Ti liu :

K thut lnh c s - Phm Vn Tng , Nguyn c Li . K thut in lnh - Chu Ngc Thch. Kh c in . My in , My in nh . + L thuyt . + Bi tp : ch yu phn My in .

Thi :

Bi m u
K thut nhit lnh l h nhit ca i tng phc v i tng no . ng dng : - Thc phm . - Cng nghip : + Ha cht . + Dt may. + Cng nghip thuc l . - Y hc . - Sinh hc: k thut cng ngh cayo ( lnh su ) . - i sng hng ngy .

Chng I : i cng v k thut lnh . 1.1 : Cc phng php lm lnh c bn .

1, Bay hi , khuch tn nhit mi trng b h i nu cho cht lng bay hi trng phng php va kinh in va hin i (nh trong bung hi ca my lnh). 2, Ha trn lnh : - Nc lnh + mui nhit gim. - ng dng : dng trong nh c bin . 3, Phng php gin n c sinh ngoi cng - Dng trong cng nghip Qm 3 bnh nng 2 Pn my nn My Pdn dn Bung lnh n 4
1

Q0 Nguyn l my lnh nn kh ( kh khng i pha trng thi )

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T( nhit )

2 1

Tn T0

3 4

S( entanpy) Chu trnh T-S - Dng cho my lnh nn kh 4, Dng tit lu ( hiu ng Jin-Thompson ) S dng thay cho my dn n trong my lnh nn hi

Gim tit din 5, Dng hiu ng in nhit : O2

1

Khi c I th to nn = 1 2

O1

e1

6, Bay hi cht lng : - Dng trong my lnh nn hi

3

ngng t

tit lu
4

mt in my nn Bay hi

Gas chuyn trng thi t dng kh sang lng .

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 1.2 : Mi cht lnh .

Mi cht lnh l cht chuyn ng trong chu trnh lnh ca thit b lnh v thu nhit ca i tng cn lm lnh v ta nhit ra thit b ngng t . S tun hon ca mi cht thc hin bng my nn . 1, Yu cu vt l : - p sut ngng t khng c qu cao yu cu thit b phi c dy cao . - p sut bay hi khng c qu thp v d b r g . - Nng sut lnh ring cng ln cng tt . - H s dn nhit cng ln cng tt . - Tnh ha tan du v nc u cao . 2, Yu cu ha hc : - Bn vng trong vng nhit lm vic v trong chu trnh . - Khng c n mn vt liu trong h thng . - Kh chy n . 3, Yu cu kinh t : 4, Cc mi cht thng dng : a, Amonic NH3 (R717) : - L cht khng mu , c mi , si nhit -33,350C , ngng t 300C ( lm mt bng nc ) , p sut ngng t l 1,2 Mpa . - Qv = 2165 (kg/m3) - nhit lnh su theo th tch . - Q0 = 1101 (kJ/kg) - nng sut lnh ring theo kim loi . - t2 = 1000C ( nhit nn ) - NH3 khng ha tan du nhng ha tan nc . - Khng n mn kim loi en nhng n mn kim loi mu dng thp . - NH3 dn in khng lm my nn kn dc . - NH3 nu gp thu ngn th s gy hn hp n nguy him cm khng dng Hg trong thit b c NH3 . - NH3 c . - R tin , d kim , d vn chuyn , d bo qun . - Q0 , Qv ln kch thc gn nh . - Trong my nn lm lnh bng nc h nhit ngng di 1000C . lm my lnh nn hi h cng sut t ln rt ln . My lnh hp th NH3 , bc hi hp th t0 lm lnh ( gia dng ) . b, Freon 12 ( R12 ) CCL2 F2 - Cht kh khng mu c mi thm nh , nng hn khng kh khong 4 ln , nng hn nc khong 1,3 ln . -Ngng t 300C nu lm mt bng nc , p sut ngng t 0,74 MPa , si -300C , q0 =117 kJ/kg , qv = 1779 kJ/m3 kh nng trao i nhit T = 20 % TH2O . - Q0 , QV b k thut thit b ln . - Khng ha tan nc nhng ha tan dc du . - Khng dn in . - Ch dng cho h thng cc my nn lnh rt nh v nh . - Dng c cho h thng my nn kn . - Khng c hi . c, Freon 22 (R22) CHClF2

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- l cht khng kh , mu mi thm nh . - t0 ngng t 300C , Pngng t =1,2 MPa , si -410C . - Nng sut lnh ring Q0 ln hn R12 khong 1,5 ln k thut nh hn R12 . - Kh nng ha tan gp 5 ln R12 khng s b tc dng ng do ng bng . - Khng ha tan du bi trn phc tp . - Khng dn in th kh nhng th lng li dn in trong my nn kn khng cho phn ga lng trong my nn tn ti . Dng my lm lnh nn hi loi cng sut trung bnh , cng sut ln , iu tit khng kh . 5, th nhit ng : - th lpP-H (1) P p sut [ kJ/kg ] H- Entanpi [ kJ/kg.K] - th T-S (2) (1) : tnh ton cc qu trnh nhit ng . (2) : dng so snh . T K- im ti hn vng si lng Vng hi Vng hi m qu nhit
rn

lgP Vng lng

K

Vng hi ngng qu m Vng hi m x=1

h

ng bo ha lng ( X=0 ) -

ng bo ha

1.3 : Cht ti lnh .

L cht trung gian dng thu nhit ca mi trng cn lm lnh truyn ti thit b bay hi . Cc yu cu : + im ng c phi thp hn nhit bay hi . + Khng dc n mn thit b . + Khng c hi . + khng chy n . Nc :dng ti lnh nhng i tng lnh trn 00C . H20 + mui ( lm cy ) Khng kh : hng s t0 km t dng . Cc hp cht kh hu c c th lnh ti m vi chc ( men tanol , etanol ) lnh ti -600C .

