Ti liu v thit k khun Kch c bung p v s l khun l nhng nhn t cn quan tm, c bit l i vi cc nh sn xut s dng my p ng b; iu ch yu hai nhn

n t ny l nng xut c quyt nh trc. Trong my p ng b, tc ram ln nht l mt gi tr c nh c quyt nh bi u ra gallon/pht ca bm vo xylanh thu lc. Ni chung, i vi kiu my p ny th tc ram khong 30 mi pht. Phn ln cc my p c nhiu tc ram khc nhau
a c d

Hnh1: Bn v biu th cc s lin quan n tnh ton lc p khi khun, s dng cng thc sau: P1= P (A-D) (C-D) Trong : A = Din tch mt khun hoc din tch i.d ca tm m. B = Din tch l khun C = Din tch tip xc ca tm m ph D = Din tch l m khun P1 = p lc n p (psi) Lc p khi khun (ln nht 165,000 psi) Ch : Container, lc p ti a 45,000 psi; cc tm lt (trn vng kp khun) lc p ti a 75,000 psi. T s truyn c xc nh bi din tch mt ct ngang ca container (bung cha) chia cho tng din tch mt ct ngang ca cc l khun. Cng thc di y chng minh hiu qu trc tip ca t s truyn v hiu sut: Hiu sut (fpm) = (Tc ram (ipm)/ 12) x t s truyn. Cc khun phi chu c p lc ln khi ang n p nhm nng thnh cc hnh dng c th. Thm vo , cc khun cn c thit k b vnh,
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xon m c khuynh hng thng xy ra i vi kim loi n p. Mt s nhng kh khn vn hnh v thit k c lin quan n p lc b mt khun. Thng gp p lc c th ln ti 50 tn/in2. u tin, p lc b mt khun cao nhng gim dn khi lng np gim. p lc gim khi nhit tng v chiu di Billet gim. Tuy nhin, p lc lun tng mt vi ins cui cng (1 ins = 2,54cm). Mt bin php quyt nh gi tr p cho p lc khi khun c th hin hnh 1. lch l do s h tr khun khng c hiu qu, bi p lc ln khun qu ln. iu ny lm b mt trc chch hng, do lm gim hiu sut Cc nh sn xut khun lun s dng mt s k thut sa i khun lm ph hp trong s a dng x l. Hn na, lm sch v bi trn khun l rt cn thit i vi vic bo dng khun v t l phc hi cao. iu kin b mt khun c nh hng n cc c tnh dng chy. Nhng vn hnh bng tay l cn thit trong vic ch to khun c trung bnh. Mt s hiu bit r v dung sai l rt cn thit. Nhng iu ny s c tho lun mt phn tng ng. Dung sai ca cc nh sn xut khun bao gm: Mu khun, 0.001 Cch b tr, 0.010 Mt di mi: +0.015, - 0.000 Bearing: +1/32 Ra hon thin(gc), phng (bng) ti tht 1/40. Ra hon thin(l), 0.002 trn khun Cc b phn dng c Lp rp dng c khun c bn c ch ra hnh 2.
die die r ing bac ker bo l s t er s ub-bo l s t er

