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch ng bin theo Quy tc Hague, Quy tc
Hague-Visby v Quy tc Hamburg.

Hague & Hague Visby Hamburg
Thi hn trch
nhim
-Ngi chuyn ch chu trch
nhim i vi hng ha k t khi
hng ha c xp ln tu ti
cng i cho n khi hng ha
c d ra khi tu ti cng n
Thi hn trch nhim t mc
cu n mc cu (from tackle to
tackle)
Ngi chuyn ch chu trch nhim i
vi hng ha k t khi nhn hng ch
cng xp hng cho n khi giao xong
hng cng d hng
= Thi hn trch nhim t khi nhn n
khi giao
+ Ngi chuyn ch coi nh nhn
hng ch khi nhn hng t:
- Ngi gi hng hoc ngi thay
mt ngi gi hng
- Mt c quan c thm quyn hoc
mt ngi th ba m theo lut l
hoc quy nh ti cng xp hng th
hng ha phi giao cho ngi
+ Ngi chuyn ch c coi nh
giao hng cho ngi nhn khi giao hng
cho:
- Ngi nhn hng hoc ngi thay
mt ngi nhn hng
- t hng ha di s nh ot ca
ngi nhn hng ph hp vi hp
ng, lut l hay tp qun bun bn
mt hng ti cng d
- Mt c quan c thm quyn hoc
mt ngi th ba m theo lut l
hoc quy nh ti cng d hng th
hng ha phi nhn t ngi


34



Cu 53: So snh gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch ng bin theo Quy tc Hague, Quy tc
Hague-Visby v Quy tc Hamburg.

Hague Hague Visby Hamburg
100GBP/kin
hay n v
hng ha b
mt mt, h
hng
10 000 Franc vng/kin, n v
hng ha hoc 30 Franc vng/kg
hng ha c b b mt mt, h
hng ty theo cch tnh no c li
ch hng la chn
+ Franc vng: l ng tin c cha
65.5 mg vng vi nguyn cht
l 900/1000
+ i vi hng ha chuyn ch
trong container:
- n v hng ha l n v
tnh cc
- Nu c k khai trn B/L s
lng gi, bao, kin, ng
trong cc n v th cc
kin, bao, gi c coi l
n v tnh cc (s bi
thng = s k khai)
- Nu khng k khai th tt c
container c tnh l 1 n
v bi thng
+ Hng ha b mt mt, h hng: 835
SDR/kin, n v hoc 2.5 SDR/kg hng
ha c b ty theo cch tnh no c li do
ch hng la chn
+ i vi cc nc khng phi l thnh
vin ca IMF hoc nhng nc lut l
khng cho php s dng ng SDR th c
th tuyn b gii hn trch nhim theo n
v tin t (mu monetary unit) : 12 500
mu/kin, n v hoc 37.5 mu/kg hng ha
+ i vi hng ha chuyn ch trong
container: quy nh ging Hague Visby,
b sung thm: nu bn thn v container
hoc cng c vn ti tng t b mt mt,
h hi th container c tnh l mt
n v hng ha bi thng nu khng
thuc s hu ca ngi chuyn ch hoc
ko do ngi chuyn ch cung cp
+ Chm giao hng: gii hn trch nhim
ca ngi chuyn ch l mt s tin tng
ng vi 2.5 ln tin cc ca s hng
chm giao nhng khng vt qu tng tin
cc ca ton b hp ng vn chuyn
ng bin

= Khi chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin th trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch i vi hng ha
c quy nh bi 3 quy tc trn
= Quy tc Hamburg quy nh trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch rng nht, nhiu nht, m bo
quyn li ca ch hng nhiu hn nn cha c p dng nhiu trong thc t
= Nhng im tin b ca Hamburg
- Quy nh trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch l hp l, bo v quyn li ca ch hng nhiu hn
- iu chnh c vic chuyn ch hng xp trn boong v sc vt sng, c hng ha ng trong
container , pallet v cc cng c vn ti tng t
- Quy nh trch nhim ca c ngi chuyn ch v ngi chuyn ch thc t
+ Ngi chuyn ch: l bt k ngi no t mnh hoc thng qua mt ngi khc k kt mt
hp ng chuyn ch hng ha vi ngi gi hng
35


+ Ngi chuyn ch thc t: l bt k ngi no thc hin mt phn hoc ton b hnh trnh
theo s y thc ca ngi chuyn ch

Cu 54: So snh phng thc thu tu ch v phng thc thu tu chuyn

Phng thc thu tu ch Phng thc thu tu chuyn
Khi nim + Tu ch: l loi tu ch hng chy
thng xuyn trn mt tuyn ng
nht nh, gh vo cc cng quy nh
v theo mt lch trnh nh trc
+ Thu tu ch: l vic ch hng lin
h vi ch tu hoc i l ca ch tu
yu cu dnh ch trn tu chuyn
ch hng ha t mt cng ny n
mt cng khc
+ Tu chuyn: l tu chuyn ch hng
ha gia 2 hay nhiu cng theo yu cu
ca ch hng trn c s mt hp ng
thu tu
+ Thu tu chuyn: l vic ch hng lin
h vi ch tu hoc i din ca ch tu
yu cu thu ton b con tu chuyn
ch hng ha t mt hoc nhiu cng
xp n mt hoc nhiu cng d theo
yu cu ca ch hng
c im +Tu chy gia cc cng theo mt
lch trnh cng b trc
+ Chng t iu chnh cc mi quan
h trong thu tu ch l Vn n
ng bin Bill of Lading bng
chng ca mt hp ng vn ti hng
ha bng ng bin
+ Khi thu tu ch, ch hng ko c t
do tha thun cc iu kin, iu
khong chuyn ch m phi tun th
cc iu kin in sn ca B/L
+ Cc ph trong thu tu ch thng
bao gm c chi ph xp d hng ha
v c tnh ton theo biu cc
(tariff) ca hng tu. Biu cc ny
c hiu lc trong thi gian tng i
di
+ Ch tu ng vai tr ca ngi
chuyn ch. Ngi chuyn ch l
mt bn ca hp ng vn ti v l
ngi phi chu trch nhim v hng
ha trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn
+ Cc ch tu thng cng nhau
thnh lp cc cng hi tu ch (Liner
Conference) hoc Cng hi cc ph
(Freight Conference) khng ch
th trng v nng cao kh nng cnh
tranh
+ C th s dng phng thc thu
+ Tu ko chy theo lch trnh c nh
nh tu ch, m theo yu cu ca ch
hng
+ Vn bn iu chnh mi quan h gia
cc bn trong thu tu chuyn l Hp
ng thu tu chuyn (Voyage Charter
Party C/P) v vn n ng bin.
Hp ng thu tu chuyn c k kt
gia ngi thu tu (charter) v ngi
chuyn ch (ch tu hoc ngi qun l
tu)
Khi xp hng ln tu hoc khi nhn hng
xp ngi chuyn ch s cp vn n
ng bin. Vn n ny iu chnh
mi quan h gia ngi chuyn ch vs
ngi gi hng, gia ngi chuyn ch
vs ngi nhn hng hoc ngi cm B/L
+ Ngi thu tu c th t do tha
thun, mc c v cc iu kin chuyn
ch v gi cc trong hp ng thu tu
+ Gi cc trong thu tu chuyn c th
gm c chi ph xp d hoc khng l do
tha thun ca 2 bn.
+ Ch tu c th ng vai tr l ngi
chuyn ch hoc khng
+ Tu chuyn thng c dng khi
thu ch du v hng khi lng ln
nh than , qung, ng cc, xi mng,
phn bn v ngi thu tu phi c
36


