MALAYSIAN STUDIES ASSIGNMENT

SUMMARY OF SOCIAL INTERACTION ARTICLE

NAME : ESKANDAR BIN MOHD SUKRI ID : 11919 COURSE : PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

TABLE OF CONTENT SOCIAL INTERACTION UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL INTERACTION Social Action Context Norm......... Ethnomethodology... Dramaturgy TYPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION Non-Verbal Behaviour Exchange Cooperation... Conflict... Competition... Conclusion. ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION Status.. Roles... Role Set.. Role Strain..... Role Conflict.. Role Playing... CONCLUSION... 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 12 12 13 14

SOCIAL INTERACTION
Context Norms
Ethnomethodology

Dramaturgy

Nonverbal Behaviour

Exchange

Cooperation

Understanding Social Interaction

Types of Social Interaction

SOCIAL INTERACTION
Roles Role Sets Role Conflict Elements of Social Interaction Conflict Statuses Role Strains Role Playing Competition

Anything people are conscious of doing because of other people

Definition (Max Weber, 1992)

Method to interpret

SOCIAL ACTION

Comparison with social interaction Social Action Deals only with 1 individual taking others into account before acting Social Interaction Involves 2/more people taking one another into accound Importance:

1) Put ourselves in position of subject 2) Try to understand their: a. Thoughts b. Motives

1) Interplay between actions of subjects 2) Central concept to understand nature of social life

TYPE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

Example (Open Door) America: No conspirational air Nobody is left out Importance (Edward T. Hall, 1974)

CONTEXT

Interpretation of simplest interaction

Component German Sloppy Disorderly Relaxed Unbusiness like air

1) Physical setting/place 2) Social environment 3) Activities surrounding the interacting: a. Before b. Simultaneously c. After

1) Inform what to do & not to do 2) Guideline on self presentation to others The way we dress, speak & object possession provide information about us 3) Key to understanding social interaction

Importance

Definition

Specific rules of behaviour: 1) Agreed upon & shared 2) Prescribe the limits of acceptable behaviour

NORM

May differ: From 1 culture to another Within society Interculture Being outgoing North America OK Japan A sign of weakness if disclose too much information to others Within Society Eye contact with speaker African American White American Avert eye contact from speaker Avert eye contact from speaker means show respect implies disrespect

TYPE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

1) Answers questions on: a. Nature of social reality b. Method to participate in its construction 2) Increases awareness of subtle tools that are used in creating realities that we respond to Importance Definition A study of the sets of rules/guideline used by individuals to: 1) Initiate behaviour 2) Respond to behaviour 3) Modify behaviour In social setting

ETHNOMETHODOLOGY

1) Intrinsic in human nature 2) Not imposed by external influences

Example

In any conversation, each individual assumes that certain things: Are clear & obvious Do not need further elaboration

1) People play roles to create impression 2) Performance is judged by others who are alert to any slip that reveals true character

Definition

Impression Formation

DRAMATURGY
Example (Job Interview)

1) Central feature of human interaction 2) Attempt to present oneself to other in particular way

Job Applicant Tries to appear: Composed Self-confident Capable of handling the positions responsibilities

Interviewer Assess whether applicant can really: Work under pressure Perform important functions of the job

TYPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

Definition Study of body movement Objective Study how body language (Spontaneous/deliberate) affects communication Definition Communication Procedure If followed Feel comfortable with other person If not followed Something is out of place

American Conversation Style Type Side-by-side conversation

NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOUR

Description Impersonal Speak to someone standing next to us at public event Feel closed to other person Share more personal information Special gathering

90 angle with another person

Face-to-face interaction

Gives more information on other persons mind & feeling Comfortable if done with someone familiar with Awkward if forced to communicate this way with stranger

TYPE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

Gender-based

Country-based

NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOUR
Description High tendency to look at communication partner than listening when talking Search of words Looking into space Message more rewarding more eye contact Amount of eye contact is directly proportional to perception of speakers status Uncomfortable if stared more than 10 seconds Rude if looks into anothers eyes during conversation

Asian: Woman to look straight to eyes of males taboo Men do not directly at women

Country America

French: Staring Cultural norm Men often stare at women in public

China

Japan

Look away means sign of deference

Arab

Stand very close to person that they are talking to Eye is the key to persons being Able to see others soul

TYPE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

European Gesture-based Gesture Country & Description America Things are OK Japan Money Arab If used together while baring teeth means extreme hostility America Goodbye South America Come here

NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOUR

Hand Gesture Derision Russian Moving 1 index finger horizontally across the other

When people do something for each other with the express purpose of receiving reward/return Example Interaction

Definition

EXCHANGE

Information

Most basic form of social interaction Can be observed anywhere after we are sensitized to it

Employer-employee Visit sick friend Help someone to solve problem Help someone with heavy package at supermarket

