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Welcome to the expert seminar on "Surge protection in electrical energy technique

Presented by:

S. Gopakumar, Director, Cape Electric Corporation

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Seminar contents and sequences


1. Introduction 2. How lightning discharges arise 3. The causes and effects of surge voltages 4. Protection against lightning discharges 5. International Standards 6. Type of arresters and selection

7. Applications
8. Summary / Question and Answers!

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1.0 Introduction

Lightning protection systems

External lightning protection

Internal lightning protection

Surge protection

Air Termination Down Conductor Earth Termination Room shielding

Lightning equipotential Lightning equipotential bonding bonding Room shielding Safety Distance

The measures taken to ensure surge protection, are separate from the installation of a lightning protection system. However, they must be coordinated with the internal lightning protection.

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Chapter 2

How lightning discharges arise

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2.2.1 How is a Lightning Current Waveform


kA Main discharge -40

-20

Period between the discharges, up to a few milliseconds

Secondary discharge

0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Note:

The energy effects of all lightning discharges within an ionisation channel are simulated by the test waveform 10/350 s in IEC 61024-1, Protection of structures against lightning, and IEC 61312-1, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse (LEMP).

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2.2.2 Frequency of lightning strikes

25

Lightning frequency, %

20

15

10

0-10

30-40

10-20

20-30

40-50

50-60

60-70

70-80

80-90

90-100

120-130

Lightning amplitude [kA], positive and negative lightning strikes

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190-200

130-140

140-150

150-160

160-170

170-180

180-190

110-120

100-110

2.2.2 Parameters of the short duration stroke according IEC 61024-1 and IEC 61312-1
Lightning Current parameters
I

Protection class
II 150 75 5.6 100% 85% III-IV 100

Peak current I(10/350) / (kA) Charge of the impulse current Qs / (C) Specific energy W/R / (MJ/ohm)
Statistically: Negative initial strike Statistically: Positive strike Statistically: Summary of all discharges

200

100
10 100% 90% 99%

50
2.5 100% 80% 98%

98.5%

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Chapter 3

The causes and effects of surge voltages

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3.1.1 A direct strike on a building without an external lightning protection installation

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3.1.2 Effects (direct strike) A direct strike on a building without external lightning protection system
Effects: Due to: charge fire hazard specific energy,

W 2 i dt R 0

Q idt
0

If an electric current flows as a consequence of a lightning strike to a building, energy is converted, heating the part of the building through which the current is conducted to earth.
In addition, material may be melted or ejected at the foot of the strike.

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3.2.1 Direct strike on an overhead high-voltage line

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3.2.2 Effects Direct strike on an overhead high-voltage line


Effects: Overvoltages (voltage surges)
Due to: Maximum lightning impulse current
U ZW I 2

For a lightning strike on an overhead line, the impedance at the first moment is determined by the surge impedance of the line. This impedance (ZW) is usually in the region of 400 to 500 ohms for a single conductor.

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3.3.1 Direct strike on a low-voltage overhead line

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3.3.2 Effects
Direct strike on a low-voltage overhead line
Effects: Overvoltages (surges) in the lowvoltage network, partial lightning currents due to: Maximum lightning impulse current The preconditions of a direct strike on a lowvoltage overhead line are not the same as for direct strikes on high-voltage overhead lines. The fundamental difference is in the proximity to the building through which the conduction of partial lightning currents is possible.

Source: Kopecky/Aachen

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3.4.1 A direct strike on a building with an external lightning protection installation

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3.4.2 Effects
A direct strike on a building with an external lightning protection but without equipotential bonding
Effects: Overvoltages, insulation breakdown Due to: Maximum lightning impulse current
L1 L2 L3 PEN

U i Rinstallati on earth

If the lightning current from a lightning strike is diverted to earth, there will be a voltage rise at the earthing point of the installation. This will be carried into the house via the equipotential bonding system. The equipotential bonding for lightning protection (lightning arresters / class B) prevents damage to the electrical installations.

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3.5.1 Lightning strike to a tree (close strike)

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3.5.2 Effects

Lightning strike to a tree (close strike)


Effects: Coupling of the lightning current into earth lines, inductive and galvanic coupling, fire hazard. If current flows as a result of a lightning strike to a tree, energy is converted (fire hazard). In addition, the current diverted to earth can be coupled into the earth lines or the nearby building. Also the electromagnetic field could destroy electronic equipments inside the building.

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3.6.1 Inductive coupling

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3.7.1 Switching actions

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3.7.2 Effects
Switching actions
Effects: Overvoltages (surges) on network lines Due to: Energy being returned to the network

Switching actions occur almost everywhere where work is done with electrical energy. Especially are areas in which large inductive loads are switched, for example: Motors Transformers Chokes Welding equipment Long runs of fluorescent tubes
Source: Kopecky/Aachen

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3.8 Transient overvoltages


Voltage- disturbances in low-voltage networks
Overvoltage factor / K
30 Lightning surges

r v 6000 (IV)

26
22 Switching surges 18 14 10 6 2 Voltage breakdown Short interruptions Temporary voltage rises Harmonics and slow and fast voltage fluctuations

4000 (III)

2500 II
1500 (I)

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3.9 History of EMC

Disturbance variables

Vacuum tubes

Immunity to interference

Transistors Integrated circuits

Time
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Now

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4.3 IEC 60364-4-443 Insulation coordination