t o o l c ar r ier

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Hnh 2: Mt b lp rp khun in hnh Cc b phn bao gm khun, khun ph v i km l o khun, m khun v m ph.Cc b phn ny c lp vo mt b phn gi l b phn cha dng c (tool carrier), hoc l container. Mt ca trt ng gi vic lp t bo v khi lc ca my p. Khun ph v m khun gip phn b p lc ng u v h tr khun. Mt s khun dng cho n p hnh dng nhm c ch ra hnh 2a.(tham kho ti liu ting anh) Container- y l mt xylanh thp, c mt tm m lt c th thay chuyn c. Container c ng knh bn trong ln hn mt cht so vi ng knh billet c n p. Chiu di ca n thay i theo lng cng sut v nh ch to my p. Vng khun- l mt ng lng (bc ngoi) gi khun v khun ph trong mi lin kt trc vi nhau. Khun ph- ging nh khun nhng thng dy hn 2 n 3 ln. N nh l mt a thp v n c mt l ln hn l ca khun. Khun ph thng c trang b cc cht hoc vu li c th gn n vi khun n p hp l. Khun ph h tr khun chng li p lc billet v l phng tin gi khun. m khun (Bolster)- l mt b phn bng thp hp kim hnh a c gia cng cng, c ng knh bng ng knh o khun. m khun h tr khun v khun ph v nhm gim thiu vnh lch. m ph (Sub-boster) tng t nh m khun. Gi khun (Die holder)- y l mt b phn ca my p. N nm gia container v trc p. N c th tho ra c hoc c th vung gc vi hng n p (tu thuc vo kiu my p) m c th tho khun ra nhm loi b u mu hoc ph phm. Chy p (Dummy block)- l mt a thp, dy khong 3, c ng knh nh hn bn trong container mt cht(khong 0.025). N to thnh mt s bo v khi vic np ngc gia billet nng v Stem. Stem (ram)- l mt b phn n p c chc nng cho billet vo trong container v n tip xc vi dummy block. L mt on ca xylanh chnh, stem phi c kh nng chu c lng p ti a. Thut ng stem c s dng thay cho hoc i khi ng ngha vi ram trong nhng trng hp nht nh.

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Cc kiu khun- Ni ngn gn, mt khun p l mt kt cu thp dng a c mt hoc nhiu l hoc nhng l c din tch mt ct ging nhau (ngoi tr phn co li) v c ng nt nh sn phm c th. Cc khun rng c phn loi thnh cc kiu khun khc nhau nh khun spider, khun porthole v khun bridge. Chng c s dng cho vic n p cc billet c thnh hnh dng rng hoc bn rng. Cc billet rng c mt l (c khoan, c) dc thng qua tm. Chng c s dng vi mt li trc (mandrel) ring r. Nhng li trc nh th ny hoc l c nh hoc l khng c nh. Trong c hai trng hp, cc mandrel phi tch khi v khng phi l mt phn ca khun. Mt li trc quyt nh kch thc bn trong ca cc thanh n p rng. Khun quyt nh kch thc bn ngoi. Khi mt li trc tch bit khi khun nhng n c nh vi phn cui ca stem, th n c mang thut ng kiu c. N hoc l i qua mt billet rng hoc l khoan thng l qua mt billet c. Khi mandrel khng c nh th n c gi l kiu Php. Mt mandrel nh th c t trong mt khe rnh trong dummy block (chy p) v tm ca n trong khun khi kim loi chy di p lc. Cc billet rng c s dng khi trc li khng c nh c dng. C hai loi c nh v khng c nh ni chung c s dng vi lp rp my p. Cc khun Spider, Porthole, Bridge: Cc khun ny u c l trc nh mt phn ng b ca khun. Cc thanh rng hoc bn rng c ch to t cc khun ny c mt hoc nhiu mi hn hoc cc ng hn dc. iu ny do c thc t l kim loi chy xung quanh cc tr li v hn vi nhau bn trong khoang hn trc khi qua khun. Nhng khun ny ph hp vi cc hnh dng rng hoc bn rng. Khun Spider bao gm mt khun n p c hnh dng ng nt c th, c gn vi mt kt cu spider thp mt li trc ko di qua khun. Khun Porthole tng t nh khun Spider, ch khc l khun Spider c thay th bng mt a c khoan m c mt vi l chy qua n. Khun Bridge c mt phn ging nh chic cu c bt cht vo pha sau khun v y gn l trc (mandrel) ngn. Mt khun trng vo to hc hn. Thut ng khun thun tin cho ngi c, thut ng c bn c s dng trong thit k khun v ch to khun c nh ngha trong cc on di y. Cc thut ng ny v thut ng n p nhm khc s c tm thy trong t in thut ng khc.
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Back Taper (cn ngc): L phn cu trc bn trong ca khun bt u t im ri v r gc v pha sau ca khun khong t 1,5 0 n 100, ph thuc vo gc ct c cn. Nu cn thit, h tr mt phn mng ca khun chng hn nh li, gc c th nh n 00, nhng ch ct cn c gim 0.015 hoc hn th. Thng th u mi song song vi b mt Bearing, lc ny khng cn gim na. Bearing- l b mt ti l, ti cc gc bn phi vi b mt khun, m kim sot dng chy kim loi (v i khi tc chy); l b mt dc dng chy nhm v c to hnh. Breakaway Point (im tch): thng l v tr ni Relief khun bt u v b mt bearing kt thc; l v tr ni thanh n p ri Bearing. Choke (gc tht): l gc c mi trn b mt bearing ti im ni bearing v b mt khun gp nhau v ni nhm vo l. di tht thay i vi cc gc tht- t gc th ko di ch tht v ngc li. Enter Point (im vo): l ni nhm vo cc bearing; gc c to bi b mt khun v bearing. Short Choke: L mt vt cnh ngn hn choke thng l, khong 450 c so snh vi 50 hoc t hn. iu ny c khuynh hng lm chm dng chy kim loi khi im vo xa hn tnh t mt khun. Short speed (tc ngn): l ni bearing c mt gc xin ngn khong 45 0 ti im tch. Gc xin ny lm tng tc dng chy ca kim loi. Mt gc xin di khong 30 ti im tch, mc du c hiu l tc l c mt khuynh hng lm chm v dng chy kim loi. B tr v thit k khun Trc tin cn thit lp kch c container v s l khun cho vic n p mt thanh trc khi thit k khun. Bc tip theo l phi phc tho trn giy, trnh by ra (1) co (2) s gim ko ( co l kt qu t vic ko cng hoc ko thng cc thanh p) v (3) Bearing. Sau bn v c chuyn ti xng my ni m mu khun c ch to bng thp hoc nhm c dy khong 1/8. Thanh c vch gii hn c trc v sau trn mt khong trng khun tiu chun. Nhng khong trng c dy tng ng bng khong 1/5 ng knh ca chng, nhng thay i ng k vi khi lng my p. Cc khong trng thng c c tiu chun, lm khp vi gi kp khun tiu chun. Bn thn khun c th l 1 inch hoc dy hn th v c lm bng thp c rn, gia cng x l nng. Thanh ln nht m c th
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c ch to trn mt khun c th phi khp trong ng trn ngoi tip c ng knh khng ln hn ng knh c nu trong Bng 2 hoc 80% ca i.d. ca container.