tu ch khi ch hng c hng bch
ha, s lng ty v cng xp d
nm trong lch trnh ca tu

khi lng hng ha tng i ln
xp mt tu
Trnh t cc
bc thu tu
B1: Ch hng yu cu ngi mi gii
tm tu vn chuyn hng ha cho
mnh
B2: Ngi mi gii cho tu, hi tu
B3: Ngi mi gii v ngi chuyn
ch m phn vi nhau mt s iu
kin v iu khon : tn hng, s
lng hng, cng xp, cng d,
chng t cung cp
B4: Ngi mi gii thng bo cho
ngi thu tu bit v kt qu thu
tu
B5: Ch hng vn chuyn hng ha
ra cng giao cho ngi chuyn ch
B6: Ngi chuyn ch pht hnh vn
n/chng t vn ti cho ngi gi
hng
B1: Ngi thu tu nh ngi mi gii
tm tu, hi tu
B2: Ngi mi gii cho tu, hi tu
B3: Ngi mi gii v ngi chuyn
ch m phn vi nhau tt c cc iu
kin, iu khon ca hp ng thu tu
B4: Ngi mi gii thng bo kt qu
thu tu cho ngi thu
B5: Ngi thu tu v ngi chuyn ch
k hp ng thu tu
B6: Thc hin hp ng thu tu
- Ngi thu tu vn chuyn hng
ha ra cng giao cho ngi chuyn
ch
- Ngi chuyn ch hoc i din
ca ngi chuyn ch pht hnh
b vn n cho ngi gi hng

- Cc hnh thc thu tu chuyn
+ Thu tu chuyn mt (single trip)
+ Thu chuyn mt kh hi ( round trip)
+ Thu chuyn mt lin tc (consecutive voyage)
+ Thu lin tc kh hi
+ Thu khon
+ Thu bao
+ Thu nh hn : trn v ko trn

Chng 4. Chuyn ch hng ha XNK bng ng hng khng


Cu 55: V tr v c im ca vn ti hng khng.

1- V tr
- Chim v tr s mt trong chuyn ch cc mt hng:
+ Hng nhy cm vi thi gian (hng mau hng, nhanh h, hng c tnh cht thi v)
+ Hng c bit (thi hi ngi cht, ng vt sng,)
37


+ Hng qu him, c gi tr cao
= Hng vn chuyn bng ng hng khng ch chim 1% v khi lng nhng chim 20% v mt
gi tr ca tng lng hng XNK trong thng mi quc t
- V tr c bit quan trng trong giao lu kinh t, vn ha gia cc quc gia, cc dn tc
khc nhau trn th gii
- L phng tin chnh trong du lch quc t
- L mt mt xch quan trng trong vic lin kt cc phng thc vn ti vi nhau nhm mc
ch to ra mt phng thc vn ti thng nht vn ti a phng thc

2- c im
- u im:
- Tuyn ng trong vn ti hng khng l ngn nht
- My bay l phng tin vn ti c vn tc ln nht
- L mt phng thc vn ti an ton nht do:
+ thi gian vn chuyn nhanh nn xc sut xy ra ri ro l thp nht
+ tuyn ng bay thng trn khng trung nn t b ph thuc vo a hnh v cc yu t
a l
+ i tng chuyn ch ch yu l ngi v hng qu him, c gi tr cao
- i hi s dng cng ngh cao
- Cung cp dch v c tiu chun v cht lng cao hn hn
- Chng t v th tc n gin, d thc hin
- Nhc im:
- Cc ph cao nht
- i hi vn u t ln v c s vt cht cng nh ngun nhn lc phc v cho ngnh
+ gi tr my bay cao
+ chi ph u t xy dng sn bay ln
+ chi ph u t cc trang thit b ln
+ chi ph o to ngun nhn lc ln
- Khi tai nn hng khng xy ra thng gy tn tht ln, nh hng nghim trng n i
sng kinh t, x hi ca mt vng

38






Cu 56: Trnh by c s vt cht k thut ca vn ti hng khng.

C s vt cht k thut ca vn ti hng khng
1- Cng hng khng (sn bay/airport)
- L ton b din tch mt t, thm ch mt nc cng vi ton b cc c s h tng gm
ng ct cnh, cc ta nh, nh ga, kho tang lin quan n s di chuyn ca my bay v s di
chuyn ca hnh khch v hng ha do my bay chuyn ch n sn bay l ni ct h cnh
ca my bay v l ni cung cp cc dch v cho hnh khch v hng ha
- Khu vc giao nhn hng ha thng gm
+ Trm giao nhn hng xut khu
+ Trm giao nhn hng nhp khu
+ Trm giao nhn hng chuyn ti
2- My bay
- L c s vt cht ch yu ca vn ti ng hng khng
- Phn loi:
- Cn c vo i tng chuyn ch
+ my bay ch khch
+ my bay ch hng ha
+ my bay hn hp
- Cn c vo ng c
+ my bay ng c piston
+ my bay ng c tua bin cnh qut
+ my bay ng c tua bin phn lc
- Cn c vo nc sn xut
- Cn c vo s gh trn my bay
3- Cng c xp d v vn chuyn hng ha ti sn bay
Gm 2 loi chnh: cng c xp d hng ha ln xung my bay v cng c vn chuyn hng
ha t v n my bay
- Xe vn chuyn container/palett
39


- Xe nng hng xp d container v paller
- Thit b nng container/pallet
- Bng chuyn hng di
- Gi hay r-mc dng ch container/pallet
- Cc thit b xp hng theo n v
- Pallet
- Igloo
- Container

Cu 57: Cc t chc vn ti hng khng quc t v Vit Nam.

- Th gii:
- ICAO T chc hng khng dn dng quc t - do UN lp ra nm 1941; n nay c 185
nc thnh vin, Vit Nam tr thnh thnh vin t 1980
- IATA Hip hi vn ti hng khng quc t - hip hi ca cc hng hng khng trn th
gii;y l t chc phi chnh ph thnh lp nm 1945 ti Lahabana, Cuba. Vietnam
Airlines tr thnh thnh vin t 1/1/2007
- Vit Nam:
- Vietnam Airlines: chim khong 95-97% tng doanh thu ca ton ngnh
- Jetstar Pacific c chuyn i t Pacific Airlines: 3-5% tng doanh thu ca ton ngnh
hng khng dn dng Vit Nam
- Cng ty dch v hng khng VASCO (Vietnam Air Service Co): khai thc nh tuyn t
HCMC i Tuy Ha, Chu Lai, Cn o, C Mau v ngc li
- Tng cng ty bay dch v Vit Nam FSC: trc thuc B Quc phng bay phc v khai
thc du kh v tm kim cu nn
- Vietjet Air, Indochina Airlines, Air Mekong: cc hng hng khng t nhn

Cu 58: Trnh by c s php l iu chnh vn ti hng khng trn th gii v Vit Nam.

- Th gii
- H thng cng c Vacxava 1929
+ Cng c Vacxava 1929 cng c quc t thng nht mt s quy tc lin quan n
vn ti hng khng quc t
40


Cc vn bn b sung:
+ Ngh nh th Hague 1955: loi b min trch li hng vn, thm min trch ni t
+ C Guadalajara1961: quy nh thm trch nhimh ca ngi chuyn ch tn tht v
ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng nu hng ha c vn chuyn bi nhiu ngi chuyn
ch khc nhau
+ Hip nh Montreal 1966: quy nh trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch i vi hnh trnh
c mt im thuc M
+ Hip nh Guatemala 1971: ch nng gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng
khng i vi hnh khch, t trang v hnh l xch tay, cn gii hn trch nhim i vi
hng ha ko i
+ Cc Ngh nh th Montreal 1975 : quy i gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch
t ng Franc vng ra ng SDR ( quyn rt vn c bit ca IMF)
- Cng c Montreal 1999
+ Cng c thng nht nhng quy tc v vn t hng khng quc t, k kt 28/5/1999 ti
Montreal
+ c hiu lc khi 30 nc tham gia k kt ph chun 28/6/2004
+ Ni dung ph hp vi s pht trin ca vn ti hng khng quc t hin nay, m bo
hn li ch cho ngi s dng dch v
- Vit Nam
- Lut hng khng dn dng Vit Nam ban hnh ngy 26/12/1991, sa i b sung 1995; sa
i nm 2006 c hiu lc t 1/1/2007
- iu l vn chuyn hng ha quc t ca hng hng khng quc gia Vit Nam (Vietnam
Airlines) ban hnh 27/10/1993

Cu 59: Trnh by trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng theo cc ngun lut iu chnh vn
ti hng khng quc t.