Staircase lighting

Lift Apartments

Surge withstand voltage of insulation Installation category

400 V

230/400 V

230 V

230 V

6000 V

4000 V

2500 V II

1500 V I

IV

III

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4.2 Lightning protection zone concept according IEC 61312-1


Electromagnetic field

LPZ = lightning protection zone

PAS = equipotential bonding bar


Screen 1 = building screen Screen 2 = room screen B Lightning arresters to VDE 0675 Part 6 (A1, A2) Requirement class B (<4 kV) C Surge arresters to VDE 0675 Part 6 (A1, A2) Requirement class C (<2.5 kV)

LPZ 0/E
LPZ 1 LPZ 2

D
PAS

C
Cable

B
PAS

Screen 2

Earthing system

Screen 1

D Surge arresters to VDE 0675 Part 6 (A1, A2) Requirement class D (<1.5 kV)

Computer, telecommunications and control system cables must also be covered by the equipotential bonding by surge protection devices at their zone interfaces.

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4.1 Equipotential bonding for lightning protection according IEC 61024-1 and IEC 61312-1

The 100% of lightning energy breaks down as follows:


a) 50% of the lightning current will flow through the ground b) 50% of the lightning current will flow over the connected metal parts out of the building: about 10% to the water pipe (metal) about 10% to the gas pipe (metal)

50 %

about 10% to the oil pipe (metal tank) about 10% to the sewage pipe about 10% to the power suppliers incoming feed max. 5% or 5 kA shared across all data lines

50 %

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Chapter 5

International Standards

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5.1 National and international standards (lightning protection)


Lightning protection System (LPS)

External lightning protection

Internal lightning protection


Lightning Equipotential Bonding

Air Termination

Down Conductor

Earth Termination

Room Shielding

Safety Distances

IEC 61024-1

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5.2 Different Standards for lightning protection

Protection of structures against lightning

International Standard IEC

European Standard CENELEC

IEC 61024-1

General Principles

IS

ENV 61024-1

IEC 61024-1-1 Guide A: Selection of IS protection levels for LPS IEC 61024-1-2 Guide B: Design, IS installation, maintenance and inspection of LPS

Lightning protection - Telecommunication lines IEC 61663-1 Fibre optic installations


IS IS

IEC 61663-2 Lines using metallic conductors

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5.3 Different Standards for LEMP

Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse (LEMP)

International Standard IEC

European Standard CENELEC

IEC 61312-1 General Principles

IS

prEN 61312-1

IEC 61312-2 Shielding, bonding and TS earthing inside structures IEC 61312-3 Requirements of surge TS protective devices IEC 61312-4 Protection of equipment TR in existing structures

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Chapter 6

Types of arrester and typical applications

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6.1.1 Spark gap technology

Metallic Conductors

Air Gap

The operating voltage can be determined by the distances between the electrodes. Spark gaps are arresters in which two or more electrodes in series are opposed to each other. The electrodes consist of incombustible material ( metal, carbon, etc). If a spark gap fires, the operating voltage collapses to the anode-cathode drop voltage.
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6.1.1 Spark gap technology

Blow out / Exhausting Hole

Conducting Materiel

Air Gap

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6.1.1 Spark gap technology


During a Lightning current admission, the spark gap blows hot ionized gases through the holes provided in the arrester. Ionized gases are good conductors of electricity. Hence Blow out type arresters should be connected away from live parts. These devices should be installed in pressure releasing type enclosures

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6.1.1 Spark gap technology Encapsulated

Electrodes

Spacers made from insulating material

U (kV)
1

U (kV)
4

0,5

1 S
Input impulse

t/(s)

1 S Output impulse

t/(s)

High Follow Current extinguishing capacity is achieved by connecting Spark Gaps in series, There by splitting the arc.

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6.1.2 Varistor technology


Electrodes Epoxy resin
1) Source: Siemens DruckschriftMetalloxid-Varistor SIOV

tinned copper wire


sintered zinc oxide grains with additives of other metallic oxides
U (V) U (V)

Zinc oxide Micro-varistor Intermediate phase = 10 m

Input impulse

t/(ns)

Output impulse

t/(ns)

Varistors are voltage-dependent resistors with a highly non-linear U/I characteristic. The electrical properties arise from a large number of micro-varistors connected in parallel and in series. The transitions between the micro-varistors age under the influence of overvoltages.

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6.1.3 Diode technology


Current (A)
UC UB UR UR UB UC

Voltage (V)

U (V)

U (V)

Input impulse

t/(ps)

Output impulse

t/(ps)

Transzorb diodes (also known as suppresser diodes) are diodes that limit both positive and negative voltage. They switch in the picosecond region and are especially well suited for use in data line protection devices.

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6.1.4 Arrester technologies


How to limit big lightning currents and surge overvoltages!

Spark gaps

Varistors Varistors are used in surge arrestersand fine protection devices. Unlike other types of arrester, their ability to carry lightning current is limited.

Diodes Transzorb diodes, also known as suppresser diodes, are used as diode arresters only in fine protection devices. They are characterised by a fast response, but their discharge capacity is limited.

High-performance spark gaps have a very high discharge capacity, which is why they are used as lightning arresters.