1.4 : Cc n v o lng
Chiu di : 1 inch = 0,0254 m 1 feet =0,3048 m

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. -

Khi lng : 1 lb (pound) = 0,4536 kg p sut : 1kg/cm2 = 1 at = 0,981 bar 1bar = 100.000 N/m2 1mmH2O = 1 kg/m2 = 9,81 N/m2 =0,098 mbar 1mmHg = 1,332 mbar 1Pa = 1N/m2 = 0,01 mbar Cng nhit lng : 1KWh= 3600 kJ 1kGn = 9,81 J 1kcal = 4,187 kJ 1BTU= 1,055 kJ

1 ton (uskg)= 2240 lb = 1010 kg . 1ton (us short ) = 2000 lb = 907 kg

Cng sut dng nhit : 1kGm/s = 9,81 N= 9.81 J/s 1HP= 745,5 N 1kcal/h = 1,163 N 1BTU/h = 0,293 W 1USRT ( tn lnh M ) = 12000 BTU/h = 3516 W

Nhit : T0C = ( T0F - 32)*5/9 T0K = 273,15 + T0C

Chng II : Cc b phn chnh ca my lnh nn hi . 2.1 :i cng v my lnh hi .

Qk
3 2

tit lu
4

my nn 1 cp nn Bung lnh
1

Q0 1 cp nn -200C bay hi thng dng . 2 cp nn -350C400C cp ng . nhiu cp (-500C600C ) - My nn hi t thit b bay hi , nn ga ln p sut cao , t0 cng tng ln . - ( 1-2 ) ga cha chuyn trng thi , n ngng t nng , chuyn thnh dng lng qua tit liu lnh dn ,p sut gim bay hi trong thit b bay hi thu nhit ca mi trng . - ngng t th dng h thng qut gi hay lm mt bng bm nc do ko .

2.2 : My nn pittng .

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My nn dng ht mi cht bung lnh , ( p sut thp , nhit thp ) nn ln p sut cao , nhit cao tun hon mi cht . - Cc loi my nn : pittng trt , pittng quay, nn trc vt , tuc bin gi chung l my nn th tch cho 3 loi u ,loi 4 l my nn ng hc. - So snh cc loi my nn : Loi my Pittng trt Trc vt Tua bin c im nn Nng sut lu lng T s nn cho 1 cp Dng nn Lu lng th tch khi p sut nn thay i Kh nng o nng sut nn lng ht Chi tit mn Din tch t ca my ( 0,5 5000 )m3/h ( 200 10000 )m3/h rt b, b, trung bnh ,trung bnh , ln 8 12 20 Xung ng t ph thuc Hn ch theo nc Va p thy lc Nhiu Nhiu h ,na kn , kn Tng i n nh Khng ph thuc V cp Khng tr ngi t Trung bnh h , na kn 10000 m3/h , trung bnh n rt ln Ph thuc mi cht v kt cu n nh Rt ph thuc V cp t tr nga Rt t t h , na kn

* My nn pittngtrt l loi kinh in , c nhiu loi xilanh t thng dng hoc hnh ch V , s xilanh t 1 n nhiu , c mt cp hoc 2 cp nn trong cng mt my + Mi cht c my nn thun dng hoc ngc dng . + Kt cu c kn ,h , na h . * Nguyn l lm vic : PP 3 4 2 nn on nhit 1 V Hi ra Van ng Xi lanh

Hi vo Van ht -

pittng

H s cp v tn hao th tch ca my nn :

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+ H s cp : V = tt ( thc t / l thuyt ) Vlt Cho posprort my = C * tl * N * r * k Trong : - C l h s tnh n th tch cht gy ln . - tl l tn tht do tit lu van ht v y gy ra . - w l tn tht nng lng do hi ht vo xilanh b t nng . - r l tn tht dor r mi cht t khoang dn , ht do xecmng , pittng v cc van . - k l tn tht khc .

C
tl
w r k
Vlt

Tn tht nng lng v cng sut ng c : + Cng nn on nhit : l cng nn l thuyt n hi mi cht t P0 Pk NS = ( H2- H7 ) m- nng sut khi lng [ kg/s ], H [ kJ/kg ] entanpi + Cng nn ch th : Ni = Fi *n*F Fi = S*Pi ; Fi din tch th nn , S- hnh trnh pittng ,Pi- p sut nn . Ni = Pi * Vlt ( p sut * th tch nn l thuyt ) N i = s Hiu sut ch th Ni + Cng sut hu ch Nl cng sut c trn trc khuu + Cng sut in tiu th Nl Nll N cl = td * ll

truyn ng

in

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+ Cng sut ng c - in : Kdt=1,2 1,0 Nc = Kdt *Nll ; Khi Mkdd Mmax khng cn h s d tr Q0 = m*q0 ( kW ) m- khi lng [ kg ] q0- nng sut lnh ring ca mi cht [ kJ/kg ] * Vlt ; Q0 = - h s cp ; V1 q 0 Vlt th tch nn l thuyt ; V1 th tch ring hi ht vo my nn; d 2 Q0 = *Vlt*qv ; Vlt = * S * Z * n [ m3/s ] 4 d ng knh xi lanh . n- tc vng quay ca trc khuu . Z - s xi lanh . S - hnh trnh pittng . - Ba ch lnh chun : Ch chun Mi cht Si ts Qu nhit Ngng t tqn tn= Lnh thng NH3 -15 -10 +30 ( 1 cp nn ) Freon -15 +15 +30 iu tit khng kh Freon +3 +15 +35 Lnh ng NH3 -10 -30 +35 ( 2 cp nn ) Freon -35 -20 +30 Qu lnh