- Thi hn trch nhim
L thi hn m ngi chuyn ch hng khng phi chu trch nhim i vi tn tht ca hng
ha, ko di t sn bay i sn bay n
- C s trch nhim
- Ngi chuyn ch hng khng phi chu trch nhim i vi
41


+ tn tht, thit hi xy n vi hng ha
+ chm giao sau 7 ngy k t ngy hng ng l phi giao hoc ngi chuyn ch tuyn
b mt hng
- Min trch:
+ CMR p dng mi bin php ngn nga, phng hn ch tn tht trong kh nng c
th
+ li hng vn: bi bi b theo Hague 1955
+ ni t ca v my bay, cc trang thit b trn my bay : c b sung theo Hague 1955
- Gii hn trch nhim (GHTN)
- L khon tin bi thng ln nht m ngi chuyn ch phi tr cho ch hng trong trng
hp hng ha b tn tht thuc trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch
- C 2 trng hp:
+ c k khai gi tr hng trn vn n hng khng
GHTN = Gi tr k khai (GTKK)
GHTN = Gi tr thc t (GTTT); GTKK > GTTT
+ Ko k khai gi tr hng trn vn n
GHTN c quy nh trong cc ngun lut vn ti hng khng
- C Vacxava v Ngh nh th Hague: 250 Franc vng/kg
- Hip nh Montreal 1966; 9.07 USD/pound 20 USD/kg
- Ngh nh th Goatemala: 250 Franc vng/kg
- Ngh nh th Montreal 1975: 17 SDR/kg

Cu 60: Trnh by vn khiu ni v kin tng ngi chuyn ch hng khng theo cc ngun lut
iu chnh vn ti hng khng.

1- Thi hn khiu ni
- C Vacxava 1929
- Hng b tn tht: trong vng 7 ngy k t ngy nhn hng
- Hng chm giao: trong vng 14 ngy k t ngy ng l phi giao hoc k t ngy nhn c
thng bo hng b mt
- NT Hague 1955
- Hng b tn tht: 14 ngy
42


- Chm giao hng: 21 ngy
- Cc vn bn khc: ko quy nh
- Lut Vit Nam: ging Hague 1955
2- B h s khiu ni
1- n khiu ni bng vng bn
2- Chng t vn ti: Vn n hng khng
3- Chng t lin quan n tn tht ca hng
- Bin bn gim nh tn tht
- Th thng bo tn tht
- Giy chng nhn hng thiu
4- Chng t lin quan n hng (hp ng mua bn, ha n thng mi, phiu ng gi, bn
k khai chi tit hng ha, giy chng nhn s lng, trng lng, phm cht hng ha,)
5- Bin bn kt ton s tin bi thng
3- Kin ngi chuyn ch hng khng
Thi im pht sinh quyn khi kin:sau 30 ngy k t khi gi b h s khiu ni m HHK
ko chp nhn hoc im lng
Thi hn khi kin:
- Vacxava: 1 nm k t
+ ngy my bay n a im n
+ hoc ngy l ra my bay phi n
+ hoc ngy chm dt hnh trnh vn chuyn
Ty thuc vo thi im no mun nht
- Hague 1955: 2 nm
- Lut Vit Nam; 2 nm
a im khi kin
- Ta n ni ngi chuyn ch c tr s kinh doanh
- Ta n ni ngi chuyn ch tr ng
- Ta n ni hng n
- Ta n ca mt trong cc nc thnh vin ca cng c Montreal m rng thm
- Ta n ni ch hng tr ng hoc c tr s kinh doanh

43



Cu 61: Vn n hng khng l g? Nu cc loi vn n hng khng v trng hp s dng chng.
Trnh by cch lp v phn phi vn n hng khng.

1- Vn n hng khng
- L chng t vn chuyn hng ha bng ng hng khng
- Do ngi chuyn ch pht hnh khi nhn hng
- iu chnh mi quan h gia ngi chuyn ch vs ngi gi hng, ngi nhn hng
2- Phn loi vn n v trng hp s dng
- Vn n ca hng hng khng Airline AWB
+ do cc hng hng khng pht hnh
+ nhn dng bng biu tng logo v m nhn dng ca HHK in trn vn n
- Vn n trung lp Neutral AWB
+ do i l ca HHK hoc ngi gom hng pht hnh
+ ko c biu tng hay m nhn dng ca HHK
- Vn n ca ngi gom hng House AWB
+ do ngi gom hng pht hnh cho cc ch hng l cc ch hng l xut trnh cho i
l ca ngi gom hng sn bay nhn hng
- Vn n ch - Master AWB
Do HHK pht hnh cho ngi gom hng i l ca ngi gom hng xut trnh cho HHK
sn bay n nhn hng
3- Lp v phn phi AWB
- Trch nhim lp vn n hng khng: ngi gi hng
- Phn phi AWB
+ Thng lp theo mu IATA 1/1/1984
+ mt b AWB thng c 9-12 bn
3 bn gc: 13 c 2 mt
Cc bn sao; 4 12 ch c mt trc
Ni dung ging ht nhau ngoi tr mu sc v ghi ch pha di
(phn ny c th c thm trong slide v ni dung chi tit ca 12 bn ny @-) )


Cu 62: Cc chc nng ca AWB
44



1- Bng chng ca hp ng vn ti hng khng
2- L bin lai nhn hng ch ca HHK
3- L ha n thanh ton cc ph vn ti hng khng khi trn vn n th hin r cc ph tr
(prepaid)
4- L giy chng nhn bo him khi hng ha c mua bo him ti HHK
5- L chng t khai bo hi quan
6- L bn hng dn i vi nhn vin hng khng

Cu 63: Cc hng khng l g? Trnh by cc loi cc hng khng.

Cc hng khng:
L s tin phi tr cho HHK v vic vn chuyn mt l hng hoc cc chi ph lin quan
khc
Phn loi:
- Cc hng bch ha thng thng (GRC General Cargo etc)
- Cc ti thiu (Minimum rate M): nu cc < M th ko kinh t cho vic vn chuyn
- Cc hng c bit (SRC) : SRC < GRC
- Cc phn loi hng (Commodity Classes Rate) p dng cho nhng loi hng ha ko c
cp n trong biu cc
- Cc tnh chung cho mi loi hng (FAK)
- Cc hng chm < GRC
- Cc hng nhanh (cc u tin) : 130 -140% GRC
- Cc theo nhm (group rate)
- Cc thu bao (charter rate)


Chng 6. Vn chuyn hng ha XNK bng container


Cu 64: Li ch ca vic vn chuyn hng ha bng container (i vi ngi chuyn ch, gom hng,
ngi gi hng)

i vi ngi gi hng/ch hng
- Bo v hng ha, gim tnh trng mt cp
45


- Gim chi ph bao b
- Gim chi ph giao hng
- n gin ha th tc trung gian, chi ph iu hnh lc lu thng
- Gim chi ph vn chuyn v ph bo him
i vi ngi chuyn ch
- Gim ng k thi gian neo u cng lm hng tng vng quay khai thc tu
- Tit kim c chi ph lm hng ti cng
- Gin khiu ni ca ch hng v tn tht ca hng ha
- To iu kin thun li cho vic chuyn ti v vn chuyn a phng thc
- Tng li nhun cho ngi chuyn ch
i vi x hi
- Tng nng sut lao ng x hi
- Tit kim chi ph sn xut x hi
- To thm nhiu vic lm mi, gi quyt thm vic lm cho lao ng d tha

Cu 65: Container l g? Container c tiu chun ha nh th no? Phn loi container.