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6.2.1 Arrester Standardisation


IEC 61643-1/ (VDE 0675, P.6/A1/A2)
Surge Protective Devices Connected to Low-Voltage Power Systems: Performance requirements and testing methods

IEC 61643-12
Surge Protective Devices Connected to Low-Voltage Power Systems: Selection and application principles

IEC 61643-21
Surge Protective Devices Connected to telecommunication and signalling networks. Performance requirements and testing methods

IEC 61643-22
Surge Protective Devices Connected to telecommunication and Signalling Networks Selection and application principles

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6.2.2 Arrester Standardisation


IEC 61643-1:1998 / VDE 0675, P.6/A1/A2
Surge Protective Devices Connected to Low-Voltage Power Systems

Type 1 / B

Type 2 / C

Type 3 / D

Arrester for lightning equipotential bonding.

Arrester for Overvoltage surge protection.

Fine protectors for mobile use and for the top-hat rail.

Tested:

Iimp (10/350) In (8/20)

Tested:

Imax (8/20) In (8/20)

Tested:

Uoc (1,2/50) (8/20)

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6.3.1 Types of SPDs IEC 61643-12


Examples of one-port SPDs
U

Key

a. One-port SPDs

b. One-port SPD with separate input and output terminals

SPD

c. Generic symbol for a one-port SPD

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6.3.2 Types of SPDs IEC 61643-12


Figure 2 :- Examples of two-port SPDs
Z

a. Three-terminal two-port SPD

b
Z

b. Four-terminal two-port SPD

c. Generic symbol for a two-port SPD c SPD Z Series impedance between input and output terminals

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6.4.3 Types of SPDs IEC 61643-12


Response of one-port and two-port SPDs to a combination wave impulse a
0
8 20

Ip

t s

a. Applied current waveform

b. Response of voltage limiting type SPD


0 t

c
0 t

c. Response of voltage switching type SPD

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6.4.4 Types of SPDs IEC 61643-12


Figure 3 :- Response of one-port and two-port SPDs to a combination wave impulse
U

d
U 0 t

d. Response of one-port combination type SPD

U
Z

e. Response of two-port combination type SPD


0
U t

f. f
U

0
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Response of two-port voltage limiting type SPD with filtering

NOTE : The voltage levels are only representative and not an indication of actual values.

6.5 Types of SPDs IEC 61643-12

Single voltage limiting component:

Limiting type SPD

Single voltage switching component:

Switching type SPD

Combination of voltage limiting and switching components:


U

Combination type SPD

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6.6.1 IEC 61643 12: Coordination Rules and Principals

1. Between two ZnO Varistor based SPDs: Possible only for one port

limiting type SPDs

2. Between a gap based arrester (One port switching type) and a ZnO Varistor based arresters (One port limiting type).
Coordination between Gap based arrester with voltage protection level of < 4KV and a responce time of 200 ns with a ZnO based arrester with a Nominal Discharge Current In of 5 KA requires approximately 27.2 H inductor or 27.2 meter cable for a perfect coordination

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6.6.2 Coordination.
V

3.2 KV

4 KV 4 KV

V2 V1

V t V
800 V

Class B Single Port Voltage Switching Type Rated for 10/350 s

Class C Single Port Voltage Clamping Type Rated for 8/20 s

Class C arrester starts discharging. Voltage V1 drops at Class C. Corresponding to di/dt, V2 drops at inductor. When V1+V2 = Voltage protection level of Class B arrester, it starts conducting.
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6.6.3 Response of Class B , C and Inductor for a low voltage High Energy Surge.

4 KV

Class C arrester starts discharging and will clamp the voltage to V1. Inductor starts clamping the voltage. Since di/dt is very low, voltage V1 comes to minimum after the initial rise. Complete energy passes through Class C. If Class B arrester has a low voltage protection level, it has more control on this kind of surge.

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6.6.4 Class B & Class C arresters without proper coordination

Low Inductor / Low Distance

4 KV
V

1.75 KV at 40 KA

Class B arrester never operates since Class C arrester clamps the voltage at less than 2 KV at 40 KA. The entire current flows through Class C arrester resulting in the failure of Class C

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6.7 Follow Current

F2
Sub Station Transformer

F1 4 KV

Class B Single Port Voltage Switching Type Rated for 10/350 s

Class C Single Port Voltage Clamping Type Rated for 8/20 s

Once Class B arrester is switched on, it shorts the Line and Neutral (or Line and Earth). After the surge current, short circuit current of the network starts flowing through the arrester. Finally the backup fuse F1 or F2 interrupts the short circuit current. Short Circuit current following the surge current is called as follow current. Class B arrester should be capable of extinguishing this follow current without the help of fuse F1 or F2.

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6.8.1 Selection Of Class B arresters for Power Line Protection 1. Enclosure Exhausting / Encapsulated

Special Fireproof / Explosion proof Enclosure required

No Special requirements

Special enclosures with spring loaded doors are generally used. The purpose of spring loaded doors is to open automatically in case of high pressure inside the enclosure due to a Blowout

Can be mounted in ordinary Metallic/ PP enclosures

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6.8.2 Selection Of Class B arresters for Power Line Protection


2. Coordination: Coordination If Coordination Distance/Inductance Value is not properly maintained, Class B arrester will not operate resulting the failure of Class C arrester. Voltage Protection Level of Class B Minimum Coordination Distance / Inductance arresters Value required Line to Neutral 4 KV
Neutral to Earth 4 KV

15 meter cable or 15 H Inductor 5 meter cable or 5 H Inductor Coordination not required

Line to Neutral 2 KV
Neutral to Earth

2.5 KV

Line to Neutral 1.5 KV


Neutral to Earth 1.5 KV

Line to Neutral 1.5 KV


Neutral to Earth 4 KV

15 meter cable or 15 H Inductor

Line to Neutral 4 KV
Neutral to Earth

1.5 KV

15 meter cable or 15 H Inductor

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6.8.3 Selection Of Class B arresters for Power Line Protection 3. Follow Current.
What happened on a spark gap during a surge current?
The spark gap will make an equipotential bonding between line and earth, or line and neutral. That depends where the gap has been installed. So the spark gap will make a short circuit during the surge.