Qu nhit tql + 25 +25 +30 +30 +25

nng

Lnh Qu nng ( nhit) Cc dng may nn pittng trt : + My nn thun dng ( 1 ) + My nn ngc dng ( 2 ) SGK + My nn c con trt ( 3 ) + My nn kn ( 4 ) + My nn na kn ( 5 ) + My nn h ( 6 ) c im : (1) Hay dng NH3 , ln . Bn ngoi xi lanh c v nc do nhit cao . -

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(2) Nu ci tin gn nn dng Freon . Bn ngoi xi lanh c cnh tn nhit . (3) Ging xi lanh tu ha hoc tu hi nc , dng vi cng sut rt ln . (4) My nn +ng c chung mt v hn kn ( dng cho Freon v khng dn in , khng n mn , kim loi mu ) , dng cho cng sut b v rt b . Nhc im : kh sa cha . (5) Ging kn nhng ch khc np v thn tch ri nhau lin h qua gicng v bulng , v c gicng lin kt gia np v thn thun tin cho sa cha ch dng cho cng sut trung bnh v ln ( chc kW tr ln ) . (6) My nn l hp kn + khp ni + ng c in mc ch l bin thin tc , d sa cha , bo dng . Nhc dim : ga d b r r qua trc my nn a ra ngoi . ch yu dng cho NH3 . - iu chnh nng sut lnh ca my nn pittng trt : Nng sut lnh d 2 Q0 = * * S * Z * n * q0 ; 4v1 -d , S ,v1 khng bin thin dc . -Z bin thin c bng cch m van khong ht v y . -n thay i c : + My nn h : dng puli + dy cozoa thay i t s truyn . + My nn kn hoc na kn c th dng 2 tc + bin tn . Khi f bin thin th U/f = const U tng I tng tn hao thp sinh nhit t nng cun dy . - Q0 bin thin R12 R22 - Cho thit b lm vic ch ngn hn lp li hoc dng nhiu t my .

2.3 : Thit b trao i nhit .

Gi vai tr quan trng : + Thit b ngng t (1) + Thit b bay hi (2) (1) mi cht Pk , Tk chuyn trng thi hi lng , cn lm mt mi cht ( nng ) . (2) mi cht lng hi P0 , T 0 ( P, T thp ) , thu nhit cho i tng ( lnh ). 1, Thit b ngng t : + Phng php lm mt nc hn hp nc + khng kh khng kh + Kt cu : ng ng lng panen - H s truyn nhit ( dn , i lu ) ln . - Khng b ng cn nc do nc cng . - D bo dng . a, Lm mt bn nc : - H s truyn nhit ln nn kch thc thit b b li tn nc - ST din tch ta nhit , mi cht nm trong thng bao ng dn nc nm trong . Dng cho h thng lnh va v ln . -

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- KT = 1400 W/m2K . * ng lng : + Cng sut trung bnh ( vi trm kW ) ga

H 2O

+ D bo dng , sa cha . b, lm mt bng nc v khng kh : - tn nc thp lm mt ( thp qu nhit ) - Hiu qu cao qut v thp tm chn gin phun ga gin ngng t MB gi trc nc b xung

ga bnh gp - D x l . c, Lm mt bng khng kh ; - ng dng trong thit b lnh gia dng ( cng sut b , rt b ) - i lu t nhin ( t lnh ) : hn cc thanh kim loi ( ng nhm ) tng ST . - i lu cng bc : iu ha gia dng , cng sut khong vi kW ( vi chc nghn BTU ) - Cng bc bng qut gi nng p lc gi , lu lng gi ln , p lc gi ln v n nh . - Thit b cng sut ln khng kh , kch thc ST ln , dng qut li tm .

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2, Thit b bay bi : - Mi cht chuyn trng thi lng sang hi , p sut , nhit gim , thu nhit i tng ; ngung t tit lu bay hi Pga ( my dn n ) Yu cu : ST , KT ln . Phn loi : + Bay hi trc tip : iu ha , t lnh , gia dng khng khddoois lu t nhin v cng bc . + Bay hi gin tip : nh vo cht ti lnh ( v d my cy dng nc mui ; iu ha khch sn dng nc )

2.4 : Tit lu . L thit b t gin bay hi , sau gin ngng h p sut mi cht . Cc dng tit lu : + Thit b lnh cng sut rt b ( t lnh gia dng , t kem ,) tit lu nh h thng mao dn ( ng xon vi tit din b so vi ng dn lng ) Hiu ng tit lu khng iu chnh dc . + Van tit lu tay : tit lu c th iu chnh bng tay ( ging van chn ) . Khi ng ht c ( theo chiu kha ) th van khng kn hon ton c ( ng vn h ) . iu chnh min b , ren vn rt b . Dng cho h thng lnh cng sut b ( chc kW ) . + Van tit lu t ng nhit : T ng cn bng trong T ng cn bng ngoi .
1

p1 T gin ngng pk
2 3 4

p0 p0

Dn bay hi

Van tit lu t ng cn bng trong 1- mng mng 2- ca van 3- phm lc 4- l xo 5- vt liu chnh 6- cn bng nhit

Plx

5 6

Vo my nn -

p0

Ca van t ng m nh P1 ,ly tn hiu nhit u ra ca dn bay hi qua cn bng nhit 6 . P0 = const m van khng i vic cp lng cho dn hi l hng .

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Vt 5 iu chnh ban u .