1- Container l g?
Theo ISO container l 1 dng c vn ti c c im:
- C hnh dng c nh, bn chc, s dng c nhiu ln
- C cu to c bit, thun tin cho chuyn ch bng nhiu phng tin khc nhau
- Thun tin cho vic xp d v chuyn ti gia cc phng tin khc nhau
- C cu to c bit cho vic ng v d hng
- C dung tch ko t hn 1m3
2- Tiu chun ha container
- Ni dung tiu chun ha gm c:
+ kch thc bn ngoi ca container
+ trng lng v sc ch ca container
+ kt cu gc, ca, kha ca container
- Theo tiu chun ISO, c 3 loi di tiu chun ca container l 20ft (6.1m) , 40ft
(12.2m), 45ft (13.7m)
46


- Sc cha container c o theo n v TEU (Twenty foot Equivalent Unit). Theo quy c,
container loi 1C c chiu di 19.1 ft, trng ti ti a 20 tn, dung tch cha hng 30,5 m3
c ly lm n v chun quy i cho tt c cc loai container khc. Loi ny c k hiu
TEU
3- Phn loi container
- P.loi theo kch thc
- P.loi theo vt liu ng (thp, nhm, g dn, nha tng hp,.)
- P.loi theo cu trc ( kn, m, khung, gp, c bnh ln, )
- P.loi theo cng dng (ch hng bch ha, ch hng di, bo n, thng cha, c bit)

Cu 66: Cc cng c chuyn ch container v cng, ga, bn bi container.

1- Cng c vn chuyn container
Bng ng bin
- Tu ch hng bch ha thng thng
- Tu bn container
- Tu chuyn dng ch container
+ tu Ro-Ro
+ tu Lo-Lo
- Tu ch x lan
Bng ng st
- TOFC Trailer on Flatcar: xp container ln xe r-mooc, sau xp c container v xe r-
mooc ln toa xe mt phng
- COFC Container on Flatcar; nu xp chng 2 container l DST: xp container ln cc toa
xe mt phng
2- Cng, ga, bn bi container
- Bi container Container Yard: ni tin hnh bo qun v giao nhn container c hng v
container rng; Thng c b tr tip gip vs bn container; Din tch CY thng rt ln v
ph thuc vo s lng container, chiu di bn container
- Container Freight Station CFS trm thu gom hng l: ni giao nhn v ph v hng l
chuyn ch bng container. Ti y, ngi ta tin hnh nhn hng l ng vo
47


container, hoc d hng l ra khi container giao cho ngi nhn. CFS thng c xy
dng ngoi phm vi khu vc cng
- Inland Clearance deport ICD cng thng quan ni a hay cng kh

Cu 67: Phng thc gi hng nguyn container FCL/FCL


FCL : Full Container Load
Nhn nguyn giao nguyn: ngi chuyn ch nhn nguyn container t ngi gi hng
(shipper) ni i v s giao nguyn container cho ngi nhn hng (consignee) ni
n
Trch nhim ca ngi gi hng (shipper)
- Thu v vn chuyn Cont v kho
- ng hng vo Cont
- Lm th tc hi quan, nim phong, kp ch
- Vn chuyn v giao Cont cho ngi chuyn ch ti CY
- Ly vn n
- Chu cc chi ph lin quan
Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch (carrier)
- Pht hnh vn n
- Qun l, chm sc Cont
- a cont ra cng xp ln tu
- Vn chuyn Cont
- D cont ti cng a v CY
- Giao cont cho ngi xut trnh B/L
- Thu hi B/L
- Chu cc chi ph lin quan
Trch nhim ca ngi nhn hng (consignee)
- Thu xp giy t NK, lm th tc hi quan v np thu
- Xut trnh B/L
- Vn chuyn cont v kho bi ca mnh
- Chu cc chi ph lin quan
48




Cu 68: Phng thc gi hng l container LCL/LCL

LCL : Less than Container Load l nhng l hng ng chung trong mt Cont m ngi gom hng
phi chu trch nhim ng v d hng khi Cont

Nhn giao l: l ngi chuyn ch nhn l t ngi gi hng v giao l cho ngi nhn hng

Ni nhn hng v giao hng l CFS
Trch nhim ca ngi gi hng
- Vn chuyn hng ha ti CFS
- Chuyn cho ngi gom hng nhng chng t lin quan n hng ho, vn ti v th tc hi
quan
- Ly vn n ca ngi gom hng (B/L hoc House B/L)
- Tr cc ph hng l
Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch
- Ngi chuyn ch thc t:
+ tin hnh nghip v chuyn ch hng l container nh ni trn
+ k pht vn n thc cho ngi gi hng
+ bc cont xung tu, vn chuyn n cng ch, d cont ra khi tu
+ vn chuyn n bi tr hng v giao hng l cho ngi nhn hng theo vn n m mnh
k pht cng i
- Ngi t chc chuyn ch
+ thng do cng ty giao nhn ng ra kinh doanh trn danh ngha ngi gom hng
+ chu trch nhim sut qu trnh vn chuyn hng t khi nhn hng l ti cng gi cho n
khi giao hng xong ti cng ch
Trch nhim ca ngi nhn hng l (LCL consignee)
- Thu xp giy t NK v lm th tc hi quan
- Xut trnh B/L hp l nhn hng
- Nhanh chng nhn hng ti CFS

49



Cu 69: Phng thc gi hng kt hp FCL/LCL & LCL/FCL

Gi nguyn giao l (FCL/LCL): khi gi hng th trch nhim ca shipper v carrier ging
phng php gi nguyn nhng khi nhn th trch nhim ca consignee v carrier ging
phng php gi hng l
LCL/FCl: ngc li

Cu 70: Khi nim cc ph vn chuyn container, cc b phn cu thnh v cc yu t nh hng

Cc ph vn chuyn container
c n nh thnh biu cc nh biu cc ca tu ch
Cc b phn cu thnh
- Chi ph vn ti ni a
- Chi ph chuyn ch Cont chng ng chnh
- Chi ph bn bi Cont cng xp, d
- Cc chi ph khc
Cc yu t nh hng
- Loi cont
- Loi hng xp trong Cont
- Mc s dng trng ti cont
- Hnh trnh v iu kin a l ca tuyn ng
- Th trng chuyn ch

Cu 71: Chng t trong vn chuyn hng ha bng container? Phn loi v chc nng?