What happened during a short circuit?

During the whole time, the nominal voltage of 230V is still on our spark gap. So this nominal voltage pushes now a short circuit current over your shorted spark gap arrester.

What happened after the surge?


If the surge current is over, the spark gap is still in the same condition, that it is like a short circuit and the short circuit current from the main line is still going over the spark gap. Now the spark gap must be able, to cut off this short circuit current by itself, before the fuse will cut off the current.

Follow Current
The short circuit current following the surge current is called as Follow Current. Follow current is equal to the peak short circuit capacity of the network. The class B arrester should eliminate (cut off) this short circuit current without the help of Back up Fuse. Short circuit value can be calculated based on the transformer capacity and the distance between the transformer and installation. Approximately 10 to 15KA will be ideal for telecom installations. Otherwise this will blow the fuses in case of a Lightning

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6.8.4 Selection Of Class B arresters for Power Line Protection 4. Follow current: Fuse Selection of Class B Arrester
Short Circuit at installation Point in KA
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
5,6,10 &25

Fuse selection of Class B Arrester with Short Circuit extinguishing capacity of 4KA 35 50 63 80 100 100 125 Higher values of short circuit current will cause the backup fuse to blow.

Use of backup fuse higher than 125 Amps will cause the surge arrester to fail due to excessive follow through current

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6.9.1 Type of arrester / Lightning arrester class B


Lightning Arrester LA60-B and LA 100-B

Requirement class Requirement class Principle of operation

Impulse current
Protection level Response time Series fuse

Iimp
Up

: B according VDE 0675, part 6 : Type 1 according IEC 61643-1 : Spark gap / Exhausting (Blow out type) : 60 kA(10/350) per pole for LA60-B 100 KA (10/350) for LA100-B : < 4 kV : < 100 ns : separate backup fuse required

Application:

Where there is an external lightning protection installation, overhead line feed and high network availability.

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6.9.2 Type of arrester / Lightning arrester class B


LightningController MC 50-B VDE
Requirement class Requirement class Principle of operation Impulse current Iimp Discharge current Imax Protection level Up Response time Series fuse : B according VDE 0675, part 6 : Type 1 according IEC 61643-1 : Spark gap / Multi-Carbon-Technology (encapsulated) : 50 kA(10/350) per pole : 120 kA(8/20) per pole : < 2 kV : < 100 ns : no separate series fuse in installations up to 500 A : VDE, VE, KEMA, EZU, MEEI

Mark of conformity Application:

Where there is an external lightning protection installation, overhead line feed and high network availability. In industrial plants and for high lightning protection classes.

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6.9.3 Type of arrester / Lightning arrester class B LightningController MC 125-B/NPE


Requirement class Requirement class Principle of operation : B according VDE 0675, part 6 : Type 1 according IEC 61643-1 : Spark gap / Multi-Carbon-Technology (encapsulated) : 125 kA(10/350) per pole : 200 kA(8/20) per pole : < 2,5 kV : < 100 ns : VDE, VE, KEMA, EZU, MEEI

Impulse current Iimp Discharge current Imax Protection level Up Responce time Mark of conformity

Application:

Where there is an external lightning protection installation, overhead line feed and high network availability. Lightning arrester for the installation between N and PE.

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6.9.4

Application advantage / Encapsulated Arrester LightningController MC

Advantage for the installer by using the OBO LightningController MC 50-B VDE and MC 125-B/NPE No minimum distances through other electrical installations! No special housing necessary!

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

6..9.5 LightningController MC

LightningController MC

MC 50-B VDE MC 125-B/NPE

Tested according:
E DIN VDE 0675 Teil 6 + A1 + A2 IEC 61643-1 + 37 A/95/CDV

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

6.9.5 Coordinated LightningController MCD

2,0 kV

Improvement of the protection level to < 1,3 kV

2,5 kV

Direct parallel connection between

LightningController MCD // SurgeController V20-C is possible!


Important for mobile transmitter stations and industrial distribution!

Advantage for the builder of the control cabinet: No need of LightningCoordinator LC 63


9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

6.9.6 LightningController MCD // SurgeController V20-C


Direct parallel connection between

LightningController MCD // SurgeController V20-C

No decoupling element and no C25-B+C/NPE is necessary!

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Applicable 6.9.7 Class B & Class C together Grid Surge only for Class B arrester with a response time less than 100 nano sec
No Inductor / Distance

1.3 KV 700 V

MCD 50-B

V20-C 1.3 KV at In

1.3 KV

MCD50-B arresters switches at a low voltage of 700 volt if the energy content is more. Initially Class C arrester starts discharging when the voltage V1 continues for more time, Class B arrester switches at a low voltage thereby reduces the stress on Class C arrester.