Bng 2: S dng ng knh ng trn ngoi tip ca cc thanh quyt nh khun v kch c container ti thiu. ng knh - Cc ng knh khun ti thiu ng trn 4 thanh ln nht Cc khun l 2 n Cc khun a 21/2 l ng knh - Cc ng knh khun ti thiu ng trn 5 thanh ln nht Hp kim mm 4 Hp kim cng 31/2 6 5 41/2 7 6 51/2 8 7 61/2 9 8 71/2 5 3 31/2 6 31/2 4 8 47/8 53/8 10 618 65/8

Mc du cc bc thay i vi cc xng khc nhau, ni chung vn hnh my u tin phi ct bt phn gim pha sau, thng vi mt mi cn cui. Sau , khong trng c lt, c khoan cc gc, v hnh dng c ca trn mt ca dy. L khun c gia cng gt gia to hnh dng ca khun. Tip l s chnh sa cui cng bng tay v lp rp khun, vi x l nhit v nh bng l nhng cng on cui cng. X l Bearing Nhng iu chnh hp l i vi khun nhm chnh sa hoc thay i cc t l dng chy kim loi c thc hin bng cch thay i lng kim loi khun ti cc l, c hiu nh l rng, cao hoc di Bearing. Bng cch gim di ca Bearing ti mt v tr c bit, t l dng chy c tng ln; tng di, dng chy gim xung. X l cc b mt Bearing pha trc v pha sau ca l khun c hiu nh choke-gc tht hoc relief-gc gim tng ng ln lt nh hnh 3.
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o r ig inal bear ing