Vn n Cont theo cch gi hng nguyn
- Vn n cont (Container Bill of Lading) do ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi i din ca
ngi chuyn ch k pht sau khi nhn c Cont cha hng c nim phong, kp ch
- c im: Cont B/L l 1 dng vn n nhn xp
Vn n Cont theo cch gi hng l
- TH1: nu do ngi chuyn ch thc t m nhim th h s k pht vn n Cont hng l
- TH2: nu do ngi gom hng m nhn, th s c 2 loi vn n c k pht;
50


+ Vn n gom hng ca ngi gom hng (House B/L): trn L/C nn c thm House Bill
of Lading Acceptable, c th dng trong thanh ton, mua bn, giao dch
+ Vn n thc ca ngi chuyn ch (Master B/L) : ch c dng vo vn chuyn giao
nhn hng v iu chnh quan h php l gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi gom hng m
khng c chc nng l chng t thanh ton theo phng thc tn dng chng t

Cu 72: Trnh by trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch container i vi hng ha

1- Phm vi trch nhim
Hague: bt u t khi cu mc hng cng i v kt thc khi cu ri hng cng n
Hamburg: t bi container n bi container
2- iu khon ko bit tnh trng hng xp trong container
Mc ch ca ngi chuyn ch: trnh trch nhim i vi hng ha cha trong cont, nu khi
giao hng cng ch, du nim phong, kp ch vn cn nguyn vn
3- Xp hng trn boong
Hague- Visby: hng thng thng phi xp trong hm tu, tr khi loi hng c bit v c s
tha thun gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi gi hng mi c th xp trn boong
4- Gii hn trch nhim bi thng
Hague 1924
Hague Visby 1968 ging vi phn gii hn trch nhim chng bin
Hamburg 1978
Ngh nh th SDR 1979:
- Hng c k khai gi tr bi thng theo gi tr k khai
- Hng khng k khai gi tr th mc bi thng ti a l 666,67 SDR/n v hng ha/kin
hoc 2 SDR/kg hng ha c b.
- i vi hng ha chuyn ch trong container, quy nh ging Hague Visby 1968
B lut hng hi Vit Nam: ging Hague Visby 1968. Hng vn chuyn bng container
cha cp ti.
Cu 73: Dch v gom hng l g v li ch ca n? Trch nhim v vai tr ca ca ngi gom hng
Dch v gom hng l vic tp hp nhng l hng l ca nhiu ngi gi cng mt ni i, thnh
nhng l hng nguyn giao cho ngi nhn cng mt ni n
Li ch
o i vi ngi xut khu
51


Mc gi cc thanh ton nh hn so vi vic thanh ton cho ngi chuyn ch
Cm thy thun tin hn khi lin h vi ngi gom hng hn l vi hng tu v
ngi gom hng c th gp hng cho mi tuyn ng cn ngi chuyn ch
th ch kinh doanh trn mt s tuyn c nh
Ngi gom hng c th cung cp cc dch v vn ti t ca n ca v dch v
phn phi m cc hng tu thng khng lm
o Ngi chuyn ch
Tit kim c thi gian v chi ph do khng phi lo cc chuyn hng l
Tn dng c ht kh nng chuyn ch ca mnh do hng ng y container
Khng lo b qut tin do ch vic thu ngi gom hng , ngi gom hng lc
ny ng vai tr ngi gi hng
o Ngi gom hng
Hng c gi chnh lnh gia tng cc thu c t ngi gi hng l vi
tng cc phi ch cho ngi chuyn ch
Hng u i v gi do s lng hng gi ln v thng xuyn
Vai tr
o ng vai tr l ngi chuyn ch hoc i l
o Nu s dng dch v vn ti ca ngi ch cc phng thc vn ti khc nhau th i
vi ngi ch hng th ngi gom hng l ngi chuyn ch hp ng v l ngi gi
hng i vi ngi chuyn ch thc t
Trch nhim
o Chu trch nhim v nhng tn tht hng ha trong sut qu trnh nhn hng t ni
nhn n giao hng ni n

Cu 74: Dch v gom hng l g? Cc bc trong nghip v gom hng
Dch v gom hng l vic tp hp nhng l hng l ca nhiu ngi gi cng mt ni i, thnh
nhng l hng nguyn giao cho ngi nhn cng mt ni n
Cc bc trong nghip v gom hng
o Ngi gom hng nhn cc l hng l t nhiu gi hng khc nhau ti Tram gi hng l
Container (CFS)
o Ngi gom hng tp hp hng thnh l hng nguyn container, kim tra hi quan v
ng hng vo container tai CFS
o Ngi gom hng gi cc Container ny bng ng st , hng khng, ng bin .
Cho i l ca mnh ti ni n
o i l nhn container v d ra giao cho ngi nhn ti CFS ni n

Cu 75: Phn bit Master B/L v House B/L
Master B/L l chng t vn ti m ngi vn ti cp cho ngi gom hng khi h nhn hng
House B/L l chng t vn ti do ngi gom hng cp cho ngi gi hng l khi ngi gom
hng nhn hng t ch hng l vn chuyn bng ng khng hoc ng bin
Cu 76: Ti sao khi gi hng bng container nn thay cc iu kin Incoterms CIF, FOB, CFR bng
cc iu kin CIP, FCA, CPT
Cu 77: Nhc im ca h thng vn ti container
Vn u t ln
Hn ch v mt a l
Hn ch v chng loi hng ha chuyn ch
52


Hn ch v vn chuyn hai chiu

Chng VII : Vn chuyn hng ha xut nhp khu bng vn ti a phng thc
Cu 78 : nh ngha v c im ca vn ti a phng thc
1. nh ngha :
Vn ti a phng thc ( multimodal transport) quc t l mt phng php vn ti trong
hng ha c vn chuyn bng hai hay nhiu phng thc vn ti khc nhau trn c s mt
chng t vn ti, mt ch trch nhim v ch mt ngi chu trch nhim v hng ha trong
sut hnh trnh chuyn ch t mt a im nhn hng nc ny ti mt a im giao hng
nc khc.
u im: kh nng vn ti t ca n ca thng qua vic s dng nhng cng ngh mi nht
trong vn ti v thng tin, mt u mi duy nht, mt chng t duy nht, nhng th tc xut
nhp khu v hi quan n gin nht nhm gim n mc thp nht chi ph b ra.
2. c im : (6)
C t nht hai phng thc vn ti tham gia.
Trong hnh trnh vn ti a phng thc ch s dng mt chng t. Tn gi : chng t vn
ti a phng thc, vn n vn ti a phng thc, vn oen vn ti lin hp,..
Trong hnh trnh vn ti a phng thc ch c mt ngi chu trch nhim v hng ha
trc ngi gi hng l ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc( Multimodal transport
operator- MTO)
MTO chu trch nhim i vi hng ha theo mt ch trch nhim nht nh. Ch
trch nhim c th l ch trch nhim thng nht hoc ch trch nhim tng
chng theo s tha thun ca 2 bn.
Ni nhn hng ch v ni giao hng trong vn ti a phng thc quc t nhng nc
khc nhau.
Trong vn ti a phng thc hng ha thng c vn chuyn trong nhng cng c vn
ti nh container, ballet, trailer
Cu 79: Cc hnh thc t chc vn ti a phng thc (7)
a. Vn ti bin- vn ti hng khng
Kt hp tnh kinh t ca vn ti bin v tc ca vn ti hng khng
chuyn ch nhng hng c gi tr cao nh in, in t v nhng hng c tnh
thi v cao nh qun o, chi
Ph bin t vng bin Vin ng sang Chu u
b. Vn ti hng khng vn ti t
Tn dng dch v nht v giao ca vn ti t.
Kt hp tnh c ng linh hot ca t v di vn chuyn ca my bay.
Ph bin M, chu u, c.
c. Vn ti ng st vn ti t
Kt hp gia tnh an ton v lng hng vn chuyn ln ca vn ti ng st vi tnh
c ng ca vn ti t.
Hn ch: nhc im ca ng st: ch chy trn nhng tuyn nht nh.
Ph bin: Chu M, chu u.
d. Vn ti ng st , t, thy n a, bin, st, t, thy ni a
c dng khi hng ha c vn chuyn bng ng bin t mt nc ny n mt nc
khc
53