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

6.9.8 Type of arrester / Lightning + surge arrester class B + C

CombiController V25-B+C
Requirement class Requirement class Principle of operation Impulse current Iimp Discharge current Imax Protection level Up Series fuse
Mark of conformity Application:

: B + C according VDE 0675 : Type 1 + 2 according IEC : Varistor technology : 25 kA(10/350) per 4-pole block : 200 kA(8/20) per 4-pole block : < 2 kV : no separate series fuse in installations below 160 A : EZU, MEEI, VdS- approved

Where there is an external lightning protection installation, overhead line feed and high network availability. VdS-approved.

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

6.9.9 Type of arrester / Surge arrester class C

SurgeController V20-C
Requirement class Requirement class Principle of operation Discharge current Imax Nom. discharge current In Protection level Up Series fuse Mark of conformity Application: : C according VDE 0675, part 6 : Type 2 according IEC 61643-1 : Varistor technology : 40 kA(8/20) per pole : 20 kA(8/20) per pole : < 1,3 kV : no separate series fuse in installations below 125 A : VE, UL, KEMA, EZU, MEEI

Surge arrester for the installing in the main- and sub- distribution boards.

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

6.9.10 Further surge products / Main lines


Decoupling element LC 63

Fine protection device VF 230-AC-FS

Audible signalling device AS for V 25-B+C and V20-C

Fine protection device KNS-D

Remote signalling device FS for V 25-B+C and V20-C

Checking system ISOLAB

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

7. Application

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

7.1 Procedure for selecting surge arresters


Building
yes lightning protection installation? overhead line? lightning current coupling possible?
Coordination between B and C arresters for line lengths below 5 metres

no

Lightning arresters (Requirement class B)


Installation as close as possible to the entrance of the building

Surge protection (Requirement class C)


Installation in sub-distribution board

Surge protection (Requirement class C)


Installation In sub-distribution board

Surge protection (Requirement class D)


Installation as close as possible to the device to be protected

Coordination between C and D arresters

Surge protection (Requirement class D)


Installation as close as possible to the
device to be protected

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Class 1(B) and Class 2(C) protectionfor Lightning & Surge Voltage Protection Equipment in TT System (As per IEC 61024-1, IEC 61312-1, VDE V0100-534)
TO EQUIPMENT
F4 F5 F6

R
AC DISTRIBUTION PANEL IN POWER ROOM AC COMMERCIAL MAINS

R Y B

F1 F2 F3

Y B

SPD 3

SPD 2

SPD 1

SPD 7

SPD 6

N
SPD 4 SPD 8

PE
EARTH (Class 1 / B) (Class 2/ C)

PE F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 SPD1, SPD2, SPD3 SPD4 SPD5, SPD6, SPD7 SPD8 LV / HV Iimp Iin

-: -: -: -: -: -: -: -: -: -:

Protective Earth Fuses of Proper Rating Surge Protection Devices of rating Iimp 50KA, 10/350s Surge Protection Devices of rating Iimp 100KA, 10/350s Surge Protection Devices of rating Iin 10KA, 8/20s Surge Protection Devices of rating Iin 20KA, 8/20s Low / High Voltage Disconnector Value of Lightning Impulse Current 10/350s Value of Nominal Discharge Current 8/20s Co-ordination cable element

Note : The above system is for three phase configuration. For single phase one phase conductor and one neutral wire shall be used

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

SPD 5

7.1.1 Installation example


-- Building without external lightning protection --

4. Overvoltage arrester class D

3. Overvoltage arrester class C


for photovoltaic- facilities

2. Overvoltage arrester class C


in the sub- distribution board

1. Overvoltage arrester class C

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

7.1.2 Installation example


-- Building with external ligtning protection --

3. Overvoltage arrester class D

2. Overvoltage arrester class C

1. Lightning Arrester class B


or the CombiController

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

7.1.3 Installation example


-- Office building with external lightning protection --

4. Overvoltage arrester class D

3. Overvoltage arrester class C

2. Lightning arrester class B


or CombiController

1. Lightning arrester class B

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

7.1.4 Installation example


-- Industrial building with external lightning protection --

3. Overvoltage arrester class D

2. Overvoltage arrester class C

1. Lightning arrester class B


or CombiController

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Class 1 and Class 2 arresters in enclosure with standard inductor. Suitable for small and medium exchanges in TT network
TO EQUIPMENT 6 7 8 9 11 5 12 4 13 10 14 PE
Body earthing of all electronic equipments in the exchange. Direct earth connection from the body of equipment to outside earth pit is not permitted.

1
R Y B AC COMMERCIAL MAINS 2 3

EBB

To earth pit

PE 1,2,3,4,5,6 7,8,9 10 11,12,13 14 Iimp In EBB

-: Protective Earth -: Fuses of Proper Rating -: Surge Protection Devices of rating Iimp >50KA, 10/350s -: Surge Protection Devices of rating Iimp > 100KA, 10/350s -: Surge Protection Devices of rating In > 10KA, 8/20s -: Surge Protection Devices of rating In > 20KA, 8/20s -: Value of Lightning Impulse Current 10/350s -: Value of Nominal Discharge Current 8/20s -: Equipotential bonding bar : Inductor (made by the SPD manufacturer

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Earthing

Incoming panel

Surge arresters

Power plant

Exchange

Telephone Lines

PE

Battery

Other RF devices PE

Earthing Schematic for exchanges

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Earthing

Incoming panel

Surge arresters

Power plant

Exchange

Telephone Lines

PE

Battery

Other RF devices
PE

Earthing Schematic for exchanges: Wrong connection

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Earthing

Earthing Schematic for exchanges: Bonding of different earthings


Telephone Lines

Incoming panel P E

Surge arresters

Power plant

Exchange

B1

Battery

Other RF devices P E

P E

B1-Special bonding device to bond different earthnigs, 100 KA with voltage protection level 1300 V

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Railways Application : Token less Block Instrument

Used for signaling / train movement between station. Stations are interconnected either by overhead line or by UG cable. 20 to 35 volt signals are transmitted from the stations depending upon the distance between stations. 12 volt signal is received at the stations. Transmission and reception is done through the same lines. The same line is also used for voice conversation.