2.5 : Cc thit b phn t ph trong h thng lnh . 1, Cc loi bnh cha : - Bnh cha ga lng : dng cho h thng lnh ln t sau v tr : + Trc tit lu dng cho CA + Sau ngng t Bnh cha lng HA : dt trc my nn , sau bay hi thu nhng ga bay hi cha ht . 2, Thit b qu lnh v qu nhit : - Qu lnh ; h nhit ca cht lng sau ngng t xung vi 0C , hay kt hp vi CA ta nhit ( qu lnh) . - Qu nhit : t sau bay hi , trc my nn dng nng cao nhit ln vi . 3 , ng ng : - Lin kt cc phn t li vi nhau . - Ty theo hng ni cht c ng knh thch hp . 4, Cc loi van : - Van chn : tay , iu khin in t ( Solenoid ) . -Van mt chiu : van y , ht . - Van tit lu . 5, Rle p sut , ng h p lc: - ng h p lc dng ch th - Rle dng bo v h thng khi p lc trong h thng nm ngoi phm vi qui nh . + Rle p lc thp [ c d ] (1) da tn hiu ct ng c my nn . + Rle p lc cao [ a b ] (2) (2) t u ra ca my nn (1) t u vo (ht) ca my nn . - Van an ton theo p lc . 6, Phin lc v phin sy : - Phin lc: lc bi bn t trc tit lu . - Phin sy : ht H2O dng hi lm bng cc ht chng m . 7, Mt ga : - Linh kin trong sut ( nha , thy tinh ) quan st dng chy ca ga lng vo thit b bay hi t sau tit lu , trc bay hi nhn bit vic cp lng cho BH thch hp , ti u cha . Dng chy c bt trng th cha thch hp . 8, Cm bin nhit (Thermostart ) : - o nhit ca i tng v iu khin my nn theo nhit t . - Cm bin nhit kiu p k ga bo ha bm vo xemzow ( tng t nh van tit lu t ng theo nhit ) mng p sut tc ng vo cng tc hnh trnh , t lnh . - Dng sensor in tr , mch cu qua b khuch i tuyn tnh .Gi i l gi lnh thu nhit gi hi T - Cng tc thy ngn + bimetal ( lng kim ).
Chng III : Cc chu trnh nhit ca my lnh nn hi .

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My lnh nn hi thng dng nht mi cht chuyn trng thi : phn h p hi phn cao p kng - Phng trnh 1 cp nn ( n -200C ) thng dng nht gm cc loi : * : -60C ** : -120C *** : -180C - 2 cp nn n -450C . - Nhiu cp nn .

3.1 : Chu trnh nn hi 1 cp . 1, Chu trnh cacno ngc :

3

Qk ,Tk
2

Ngng t
My dn n

My nn

Bay hi
4

Q0 ,T0

T ( nhit )
K

Tk

ng bo ha hi

ng bo ha kh

K [ kJ/kgK] Entropy 5 6 th T-S chu trnh kn lin tc : 1-2 nn on nhit 2-3 ngng t ng nhit Chu trnh l tng , hiu sut cao 3-4 gin n don nhit 4-1 bay hi ng nhit

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- Nhc im : im 1 nm trong vng hi m my nn d hng do va p thy lc . 2, Chu trnh kh : Qk ,Tk

3 2

Ngng t My nn Bay hi My nn

Q0 ,T0

T ( nhit )
ng bo ha m 3

K im ti hn 2 2

2 1

ng bo ha kh S [ kJ/kgK]

Entropy

1-2 : nn hi on nhit trong vng hi kh . 2-2 : lm mt hi qu nhit cui tm nn n Tk . 2-3 : ngng t mi cht p sut cao , nhit cao . 3-4 : tit lu cht lng khi nhit d cao , p sut cao vung nhit thp , p sut thp . 4-1 : bay hi cht lng ng nhit . c im : - 1 nm trn ng bo ha kh mi cht chy vo my nn khng c cht lng khng b va chm thy lc . - Cng ca chu trnh bo ha kh ln hn chu trnh Cacn ngc . 3, Chu trnh qu lnh v qu nhit : - Qu lnh : gim nhit ga lng trc khi vo tit lu vi ( t 350C 300C ) . - Qu nhit : tng nhit ca mi cht sau khi bay hi , trc khi vo my nn cho bay hi ht cc phn t lng khng cho vo my nn . 4, Chu trnh thc : kh + qu lnh + qu nhit 5, S ph thuc nng sut lnh vo Tk ,T0 ( nhit ngng t v bay hi ) Tk tng p sut ngng t cao hiu sut thp ( do lm mt khng )

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Tk gim p sut thp Cp lng thp Nng sut gim . Gi Tk chun . T0 thp gin lnh qu lnh hiu sut thp . T0 cao , ti ca dn bay hi qu cao . gi T0 chun . T (-3545)0C - Khi h T0 xung qu thp cho 1 cp nn th hiu sut lnh rt b . 1, Chu trnh 2 cp lm mt trung khng hon ton , 1 tit lu : 4
5

3.2 : Chu trnh my lnh nn hi 2 cp .

Ngng t Nn cao p
3

Tit lu

QTG ( mt trung gian)

2

Nn h p 6 Q0
T 4 Tk 5 3 TG T0 6 1 S
l chu trnh n gin nht v tht b ca 2 cp nn . - So vi cp nn 1 cp cng nn t hn . 2, Chu trnh nn 2 cp : - Hai tit lu lm mt trung gian khng hon ton . - Hai tit lu lm mt trung gian hon ton .