Reward Salary (Material) Gratitude

TYPE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

People act together to: Promote common interest Achieve shared goals Definition

COOPERATION

Example

Students study in study group for test

People struggle with 1 another for commonly prized object/value 1) Only 1 person can gain at someone elses expense 2) Perceived negatively Lead to unhappiness & violence Argued by Lewis Coser Can be positive force in society Example

Definition

Factors 1) Incompatible values 2) Limited rewards/resources are available for society

Property Resolve conflicts either by: Stable Society Justly solving them Brutally suppressing them temporarily

CONFLICT
Coercion 1) Subtle 2) Involves use of power regarded as illegitimate on whom it is exerted

American civil right movement Induce important social changes that lead to stable society

TYPE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

A form of conflict in which individuals/groups confine conflicts within agreed upon rules Definition

COMPETITION

Common in modern world

1) 2) 3) 4)

Sport field Market place Education system Political system

Increases intensity as remaining candidates battle directly with each other

Some relationship may involve all interactions Example Conflict Cooperation Cooperate in household chores & responsibilities Marriage

CONCLUSION
Factors influencing behaviour in interactions 1) Statuses 2) Roles

Limited amount of money Each may want to use it for different purposes If no mutual desirable use is agreed, one spouse will gain at others expense

Main components of social organization

Exchange Problem discussion Partner of listener will expect the spouse to provide sympathetic ear at another time

Competition Separate/divorce conflict will be regulated according to legal & judicial rules

ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

Socially defined positions that people occupy Definition Ascribed Status Conferred upon us by virtue of birth/other significant factors not controlled by our own action Example: 1) Family position 2) Gender 3) Ethnic/racial identity

Can pertain to: 1) Religion 2) Education 3) Ethnicity 4) Occupation Exist independently of specific people who occupy them Do not refer to prestige Different status may contain different degree of prestige (Supreme Court Justice > Physician > Sociologist) People usually occupy > 1 status at a time Property

Type

STATUS
Achieved Status Acquired as a result from individuals action Example: 1) Student 2) Professor 3) Artist

Example Vice President for Programming

Volunteer campaign worker Pianist Guest lecturer Author Mother

May have negative influence to life

Master Status Ex-convict Labelled according to deviant behaviour Classified as this no matter what status they occupy

Wife

Dominant status in life May change many times throughout life

TYPE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

Culturally defined rules for proper behaviour that are associated with every status Definition

ROLES
Property

Make statuses dynamic A collection of rights & obligation

Exist without regard to particular individuals whose behaviour they guide 1) 2) 3) 4) View points Attend meetings Make the budget Make programming decision 5) Evaluate market research Roles Vice President for Programming (Status) Right 1) To be paid on time 2) To be provided with good quality script & staff support 3) Make decisions on the usage of budget

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TYPE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

All the roles (Other peoples role) attached to single status Not every role in particular role set is enacted all the time Definition

ROLE SET
Example Writer

Vice President for Programming (Status)

Producer Administrative President Sponsor Research Assistant Journalist Director

Role Behaviour

Network President

Defined by rights & obligations that are assigned to statuses when they are paired with one another Depends on the pairs of the statuses that the interacting individuals occupy

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TYPE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

Happens when single role has conflicting demands attached to it Example

ROLE STRAIN
Ensure ship sails only when it is in safe condition

Captain of freighter (Status)

Conflicting demands

Must meet companys delivery schedule

Relationship with society

Increasing complexity of society

ROLE CONFLICT
Conflicting roles:

Happens when an individual who is occupying more than 1 status at a time & who is unable to enact the role of 1 status without violating that another status

Increasing number of statuses occupied by individuals Example Increasing chance to have role conflict Not Long Ago Pregnancy is considered as womens work Men are expected to: 1) Get his wife to hospital on time 2) Pace waiting room

1) Must be helpful & supportive 2) Not allowed to be frightened, nervous & angry

Today Men are expected to fully involve in pregnancy & birth of child

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TYPE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

1) Significant influence on: a. Attitude b. Behaviour 2) Can transform not only our actions but also ourselves 3) Carry certain actions, emotions & attitudes that belong to these actions Importance

ROLE PLAYING

Property

Example

Feels more ardent by kissing Feels more humble by kneeling Feels more angry by shaking fist

Play new social role often feels awkward at first Might feel awkward at first & feel just acting Can transform not only actions but ourselves

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Humans are symbolic creatures & everything they do conveys a message to others Whether we intend it or not, other people take account of our behaviour Most American distinguish among intimate, personal, social & public distance People do not interact with each other as anonymous beings People come together in the context of specific environments, with specific purposes & specific social characteristics Statuses & roles are some of the most important social characteristics

CONCLUSION

Statuses are socially defined positions that people occupy, in a group/society, that help determine how they interact with one another Statuses exist independent of the specific people who occupy them Roles are the culturally defined rules for proper behaviour that are associated with every status

SUMMARY

A role is basically a collection of rights & obligations

Statuses & role help define our social interactions & provide predictability

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