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Railways Application : Token less Block Instrument


The input wires are connected to the block instrument via spark gaps. These wires are connected parallely to the coil of pick up relays, contact of transmission relays and telephone device. During lightning season, over voltage chances are high in places where overhead line are used. If the over voltage occurs when the signal lines are transmitting, chances of fuse failures are more due to the follow current created by the spark gap during a discharge. Even though spark gaps are installed in the line, failures are occuring in the block instrument may be because of the high voltage protection level.

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Railways Application : Token less Block Instrument

Surge arresters with a discharge capacity of 20 KA were installed in Castle rock railway station which has a high lightning prone place. These arrester were burnt during the lightning as well as it was not capable of protecting the instrument. (A number of pieces burnt. Might be all the devices installed) The failure of the arrester may be due to high discharge current (more than 20 KA) entering through the overhead lines. Arrester with a high discharge current handling capacity is required for this application

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Railways Application : Token less Block Instrument

Stage 1

Stage 2

A two stage protection is recommended for this type of devices. MOV based arrester with a maximum discharge current handling capacity of 40 KA per pole with in built thermal disconnector and dynamic disconnector is recommended on stage1 as per the drawing. Class D type arrester designed for 12V DC should be used in the line connected to the coil of pickup relay. Class D type arrester designed for 48V DC should be used in the line connected to the contact of transmission relay. We recommend to install these devices in 2 stations most proven for lightning for at least 6 months.

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Railways Application : Token less Block Instrument

Stage 1

Line 2

Line 1

Stage 2

In stage 1 protection, 2 devices are connected to each line. Hence the total discharge capacity is 80 KA. Stage 1 protection is required only in places where over head lines are used. For places where UG cables are used, only stage 2 protection is required. If the installation is in places where lightning's are very less, only one Class D type arrester 48 V DC can be used for the complete Block Instrument. Specification of each devices is as below.

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Railways Application : Token less Block Instrument

Stage 1 Protection: (Only required if over head lines are used)


Class II Type surge arrester single port MOV based with in built Thermal disconnector and Dynamic disconnector as well as visual indication to determine faulty arresters with following specification. 1. 2. 3. Maximum Discharge current operating voltage DC 100V Nominal discharge current of Single block : 15KA for 8/20s wave form Maximum Discharge current for 8/20s : 40KA

4.
5. 6. 7.

Response time < 25ns.


Test standard : Class II type SPD as per IEC 61643 Voltage protection level at 1KA (8/20s ) : 300 V Fixing : Rail mounting type.

8.
9.

Connection wires : 2.5 to 6 Sq.mm.


Enclosure : Arrester should be installed in polypropylene enclosure with Transparent cover so that inside devices are visible.

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Railways Application : Token less Block Instrument


Stage 2 Protection : For input to the coil of pickup relay.
Surge arrester based on MOV, spark gap and tranz abzob diode with following rating should be installed very near to the Block instrument with the following specifications. Rated current : : 1Amps Nominal Voltage : 12 V Maximum continuous operating voltage : 13.5Volt Nominal discharge current : 10 KA Voltage protection level : 29V Series Inductance per path : 100H Connection wires : 0.14 to 2.5 mm 2 Fixing : Rail mounting type.

Stage 2 Protection : For output to the contact of transmission relay as well as for the input and output of telephone .
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Rated current : : 1Amps Nominal Voltage : 48 V Maximum continuous operating voltage : 53 Volt Nominal discharge current : 10 KA Voltage protection level : 100V Series Inductance : 100H Connection wires : 0.14 to 2.5 mm 2 Fixing : Rail mounting type.

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Railways Application : Token less Block Instrument


Coordination between Stage 1 and 2 Protection. Distance of 3 meters (or 3 H inductor) should be provided between stage 1 and 2 protection. Connection diagram as follows.
To Output of block instrument as well as to telephone

Stage 1 Protection in enclosure

Stage 2 SPD : 48V DC

L1 Interconnection

L2

L1

L2

3 meter cable length is required between Stage 1 and Stage 2


L1 L2

Stage 2 SPD : 12V DC

12V input signal to block instrument


9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Railways Application : Token less Block Instrument


Bonding of Input DC supplies Equipotentialisation of Input DC supplies to be done with Class D arresters of suitable voltages.

Nominal Discharge current In: 10 KA

Bonding Local Equipotentialisation bonding has to be done by connecting the body of Block instrument, earth terminal of all class D arresters (stage 2 protection as well as devices connected to the DC input to of block instrument.

Earthing Earthing has to be done as per the drawing.