e. Cu lc a
Hng ha ( container) c vn chuyn gia hai vng bin, i dng qua mt lc a nh mt
cu t lin ni hai vng bin : ng bin- ng b- ng bin.
Vd: h thng ng st xuyn Xibiri
f. Mini- bridge
Vn chuyn cc container bng tu bin t mt cng nc ny ti mt cng nc khc
sau li vn chuyn bng ng st ti mt thnh ph cng th hai ca nc n
theo mt vn n i sut do ngi chuyn ch bng ng bin cp.
Ph bin: M v Vin ng, chu u v c
g. Micro-bridge
Tng t mini-bridge ch khc l ni kt thc hnh trnh khng phi l mt thnh ph cng m
l mt trung tm cng nghip, thng mi trong ni a.
Cu 80: Vn ti a phng thc l g? Hiu qu ca VTPT
1. Vn ti a phng thc ( multimodal transport) quc t l mt phng php vn ti trong
hng ha c vn chuyn bng hai hay nhiu phng thc vn ti khc nhau trn c s
mt chng t vn ti, mt ch trch nhim v ch mt ngi chu trch nhim v hng
ha trong sut hnh trnh chuyn ch t mt a im nhn hng nc ny ti mt a
im giao hng nc khc.
2. Tnh hiu qu ca VTPT:
Hiu qu kinh t:
To ra u mi duy nht trong vn chuyn.
Tng nhanh thi gian giao hng
Gim thiu chi ph vn tido gim thiu chi ph lu kho, lu bi ti cc im
chuyn ti
n gin ha chng t th tc
n gin ha th tc hi quan v qu cnh theo cc Hip nh, cc cng c
quc t hoc khu vc, a phng v song phng.
m bo an ton hn cho hng
Li ch x hi:
Tit kim chi ph
To ra dch v mi( dch v gom hng)
Gii quyt cng n vic lm cho ngi lao ng

Cu 81: Nu cc ngun lut iu chnh vn ti a phng thc trn th gii v Vit Nam.
1. Quc t:
Cng c ca Lin hp quc v chuyn ch hng ha bng vn ti a phng thc
quc t, 1980. Tuy nhin cng c ny hin nay vn cha c hiu lc do cha c
s nc cn thit ph chun, gia nhp.
Bn quy tc ca UNCTAD v ICC v chng t vn ti a phng thc c hiu lc
t 1/1/1992 v c p dng ph bin.
2. Khu vc:
Hip nh khung ASEAN v vn ti a phng thc k nm 1999 hiu lc t thng 11
nm 2005
3. Vit Nam:
Nhng ngun lut ca tng phng thc vn ti; ng bin, ng hng khng,
ng t, ng st cng c cp n vn ti a phng thc
54


Ngh nh s 87/2009/N-CP ngy 19/10/2009 ca chnh ph v vn ti a phng
thc.
Cu 82: nh ngha v phn loi MTO
1. nh ngha:
Theo cng c ca Lin hp quc v vn ti a phng thc :MTO l bt k ngi
no, t mnh hoc thng qua 1 ngi khc, k kt mt hp ng vn ti a phng thc
v hot ng nh mt bn chnh ch khng phi l mt i l hoc ngi thay mt
ngi gi hng hoc nhng ngi chuyn ch tham gia vn ti a phng thc v chu
trch nhim thc hin hp ng vn ti a phng thc.
Bn quy tc v chng t vn ti a phng thc : MTO l bt k ngi no k kt
mt hp ng vn ti a phng thc v chu trch nhim thc hin hp ng nh
mt ngi chuyn ch.
MTO chu trch nhim v hng ha trong ton b hnh trnh trc ch hng vi t cch
l ngi chuyn ch ch khng phi i l.
Nu MTO t mnh chuyn ch hng ha th MTO ng thi l ngi chuyn
ch thc t.
Nu MTO phi i thu ngi khc chuyn ch hng ha th MTO l ngi thu
chuyn ch.
2. Phn loi MTO
1) Cn c vo vic c tu bin:
MTO c tu : l cc t chc khai thc v s hu tu bin nhng m rng kinh doanh c
vn ti a phng thc. Cc MTO ny phi k hp ng thu ch trn cc chng vn
ti ng b, ng st v ng hng khng.Gm 2 dng:
cc hng tu ln
cc n v sn xut kinh doanh c i tu ring
MTO khng c tu :l cc t chc khng khai thc v s hu tu bin. Gm 3 dng:
Ch s hu mt phng tin vn ti khng phi tu bin
Ngi kinh doanh phng tin vn ti cng cng khng c tu
Ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng: ngi giao nhn
2) Cn c vo vic c phng tin vn ti
MTO c phng tin vn ti : MTO tham gia vo mt chng vn ti: MTO l ngi
chuyn ch thc t
MTO khng c bt c phng tin vn ti no tc l MTO khng tham gia vo vic
vn chuyn th MTO l ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng
Cu 83: Ch trch nhim thng nht l g? Phn bit ch trch nhim thng nht v ch trch
nhim tng chng
1. Ch trch nhim thng nht l ch trch nhim c quy nh trong:
C 1980 UNC
Bn quy tc UNCTAD/ICC
N 87/2009/N-CP
Ngoi ra cn ty thuc vo ngun lut no c quy nh trn chng t VTPT v p
dng vi tt c cc chng vn ti
2. Phn bit ch trch nhim thng nht v ch trch nhim tng chng
55


Ch trch nhim thng nht :Trch nhim ca MTO nh quy nh ca cng c v
bn quy tc gi l ch trch nhim p dng cho nhiu phng thc vn ti khc nhau
trong mt hnh trnh vn ti a phng thc, tc l trong hnh trnh vn ti a phng
thc ch c mt c s trch nhim, mt thi hn trch nhim, mt gii hn trch
nhim.
Ngc li, nu trong mt hnh trnh vn ti a phng thc, trch nhim ca MTO li
da trn c s nhiu ch trch nhim ca phng thc vn ti tham gia chuyn ch
th gi l ch trch nhim tng chng (Network Liability System).
Xc nh c hng b tn tht chng no th p dng ch trch nhim ca
PTVT chng theo ngun lut iu chnh c quy inh trn chng t
VTPT
Khng xc nh c hng b tn tht chng no th chng t VTPT phi
quy nh r p dng ch trch nhieemjc a chng no
Cu 84: Quy nh thi hn trch nhim ca MTO
V quy nh thi hn trch nhim ca MTO th cc ngun lut quy nh ging nhau
Thi hn trch nhim ca MTO l k t khi nhn hng ni i cho n khi giao hng xong
ni n.
Nhn hng t:
Ngi gi hng hoc ngi thay mt ngi gi hng
C quan c thm quyn hoc bn th ba
Giao hng khi:
giao cho ngi nhn
t hng di s nh ot ca ngi nhn
giao cho mt c quan c thm quyn hoc bn th ba
Cu 85: Quy nh c s trch nhim ca MTO
1. Theo C 1980 UNC: p dng nguyn tc suy on li
MTO phi chu trch nhim i vi tn tht, mt mt hoc chm giao
Chm giao l hng khng c giao trong thi hn tha thun nu khng tha thun th l
khong thi gian hp l m mt MTO cn mn c th giao c tnh n hon cnh s vic
Hng khng c giao sau 90 ngy( tnh c ngy l v ngy ngh) th l hng mt
MTO c min trch nu chng minh p dng mi bin php cn thit nhm ngn nga,
hn ch v phng trnh tn tht.
2. Bn quy tc ca UNCTAD/ICC:
B sung 2 min trch trong trng hp hnh trnh c chng vn chuyn ng bin;
Li hng vn
Chy do nguyn nhn khch quan
3. N 87/2009/N-CP ca Vit Nam:
B sung thm cc min trch sau:
Nguyn nhn bt kh khng
Li ca ch hng
Li ng gi, bao b, k m hiu
Vic giao nhn, xp d do ch hng lm
n t, ni t ca hng
56