bac k t aper

o r ig inal bear ing

bac k t aper

c ho ke deg r ee o f g ho ke needed

bac k t aper as s pec if ied

o r ig inal bear ing

bac k t aper as s pec if ied

r el ief

under c ut

under c ut

Hnh 3: Cc bin php lm chm hoc tng dng chy kim loi qua mt khun n p: l khun tht lm chm dng chy kim loi (hnh tri); l khun gim lm tng nhanh dng chy kim loi (hnh bn phi). Gc ct di (undercut) ca cn ngc (back taper) c quyt nh bi gc ct mi- 1 1/2o, 30 hoc 50 l ph bin. S chnh sa, chng hn nh tc (gim) c ch ra hnh phi, him khi c kt hp trong mt khun mi, nhng c thm vo khi cn thit kim sot dng chy kim loi. Nu ngi thit k mun gii quyt kh khn trong vic x l lm y cc gc nhn hoc hon tt cc thanh mmg, Bearing c th c tht mt gc khong 31/20. iu ny lm chm dng chy kim loi v lm y l khun. Vic tng gc ln ti 70 pha sau hoc hoc pha thot ca Bearing l tng vn tc ca dng chy kim loi. nh hng ca Bearing ln dng chy c miu t y hn trang 21. Thit lp di Bearing di Bearing di hay ngn c s dng nh mt phng tin iu chnh dng chy kim loi. S a dng khc nhau v di Bearing c th c tm thy trong mi khun. V d nh, nu cc cnh k ca mt thanh c cc dy khc nhau, th mt di bearing xp x tng ng hoc nh hn dy mi cnh s gy ra mt dng chy cn bng hn ngang trn thanh v lm gim nguy c b xon. i vi vic quyt nh kch thc ca mt bearing th hai, ni mt cnh k c thit lp trc th nhiu cng thc ang c tnh ton. Tuy nhin, chng him c s dng bn ngoi dy chuyn c bit. Tuy nhin, phn ln cng thc l ging nhau v kt qu cng nh nhau. thng thng, i vi vic tnh

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ton di Bearing, ngi thit k bt u vi con s thc t nh nht kim sot y hn nhng s bin i thanh. Thc t Chu u vi cc thanh nh th phi dng mt Bearing khong 4 ln dy thanh . Trong t nc ny, thng s dng mt Bearing tng ng chiu dy thanh. Mt s nh thit k c gng gi mt thanh ti thiu khong 3/32 v iu chnh cc bearing k nhm kim sot dng chy. di bearing ti thiu thng c thit lp cho cc kch c nht nh ca cc l khun, vi bearing bt u ti thiu c thit lp theo mt kch c l khun, khng k n v tr trn mt ca khun. Thng v tr c chn l gn vch container nht. u hoc cui ca cnh,( nhng khng phi cc im giao nhau hoc cc ng dc), s chim khong 4/5 mc bnh thng Bearing cho l khun.. Sau khi thit lp c mt im khi u khong 3/32 bearing ti thiu, theo nh hnh dng thanh phc tho, chiu di bearing c tng 1/32 mi 1/2 ti pha trung tm ca khun. Nguyn tc ngn tay ci ny c th c p dng trn mi th khong mt vch 3/16. Nguyn tc tng t cng thng p dng ni m dy vch khng to cc thay i t ngt nhng thay i dn dn theo bin i thanh. Khi mt thanh c cc yu t kch c khc nhau, mt im khi u c thit lp v tt c di Bearing c thc hin cn xng vi kch c l, da trn chiu di bearing ca l nh nht. Cn phi tnh ton chiu di Bearing l g da trn l nh nht nu ti mt vng nht nh, sau nhn t l ca ng dng bearing yu cu l khun. V d: mt thanh rng 4 c mt vch 0.125 ti 2, m l im xa nht tnh t tm khun, v mt vch 0.250 ti trung tm khun. Bearing nh nht 3/32 c thit lp cho dy vch 0.125 ti 2; nu vch 0.125 ny ti trung tm th n s cn mt Bearing 7/32. V 0.250 l gp i 0.125, 7/16 (gp i l 7/32) c yu cu cho tm khun ni c vch l 0.250. Mt ngoi tr i vi nguyn tc ny lin quan n cc thanh m b Toe hoc Wing nh hnh 4. Cc u (Tip) ca cc cnh (Leg) lm vo cn cc Bearing ngn nht. iu ny do lch dn ti mt cha (Cantilever). Mt cha ny to ra mt vu hoc tht ti Bearing. Mt v d in hnh ca mt khun n p cho mt thanh c yu cu c dy vch khc nhau c ch ra hnh 5.
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Hnh 4