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Railways Application : Token less Block Instrument

Less than 0.5 meter

2
EBB
DC inputs to Block instrument PE Earth wire to the building ground

PE Local bonding bar EBB- Equipotential bonding bar of the room 1. 2. 3. Stage 1 protection Stage 2 protection Arresters for the DC input to Block instrument

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

SSI: Gidhni site plan (Existing)


Axle Counter IPS Room
TVSS

Battery Room
AC Panel 2 AC Panel 1 SMR Panel

ASM ROOM
Rack1

C/O Panel

SSI
Rack2 Relay panel

DC Panel

1. 2.

Body of all devices in the SSI room is connected via metallic cable trays. Body of SSI and relay panels are connected to the common bonding bar with copper cables. Body earthing of axle counter is connected separately on the backside of the room Common bonding bar is connected to earth pits in front of the room via copper cables. Body of all devices in IPS room are interconnected through metallic cable trays. Body of IPS and change over panels are connected to bonding bar in the room via copper cable. Bonding bar in the IPS room is connected to earth pits via copper cables.

EP4

EP5

EP6

3. 4.

Tree

Tree

5. 6. 7.

EP1

EP2

EP3

EP-Earth pit

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

SSI
Axle Counter Relays

RS485 ports (To SM Room)

From SM Room

Inter connections

12 V DC from IPS 24 V DC from IPS

RS485 port

230 V AC From IPS

Rack1

Rack2

Relay panel
1. DC and AC Power for SSI as well as PC is received from IPS Interconnections between SSI main rack and control panel situated in the nearby building and routed through metallic pipes. AC and DC power for control panel and control PC are routed through metallic pipes. RS485 interconnecting wires are routed through metallic pipes connected between the 2 buildings.

P C
PAS or Common Bonding/Earthing Bar

2.

3. 4.

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Gidhni site plan: Possible chances of Coupling of partial Lightning Currents through metallic pipes
connected between two buildings. Power and data cables are routed through these pipes
Axle Counter

SM Room

IPS room

TVSS

AC Panel

AC Panel

SMR Panel

C/O Panel

Battery Room

PC

Control Panel

32 pairs of I/O Nonvital RS485/232 port PC to SSI 230V AC

Metallic Pipes connected to ground


PC

Rack1

Rack2

Relay panel

DC Panel

12V DC 24V DC 230V AC

Note: It is clear that there are no lightning and transient protection devices provided at the SSI end to protect the inputs (or outputs) against any surge coming from outside source.

EP4

EP5
Tree Tree

EP6

EP1

EP2

EP3

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Problem of safety distance. Lightning strike on the wall of the buildings or on the nearby objects can create Inductive coupling of the metallic parts inside the buildings due to the
high potential created during the current flow.

wall

General
Tall Objects
R Electronic installation

R L

L
Electronic installation

1. Example of problems with safety distance on a wall


9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

2. Example of problems with safety distance on a flat roof

SSI: Gidhni site plan Possible chances of Coupling of partial Lightning Currents due to spread of radiation if a lighting strikes very close to the building.
Axle Counter IPS room Battery Room

SSI
Rack1 Rack2 Relay panel

EP4

EP5

EP6

Tree

Tree

EP1

EP2

EP3

EP-Earth pit

Note: Drg. Shown above is schematic for explanation of radiation caused due to lightning and does not include all the elements (cabinets) of site.
9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Over Voltage in the ground created a high potential in the body of all devices connected to ground. The devices which are having the lowest breakdown voltages will damage immediately. If the voltage is so high, splashovers will happen. Probably the Lightning arrester connected in IPS room must have operated at 2 KV and diverted the current to the power source. Otherwise there would have been flashes on PCBs.

Axle Counter

IPS room Battery Room

SSI
Rack1 Rack2 Relay panel

EP4

EP5

EP6
Note: Red colour shows how the radiation starting ground EP2, EP3 and EP5, moves to the room and affects all equipments connected.

Tree

Tree

EP2

EP3

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Gidhni site plan- Explanation as what could have happened.


Chance no.1. Ground potential increases due to a discharge either on ground or on the tree (existing outside the building) or any of the nearby objects. Potential of all the devices connected to earth increases. ( Axle counter body is separately grounded on the backside of building). Chances of failure of all devices due to the coupling of surge. Failures expected on the non vital I/Os, PCs, SSI main rack PCBs, 12 V & 24 V Power inputs of SSI, IPS inputs and outputs.
Axle Counter

SM Room

IPS room

TVSS

AC Panel

AC Panel

SMR Panel

C/O Panel

Battery Room

PC

Control Panel

32 pairs of I/O Nonvital RS485/232 port PC to SSI 230V AC

Metallic Pipes connected to ground


PC

Rack1

Rack2

Relay panel

DC Panel

12V DC 24V DC 230V AC

Actual following was found at site : Failure occurred on both PCs, Control panel, SSI main rack PCBs, one output of IPS. No failure on the IPS Inputs, Lightning and Surge arresters are installed. No failure on output of IPS, SPDs installed on all outputs. Recommendations. (Surge arresters should be installed in the following places) Power supply of PC affected. Recommended device 3. VF 230 AC
Tree

EP4

EP5

EP6
Tree

24 V and 12 V DC Power supply inputs to SSI. Recommended Device. VF24 DC for 24 V and VF12 DC for 12 V RS485 ports affected. Recommended Device 2. SD25 V11 / 25 230 V AC output from IPS No failure occurred. May be due to the presence of SPD RS 485 ports of Monitoring PC also require protection. Recommended Device 2. SD25 V11 / 25 Non Vital inputs device 1. LSA-BF-24 9,2, Vanchiadithan NewRecommended Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

EP1

EP2

EP3

Gidhni site plan- Explanation as what could have happened.