1 2 2

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 3.3 : Cc loi my lnh khc . 1, My lnh hp th : - Tn dng cc nng lng tha . 2, My lnh tject : 3.4 :Nguyn l cu to ca thit b lnh thng dng . 1, T lnh gia dng :
Bay hi ( gin lnh)

Ngng t ( gin nng )

ng mao

Bu lc

ui chut

My nn

- ng mao thay cho tit lu . - Bu lc lc bi , bn , hi nc . - R12 mi cht nng sut ring b . - My nn kiu kn ( m t in + my nn ). - M t in 1 pha c cun khi ng ( + t khi ng ) - T lnh lm vic tt nht khi ga bay hi trong gin lnh . - ui chut sa cha , np ga. 2, My lnh c van tit lu : - Cng sut 250W 1kW - Tit lu t ng ( c phn hi ) to nn chu trnh vi hiu sut cao . - MN QN ng c din l ng c 1 pha lng sc vi nhng phng php QL hot ng khc nhau . - Hai qut gi c t lm vic QN ,QL c th iu chnh tc bng cch bin i s vng dy . My nn khng thay i dc tc . - QL chy u tin QN MN .

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Dn lng ga lng , 350C Qut nng h tr t0 cho Bnh lc Tit lu Bnh cha h p ga lng Bu cn bng nhit 3 , Trm iu ha khng kh trung tm ( trc tip ): - Ngng t - lm lnh bng nc , lm mt bng thp gii nhit . - Trc v sau thit b c van chn , d b r ga . Nc nng c lm mt bng gi , , ngng t bm tun hon ln . Phn in my nn , QN ,QL : cng sut ln nht l my nn QL bm nc QN ( 3 pha ) . My nn iu khin bi Therniostat Bm nc bo v bng Rle p lc nc . Th t chy QL QN Bm nc My nn , QL c th chy c lp . Cc ng c 3 pha khng dc quay ngc chiu . Dn lnh bay hi Qut lnh Bnh cha CA 300C

My nn

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Qut nng c Nc nng ga

Thermostat Rle p lc cao Gin lnh

Van an ton

QL Ngng t nc Rle p lc thp H 2O Bu lc Thp gii nhit Van chn Mt ga

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3.5 : Cc vn v t ng ha h thng lnh . T ng ha vn hnh vi mc ch : Hiu qu ln nht Tn hao min lin quan n iu khin dng in . Khi cn Q0 ln th cc ng c y ti . Khi cn Q0 b th cc ng c non ti . Vy tn hiu no bit Q0 v phng php iu khin cc ng c in My bin p I0 = ? Im ng c Cc phng php iu khin Q0 QN, QL , Bm nc . 3.6 : Cc vn tnh ton h thng lnh . Cho Q0 nng sut lnh , v i tng lm lnh l ( iu ha khng kh ) [ kW , Ton , BTU/h ] Tnh ton chn my nn , gin bay hi , gian ngng t ( la chn phng php lm mt ) , thit b ph . Tnh ton cung cp in , thit k phn iu khin v bo v cc ng c in .
Tnh by cc phng php thay i Q0 , vi tng phng php trnh by cc thit b cn g .

Bi tp di :
-

Phn 2 : Phn in trong h thng lnh .

Chng IV : Cc ng c in trong h thng lnh . 4.1 : Di cng v loi ng c in .
1, ng c i mt chiu : - c im : - Phm vi s dng . - Cng sut ng c - Phn bit vnh trt c gp i chiu . 2, ng c ng b : - n = const khi f= const - D > KDDB nhng cu to ng c ng b phc tp . 3, ng c khng ng b : - Cm ng . - ng c khng ng b dngcho my mmen cn tnh ln ( Mkdd max ) - ng c lng sc tin cy tt . M

nth 0.8

n m

4.2 : ng c lng sc 1 pha .

1, ng c vnh chp :

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2p = 2 n0 = 3000v/p

Vnh chp to t trng quay . Thay i chiu quay ? c im : + n gin , hiu sut thp . + Imin b qu ti tt . + Thng dng cho c h cng sut b ( P< 1kW ) Phm vi s dng qut gi cng sut b . 2, ng c c dy qun khi ng : l S Wkd C
R
d

U~

K- Cng tc t ng ng ct trong qu trnh khi ng . Mkd tng i ln . K ng ct theo I-RI ,W cng tc li tm dng nt n .

Wlv

Mlv khng ln : - Dng cho ng c lnh gia dng P <200W - Rlv < Rkd . - o chiu quay : o th t u cui ca mt trong hai cunj dy . 3, ng c c t lm vic : U~ l Clv C
R

S Wkd ( ph) S

Wlv

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Mlv ln ( do Wlv ,Wph ) hiu sut ng c cao hn 2. Mkd b hn so vi 2 . Dng cho qut 1 pha trong thit b lnh MC = f(n) N = 0 MC rt thp thay i tc : bng cch bin i U
Uply
L

U ng = U ph + U Q

Ung

UQ

Dng :

Cun khng ( nhy cp ) iu chnh gc pha ( v cp ) Thay i s vng dy gia cun khi ng v lm vic ( dng cho qut bn)
Wlv Wph C 3 2 1 0

4, ng c c t khi ng : - Mkd ln , Ckd t ha c tr s ln ( 100F ) . - Mlv khng ln dng cho cc my nn ca t lnh gia dng P <
bng rle dng C . 5, ng c c t lm vic v t khi ng : K Ck Wph Clv Wlv 1 HP , khi ng 4

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Mk ln v c Ck Dng cho cng sut Mlv ln v c Clv P = 200W vi nghn W My nn iu ha cng sut trung bnh , rle dng in cc i khng dng cho ng ct Ck v I ln d hn dnh dng rle in p .