Hnh 5

Hnh 4: V d v di Bearing trn thanh m c Wings in Hnh 5: Thit lp di Bearing cho mt thanh c di khc nhau. Ngi thit k khun gi mt con s 3/32 nh l chiu di Bearing ti im xa nht tnh t tm (21/2), ni c dy thanh l 0.125 Bng cch tng di Bearing 1/32 cho mi 1/2 gn tm, bearing c tng tng ng l 5/32 cho inch u tin. Ti im ny, di thanh thay i bt ng ti 0.250 ni m cn s hn hp cn. Cc nh thit k phi tng di theo t l cn xng v thm 30% kim sot phn li hp l(Nose?). Do , thanh 0.250 ph hp vi chiu di bearing 13/32, tng ti 15/32 ch trc khi c s thay i thanh tip theo. y, mt s kt hp gc cn (taper blend) khc l cn thit v chiu di bearing vi dy 0.750 c tng ti 113/10; s kt hp gc cn ny a ra mt bearing cn xng gia dy thanh 0.250 v 0.750, cng thm 30%. T im ny, chiu t tm, do bearing gim 1/32 mi 1/2 ti khong 1-11/16. Bi v cnh ngn ca L gi nguyn tnh t tm trung tm v khng c thay i no v thanh nn di bearing y c nh 1-11/16 Kt hp bearing: Khi mt thanh ang c hot ng trong dng hp kim mm, cc Bearing c s bin i ln hn 1/32 thng c kt hp 450 (3/16x450 l ). iu ny cng ng i vi cc Bearing k trn cc khun c s dng cho hp kim 7075, c mt s khc nhau 1/8 hoc ln hn th. Cc bearing c s khc nhau nh hn 1/2 th yu cu mt ng thng t (break). nh r s bt u hay kt thc mt bearing cn cng yu cu ng t n ny. Cc Bearing cn k i vi cc hp kim ,ngoi tr cc hp kim nh 7075, c s khc nhau ti thiu nh bng di y s yu cu mt gc chi tit:
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cn

ca 70 0.250

50 0.375

30 0.500

11/20 1.000

00

ct mi S khc bit nh nht ca cc bearing k nhau

Nu lng gc cn (taper) nh hn 1/32 th ni chung bearing khng cn na. Ni chung, mt Bearing khng nn cn nu s cn nh hn 1/2 dy vch lin quan. Mt ngoi l l h cui (u) mt cnh phi c gim. Mt cnh hoc mt vch phi c dy ng nht hoc c th c cn, nhng c mt Bearing c cn th t nht n phi di 1/4 v di gp 4 ln rng, ti v tr mng nht. iu ny tnh ton mt Bearing ti mt im gp 4 ln rng cui tnh t im cui, nu gp 4 ln rng cui t nht l 1/2 v nh hn tng chiu di cnh (Leg-chn, cnh). Khi quyt nh dy trung bnh phn cui (u) ca cnh (m c mt Bearing c cn), th yu t cui (u) 4/5 c th c s dng. Ch nh ra (Projection- Ch nh ra; Hnh chiu) c tnh ton c lp cn c d di t nht 3/32 v di hn chiu rng ca n. di ny c o t ng tch ch khng phi c o t phn chnh. Bearing ch giao nhau ca hai bc vch tr ln cn bng hoc ln hn hn cc Bearing k. Mt thc t ni chung l Bearing nh nht nn nh hn 1/16; mt s ni th ly l 1/32 v a ra mt vi ch s di y c coi l ch s trung bnh in hnh trong vic kim sot cc nh c ti cc Bearing c chiu di khc nhau. Cc nh c 1/32 trn cc Bearing t 1/32 ti 1 Cc nh c 1/16 trn cc Bearing t 1 ti 3 Cc nh c 1/8 trn cc Bearing t 3 tr ln. L Lun mong mun s dng s l nhiu nht trong mt khun khi s dng cc hp kim x l nhit v cc hp kim ny s n p tng i chm. Nu hnh dng phc tp, 4 l l nguyn tc.
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Khi cc thanh l loi nh v n gin th khun c th l 6 l. S lng cc thanh n p cng ln th c khuynh hng lm xc ln nhau v chng n p nhng tc khc nhau; khi thc hin sn xut cc thanh nh v bo m cc dng c c bit, mt s cc khi chn chy bng in c th c s dng gi cc thanh c c lp thng qua p lc. S c thm thun li bng cch s dng cc khun a l trn cc hp kim nh 1100 v 3003 v chng d n p. Hnh 6 ch ra mt l khun in hnh.
b c d bac h t aper o r ig inal bear ing r el ief