nh cng, b xng, nh ch hoc hn ch lao ng
Hnh trnh c ng bin, ni thy dn n li hng vn v chy do nguyn nhn khch
quan
Cu 86: Quy nh gii hn trch nhim ca MTO
1. C 1980 UNC
C k khai gi tr hng:
GHTN = gi tr k khai (GTKK)
GHTN = gi tr thc t (GTTT) nu GTKK>GTTT
Khng k khai gi tr hng:
GHTN = 920 SDR/ kin hay 1 n v hoc 2,75 SDR/ 1 kg
( ty cch tnh cao hn do ch hng chon)
GHTN = 8,33 SDR/ 1 kg nu hnh trnh khng bao gm ng bin hoc ni thy
Hng ng trong container:
C k khai s kin : n v tnh bi thng = 1 kin
Khng k khai s kin: n v tnh bi thng = 1 container
V container khng thuc MTO: 1 v container = 1 n v bi thng
Thit hi do chm giao hng:2,5 ln tin cc ca s hng chm giao khng vt qu tng
tin cc ca c l hng
2. Bn quy tc ca UNCTAD/ICC:
C k khai gi tr:
GHTN = gi tr k khai (GTKK)
GHTN = gi tr thc t (GTTT) nu GTKK>GTTT
Khng k khai gi tr:
GHTN = 666,7 SDR/ 1 kin hay 1 n v hoc 2SDR/1kg
GHTN = 8,33 SDR/ 1 kg nu hnh trnh khng bao gm ng bin hoc ni thy
Hng ng trong container:
C k khai s kin : n v tnh bi thng = 1 kin
Khng k khai s kin: n v tnh bi thng = 1 container
V container khng thuc MTO: 1 v container = 1 n v bi thng
Thit hi do chm giao hng:2,5 ln tin cc ca s hng chm giao khng vt qu tng
tin cc ca c l hng
3. N 87/2009/N-CP:ging UNCTAD/ICC
Cu 87: So snh trch nhim ca MTO theo 3 ngun lut iu chnh VTPT: C 1980 ca Lin Hp
Quc, Bn Quy tc UNTACD/ICC v N 87/2009/N-CP.
Tng hp 3 cu trn.
Cu 88: Quy nh v thng bo tn tht v khiu ni ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc
1. Thng bo tn tht:
Tn tht r rt: ngi nhn phi gi thng bo bng vn bn cho MTO khng mun hn 1
ngy lm vic sau ngy giao hng
Tn tht khng r rt: trong vng 6 ngy lin tc k t ngy giao hng
Chm giao hng: trong 60 ngy lin tc k t ngy hng ng l phi giao
2. Khiu ni vi MTO:
C 1980 UNC: 6 thng k t ngy giao hng hoc ngy hng ng l c giao
Bn quy tc UNCTAD/ICC: 9 thng
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N 87/2009/N-CP ca Vit Nam:90 ngy
Cu 89: nh ngha, cc loi chng t vn ti a phng thc
1. nh ngha:
Chng t vn ti a phng thc l mt chng t chng minh cho mt hp ng vn ti a
phng thc, cho vic nhn hng ch ca MTO v cho vic cam kt ca MTO giao hng ph
hp vi cc iu kin, iu khon ca hp ng.
2. Cc loi chng t VTPT:
FBL: FIATA Negotiable Multimodal Transport Bill of Lading
Vn n i sut do ngi giao nhn cp m bo chu trch nhim thc hin hp ng vn
ti a phng thc v chu trch nhim v nhng hnh vi, li lm ca ngi chuyn ch v
cc bn th 3 khc m anh ta s dng dch v
COMBIDOC
MULTIDOC
Combined Transport Bill of Lading
Cu 90: u nhc im ca VTPT
u im: kh nng vn ti t ca n ca thng qua vic s dng nhng cng ngh mi nht trong
vn ti v thng tin, mt u mi duy nht, mt chng t duy nht, nhng th tc xut nhp khu v
hi quan n gin nht nhm gim n mc thp nht chi ph b ra
Nhc im:t chc vn chuyn kh phc tp, quy tc lut php quc t v vn ti a phng thc
cha p dng thng nht.
Chng VIII : GIAO NHN HNG HA XUT NHP KHU
Cu 91: Khi nim giao nhn v ngi giao nhn.
1. nh ngha v giao nhn:
Theo quy tc mu ca ca FIATA v dch v giao nhn th dch v giao nhn l bt k
loi dch v no lin quan n vn chuyn, gom hng, lu kho, bc xp, ng gi hay
phn phi hng ha cng nh dch v t vn hay c lin quan n cc dch v trn k
c cc vn hi quan, ti chnh, mua bo him, thanh ton, thu nhp chng t lin
quan n hng ha.
Theo Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 1997 th giao nhn hng ha l hnh vi thng
mi, theo ngi lm dch v giao nhn hng ha nhn hng t ngi gi, t chc
vn chuyn, lu kho, lu bi, lm cc th tc giy t v cc dch v khc c lin quan
giao hng cho ngi nhn theo y thc ca ch hng, ca ngi vn ti hoc ca
ngi giao nhn khc
2. Ngi giao nhn l ngi kinh doanh dch v giao nhn. Ngi giao nhn c th l ch hng,
ch tu, cng ty xp d, hay kho hng, ngi giao nhn chuyn nghip hay bt c ngi no
khc c ng k kinh doanh dch v giao nhn hng ha.
Theo Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 1997 th ngi lm dch v giao nhn hng ha l
thng nhn c giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh dch v giao nhn hng ha.
Nhim v: lm cc th tc hi quan hoc thu tu, cung cp dch v trn gi v ton b
qu trnh vn ti v phn phi hng ha.
Mt s tn gi khc ca ngi giao nhn : i l hi quan, mi gii hi quan, i l
thanh ton, i l gi hng v giao nhn, ngi chuyn ch chnh,
Cu 92 : Phm vi ca dch v giao nhn
58


Tr phi bn thn ngi gi hng( hoc ngi nhn hng) mun t mnh tham gia lm bt k khu th
tc, chng t no cn thng thng ngi giao nhn c th thay mt ngi gi hng( hoc ngi
nhn hng) lo liu qu trnh vn chuyn hng ha qua cc cung on cho n tay ngi nhn cui
cng.
Nhng dch v m ngi giao nhn c tin hnh l:
1) Chun b hng ha chuyn ch.
2) T chc chuyn ch hng ha trong phm vi ga, cng.
3) T chc xp d hng ha.
4) Lm t vn cho ch hng trong vic chuyn ch hng ha.
5) K kt hp ng vn ti vi ngi chuyn ch, thu tu, lu cc.
6) Lm cc th tc gi hng, nhn hng.
7) Lm th tc hi quan, kim nghim, kim dch.
8) Mua bo him cho hng ha.
9) Lp cc chng t cn thit trong qu trnh gi hng, nhn hng.
10) Thanh ton, thu i ngoi t.
11) Nhn hng t ch hng, giao cho ngi chuyn ch v giao cho ngi nhn.
12) Thu xp chuyn ti hng ha.
13) Nhn hng t ngi chuyn ch v giao cho ngi nhn.
14) Gom hng, la chn tuyn ng vn ti, phng thc vn ti v ngi chuyn ch thch hp.
15) ng gi bao b, phn loi, ti ch hng ha.
16) Lu kho, bo qun hng ha.
17) Nhn v kim tra cc chng t cn thit lin quan n s vn ng ca hng ha.
18) Thanh ton cc ph, chi ph xp d, chi ph lu kho, lu bi
19) Thng bo tnh hnh i v n ca cc phng tin vn ti.
20) Thng bo tn tht vi ngi chuyn ch.
21) Gip ch hng trong vic khiu ni i bi thng.
Tm li, ni dung ca nghip v giao nhn c th bao gm nhng cng vic sau:
Cc hot ng t vn v ng gi, tuyn ng, bo him, th tc hi quan, chng t vn ti,
nhng quy nh ca L/C.
Cc hot ng t chc chuyn ch l hng xut nhp khu v qu cnh, dch v gom hng, vn
ti hng nng v hng c bit, hng cng trnh.i vi hng nhp khu, ngi giao nhn s d
hng khi phng tin vn chuyn, tho d hng thu gom v khai bo hi quan. i vi hng
xut khu, ngi giao nhn s nhn hng, ng gi v k k m hiu, lu cc vi ngi
chuyn ch, cp chng t vn ti, gim st giao hng, thng bo giao hng cho khch hng,
khai bo hi quan. i vi hng qu cnh, ngi giao nhn phi ly mu, ng gi hng li,
lu kho hi quan v vn chuyn tip hng i.
Cu 93 : Vai tr ca ngi giao nhn
Ngi giao nhn khng ch lm th tc hi quan hoc thu tu m cn cung cp dch v trn gi v
ton b qu trnh vn ti v phn phi hng ha. Bi vy, ngi giao nhn lm chc nng v cng
vic ca nhng ngi sau y:
1) Mi gii hi quan:
Dnh ch hng trong vn ti quc t hoc lu cc vi cc hng tu theo s y thc ca
ngi xut khu hoc ngi nhp khu.
Thay mt ngi xut khu, nhp khu khai bo, lm th tc hi quan nh mt mi
gii hi quan.
59


