THIRD EDITION Antennas For All Applications f o i 7 j 7 \ ] fj m\ j . Ve i —_—_~ Ve John B. Kraus Ronald. Marhetka att] —ANTENNAS JOHN D. KRAUS Second EditionSYMBOLS, PREFIXES AND ABBREVIATIONS See inside back cover for Constants and Conversions A ampere HH A angstrom = 107° m HPBW A vector potential, Wb m~* Hz A,@ area, m? Ay A, collecting aperture Li A, effective aperture J Am maximum effective aperture ds Ae effective aperture, receiving I Ay effective aperture, transmitting = K A, geometric aperture KK A, physical aperture Kk A scattering aperture k AR axial ratio kg AU astronomical unit L a atto = 107'* (prefix) L a unit vector t B,B magnetic fiux density, LL T= Wbm?* ‘ B susceptance, & Lep B susceptance/unit length, m=! LEP BWFN beam width, first nuils In Cc coulomb log c capacitance, F M c capacitance/unit length, m=‘ = M, M Ce aconstant,c = velocity of light = M oc cubic centimeter M, Cc degree Celsius m D,D — clectric flux density, C m-* m D directivity min d distance, m N deg degree, angle Nin dB decibel = 10 log (P/P ,) Np dBi decibels over isotropic n a element of length (salar), m a a element of length (vector), m PP ds element of surface (scalar), m* P ds element of surface (vector), m? P dv element of votume (scalar), m? P EE electric fleld intensity, ¥ m- ‘ P, E exa = 10°* (prefix) emf electromotive force, ¥ Pp e electric charge, C Qa F farad R F,F force,N R, fF fernto = 107 '§ (prefix) RCP f frequency, Hz REP Ga giga = 10° (prefix) r G conductance, & r G conductance/unit length, 3 m7" G gain - & gram rad H heary sad? : magnetic field, A m=* half-power beam width hertz = 1 cycle per second effective height current, A joule current density, A m=? jansky, 10-?° Wm? Hz~* kelvin shect-current density, Am” * a constant kilo = 10° (prefix) kilogram inductance, H inductance/unit length, H m~* liter length (scalar), m length (vector), m left citculatly polarized Jeft clliptically polarized natural logarithm (base ¢} common logarithm (base 10) mega = 10° (prefix) magnetization, A m*' polarization state of wave polarization state of antenna meter milli = 10~* (prefix} minute newton ountber {imteger) neper nano = 107° (prefix) unit vector normal to a surface polarization of dielectric, C m=? peta = 10"? (prefix) ] polarization state = Ply. 8) power, W “nuunalized power pattern, dimensionless pico = 10 ‘*? (prefix) charge, C resistance, 2 ‘tadiation resistance right-circular polarization Tight-elliptical polarization revolution radius, direction | unit vector in 7 direction radian square radian = steradian ~ gp Iso coordinate ge pag “4 e NNNS nek Mees age eect aa Poynting vector, W m=? flux density, W m~? Hz-* distance, m; also surface area, m? second (of time) steradian = square radian = rad? tesla = Wb m7? tera = 10°? (prefix) time, s radiation intensity, W se! volt voltage (also emf), ¥ emf (electromotive force), V velocity, m 3! watt weber energy density, J m7? reactance, 2 reactance/unit length, Q m=? unil vector in x direction coordinate direction admittance, U admittance/unit length, 0 m~? unit vector in y direction coordinate direction impedance, @ impedance/unit length, 2 m=? intrinsic impedance, conductor, per square intrinsic impedance, dielectric, per square load impedance, Q tansvetse impedance, rectangular waveguide, Q transverse impedance, cylindrical waveguide. 2 intrinsic impedance, space, 0 per square characteristic impedance, transmission fine, Q unit vector in z direction coordinate direction, also red shift (alpha) angle, deg or rad attenuation constant, nep m=! (beta) angle, deg or tad; also phase constant = 2n/i (gamma) angle, deg ot rad é e DANSE TEA Seager ey (delta) angle, deg or rad (epsilon) permittivity (dielectric constant), F m7? stray factor relative permittivity permittivity of vacuum, F m-' (eta) (theta) angle, deg or rad (theta) unit vector in @ direction (kappa) constant (lambda) wavelength, m Iree-space wavelength (mu) permeability, H m=! relative permeability permeability of vacuum, H m=! (nu) &xi) (pi) = 3.1416 (tho) electric charge density, Cm *: also mass density, kg m- teflection coefficient, dimensionless surface charge density, C m-? linear charge density, C m~ (sigma) conductivity, U m~! radar cross section (tau) tilt angle, polarization ellipse, deg or rad transmission coefficient (phi) angle, deg or rad (phi) unit vector in ¢ direction (chi) susceptibility, dimensionless (psi) angle, deg or rad magnetic flux, Wb (capital omega) ohm (capital omega) solid angle, st or deg? beam area main beam area minor lobe area (upsidedown capital omega} mho @ = 1/25, siemens) (omega) angular frequency {= Inf), rad 57!