4.3 : ng c lng sc 3 pha .

tin cy cao , M khi ng ln . M kd =2 KMk = M m M KmiMk = k = 2,2 M max I KI = k ( 4 7,5 ) I m - Ba pha vic o chiu quay d dng . my nn bm du khng c php quay ngc . bm nc a phn dng bm li tm khng dng . qut gi Khng cho php quay ngc cn c thit b bo v chng o pha . - Vn khi ng cc ng c cng sut ln :phc tp + Khng c khi ng ng thi . + Gim cng sut khi ng bng khi ng Y/ , bin p t ngu , cun khng gc pha . * Bo v mt pha : + Li ( cu ch ) Nguyn nhn + Tx ca KT ng c khng khi ng c I ln : dng bo v nhit ( c tr ) chp mch Inm cc ln bo v t ( tc thi ) .
-

Khi mt pha s ch Vn met 0

ang quay vn quay nhng + B qu ti nu mang y ti . + Nu non ti th khng sao . - C th dng rle dng chuyn i Khi khi ng khng dng RI ; tuy nhun by gi khng dng dng R in p .

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RI

RI

* ng c 2 tc : thay i s i cc 1 pha v 3 pha thay i chiu dng in trong na bi dy

X2

A1

X1 2p = 4 A2 X2

A1
A

X1

A2
X

X2 A1

X1

A2

X2

2p = 2 ( ni tip ) A B C

A X 2p =2 ( song song )

M = const

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n P = const

Xc nh xem ng c c mt hay 2 tc . * ng c 1 pha :

R1 S1 S2 Cun Wlv c hai na tc chm ni tip nhit nhanh song - C 2 cun khi ng Wk1 cho Wk1 Wk2 tc chm , s vng ln ; Wk2

Wlv R2 Wlv

cho tc nhanh , s vng b . C T lm vic v khi ng chung cho c hai tc . v s khi ng ca ng c 1 pha 2 tc cho php dng cc thit b bo v .

Chng V : Cc thit b bo v v iu khin trong h thng lnh . 5.1 : Bo v theo dng in .

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1, Cu ch : - Bo v qu ti ln v nhn mch I* =1 th = cp I* =1,3 th = 1,69cp Khng ba v qu ti b v khi nhit khng lm t cu ch nhng lm hng cu u. Chn : Imcc = ( 1,5 2,5 )Imti 2, R le nhit : - Bo v qu ti cho ng c li t kiu lng kim :

Phn t t nng ( mch lc)

t

Tip im ( mch iu khin ) 5A , 400V

KJ

Chn Im R = Im dng in ca ng c cn bo v Dng tip im : It = ( 1,2 1,3 )Im - Tc ng trong mt vng ( 16 26 )A ; It st Im bo v qu ti b c . - Nhit tc ng ca R le ch khong hn 1000C nh hn nhit nng chy mt chiu . - Phn loi : + Hai , ba phn t cho 3 pha Nu thit b c trung tnh ni t phi dng 3 . Nu thit b khng c trung tnh ni t c th dng 2. V nu c trung tnh ni dt th dng ngn mch s chy thnhgr xung t , khng qua 2 pha na . - Khi Im >200A gim kch thc Rle nhit v tn hao , ta dng ( BI , R ) . - Tip im h thng dng bo tn hiu qu ti . - Ti sao khng dng R le nhit bo v ngn mch . - Khi khi ng kt roto hay mt pha th tc dng ng ct no xy ra trc . T At t mt( AT ) Rle nhit( RN ) Khi kt th I Ik = ( 4 7 )Im ch l khi ng bnh thng v vy AT khng nhy nhng nhit tng RN tc ng . Nu ang chy mt pha ng c ang y ti th s qu ti RN tc ng . 3, Rle kiu cc i kiu in t : t dng

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I1

I2

I Bo v khi I > It . Tc ng tc thi . Cun dy : Q na bng nhau ; song song hay ni tip chnh nh v dng in . C th dng c mt chiu v xoay chiu , gi tr hiu dng nh nhau . Ch yu bo v ngn mch . RI dng bo v qu ti ln tuy nhin khi khi ng th loi ti RI ra . Mch iu khin : RN K K RI1 RI2 Im = ( 1,25 1,5 )Itt
t

4, ATM , MCCB :

c tnh bo v

c ti
t

t0

RI
1

qu ti

ngn mch Inm KI

- Ngn mch my bin p : Un =5% Nguyn l cu to

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Im ph thuc gi tr ca ti ti nh 5Im ( ti in tr , khi ng Y/ ) ti va 10Im ti nng 18Im 5, Rle bo v qu dng kiu in t : BI

Thi gian khi ng I cnh bo T Ngun nui Tip im Cnh bo

Chc nng ( cho mch 3 pha ) + Bo v qu dng ( chnh I v t ) + Mt pha , mt dng 0,55 ( khn chnh ) o pha + t thi gian khi ng . + t dng cnh bo . + Hin th dng cc pha .

5.2 : Bo v in p ton cng nghip . - u vo : in p - u ra : tip im 1, Rle kiu in p kiu in t : - Mch t ging nh rle dng in kiu in t . - Cun dy : mt chiu ( c chnh lu v in tr pha ) - Tc ng tc thi : bns = 0,9 . r1
r2 Uv

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Hai in tr song song , ni tip . - Dng cho c xoay chiu , mt chiu . - Nhc im : tc ng c khi nhiu . Bi tp : Bo v mch khi U = ( 180 245 )
O A B C

ZA U

ZB

2500W ZA

60W ZB

ZA << ZB

B cht .
2, Rle in p kiu in t ( 3 pha ) :
R S T

Umin

Umax Reset ti ch 3,2 pha tUmin Reset t xa tUmin

5A,250VAC

Umax Umin

ngc , mt pha

u ra

Chc nng : bo v mch 3 pha Qu p Umax c chnh thi gian Thp p Umin Mt pha , ngc pha 0,5 (s) khng chnh . Tng t Chnh tng t S Nu li bnh thng 1 ( dn )

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Rtg RA RU

MN QL BN QN

MN 100kW

QL 40kW

BN 3kW

QN 1,5kW Bin i thng

Qua b bin i Y/

5.3 : Cc thit b iu khin . 1, Khi ng t : - Dng bo v qu ti v ng ct ti t xa . Chn khi ng t : Umkt Um ti Imkt = kd tr * Imti ( kdtr =1,7 1,8) Th no l ti nng , ti nh ? Nu l ti mt chiu th s dng chn kdt 3 pha ra sao ? Im mt chiu phi ly thp hn kdtr = ( 1,1 1,8 ) b vi ti nh dng cho mch mt chiu , ln vi ti nng . Um = 690V ( ~ ) Im = 100A U *I 220 * 100 U~I- =U-I~ I _ = ~ = U~ 690 1 I = I~ ; 3 2, Rle dng in khi ng ng c 1 pha : - Dng cho t lnh gia dng , cng sut < 200W .