2) i l:
Nhn y thc t mt ch hng lo nhng cng vic giao nhn hng ha xut nhp
khu, lm vic bo v li ch ca ch hng, lm trung gian gia ngi gi hng vi
ngi vn ti, ngi vn ti vi ngi nhn ng, ngi bn vi ngi mua.
Hng hoa hng v khng chu trch nhim v tn tht ca hng ha, ch chu trch
nhim v hnh vi ca mnh ch khng chu trch nhim v hnh vi ca ngi lm thu
cho mnh hoc cho ch hng.
3) Lo liu chuyn ti v gi tip hng ha:
Khi hng ha phi chuyn ti hoc qu cnh qua mt nc th ba, ngi giao nhn s lo liu
th tc qu cnh hoc t chc chuyn ti hng ha t phng tin ny sang phng tin vn ti
khc hoc giao hng n tay ngi nhn hng.
4) Lu kho hng ha:
Trong trng hp phi lu kho hng ha trc khi xut khu hoc sau khi nhp khu, ngi
giao nhn s lo liu vic bng phng tin ca mnh hoc thu ngi khc v phn phi
hng ha nu cn.
5) Ngi gom hng:
Trong vn ti hng ha bng container, dch v gom hng l khng th thiu bin l hng l
thnh l hng nguyn tn dng sc ch ca container v gim cc ph vn ti.Khi l ngi
gom hng, ngi giao nhn c th ngvai tr l ngi chuyn ch hoc ch l ngi i l.
6) Ngi chuyn ch:
Ngi giao nhn ng vai tr l ngi chuyn ch tc l ngi giao nhn trc tip k
kt hp ng vn ti vi ch hng v chu trch nhim chuyn ch hng ha t ni ny
n ni khc.
Ngi giao nhn ng vai tr l ngi thu chuyn ch nu anh ta k kt hp ng m
khng trc tip chuyn ch.
Ngi giao nhn ng vai tr l ngi chuyn ch thc t nu anh ta trc tip chuyn
ch.
Ngi giao nhn chu trch nhim v hng ha trong sut hnh trnh khng nhng v hnh
vi li lm ca mnh m ca c nhng ngi m anh ta s dng v c th pht hnh vn n.
7) Ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc (MTO):
Trong trng hp ngi giao nhn cung cp dch v vn ti i sut th ngi giao nhn
ng vai tr l ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc cng l ngi chuyn ch v phi
chu trch nhim v hng ha trong sut hnh trnh vn ti.
Ngi giao nhn cn c coi l kin trc s ca vn ti v ngi giao nhn c kh nng t
chc qu trnh vn ti mt cch tt nht v tit kim nht
Cu 94: C s php l giao nhn hng ha xut nhp khu
Nhng nc c lut khng thnh vn th ngi giao nhn ly danh ngha ca ngi y thc tc
l ngi gi hng hay ngi nhn hng giao dch cho cng vic y thc.
Nhng nc c lut dn s th ngi giao nhn ly danh ngha ca mnh giao dch cho cng
vic ca ngi y thc, h va l ngi y thc va l i l. i vi ngi y thc th h l
i l nhng i vi ngi chuyn ch h li l ngi y thc.
iu kin kinh doanh chun do Lin on quc t cc Hip hi giao nhn FIATA son
cc nc tham kho xy dng cc iu kin cho ngnh giao nhn ca mnh, gii thch r rng
cc ngha v, quyn li v trch nhim ca ngi giao nhn. Nhng iu kin ny thng hnh
thnh ph hp vi tp qun thng mi hay th ch php l hin hnh ca tng nc.
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Mt s vn bn khc nh nh hp ng mua bn ngoi thng, quy nh ca L/C, quy nh
ca Incoterms v nhng quy nh ca cc phng thc vn ti lin quan.
Ti Vit Nam c: Lut Thng mi 2005, B lut hng hi Vit Nam 2005, lut Hi quan,
Quyt nh s 2073/Q-GT ngy 6/10/1991, Quyt nh s 2106/ Q-GTVT ngy 23/8/1997
ca B trng B Giao thng Vn ti
Cu 95: Nguyn tc giao nhn hng ha xut nhp khu
- Vic giao nhn hng ha c tin hnh theo cc phng php do cc bn la chn, tha thun
trong hp ng trn c s c li nht.
- Nguyn tc chung l nhn hng bng phng php no th giao hng theo phng php y.
Phng php giao nhn bao gm:
Giao nhn nguyn bao kin, b, tm, cy, chic;
Giao nhn nguyn hm, cp ch;
Giao nhn theo s lng, trng lng, th tch bng cch cn, o, m;
Giao nhn theo mn nc ca phng tin;
Giao nhn theo nguyn container nim phong cp ch
- Trch nhim giao nhn hng ha l ca ngi ch hng hoc ca ngi c ch hng y thc
vi ngi vn chuyn.
Cu 95: Quy trnh giao hng xut khu
1. Ti cng bin
a. Chun b hng ha, nm tnh hnh tu
Nghin cu hp ng mua bn v L/C chun b hng ha, xem ngi mua tr tin
hay m L/C cha;
Chun b cc chng t cn thit lm th tc hi quan;
Nm tnh hnh tu hoc tin hnh lu cc, ng k chuyn tu;
Lp danh sch hng ( cargo list) gi hng tu hoc yu cu cp lnh giao container rng
Khai v np t khai hi quan cng vi cc giy t khc nh hp ng mua bn, ha n
thng mi, giy php kinh doanh, bn k khai chi tit, giy php xut khu.
b. Lm th tc kim nghim, gim nh, kim ha, tnh thu
Xin kim ngim, gim inh, kim dch, nu cn v ly giy chng nhn hay bin bn
thch hp;
Hi quan kim tra thc t hng ha. Theo lut Hi quan hin nay, phn ln hng ha
xut nhp khu c min kim tra hi quan c bit vi nhng ch hng c qu trnh
chp hnh tt lut Hi quan
Tnh thu v ra thng bo thu, hon thnh th tc hi quan.
c. Giao hng ha xut khu cho tu
- i vi hng ng trong container
Hng nguyn
Ch hng hoc ngi y thc in v k giy lu cc ri a cho i din hng tu hoc i
l tu bin cng bn Danh mc hng( Cargo list)
Hng tu cp lnh giao v container cho ch hng mn v giao phiu ng gi( Packing list)
v nim phong( seal)
Ch hnagf ly container rng v a im quy nh ng hng vo container, lp phiu
ng gi ( packing list)