r el ief

Hnh 6: Gim Bearing nhm gim thiu p lc trong qu trnh n p. A l kch thc mt ct ca l khun (die opening) B: di Bearing C: Phn c gim D: Phn cn ngc dy thc t ca thanh c n p c quyt nh bi l A nhng gim thiu p lc trong khi n p th kim loi s qua die bearing ( khong cch B ). Vt qu im ny, khun b gim (relieved). Khun cho n p nhm c cc cnh (edge) vo (entry-li vo) bearing sc (sharp-sc nhn). Th nghim vi cc khun kiu ming chung (bellmouthed) chng hn nh cc khun c dng cho bc, hnh 7 cho thy s cn thit cho p lc n p ln hn vi ch mt cht ci tin trong s hon thin b mt.

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Hnh 7: Khun n p nhm c c phn tht v gim (hnh tri) v i khi c gi l Bearing vng min. Hnh phi l mt l in hnh cho n p. B tr cc thanh B tr mt l n th n gin. Thc cht l t l sao cho trng tm ca l ph hp tng ng vi tm ca khun. Nu c s bin i ng k dy, th vic t l phi thc hin phn mng nht ti tm. iu ny s nng cao vn hnh n p. Hnh 8 ch ra nhng v d in hnh.

Hnh 8: Khi t l dng chy ln hn v pha tm th thng c th t cc thanh mng hn cng mt hnh dng v t cc thanh dy hn v pha ra (ngoi bin). Nu mt thanh mng v chim phn ln nht ca khun, Bearing s phi c tng v pha tm v gim pha cui. C nhiu quan im xp xp cc thanh ph hp nht cho khun a l. Chng c th c b tr xuyn tm to trn hoc b tr phng(Radially or flat). Cch b tr trc thng c a chung hn. Trong cch b tr xuyn tm, trc chnh ca mi hnh dng nm dc theo mt bn knh, to cho mi phn ca b mt Bearing mi quan h i vi tm ca khun ging nh cc phn tng t trn nhng hnh dng khc. Trong cch b tr phng, trc chnh ca mi hnh dng nm ti cc gc phi hoc song song vi mt bn knh. Mt im mnh ca kiu b tr ny l tt c cc phn c n p c th nm trn bn dn ra vi xon nh nht. Thng cng phi xem xt vn dng thc t thit lp mt vng trn tiu chun cho mi kch c khun (khong 2/3 ng knh khun), trong cc l nm tm. iu ny m bo kh nng h tr hon i nhau Hnh 9 ra cc
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thanh c b tr theo h thng, cn xng vi tm ca khun. Vic b tr c h thng s lm n gin vic chnh sa khun v lm gim thiu xon ti khun. Nhng ngi ng h vic b tr m s m bo s h tr y trn bn dn ra, s t cc thanh ging nh cch b tr nh hnh 10. Bng cch hn ch khuynh hng xon trn bn dn ra, th vic xon ti khun cng s c hn ch