Chance No2. Lightning/Radiation in the metalic pipes can create over voltage on all the conductors passing through the metalic pipes. Chances of failure of PCBs connected to Nonvital inputs in controller as well as SSI, RS485 ports connected to both PC and SSI, Power supply to control PC, 230 Volt Inverter output of IPS.
Axle Counter

SM Room

IPS room

TVSS

AC Panel

AC Panel

SMR Panel

C/O Panel

Battery Room

PC

Control Panel

32 pairs of I/O Nonvital RS485/232 port PC to SSI 230V AC

Metallic Pipes connected to ground


PC

Rack1

Rack2

Relay panel

DC Panel

12V DC 24V DC 230V AC

Non Vital inputs affected. Recommended device 1. LSA-BF-24 RS485 ports affected. Recommended Device 2. SD25 V11 / 25 Power supply of PC affected. Recommended device 3. VF 230 AC 230 V AC output from IPS No failure occurred. May be due to the presence of SPD RS 485 ports of Monitoring PC also require protection. Recommended Device 2. SD25 V11 / 25
Tree Tree

EP4

EP5

EP6

EP1

EP2

EP3

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

SSI - Recommendation
Axle Counter

SM Room

IPS room

TVSS

AC Panel

AC Panel

SMR Panel

C/O Panel

Battery Room

PC

Control Panel

32 pairs of I/O Nonvital RS485/232 port PC to SSI 230V AC

Metallic Pipes connected to ground


PC

Rack1

Rack2

Relay panel

DC Panel

12V DC 24V DC 230V AC

Earth busbar fro from SSI room has to be Earthing directly SSI to connected through the common earth bus earth pit is not recommended bar in the IPS room.
EP4 EP5
Tree

EP6
Tree

Arresters to the Dc input of SSI

EP1

EP2

EP3

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

SUMMARY
Electrical Connections to Microlok and Computers from IPS
1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 24 V DC 12 V DC 230 V AC (for PC) Vital inputs from relay panel Non Vital inputs from Station control room RS485 ports from PCs

Other Inputs and Outputs

4.
5. 1.

RS 485 ports to PCs


Separate earthing done for SSI room and IPS room Over Voltage on the body of all devices

Probable Chance of Over Voltage

2.
3.

Induced EMF on the cables connected between two buildings through metalic pipes
Difference in potential rise of SSI room and IPS room earth may create flash over.

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Recommended SPDs

24V DC - VF24 DC
12V DC - VF12 DC 230 V AC VF230 AC on the input of PCs RS485 Ports SD25 V11 / 25 All non vital inputs and outputs from the Microlok to the control panel.. LSABF-24 LSA-BF-24 device for Control panel inputs and outputs One no spark gap between the two earth so that in case of excess voltage rise in one earth, the effect is neutralized.

Item no 1 to 4 can be implemented in the first phase and item no. 5 and 6 can be implemented on the next phase.

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

7.7 Additional installation guidance

Installations should be based on IEC 60364-5-534. Where lightning arresters are used before the meter, for Germany the TAB (Technische Anschlu Bedingungen) conditions of the VDEW must be observed.

Parallel installation between unprotected conductors (eg to the meter) and protected conductors (eg supply voltage) must be avoided.

The lines to the arrester elements should not be more than 0.5 metres long, so that no excessive voltage rise can take place in serious cases. The earth of the arrester must always be bonded with the earth of the consumer installation. If the PE busbar of a distribution board are used, the PE busbar must be connected to the installation earthing point by a connection which is capable to carry the lightning current (16 mm to the equipotential bonding bar).

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

7.8 Connecting wires

If it is not possible to apply the recommended line length ( 0.5m), the surge protection devices should not be connected with a spur line, but in a V-shape. Take care to run the outgoing and return lines as far apart as possible.

0.5 m

Bonding busbar 0.5 m

Main equipotential bonding busbar

Main equipotential bonding busbar

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

7.9 Application example / Wrong Installation

UL = L * di/dt UL = 3H * 1kA/s UL = 3kV

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

7.10 Application example / Correct Installation

IN

OUT

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Wiring

Loping of Wires

Input and output wires to the arrester box should be clearly separated.

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Quality of earthing has to be improved

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

Chapter 8

Summary

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

8.1 Product Guarantee

OBO- Bettermann gives a 5 years product guarantee of all overvoltage protection devices
9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

8.2 TBS Construct

OBO CONSTRUCT TBS


Planning software for the construction of surge protection concepts in TN, TT and IT network systems in a building. including: Texts for use in tenders, Technical information on the products circuit diagrams product overviews calculation of lightning protection class The program is designed to be clear and easy to use.

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

8.3 The concept of overvoltage protection

Energy supply

Telecommunications

The best lightning and surge protection will be ineffective unless every incoming line to the building is included!

Measurement and control lines

Other data lines

All protectors for the different kind of applications you find in the OBO Bettermann TBS product range!

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

That is the end of our seminar!

Thank you for your attention!

Now we are ready to answer your questions!

9,2, Vanchiadithan New Street, Vadasery, Nagercoil 629001. Ph. 04652 277079 / 275197. fax. 04652 274352

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