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L xo tip im Cun dy dng in Li thp

Dn hng tip im ch nht chng tip im ng xoay chiu S in : Ck RI R RI C Wlv

S Wk

~
Khi ng in cho qua ti dng in khi ng ln ( chy ua cun Ri ni tip vi cun lm vic ) , sc t ng ln lc in t ht li thp , lm tip im ng t Ck ni tip vi Wt to mmen khi ng ng c chy , khi tc ln th I gim , lc in t gim tip im m ct t . Mch t h ( khng c gng ) h s nh ln . Nhc im : tip im chu dng in ln nn lc ct khng ln v nh khi lng li thp phn ng d b kt nu chiu lp khng thng v vy ch dng cho cng sut b . 3, Rle in p khi ng ng c 1 pha : - Dng cho ng c 1 pha cng sut ln hn 200W ( iu ha gia dng , t lnh thng nghip ) loi ny c t lm vic v t khi ng . - Cun dy RU u song song vi Wk . Tipa im T ( NC ) u ni tip Ck . Mch t ca RU dng kn , nh ca Rle trung gian ZRu >>ZWk . - Nguyn l lm vic : Khi ng in cho my nn , in p phn b trn mch khi ng bin thin ban u . Khi ng c quay UWk tng n khi ln ct t khi ng .

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RU Ck Clv S R C

RI my nn Wk Wlv

U2 u im : Dng qua t Ck ln nhng tip im T nn khng c h quang . Khi UWk ln , lc in t ca RU ln ct dng t Ck vi vn tc ln kh nng ct ln . Ch : mi loi Rle in p khi ng ch thch hp cho loi my nn cho trc ( khng dng ln loi ny vi loi khc ) . Loi RU ch dng cho ng c c c 2 loi t Ck v Clv .

5.4 : Mt s mch thng dng trong in lnh .

1, Mch c kim tra in p v kim tra dng in : Bo v in p dng Rle in t kiu in t . Bo v thp p ,c th mt pha , ngc pha Dng chy RN
K 0

AB, BC,CA,O V tr UAO ,UBO ,UC chuyn mch

EVR CC

YS

A
1

K RN
0

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1 ch ( xanh ) ; 2 chy ( ) ; 3 qu ti ( vng ) Mch ang chy , sau b dng . Nguyn nhn : - Ngn mch p t mt nhy . - Qu ti 3 sng . - Mt pha , ngc pha n lt trn EVR ( Rle in p p ) sng . - t cu ch mch iu khin ( 1 tt ) Ch : trc khi cho chy , kim tra in p li khi chy kim tra dng 3 pha . 2, S iu khin t ng v bng tay : Dng chuyn mch 2 ng

Chuyn mch Khng ch 1 ti BT

RU

RN

RU T

Ch : vi mch t ng khng dng nt n c duy tr v khi mt in khng t chy li c . - Nu cn khng ch nhiu ti dng Rle trung gian . Dng Rle trung gian 1 tip im khng ch 1 mch t BT

T 3, V d v s t ng bm nc nh cao tng : Cn h 22 tng ; 200 h Bm nc b ngm 100 m3/ln , b ( trn tng 23 ) 60 m3 ng c my bm 55kW , 1480 v/pht , li in 380 V . Thit k phn in : bm t ng bng tay P = 55kW , 1480v/pht , = 92,5% ,cos =0,9 ; Mmax /Mm =2,2 ; Mk/Mm =2 ; Im/Im = 6,5 ; in p : 220/380 ,380/660 ; dng in : 173/100 , 100/58 . Yu cu : - Bo v ngn mch : p t mt ( mch lc ) , cu ch ( iu khin ) - Bo v qu ti : Rle nhit ca khi ng t . - Bo v ngc pha , mt pha ,p cao , p thp : Rle in p in t EVR . - Bo v p lc nc khn : Rle p lc ( l=22*3,5 = 80 m 8at ) - Khng ch mc nc : cng tc phao . - in an ton ti cng tc phao 24V cch ly.

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Khi ng Y/ gim cng sut khi ng . C y hin th in p , dng in . Cc n bo trng thi v 2 b nc . Khng ch mc nc . RT 24V

Dng cng tc v in tr trung gian c nhiu tip im iu khin v n hiu .