Hnh 9 n p vi cng t l tc

Hnh 10

Hnh 9 : Cc thanh c t cng khong cch t tm khun do c th Hnh 10: Bng cch b tr cc thanh v tr nh hnh v m bo s h tr y hn ti bn dn ra Ma st vch cnh, v billet tip xc vi vch xilanh (cylinder), s to nh hng ng k ln ng nt ca thanh n p v c th gp phn vo .OXIDE ENTRAPMENT v cc vt vch khi anod ho. Do , t nht mt khong trng 3/4 tnh t vch cnh ti l khun l cn thit cho cc thanh nh v khong 11/2 cho cc thanh ln hn v phc tp. Trong mi trng hp, thanh c chia u, theo chiu dc v chiu ngang, do tc ng mt xu hng n nh cn bng i vi vch cnh. Khi mt thanh khng th c n p chnh xc vi hnh dng, th cn c mt vn hnh th hai. Hnh 11 l mt v d chng minh mt thanh hnh ch U.

11.a

11.b

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Hnh 11 Hnh 11: Cc hnh dng c li di trong khun rt kh n p. Tuy nhin hnh dng c th c sa i cng c li khun (xem hnh11.b).n p dng trc th thanh sau c to hnh li theo ch s yu cu N gy ra p lc khng hp l ti Li - tongue trong qu trnh n p. Mt bin php l phi to mt mu ca thanh nhm mong mun, v sau un cong n thnh hnh dng nh dng bn phi. Di hnh dng ny, thanh sn sng cho n p v khun ct tng ng. Bridge Widths (Rng cu)- l khong cch gia cc hnh dng k nhau (Adjacent-gn k, k lin) ca mt khun a l th c gi l Bridge. Khong cch Bridge ti thiu c quyt nh bi mt s h s, chng hn nh dy khun v thit k dng c h tr. Hnh 12 ch ra mt phng php tnh ton cc h s cng (strength) ln Bridge ca khun. Chiu rng Bridge in hnh c a ra bng 3 Bng 3: ng knh 4 khun Bridge rng 1
1 11/8 11/8 13/8 5 6 8 95/8 117/8 11/2 147/8 167/8 187/8 227/8

Ln hn 11/2

m
y m

B n =N+M CA = Z M BRIDGE B=M CA= Z+Y( M

M +N

N BRIDGE CA=Z+Y

B=N

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Hnh 12: H s v cng thc tnh cng ca khun Bn v phc tho lm r gi tr cng thc B v CA theo nh thit k .trong phn ln trng hp cn nh nht l 7/8 Cng thc
F T(B-D) - T1 (B1 - 0.062) + T2 (B2 - 0.062) 2 CA

T: dy khun
T1= dy khun sau T2= dy tm m lt B = rng cu khun B1= rng cu khun (Backer) B2= rng cu m lt D= Khong h cn trung bnh CA= Din tch tm sau F= H s cng

