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Steam turbine
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Charles Parsons in 1884. It has almost completely replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine (invented by Thomas Newcomen and greatly improved by James Watt) primarily because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio. Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator about 80% of all electricity generation in the world is by use of steam turbines. The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process.
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Impulse Turbines
An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed jets. These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which the rotor blades, shaped like buckets, convert into shaft rotation as the steam jet changes direction. A pressure drop occurs across only the stationary blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the stage.
As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from steam chest pressure to condenser pressure (or atmosphere pressure). Due to this relatively higher ratio of expansion of steam in the nozzle the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity. The steam leaving the moving blades is a large portion of the maximum velocity of the steam when leaving the nozzle. The loss of energy due to this higher exit velocity is commonly called the "carry over velocity" or "leaving loss".
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Velocity is absorbed in two stages. In fixed (static) blade passage both pressure and velocity remain constant. Fixed blades are also called guide vanes. Velocity compounded stage is also called Curtis stage. The velocity diagram of the velocity-compound Impulse turbine is shown in Figure
The fixed blades are used to guide the outlet steam/gas from the previous stage in such a manner so as to smooth entry at the next stage is ensured. K, the blade velocity coefficient may be different in each row of blades
1 2
The optimum velocity ratio will depend on number of stages and is given by
Work is not uniformly distributed (1st >2nd ) The fist stage in a large (power plant) turbine is velocity or pressure compounded impulse stage.
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Pressure drop - takes place in more than one row of nozzles and the increase in kinetic energy after each nozzle is held within limits. Usually convergent nozzles are used We can write
Where
Reaction Turbine
These turbines develop torque by reacting to the fluid's pressure or weight. The pressure of the fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades. A pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid as it acts on the turbine stage(s) or the turbine must be fully immersed in the fluid flow (wind turbines). The casing contains and directs the working fluid and, for water turbines, maintains the suction imparted by the draft tube. Francis turbines and most steam turbines use this concept. For compressible working fluids, multiple turbine stages may be used to harness the expanding gas efficiently. Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines. The moving blades of a reaction turbine are easily distinguishable from those of an impulse turbine in that they are not symmetrical and, because they act partly as nozzles, have a shape similar to that of the fixed blades, although curved in the opposite direction. The schematic pressure line (Fig. 24.2) shows that pressure continuously drops through all rows of blades, fixed and moving. The absolute steam velocity changes within each stage as shown and repeats from stage to stage. Figure 24.3 shows a typical velocity diagram for the reaction stage.
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Three stages of reaction turbine indicating pressure and velocity distribution http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IITKANPUR/machine/chapter_6/11.gif
Pressure and enthalpy drop both in the fixed blade or stator and in the moving blade or Rotor
A very widely used design has half degree of reaction or 50% reaction and this is known as Parson's Turbine. This consists of symmetrical stator and rotor blades.
The velocity diagram of reaction blading The velocity triangles are symmetrical and we have
Work done (for unit mass flow per second) 4 Therefore, the Blade efficiency 5 Reaction Turbine, Continued
Put
then 6
and we get 7
Velocity diagram for maximum efficiency Absolute velocity of the outlet at this stage is axial (see figure 25.1). In this case, the energy transfer 9 can be found out by putting the value of for blade efficiency in the expression
10 11 Is greater in reaction turbine. Energy input per stage is less, so there are more number of stages.
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