B trn 24V

RD

B di Bng tay do 2 vn hnh n nt : Chy khi b trn cn v b di nc . T ng : Dng khi b tren y hoc b di cn . Chn s khi ng Y/ vi li 380V Ch : ng c chy th mi khi ng Y/ dc v li cho 380V . 24V Vy chn 380/660 Im = 100A + S in : 4 RT y A B C 0 5 RT Cn EVR YS AS EVR RN KL KL V
y 6 7

RD RD

Cn

Bo mc nc cc b

BT
CC

KY

T1

KL

K KL T1 T2 T2 KY KY
+ 24V -

TD RT RD 8 at RAN 15s T1 RT RD Reset

220/24

T2 T2

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STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Danh mc ,quy cch Thit b Ghi ch 600,3*35+1*16 660V , 120A 1 600V , 150/5 3 5A 1 600V 1 380V 1 600/120A 3 Ut = 220V 8 Timer 220V , 30s 2 9 BA + CL 10VA , 220/24 1 10 Cu ch 5A, 400V 1 5A , 250 V 1 11 Chuyn mch 12 Nt n 5A , 250V 3 10A , 250V 2 13 Cng tc phao 14 Rle trung gian 24V ,4 cp 2 tip im 15 n hiu 220V , 4W 3 16 n hiu 24V , 1W 4 1 17 Rle p lc nc 10 at ,5A ,20V 18 Dy i khin 0,5 mm2 , 400V, 100m 19 V t in Ch : Xem k mch T c Rle p lc nc v T1 . S tip im ph ca K2 khng c th dng 1 Rle trung gian 220V u song song cun ht KL . V d : Cho trm iu khin K2 trung tm bit Q0 =260kW , dung cho ngnh dt may. - Chn cc thit b nhit lnh . - Tnh ton cung cp in . - Lp s iu khin . - Chn thit b in . Gii : Ngnh dt may cho khng kh thi trc tip . - Cng sut tnh ton : QTT = kdt*Q0 = 1,1*260 = 186 kW Q0 = q0*m ( kW ) ; [ kJ/kg] *[ kg/s ] kW in nng( cng sut my nn <Q0) - QTT = 286kW cc phng n chn thit b nhit lnh : + Chn 1 t hp ( 1 cm ) s thit b t , vn hnh n gin , dintichs lp t b . + Nhc im : tin cy thp . Vn hnh khng kinh t . Cos thp khi nhit thp . + Chn nhiu t hp nh : 2 hay 3 Chn n = 3 Q Q = tt = 95kW = 27 vsTon 3 Chn my nn kiu pittng Carrier 50BP340 c Q0 = 96,6 kW = 27,6 VST

Tn Cp lc ATM 3 pha // Bin dng AS+Amp VS + V EVR KT

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Kiu na kn Im = 42A , U = 380V P = 22 kW ; 1500 v/p ; = 90% ; cos = 0,88 ; kI = 7,5 ; kMk = 2,0 . Chn my nn nh trn . - Dn bay hi gin lnh Q0 = 27,6 UST , kch tc ca lu lng gi 4250 l/s, p sut gi 200 Pa Qut . Chn qut ly tm c thng s thch hp . P = 5,50kW ; U = 380V ; n = 1000v/pht = 85% ; cos = 0,82 ; KI = 7,3 ; KMk = 1,9 ; Im = 12A - Ngng t : Q0 = 27,6 UST , lm mt bng hn hp : nc + khng kh . Chn thp gii nhit Q0 = 30 UST Bm nc lm mt : 6,5 lt /s 234 m3/h , H = 20 m Chn my bm : ly tm P = 2,2kW ,1500 v/pht , Im = 5A , = 81% ; cos = 0,82 ; kI = 5,4 ; kMk = 2,3 . - Qut thp gii nhit ( qut nng ) qut hng trc 230 m3/min ; n = 1500 v/pht , P = 1,5kW ; Im = 3,7A , = 78% ; cos = 0,8 ; kI = 5,2 ; kMk = 2,3 . 3*90 +1*60 S cp in A A0 X cos

AI

AII

AIII

A1 K1 RN1 M1

A2
K2 RN2

A3 K3

A4 K4 RN3 RN4 M4 Chiu sng

M2

M3

- La chn cp da vo : -

U, I = 63 A Tit din Ikt =( 1,5 3 ) A/mm2 V ng c ni t , dy ni ng c chn cp 3 si v v ni chung t 1 ng v thanh ni . Chn AT ImAT = ( 1,05 1,5 ) Im Chn khi ng t Imkt = ( 1,05 1,8 ) Im Cn 3 bin dng phng trng hp ccacs vng chm chp . chn da vo : U, I1, I2 , cp chnh xc . Bo v : + Qu ti Rle nhit ca khi ng t

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+ Ngn mch ATM + Chng o pha EVR ( mt pha , p cao , p thp ) . + Bo v p lc dng 1EVR + Rle thi gian . - iu khin : + C mch t ng hoc bng tay . +Vi my nn iu khin p sut ga cao , thp ni tip vi cn bng nhit Thermotat . -Lp s iu khin : QL chy thng gi c lp Chy lin tc Bm nc lm mt QN lm mt na nng . My nn ngn hn lp li . Dng bin tn iu khin nhit my nn gim bm nc ,QN nhng tn km . S iu khin dng Rle , cng tc t . u im : r , tin cy . Dng khn cp

220 ~
5A

RNS0

Rsy du BT V
R T

K4 V

BT V

RTG

EVR

T V RBT R T
ON

RN1

K1

K1 OFF V RN2

T1 TN K2 RAN TN T2 RN3 reset

RBT T1 R T

Bo v p lc nc

K2 V

RBT T2 R T RBT T3
1

K3 V

K2 V
T3

K3

R T

K4 V

K3 V RAC

KAT
K4 RN Thermostart 2

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Rsy du : du khng c , d bi trn T K4 c th khi ng Y/ cho my nn TN - R le thi gian bo v khi mt nc mi . 1 220V K4 T4 K KY KY K T4 2 0

T4

Rle nhit 50 : Nhit nh hn 500C th m ng li th sy du . Li s c RTG , RT khng ht . T lnh hng a phn do khi ng .

Thi :
L thyt : K thut lnh ( kT lnh c s ) Bi tp : Phn in ( Chn thit b , iu khin , chn tnh ton )
Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca cc thit b : + Bm nc .

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