Ch to khun va l khoa hc va l ngh thut. Thm ch khi hai khun c ch to ra ging nhau v c vn hnh trong cng iu kin, chng cng him khi thc hin chnh xc ging nhau. Mt s nh my n p c c khun bng nhng dng c thit b ch to khun mc d phn ln nhng chnh sa c thc hin bi mt hoc nhiu chuyn gia v khun. Cc cng on di y v gia cng mt khun thc t c s dng trong n p nhm ch ra nhng cng on khc nhau c yu cu. Mc du thi gian c a ra trong cc cng on ch to khun, th cng lun phi ghi nh rng thi gian l mt nhn t tng i cho tng trng hp v thay i ng k; ph thuc vo tng nh ch to khun; iu kin v kiu dng c ch to, cc h s dung sai v cc nhn t lin quan. Cc quy trnh vn hnh c kh trong vic ch to khun - Vic gia cng c kh trn mt khun c bit c ch ra trong cc bc nh di y, c
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yu cu tng s khong 48 ting, cng thm thi gian cho x l nhit v nh bng. Trc khi cng vic thc s bt u trn khun, phi dnh thm 7 ting cho chun b khun. Khun c lm bng nhm, hnh 13, v c kim tra trn my chiu (Projector) Leitz #GP 650. B mt v tin, hnh 15, s mt 50 pht trn mt my tin c dng c gia cng cacbua (Carbide). Tc l 250 rmp. Np cho ct th l 0.024/rev. v 0.006 cho hon thin (finish). su ct l 1/16 cho th v 0.05 n 0.010 cho hon thin. Mt vt cnh (Chamfer) c lm thnh 4 ng ct bng tay. Tc ngh cho cc khong trng (Blank) khun c kch c khc nhau trn cc thp c th so snh c l ng knh 6-7: 330 rmp; 8-9: 250 rmp; 1012: 180 rmp; v ng knh 14: 125 rmp. Sau 5 pht mi b mt, khong trng (Blank) sn sng cho Layout. nh du cc gii hn v tr dng trc v sau trn khunmt khong 1 ting (xem hnh 16). Cn mt ting ri phc ho v can khun trc v sau (xem hnh 17). Cn 3 ting tnh ton v phc tho pha sau cho mi (Milling). Mt khong 2 ting cho vic khoan 9 l khi im (Starting) trong mi l (xem hnh 18). Mi cn ngc mt 14 ting (hnh 19). My cn (mi) c s dng l 3/32 (11/20 v 30). Tc l 650 rpm. Np bng tay. Khoan v gt gia cc l khi u cho ca ct mt khong 1 ting. Mt l (hole) trong mi l (Opening) phi c gt gia sao cho hp vi mt li ca 0.038 x 1/16. My ca (hnh 20) mt khong 51/4 ting. My ca ny (0.038 x 1/16)c 32 rng, kha ln sng. Tc t.....n 100 ft/ pht. V hai cnh (Leg) ca mi l (Opening) c o 0.034 v........tng ng, chng qu hp .........cho nn loi ca ca th kim hon c s dng (hnh 21). V mt khong 11/2 ting cho cng on ny. Thm 11/2 ting na mi cn cn trn su Bearing. Ra bng my (hnh 22) v da bng tay (hnh 23), v nh bng cui cng mt nhiu thi gian nht khong 17 ting. Chi ph ban u cho thp ch to khun khong $20. Kim loi c s dng (H12) l thp ch to khun 5% Crom, lm cng bng kh (Air-hardening). N l loi c s dng rng ri trong cc khun cho n p nhm, km, magi. Thp tng t cng c dng cho li trc (Mandrel), khi m lt, dummy block, v Punch (my dp, my khoan). Cc phn tch in hnh l: C: 0.35; Cr: 5.00; V: 0.40; W: 1.50; Mo: 1.50.
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Thp c ti ny c cung cp thnh: (1) cc thanh- c cn nng (hot rolled), c rn (forged),.......(2) kim loi hnh - cc khi, a (disk), cc hnh dng c bit (3) Thanh khoan......... : Yu cu vt liu lm kn trong khoang c lm kn. Vt liu c th l mt gang mi (cast-iron chip) hoc ct trong thm mt s lng nh vt liu ccbon. Nung ti 1550 F mt ting mi inch ca dy thng, sau lm lnh t t cng l. cng t c l 207Brinell. Ti cng: Yu cu gia nhit trc, chm khong t 1250 F n 1400 F. Sau nhit c tng ln 1850 F. hn ch decarbuiation v lm kn trong x l nhit, b phn c ti cng trong l c kim sot bi khng kh hoc c lm kn trong mt hn hp lm kn trung tnh chng hn nh mt gang xm, sch hoc mt trong nhng hp cht lm kn thng mi. Nu vt liu lm kn c s dng, th cn tip tc c gia nhit cao t nht l mt ting cho mi inch dy container. Ti: i vi mt cng 420-460 (44-48 Rockwell C), th cn nhit t 1075 n 1110 F. i vi tui th khun lu hn th cn thi gian ti lu. Vic hng dn ti c th t vn cc nh ch to thp.

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